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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the field of seat base support assemblies. It relates to seat base support assemblies for furniture or the like wherein the support assemblies employed are of the non-coil spring type; i.e., they comprise sinuous spring bands, wire grids or chord-rubber webbing, or are made up of flexible steel bands. The invention finds particularly advantageous application to sinuous band seat spring assemblies, however, and is discussed initially in that context.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Over the past ten to twelve years furniture seat spring torsioning devices such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,210,064, No. 3,388,904, and No. 3,525,514, met the industry's long sought need for deep-drop uplift at the back rail and also contributed in other ways to the luxury seat which evolved during that time frame. As eleven (11) gauge helical spring connectors became disproportionally more expensive during this period these devices have been used almost exclusively with SWING ANCHOR connecting links and radius links such as disclosed in U.S Pat. No. 3,790,149, and depended upon kinetic energy stored in the arced sinuous spring itself to produce all upward resilience. The upholstered furniture styles most widely sold at the time developed all the back rail uplift considered desirable using such connecting links.
During the past three to four years, however, there has been a move toward the use of thicker and thicker cushions. Attractive new and thicker cushion materials, including foam rubber laminates, have necessitated the lowering of seat frame heights dramatically. As a result, an urgent need was created in such constructions for more upward resilience of a strong dynamic nature in the spring base.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved rail connector for sinuous spring bands, wire grids, chord-rubber webbing, and flexible steel bands.
Another object is to provide a rail connector which embodies the salutary features of conventional helical spring connectors while retaining essentially none of the undesirable features thereof.
Still another object is to provide a rail connector which produces spring torsioning and dynamic uplift at the back rail through kinetic energy which it itself stores, and which then cooperates with any spring action in the seat base support assembly, which might be sinuous, arced, or de-arced, a wire grid, chord-rubber webbing, or flexible steel bands.
Yet another object is to provide such rail connectors which give varying degrees of dynamic uplift resilience obtained by offering alternative spring action modes within themselves.
The foregoing and other objects are realized in accord with the present invention by producing two related forms of rail connector. A first form uses pre-stressed, close wound coil spring with attachment arms. In one alternative the coil spring is wound on an axis transverse to the axis of spring expansion and contraction while in another alternative the coil spring is wound on an axis longitudinally arranged relative thereto. In either alternative the connector may selectively have a leverage-amplified torsioning capability.
A second form uses a pre-stressed, cantilever spring configuration. This connector may selectively be used with a sinuous spring band having leverage-amplified torsioning incorporated therein.
The invention for the first time provides seat spring-enhancing connectors that in themselves combine the four essential seat-force-generators; i.e., (1) torsioning; (2) dynamic uplift; (3) expansion-contraction; and (4) leverage-amplification. These, in turn, produce to the greatest degree the four most desired seat-performance characteristics; i.e., (1) initial-drop; (2) deep-drop; (3) softness without "oil canning", "bucketing", "jack-knifing", or "bottoming"; and (4) resilient uplift proportionate to load.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention, including its construction and modes of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, is illustrated more or less diagrammatically in the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view through a portion of the back end of a furniture seat spring base, illustrating a spring band assembly including a first form of rail connector embodying features of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating one modification of the first form of rail connector embodying features of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating another modification of the first form of rail connector embodying features of the invention;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a portion of an alternative first form of rail connector embodying features of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating a second form of rail connector in a spring band assembly embodying features of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a view taken along line 7--7 of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 7 illustrating the second form of rail connector in a sinuous spring band assembly embodying features of the invention; and
FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 7 illustrating the second form of rail connector in another sinuous spring band assembly.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2, a portion of the back end of a furniture seat base is illustrated generally at 10. The seat base 10 comprises spring band assemblies 15, only one of which is shown, extending in parallel relationship between the front rail (not shown) and back rail 16 of the base frame. Each assembly 15 includes a normally arced sinuous spring band 20 of standard loop size; i.e., a seven-eighths (2/3) inch interval between linear segments 25 and semi-circular segments 26 of the band. Each band 20 is connected to the back frame rail 16 by a first form of rail connector 30 embodying features of the invention.
The rail connector 30 is fabricated of eleven (11) gauge wire, similar to standard helicals. It comprises a section 35 of three coils tightly wound on an axis transverse to that of the band 20 and the axis of expansion and contraction of the connector 30.
Extending from the coil section 35, at their uppermost extremity, tangent to the arc of the coils and in opposite directions, are a rail-attachment leg 38 and a spring-attachment leg 39. The rail-attachment leg 38 terminates in a transversely disposed anchor section 40 which seats in a conventional "G" clip 41, while the spring-attachment leg 39 seats on and grips the spring band 20.
The spring attachment leg 39 is inclined slightly upwardly from the horizontal, in contrast to the rail-attachment leg 38, and includes an upwardly formed shoulder 45 and a terminal hook 46. The shoulder is formed approximately mid-way between the hook 46 and tangency with the coil 35, seven-eighths (2/3) inches each way in the case where the band 20 is regular sinuous.
As seen best in FIG. 1, the downwardly opening hook 46 is designed to seat over the penultimate linear segment 25b in the spring band 20, while the ultimate linear segment 25a seats against the shoulder 45. The result is to lock the end of the band 20 and the connector 30 together.
In operation, the attachment-arm 39 reaching up into the band 20 sets up a torsioning effect in the back of the band. The arm 39 is spring loaded upwardly by the strength of the coil section 35 and produces dynamic uplift. At the same time the coil section 35 permits of longitudinal expansion-contraction of the connector 30. The coil section 35 and rail-attachment leg 38 extending outwardly of the band 20 end amplify the leverage induced torque.
In an alternative construction of the first form of the invention, as seen in FIG. 3, the rail connector 130 is attached to the rail 116 through a gang bore 142. The rail-attachment leg 138 of the connector has a shorter anchor section 140 which can pass through the bore 142 from front to back of the rail 116 and then seats against the back of the rail to lock the connector 130 to the rail.
The spring-attachment leg 139 in this form of the connector is much shorter and has an upwardly formed hook 146 at its inner end. The hook 146 is so formed that when it seats upwardly, onto the ultimate linear segment 125a of the spring band 120, it cannot slip off during seat base operation.
The connector 130 provides both dynamic uplift and resilient expansion-contraction at the band end. It does not induce torsion or leverage amplification.
The connector 130 can also be connected to the ultimate linear segment 125a of the band 120 by a conventional VLE clip, as seen at 150 in FIG. 4. As such, the single spring attachment leg 139 obtains a wider purchase area on the band 120 end. The effect is to enhance lateral stability of the spring band assembly.
Turning now to FIG. 5, a modified coil section for a connector otherwise identical to that hereinbefore discussed is illustrated at 235. As illustrated, the coil section 235 is tightly wound in five (5) coils on an axis longitudinally aligned with the sinuous spring band span (not shown). This form of the connector 130 produces the same salutary effects, the dynamic uplift being produced by a torquing expansion-contraction of the coil section 235 in contrast to the loop compression-expansion of the coil section 35, however.
FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a portion of a furniture seat base 310 comprising spring band assemblies 315 (only one shown) in which a second form of spring band 320 connector is illustrated at 330. The connector 330 uses a cantilever principle to provide dynamic uplift to the band 320 at the back rail 316.
The rail connector 330 is fabricated of spring steel wire of relatively heavy gauge; i.e., eight (8) gauge or heavier. As best illustrated in FIG. 7, it includes a pair of identical connector arms 331 extending parallel to each other between the rail 316 and the band 320.
As seen once again in FIG. 6, each connector arm 331 includes a generally V-shaped body 335 made up of a rail-attachment leg 338 and a spring-attachment leg 339. The legs 338 are vertically oriented and preferably four (4) inches long. The legs 338 are joined at their upper ends by a base leg 340 which seats in a conventional EKS clip 341 stapled to the top of the rail 316.
Curving upwardly and inwardly from the lower end of each rail-attachment leg 338 is a corresponding spring-attachment leg 339. The spring-attachment legs 339 are approximately eight (8) inches long.
Formed on the free ends of the legs 339 are attachment hooks 346 identical to the hooks 146 hereinbefore discussed. The connector 330 is a variation of the second form of the invention wherein the hooks 346 receive and seat on the ultimate linear segment 325a of the spring band 320.
In operation the legs 338 are braced against the rail 316 with the spring-attachment legs 339 extending inwardly and upwardly therefrom to the hooks 346. In unloaded position the hooks are disposed approximately one (1) inch above the level of the EKS clip 341. The connector 330 thus is effective to dynamically urge the spring band 320 end upwardly when a subject is seated. At the same time longitudinal resilient expansion-contraction can and does take place in the connector 330, enhancing seat base softness.
FIG. 8 illustrates a sinuous spring band assembly 415 which incorporates a connector 430 identical to the connector 330 hereinbefore discussed.
In the spring band assembly 415 the connector hooks 446 are seated on a linear segment 425f of the band 420 which is sixth from the end of the band; i.e., the ultimate linear segment 425a. The linear segment 425a is connected to the rail by a SWING ANCHOR connector clip 460 such as illustrated in FIG. 1 of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,149. The base of the clip 460 is seated, together with the base leg 440 of the connector 430, in the conventional EKS clip stapled to the top of the rail 416.
The spring band 420 immediately inwardly of its ultimate linear segment 425a, at the penultimate linear segment, is bent upwardly for the length of one semi-circular band segment 426a and then bent back into the normal arc of the band. This creates a torsion inducing moment arm configuration in the end of the band as illustrated at FIG. 12 in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,525,514.
In operation of this spring band assembly 415 the connector 430 performs the same functions as previously ascribed to the connector 330. Further, however, its dynamic uplift is effected inwardly of the band end. This uplift, coupled with the torsion inducing band 420 configuration and the articulate connection provided by the clip 460 produces a highly sophisticated and luxurious seat base.
FIG. 9 illustrates a sinuous spring band assembly 515 which also incorporates a connector 530 identical to the connector 330 hereinbefore discussed. In the assembly 515 the sinuous band 520 is a de-arced band, however; i.e., it has very little inherent upward resilience. In this assembly the connector 530 pre-loads the band 520 upwardly at the fourth linear segment 525d from the ultimate linear segment 525a.
The ultimate linear segment 525a is seated in the EKS clip 540 on the rail 516, together with the base leg 540 of the connector 530. The connector leg 539 thus preloads the band 520 upwardly with the seat base 10 in its relaxed state as a subject is seated and rises, the connector provides a dynamic uplift which would otherwise not be present.
All of the connectors hereinbefore discussed are also used to connect other forms of seat base support means to the frame rails. As will readily be understood, wire grids such as manufactured under the trademark PERMA-MESH by Flexolators, Inc., chord-rubber webbing such as manufactured by the Pirelli, s.p.a., of Italy, and flat steel bands, for example, do not have stored upward resilience in the sense that arced sinuous spring bands do. When connected to the back frame rail by connectors embodying the inventions disclosed herein, however, they are provided with a dynamic uplift adjacent the back rail. In this sense they are similar to a de-arced sinuous spring band.
While several embodiments described herein are at present considered to be preferred, it is understood that various modifications and improvements may be made therein, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modification and improvements as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. | A rail connector and improvement in seat base support assembly. The connector takes two basic forms. In the first a pre-stressed, close wound coil, disposed either transversely or longitudinally of the connector, is effective to continuously bias the seat base support means upwardly. In the second a cantilevered, curved spring arm serves the same purpose. The connector may be configured to reach into the body of a sinuous spring band, for example, and define a torque arm in the band, at the back rail. All forms are applicable to wire mesh, chord rubber webbing, flat steel bands and sinuous, both arced and dearced. | 2,520 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns a highly concentrated mineralised natural complex and the method for its production, with respect to the integration of mineral oligoelements in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and herbal field, for human and animal usage, and for the care of the flora in general.
2. Description of Related Art
Currently, elements obtained by the purification of inorganic material, or, for example, through operations of synthesis, hemi-synthesis, chelation, complexation are being used as integrators of minerals oligoelements.
The so obtained inorganic formulations present considerable problems of absorption and side effects. The ingested substances are thereby absorbed in a very little amount, consequently inducing the user to ingest considerable quantities, so that the absorbed ones can quantitatively satisfy the individual need.
Another disadvantage of the products obtained with the known technique is the one due to the undesired side effects, for example, after the ingestion of substances used for integrating iron gastric disturbances may occur.
On the other hand, it is known that some organic substances, such as some vegetable and/or animal products, contain oligominerals that are effective for man's health and simultaneously do not have negative side effects. However, those elements useful for man's health are contained in the above mentioned organic substances in very small percentages, hence they have poor therapeutic qualities.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The aim of the present invention is on the one hand to produce mineralised natural complexes of one or more mineral elements at a high concentration, which together predispose the human organism to their high absorption without producing negative side effects, on the other hand, the aim is to determine a process through which the mentioned complexes are realised.
The process, related to this invention, which allows to reach such results, consists in resorting to natural substances, like vegetable and/or animal products, then, usually, in the carrying out of their mixing in definite proportions, therefore in their treatment until the inorganic part is separated from the organic one, and finally, in the transformation of the produced minerals blend into an easily administrated product, like capsules and tablets. For the consumer their intake is the equivalent to the intake of a quantity of minerals comparable in a qualitative and quantitative way to the ones that would be taken, in favourable cases, with the ingestion of an initial high quantity of vegetable or animal material. Moreover, the elaboration of organic natural products, among those containing an oligomineral mixture as close as possible to the wanted optimum, allows to obtain a mineral formulation that has a high biological affinity for man, with a greater bio-availability and compared with those that are nowadays on the market less harmful side effects. These formulation which for the complexity of the elements contained even in traces, cannot absolutely be chemically reconstructed. The invention through which such results have been reached, is realised on the one hand with natural mineralised complexes with a high concentration of one or more main elements of vegetable and/or animal origin and a plurality of other elements equally useful to the human organism, and on the other hand with a process for their production realised through the mixing, in definite proportions, of the vegetal or animal products to be mineralised, and also with their mineralization through the elimination of the organic portion.
Such process is, therefore, characterised by the treatment of natural organic products in order to obtain a mineralised complex containing all the mineral substances originally contained in the raw material treated first in form of oxides and other salts. Such mineralised complexes will be titrated in each element by considering those that are contained in a larger quantity, for example calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, copper, magnesium and manganese, and the aforesaid mineralised complexes will be finally checked to ascertain the absence of elements recognised as toxic, such as lead, cadmium and mercury.
The mineralised natural complexes so produced permit to reach advantageous results, as described here below, unlike the use of single mineral elements obtained with methods known nowadays.
In particular, they allow the organism to be integrated not only with the single primary elements, prevailing in the mineralised complex, but also with an innumerable series of other useful minerals that the mineralised complex contains in a composition which is formulated in nature. For instance, instead of assuming only "Gluconate Iron" as with the existing technique, the mineralised complex is taken as obtained from a mixture of vegetal products such as Capsella bursa pastoris, of which the upper part is used, Cynara of which the leaves are used, Salvia offinalis, of which the leaves are used. Such complex allows to intake iron in form of oxide and salts together with many other oligoelements, such as calcium, zinc, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper and manganese, besides other ones in tiny traces, which aid the assimilation of iron without creating harmful side effects.
The elaboration of natural organic products allows, that is to say, to produce a mineralised complex from which the human organism perfectly absorbs most of the various oligomineral elements contained in the same complex. The natural formula, possessing precise qualitative and quantitative relations of the single elements--probably due to biological affinity--determines a much greater absorption than the one obtained by ingesting the single elements presently used. Both the ratios between the single elements and the association between the single substances can be the cause of the considerable absorption of these last ones by the organism. In fact, many of the substances present in minimum doses, even if untraceable, act as catalysts, therefore helping the absorption of the primary element needed for the desired integration.
Another advantage is due to the minor side effects resulting from the nature of the formulation more compatible with man.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
More characteristics of the invention will be evident from the following detailed description with reference to the process illustrated on the block diagram, provided only as example, in the enclosed drawing, which shows in schematic form a flow diagram of the apparatus elements associated with performing the invention, and the steps of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the process exemplified in the drawing figure:
1 indicates the tank containing the mixture of vegetable and/or animal natural products, each one in a clean and fragmented state, containing one or more primary mineral elements in addition to those in smaller quantities, combined with organic substances to be eliminated;
2 indicates the heated cell, normally at a temperature included between 200° and 900° C., in which the mixture coming from container 1 is mineralised, therefore the organic portion is normally separated in vapours and fumes.
The mineralised complex in container 3 is a mineral complex characterised by a qualitative and quantitative composition of the chosen primary mineral elements, each one combined with a plurality of mineral elements already present, sometimes in minimum measures, on the vegetal and/or animal products from which they are originally produced and contained. The product coming out from group 3 is in one case conveyed directly to chamber 6, and in the other case conveyed to mixer 4 in which it is mixed with other active principles coming from container 5 in order to originate in chamber 6 the mixture that is to be transformed into capsules or tablets, then to be packed and after distributed on the market.
In the general formulation the production process of a mineral complex first foresees the quantitative determination of the metals that one wishes to integrate, hence a selection of the vegetal and/or animal raw materials that present a particularly high content of the above-mentioned metals. After having accomplished the choice of the organic raw materials to be used, the process through which the wanted mineral complex is obtained, can be described in a detailed way as follows:
The chosen raw materials are analysed to make sure that the element is to be integrated is constant in them.
The selected raw materials are dried, then individually cut and sieved until obtaining a uniform granulometry that is adapted for being mineralised.
The previously processed raw materials as described above, are eventually mixed between them in the right proportion in order to obtain in the final complex the content of principal elements as wanted in the ratio. The aforesaid mixture is distributed on trays of stainless steel until reaching a layer of 5 cm. for each tray. The trays are stacked in a muffle one on top of the others, with some space between them for combustion fumes to escape.
The normally methane operating muffle is programmed in such a way to reach within it a temperature of approximately 200-400° C. for 1-3 hours, then it is raised to a temperature of about 500-900° C. for 3-5 more hours, or anyway until the complete removal of the organic portion from the mixture of drugs introduced. The first period of time, at a temperature of 200-400° C., is essential in order to obtain a perfect light coloured mineralised product, without any carbonised organic products.
The mineralised product obtained from the muffle is subjected to a quantitative analysis for being titrated, at least in its main elements, and to a control in order to verify the absence of elements recognised as toxic. It can be conveyed in the packaging division, or first mixed with additional chosen active principles, and hence sent to the packaging.
However, the invention is illustrated here as follows with reference to two applications for the production of different highly concentrated mineralised natural complexes.
EXAMPLE 1
A Mineral Complex Particularly Rich in Iron
Drugs used:
Capsella bursa pastoris, of which the upper part is used;
Cynara scolymus, of which the leaves are used;
Salvia officinalis, of which the leaves are used
The proportion for the mixing has been chosen according to the content of iron in the single drugs above-indicated, in particular:
Capsella bursa pastoris: 20%
Cynara scolymus: 70%
Salvia officinalis: 10%
The selected vegetal drugs have been cut until reaching a uniform granulometry that is adequate to be mineralised. The optimal granulomethy is the following:
Capsella bursa pastoris: 1.5-2.0 mm.
Cynara scolymus: 1.5-2.0 mm.
Salvia officinalis: 1.5-2.0 mm.
The aforesaid fragmented mixture has been distributed on the stainless steel trays until reaching a layer of about 5 cm. of drug for each tray. The trays are stacked one on top of the other, with some space between them for the combustion fumes to escape. The methane operating muffle is programmed to reach within it a temperature of approximately 300° C. for a time of 2 hours at first, then it is raised and kept at a temperature of approximately 700° C. for 4 more hours. The first step at 300° C. is essential in order to obtain a perfect white coloured final product completely inorganic. The mineralised product is encapsulated in gelatine capsules with a final weight of about 500 mg. In this process the obtained mineralised complex contains all the mineral substances originally contained in the raw materials in form of oxides and other salts. The composition of the mineralised complex is the following:
______________________________________Element Concentration in the complex in mg/g______________________________________Iron 7.73 Calcium 109.8 Zinc 0.19 Magnesium 21.75 Potassium 85.0 Sodium 9.3 Copper 0.03 Manganese 0.49______________________________________
Due to the high concentration of iron and the relatively high specific weight of the mineralised complex, only four capsules a day are sufficient to obtain a good daily integration of such element (the daily recommended ration of iron is 14 mg. according to the Italian Law). As a matter of fact, the solubility, and therefore the bio-availability with a pH: 1, is extremely high: in fact 2 g. of product are 93.05% soluble in one litre of hydrochloric acid with a pH: 1 at 37° C. (liquid simulating gastric juice).
EXAMPLE 2
A Mineral Complex Particularly Rich in Calcium
Drugs used:
Paretaria officinalis, of which the upper part is used;
Urtica dioica, of which the leaves are used;
Eucalyptus globulus, of which the leaves are used;
Ginkgo biloba, of which the leaves are used.
The proportions for the mixing have been chosen according to the calcium content in the single above-mentioned drugs, in particular:
Paretaria officinalis: 10%
Uttica dioica: 50%
Eucalyptus globulus: 30%
Ginkgo biloba: 10%
The selected vegetable drugs have been cut until reaching a uniform granulometiy, adequate for being mineralised. The optimal granulometry for each drug is the following:
Paretaria officinalis: 1.5-2.0 mm.
Urtica dioica: 1.5-2.0 mm.
Eucalyptus globulus: 1.5-2.0 mm.
Ginkgo biloba: 1.5-2.0 mm.
After having mixed the drugs, separately chopped up by following the above-mentioned granulometry, the mixture is distributed on steel trays until reaching a layer of 5 cm. of drug for each tray. The trays are stacked one on top of each other, with some space between them for the combustion fumes to escape.
The muffle, normally heated with methane, is programmed in such a way to reach within it a temperature of approximately 300° C. for 2 hours, then it is raised and kept at a temperature of about 700° C. for 4 more hours. The first step at 300° C. is essential in order to obtain a perfect white coloured final product and completely inorganic. The mineralised product is encapsulated in gelatine capsules with a final weight of about 500 mg. In this process the obtained mineralised complex contains all the mineral substances originally contained in the raw materials in form of oxides and other salts. The composition of the obtained mineralised complex is the following:
______________________________________Element Concentration in the complex in mg/g.______________________________________Iron 1.9 Calcium 299.5 Zinc 0.46 Magnesium 33.74 Potassium 94.6 Sodium 8.5 Copper 2.5 Manganese 4.08______________________________________
Due to the high concentration of calcium and the relatively high specific weight of the mineralised complex, only five capsules per day are sufficient to obtain a good daily integration of calcium (in Italy the recommended daily ration of calcium is of 800 mg.). In fact, the solubility, and so the bio-availability with a pH: 1, is extremely high: 2 g. of product are 77.15% soluble in a little of hydrochloric acid with a pH: 1 at 37° C. (liquid simulating gastric juice). The process is repeated for any other individually chosen vegetal and/or animal product, or in combination with other organic products characterised by a high content of metal or metals, through which the integration of mineral oligoelements in humans, animals or plants is intended to be operated. | The invention concerns a highly concentrated mineralised natural complex, characterised by at least one main mineral element quantified with nutritional and/or dietetic integrator properties and by other mineral elements obtained in the complex from the mineralization of vegetal and/or animal products. Moreover, it concerns the method for its production consisting in using vegetal and/or animal organic substances, having a high content of oligominerals, in carrying out their fragmentation, their mixing and the mineralization until the inorganic part is completely separated from the organic part, and then in transforming the aforesaid inorganic part in forms of easy commercialization. | 2,493 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention pertains to electric devices to open and close draperies or curtains, and in particular, to devices that automatically control the position of the draperies or curtains in response to light or heat.
A light actuated electric drapery drive is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,275 wherein the circuit provides overload protection in addition to providing opening and closing of the draperies by manual switches or the light sensor. The light sensor actuates the circuit to operate the drive motor upon sufficient lighting level.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,675,023 discloses combined heat and light sensors for mounting atop a building. The combined heat and light sensors are mounted for electro-mechanically driven movement to follow the sun during the day. In response to the heat and light striking the sensors with changing levels and direction throughout the day, the sensors control the opening and closing of draperies or Venetian blinds progressively about the building as the sun progresses about the building.
Of more general interest is U.S. Pat. No. 3,529,214 which discloses light responsive systems to automatically control street lamps. The systems include means in the circuit to ignore sudden flashes of light so that the street lamps will not be extinguished in response to a sudden and momentary flash of light.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In response to the need for a simple and very compact electric drive for draperies or curtains that is automatically actuated in response to changed light level, applicant has invented the very compact and unobtrusive curtain puller disclosed below. The curtain puller is meant to replace the conventional spring loaded tensioner which typically includes a freely rotatable pulley for engagement with the loop of drapery cord and means to attach to the floor or wall.
The new light actuated curtain puller externally appears much like the above tensioner with a pulley adjacent the top and spring tensioned means extending from the bottom for attachment to a floor or wall adjacent the draperies or curtains. Atop the new puller is a light sensing means with a cap to control the direction from which light may enter the light sensing means. As with the tensioner the new puller is preferably positioned behind or adjacent the edge of the drapery or curtain near the side of the window. In this location the cap can shield the light sensing means from the interior lighting and permit light to enter from the window and behind the drapery or curtain.
Inside the new puller is a miniature high torque electric motor having the drive shaft attached to the external pulley. In the preferred embodiment the motor is a reversible alternating current motor optically isolated from a direct current control circuit. The direct current control includes means triggered by the light sensing means to cause a first timing circuit to begin a timing cycle. If the first timing cycle is completed a second timing cycle begins with the start of a motor operate signal.
A flip flop circuit retains the current state of the motor and draperies and permits operation of the motor only for a change of the draperies.
Alternatively, optional configurations can use a direct current reversible electric motor and motor drive or a digital decoder can be substituted for the light sensing means to receive and decode control signals passed through the building wiring.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front exterior view of the curtain puller;
FIG. 2 is a side exterior view of the curtain puller;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the curtain puller;
FIG. 4A is an electric schematic for the photoelectric cell circuit;
FIG. 4B is an electric schematic for the timing and status circuit; and
FIG. 4C is an electric schematic for the power supply and motor drive circuit.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 is the exterior box or container 10 for the curtain puller. The box 10 may be constructed of metal or plastic halves that merely snap together or are fastened together with mechanical fasteners. Adjacent to the top of the box is a separate cover piece 12 open at the top and affixed to the front of the box 10. Within the cover 12 is a drive pulley 14 mounted on a motor drive shaft extending from a small electric motor 16 within the box 10. The pulley 14 engages the drapery or curtain cord 18 in turn extending downwardly about the pulley 14 and upwardly to the curtain rod (not shown). Thus, the electric motor 16 drives the curtain cord 18 to open or close the curtains or drapes. In other words, the motor 16 moves the object or curtains from an open first position to a closed second position or vice versa.
Below the box is a bracket 20 that may be attached to the wall of a house adjacent a window with mechanical fasteners through the holes 22 in the bracket. Within the bracket 20 is a transverse rod 24 to which a pair of springs 26 are attached at their lower end. The upper ends of the springs 26 are attached to a second transverse rod 28 in turn affixed to the inside of the back of the box 10. The springs 26 provide suitable tensioning for the curtain cord 18.
Atop the box 10 is a small shield 30 which may be manually rotated about a vertical axis. The shield 30 has an opening 32 to permit light to enter therein. Inside the shield is a photocell connected to the internal circuitry of the curtain puller. A 110 volt AC power supply cord as indicated at 34 extends into the box 10 and is attached to a rectifier and motor power circuit indicated at 36. Also inside the box 10 is a printed circuit board 38 to which are attached the electric elements comprising the control circuit for the curtain puller. As shown the box 10 encloses the entire electric control and power supply for the curtain puller. The box 10 is not substantially larger than a conventional spring tensioner for a curtain cord loop.
FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate the control and power circuitry for the curtain puller. With the exception of the 110 volt AC power supply cord 34 and plug for the electrical power to the curtain puller, the control and power circuitry is entirely contained within the box 10. Referring in particular to FIG. 4C, a fuse F1 and transformer T1 in the 110 volt AC supply provide power to a regulator circuit comprising a diode bridge 40 and an integrated circuit regulator REG-1. The regulator circuit provides 12 volts DC power to the control circuit illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B and to the isolator circuit including opto-isolators IC1 and IC2 shown in FIG. 4C. The transformer T1 also provides AC power at reduced voltage to the pulley drive motor 16 through the triacs Q1 and Q2. Triacs Q1 and Q2 are in turn triggered by signals respectively from opto-isolators IC1 and IC2. In other words, the transformer and regulator circuit act as a power supply means for supplying power from the 110 AC power source to the control circuit and motor. A suitable motor 16 is a reversible 24 volt 60 cycle AC motor. A reversible DC motor might be substituted for motor 16 with suitable changes in the power supply to provide DC current and solid state switching means in substitution for triacs Q1 and Q2.
The opto-isolators or optical couplers IC1 and IC2 provide electrical isolation between the AC power for the motor 16 and the low voltage substantially DC control signals in the control circuit shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The signal through the opto-isolators IC1 and IC2 is provided by a 12 volt DC signal in turn controlled by a pair of transistors Q3 and Q4. The pair of optically isolated connection circuits is between transistor Q4 and triac Q1 and between transistor Q3 and triac Q2. Thus, the control of rotational direction of the motor 16 is determined by a signal from opto-isolator IC1 to triac Q1, or for the other direction, by the signal from opto-isolator IC2 to triac Q2.
The control circuit identified by the reference 38 to a printed circuit board within the box 10 comprises in FIGS. 4A and 4B a photo-electric cell Q5 which is contained within the hooded cover 30 at the top of the box 10. In response to a sufficient increase or decrease in light the photo cell Q5 provides an input to an integrated circuit IC3 which in turn provides an output at pin 7 of a sudden up or down voltage change as indicated by arrows 42 and 44. In other words, the photoelectric cell Q5 is a light sensing means for detecting changes in levels of light, i.e., presence or absence of light in the daytime and nighttime, respectively. The sudden change in voltage up 42 or down 44 is provided as an input to pin 4 of integrated circuit IC4 which in turn massages the signal to provide through integrated circuit IC7 a reset and start signal illustrated by the "one shot" 46 at pin 4 of integrated circuit IC7. The reset and start "one shot" 46 in turn is provided to pin 6 of a dual timer integrated circuit IC5.
A suitable integrated circuit IC4 is a Motorola Monostable Multivibrator MC14538B or equivalent. Integrated circuit IC5 is a National Semiconductor Dual Timer LM556 or equivalent.
The reset and start "one shot" 46 is also provided through integrated circuit IC8 from pin 3 to the base of transistor Q6, which with the associated circuitry and dual timer IC5 provides a ramp function timing signal that increases in voltage continuously from the moment that the "one shot" reset and start signal is received. Typically, this ramp function, as indicated schematically by arrow 48 on the XY plot adjacent transistor Q6, constantly increases the charge on capacitor C6 until a prespecified voltage is reached. Each time the signal from the photocell Q5 passes a threshold of increasing light or decreasing light an up or down voltage change is generated by integrated circuit IC3 and sensed at the base of transistor Q6 to reset the ramp function output 48 by discharging capacitor C6. Typically the ramp function circuit elements connected between transistor Q6 and pins 1, 2 and 3 of integrated circuit IC5 are specified to provide about a 15 minute time period from start or reset until a specified voltage is reached. Thus, short term changes in light level sensed by the photo electric cell Q5 do not result in actuation of the control circuit beyond resetting the ramp function output 48.
Once the specified ramp function voltage is reached, the second timer of integrated circuit IC5 is actuated by the output 1 at pin 5 to T2 pin 8. The second timer includes the circuit elements connected to pins 7, 11, 12 and 13 of integrated circuit IC5. The potentiometer P1 provides adjustable means for setting the length of time the motor 16 operates by setting the specified ramp function maximum voltage for the second timer.
With actuation of the second timer an output 2 signal at pin 9 is provided to pin 3 of integrated circuit IC6 which acts as a flip-flop or latch to determine the current state or position of the motor 16 and thereby determine the current position of the curtain. A suitable integrated circuit IC6 is Motorola Dual Flip-Flop MC14013B or equivalent. The flip-flop integrated circuit IC6 thereby permits or does not permit the motor to operate depending upon the direction of operation of the motor the previous time the motor was actuated to move the curtain. In other words, the flip-flop or latch acts as a latching means for determining the current position of the motor in either of the first and second positions and for actuating the motor to move the object or curtain to the position opposite the current position of the object or curtain. The status of the integrated circuit IC6 can be easily determined by the light emitting diode D8 which is connected to pin 9 of integrated circuit IC6 and illuminated when the curtain is in the closed position. A by-pass or a manual switch S2 is also provided so that the curtain can be conveniently opened or closed as desired during the night or during the day. The manual closure or opening of the curtain is sensed through the connection to pins 2 and 5 of integrated circuit IC6. The output from integrated circuit IC6 pins 1 and 2 respectively provide one-half of the control to the base of transistor Q4 or the base of transistor Q3 thereby determining the direction of rotation. The other half of the control is provided by the output at pin 9 of the dual timer IC5.
Once actuated by the output at pin 9 of integrated circuit IC5 the motor operates for a period of time necessary to move the curtain as set by the exterior circuitry and potentiometer P1 of the second timer of dual timer IC5. The second timer circuit is also actuated by engaging the manual switch S2 to also start the motor running with the second timer. In either case the motor runs for a set period of time sufficient to open or close the curtain. In summary, the flip-flop circuitry only permits the motor to operate when either the signal from integrated circuit IC3 or from the manual switch S2, if thrown, provides for movement of the curtain opposite to that of the previous movement of the curtain. | An automatic electro-mechanical device for opening and closing a curtain or drapery in response to changed light striking a photoelectric cell on the device. The device comprises a miniature high torque reversible electric motor and control packaged in a container of substantially the same size as a conventional cord tensioner of curtains or draperies. To close the drapes at sun-down and open the drapes at sun-up automatically without actuation if the lighting changes for short periods of time, the device comprises a dual timer circuit with individual ramping circuits. One timer circuit monitors the sustained presence or absence of light for a predetermined amount of time. The other timer regulates the motor drive run time. A flip flop circuit signals the current state of the curtains or drapes by providing memory of the last directional movement of the motor. | 2,426 |
RELATED APPLICATIONS
Co-pending application Ser. No. 060,408, filed July 25, 1979, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,271,839 for Dilatation Catheter Method and Apparatus shows a dilatation catheter in which dilatation is accomplished by everting a balloon from the end of a catheter, blowing the balloon up to dilate an occluded blood vessel, deflating the balloon, and re-inverting the balloon within the catheter.
Co-pending application Ser. No. 114,979 filed Jan. 24, 1980 for Flexible Calibrator shows a catheter having a calibrator bead at the distal end thereof which is used to measure the diameter of the lumen in a stenotic segment of blood vessel. The present invention comprises a calibrator bead in trailing relation to a dilatation balloon. The combination of these two elements enables the calibrator element to measure the lumen of the dilated artery rather than, as in the co-pending application, being used to measure the lumen of an occluded passage in a pre-dilated artery.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for use in dilating occluded blood vessels and for measuring the degree of dilation of the occlusions within these vessels. Prior to the present invention these two objectives were attainable, as a result of the teachings set forth in the above-identified copending patent applications, by the use of two catheters, one having a balloon element to dilate the occlusion and the other having a calibrator element to measure the widened lumen of the occluded segment of artery. This could result in the repeated insertion and removal of catheters into and out of arteries until the sizes of the enlarged passages of the occluded segments of the arteries were of acceptable dimensions. The heavier the traffic of catheters within blood vessels the greater is the risk that material may be accidentally dislodged therefrom with possible consequent blockage elsewhere in the blood circulation system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention combines in a single catheter a dilatation balloon element and a calibrator bead element. Following dilatation of an occlusion the calibrator bead may be moved into the dilated lumen of the occlusion in order to determine whether the occlusion has been sufficiently dilated. The two objects are thereby achieved without the need of indulging in the time-consuming and hazardous activities of repeatedly removing and replacing catheters.
The principal object of the invention is to combine in a single catheter instrument dilatation balloon means which can be inflated and deflated and calibrator bead means to measure the lumen of the dilated occlusion in the artery.
This and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings forming part of this specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a semi-schematic view of the present catheter positioned adjacent an occlusion.
FIG. 2 is a similar view showing the occlusion being dilated.
FIG. 3 is a similar view showing the balloon element reinverted.
FIG. 4 is a similar view showing the catheter during the course of movement through the same artery to the next occlusion to be treated.
FIG. 5 is a view showing in elevation and longitudinal cross-section the details and construction of the present catheter with the balloon element everted.
FIG. 6 is a view like that of FIG. 5 showing the balloon element in inverted condition.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The catheter comprises a calibrator oval 10, a flexible shaft 12, a manifold 14 which serves for the connection of a syringe 16 to the instrument, a balloon 18 which is longitudinally extensible from the oval 10 under the fluid pressure applied by syringe 16 and thereafter laterally expansible under increased fluid pressure, and a guide wire 20 to be pulled to re-invert the balloon 18 within the oval 10.
A blood vessel 22 partially occluded by occlusion 24 is provided with an incision 26 for the introduction into the vessel of the catheter. The catheter is moved along the vessel until the oval 10 bears against the end of occlusion 24, as shown in FIG. 1. The syringe 16 is then attached to manifold 14 and actuated to evert the balloon 18 and extend it into the restricted lumen of occlusion 24. The fluid pressure is then increased to radially expand the balloon and compress the occlusion. The fluid pressure is then reduced by reverse operation of the syringe and the syringe is removed from manifold 14. Wire 20 is then manually pulled to re-invert the balloon within the oval. The oval is then moved within the compressed occlusion 24. Ready movability of the oval through the occlusion indicates that the occlusion has been adequately compressed. If the oval is not readily movable through the occlusion the instrument is used to further compress the occlusion. Once the occlusion has been suitably compressed the instrument may be moved further along the vessel 22, as indicated in FIG. 4, if there is a further occlusion to be treated.
The details of construction of the instrument are shown in FIGS. 5-6. The oval 10 and shaft 12 are formed by a tightly wound helical spring 28 which provides the catheter with sufficient flexibility to enable its movement through tortuous arteries. The oval and shaft are provided with an overcoating 30 of silicone, heat-shrink tubing, Teflon, or the like.
The balloon element 18 is made of an elastomeric material such as latex. One end of the balloon is attached to the end of the oval 10 and the other end of the balloon is attached with suture 32 to guide wire 20. The wire 20 is small in diameter relative to the internal diameter of spring 28 to provide an annular fluid passage between the syringe 16 and balloon 18.
Expansion of the balloon element out of the end of the catheter takes place in anisotropic fashion, with the balloon element first everting out of the catheter in advance of substantial lateral expansion, and then, after eversion, laterally expanding in response to the continued exertion of fluid pressure internally of the catheter. Optimal dimensional data for the catheter and the balloon element are set forth in my co-pending application Ser. No. 060,408.
While the invert-evert form of balloon is preferred, other types and forms of balloons may be used as long as they do not impede the movability of the catheters through the arteries and as long as they do not interfere with the use of the calibrator ovals to measure or calibrate the inside diameters of the arterial lumens. | A catheter is provided with an inflatable-deflatable balloon element to radially enlarge a partially occluded artery lumen and the catheter is provided with a calibrator oval to internally gauge the enlarged lumen. | 1,119 |
GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
This application was funded under United States Department of Agriculture Contract No. 90-34189-5014 Sub of 4501. The United States Government has certain rights under this application and any patent issuing thereon.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/376,395, filed Jan. 23, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,959.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to table salt (sodium chloride) substitute compositions and their method of use. In particular, the present invention relates to physical mixtures of lysine monohydrochloride and potassium chloride, and optionally succinic acid which produce a salty taste and which unexpectedly closely parallels the taste of table salt.
(2) Description of Related Art
Numerous compositions have been described by the prior art as table salt substitutes. Illustrative are U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,874,055 to Liebrecht; 2,824,008 to Perri et al; 2,829,056 to Kemmerer; 3,015,567 to Hause et al; 3,993,795 to Mauror et al; 5,145,707 to Lee; 5,173,323 to Omari; 5,176,934 to Lee and 5,229,161 to Turk. Some of the compositions use lysine mono- or dihydrochloride and potassium chloride mixed together (Omari and Kemmerer); however, there are additional ingredients, particularly glutamates which produce allergic reactions (asthma, headaches, etc. in certain people) and do not enhance taste or sodium chloride, which is to be avoided in salt-free diets.
OBJECTS
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide novel potassium chloride lysine monohydrochloride mixtures, preferably with a small amount of succinic acid which closely parallels the taste of table salt. Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for using the compositions. Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide the compositions which are easily prepared as an admixtures. These and other objects will become increasingly apparent by reference to the following description.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to an edible composition having a salty taste which consists essentially of an admixture selected from the group consisting of (1) lysine monohydrochloride and potassium chloride, and (2) the lysine monohydrochloride, the potassium chloride and succinic acid each of which are food grade, wherein the weight ratio of the lysine monohydrochloride to potassium chloride is between about 1 to 9 and 3 to 2 and wherein the ratio of lysine monohydrochloride to succinic acid is between about 3 to 1 and 13 to 1 and the composition has a pH between about 5.5 and 6.3.
The present invention also relates to a method for imparting a salty taste to a food which comprises providing an edible composition in the food which consists essentially of an admixture selected from the group consisting of (1) lysine monohydrochloride and potassium chloride, and (2) the lysine monohydrochloride, the potassium chloride and succinic acid which are food grade, wherein the ratio of the lysine monohydrochloride to potassium chloride is between about 1 to 9 and 3 to 2 and wherein the ratio of lysine monohydrochloride to succinic acid is between about 3 to 1 and 13 to 1 and the composition has a pH between about 5.5 and 6.3.
The composition is easily prepared by simple mixing of the ingredients. In order to mask the bitter aftertaste of the potassium chloride there must be between 10% to 60% of the lysine monohydrochloride. When crystals of lysine monohydrochloride are physically mixed with crystals of potassium chloride, the resulting mixture has the appearance of, and taste intensity of, table salt, without the characteristic taste of the potassium ion. Lysine monohydrochloride can also be co-crystallized with potassium chloride from a solution in which they are soluble (such as water) to produce a salty crystalline mixture. The succinic acid produces a more salty taste in amounts between about 0.1 and 10 percent by weight in the composition. In the most preferred compositions the weight ratio of lysine monohydrochloride to potassium chloride is between 2 and 3 to 7. When succinic acid is present, the weight ratio of lysine monohydrochloride to potassium chloride is 2 and 2.99 to 7 and the succinic acid is included in an amount between 0.1 and 10 percent by weight of the composition.
Lysine is an essential amino acid and thus is a dietary supplement. Potassium chloride is commonly used as a salt substitute to avoid sodium intake. Succinic acid is a common food acid. Thus, the composition fulfills dietary as well as taste needs.
The following are illustrative Examples of the compositions of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Table 1 shows the results of taste tests by a taste panel of 3 people of various compositions incorporating lysine monohydrochloride (LysMhc) lysine monohydrate (Lysmh) potassium chloride (KCl) and an acid (HCl) or base (KOH).
TABLE 1______________________________________Salt Molar Ratio ofname Lys/Cl/K Solution comp. Sol. pH Taste______________________________________1 2:4:2 Lysmhc + KCl 5.55 Salty+++2 2:3:1 Lysmhc + KCl 5.66 Salty-acid3 2:2:1 Lysmhc + Lysmh + KCl 9.34 Salty4 4:3:1 Lysmhc + Lysmh + KCl 9.48 Salty-sweet5 2:2:1 Lysmhc + KOH 9.50 Salty- metallic6 2:6:2 Lysmhc + KCl + HCl 1.00 Acidic______________________________________ *The salt+ tastes saltier than salty and salty- tastes less saltier than salty. ** The water used was double distilled water.
A crystallized dry salt product composed of Lysmhc and KCl (1) with a molar ratio of 2:4 was found to possess the desired salty taste.
EXAMPLE 2
Table 2 shows the results of taste tests by a taste panel of 3 people for various mixtures of lysine monohydrochloride (Lysmhc) and KCl mixtures as dry salts and in solution.
TABLE 2______________________________________weight % Sol./2 gLysmhc/KCl Dry Mixture water pH______________________________________0/100 (25%) Irritates Irritates 7.6210/90 Salty++++* Salty++++ 6.2320/80 Salty+++ Salty++++ 6.2130/70 Salty++ Salty+++ 6.1240/60 Salty++ Salty+++ 6.0150/50 Salty+ Salty+ 5.9960/40 Salty Salty 5.9770/30 Salty- Salty+ 5.8780/20 Salty-- Salty+ 5.8390/10 Salty--- Salty-- 5.71100/0 (33%) Salty-sweet Salty-sweet 5.75100% dd** Water -- -- 5.70______________________________________ *The salt+ tastes saltier than salty and salty- tastes less saltier than salty. **double distilled water.
As can be seen from Table 2 mixtures including 10 to 60% of the lysine monohydrochloride with potassium hydrochloride had the desired taste both in dry form and in solution. These mixtures also had an acid pH between about 5.5 and 6.3 depending upon the amount of lysine monohydrochloride.
EXAMPLE 3
Table 3 shows different concentrations of a thirty weight percent (30%) lysine monohydrochloride to potassium chloride mixture (dry) mixed which is then dissolved in water used in taste tests by a taste panel of 3 people.
As can be seen, the mixture can be used in an amount up to about 30% by weight in water to produce the desired salty taste.
TABLE 3______________________________________30 wt % Lys/KClCont. in water pH Taste Comment______________________________________10 6.04 salty Clear sol.20 6.02 salty+ Clear sol.30 6.02 Salty++ Clear sol.40 5.90 Irritates Saturated25% (100% KCl) 7.62 Irritates Clear sol.25% (100% 7.11 Standard BlurredNaCl) sol.______________________________________
No other amino acid tested (including glutamic acid, glutamic acid monohydrochloride, glycine, glycine monohydrochloride, and lysine monohydrate) provided the masking of the potassium taste. The optimal concentration of lysine monohydrochloride in the mixture was about thirty percent (30%) by weight in Example 3 based upon taste tests.
EXAMPLE 4
A preference test was conducted in which 38 panelists participated and tasted four dry samples in random order. The samples were:
1. 70/30 wt % potassium chloride/crystalline lysine monohydrochloride, which is the subject of the current application.
2. Commercially available MORTON SALT SUBSTITUTE (containing potassium chloride, fumaric acid, tri- and mono-calcium phosphate).
3. Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 2,829,056 (containing lysine dihydrochloride, mono-potassium glutamate, potassium chloride and tricalcium phosphate).
4. Regular table salt.
The results of this test indicated the composition No. 1 of the invention was preferred to No. 2 and No. 3. The ranking of Samples No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 were 61, 75, and 86, respectively, with the lowest number being preferred. The ranking was determined as follows: There was statistically difference at the 95% level between No. 1 and No. 3 (U.S. Pat. No. 2,829,056), but the difference between No. 1 and No. 2 was not statistically significant.
EXAMPLE 5
Taste trials were performed to assess the intensity of the composition No. 1 of the invention in aqueous solution. In these trials a fifth sample was added to those of Example 4.
5. Same as No. 1 with 10% succinic acid added.
A 4% solution was prepared of each sample and the rank scores were 16, 49, 50, 55, and 55 for samples No. 4, No. 5, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 1, respectively. This test indicates that the samples No. 1 and No. 5 were about 50% the intensity of regular table salt.
EXAMPLE 6
Succinic acid (SA) was added to physical mixtures of potassium chloride (KCl) and lysine monohydrochloride (LysMhc). The results are shown in the following Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________Wt % KCl/LysMhc/SA Dry Mixture Taste 4% Solution Taste______________________________________70/30/00 salty very mild salty70/15/15 very acidic, irritates very acidic, irritates70/20/10 very acidic acidic70/25/05 salty acidic salty acidic70/27.5/2.5 very good salty mild salty45/45/10 salty acidic very little saltiness______________________________________
These data indicate that there is a taste improvement by addition of a small amount of succinic acid. The ratio of lysine monohydrochloride to succinic acid that gives this advantage is 10:1 as in application Ser. No. 08/376,395, filed Jan. 23, 1995. Preferably between about 2.5 and 2.9 percent of the composition is succinic acid and the remainder is potassium chloride.
It is intended that the foregoing description be only illustrative of the present invention and that the present invention be limited only by the hereinafter appended claims. | A physical mixture which consists essentially of compositions of lysine monohydrochloride and potassium chloride alone or admixed with small amounts of succinic acid, in particular weight ratios, and which has a salty taste comparable to table salt (sodium chloride). The mixture masks the bitter aftertaste of the potassium chloride and can provide dietary lysine which is an essential amino acid. | 1,644 |
PRIORITY CLAIM
In accordance with 37 C.F.R. 1.76, a claim of priority is included in an Application Data Sheet filed concurrently herewith. Accordingly, the present invention claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/785,423, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, entitled “EXPANDABLE CORPECTOMY DEVICE”, the contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention generally relates to improvements to vertebral implants and, more particularly, to a longitudinally expandable vertebral implant including telescoping sections configured for incremental expansion by a ratchet expander for ease of securement at any desired increment in situ.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The spine consists of vertebrae that are categorized into sections known as the cervical, thoracic and lumbar section in a flexible arranged column. The vertebrae are separated by small cartilaginous cushions known as intervertebral discs. Intervertebral discs are oblate spherical structures that maintain the space between adjacent vertebrae. Each intervertebral disc consists of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus. The annulus fibrosus consists of several layers of strong annular fibrocartilage to contain the nucleus pulposus and distribute pressure evenly across the disc wherein a mucoprotein gel serves to absorb shocks.
Deterioration of an intervertebral disc results in limited mobility and can cause severe pain. For instance, normal aging causes the nucleus pulposus to lose fluid and contract in volume resulting in a reduction in the intervertebral space. Any reduction of space between adjacent vertebrae may put pressure on the nerves of the spinal column. Further, a reduction in volume of the nucleus pulposus reduces the disc's ability to absorb shock which can result in disc herniation. The bulge of a herniated disc may also put pressure on nearby nerve structures resulting in pain as well as diminished range of motion.
Surgical options are available including laminectomy and discectomy combined with vertebral fusion and/or dynamic stabilization. However, these surgical options are highly invasive and require prolonged hospitalization and recovery. More recently, artificial disc replacement prosthetics have been used to replace or augment all or part of the removed or resected intervertebral disc.
In order to reduce the pain associated with the movement of the intervertebral joint, surgical intervention is often indicated as a means to alleviate pressure upon the spinal cord while concomitantly stabilizing the associated vertebrae. This involves a surgical procedure to distract the disc and or vertebra, or portions thereof, and the insertion of bone fusing material into the cavity of the opposing vertebra. Corpectomy devices have been developed to help support the spine and maintain the normal spacing between opposing vertebrae. Some of these devices may be packed with fusing material to ensure solid bone growth between the two vertebrae. Typically, corpectomy devices are manufactured at various heights requiring that a cavity between opposing vertebrae be distracted to a dimension corresponding to the sized corpectomy device. The surgical procedure to prepare the implant site can be difficult and lengthy. Moreover, the procedure can increase risk of trauma to the tissues surrounding of the implant site.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The instant invention is a longitudinally adjustable corpectomy device which fits within the intervertebral distracted channel. The device includes a means for engaging an extendable member to accommodate the distracted channel. An expanding member moves in relation to a base member in accordance with a rack and pinion type operation. The ratchet mechanism prevents the two members from contracting once expanded.
An objective of the instant invention to provide a corpectomy device that may be adjusted within the intervertebral cavity or adjusted in situ within the cavity.
It is a further objective of the instant invention to provide an expandable corpectomy which can be expanded by use of a rack rotated by a removable shaft.
Yet another objective of the instant invention is to provide vertebra engagable endplates which are arranged to pivot and self adjust.
Other objectives and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with any accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention. Any drawings contained herein constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a side view of the corpectomy device in a compressed position with the pivoting endplate angled forward;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the corpectomy device in a compressed position with the pivoting endplate angled backward;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the corpectomy device in a raised position with the pivoting endplate centered; backward;
FIG. 4 is the opposite side view of FIG. 3 depicting the pinion driver;
FIG. 5 is the perspective view illustrating the ratchet mechanism for use in locking the members in position;
FIG. 6 is a pictorial view depicting the corpectomy device between vertebra in a compressed position;
FIG. 7 is another pictorial view of FIG. 6 from a different perspective;
FIG. 8 is view of FIG. 7 with a pinion driver;
FIG. 9 is view of FIG. 8 upon rotation of the pinion driver;
FIG. 10 is a pictorial view depicting the corpectomy device between vertebra in an expanded position;
FIG. 11 is a pictorial view depicting the ratchet mechanism of the corpectomy device;
FIG. 12 is a pictorial view depicting the corpectomy device with a top endplate;
FIG. 13 is a pictorial view of the corpectomy device in position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the Figures, set forth is the corpectomy device 10 in a compressed position with the pivoting endplate 12 angled forward. The corpectomy implant device 10 is defined by a base member 14 telescopingly received into an expansion member 16 . The base member 14 is formed from a housing having a lower end 15 with a first 17 and second 19 side walls extending from said lower end 15 . Said base member include end walls 21 and 23 positioned between said first and second side walls 17 , 19 each having a centrally disposed U-shaped slot 18 formed therein extending from the lower end along a length of the end walls with a first edge 20 of said slot 18 non-engaging and a second edge 22 lined with an engaging edge, preferably directional ratchet teeth 22 . Lower endplate 12 can be inserted into the open end of the base member 14 , the lower endplate having a surface 11 for use in bone engagement.
The expansion member 16 is formed from housing having first and second side walls 25 and 27 and first and second end walls 29 and 31 , the four walls constructed and arranged to encompass said base member walls. Side wall 25 includes an aperture 24 sized to permit insertion of pinion tool 30 having a shoulder 32 that allows ease of rotation by bearing upon the side wall 25 with a pinion for engagement of the ratchet teeth 22 . Rotation of the pinion tool 30 provides extension of the expansion member 16 from the base member 14 as the pinion tool is limited in movement with the expansion member 16 by the size of the aperture 24 .
Positioned with the base member is a spring loaded biasing ratchet assembly 36 having a pair of engagement prongs 38 and 40 that engage the ratchet teeth 22 . The biasing ratchet assembly 36 includes having a biasing member 41 that engages an inner surface of the base member 14 expanding the engagement prongs 38 and 40 against the ratchet teeth 22 wherein the spacing of the extension member from the base member is unidirectional to prohibit compression of the structure once positioned. The expansion member 16 permits the device to expand relative to the base member 14 and overall longitudinal dimension of the device. Upper endplate 42 can be inserted into the open end of the expansion member 16 , the upper endplate having a surface 44 for use in bone engagement.
The endplates 12 and 42 may be interchangeably connected or permanently attached, such as laser welded, to the corpectomy device. These endplates may be of any desired shape, size or thickness. For example, the endplate 42 of FIG. 12 is substantially flat with engagement teeth 44 forming a pattern allowing bone growth material to pass through. In FIGS. 1-3 the endplate 12 can be moved at an angle that will allow the implant to restore the normal curvature of the spine after the corpectomy device is installed. Moreover, the shape may or may not correspond to the cross-sectional shape and size (foot-print) of the base. In those instances where the patient presents unusual physiology, such as curvature of the spine (lordosis or kyphosis), additional physiology compensating members may be interposed with the respective endplates. These compensating members allow the corpectomy implant device 10 to take on a more arcuate shape thereby conforming more closely with the existing spinal configuration.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the corpectomy implant device 10 in a compressed position having expansion member 16 placed over the insert of base member 14 with the pivoting endplate 12 angled backward. FIG. 3 is a side view of the corpectomy implant device 10 in a raised position with the pivoting endplate 12 centered.
FIG. 4 is the opposite side view of FIG. 3 depicting the pinion driver 30 inserted into aperture 24 . FIG. 5 is the reverse perspective view illustrating the biasing ratchet mechanism 36 for use in locking the base member 14 and the expansion member 16 in a raised position.
FIGS. 6-8 and 13 are pictorial views depicting the corpectomy implant device 10 between vertebra 100 and 102 in a compressed position.
FIGS. 9-11 depict the device in an expanded state with the pinion driver 30 used to raise the expansion member 16 over the base member 14 .
Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, a corpectomy device comprises a base member, an expansion member, an upper or lower endplate.
In another preferred embodiment, the base member comprises a slot having a first side wall and a second side wall, wherein the first side wall is smooth and the second side wall comprises one or more teeth, spikes or jagged edges.
In another preferred embodiment, the expansion member comprises an aperture for receiving a pinion tool having a first shoulder wherein the first shoulder is smooth, and a second shoulder for engagement of the base member.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the corpectomy device comprises a ratchet, the ratchet comprising at least one engagement prong, a biasing member or combinations thereof.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the upper and lower endplates are interchangeable and comprise patterns, dimensions, shapes, smooth surfaces, grooved surfaces, rough surfaces, or mobility for engaging a vertebra.
Embodiments of the invention are also directed to methods for manipulating the distance between vertebrae in a patient in need thereof.
Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, a method of manipulating the distance between adjacent vertebrae in a patient, comprising surgically inserting an expandable corpectomy device into an intervertebral cavity, the corpectomy device comprising an upper endplate, a lower endplate, a base member wherein the base member is telescopingly receivable into an expansion member; the base member comprising a slot having a first side wall that is smooth and a second side wall lined with teeth; the expansion member having an aperture for receiving a pinion tool for increasing longitudinal distances of the expansion member relative to the base member.
In some preferred embodiments, the distances between the teeth in the second side wall of the base member aperture are sized so that the expansion can occur by desired increments.
In another preferred embodiment, the corpectomy device comprises a spring loaded biasing ratchet having a pair of engagement prongs for engaging the second side wall of the aperture of the base member and a biasing member for engaging an inner surface of the base member.
In other preferred embodiments, the upper endplate is insertable into an open end of the expansion member, the upper endplate having a surface for bone engagement. Preferably, the upper and lower endplates are interchangeable and comprise patterns, dimensions, shapes, smooth surfaces, grooved surfaces, rough surfaces, or mobility for engaging a vertebra.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and any drawings/figures included herein.
One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. | The instant invention is a longitudinally adjustable corpectomy device which fits within the intervertebral distracted channel. A ratchet mechanism allows for an extendable member to adjust to a longer length to accommodate a distracted channel. The ratchet type mechanism allows the members to move in a unidirectional movement to prevent the two members from contracting once expanded. | 2,487 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for collecting poultry from poultry houses. To meet the ever increasing demand for chicken in the American diet, a mass production process has evolved wherein a centrally located processing plant is supplied with live chickens from an array of surrounding satellite chicken farms.
Each chicken farm is individually operated and includes a number of poultry houses where the chickens are confined from the baby chick stage to the time they are harvested. By confining the chickens, productivity is increased while the operating costs are lowered. However, by confining the chickens in a densely populated area, careful control of air temperature, humidity and bacteria count must be maintained. While raising the chickens in a poultry house is accomplished under automated and manual process control, harvesting the chickens is still a labor intensive procedure which has not changed much over the years.
The harvesting procedure begins by placing a number of chicken coops within the poultry house. A typical chicken coop is formed of 15 cages arranged in rows and columns with three cages in a row and 5 cages in a column all joined together to form a rectangular enclosure. Each cage is formed with a front opening having a pivoted door which provides access to the interior of the cage.
The actual loading is accomplished by men working in pairs. Each man catches a number of chickens in each hand and thrusts them into the opening in the cage, one man following the other, until the cage is full. The door is then closed and the next cage is filled, and so on down the column. During the loading process, there are short intervals of time when the cage opening is unprotected and chickens can escape. In an attempt to thwart the escape, some chickens can be harmed, and the resultant confusion disrupts the loading process.
This invention is directed to the provision of a flexible vision blocking curtain across the loading opening to prevent the escape of chickens during the loading process by interrupting their line of sight.
A number of cages to thwart the escape of chickens have been invented, as typified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,299, issued Aug. 25, 1981 to Doverd E. Thomas; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,950 issued Jan. 28, 1997 to Briggs et al. The patent to Thomas shows a hinged door arranged at an angle to the horizontal so that the poultry can slide down into the cage and cannot escape. Briggs et al. show a pair of inwardly swinging gates which are biased to a closed position. When loading poultry, the gates swing inwardly to deposit the poultry within the cage and then swing to a closed position.
While the above mentioned patents do teach the design of poultry cages to prevent escape during loading, the prior art does not teach the use of a vision blocking flexible curtain across the opening.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The overall object of the present invention is to improve upon the prior art loading gates by adding a flexible vision blocking curtain across the cage opening to lie in the vision path of chickens already in the cage to prevent them from seeing an escape opening.
It is a specific object of the invention to suspend a vision blocking flexible curtain along a top portion of the cage opening so as to enable the curtain to swing inwardly when chickens are loaded and to swing outwardly when the chickens are unloaded.
It is another object of the invention to form the curtain in various shapes to suit the needs of a particular application. Instead of a plastic sheet, the curtain can also be formed of a loosely woven fabric to increase ventilation. In both the sheet plastic or woven fabric construction, a hem or additional weight may be added to the sides and bottom to control flexibility and curtain restoring force after being pushed into an open position. The curtain can also be formed of overlapping strips to increase flexibility.
It is yet another object of the invention to devise a novel method of loading chickens into a cage of a coop by integrating a vision blocking opening to eliminate the criticality in the timing between door opening and hand loading of a batch of chickens to prevent their escape. In so doing, the loading operation can be carried out with less disruption and less harm to chickens.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front view of an assemblage of cages forming a chicken coop with the door of the top right cage in an open position;
FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of the FIG. 1 coop;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged front view of the open cage shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 along with the closed cage immediately below;
FIG. 4 is a part schematic view of the opaque curtain across the cage opening as viewed from inside the cage;
FIG. 5 is a schematic side view illustrating the operation of the curtain;
FIG. 6 shows a modified curtain formed of individual strips; and
FIG. 7 shows a modified curtain formed of a loosely woven fabric.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now in general to the drawings and in particular to FIGS. 1-3, a chicken coop 10 is shown for transporting chickens from a poultry house to a processing plant. The chicken coop is formed of an assembly of cages 11, here fifteen in number, arranged in rows and columns with three cages in a row and five cages in a column. The cages are integrally joined to form a rectangular enclosure having a roof 12, five floors 13, a front wall 14, rear wall 15 and four side walls 16. The side walls 16 and rear wall 15 are formed of an open framework to confine the chickens while providing ventilation. The two interior side walls 16 form a common wall for adjacent cages. A pair of spaced tubular, rectangular beams 17 are joined to the underside of bottom floor 13 to receive a fork lift to move the coop.
Each cage 11 of the coop has a frame opening 18 which collectively form the front wall 14. Each frame opening comprises a top frame member 19, a bottom frame member 20 and two side frame members 21. The frame members can be fabricated from lengths of square tubing common to multiple frame openings.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a door 22 is pivotally mounted on the bottom frame member 20 to move from an open position shown in the top cage of FIG. 3 to a closed position shown in the lower cage in FIG. 3. The pivotal mounting of door 22 includes a limiting pivot position where the door remains at rest in an open position with its inside surface substantially flush with the cage floor as shown in the top cage in FIG. 3. In its closed position shown in the bottom cage in FIG. 3, the door is rotated until it engages a stop 23 where it remains until manually moved to an open position. A handle 24 is mounted on the outside surface of the door to facilitate manual opening and closing.
The prior art shows numerous mechanisms for opening and closing a cage door. A simple hand latch is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,299 mentioned above while an over center spring mechanism 25 is employed here to hold the door closed when it is manually lifted from its at rest open position. The mechanism for opening and closing the cage door is conventional and is not part of the disclosed invention.
A vision obstructing flexible curtain 26 is mounted across the opening 18 forward of the door to obstruct the opening when the door is in its open position. Applicant has discovered that when caged chickens cannot see an unobstructed escape path they will not attempt an escape. The curtain 26 in FIG. 3 is in the form of a black sheet of plastic having a hem 27. As seen in FIG. 4, the curtain is hung from the inside of the top member 19 by means of a clamping strip 28 and a number of screws 29.
FIGS. 4 and 5 are part schematic views explaining the mode of operation of the vision obstructing curtain. FIG. 4 is a view of the inside of the curtain as seen by chickens confined by the remaining five sides of the cage. The inventor has discovered that chickens will not attempt flight when an open escape path is not visible to them. In this manner, the invention solves the problem of chicken escape when door 22 is in the open position during the cage loading operation. As an optional feature, a wood dowel or steel pin 34 can be inserted in hem 27 for ballast.
FIG. 5 diagrammatically explains the operation of the curtain. FIG. 5 also discloses an alternative mounting for the curtain. Instead of a clamping strip and screws as shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 5 discloses a series of open hooks 30 spaced along top member 19 which supports the curtain on a matching series of grommets 31. As seen in FIG. 5, when door 22 is in the open position, chickens are pushed through the curtain, causing it to rotate in a counterclockwise direction as shown by the arrows 32 around pivots 30, 31. After the chickens are loaded, the curtain rotates back to its vertical rest position, darkening the opening. When the cage is full, door 22 is moved to a closed position. To unload all of the cages in a coop, a fork lift engages the rectangular beams 17, and rotates the coop about a quarter turn in a counterclockwise direction. The weight of the birds sliding down the floors forces the doors to open and the curtains to swing to an open position as shown by the arrows 33. After the chickens are unloaded, the coop is rotated back to a rest position and the doors are closed.
FIG. 6 shows a modified curtain construction which is suspended from top frame member 19 in a manner similar to FIG. 4. However, instead of a single layer curtain, two layers 34 and 35 are employed. The front layer 34 is split at cuts shown with a solid line while the rear layer 35 is split at cuts shown with a dashed line. This construction provides for greater flexibility while still obstructing the line of sight.
FIG. 7 shows a modified curtain suspended from top member 19 in the manner shown at 28 and 29 in FIG. 4 or by means of hooks and grommets as shown in FIG. 5. The curtain 35 is formed of a closely woven fabric which allows for a certain degree of ventilation while obstructing the line of sight.
It is not intended to limit the present invention to the details of illustration or terms of description of the preferred embodiments shown above. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alterations therein may be made within the scope of the present invention. | Method and apparatus for loading a poultry coop. Each compartment in the coop has a rectangular frame opening which is blocked or unblocked by a pivoted door. A flexible vision blocking curtain is hung across the opening to prevent the escape of any poultry during the loading procedure. | 1,918 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] Not applicable.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to heaters, such as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters, used to vaporize air treatment chemicals from a substrate. More particularly it relates to spring assemblies which can adjust for thermal expansion of such heaters.
[0004] Electrical heaters have been developed to heat a substrate (e.g. a mat) impregnated with an air treatment chemical, to thereby dispense the chemical. For example WO 2006/046209 (the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein) discloses one such PTC electrical heater. Also representative of the current state of the art are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,404,463, 4,431,983, 4,728,779, 4,874,924, 5,256,857 and 5,471,034, and also WO 97/02054.
[0005] However, devices of this type do have some drawbacks. For one thing, the outer housings of such PTC heaters tend to undergo thermal expansion during operation. As most of the electrical components are anchored to the housing, this can cause relative movement of the electrical parts with respect to each other, thereby disrupting electrical contact, or rendering heat transfer less efficient.
[0006] To adjust for this to some extent there have been attempts to incorporate springs into the assembly. One approach is to make a portion of the electrical contact itself into an integral spring-like structure. However, this can increase production costs or complexity, or be difficult to reliably implement if one also wishes to use optimal electrical contact materials.
[0007] There have also been attempts to instead use separate springs which bias an electrical contact against a heater, yet allow some relative movement. However, to date, these assemblies have had their own deficiencies (e.g. complexity; cost; inability to adjust for certain types of expansion).
[0008] Apart from this, PTC heater elements are sometimes so fragile that their abutment with associated electrical contacts (particularly those that are stamped) can lead to breakage of the PTC element. A stamped contact can have a sharp edge which, over time, can lead to such cracking. While there have been attempts to avoid the use of stamped contacts with sharp ends (e.g. our company's U.S. Ser. No. 11/614,645 filed on Dec. 21, 2006), materials which are optimal for that purpose may not be optimal for certain spring related functions.
[0009] Hence, a need still exists for improved electrical heaters useful for vaporizing air treatment chemicals.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] In one aspect the invention provides a heating device having a housing defining an internal cavity and having spaced supports extending there from into the cavity, a heating element positioned in the cavity, a first electrical contact abutting the heating element along a first side of the heating element, a second electrical contact abutting the heating element on a side thereof opposite the first side, and a spring suspended by the spaced supports and having a portion thereof biasing the second electrical contact towards the heater element.
[0011] The spring has a convex surface pointed away from the second electrical contact and rising sufficiently there from so as to be pressed against the interior surface of the housing. As a result, the convex portion of the spring is compressed and remaining parts of the spring apply pressure against the second electrical contact, securing it against the heating element. The spring is sufficiently compressed that, even as the housing expands when heated, the spring remains in contact with the housing and continues to apply pressure against the second electrical contact. As a result, the second electrical contact remains properly engaged against the heating element, and the heating element, in turn, is also urged against the first electrical contact, ensuring uninterrupted electrical connections.
[0012] In preferred forms the heating element is a pill-shaped positive temperature coefficient heating element, the spring has a convex surface pointed away from the second electrical contact and a concave surface pointed towards the second electrical contact, and the first electrical contact has a contact head that bulges towards the heating element. The first electrical contact may also serve a heat diffusion function.
[0013] Our heaters are intended to be used with a substrate positioned against an outside surface of the housing, the substrate bearing a volatilizable air treatment chemical such as an insect control active ingredient, a scent, a deodorizer, or the like. Heating causes the chemical to volatize from the mat, thereby treating the room air.
[0014] For example, in one preferred embodiment the heater could be used with a conventional mosquito control mat formed of compressed cellulosic fibers that have been impregnated with an insect control agent such as allethrin or metofluthrin. The art is well aware of a number of other substrates, and other air treatment chemicals, that can be used with these types of devices (e.g. repellents, fragrances, deodorizers).
[0015] Our devices therefore accommodate thermal expansion, without imposing undesirable design constraints on the electrical contacts. Further, our devices can be inexpensively produced, which may be particularly important to their commercial potential in some third world markets.
[0016] The foregoing and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description. In that description reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof, and in which there is shown by way of non-limiting illustration a preferred embodiment of the invention. The claims which follow thereafter should be looked to in order to judge the full scope of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention, shown with an impregnated mat about to be installed therein;
[0018] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the FIG. 1 embodiment, albeit without the impregnated mat shown;
[0019] FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a PTC heater portion of the FIG. 1 device;
[0020] FIG. 4 is another exploded perspective view of the PTC heater of FIG. 3 ;
[0021] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of part of the PTC heater of FIG. 4 , but showing how alternate forms of the preferred spring could instead be used;
[0022] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 1 ; and
[0023] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7 - 7 of FIG. 6 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0024] Referring first to FIGS. 1-2 and 6 - 7 , there is shown a vaporizer 10 which includes a cover 12 having a air grill 13 , a PTC heater 14 , an impregnated mat 16 , and a housing bottom 18 . As will be apparent from FIG. 3 , PTC heater 14 includes a first housing part 20 , a second housing part 22 , a first electrical contact 24 , a PTC pill form heating element 26 , a second electrical contact 28 , and most importantly spring 30 . The first housing part 20 supports the first electrical contact 24 , which abuts a second side 25 of the PTC heating element 26 . The second electrical contact 28 abuts a side 27 of the PTC heating element 26 opposite the side abutting the first electrical contact 24 .
[0025] As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , the first housing part 20 and second housing part 22 form a clamshell type housing to define a cavity 33 there between. First housing part 20 has support pegs 32 integrally formed therewith and extending into the cavity 33 . These pass the first electrical contact 24 by virtue of cut outs 37 . The ends of the spring 30 can be pinned or otherwise fastened to the support pegs 32 spanning the distance between them.
[0026] The second housing part 22 also has pegs 34 protruding inwards towards the first housing part 20 . These pegs 34 help fix the first electrical contact 24 in place when the housing is closed.
[0027] The first electrical contact 24 preferably comprises a flat heat diffuser plate section 36 linked by a right angle bend to an elongated leg 38 . The leg 38 forms one terminal of a linkage to the power supply, and thus after assembly extends outside the housing. There are also apertures 40 for receiving additional pegs 32 from the first housing part 20 .
[0028] The PTC heating element 26 includes a first side 27 and a second side 25 . While heating element 26 is shown in a “pill” form, other conventional PTC element shapes could also be used. Further, heating element 26 can have metallization on either or both sides (not shown).
[0029] The second electrical contact 28 preferably comprises a U-shaped plate 50 including an elongated leg 52 extending away from the plate 50 at a right angle. Elongated leg 52 forms the second terminal of a linkage to the power supply and ultimately remains extending outside the housing. There is also a curved dome having a contact portion 56 . The dome can have a convex side 62 .
[0030] A spring 30 is in the form of a stainless steel strip having apertures 68 , 70 in opposing ends 72 , 74 . The apertures 68 , 70 receive the tapered ends 39 of pegs 32 in wedging fashion, to thereby suspend the spring 30 over and against second electrical contact 28 . The middle suspended portion 76 of the spring 30 is convex in shape (i.e., bulges outwardly, away from the second electrical contact 28 ).
[0031] While stainless steel is an optimal metal for the spring in this environment, it is not optimal for the second electrical contact 28 . For that we prefer a metal such as aluminum.
[0032] Referring most specifically to FIG. 5 , alternate spring embodiments 30 A and 30 B of the spring 30 are shown. For spring 30 A two of the spring 30 elements are attached to each other face-to-face to create a convex bulge 86 and a concave bulge 88 . In spring 30 B the middle portion of a single spring 30 is split lengthwise, leaving three thinner strips 80 , 82 and 84 . Strips 80 and 82 are convex (curving away from the second electrical contact 28 ), while the middle strip 84 is concave in shape (curving toward the second electrical contact).
[0033] The convex portion 76 of the spring 30 presses against the interior side of the second housing part 22 when the housing is assembled, somewhat compressing the convex portion of the spring. The convex portion 76 is sufficiently compressed that, when the housing expands in response to the heating of the heating element 26 , the convex portion rebounds to cause the spring 30 to remain in contact with the second housing part 22 and to continue to apply pressure against the second electrical contact 28 . The convex portions 80 and 82 of alternative embodiment spring 30 B and 86 of alternative embodiment spring 30 B function in that same way. Thus, regardless of the spring embodiment 30 , 30 A, 30 B used, the spring helps maintain a positive pressure contact between the second electrical contact 28 and the PTC heating element 26 , and thus indirectly between the first electrical contact 24 and the PTC heating element, even during thermal expansion of the housing. In fact, because the spring 30 receives heat directly from the heating element 26 by conduction through the second electrical contact 28 , the spring tends to expand to an extent proportionally greater than the expansion of the housing, which tends to urge the convex portion of the spring even more securely against the housing. The combination of convex and concave portions of alternative spring embodiments 30 A and 30 B allows those curved parts to be compressed so as to achieve the same overall displacement as is achieved by compression of the convex portion of spring 30 but with less distortion of each individual curved part.
[0034] Note also that because the parts are held close together, heat can readily transfer from the pill form heating element 26 to the heat diffusing plate portion of the first electrical contact 24 . Thus, the process of transferring heat to an outer surface 92 of the PTC heater remains efficient even during thermal expansion. Note that the thermal expansion problem occurs even if preferred plastics are used for the outer housing.
[0035] As seen in FIGS. 6 and 7 , the heater 14 is, after final assembly enclosed by protective cover 12 and housing bottom 18 of the vaporizer 10 . The mat 16 fits between that cover and outer surface 92 .
[0036] While the present invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment, various other embodiments are possible as well. For example, it is not essential that the heater be in pill form, or even be a PTC heater.
[0037] Thus, the claims should be looked to in order to judge the full scope of the invention.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0038] The present invention provides a heating device with an improved spring/electrical contact assembly to adjust for heat expansion. | An electrical heating device is disclosed that is suitable to vaporize air treatment chemicals from an impregnated substrate. The device is provided with a PCT heater held between electrical contacts and a spring that is compressed between the housing of the heating device and one of the electrical contacts to maintain pressure thereon in spite of thermal expansion of the housing, ensuring good electrical contact between the PCT heater and the electrical contacts. | 2,271 |
[0001] This invention relates to devices for preparing corn-on-the-cob to be eaten. More specifically, the invention relates to devices for use in cleaning the silks of the corn away from the corn-on-the-cob, and to cutter devices for removing the corn kernels from the cob.
[0002] Devices have been proposed and sold in the past for removing silks from the cob. Cutters also have been proposed for removing corn kernels from the cob.
[0003] Some of the prior corn cutters suffer from the problem that an elongated handle gets in the way of the cutting operation and tends to make it difficult to use.
[0004] It also has been proposed in the past to mount both a brush and a cutter on a single elongated handle, with the blade of the cutter being positioned so that the handle is perpendicular to the corn cob as the device is used to cut the corn off of the cob. This device, it is believed, also is relatively awkward to use, and has other shortcomings limiting its commercial acceptability.
[0005] As a result, known prior devices for cutting corn from the cob, and for removing silks from the corn to be cooked, have generally been awkward to use, and otherwise less than fully satisfactory.
[0006] Another problem with prior cutters is that the blades often do not cut the corn to a consistent depth; that is, sometimes, the blades dig into the cob too deeply or not deep enough.
[0007] Therefore, it is the object of the present invention to provide a corn preparation device which eliminates or alleviates the foregoing problems.
[0008] More specifically, it is an object to provide a device which can be held easily in the hand while cutting corn from the cob, or while removing silks from the corn cob, and with only minimal contact between the hands of the user and the corn.
[0009] It also is an object of the present invention to provide a protective holder for the corn cutter to keep it from cutting inadvertently.
[0010] It is a further object to provide such a device which is easily convertible from de-silking brush to a cutter so that both functions can be provided in a single compact device.
[0011] In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objectives are met by the provision of a single structure which is easy to grasp and can be used either as a corn cutter in cutting corn from the cob, or as a brush for removing silks from the cob.
[0012] The foregoing is accomplished by the novel construction in which a base member is provided with first and second opposing faces of a relatively broad extent. Extending from a first one of the surfaces is a brush, and extending from the opposite one of the surfaces is a cutter. A cover is provided to cover either one of the two implements. The cover fits securely onto the body so as to form a palm-fitting pushing structure against which the user can push. The device can be converted from a cutter to a de-silking brush, or vice versa, simply by moving the cover from one surface to the other.
[0013] The invention further provides a cutter blade which is sharpened on both sides of the edge. This tends to guide the blade in a straight path, not forcing it to dig too deeply or cut too shallowly in passing through the corn.
[0014] Because the cover forms a palm-fitting structure for the device, it is believed to be easier to use and to push than certain other devices which have an elongated handle, and tends to hold the fingers of the user out of contact with the corn, thus minimizing such contact and minimizing covering the fingers with messy food juices, butter, and minimizing potential contamination.
[0015] The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in or apparent from the following description and drawings.
In the Drawings:
[0016] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the scrubber-cutter device of the present invention;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a bottom perspective view of the two units shown in FIG. 1 assembled together with parts of the structure cut away to better illustrate the device;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of the base member of the present invention with the brush assembly removed and the bottom portion facing upwardly;
[0019] FIG. 4 is an end elevation view, partially cut away, of the device shown in FIG. 2 with the cover reversed to the bottom side to cover the cutter and leave the brush exposed;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view of a brush unit which fits into the base member shown in FIG. 3 , with the bristles on the other side of the structure shown in FIG. 5 and therefore not visible;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of the interior of the structure shown in FIG. 3 , with a bridge element positioned in the structure to help support the brush member;
[0022] FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of the bridge member piece shown in FIG. 6 ; and
[0023] FIG. 8 is a broken-away cross-sectional view through the cutting blade taken along line 8 - 8 of FIG. 2 .
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
[0024] Referring first to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a fresh corn cutter and de-silker 20 is shown in an exploded view.
[0025] The device 20 includes a base member 22 with a brush 40 extending upwardly from the base on a first side 36 of the base, and (referring to FIG. 2 ) a corn cutter 48 with a blade 52 extending from the lower surface 38 of the base member. A cover 24 is provided. Cover 24 has side walls 28 and 30 , and a curved upper surface 26 which has a decorative finish simulating the look of an ear of corn. The cover 24 is shown lifted above the base 22 , as is customary in an exploded view.
[0026] When it is desired to use the cutter 48 on the bottom surface 38 to cut corn off of the cob, the cover is placed over the brush by pressing the cover down over the edge 32 and against a ledge 34 extending circumferentially around the side of the base 22 . By this means, the cover is fastened securely to the base. The assembled unit is comparable in size and shape to a bar of soap, and can be fitted into the palm of the hand of the user to push the blade 52 longitudinally through the corn-on-the-cob to strip the fresh corn kernels from the cob.
[0027] FIG. 4 of the drawings shows the cover 24 reversed and attached to the bottom edge of the base member 22 so that it covers the cutter 48 . This leaves the brush 40 exposed so that it can be used to de-silk the corn.
[0028] Whether the device is used for de-silking the corn or cutting it, the cover forms a convenient, fairly tall grippable structure which fits neatly into the palm of an adult hand, much like a bar of soap. The cover provides an upwardly spaced gripping surface which raises the fingers of the hand above the surface of the corn so that the fingers are not so easily soiled and so that the corn tends to be more protected from possible contamination by contact with the fingers. When the device is stored, the cover can cover either the brush or the cutter. If it covers the cutting blade, this protects against accidental cutting of objects or fingers.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
1. Base Member
[0029] The base member 22 is shown in FIGS. 1 , 2 and 3 . Referring particularly to FIG. 3 , the base member is a molded plastic part with a projecting ridge 34 around the periphery with slight extensions of the ridge at 35 . The projections 35 are used as grippers to hold the body member with one's fingers when the cover 24 is being removed or replaced on the body. The vertical walls are curved as at 62 and 64 in a shape approximating the curvature of a typical ear of corn. The base member is shaped to accommodate the ear of corn, both on the bottom surface 38 and the upper surface 36 .
2. Brush Structure
[0030] The brush structure 40 is illustrated in FIGS. 1 , 4 and 5 . The brush structure is a single molded part comprising a molded bristle base 42 and molded brush bristles formed in the same molding operation. Low density polyethylene is the material of which the base and bristles are made so as to make them relatively soft and flexible.
[0031] The underside of the brush unit is shown in FIG. 5 . Flexible vertical plastic walls 80 form an elongated rectangular shape to match that of the base member 22 and to fit into the cavity 60 shown in FIG. 3 with an interference fit. Tabs extend from the opposite short ends 44 of the bristle base to facilitate removing and replacing the bristle base in the base member 22 , thus providing means for separating the parts for washing.
[0032] As it can be seen in FIG. 4 , the upper surface of the bristles and the upper edge of the bristle base 42 are given with a curvature approximating that of an ear of corn.
[0033] Referring again to FIG. 5 , in the longitudinal center of the bristle base structure shown in FIG. 5 is a reinforcing rib 82 . A projection 84 is formed which, when the bristle base 42 is fitted into the base member 22 , extends downwardly by a predetermined distance to abut against a surface 90 (see FIG. 6 ) of a bridge member 86 which is fitted into the cavity 60 of the base member 22 shown in FIG. 3 . This provides vertical support for the flexible bristle base and bristles to prevent undue distortion under the scrubbing force or cutting force applied by the user.
3. Cover
[0034] The cover 24 , which is shown in FIGS. 1 , 2 and 4 , has a thumb-shaped recess 43 ( FIG. 1 ), two pairs of slight projections 49 located above and below the projection or flange 34 , and two slight vertical projections on the internal surface of the side wall 28 of the cover to mate with the projections 49 to provide a secure but releasable friction fit between the cover and the base member. The thumb recess 43 increases the degree of effective projection outwardly of the areas 35 which facilitates gripping of the cover and the base to push them together or pull them apart.
[0035] The cutter 48 and its blade 52 are best seen in FIGS. 2 , 4 and 8 . The cutter 48 comprises a blade which is generally U-shaped with a curvature in the direction shown in FIG. 3 so as to approximate the curvature of an ear of corn.
[0036] Referring again to FIG. 3 , the base member 22 has a pair of through holes 72 and 74 , and a pair of upstanding projections, 76 and 78 near the holes.
[0037] Referring to FIG. 2 , the cutter 48 includes the blade 52 with two legs 54 extending through the body 22 . FIG. 3 shows those legs 54 are attached to the projections 76 and 78 to anchor the legs of the cutter solidly. The legs are attached by adhesive and ultrasonic bonding.
[0038] The bridge member 86 is shown in FIG. 7 and it forms two vertical receptacles 92 and 94 into which the projections 76 and 78 fit, with a pair of tabs 98 and 100 to fit into the holes 72 and 74 . The bridge has a curved undersurface as shown at 96 to match the curvature of the lower surface of the structure shown in FIG. 3 . That curvature includes a raised portion 66 flanked by recessed portions 68 and 70 .
4. Cutter
[0039] Referring to FIG. 2 , the cutter 48 includes a blade 52 with serrated cutting teeth 50 . The cutter blade preferably is made of hard stainless steel of the type and quality used in food processor blades so that it maintains its sharpness for a long time.
[0040] The undersurface 38 of the cutter/de-silker device has a longitudinal recess 46 which helps to allow the corn kernels to pass underneath the blade without being cut up any more than necessary.
[0041] FIG. 8 is a broken-away, cross-sectional view of the blade 52 . The forward cutting edge is ground to be beveled on both sides of the cutting edge, as shown at 102 and 104 . This has the advantage that the edge shape does not force the blade downwardly towards the corn cob to cut more of the corn kernels than is desired, nor upwardly to cut too little. This is in contrast to those prior cutters whose blades have been ground only on one side.
[0042] Some of the advantages of the invention have been described above. Others include the fact that the assembled device 20 is relatively broad compared with prior devices. This allows a somewhat greater width for the cutting blade of the cutter, therefore allowing more to be cut with each stroke than in some prior devices, and yet does not require the use of excessive force. Similarly, the greater width increases the width of the brush 40 compared with some prior devices, thereby increasing the coverage of the brush and, hence, the speed of the de-silking process.
5. Materials
[0043] Some of the materials of which the device shown in the drawings is made have been mentioned above. The base 22 and the bridge 86 preferably are made of high impact polystyrene, and the cover 24 preferably is made of SAN.
[0044] These materials can be replaced by other suitable materials, within the skill of those experienced in the art.
[0045] The above description of the invention is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes or modifications in the embodiments described may occur to those skilled in the art. These can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. | A device is provided for cutting and/or de-silking corn on the cob. A single unit has a base and a removable cover. A brush for use in removing silks is mounted on one side of the base, and a cutter is mounted on the other side. When it is desired to use the tool on one side instead of the other, the cover is placed over the other tool. The cover then is used as an easy-to-grip palm-fitting structure to push the brush or the cutter along the ear of corn. | 2,500 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to plows for tilling the earth and more particularly to a moldboard type plow which is reversible for an improved result.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Reversible moldboard and disc type plows have been used for some time. They require an implement support which is shiftable to change the angle at which the implement is pulled through the earth as it proceeds back and forth so that the angle for one direction is the same as that for the following opposite direction.
A reversible plow throws the dirt in the same direction when travelling in opposite directions in a longitudinal path. The need for such a plow arises from the necessity to create equal furrows without leaving free spaces and to provide an even, levelled surface.
HISTORY OF THE PRIOR ART
In the past, reversible disks or an extra set of moldboards have been used so that right and left side plowing can be done, but at the cost of additional weight, equipment and power.
Reversible plows with disks fixed to a tool bar or with only one set of moldboards have also been used as in the U.S. Pat. Nos. to Gomez 4,800,963, Fowler 2,764,075, and Johnson et al. 3,305,025. Other patents of related nature are Brown 1,149,720, Dukes 2,597,079, Barrett 2,672,801, Jennings 2,724,313, Heckathorn et al. 3,042,120, Jennings 3,101,789, Watvedt 4,646,849, Korf 4,869,327, British patent 1,497,259 of Jan. 5, 1978, and U.S.S.R. patents 640,688 of January 1979 and 812,199 of March 1981.
The U.S. Pat. Nos. to Watvedt 4,603,745 and 4,825,955 disclose double plowshares mounted on a plow frame which is rotatable in a vertical plane about a shaft by the action of a pair of hydraulic cylinders and pistons.
French patent 2,390,079 of January 1979, especially FIG. 1, and Johnson et al. 3,305,025, mentioned above, especially FIG. 3, disclose hitch bars that are pivotably mounted in order to move in a vertical plane between plow angular positions.
The U.S. Pat. No. to Katayama et al. 4,553,605 discloses link arms that are movable up and down by lift rods operated by hydraulic cylinders for the purpose of tilting the implement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a moldboard type plow in which the moldboards may be shifted to plow from either side, the shifting being done by power means controlled as required by the tractor hydraulics and able to stand up to the demanding type of plowing done by moldboards.
A further object is to provide a power operated means for tilting the frame carrying the moldboards in order to adjust the depth of cut of the bottom of the furrow.
A further object is to provide a hydraulic hookup for the moldboard shifting cylinders and the frame tilting cylinder(s) in which the cylinders are operated sequentially, instead of simultaneously, thus reducing the hydraulic pressure required for the operation, and in which all cylinders are locked following actuation in order to hold the moldboards in the adjusted plowing position.
The foregoing objects are accomplished by the use of a central moldboard carrying beam that is pivotally mounted in a frame having hitch connections, the beam being connected to trunnion mounted cylinder and piston assemblies that control the travel angle of the moldboards and the attitude or angle of the hitch connections being vertically shiftable by auxiliary cylinder and piston assemblies in order to adjust the tilt of the moldboards.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective from the right side of a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective to an enlarged scale from the left side of the same embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary perspective from the rear of the forward portion of the apparatus;
FIG. 4 is a plan view indicating the pivotal movement of the beam which carries the moldboards;
FIG. 5 is a section to an enlarged scale on the line 5--5 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a section to an enlarged scale on the line 6--6 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a section to an enlarged scale on the line 7--7 of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective from the left side of a modification of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a front elevation to an enlarged scale illustrating the hitch plate assembly;
FIG. 10 is a section to an enlarged scale on the line 10--10 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 is a section on the line 11--11 of FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a perspective to an enlarged scale of a moldboard;
FIG. 13 is a schematic of the hydraulic connections to the positioning and tilt cylinders; and
FIG. 14 is a schematic of hydraulic connections to the positioning cylinders and tilt cylinder of the modification.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With further reference to the drawings, there is illustrated a frame 10 having a front cross member 11, a rear cross member comprising upper and lower plates 12 and 13, right and left side members 14 and 15 extending perpendicularly rearwardly from the front cross member 11, and inclined side members 16 and 17 extending to the ends of the rear cross member 12 and 13.
At the rear of the front cross member 11 an arcuate plate 20 bridges the sides 14 and 15 for purposes which will be described. Extending upwardly from the central and forward portion of the front cross member is an upper hitch plate 22, in two parallel sections, and having a hitch pin 23 extending therethrough for the purposes of attaching to the hitch point of the tractor's three point hitch.
Spaced at either side of the upper hitch plate 22 are right and left lower hitch plates 25 and 26 each of which comprises a pair of spaced plate side members that are connected to the front cross member 11. Between the side members of each lower hitch plate is a cylinder and piston assembly including cylinders 27 and 28, pistons 29 and 30, which are connected to clevises 31 and 32 carrying hitch pins 33 and 34 projecting from the sides of the outer hitch plates where the hitch pin may be received by the lower connections of the three point hitch on the tractor. The cylinders 27 and 28 are mounted by pins 34 and 35 across the tops of the spaced hitch plates in order to permit any necessary swinging movement of the cylinder and piston assemblies.
In order to reduce the wear on the hitch plates, a replaceable and reversible metal wear plate 36 is mounted at the rear of each of the clevises 31 and 32. This protects the slot in which the pin 33 reciprocates from excessive wear.
The frame mounts a longitudinal beam which may be in two sections 40 and 41. The forward section 40 is received intermediate the upper and lower rear cross members 12 and 13 and connected thereto by a pivot 42 which permits the beam to swing laterally of the frame. The forward end of the frame has a ledge plate with upper and lower sections 45, 45 and wear strips 46, 47 which ride on the top and bottom of the arcuate plate 20 previously described, in order to support the forward end of the longitudinal beam.
In order to control the position of the longitudinal beam within the frame 10 a pair of cylinders 50 and 51 are mounted, one on each side of the beam. Thus a right cylinder 50 is mounted with its cylinder intermediate the upper and lower portions of the rear cross member 12 and 13 by a pivot or trunnion mounting 52, its piston 53 extending to a pin 54 mounted between a pair of lugs 55 which are in spaced relation from the forward end of the beam.
Similarly the cylinder 51 has a trunnion mounting 56 and a piston 57 which is connected to a pin 58 between lugs 59 on the opposite side of the beam.
It will be apparent therefore that by the simultaneous operation of the piston assemblies that the forward portion of the longitudinal beam may be angularly shifted from side to side within the frame 10.
The front and rear portions of the longitudinal beam 40-41 have a series of spaced brackets 60 which are connected to mounting plates 61 for holding a series of spaced moldboards 62.
For purposes of convenience and flexibility, as previously indicated, the longitudinal beam may be divided into two portions 40 and 41. The rear portion 41 of the beam has supports 70 and 71 for a rear wheel beam 72 for carrying a gauge wheel 73. Suitable adjusting means 74 are carried in the support 71 in order that the height of the gauge wheel may be adjusted.
With reference to FIG. 12, the moldboards 62 may be made of curved metal frame sections 90 having upper bracket means 91, central bracket means 92 and lower bracket means 93 with protective follower members 94 that aid in the control of the tractor. The frame sections 90 are faced with a wear sheet 95 secured by fasteners 96 and holder strip 97 for reducing the wear on the moldboards and the need for frequent replacement.
The hydraulic control circuit for the positioning cylinders and tilt cylinders is illustrated in FIG. 13. In this figure lines 100-101 may connect to the hydraulic control lines of the tractor. These are connected to a double dual lock out box 102.
In box 102 line 100 is connected to joints 104 and 105; line 101 is connected to joints 106 and 107.
Joints 104 is connected to lines 110 and 111 to one side of tilt cylinders 27 and 28. Joint 105 is connected to lines 113 and 114 to one side of positioning cylinders 50 and 51.
The return side of tilt cylinders 27 and 28 are connected by lines 115 and 116 to joint 106 and line 101 back to the tractor.
Similarly, the return lines 118 and 119 from the positioning cylinders 50 and 51 are connected to the joint 107 and line 120 to the line 101 to the tractor.
In the operation of the tractor hydraulics, the opening of the circuit will generally unlock the circuit with the less pressure, which is usually the positioning cylinder circuit, permitting movement of these cylinders until the plow beam goes the maximum extent and hits the stop, either on the right or the left side. At this point the pressure build up and causes the tilt cylinders to operate. After all of the hydraulic functions have been completed additional pressure will bleed over to the tractor relief. When the tractor lever is returned to neutral, the double dual lockout will lock all of the cylinders, preventing them from any movements during the plowing operation.
It will be understood that at the end of each row, the tractor three-way hitch is generally operated to raise the frame and the beam with the moldboards attached clear of the field until the tractor has turned 180° and is in position to resume plowing in the opposite direction. Then the three-way hitch is lowered in order that plowing in the opposite direction may be done. During the time that the three way hitch is raised the hydraulic circuit may be operated in order to properly position the beam with the moldboards in the proper position for plowing (See FIG. 4) and also to properly position the frame in its appropriately tilted position.
FIGS. 8-11 illustrate a modification of the invention. The modification is in the mounting by means of which the height of the left and right hitch pins are controlled. Instead of having a separate cylinder and piston assembly for each of the hitch pins, the modification includes a hitch plate pivot assembly, as particularly illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. The assembly includes a hitch plate 150 that is mounted on and depends downwardly from the front cross member 11, substantially centrally thereof. The hitch plate has a center pivot 152 which supports a hitch bar 153 that is pivotally mounted between left and right lower hitch plates 154 and 155. The hitch plates have openings 156 and 157, respectively, for receiving the ends of the hitch bar as it oscillates, the hitch bar carrying left and right lift pins 159 and 160.
A pair of spaced lugs 162-163 are mounted over an opening 164 on the right side of the front cross member 11 and substantially over the right lower hitch plate 155. The lug 162 carries a pivot pin 166 which mounts a cylinder 167 which operates a piston 168 connected to a web 169 of a clevis 170 which engages the hitch bar 153 by means of a pin 171.
Accordingly, by operation of the cylinder and piston assembly the hitch bar may be caused to pivot about the pivot support 152 in order to raise and lower the right and left lift pins 160 and 159. A replacement tee-shaped wear plate 173 is held by a clamp 174 connected to the hitch plate 155 and engaging the clevis 170.
In order to control the operation of the positioning cylinders and the single tilt cylinder of the modification a hydraulic hookup as indicated on FIG. 14 is provided. The hookup includes the lines 100-101 to the tractor disconnects. The line 100 is connected to joint 180 and joint 181 which are connected to lines 182 and 183, respectively, to one side of the positioning cylinders and the tilt cylinder. The other line 101 is connected to line 184 and line 185 to the other side of the cylinders of the positioning cylinders and the tilt cylinder.
Ordinarily, activating the tractor hydraulics will unlock the circuit with the lesser pressure, usually the position cylinder circuit, permitting movement of the cylinders until the plow beam hits the stop on either the right or the left side. This will then permit the tilt cylinder to function. After all of the hydraulic functions have been completed the additional pressure bleeds over to the tractor relief. When the tractor lever is returned to neutral the double dual lock-out, as previously described, will lock all the cylinders preventing any movement during plowing. | A reversible moldboard plow has a plow carrying beam swingably mounted at the rear crossbar of a frame which carries trunnion mounted cylinders connected to the beam for moving the beam, the front of the frame carrying hitch pins for connection to a tractor hitch, the hitch pins being vertically movable in alternate relation in order to tilt the frame and the beam with the moldboards supported thereon. The hitch pins may be moved by independent cylinders and pistons or, alternately, by the movement of a transverse hitch bar on which they are mounted. | 2,481 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to surgical instruments and, more particularly, to a novel electro-surgical dissection and cauterization instrument for use primarily in laparoscopic/endoscopic procedures.
Many surgical procedures of today involving the removal and/or cauterization of tissue (e.g. endometriosis, lysis of adhesions, cholecystectomy, appendectomy, etc.) are performed with an electro-surgical dissection and cauterization instrument either in open surgery where the surgeon has direct view and access to the operation site, or in combination with an endoscope. Referring to the endoscopic surgery and, in particular, laparoscopic surgery which refers specifically to the abdominal area, the surgeon first makes usually several small, spaced incisions through the abdominal wall of the anesthetized patient. A source of compressed CO 2 is then delivered through one of the incisions to inflate the abdomen which effectively raises the abdominal wall above the organs and intestines of the patient. A space is thereby created therebetween which facilitates manipulation of surgical instruments which have been inserted into the abdomen through one of the incisions.
The surgeon views the internal operation site with a laparoscope which is a specialized type of scope inserted into the abdomen through an incision. The laparoscope is attached to a miniaturized, surgical camera assembly which operates by transmitting the image the camera is directed at inside the abdomen of the patient to the laparoscope eyepiece and/or a CRT screen in the operating room. A trochar is typically positioned within the incision to provide a smooth passageway for the instruments into and out of the abdomen. The electro-surgical instrument passes through the trochar to reach and perform surgery on the patient by the surgeon carefully manipulating the exposed end of the instrument.
Electro-surgical instruments are used primarily to separate and remove diseased tissue from healthy tissue such as polyps from the colon, for example. They are also used as probes to move tissue about during exploratory surgery. Supplying the instrument with controlled, electrical energy is well known in the art. With the patient properly grounded, a high frequency electric current is discharged at the distal, electrode end of the tool which augments its cutting capability while simultaneously cauterizing bleeding tissue and blood vessels. The electro-surgical instrument includes a proximal end with a plug permitting connection of the tool to an electro-surgical unit which supplies electric energy to the distal, electrode end of the tool. A rigid, linear insulating sleeve surrounds the instrument which delivers electric energy from the proximal, plug end to the distal, electrode end which itself is formed of electrically conductive material such as stainless steel.
The instrument's distal electrode may be found in a variety of configurations, each different configuration serving a different, specific function. For example, a working tip electrode in the shape of a snare or hook is used for grasping and pulling at tissue while a working tip electrode in the shape of a flattened spatula is used primarily to move tissue about and/or to cauterize bleeding tissue. Many other working tip electrode configurations appear on the market every day as the needs and likes of surgeons change.
In most, if not all, of the dissecting tools available today, the working tip electrode of the instrument just described extends directly from the distal end of the insulating sleeve. As such, there is a minimum of distance between the sleeve and the working tip electrode which, in many instances of use, obstructs or impairs the surgeon's view of the operation site as viewed in either complete open surgery or with a laparoscope during the procedure just described. The problem exists due to the small size of the working tip electrode in relation to the relatively large diameter of the sleeve from which it extends.
A second problem surgeons have reported when using present day electro-surgical instruments is that the portion of the working tip electrode directly adjacent the sleeve occasionally makes inadvertent contact with healthy tissue surrounding the surgical work site. This has resulted in unintentional cauterization of healthy tissue which poses serious consequences to both patient and surgeon alike.
It is therefore a principle object of the present invention to provide an electro-surgical instrument including a rigid arm extending between the distal, working tip electrode and the insulating sleeve. The arm includes at least a portion thereof laterally offset from the longitudinal axis of the sleeve whereby obstruction of the surgeon's view of the working tip electrode and surgical work site by the sleeve is substantially reduced.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electro-surgical instrument which provides an electrical insulating layer along the entire length of the tool up to the exposed working tip electrode such that inadvertent cauterization of tissue with portions of the tool other than the working tip electrode is eliminated.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a single-use, disposable, electro-surgical and cauterizing instrument for endoscopic procedures which is designed for easy handling and use by the surgeon.
Other objects will in part be obvious and in part appear hereinafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the foregoing objects, the invention comprises an electro-surgical dissecting and cauterizing instrument for use primarily in standard endoscopic procedures which include the use of an endoscope to view the operation. The instrument has also proved very useful in open surgeries which do not include the use of an endoscope. An electric plug is included at the instrument's proximal end for connecting the tool to a conventional, electro-surgical unit which supplies high frequency electric energy to the working tip electrode of the tool at the control of the surgeon. The electric energy is delivered to the distal, working tip of the tool via a conductive rod surrounded by a linear, rigid sleeve formed of an insulating material, the sleeve extending from the plug end to the distal end of the tool which includes the working tip electrode.
The distal end of the tool includes an electrically conductive, rigid arm extending from the sleeve portion of the tool. Although several embodiments of the tool will be described in detail below, in each embodiment of the tool the arm extends from the sleeve and includes portions laterally offset from the longitudinal axis of the sleeve. The working tip electrode is formed at the free end of the arm and is used to make direct contact with the patient at the internal operation site. A thin jacket of insulating material is disposed upon the arm from the point where it extends from the sleeve right up to, but not including, the working tip electrode.
The working tip electrode comes in many different shapes depending on the needs of the surgeon in a particular surgical application. Electrode tips to be described in detail below include a hook and flattened spatula, for example. The fact that portions of the arm which extend between the sleeve and working tip are laterally offset from the main axis of the sleeve provides for maximum visualization of the working tip electrode and operation site by the surgeon.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side, elevational view of a first embodiment of the electro-surgical dissecting and cauterizing instrument shown operably connected to a conventional, electro-surgical unit in the intended manner;
FIG. 2 is a perspective, fragmentary view of the distal working tip end of the electro-surgical instrument seen in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side, elevational, enlarged view of the distal end of the electro-surgical instrument seen in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a top view of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a perspective, fragmentary view of a second embodiment of the distal end of the electro-surgical instrument;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged, side, elevational view of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a bottom, fragmentary view of the working tip end of the arm as taken along the line 7--7 in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a perspective, fragmentary view of the distal end of a third embodiment of the electro-surgical instrument;
FIG. 9 is an enlarged, side, elevational view of FIG. 8; and
FIG. 10 is a bottom, fragmentary view of the working tip end of the arm as seen along the line 10--10 in FIG. 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawings, there is seen in FIG. 1 a first embodiment of the electro-surgical dissecting and cauterizing instrument 10 including a distal, working end 12 and a proximal end 14 which includes an electric plug such that instrument 10 may be releasably and operably connected to a conventional, electro-surgical control unit 16. Control unit 16 is supplied high frequency, electrical energy via power supply 18 and further includes a switch means 20 which is used to control the flow of electrical energy from unit 16 to instrument 10. As such, a surgeon manually grasps unit 16 to work instrument 10 as described below. Although unit 16 is shown and described herein for the purpose of illustrating a typical electrical unit with which instrument 10 would be used, it is understood that plug 14 may be easily adapted to connect to a variety of electro-surgical units available today.
Dissecting and cauterizing instrument 10 is used primarily in surgical procedures which may or may not include the use of an endoscope to view the operation site. For purposes of description, the surgical procedure using an endoscope will be discussed. Also, surgical procedures of the type discussed herein are termed laparoscopic because they target the abdominal area. The type of endoscope used in the abdomen is therefore termed a laparoscope. In particular, the surgeon inserts distal end 12 into the abdomen of the anesthetized patient through a trochar (not shown) positioned within an incision made in the abdominal wall. The operation site is viewed at the eyepiece of the laparoscope and/or on a CRT screen by passing the laparoscope (also not shown) through an adjacent incision in the abdomen which has been previously inflated with CO 2 as is customary surgical procedure in laparoscopic surgery of this type. The raising of the abdominal wall above the innards of the patient with the CO 2 creates a space therebetween which increases maneuverability of instrument 10 within the abdomen besides increasing the viewing area of the surgical site with the laparoscope. Examples of typical laparoscopic procedures in which dissecting and cauterizing instrument 10 would be used are lysis of adhesions, cholecystectomy and appendectomy.
Dissecting and cauterizing instrument 10 includes a rigid insulating sleeve 22 which surrounds conducting rod 24 extending from plug 14 to distal end 12. Distal end 12 is seen to include a rigid arm 26 extending from substantially the center of the distal end 21 of sleeve 22. A working tip 28 electrode in the shape of a hook in the embodiment of tool 10 seen in FIGS. 1-4 integrally extends from arm 26. Arm 26 and working tip electrode 28 are formed of electrically conductive material such as stainless steel and are supplied electrical energy via a conductive rod 24 extending through sleeve 22. A thin layer or jacket of insulating material 30 in the form of a TEFLON heat-shrink tubing is disposed upon arm 26 from sleeve 22 to the base of working tip electrode 28.
Prior art electro-surgical instruments of which the present inventors are aware do not include an arm such as 26 extending between the working tip electrode 28 and end of sleeve 22 but instead have their working tip electrodes extend directly from the sleeve. As such, the view of the operation site is obstructed because of the close proximity of the sleeve to the working tip electrode since the diameter of the sleeve is substantially larger than the size of the working tip electrodes. To overcome this problem, the present dissecting and cauterizing instrument 10 includes arm 26 to effectively space working tip electrode 28 from sleeve 22. Furthermore, arm 26 is seen to include portions laterally offset from the linear axis x--x extending through the center of sleeve 22 and arm 26. This feature also increases the visualization of the surgical work site by having the working tip electrode 28 extend from a portion of the arm 26 which lies along an axis y--y which is parallel to and spaced from linear axis x--x of sleeve 22.
Referring to FIG. 3, arm 26 is seen to extend linearly from sleeve 22 for a first length having a distance d 1 and bend downwardly at an approximately 150 degree angle a 1 , with respect thereto for a second length having a distance d 2 . Arm 26 then bends upwardly at an approximately 150 degree angle a 2 to extend for a third length having a distance d 3 . As such, it may be seen that the first length of arm 26 labeled d 1 extends along linear axis x--x of sleeve 22 which is spaced from and extends parallel to third length d 3 . Working tip electrode 28 is seen to integrally extend from the distal end of third length d 3 and bend toward axis x--x to form a hook which is used primarily for pulling at tissue.
The electricity which flows through arm 26 and electrode hook 28 at the control of the surgeon augments the cutting capability of hook 28 and cauterizes bleeding blood vessels. To prevent unintentional cauterization with portions of instrument 10 other than hook 28, an insulating jacket 30 is disposed upon the entire length of arm 26.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, a second embodiment of instrument 10 is seen. In this second embodiment, arm 26' linearly extends from sleeve 22' for a first length having a distance D 1 as with the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, bending downwardly and then upwardly at approximately 135 degree angles A 1 and A 2 for second and third lengths having distances of D 2 and D 3 , respectively. As such, the third length of arm 26' spanning distance D 3 lies along an axis Y--Y which is parallel to and spaced downwardly from the linear axis X--X of sleeve 22' where the first length of arm 26' spanning distance D 1 lies.
Arm 26' includes a third bend in an upwardly direction at an approximately 159 degree angle A 3 and extends linearly therefrom for a fourth length having a distance D 4 , crossing linear axis X--X such that the working tip electrode 32 lies on the side of axis X--X opposite to which axis Y--Y lies. It will be noticed in FIGS. 5-7 that working tip electrode 32 is in the shape of a flattened spatula which has a radial axis r--r which intersects linear axis Y--Y. Spatula 32 proves especially useful for cauterizing bleeding blood vessels rather than removing tissue from the patient's body. An insulating jacket 30' is disposed upon arm 26' from the distal end of sleeve 22' to the base of working tip electrode 32 to prevent any portion of arm 26' from unintentionally contacting and cauterizing healthy tissue surrounding the operation site.
Referring now to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 which show yet a third embodiment of the invention, arm 26" is entirely linear and extends from sleeve 22" along an axis z--z which makes an approximately 6 degree acute angle A 4 with linear axis Z--Z of sleeve 22". Working tip electrode 32', which is also in the shape of a substantially circular, planar spatula, extends upwardly from arm 26" toward axis Z--Z. Working tip electrode 32' has a radial axis R--R which intersects linear axis Z--Z at an obtuse angle A 5 . An insulating jacket 30" is disposed upon arm 26" from sleeve 22" to working tip electrode 32'.
Based on the foregoing description of three embodiments of the invention, it may be realized that the length and configuration of the arms 26, 26' and 26" permit each of the respective working tip electrodes 30, 32 and 32' to be significantly spaced from and laterally offset from the longitudinal axis of the sleeve. This permits an enhanced viewing area of the surgical work site and working tip electrode for the surgeon. While the invention has been shown and described with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that variations in working tip electrode configuration and specific lengths and angles of the arm portion of the tool may be made to fit a particular surgical need without departing from the full scope of the invention as is set forth in the claims which follow. | An electro-surgical dissecting and cauterization tool comprises a linear, rigid insulating sleeve surrounding means providing an electric conducting path between a proximal, electric plug end and working tip electrode distal end. The plug attaches the tool to a conventional electro-surgical unit which supplies electrical energy to the working tip electrode end of the tool. A rigid arm extends between the sleeve and the working tip electrode and includes portions laterally offset from the main axis of the sleeve to increase visualization of the working tip electrode during surgery. | 2,845 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus of the type having a magnet with at least one patient receptacle and at least one support plate, as well as a predetermined number of transmit and/or receive coils, and which allows exposures with the subject in at least two predetermined exposure positions, with at least one exposure taking place using predetermined adjustment parameters.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In known magnetic resonance imaging apparatuses, for different exposure positions the associated exposure parameters must in general be modified at least partially. The exposure parameters that may have to be modified include e.g. the position of the support plate and the connection or disconnection of transmit and/or receive coils. As a rule, a modification of the exposure parameters requires a readjustment of the magnetic resonance imaging apparatus.
The adjustment essentially serves to optimize the RF chain (transmit and receive coils and associated amplifiers) and to optimize the homogeneity of the main magnetic field produced by the magnet (also called the basic magnetic field or B 0 field) in a volume under examination (imaging volume) located inside the patient receptacle. Due to the necessary homogeneity of the examination volume, this volume is also called the homogeneity volume.
The exposure parameters are also patient-dependent, since the patient represents an attenuation or damping for the transmit and/or receive coils. A precise adjustment thus also serves for patient safety with respect to the RF exposure.
In general, known magnetic resonance imaging apparatuses recognize automatically whether the. exposure parameters belonging. to particular exposure positions must be modified, and carry out a readjustment if warranted.
This adjustment normally requires 10 to 90 seconds per exposure position. Given certain examination procedures, this time is not available. This includes e.g. the tracking of doses of contrast agent over a larger body region that exceeds the available homogeneity volume of the nuclear spin resonance apparatus. In such cases, the patient must be guided by displacement of the support plate in a manner corresponding to the flow of contrast agent. If a smaller viewing field is not acceptable, the readjustment that is thereby required per imaging measurement (exposure) requires a multiple dosage of contrast agent, which is not desirable for the patient.
Alternatively to a smaller viewing field or to multiple injections of contrast agent, it is possible after the first adjustment to omit the further adjustments (readjustments) inherently required for high-contrast exposures. However, this leads to a considerable worsening of the image quality.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide magnetic resonance imaging apparatus of the type described above that provides high-contrast exposures in a short time, even given an examination of larger body segments.
This object is achieved in accordance with the principles of the present invention in a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus having a magnet and at least one patient receptacle and at least one support plate, as well as a predetermined number of transmit and/or receive coils. At least in two predetermined exposure positions, an exposure respectively takes place using predetermined adjustment parameters. The required adjustment parameters are inventively determined in a preceding adjustment process, and the exposures are executed in a subsequent exposure process.
For example, the exposure parameters can be modified by means of a spatial modification of position (longitudinal displacement, transverse displacement, rotation) of the support plate within the patient receptacle. Alternatively, or in addition, a modification of the adjustment parameters can take place by connection and/or disconnection of the transmit coils and/or the receive coils.
In the inventive magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, the required adjustment parameters are not determined immediately before each individual exposure, as is conventional. Rather, the required adjustment parameters are determined in an adjustment process that precedes the exposure process. Only after the determination of the required adjustment parameters are the exposures carried out, in a separate imaging exposure process.
The adjustment parameters are of course stored at least until the conclusion of the examination. The adjustment parameters thus can be used again, when identical or suitably similar exposure parameters (position of the support plate and configuration of the transmit and/or receive coils) are again reached in the context of the same examination.
In examinations with the inventive apparatus, high-contrast exposures are thus obtained, since it is not necessary to omit an adjustment. Due to the fact that the adjustment is carried out in a separate adjustment process, and the adjustment parameters are stored until the conclusion of the examination, the transmit and receive coils, or their coil elements, can be switched quickly during the examination, so that, in addition, reduced examination times result.
The inventive solution is suitable for a large number of different forms of magnetic resonance imaging apparatuses. Thus, for example, the magnet can be fashioned as a cylindrical magnet (solenoid) or as a horseshoe magnet (C-arm apparatus). Given cylindrically shaped magnets, the patient receptacle is fashioned as a patient tube.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus constructed and operating in accordance with principles of the present invention.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the invention, wherein the magnet which generates the basic magnetic field is a horseshoe magnet.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the invention, wherein the magnet which generates the basic magnetic field is a cylindrical magnet.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The apparatus in FIG. 1 has a support plate 1 that is arranged in longitudinally placeable fashion inside an examination volume of a magnet. Within the scope of invention, the magnet can for example a cylindrical magnet 18 as shown in FIG. 3 (solenoid) or a horseshoe magnet (C-arm) 19 as shown in FIG. 2 . Given cylindrically shaped magnets, the patient receptacle is fashioned as a patient tube as own in FIG. 3 .
The longitudinal displaceability of the support plate 1 is indicated with a double arrow 2 . Due to the longitudinal displaceability of the support plate 1 , larger body sections of a patient 3 lying on the support plate 1 can be examined.
The nuclear spin resonance apparatus shown in the drawing additionally has a predetermined number of transmit coils 4 and a predetermined number of receive coils 5 .
The transmit coils 4 can be connected, in a desired configuration, to a generator 7 by means of a transmit coil changeover switch 6 . The generator 7 supplies the transmit coils 4 with current via a-transmit amplifier 8 and via a matching element 9 .
The receive coils 5 can be connected, in a desired configuration, to a receiver 11 by means of a receive coil changeover switch 10 . The signals of the connected receive coils 5 are given to the receiver 11 via. a matching element 12 and via a receive amplifier 13 .
The configurations of the transmit coils 4 and the receive coils 5 , defined by the transmit coils changeover switch 6 and by the receive coils changeover switch 10 , are supplied to an adjustment unit 14 as inputs.
As a further input, the position of the support plate 1 , which is determined by a position sensor 15 , is supplied to the adjustment unit 14 .
The adjustment unit 14 processes the inputs that it has received from the transmit coils changeover switch 6 , from the receive coils changeover switch 10 , and from the position sensor 15 , and at its output supplies corresponding control signals to the generator 7 , to the transmit amplifier 8 , to the matching elements 9 and 12 , as well as to the receive amplifier 13 and to the receiver 11 .
In addition, the adjustment unit 14 supplies a control signal to a shim coil system 16 .
The inputs and the control signals (outputs) are stored, as adjustment parameters, in a memory 17 until the conclusion of the examination.
With the embodiment shown in the drawing of the inventive apparatus, larger bodily segments of the patient 3 can be examined. Such examinations are, for example, the tracking of doses of contrast agent over a larger body region, as carried out for example in subtraction angiography or in physiologically controlled imaging.
In the context of the preparation for measurement, which in the case of a peripheral angiography at the leg, includes slice positioning along the vascular tree, several measurements are already made without contrast agent. Due to the homogeneity volume of the magnet being too small, in these measurements the support plate 1 must be displaced, and so must be newly adjusted. The associated adjustment parameters for each position of the support plate 1 are stored in the memory 17 . As additional adjustment parameters, the connected configuration of the transmit coils 4 , as well as the connected configuration of the receive coils 5 , are stored in the memory 17 . In addition, the adjustment parameters include the corresponding control signals for the generator 7 , for the transmit amplifier 8 , for the matching elements 9 and 12 , as well as for the receive amplifier 13 , for the receiver 11 and for the shim coil system 16 .
After the conclusion of the measurement preparation, which includes the determination of the adjustment parameters, the support plate 1 is guided back into the initial position, and the contrast agent is administered. In the imaging measurement that now takes place, each of the positions of the support plate 1 used in the measurement preparation is newly set in succession, and the transmit coils 4 and the receive coils 5 are connected as in the measurement preparation. Subsequently, an imaging measurement (exposure). is immediately carried out with the known adjustment parameters stored in the memory 17 , i.e. without a new adjustment.
In the inventive apparatus, the required adjustment parameters are thus not determined immediately before each individual imaging measurement; rather, the required adjustment parameters are completely determined in a preceding adjustment process, in the context of the measurement preparation. According to the invention, the adjustment process thus precedes the exposure process. Only after the determination of the required adjustment parameters are the exposures (imaging measurement) carried out, in a separate exposure process. In examinations with the inventive apparatus, high-contrast exposures. are thereby obtained, since it is not necessary to omit an adjustment. In addition, due to the fact that the adjustment parameters are stored in a memory 17 until the conclusion of the examination, reduced examination times result. Due to the short examination times, in subtraction angiography the course of the contrast agent can thus be tracked without chronological gaps.
Although modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventors to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of their contribution to the art. | A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus has a magnet with at least one patient receptacle and at least one support plate, as well as a predetermined number of transmit and/or receive coils. In at least two predetermined exposure positions, at least one exposure respectively takes place using predetermined adjustment parameters. High-contrast exposures can be obtained in a short time, by the required adjustment parameters being determined in a preceding adjustment process, and the exposures are carried out in a subsequent exposure process. | 1,920 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to medical or surgical instruments and particularly to instruments for use in female sterilization or occlusion procedures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the field of female sterilization, it is well known to provide permanent occlusion of the fallopian tube. More recently, the concept of using a fimbrial prosthesis for temporary or reversible female sterilization has been introduced. Capping the fimbria for sterilization involves the utilization of an inert device to protect the fimbria. U.S. Pat. No. 4,050,488 relates to use of fimbrial caps as a method of reversible sterilization.
A paper entitled "The Fimbrial Prosthesis" was presented at a workshop held in San Francisco, Dec. 4-6, 1977, and gives further background and research in the area of reversible female sterilization.
It is to this method of sterilization that the present invention instrument is directed. More specifically, the invention aims to provide an improved instrument for installing bands or hoods in occlusion procedures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A forcep-like instrument is provided for mounting and ejecting either an elastic band or a hood for an occlusion procedure. One resilient leg of the device mounts a hollow open ended tube into which the fallopian tube or polypoid structure is drawn. The other somewhat shorter resilient leg is connected by a linkage to a collar which slides on the tube and ejects the band or hood for occluding the fallopian tube or polypoid structure.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of the instrument of the present invention being held by the operator and with a fimbrial hood about to be placed on the instrument prior to its application to the patient.
FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the instrument of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of the instrument of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged, fragmentary section view through the hood mounting and ejection mechanism with a fimbrial hood of a type employed with the present invention instrument in place.
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but with the fimbrial hood having been inverted and drawn into the hood mounting sleeve and with the fimbria of the fallopian tube of the patient being delivered into the fimbrial hood.
FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIGS. 4 and 5 but with the ejection mechanism activated forcing the fimbrial hood from its mounting sleeve onto the fallopian tube of the patient.
FIG. 7 is a section view through the fimbrial hood after it is put into place and the instrument withdrawn allowing the fimbrial hood to encompass the fimbria and allowing movement of the fimbria within the hood preparatory to anchoring the hood in place with permanent sutures.
FIG. 8 is a pictorial view of an elastomeric, silastic band of the type employed with the instrument of the present invention when permanent occlusion of any tubular or polypoid structure is desired.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning now to the drawings, instrument 10 of the present invention is composed of a forcep body 11 having a pair of resilient legs 12, 13 secured to and extending from body 11; an open ended tubular sleeve member 14 integrally secured to a leg extension 13a; a linkage spring 15 having a pair of legs 16, 17; linkage mount 18; and ejection collar 19.
Sleeve member 14 is integrally secured to leg extension 13a which is set at a predetermined angle "X" (FIG. 5) appropriate to use of the instrument and is shown as approximately 120°. Leg 13 is slightly longer in length than leg 12 so that sleeve 14 resides outwardly from the free end of leg 12. A mount 18 is integrally secured to the outer free end of leg 12 and comprises a small sleeve having a bore 20 extending throughout its length. Linkage spring 15 is formed so that it passes through mount 18 by way of bore 20 and its legs 16, 17 extend outwardly and at their outer ends are bent inwardly to resiliently engage ejection collar 19 and provide a pivotal connection.
Ejection collar 19 is designed to be slidably received by sleeve member 14. Collar 19 moves freely on sleeve member 14 between extension 13a which acts as a stop and the outer end of travel on sleeve member 14. A pair of holes 21, 22 are formed in the walls of collar 19 and receive the ends of legs 16, 17 so that collar 19 is retained on sleeve member 14. In a relaxed position, collar 19 rests against leg extension 13a and prevents any movement past this position. When leg 12 is forced toward leg 13 by the fingers of the operator, mount 18 abuts against leg 13 and spring legs 16, 17 force collar 19 forward on sleeve member 14 to the hood or band ejection position seen in FIG. 6.
Turning now to a description of the operation of instrument 10, instrument 10 as shown in FIGS. 1-6 receives a vacuum line 23 which is slidably mounted on the rear end of sleeve member 14. With ejection collar 19 in a retracted position, see FIGS. 1-3, a fimbrial hood 25 is placed on the forward, free end of sleeve member 14, see FIG. 4. In order to do this, shoulder 26 must be stretched over the free end of sleeve member 14 as best seen in FIG. 4. Once in position, shoulder 26 abuts against collar 19. Next, through application of vacuum through vacuum line 23, hood 25 is inverted to the position of FIG. 5. Sometimes, in addition to vacuum, hood 25 must be urged inward by the operator nudging hood 25 with some instrument at hand. Once hood 25 is in position adjacent fimbria 28 as in FIG. 5, fimbria 28 of fallopian tube 29 is guided into hood 25, see FIG. 5. Once fimbria 28 is positioned within hood 25, leg 12 is depressed causing spring legs 16, 17 and correspondingly collar 19 to move forward until shoulder 26 of hood 25 is forced from sleeve member 14 and engages fallopian tube 29. At this point, instrument 10 is withdrawn allowing hood 25 to regain its form as illustrated in FIG. 7. Hood 25 is now anchored in place on tube 29 by placing a sufficient number of sutures 35 through shoulder 26 and into tube 29.
Another application of instrument 10, although not illustrated, would be for situations where permanent occlusion is desired. Such permanent occlusion may be desired for permanent sterilization, permanent occlusion of blood vessels or permanent occlusion of polyps. In this application, an elastomeric, silastic band 30 as illustrated in FIG. 8 is employed and mounted on sleeve 14 and is ejected in the same manner as previously described with respect to hood 25.
The fact that the central axis of the longer leg member 13 resides at an obtuse angle with respect to the central axis of the sleeve member provides a convenient working arrangement. Also, the natural resiliency of the leg members 12, 13 is used to always bring the collar 19 to its retracted position. Thus, the invention instrument may be used rapidly and efficiently in an occlusion procedure. | A forcep-like instrument is provided for mounting and ejecting either an elastic band or a hood for an occlusion procedure. | 1,235 |
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of my invention is to provide a spray manifold for a commercial dishwasher that can be quickly mounted in the machine without the need to use any tools and novel means supports both ends of the hollow manifold, one end being connected to a hot water supply and the other end being supported by an adjustable self sealing cap. The spray manifold nozzles are automatically and correctly positioned to direct the hot water against the ware in the racks and this is accomplished when mounting the manifold in the dishwasher. The manifold has a smooth unobstructed interior that is coextensive with its length and this permits the manifold to be readily cleaned or examined when it is removed from the machine.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the spray manifold and shows how it is removably supported in a dishwasher, a portion of the dishwasher being shown in section.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged transverse section through the rear portion of the spray manifold and is taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1. The novel means for supporting this rear manifold end is shown in elevation.
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal vertical section taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2 and shows the apparatus for connecting the manifold rear end to a hot water supply pipe and illustrates how the manifold spray nozzles are held at a desired angle for spraying the ware in the racks.
FIG. 4 is a horizontal longitudinal section taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3, and further illustrates how the spray manifold is held in the desired position so that the spray nozzles will direct hot water at the desired angle against the ware in the racks.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged vertical section of the front manifold end shown in FIG. 1, and illustrates how the self sealing cap for this front end also supports the manifold.
FIG. 6 is a front elevation of the closure cap and is taken along the line 6--6 of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In carrying out my invention I show in FIG. 1, a transverse section through a commercial dishwashing machine indicated generally at A. The machine has a dish-receiving compartment B, in which the ware may be washed, rinsed and sterilized. Since the novelty in the present invention lies in the particular shape of the spray manifold and the means for quickly mounting it in the compartment B, or removing it therefrom, I have not shown in detail how the ware is moved into and out from the compartment because this may be done by hand or by a mechanism. The rear wall 1 of the compartment B has a hot water inlet pipe C, and if the compartment is used for washing the ware, the hot water should be at a temperature of 140° F., and the detergent may be mixed with this hot water and then pumps, not shown, may be used for recirculating the wash water for a predetermined time period. On the other hand, if the compartment is used for rinsing and sterilizing the ware at a low temperature of 140° F., for the hot water, a sterilizing agent such as chlorine, is mixed with the hot water and the water is recirculated for a predetermined time period in the compartment. In my copending patent application on a Low Temperature Conveyor Rack-Type Dishwasher, Ser. No. 26,016, filed Apr. 2, 1979, I show the rinse compartment divided into two sections, the first section using hot rinse water at 140° F., for removing the detergent wash water from the ware and the second section using chlorine in the 140° F., rinse water for rinsing and sterilizing the ware.
I will now describe in detail the particular structure of the hot water inlet pipe C and the novel means for removably supporting the inlet end of a spray manifold shown at D, in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. The hot water inlet pipe C, is arranged in a vertical position and is in communication with a source of hot water, not shown. The top of the hot water inlet pipe C, is closed at 4, see FIG. 3, and the front portion of the pipe has a hot water outlet opening 5 therein.
A U-shaped bracket E, see FIG. 2 and FIG. 4, has its web portion 6 extending across the front portion of the pipe C and it has an opening 7 that registers with the opening 5 in the inlet pipe. The bracket E, is secured to the wall 1 of the dishwasher A by bolts 8 or other suitable fastening means. A support F for the inlet end of the spray manifold D, is secured to the web portion 6 of the bracket E by bolts 9.
Both FIGS. 3 and 4 show the spray manifold support F provided with a conical-shaped outlet 10 that is in alignment with the openings 5 and 7 of the hot water inlet pipe C, and the bracket E, respectively. The inlet end of the spray manifold D has an outwardly flared portion 11 that receives the conical-shaped outlet 10 of the manifold support F, and makes a water tight seal therewith. The spray manifold has a plurality of jet nozzles G, arranged in a straight row and spaced from one another as shown in FIG. 1.
I provide novel cooperating means on the spray manifold support F, and the spray manifold D for arranging the row of jet nozzles G, in the proper angular position when the inlet end 11 of the spray manifold is coupled to the conical outlet 10 of the manifold support. The particular structure of the hot water pipe C, and the bracket E, may be altered without affecting one of the vital features in this invention. The point to keep in mind is that the support F for the inlet end of the spray manifold D, is anchored in a specific place in the compartment B of the dishwasher and the support F not only has a conical outlet 10 that is in communication with and receives hot water from the hot water inlet pipe C, but in addition, the support has an integral guide wing 12 shown in detail in FIGS. 3 and 4, that underlies a portion of the inlet end 11 of the spray manifold D. Also, the guide wing 12 has a central recess 13 with outwardly curved side edges 14 that will guide a pin 15, which depends from the manifold D, into the recess as clearly shown in FIG. 4. The center of the guide wing recess 13 lies in a vertical plane in which the longitudinal axis of the manifold D, also lies. The axes of the jet nozzles G, lie in the same vertical plane in which the pin 15 lies. The result is that the mere coupling of the flared inlet end 11 of the manifold D to the conical outlet 10 of the manifold support F will also properly align the row of jet nozzles G, at the correct angle because the coupling cannot be made until the pin 15 is received in the guide wing recess 13.
I have illustrated the spray manifold D, in FIGS. 3 and 4, as directing the hot water spray downwardly from the jets G, because in this case the manifold is positioned above the dish ware, not shown, in the compartment B. It is also possible to place this spray manifold D below the dish ware in the compartment and when this is done, the manifold support F, is rotated about the axis of the conical outlet 10 through a full 180° arc so that the guide wing recess 13 will be positioned above the manifold and the manifold will have to be rotated 180° on its axis for causing the pin 15 and the jet nozzles G to project upwardly and cause the jets G to point upwardly for causing the hot water to contact the dish ware from the underside. In actual practice there will be at least one spray manifold D placed above and one manifold placed below the dish ware for directing the hot water downwardly and upwardly against the dishes and my invention is broadly drawn to include both arrangements of the manifold or either one.
The apparatus for supporting and closing the front end of the spray manifold D, is shown in FIGS. 1 and 5. An arm H, is connected to the top 16 of the dish washer A by bolts 17 or other suitable fastening means. The arm has a downwardly inclined portion 18 and FIG. 5 shows this portion as having an integral boss 19 with a threaded bore 20 whose axis lies in a horizontal plane. A closure cap J, for the front end of the spray manifold D, has an axially aligned and integral threaded rod 21 that is received in the threaded bore 20 in the boss 19. The cap has a conical-shaped central portion 22 that protrudes from the interior of the cap and whose center is in alignment with the axis of the rod 21. This conical portion 22 is received in the outwardly flared front end 23 of the spray manifold D, and will make a liquid tight seal with the manifold as well as support it.
The cap J may be connected to or disconnected from the front end of the spray manifold D, without the need of any tools. The cap has an integral and outwardly flared skirt or rim 24 and this rim has scallops 25 therein to permit the operator's fingers to grip the rim for rotating the cap in one direction for connecting the cap to the front end of the manifold for closing and supporting the manifold or for rotating the cap in the opposite direction for freeing the cap from the manifold.
The axis of the threaded rod 21 of the closure cap J, is in horizontal alignment with the center of the conical outlet 10 of the manifold support F so that when the manifold D is supported at its outwardly flared forward end 23 by the closure cap J and is supported at its hot water inlet end by the conical outlet 10 of the manifold support F, the axis of the manifold will be in alignment with the axis of the threaded rod 21 and with the center of the conical outlet 10. In addition, the manifold D will have a water tight seal between the cap conical portion 22 on the cap and the outwardly flared forward end 23 of the manifold as well as have a water tight seal between the conical outlet 10 of the support for the inlet end of the manifold and the outwardly flared end 11 of the manifold. A rotation of the cap J, in one direction will accomplish this and will move the manifold against the conical outlet 10. Therefore a rotation of the cap in one direction will cause the manifold to be supported at both of its ends as well as water sealed at both of its ends. When the cap is rotated in the opposite direction, the spray manifold will be freed at both of its ends and may be removed for inspection and cleaning. The hollow cylindrical interior of the manifold is unobstructed throughout its entire length so that a cleaning brush or cloth can be used for cleaning purposes.
This is one of the novel features of my present invention and the other feature is the automatic aligning of the spray jets G, so that they will be held at the proper angle for spraying the hot water either downwardly against the dish ware or upwardly against them or both. It should be noted from FIGS. 2 and 4 that the support F, for the inlet end 11 of the spray manifold D, has arcuate-shaped slots 26 for receiving the shanks of the bolts 9. The center for these arcuate slots coincides with the axis of the opening 7 in the bracket E. It is possible with this structure to loose the bolts 9 and rotate the support F, clockwise or counterclockwise through a desired angle so as to swing the guide wing 12 and its guide slot 13 to the right or to the left of a vertical plane that extends through the common axis of the openings 5, 7 and 10. Now when the manifold D, is connected to the member F, the manifold must be rotated on its longitudinal axis to swing the pin 15 into alignment with the guide slot 13 whereupon the manifold can be moved to cause the pin 15 to enter the guide slot. In this simple manner, the nozzles G on the manifold D will be inclined at the desired angle. | A removable and self sealing spray manifold that has an unobstructed cylindrical interior extending throughout its entire length. Novel self sealing and manifold supporting means is provided at each end of the manifold. The rear end supporting means for the manifold connects the manifold to a hot water inlet pipe and includes means for correctly positioning the spray nozzles for directing the hot water against the ware in the racks. The means for supporting the front manifold end includes a self-sealing cap that can be removably connected to the manifold without the need of using any tools. | 2,258 |
[0001] This application is based upon and claims priority from Provisional Application No. 61/555,990, filed Nov. 4, 2011, incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention is directed towards an apparatus and method for simultaneously setting the attack angle of a number of aerodynamic surfaces such as fins on a throwing toy. The ability to adjust the angle of attack of such fins greatly affects the performance of such throwing toy and also provides additional play value and marketability.
[0003] It is known that the performance of a throwing toy is significantly affected by being spun along its travelling axis when it is thrown, much like a football that is thrown with a spiral. It is also known that most people find it difficult to throw a consistent spiral. It is also known that the direction of the rotation is different when thrown by left handed throwers verses right handed throwers, so that it would be desirable to provide a throwing toy that will spiral consistently when thrown with a direction and degree of rotation that can be adjusted as desired.
[0004] One conventional game ball having a shape generally similar to an American football is known that has individually adjustable fins provided on the outside of the ball. However, the individually adjustable fins can be difficult to adjust together to have a common angle of attack with respect to a rotational axis of the game ball to have a consistent spiral.
[0005] It would be desirable to provide a throwing toy that can be adjusted to have a consistent spiral about a rotational axis to suit the needs and handedness of the thrower. It would also be desirable to provide such a throwing toy with a timer for monitoring and displaying flight time of the throwing toy when it is thrown. The present invention addresses these and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides for a throwing toy having a leading end, a trailing end, and a longitudinal throwing axis extending along a length of the throwing toy from the leading end to the trailing end of the throwing toy. The throwing toy includes a main body having an elongated, ellipsoidal shape, a leading end and a trailing end, and a fin mounting portion integrally connected to the trailing end of the main body. In a presently preferred aspect, the fin mounting portion is a generally tubular tail portion. The fin mounting portion includes a plurality of fins mounted on the fin mounting portion of the throwing toy, each of the fins having a leading edge, a trailing edge, and a common aerodynamic angle of attack relative to the longitudinal axis. The fins are connected to the fin mounting portion and are configured for rotation of at least one of the leading edge and trailing edge relative to the other of the leading edge and trailing edge.
[0007] In a presently preferred aspect, the fins are configured to be rotated simultaneously together to present a plurality of aerodynamic surfaces oriented with the same aerodynamic angle of attack, to cause the toy to rotate about the longitudinal throwing axis when the throwing toy is thrown. The fins can be rotated and set together at a desired aerodynamic angle of attack relative to the longitudinal throwing axis between maximum angles of attack on either side of the longitudinal throwing axis, such as to be rotated at an angle on either side of the longitudinal throwing axis, or to be oriented parallel to the throwing axis, and, for example.
[0008] In one presently preferred embodiment, the leading edges of the fins are connected to a common rotatable member, such as a rotatable adjustment ring, for example, that is rotatably connected to the main body, and that in one preferred aspect can extend radially outwardly from the fin mounting portion. In a presently preferred aspect, each of the fins includes a flange or extension extending from the leading edge of the fin that protrudes through a corresponding one of a plurality of holes provided in the rotatable adjustment ring. When the adjustment ring is rotated about the longitudinal throwing axis of the throwing toy, the flanges or extensions protruding into the adjustment ring are caused to correspondingly be rotated and set the angle of all the fins to a new angle of attack, so that when one fin is adjusted all fins are adjusted simultaneously. In another presently preferred aspect, at least a portion of each fin rotates relative to a pivot point on the fin located rearwardly of the flange or extension.
[0009] In another presently preferred aspect, an axial tubular bore is defined within the main body and fin mounting portion of the throwing toy, and extends along the longitudinal throwing axis through the throwing toy from the leading end of the main body of the throwing toy to the trailing end of the fin mounting portion of the throwing toy.
[0010] In another presently preferred aspect, an internal electronic timer and timer display are disposed in the main body of the throwing toy for measuring, recording and/or displaying the time the throwing toy is in the air after it is thrown and before it is caught or flight is otherwise terminated, such as by hitting the ground. The electronic timer is started when the throwing toy leaves a thrower's hand, and is stopped by sensing the impact when the throwing toy is caught or hits the ground. In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, the time of flight may be saved as a metric to be compared to other players or one's own performance.
[0011] The mechanism for simultaneously setting the angle of the fins allows for a quicker operation of the adjustments for the toy, making play more enjoyable, provides improved accuracy in setting all fins to the same angle for optimum performance, and provides a valuable feature that can be demonstrated in the package, thus providing a strong marketing element. An electronic timer of the throwing toy of the invention for measuring the time the ball is in the air after it is thrown and before it is caught or flight is otherwise terminated also provides improved play value of the throwing toy by providing a metric of performance by a single player that is read out on the toy itself.
[0012] The throwing toy of the invention also provides the additional benefits for individual play and improvement, in allowing one or more users to have a play pattern where a player can play individually or with a group of players in a meaningful manner, as they can attempt to improve on their measured performance, and in providing a way of positively measuring and demonstrating the remarkable performance of the throwing toy of the invention.
[0013] Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the operation of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a throwing toy of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the throwing toy of FIG. 1 .
[0016] FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the throwing toy similar to FIG. 2 , showing the throwing toy in a rotated position.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a rear view of the throwing toy of FIG. 1 .
[0018] FIG. 5 is an enlarged diagrammatic side elevational view of the throwing toy of FIG. 1 .
[0019] FIG. 6 is an enlarged diagrammatic partial side sectional view of the throwing toy of FIG. 1 .
[0020] FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of the throwing toy of FIG. 1 , illustrating a first aerodynamic angle of attack of the fins in a first rotational position of the rotatable adjustment ring.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of the throwing toy similar to FIG. 7 , illustrating a second aerodynamic angle of attack of the fins in a second rotational position of the rotatable adjustment ring.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0022] With reference to the drawings, which are provided by way of example, for purposes of illustration, and not by way of limitation, the present invention provides for a throwing toy 10 having a leading end 12 , a trailing end 14 , and a longitudinal throwing axis 16 extending along a length of the throwing toy from the leading end to the trailing end of the throwing toy. The throwing toy includes a main body 18 having an elongated, ellipsoidal shape, a leading end 20 and a trailing end 22 , and a fin mounting portion 24 integrally connected to the trailing end of the main body. In a presently preferred aspect, the fin mounting portion is a generally tubular tail portion. The fin mounting portion includes a plurality of fins 26 mounted on the fin mounting portion of the throwing toy, each of the fins having a leading edge 28 , a trailing edge 30 , and a common aerodynamic angle of attack relative to the longitudinal axis. The fins are connected to the fin mounting portion and are configured for rotation of at least one of the leading edge and trailing edge relative to the other of the leading edge and trailing edge. The fins typically are formed of generally planar pieces of polymeric material or other similar suitable pliable material, and are typically adhered along at least a portion of an inner edge 31 of the fins to the outer surface of the generally tubular tail portion at the trailing end of the throwing toy, such as in slots or fin trays 32 , for example.
[0023] In a presently preferred aspect, the fins are configured to be rotated simultaneously together to present a plurality of aerodynamic surfaces oriented with the same aerodynamic angle of attack, to cause the toy to rotate about the longitudinal throwing axis when the throwing toy is thrown. The fins can be rotated and set together at a desired angle of attack relative to the longitudinal throwing axis between maximum angles of attack on either side of the longitudinal throwing axis, such as to be in line with the throwing axis and to rotate at an angle on either side of this axis, for example.
[0024] In one presently preferred embodiment, the leading edges of the fins are connected to a common rotatable member 33 , such as a rotatable adjustment ring, for example, that is rotatably connected to the main body, and which in one preferred aspect can extend radially outwardly from the fin mounting portion. The common rotatable member is typically rotatably connected to the main body by a ratchet mechanism, such as a plurality of detents, for example, allowing the common rotatable member to be rotated and set in a desired position relative to the main body and fin mounting portion. Alternatively, the common rotatable member can be similarly rotatably connected to the fin mounting portion to be rotated and set in a desired position relative to the main body and fin mounting portion. In a presently preferred aspect, each of the fins includes a flange or extension 34 , best seen in FIGS. 6 , 7 and 8 , extending from the leading edge of the fin that protrudes through a corresponding one of a plurality of holes 36 , shown in FIG. 6 , provided in the rotatable adjustment ring, so that each fin rotates about a medial pivot point 38 on the fin located rearwardly of the flange or extension. When the adjustment ring is rotated about the longitudinal throwing axis of the throwing toy, the flanges or extensions protruding into the adjustment ring are caused to correspondingly be rotated and set the angle of all the fins to a new angle of attack, so that when one fin is adjusted all fins are adjusted simultaneously.
[0025] Alternatively, the fins can be mounted to the fin mounting portion of the throwing toy by pivot pins extending into the fin mounting portion at medial pivot points, and a mechanism can be provided that connects the pivot pins 39 of each fin with gears, a filament, or the like, so that when one pivot pin is rotated all pivot pins rotate, causing the fins to rotate together. In a presently preferred aspect, a simple locking mechanism such as a lockable tab or detent may additionally be provided on an adjustment ring to prevent movement from a setting until the thrower so desires.
[0026] In another presently preferred aspect, an axial tubular bore 40 , shown in FIGS. 4 and 6 , is defined within the main body and fin mounting portion of the throwing toy, and extends along the longitudinal throwing axis through the throwing toy from the leading end of the main body of the throwing toy to the trailing end of the fin mounting portion of the throwing toy.
[0027] In another presently preferred aspect, the throwing toy includes an internal electronic timer and timer display 42 disposed in the main body of the throwing toy for measuring, recording and/or displaying the time the throwing toy is in the air, the “hang time” after it is thrown and before it is caught or flight is otherwise terminated, such as by hitting the ground. The electronic timer is started when the throwing toy leaves a thrower's hand, and is stopped by sensing the impact when the throwing toy is caught or hits the ground. A device such as a weight on a spring can be used to sense the acceleration when thrown and the deceleration on being caught or hitting the ground. The number displayed can be a multiple of the seconds recorded to make the differential times more determinable and make the numerical impact more dramatic for an individual user who is using the timer and adjustable fins to improve his or her performance.
[0028] There are numerous configurations of apparatus within the scope of the invention to adjust the angle of the fins simultaneously including, but not limited to connecting either end of the fins to a common structure or element so that when one fin is adjusted all fins are adjusted, and a mechanism that connects the pivot point of each fin with gears, filament, and the like, so that when one pivot is rotated all pivots rotate.
[0029] The invention may be embodied in other forms without departure from the benefits and characteristics described. The embodiments described therefore are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Although the present invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments that are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims. | Apparatus and method of adjusting the angle of attack to the longitudinal axis of a plurality of aerodynamic surfaces on a high performance throwing toy which affect the performance of such toy and to also provide a means of measuring such performance by recording the time the toy is airborne during flight. | 2,562 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/555,595 filed on Mar. 23, 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING”
[0003] Not applicable.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0004] The present invention relates generally to breast enhancement aides and specifically to a breast enhancement method which is natural and non-invasive.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Numerous instances exist where people desire enlargement of soft tissues in their bodies. One such instance is for the augmentation of physical attributes to improve cosmetics and self-esteem. These soft tissue enlargements are mainly directed at breast enlargements in females.
[0006] Prosthetic implants have been developed for insertion below the skin. However, the severity of the potential complications including scarring, implant rupture, capsular contracture, necrosis and implant migration as well as the recent adverse publicity thereof have significantly reduced the desirability of these implants. Thus, there is a societal need for other means to obtain soft tissue enlargement.
[0007] Moreover, the expense of surgery precludes many persons desiring to improve themselves from even considering it.
[0008] The prior art also describes the use of a vacuum to produce soft tissue enlargement. However, the prior art does not disclose a vacuum technique which would generally provide controlled tissue enlargement. Furthermore, it is well established that the application of an excessive amount of vacuum can result in damage to the soft tissue.
[0009] The above techniques have attempted to satisfy the demands of the public, but more often than not have left much to be desired or too much to be handled.
[0010] In light of the foregoing, non-invasive breast augmentation methods have been proposed. Hydro therapy, the use of external creams or internal hormone preparations, the use of foam pads have proved to be damaging, ineffective, to cause side effects and look unnatural and feel foreign.
[0011] Also, the use of herbal topical and oral compositions has been proposed but has proved to be unreliable since the human body will react differently from one person to another to a given composition, and some people prefer not to take any sort of supplementary pills.
[0012] In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of methods and systems now present in the prior art, the breast enhancement method according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional methods and systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] It is an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive, non-scarring, non-invasive method for breast augmentation which is all-natural and involves no drugs, topical or oral compositions, hormones or surgery and is self-administered.
[0014] Another object is to provide a breast enhancement method that enhances breast size by mimicking natural hormones and natural development processes.
[0015] Yet another object is to provide a breast enhancement method that improves an individual's quality of life and self-confidence.
[0016] In accordance with the present invention, a manipulative method is provided for enhancing breasts of a human, comprising the steps of stimulating breast lobules with fingertips; kneading the breasts; touching and rubbing the breasts' nipples; and massaging the breasts to direct milk flow to the breasts' areola and nipple areas.
[0017] In accordance with a further object of the present invention, a manipulative method is provided for enhancing breasts of a human, comprising the steps of stimulating breast lobules with fingertips in a repetitive 20-second manipulation of a breast area extending to about 50 contact points; kneading the breasts in a movement toward and away from the breasts' nipples for 5 to 10 minutes per breast; touching and rubbing said breasts' nipples; and massaging the breasts in large circles from the outer sections of the breasts towards the areola and nipple areas of said breasts to direct milk flow to said breasts' areola and nipple areas.
[0018] While the practical advantages and features of the present invention and method have been briefly described above, a greater understanding of the novel and unique features of the invention may be obtained by referring to the detailed description which follows.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0019] As stated hereinabove, the present invention provides a safe and effective method for enhancing breasts. The method helps to firm up and support the breasts through the filling up of glands which end up taking up more space in the breasts hence resulting in stretching and enlarging said breasts.
[0020] The method of the present invention is characterized by the following.
[0021] One should find a room or a place where one will be able to relax and feel comfortable and uninterrupted. One can do the exercise in one 30 to 40 minute sitting for both breasts or two 15 to 20 minute sittings, one for each breast. One can do these exercises on oneself or can even have someone else help.
[0022] To begin with, one should be in a comfortable and relaxed position lying down or sitting up. One can have some soft relaxing music playing to soothe mind and body. If one wishes to use some massage oil, it can be applied a little bit on the finger tips of your hand (optional—to prevent skin irritation but is not necessary).
[0023] With three fingertips of the hand clumped together, one begins about two inches below the left collar bone and gently massages with the fingers in a tiny one inch circle for about 20 seconds. The massaging must be gentle. One must not dig into the breast and hurt oneself.
[0024] One is just trying to gently stimulate the lobules. Take the time to feel the skin under the fingers and breast tissue and muscle below it. One wants to stimulate each individual lobule with the fingertips to make sure one massages each little section completely. After about 20 seconds one moves the fingers clockwise to the spot right next to where one just massaged and does the same thing for another 20 seconds. One continues doing this by going all the way around clockwise under the arm, at the bottom of the breast, to the middle of the chest and back to below the collarbone. One will continue going clockwise and working closer to the nipple in smaller and smaller circles. One should do this on about 50 contact points on the breast and for about 20 seconds each.
[0025] It should take about 10 minutes. It is important to take the time to feel the texture of the breast.
[0026] For the first few times until the lobules begin to grow, this exercise can also make one aware of any lumps or abnormalities. If so, one should stop immediately and have it checked by a doctor.
[0027] Once one has completed this exercise, begin kneading the left breast with the right hand much like if one were kneading dough for making bread. Again paying special attention to try to contact all the lobules located in the breast tissue. One should knead and rub the breast going toward the nipple and away from the nipple. It should not hurt, if it does stop and try later. If it still hurts at a later time, stop doing it and contact a doctor. This should take between 5 and 10 minutes.
[0028] While you are doing this, it is also important that one gently touches and rubs the nipple. The first few times it will probably be sensitive but it will become less sensitive as time passes. Again, it should not hurt. If it does, stop and try later. If it continues to hurt contact a doctor. After a few weeks, as one continues this process, one will notice that the nipples and areola will also get larger as the breasts get larger.
[0029] Now do the same exercises with the right breast. As days pass, breasts and nipples will become less sensitive to the rubbing. One will notice the breasts beginning to feel slightly fuller. As one rubs the fingertips is small circles as in the first exercise and even when one kneads the breasts one will begin to feel the little lobules under the skin through the breast tissue. At this point, one knows that the breasts are beginning to change to be able to produce milk.
[0030] In the second week, after each time one has finished kneading, touching and rubbing the breasts' nipples, one will begin to gently massage the breast in large circles from the outer sections of the breast, to the areola and nipple. Beginning about 2 inches from the collarbone and making large circular motions working down to the areola. Now move the hand to where the arm and chest meet and make circular motions down to the areola. Move the hand to where the chest meets the armpit and do circular motions to the areola. One should continue doing this around the whole breast from the outer part of the breast to the areola for about 2 to 5 minutes, to try to direct the milk flow to the areola and nipple area. Behind the areola are pockets where milk will run into.
[0031] With the thumb and finger spread about 1½ to 2 inches apart, one will gently place the thumb and finger on the outside of the areola and press them on the breast towards the chest. You will slowly begin to squeeze the fingers towards the nipple to try to squeeze milk out of the nipple. Do not squeeze the nipple itself because it will hurt and not accomplish anything.
[0032] Nothing will probably come out the first few times trying this procedure. By the end of the 2 nd or early in the 3 rd week one will notice a little bit of pasty discharge as one squeezes the areola out of the nipple. This is expected, because it is just clearing of the ducts. However, there should be no bleeding from the nipple. Since there are many ducts ending at the nipple one might see this discharge a couple of times.
[0033] After the bit of discharge is finished one will begin to notice just a drop or two of clear liquid which is colostrum. In the next few days one will notice a little more of this clear liquid come out of the breast when squeezed. After a week or so the liquid begins to change into a hazy white colour. Later on as the milk production increases, the milk will become whiter.
[0034] After the milk production is active, one has the choice to continue massaging and to extract the milk from each breast or just to continue stimulating the milk production every few days. One's body gets into a routine and will fill up with milk as per the routine that is chosen.
[0035] Every person is different so monitoring one's own situation is key. The fact that one should remember is that if one stops extracting the milk on a routine basis, the breasts will slowly stop producing it. If one decides not to do it anymore one can stop altogether or stop for a while and then restart over again at a later time. You can choose to increase the breast size a few weeks before a special occasion and then stop.
[0036] Some side effects may be associated to and result from the above described method but nothing out of the ordinary. They could include: tenderness or sensitivity in the breast and/or nipple due to the exercises/massages, tenderness or sensitivity in the breast and/or areola as the breast begins growing, muscle soreness due to some exercises, slight weight gain of approximately 5 to 10 pounds, and possibly slight leakage of milk from the breasts as the process advances.
[0037] With respect to the above described method then, it is to be realized that the optimum results will be achieved by conforming as closely as possible to the program provided and that, in any event, results may vary from one participant to another.
[0038] As a result of experiments utilizing the method of the present invention it has been recorded that if one were to stop the process, once restarting the process the results come faster. Chest measurements have also shown that the increase in size is consistent across the whole of the breast area.
[0039] Further, it would appear that the method may work faster if a partner is present and performing the massaging steps probably due to the fact that said partner would have better access to all areas of the breast for performing the method.
[0040] As for timeframes, it has been observed that a change in breast tissue texture would take place in the first week, followed by a slight size increase by the tenth day or so. A plateau is then reached between the second and third week, with continued increase after that.
[0041] Finally, no permanent side effects have been observed during or after the trials.
[0042] Other embodiments and uses of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. The specification and examples should be considered exemplary only and do not limit the intended scope of the invention. | A method for the enhancement of breasts is provided which is all natural and involves no drugs, topical or oral compositions, hormones or surgery and is self administered. | 2,246 |
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/105,189, filed Apr. 11, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/062,742, filed Jan. 29, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,122.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
[0002] © 2006 Oregon Health & Science University. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 37 CFR § 1.71 (d).
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The invention pertains to the use of therapy termed “AMES,” or Assisted Movement with Enhanced Sensation, of a type described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,122 in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and spinal cord injury and, in particular, to the use of AMES therapy on a sub-population of such patients who are unable to generate movement in one or both directions at a joint, such as the wrist or ankle.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
[0004] In the United States, stroke-related illness is the leading cause of long-term disability. Each year approximately 750,000 individuals in this country suffer a stroke, and for those who survive, a majority will be afflicted with a motor disability. There are currently 4.5 million U.S. citizens permanently disabled by stroke, with annual health-care costs of approximately $50 billion.
[0005] Neuromuscular symptoms of stroke include, but are not limited to, muscular paresis (i.e., reduced ability to activate muscles), plegia (i.e., complete paralysis of muscles), and dyssynergia (i.e., inability to activate certain muscles without inadvertent activation of inappropriate muscles in the same limb or other limbs). Often a stroke patient will be plegic at a joint for attempted movement in one direction and paretic in the other direction.
[0006] The diagnosis of plegia in stroke victims does not necessarily mean that the individual is completely incapable of activating the appropriate muscles at a joint. Rather, in many cases, the absence of movement is a result of insufficient levels of muscle activation and joint torque to achieve overt movement. Moreover, movement at a joint may be prevented by inadvertent, concomitant activation of the muscles on the wrong side of the joint (i.e., dyssynergia), whereby inadvertent activation overpowers weak activation of muscles on the appropriate side of the joint.
[0007] In certain embodiments of AMES therapy described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,122, which is assigned to the assignee of this patent application, patients with neuromuscular disorders receive feedback in the form of joint torque. The patients are fed back the amount of torque they are able to produce voluntarily while assisting joint motion produced by a motorized robotic device. If the patient is incapable of producing joint torque during AMES treatment, the patient receives no feedback, even if the patient's attempts to assist movement produce appropriate, but weak, activation of the appropriate muscles. Without useful feedback, these weak, but not completely paralyzed, patients are less likely to benefit from treatment.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0008] Preferred embodiments entail use of electromyographic (EMG) feedback of the electrical activity from muscles so that certain neuromuscular disorder-afflicted patients who are incapable of exerting overt torque at a joint can, during AMES treatment, receive feedback that is related to volitional muscle activation. These weak but not completely paralyzed patients can, therefore, benefit from AMES treatment.
[0009] Such use of EMG feedback expands the patient population benefiting from AMES treatment to include individuals who are capable of activating muscles voluntarily at a joint, but to a degree that is too weak to produce overt joint torque and movement.
[0010] Preferred embodiments of the invention use EMG feedback with AMES treatment to allow a patient who superficially appears to be totally paralyzed at a joint (i.e., in one or more directions) to recover to a point at which the patient can produce overt joint torque and movement. After the patient has regained some significant amount of voluntary movement, the patient may be shifted to treatment with joint torque feedback.
[0011] In addition to stroke, cerebral palsy (CP), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) are three of several neuromuscular disorders in which apparent plegia can be produced, but in which the patient is actually capable of weakly activating the muscles crossing a joint. These non-stroke patients with apparent, but not actual, plegia may respond to rehabilitation if EMG feedback is employed in conjunction with AMES treatment.
[0012] Additional aspects and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a patient in position to be treated with AMES therapy while using visual feedback, auditory feedback, or both.
[0014] FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2 C are diagrammatic representations of, respectively, raw (i.e., unprocessed) EMG, rectified EMG, and rectified and low-pass filtered EMG waveform traces developed during voluntary movement of an appendicular joint of a patient.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a simple visually presented embodiment of EMG feedback.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0016] AMES therapy is preferably practiced with use of a joint-ranging device that rotates the joint of a patient with concomitant vibration of lengthening muscles associated with the joint while the patient attempts to assist the joint rotation with voluntary contraction of corresponding muscles associated with the joint. A preferred joint-ranging device is an AMES rehabilitation device described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,122.
[0017] FIG. 1 shows a patient 10 sitting in a chair 12 supporting a wrist joint-ranging device 14 affixed to the patient's right forearm. Wrist joint-ranging device 14 is powered to rotate the wrist joint alternately in flexion and to extension directions. Two vibrators 16 (only one shown in FIG. 1 ) apply during wrist joint rotation concomitant vibration (e.g., 40 Hz-80 Hz) of lengthening muscles associated with the wrist joint while patient 10 attempts to assist the wrist joint rotation with voluntary contraction of corresponding shortening muscles associated with the wrist joint. FIG. 1 also shows patient 10 with her right lower leg secured in a foot joint-ranging device 20 affixed to the patient's shoe and to the calf just below the knee. Foot joint-ranging device 20 is powered to rotate the ankle joint alternately in flexion and to extension directions. Two vibrators 26 apply during ankle joint rotation concomitant vibration of lengthening muscles associated with the ankle joint while patient 10 attempts to assist the ankle joint rotation with voluntary contraction of corresponding shortening muscles associated with the ankle joint.
[0018] For operation of either wrist joint-ranging device 14 or foot joint-ranging device 20 , an EMG signal is typically acquired (i.e., recorded) from a patient's muscle or muscles to which pairs of electrodes 24 are attached. The EMG signal represents the differential voltage between electrodes 24 of an electrode pair, referenced to a neutral voltage obtained from an inactive location of the patient's body. Each electrode 24 may be composed of a rounded metal protuberance, typically 0.5 cm-0.7 cm in diameter and depressing the skin 1 mm-3 mm. Electrodes 24 may be embedded within an enclosure for the arm or leg, such as in an AMES rehabilitation device. Alternatively, EMG signals may be picked up by pairs of disposable electrodes 24 adhered to the patient's skin over the muscle or muscles of interest. Typically, pairs of EMG electrodes 24 are oriented parallel to the long dimension of a muscle and/or collinear to the orientation of muscle fibers within the muscle or muscles of interest. The EMG signals provide to patient 10 feedback information representing EMG activity of the lengthening and shortening muscles of interest. The feedback information identifies the degree to which patient 10 is able to assist joint rotation imparted by either wrist joint-ranging device 14 or foot joint-ranging device 20 .
[0019] The EMG signal, typically 10 μV-2000 μV in amplitude, is delivered to an EMG instrument 28 for amplification prior to visualization or other usage. Amplification is typically carried out in two stages to minimize electrical noise, near the pick-up site (e.g., ×100) and near the usage site (e.g., ×20-×50), resulting in an amplified signal in the region of 1 V. At this stage of processing, the signal is termed “raw” EMG, is both positive- and negative-going, and has a spiky appearance (e.g., FIG. 2 , line A).
[0020] To better utilize the raw EMG signal, further processing is usually carried out. Typically, the raw signal is rectified (i.e., the negative-going components are vertically flipped about 0 V to become positive-going) (e.g., FIG. 2 , line B), and the rectified signal is then low-pass filtered to smooth it (e.g., FIG. 2 , line C). This rectified, smoothed EMG signal can then be used to move a needle on a dial (not shown); to increment a number on a read-out (not shown); to move a graphic object 34 on a display screen 30 of a visual display monitor 32 (e.g., FIG. 3 ); or to modulate the intensity or frequency of a sound audible from a loudspeaker 36 in display monitor 32 (e.g., FIG. 1 ). Commercially available EMG instrumentation amplifier equipment suitable for practicing the above-described process is a Myosystem 2000 , manufactured by Noraxon USA, Inc., Scottsdale, Ariz. The electrodes are conventional ECG stick-on electrodes.
[0021] In a first preferred embodiment, the rectified, low-pass filtered EMG signal is used to move graphics object 34 (e.g., FIG. 3 ) on display screen 30 of display monitor 32 . In the example shown in FIG. 3 , the height of a bar 34 represents the instantaneous amplitude of the processed EMG signal ( FIG. 2 , line C).
[0022] In a second preferred embodiment, the rectified, low-pass filtered EMG signal is used to control the intensity, frequency, or both, of a tone or a recorded message played over loudspeaker 36 or headphones (not shown).
[0023] In a third preferred embodiment, the rectified, low-pass filtered EMG signal is used to control both visual feedback and auditory feedback, which are simultaneously presented in a goal-directed virtual-reality (i.e., video) game displayed on display screen 30 .
EXAMPLE 1
[0024] A 34 year-old female, 4 years post-stroke, with severe paresis and joint rigidity in her right wrist and fingers, was treated in accordance with the standard AMES therapy using joint torque feedback. Her wrist and fingers were paretic and spastic in the flexion direction and clinically plegic in the extensor direction. After 11 weeks of the standard AMES therapy, her flexion strength increased by 600%. In contrast, her extension strength changed from zero to negative values, that is, when she attempted to extend, she flexed. Closer examination with EMG recording revealed that her wrist and finger extensor muscles were active when she attempted to extend, but that inadvertent activation of the recently strengthened wrist and finger flexor muscles overpowered the extensor muscles. The patient was then provided EMG feedback for a total of 8 hours of therapy, after which she was better able to differentially activate the flexors and extensors of the wrist and fingers. She then returned to the standard AMES therapy using joint torque feedback. Three months later, her extensor torque had reversed from negative to positive and equaled the torque in her flexor muscles.
EXAMPLE 2
[0025] A 44 year-old male, 3 years post-stroke, with severe paresis in his left wrist and fingers, was treated in accordance with the standard AMES therapy using joint torque feedback. His wrist and fingers were paretic in the flexion direction and clinically plegic in the extensor direction. Closer examination revealed a low level of EMG activity in the extensor muscles during attempted extension, but the activity was too weak to produce overt movement of the wrist and fingers. Prior to using the standard AMES device with joint torque feedback, the patient was provided EMG feedback for a total of 6 hours of therapy, after which he was able to generate extension torque and movement of the wrist and fingers. The feedback he received during AMES therapy was then changed from EMG to torque, and he began partial recovery of upper limb use.
[0026] It will be obvious to those having skill in the art that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the invention. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined only by the following claims. | A method of rehabilitating a patient suffering partial or total loss of motor control of an appendicular joint caused by injury or neurological disorder but exhibiting clinically plegic (i.e., paralyzed) muscles and retaining minimal ability to weakly contract the muscles develops overt movement at a joint and ultimately leads to improved functionality. The method entails use of feedback in which the patient views and/or hears a signal related to the intensity of electromyographic (EMG) activity the patient produces in the appropriate muscles while attempting to move the paretic or plegic joint. The method is intended as an alternative form of feedback for highly disabled patients while they receive therapy using an Assisted Movement with Enhanced Sensation (AMES) device providing joint torque feedback. | 2,227 |
This Application is the U.S. National Phase Application of PCT International Application No PCT/GB03/004159 filed Sep. 22, 2003. The present invention relates to restraining apparatus, and especially but not exclusively to apparatus for securing children.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
It is often difficult to control a group of children and to keep them safe in the group, particularly when taking them for walks or excursions.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is provided restraining apparatus for coupling two or more users comprising at least one spine member with at least two lateral attachment members for coupling the users to the spine member, the spine member having two planes, and having more flexibility in one plane than in the other.
The spine member can be an elongate rod or plate from which the lateral attachment members extend sideways. The rod or plate is typically inextensible along its long axis and is preferably rigid in its vertical plane but preferably has some lateral resilience, so that it can bend sideways in its horizontal plane with the movement of the users. Lateral resilience in the horizontal plane in use of the device is preferable to lateral resilience in the vertical planes because rigidity in the vertical plane with respect to the user has the benefit that parts of the spine member have a reduced tendency to sag and become trampled underfoot. Therefore, preferred embodiments of the device can bend laterally from side to side in the horizontal plane of the device, but not up and down in the vertical plane of the device.
In some embodiments the spine member is axially compressible and/or extensible. Plastics material is suitable for the spine members. Optionally, at least a part of the spine member is made of corrugated plastic. Alternatively, the spine member is made of composite plastics material or rubber. The spine may have a stiffening member, such as a plastics, metal or composite plate covered with the plastics or rubber material, to enhance rigidity in one plane.
The spine being flexible and/or compressible allows the users to approach each other and to turn corners.
Preferably, the attachment members are securely attached, but in a releasable manner and are typically coupled to the spine member at nodes on the spine member. Preferably, each node has two attachment members.
The attachment members are typically arms. The arms may be laterally flexible and/or axially extensible and/or compressible, to absorb sudden forces. In some embodiments they can be rigid or semi-rigid, or preferably non-flexible in some planes but flexible in others.
Typically, the attachment members are pivotable with respect to the spine member. Optionally, each attachment member at each node is pivotable with respect to the other attachment member. In preferred embodiments, each node has a pair of attachment members extending laterally from opposite sides of the spine member. It is not necessary to have an attachment member extending from each side of each node; a single node can instead bear a single attachment member. Attachment members can all extend from the same side of the spine member, or from different sides. In one optional embodiment, members are staggered along the spine member.
Pivotal attachment members allow users of different heights to share one node.
Optionally, two or more spine members are connected together.
This allows a long chain of spine members and nodes to be built up, which is useful to connect a large number of users.
Preferably, the apparatus also includes harnesses to be worn by each user. Typically, each harness is adapted to releasably engage an attachment member, to attach the user to the spine member. Typically, the harness includes a belt. Optionally, the harness includes a shoulder strap, but simple waist belts would suffice. Preferably, each harness has at least one socket to engage a protrusion on an attachment member, but other attachment formations can be used instead. Optionally, the socket includes a first plate, biased apart from and pivotable relative to a second plate, and pivoting moves the ends of the plates at the socket mouth apart to enlarge the mouth to engage/release an attachment member. Typically, the plates are biased apart by a coil spring. Typically, both plates are pivotable with respect to the socket. Another alternative attachment system could involve moulded plastic ball-joints and sockets, clips, buckles, or other similar connectors that are commercially available.
In another aspect the invention provides a method of securing or restraining a person, comprising harnessing the person to a spine member via an attachment member, the spine member having at least two planes, and having a different degree of flexibility in respective planes.
Typically more than one person is harnessed to the spine member.
In some embodiments the spine and/or the harness can be coloured brightly, and/or can incorporate luminous, reflective and/or light emitting devices such as LEDs and strobes to attract attention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the following drawings, in which:—
FIG. 1 is a plan view of six children using a restraining apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a plan view with the children with the apparatus in a compressed position;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the children in a curved configuration;
FIG. 4 is a front view of a harness worn by each child;
FIG. 5 is a front view of the apparatus worn by two children of different heights;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the apparatus;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the apparatus;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the apparatus;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view with interior detail of part of the apparatus, showing an arm located in a socket;
FIG. 10 is a side view with interior detail of the arm and socket of FIG. 9 ;
FIG. 11 is an exploded view of a node, spine members and attachment means;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 11 with the node secured to the spine members;
FIG. 13 is an exploded view of a node of the apparatus, spine members and an alternative attachment means;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 13 with the node secured to the spine members; and
FIGS. 15 a - 15 d show schematic views of different embodiments of the apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows six children 12 secured together by restraining apparatus 10 . The apparatus 10 has two elongate spine members 14 , 16 . Each node 18 , 20 , 22 has two lateral arms 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , and 32 , 34 .
The spine members 14 , 16 are optionally axially compressible and/or extensible and/or laterally flexible in the horizontal plane of the apparatus in use, to allow the apparatus to bend. This allows the children 12 to approach each other ( FIG. 2 ) and turn corners ( FIG. 3 ). However, the spine members 14 , 16 are normally inextensible, or at least only very slightly axially resilient, so that the distance between the children cannot increase to any great extent. Also, the spine members are typically comparatively more rigid in the vertical plane than in the horizontal plane, so that the spine does not sag between nodes.
Different sizes of apparatus 10 are envisaged, depending on the number of children to be secured. To make a larger version of apparatus 10 , additional spine members and nodes can simply be attached to the apparatus 10 .
FIG. 4 shows a harness 36 that is used to attach the children 12 to the apparatus 10 . The harness 36 has a shoulder strap 38 and a belt 40 . The belt 40 is fastened by a simple buckle 42 . The belt 40 also has two sockets 44 for engagement with an arm of the apparatus 10 . Sockets 44 can optionally slide on rails 46 provided in the belt, so that the child can turn sideways with respect to the spine 14 , 16 . The sockets 44 can typically be switched between a first configuration where they are fixed immovably to the rails 46 , and a second configuration in which they can slide relative to the rails 46 .
FIG. 5 shows two different-sized children 12 secured to node 22 by arms 32 , 34 . Each user 12 is wearing a harness 36 , and a socket 44 in each harness 36 is engaged with an arm 32 , 34 of the node 22 . The arms 32 , 34 are pivotable with respect to the node 22 , to allow the different-sized children 12 to be connected to the apparatus 10 without twisting the apparatus 10 .
The arms 32 , 34 can also be axially and laterally resilient so as to resist the transfer of forces between the children connected to the node 22 .
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of apparatus 10 , having spine members 60 connected to each other by single pivot nodes 54 . The spine members typically comprise an elongate strip covered with a non-pvc rubber. The spine members 60 can typically comprise thin sheets of plastic, metal or composite material (such as GRP or carbon fibre), orientated so that in use the sheets lie in the vertical plane. This allows lateral but not vertical flexibility of the spine members.
In this embodiment, each node 54 comprises a ring 56 and a rod 58 , which passes through the centre of the ring 56 in a direction parallel to the axis of the spine members 60 . Each pair of arms 62 , 64 is typically formed as a single piece, having a central bore arranged parallel to the axis of the spine members 60 and shaped to accommodate the rod 58 , which passes through the bore. Each pair of arms 62 , 64 is pivotal around the rod 58 and is thus pivotable with respect to the spine members 60 , but the arms 62 , 64 are not pivotable with respect to each other. The ends of arms 62 , 64 have elongate tabs 65 to engage in the sockets of the harness. Spine members 60 optionally have reflectors 68 , which help the children 12 to be seen in the dark.
FIG. 7 shows an embodiment very similar to that of FIG. 6 , except that the rings 56 of each node 54 are closed or covered, typically by a rubber or plastics gaiter. This could help prevent fingers from becoming trapped in the nodes 54 . In this embodiment the arms 62 , 64 could be pivotable independently of one another.
FIG. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of apparatus 110 , having a number of spine members 160 , each of which includes a portion of corrugated plastic tubing. The corrugated tubing allows the spine members 160 to bend laterally and to be compressed and stretched axially. The other major difference from the previous embodiment is that the arms 162 , 164 are pivotable relative to each other, as well as relative to nodes 154 . The arms 162 , 164 are also typically resilient and can be formed from a rubber material. These arms could of course be used with the earlier embodiments.
FIGS. 9 and 10 show views of arm 62 engaged in socket 44 . Inside socket 44 is a grip device 90 , which includes two plates 92 , 94 , each having an aperture to receive opposite ends of elongate tab 65 on the end of the arm 62 . The plates 92 , 94 are pivotable about respective pivot points 96 , 98 and a coil spring 93 held in compression between the plates on one side of the pivot points 96 , 98 at the end furthest from the socket mouth urges the other ends of the plates together to capture the tab 65 in the apertures. Dual buttons 95 , 97 are connected to the plate ends above and below the spring 93 .
The dual buttons enable release from the apparatus.
Simpler connectors are possible, along the lines of buckles or clips conventionally used with backpacks and webbing straps, and any connector to secure the child to the arm can be used.
FIGS. 11 to 14 show details of possible connections between nodes 54 and spine members 60 . FIG. 11 is an exploded view showing spine members 60 , the ends of which terminate in rods that can slide into vertical slots 72 in nodes 54 and are secured therein by bolts 74 or pins. Bolts 74 fit through a first aperture 76 in one side of ring 56 , a corresponding aperture 70 in the end of each spine member 60 and through a second aperture 76 in ring 56 . FIG. 12 is a non-exploded view of FIG. 11 .
FIG. 13 shows an alternative connection between nodes 54 and spine members 60 . Ring 54 has two end lobes 80 , which each have a cylindrical lateral protrusion 82 in one side. The protrusions 82 are shaped to engage sockets 84 in the ends of spine members 60 . Securing caps 86 attach to the protrusions 82 once they are engaged in sockets 84 . The caps 86 are typically screwed to the protrusions by engaging interior screw threads of the cap 86 with exterior screw threads on the protrusion 82 , but other engagement means could also be used. FIG. 14 is a non-exploded view of FIG. 13 .
To secure a child to the restraining apparatus 10 , the child 12 puts on a harness 36 and fastens the belt buckle 42 . One of the sockets 44 of the harness 36 is then connected to an arm 24 of the apparatus 10 . This is done by simultaneously pushing socket buttons 95 , 97 . This compresses the spring 93 and pivots the plates 92 , 94 so the ends of the plates 92 , 94 at the socket opening move away from each other. This widens the socket entrance enough to allow the elongate tab 65 to be inserted. Once the tab 65 is aligned with the apertures in the plates 92 , 94 , the buttons 95 , 97 are released, which moves the plate ends over the tab 65 , leaving the ends of the tab 65 projecting through the apertures in the plates 92 , 94 . Thus, the elongate tab 65 is trapped in the socket 44 and the child 12 is secured to apparatus 10 . The procedure is repeated to secure all the children required to respective arms of the apparatus 10 .
To disengage a child 12 from the apparatus 10 , the socket buttons 95 , 97 , are simultaneously compressed and held down. This compresses spring 93 , and pivots the plates 92 , 94 to widen the socket opening as before. This releases the tab 65 from the apertures in the plates 92 , 94 and the arm 62 is then pulled out of the socket 44 . The buttons 95 , 97 are now released and the child takes off the harness 36 . This procedure is repeated to release all children 12 from the apparatus 10 .
Modifications and improvements can be incorporated without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the position of the tabs and sockets could be reversed, i.e. each arm could have a socket and the harness could have a tab to engage the socket.
The arm and socket do not have to engage by apertures in plates engaging the arms; any way of attaching the arm to the socket would be adequate, e.g. the arm could screw into the socket.
The socket could be replaced by a lock mechanism, requiring a special tool to release the arm, so that a child secured to the apparatus could not release itself.
Two sets of apparatus could be used parallel to each other, with a central column of children attached to both apparatus. FIG. 15 shows a number of different schematic combinations of children 12 , spines 100 and arms 110 . Not all of the nodes need to be provided with arms at each side, nor do all the nodes or arms need to be occupied by children.
Embodiments of the invention could be created using a single spine instead of separate spine members (thereby removing the need for nodes) where the arms extend out through apertures in the spine. The harnesses could be permanently attached to the apparatus (instead of releasably attached by the arm and socket connection). | Restraining apparatus for coupling together two or more users such as children while walking as a group. The apparatus comprises a spine member with lateral attachment arms for coupling the users to the spine member. The spine member is laterally flexible to allow the spine to bend from side to side when corners are being negotiated in use, but has sufficient stiffness in the vertical plane to resist sagging between the users. | 2,885 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to oximeters, and in particular to methods for reducing cross-talk between red and IR signals in pulse oximeters.
[0002] Pulse oximetry is typically used to measure various blood chemistry characteristics including, but not limited to, the blood-oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, the volume of individual blood pulsations supplying the tissue, and the rate of blood pulsations corresponding to each heartbeat of a patient. Measurement of these characteristics has been accomplished by use of a non-invasive sensor which scatters light through a portion of the patient's tissue where blood perfuses the tissue, and photoelectrically senses the absorption of light at various wavelengths in such tissue. The amount of light absorbed is then used to calculate the amount of blood constituent being measured.
[0003] The light scattered through the tissue is selected to be of one or more wavelengths that are absorbed by the blood in an amount representative of the amount of the blood constituent present in the blood. The amount of transmitted light scattered through the tissue will vary in accordance with the changing amount of blood constituent in the tissue and the related light absorption. For measuring blood oxygen level, such sensors have typically been provided with a light source that is adapted to generate light of at least two different wavelengths, and with photodetectors sensitive to both of those wavelengths, in accordance with known techniques for measuring blood oxygen saturation.
[0004] Known non-invasive sensors include devices that are secured to a portion of the body, such as a finger, an ear or the scalp. In animals and humans, the tissue of these body portions is perfused with blood and the tissue surface is readily accessible to the sensor.
[0005] A typical pulse oximeter will alternately illuminate the patient with red and infrared light to obtain two different detector signals. One of the issues with each signal, for the red and infrared (IR), is cross-talk. For example, the red signal, after filtering, will still be tailing off when the IR LED is turned on, and vice-versa. Typically pulse oximeter circuits include such filters to filter out noise before demodulating, such as the 50 or 60 Hz ambient light from fluorescent or other lights, or electrical interference. Such filtering can result in crosstalk when the filtering spreads out the red and IR pulses so they overlap.
[0006] One approach for dealing with cross-talk in the form of phase distortion, as opposed to the amplitude distortion the present invention addresses, is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,995,858. This patent shows an approach where the same signal drives the red and IR at opposite phases, giving a phase offset problem. This patent deals with a phase error in the response of the band pass filter of a reference signal causing cross-talk of red into IR and vice versa. In order to minimize or compensate for this phase error, the oximeter is operated with only the IR LED active, and then only with the red LED active. From this, a correction constant is determined that is used in the equation for determining oxygen saturation.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reducing cross-talk in an oximeter. The oximeter includes a band pass filter. The amount of cross-talk through the band pass filter is estimated. Based on this estimate, the corner frequencies of the band pass filter are adjusted to minimize the cross-talk.
[0008] In one embodiment, the band pass filter is a hardware filter, and the corner frequencies are adjusted in the design and selection of the appropriate resistors and capacitors. In another embodiment, the band pass filter is in hardware, and the frequencies can be adjusted during operation or calibration.
[0009] In another embodiment, the present invention also includes a calibration mode which is performed when a sensor is attached to the oximeter. In the calibration mode, the signals are measured with first only the red LED on and then with only the IR LED on. Any signal measured in the off channel is assumed to be a result of cross-talk from the other channel. The effect is linear, enabling it to be compensated for in software. The magnitude of the cross-talk is determined as a percentage, and subsequently the percentage is multiplied by the actual signal and subtracted from the other LED signal as cross-talk compensation.
[0010] For a further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an oximeter incorporating the present invention.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a portion of the circuit of FIG. 1 illustrating the placement of a filter according to the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a band pass filter according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a timing diagram illustrating the low and high pass filtering effects on the red and IR signals according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrating an embodiment of a LED drive circuit including the circuit connections for the calibration mode according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0000] Overall System
[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an oximetry system incorporating the present invention. A sensor 10 includes red and infrared LEDs and a photodetector. These are connected by a cable 12 to a board 14 . LED drive current is provided by an LED drive interface 16 . The received photocurrent from the sensor is provided to an I-V interface 18 . The IR and red voltages are then provided to a sigma-delta interface 20 incorporating the present invention. The output of sigma-delta interface 20 is provided to a microcontroller 22 . Microcontroller 22 includes flash memory for a program, and SRAM memory for data. The processor also includes a microprocessor chip 24 connected to a flash memory 26 . Finally, a clock 28 is used and an interface 30 to a digital calibration in the sensor 10 is provided. A separate host 32 receives the processed information, as well as receiving an analog signal on a line 34 for providing an analog display.
[0000] Bandpass Filter
[0017] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the location of the filter according to an embodiment of the invention. Shown is a sensor 10 that is driven by an LED drive circuit 16 . The LED drive circuit 16 alternately drives an IR LED 40 and a red LED 42 . A photodetector 44 provides a signal to a current-to-voltage (I-V converter 46 ). The voltage signal is provided to high pass and anti-aliasing filter 48 . This block includes the band pass filter according to an embodiment of the invention. The output signal is then provided to a sigma-delta modulator 50 . The output of sigma-delta modulator 50 is provided to a demodulator 52 , which is then provided to filtering and decimating blocks 54 and 56 .
[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates a band pass filter 60 according to an embodiment of the invention. The filter includes an amplifier 62 and a resistor and capacitor circuit comprising capacitors C 2 , C 110 , C 111 , and C 40 and resistors R 7 , R 111 , R 112 , R 110 , and R 109 . An input to this circuit is provided from I-V converter 46 along a line 64 to a first switch 66 for an offset correction not relevant to the present invention. The signal is then provided to a second switch 68 , which is used for a calibration mode according to the present invention. A cross-talk control signal 70 couples the switch to an LED current sense line 72 for calibration mode.
[0000] Design of Bandpass Filter
[0019] In the design and manufacture of the band pass filter of FIG. 3 , the corner frequencies are adjusted by varying the capacitor and resistor values to offset and minimize the cross-talk effect. The corner frequencies are the high pass and low pass ends of the band pass filter, which is in place to filter out ambient interferences.
[0020] There is a major trade off involved in the design of the band pass filter. It is desirable to have the filter corners as close to the modulation frequency as possible. Raising the frequency of the high pass corner makes the filter better able to reject any AC portion of ambient light. Typically in the US, fluorescent lights have strong AC component at 120 Hz and the harmonics of 120 Hz. It is desirable to filter this out of the signal. Lowering the cut off frequency of the low pass filter limits the high frequency noise from the I-V converter, and provides some anti-aliasing to keep ambient noise out of the system.
[0021] However, any filtering spreads out the signal in the time domain, for example some of the IR pulse will leak into the dark pulse following it. This has two drawbacks. The first is cross-talk where the IR signal “leaks” into the red signal, and vice versa. The second is an offset resulting from a transient that occurs due to capacitances in the patient cable between the LED wires and the detector wires. When this transient is filtered, part of it leaks into the sampled part of the signal causing an offset. Both of these effects get worse as the corners of the filters are pulled closer to the modulation frequency.
[0022] Tuning the band pass filter to optimize for cross-talk is done when it is designed by adjusting the high pass filter corner and the low pass corner to force the cross-talk to be zero. The size of the Red pulse is measured by comparing the sample P 5 (see FIG. 4 ) to the samples taken in the dark states P 4 and P 6 .
Red = P 5 - P 4 + P 6 2
[0023] Since the signal from the IR pulse is still decaying in the Dark2 time period, the P 4 sample will be higher due to the low pass response and the lower due to the high pass response. The effect of the IR pulse on P 4 will affect the size of the measured red signal. This is a cause of cross-talk where the IR signal leaks into the Red signal and vice versa.
[0024] This effect is minimized if the filter is a band pass, with both high pass and low pass effects. The effect of the high pass filtering compensates for the effect of the low pass filtering.
[0025] Thus, the corners are adjusted so that the high pass and low pass signals shown in FIG. 5 are adjusted so that the effect of the high pass filtering compensates for the effect of the low pass filtering to minimize cross-talk. The low pass filter causes a positive cross-talk, and the high pass filter causes an offsetting negative cross-talk.
[0026] In one embodiment, the band pass filter consists of an RC high pass followed by a Salen-Key low pass configured as a second order Butterworth filter. The impedance of the RC high pass section will have an effect on the transfer function of the Salen-Key circuit, however this effect is negligible if capacitance C 2 is much larger than C 110 and C 111 . The high pass filter cut off frequency is 32 Hz., and the low pass filter cut off frequency is 12.7 kHz.
[0000] Calibration
[0027] In addition to designing the hardware of the band pass filter to reduce cross-talk, a calibration mode allows a further correction for cross-talk using a cross-talk calibration test. A subtle cross-talk effect arises from the filtering in the circuit causing light and dark pulses to spread out into each other in the time domain. Fortunately the effects from the band pass filter are linear and measurable, and so can be compensated for in software. Since this is the result of the filtering, the magnitude of the effect is known ahead of time. A constant is used to subtract the effects of the IR signal from the Red signal and vice versa:
Red′−Red−IR*Kcross
IR′=IR−Red*Kcross
[0028] FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of LED drive circuit 16 of FIG. 2 . Included in the circuit are a connection to the red LED on a line 80 , and a connection to the IR LED on a line 82 . These are provided through MOSFET transistors 84 and 86 to a 1 ohm resistor 88 . In the calibration mode, the LED current sense signal on line 72 is taken from the current through this 1 ohm resistor with line 72 of FIG. 5 connected to line 72 of FIG. 3 as an input through switch 68 to the band pass filter.
[0029] In addition to designing the hardware of the band pass filter to reduce cross-talk, the connection of line 72 in FIG. 5 during a calibration mode allows a further correction for cross-talk using a cross-talk calibration test.
[0030] While doing the cross-talk test, most of the analog circuits on the board are used and so this is a good test to check the integrity of the analog hardware. This test connects the 1 Ω current sense resistor 88 to the input to the band pass filter. This way a fixed LED current can inject a signal into the signal acquisition circuits. This allows the operation of the LED drive 16 , the band pass filter 60 and the sigma-delta modulator 50 to be verified. In addition, measuring the LED current using the 1 Ω resistor allows the LED's current sense circuit to be calibrated more accurately than the 10% tolerance capacitors in the circuit would ordinarily allow.
[0031] Thus, during the calibration mode, current is shunted into the current sense input from the LED drive current. The only analog circuitry not being used is the photodetector and the I-V converter. In a preferred embodiment, whenever a sensor is connected, this is detected and the software automatically does the cross-talk calibration test.
[0032] A 50% drive signal is applied to the LEDs during the calibration circuit to give a sufficiently large signal without going to full range and risking too high of a signal being provided. Alternately, other percentages of the drive current could be used.
[0033] The following steps are performed:
1) Set IR LED to 50%, Red LED to 0; then measure the 0 red signal; 2) Set Red LED to 50%, IR LED to 0; then measure the) IR signal.
[0036] Subsequently, during actual operation, the red cross-talk effect is determined by multiplying the percentage cross-talk times the red signal, and then it is subtracted from the IR signal. The corresponding action is done for the red signal.
[0037] As will be understood by those of skill in the art, the present invention could be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristic thereof. For example, the drive current could be obtained in a different manner and a different design could be used for the band pass filter. Alternately, the band pass filter could be used alone, without the software calibration added. Accordingly, the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, on the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims. | A method and apparatus for reducing cross-talk in an oximeter. The oximeter includes a band pass filter. The amount of cross-talk through the band pass filter is estimated. Based on this estimate, the corner frequencies of the band pass filter are adjusted when it is designed to minimize the cross-talk. In one embodiment, a calibration mode is performed when a sensor is attached to the oximeter. In the calibration mode, the signals are measured with first only the red LED on and then with only the IR LED on. Any signal measured in the off channel is assumed to be a result of cross-talk from the other channel. The magnitude of the cross-talk is determined as a percentage, and subsequently the percentage is multiplied by the actual signal and subtracted from the other LED signal as cross-talk compensation. | 2,738 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to seed dispensing tools, specifically to such tools using vacuum suction for seed pickup.
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
In the operation of seeding, seeds are transferred from a hopper and deposited uniformly in the soil. In one type of seeding machines the seeds are pulled by gravity through a flow control mechanism attached to the bottom of the hopper. This mechanism consists of a set of two plates: one plate, having a plurality of holes sized slightly larger than the seed, is made to rotate at a rate proportional to the seed discharge rate. Seeds fall into these holes and are trapped in place by a stationary plate placed below the rotating plate and having a single discharge opening. As the first plate rotates it carries the trapped seeds toward the opening in the stationary plate. The seeds then gravitates towards the soil. These types of machines are only suitable for large and uniform size seeds. An adaptation of this type of machine for use in small scale gardening is described by Beckworth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,580. For the purpose of sowing small or nonuniform size seeds, the power of air flow or of vacuum suction is employed. Dobson et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,126 describe such a machine: the round portion of a rotating drum fits closely against the opening of a seed hopper thus making contact with the seeds. The portion of the circumference of the drum which contacts the seeds has a plurality of holes having a size smaller than the seed. Vacuum suction is applied to the drum via the center of its pivot. The suction force draws seeds towards the holes in the drum. Consequently, the holes are plugged up with seeds. If the size of the holes and the power of the vacuum is chosen properly, only one seed is picked up by each hole. As the drum rotates the picked seed is carried up, then out of the hopper and then down. A wheel which is mounted on a separate and internal pivot, is engaged to the inner surface of the drum and covers momentarily the hole that moves to the point of contact between the drum and the wheel. The suction force is thus interrupted and the seed which is held against that hole is released and falls onto the soil.
A hobbyist gardener who needs to seed a small scale back-yard garden with small seeds such as carrot or lettuce seeds can appreciate the difficulty of attempting the task of distributing the seeds manually into prepared furrows. He can of course resort to pelletized seed or seed tape which are available commercially for limited seed varieties and at a substantially greater cost. The objective of the invention is to provide the small scale gardener the means for planting small seeds with ease. The invention uses the principle of vacuum seed pickup as described above but eliminates the need for a continuous vacuum source. The power is provided by the operator who guides a wheel along a prepared furrow and the wheel rotation in turn drives the rest of the mechanism. In addition, since small seed is often indistinguishable once deposited on the soil, it is a second objective of the invention to provide the operator with an electronic monitor that gives him the assurance that seeding is indeed taking place.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following drawings illustrate the preferred embodiment or parts thereof:
FIG. 1--General view of the seeder.
FIG. 2--Front view with the seed container removed.
FIG. 3--Isometric view of the seed container.
FIG. 4--Details the construction of the suction bellow.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C,--Depicts the operation of the suction bellow.
FIG. 6--The schematic of the seed detector.
FIG. 7--Illustrates the addition of a second bellow.
FIG. 8--Illustrates the addition of a second pickup aperture.
FIG. 9--Illustrates the configuration with a stationary bellow.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the operator holding on to handle 11 guides the seeder along a prepared furrow and consequently wheel 12 rotates in the direction of the arrow. Wheel 12 and wheel 13 are mounted on chassis 14 and are coupled via belt 15 and pulleys 16 and 17. The belt and the pulleys are cogged to eliminate slippage. Belt 15 is twisted like the figure eight, thus transferring to wheel 13 rotation in the direction of the arrow next to it in FIG. 1. Seed-container 18 is detailed in FIG. 3. It is constructed of two transparent plastic walls 19, a sloping bottom 20 and a swivel cover 21. Wheel 13 fits closely in the slot formed by the two walls and the bottom, thus enclosing seeds 22. A gap larger than a single seed remains between wheel 13 and the edge of cover 21. Funnel 23 which extends through a hole in cover 21 facilitates loading the container with seeds.
With reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, the suction bellow 24, constructed of an elastic element 25 and two rigid disks 26 which are held together by compression rings 27, is mounted on wheel 13 inside a diamond shaped opening. One rigid disk 26 is attached to wheel 13 by means of screws through holes in bracket 28 and the other disk is made to oscillate back and forth as wheel 13 rotates, by means of a mechanism comprised of connecting rod 29 pivots 30 and 31 and arm 32. Arm 32 is attached to mounting bracket 33 which is riveted to chassis 14 as shown in FIG. 2. Arm 32 extends away from wheel 13, thus providing enough clearance for bellow 24 as it passes under the arm as shown in FIG. 5A. A radial hole 34 in wheel 13 is aligned with a hole 35 in disk 26 and an O-ring 36 provides a tight seal.
Again with reference to FIG. 5A, bellow 24 is shown in its most compressed position. As wheel 13 rotates, the bellow expands and as hole 34 enters the seed container 18 the rate of suction is sufficient for a single seed to be picked up. The picked up seed is carried upwards as shown in FIG. 5B. The seed is held in place until the suction stops, i.e. until the bellow is fully expanded as shown in FIG. 5C. As wheel 13 continues, the bellow contracts and instead of suction it provides an explusive flow of air which pushes the seed away. The seed is then already located inside the bent portion of duct 39 which guides the seed toward the ground as shown in FIG. 1. The passage of the seed is detected by electronic module 61 which produces an audible beep. Duct 39 is made of a square tube and is attached to bracket 33. The upper portion of the duct is bent and it has a slot in which wheel 13 fits, leaving enough clearance for the passage of the seed. To adapt the tool for different seeds, a replaceable constrictor 37 is inserted at the opening of hole 34 as shown in FIG. 4. The constrictor has a smaller orifice than the diameter of hole 34 and a flared opening to provide a better grip on the seed. In addition, a replaceable plug 38, having an orifice through which air leakage is allowed is provided as shown in FIG. 4. By selecting the correct orifice, the counteracting force exerted by the bellow on the drive mechanism is reduced to the minimum and the incidents of multiple seed pickup due to excessive suction force are also reduced.
With reference to FIG. 6. the operation of the electronic monitor will now be explained. As switch 41 is turned on current from battery 40 flows through resistor 42 and causes light-emitting-diode 43 to emit light which enters via a through-hole in duct 39 and falls on light detector 44 which is a cadmium-sulfide photo resistor. The current through detector 44 is set by resistor 45 and by the intensity of light from the emitting diode. As a seed falls down duct 39 it partially interrupts the light path between the emitter and the detector, causing a small change in the voltage across the detector. This voltage change is amplified by the amplifier circuit composed of capacitor 46 resistors 47, 48, 50 and transistor 49. The amplified voltage swing at the collector of transistor 49 is enough to trigger the monostable flip-flop circuit composed of AND-gates 51, 53, capacitor 52 and resistor 54. The monostable flip-flop produces an approximately 0.1 second enable signal to the free-running flip-flop composed of AND-gates 55, 56, resistors 57, 58 and capacitor 59. The free-running flip-flop feeds the piezoelectric loudspeaker 60 with a tone signal of approximately 2000 Hz. Thus, every time a seed is deposited, an audible beep of 0.1 second duration is produced, giving the operator the confidence that seeding is taking place.
SUMMARY AND RAMIFICATIONS
For the new invention to operate smoothly it is required that the ground engaging wheel 12 roll easily over a worked garden soil. Therefore, the diameter of this wheel cannot be arbitrarily small. A diameter of approximately 6 inches is the optimum size for wheel 12. This means that the wheel traverses approximately 18 inches for each complete rotation. Since the distance between seeds as required for most seeding operation is much shorter, i.e. 2 to 6 inches, and since the new seeder as described previously deposits a single seed for every turn of wheel 13, it follows that the coupling ratio between wheel 12 and wheel 13 must be as high as 9:1. If we assume for this discussion that the coupling ratio is 9:1 and that a reasonable slowest walking speed for the operator is 1.5 feet/second, it follows that wheel 13 will rotate approximately 9 revolutions per seconds. At that speed no seed pickup is possible because of the inertia of the seed. Experiments showed that for efficient operation, the rotation speed of wheel 13 with a diameter of approximately 4 inches is limited to 3 revolutions per second. In order to increase the density of deposited seeds, it is possible that the operator will run over the same furrow more than once; each time with a slight off-set to the starting point. Alternatively the seeder can be modified as follows:
1. With reference to FIG. 7, two or more suction elements 24 can be mounted on the same wheel 13, coupled by a separate connecting rod 29 to a single pivotal point. Each suction element is thus made to contract and expand once every rotation, proportionally increasing the number of seeds deposited per rotation.
2. With reference to FIG. 8, the suction bellow has two suction ports 37 in close proximity thus picking up and depositing seed in pairs for each rotation of wheel 13. This method does not offer uniform distribution, but this is not a limitation since most crops are planted at a high density in order to allow thinning after the seedlings emerge. Statistically, thinning after planting in pairs also results in adequate uniformity in plant distribution.
If modifications (1) and (2) above are combined, it gives the operator the flexibility to select a seeding density by enabling only part of the suction ports and plugging the rest and without changing the coupling ratio between wheels 12 and 13.
Although in the preferred embodiment the suction element 24 is mounted on wheel 13, an embodiment in which the suction element is mounted on chassis 14 is within the scope of the new invention. Such an embodiment is depicted in FIG. 9. A tube 62 connects the suction element to the radial hole 34 in wheel 13 by means of a rotary seal bushing 63. The oscillatory motion to the suction element is conveyed by means of connecting rod 64 mounted on an off-center pivot 65.
Also, within the scope of this invention are all the embodiments which employ suction elements that are based on a piston inside a cylinder instead of an elastic bellow, and all the embodiments which employ mechanical gear coupling instead of a cogged belt and pulleys. | A tool for depositing seed uniformly along a prepared furrow. The tool uses the rolling motion of a ground engaging wheel to drive a seed pickup and delivery mechanism. A pickup wheel which is coupled to the ground engaging wheel contacts the seeds via a slot in the seed container. A suction force created by an oscillating bellow is channeled to a pickup aperture in the circumference of the pickup wheel. Picked seed is carried by the pickup wheel to a guiding duct to be released and delivered to the soil. The tool also includes an electronic monitor that produces a short audible beep for every deposited seed. | 2,141 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The well known toilet tissue dispenser is a U-shaped bracket having a wall attaching portion and a pair of projecting arms. A roller with spring biased ends snap into depressions in the arms. A holder of this type accepts rolls of tissue which generally have a cardboard cylindrical tube through which the roller is inserted such that the spring biased end project beyond the roll to snap into the depressions in the holder arms.
Another commonly used tissue dispenser is also a U-shaped bracket with a wall attaching portion and projecting arms. Instead of a roller, the arms are spring biased and hinged where they attach to the wall portion. Each arm has an inwardly facing projection which fits into the cylindrical tube of a roll of tissue. To install a roll of tissue, the arms are biased outwardly and the projections are snapped into the cylindrical tube.
The inventor is aware of U.S. Pat. No. 2,500,514, entitled, Paper Roll Holder. A roller with spring biased ends supports a roll of tissue on the holder in one embodiment. In the other embodiment, spring biased plunger rods hold a tube between the arms. A roll of tissue is slipped on the tube and then the plunger rolls fit in the tube.
Each of the described tissue dispensers has been serviceable over the years, however, the problem of replacing a roll of tissue in the holder has led to the present invention. The prior art holders require at least two steps to install a roll of tissue, and in most cases, it seems next to impossible. Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a one step process for loading a roll of tissue on the holder.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a tissue dispenser for bathroom tissue or paper towles, and in particular, to a tissue holder with limited moving parts for loading a roll of tissue. In the general mode of the invention, the tissue dispenser has a pair of projecting arms which extend from a wall and are spaced at a distance from one another to accept a roll of tissue. Each arm has an inwardly facing coil spring or a similar resilient member which fits in the cardboard tube of a roll of tissue. When a roll of tissue is inserted in the holder, the coil springs flex to allow the tube to align between the springs with a spring fitting into each end of the tube.
In one embodiment, the projecting arms are integral with a wall bracket to form a U-shaped holder. While in the other embodiment, the arms have their own wall mounting elements which allows the arms to be spaced at any comfortable distance.
The main object of this invention is to provide a tissue dispenser for rolls of tissue which has an easy to use method for installing rolls of tissue.
An object is to provide a tissue dispenser that does not allow the roll of tissue to freely spin thereby wasting tissue.
Because of the simple and straightforward design of the tissue dispenser, it is another object to provide a tissue dispenser that is inexpensive to manufacture.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the tissue dispenser of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the tissue dispenser shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary side view of the tissue dispenser in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a front plan view of another embodiment of a tissue dispenser of this invention.
FIG. 5 is a side plan view of the device taken along the line 5--5 of FIG. 4.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings, there is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 a preferred embodiment of the invention. The tissue dispenser 10 is a U-shaped structure with a wall mounting bracket 12 and a pair arms 14 and 16 at right angles to the bracket. Each arm has a coil spring 18 and 20, respectively, molded in the arm to project inwardly, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. The bracket 12 has a pair of screw holes 22 for attaching the tissue dispenser 10 to a wall.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, a roll of tissue R is shown supported by the coil springs 18 and 20. To install the roll R, the cardboard cylindrical tube, T, in the center of the roll is fitted on the springs 18 and 20. By pressing the roll R between the arms 14 and 16, the coil springs 18 and 20 flex until the tube is in place. At which point, the coil springs 18 and 20 snap into the tube, and are smaller in diameter than recesses 22' and 24.
By squeezing the tube to change its cross-sectional shape from round to oblong, the tissue can be payed from the roll R at a controlled rate. That is, the roll R will not freely rotate on the coil springs 18 and 20. In fact, without squeezing the tube the roll R will not rotate as freely as it would on a roller found in most tissue holders. This is because as the roll turns the weight is not evenly supported around the coil springs, causing a drag on the roll's rotation.
Manufacturing the tissue dispenser 10 may use a molding technique where the entire holder is integrally formed, or an assembly procedure where each arm is welded or attached in some manner to the bracket 12. In either manufacturing method, the coil springs can be molded directly with the arms, or each arm can be bored and the coil springs bonded in the bores. Since plastics and metals are simple to mold it is preferred to use a molding technique. However, it is possible to make wooden dispensers in one piece or assembled pieces. There are obviously a wide range of materials and manufacturing methods which can be used.
Turning to FIGS. 4 and 5, the tissue dispenser 100 in this embodiment is made with two separate arms 102 and 104. Each arm has its own wall bracket portion 106 and 108 integrally formed with the arm. There are screw mounting holes 110 in the brackets for attaching the dispenser to a wall. The coil springs 112 and 114 are fixed to the arms 102 and 104 so that when the tissue dispenser 100 is mounted on a wall, they face each other. FIG. 4 shows one of the arms, 102, with a large knob end 116 and coil spring 112 fixed in the knob, recesses 118, 120 larger than springs.
With the separate arms and wall brackets of this embodiment, the tissue dispenser 100 can be adjusted to accommodate any size roll. For example, the same pair of arms 102 and 104 can be used as a holder for toilet tissue or paper towels even though the towels are much wider.
Installing a roll of tissue on dispenser 100 is exactly the same as described in the first embodiment.
While two embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, it is understood that one skilled in the art could make changes in the invention without changing the inventive concept. Therefore, one should study the drawings and the specification together with the claims to fully understand the invention. There is one simple illustration where changing the coil springs for resilient elements of rubber or similar materials would not change the invention. | A roll tissue dispenser having resilient members for supporting a roll of tissue by its center tube thus making a simple, easy loading and unloading device of this type. | 1,282 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to livestock watering devices and in particular to those devices which are equipped with heating devices.
Previous generations of livestock waterers consisted of open tubs in barnyards or pens. There livestock could access the water as needed. Improvements were then made to the cattle waterers which allowed the tubs to be filled automatically. Although the automatic fillers solved a number of problems with the waterers, problems relating to freezing persisted. Specifically, in sub-freezing climates, the water in the waterer is susceptible to freezing. In order to abate this problem, farmers began to use heaters to warm the water to above freezing. Although heaters aided in keeping most of the water in a liquid state, freezing still occurred at the air-water interface. Additionally, the costs of heating the waterers became more expensive. Improvements to better insulate the waterers led to insulation material utilized in the outer shell of the waterer and inventions directed at insulating the upper surface of the water itself. U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,687 discloses a waterer with a circular cover or lid which floats upon the water's surface. The lid could be manipulated by the animal in such a way to allow access to the water beneath. Other patents sized the lid to avoid its freezing to the surrounding opening. U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,022 implemented guide rails anchoring the cover to the waterer while still allowing the animals access to the water below. The guide rails assisted in preventing the animals from being able to physically remove the lids from the waterer.
With conventional lids, movement of the lids by animals seeking to drink creates turbulence and splashing of water from the waterer. This wastes water and also creates a muddy ground surface around the waterer or leads to ice build up on the outside of the waterer. The shape of previous lids made them prone to generating wave action within the waterer. Wave action causes water to be lost which in turn add extra costs in the replacing of the water as well as heating of the replacement water.
One other shortcoming is the placement of the heater within the waterer. Traditionally, the heater is placed in a protected central location away from the basins accessible by the animals so that the animals will not damage the heating element. The heat created by the heating element must travel from the central location of the waterers to the basins and may be sufficiently dissipated before water in the basins is sufficiently warmed to prevent freezing in frigid weather conditions.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An improved livestock waterer includes a base which provides one or more basins for containing water which may be accessed by an animal seeking water. The basins are separated by an enclosure which is an integral part of the base. The enclosure may house heater and water supply elements and may also include a central water container from which water may circulate to the basins through ports connecting the basins to the central water container.
Each of the basins is provided with a polymeric or other non-metal floating lid. Each lid is constructed as a hollow enclosure in which air is trapped. The upper surface of each lid is in the form of a dome or convex curve so that water will not remain standing on the upper surface. The underside of each lid includes a number of baffles which reduce wave action on the surface of the water below the lid as the lid is depressed or displaced by an animal seeking water below the lid. By reducing turbulence below the lid, less chance exists that water will splash from the basin during drinking activity, or when an animal experiments with the lid out of curiosity.
Heating elements may be placed within the water basins. Each heating element is supported on a post which is formed integrally with the base such that the post will stand upright upon the bottom of a water basin.
A primary object of the invention is to provide an improved livestock waterer which reduces the incidence of splashing from the waterer when an animal displaces the lid floating on the water made available to the animal.
Another object of the invention is to provide an animal waterer which is less susceptible to ice accumulation on the floating lids overlying the water within the waterer.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved mounting structure for a heater element stationed within the water in the waterer.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an animal waterer which always maintains water covering the heating elements.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description which follows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the waterer having elongate water basins separated by a central enclosure.
FIG. 2 is a top view perspective of the lid of the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 is a bottom view perspective of the lid of the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional front perspective of a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5 - 5 of FIG. 4 , shown with water in the waterer.
FIG. 6 is a bottom view perspective of the lid for each of the basins of the livestock waterer of FIG. 4 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, one embodiment of the livestock waterer 4 can be seen in perspective in FIG. 1 positioned to demonstrate the three dimensional shape of the structure. Mounting points 6 can be used to secure the invention to a surface such as a concrete platform with the use of a selected type of mounting hardware. Mounting recesses 8 allow easier access to the mounting points 6 and ease in the facility of accessing the chosen mounting hardware.
Livestock waterer 4 includes a housing 12 which comprises two basins 10 separated by an elevated enclosure 7 . The housing 12 further comprises front and rear longitudinal sidewalls 5 , 13 and opposing end walls 9 , 11 . Sidewalls 5 , 13 , end walls 9 , 11 and elevated enclosure 7 are formed integrally of polymeric material. Lids 14 substantially cover the opening of basins 10 . Lids 14 are buoyant, preferably hollow and are made from a polymeric material. Lids 14 preferably float on the surface of water contained within each basin 10 . Pass through openings 16 in the lids 14 allow guides 18 to pass through the lids 14 . Guides 18 each consist of elongate vertically disposed rods which extend into basin 10 and are fixed at the bottom of basin 10 . Guides 18 are also retained in an upstanding orientation by their attachment to guide mounts 20 atop opposing end walls 9 , 11 or by attachment to the sidewalls 15 of elevated enclosure 7 . Guides 18 are spaced apart from basin sides a small distance. Preferably one guide 18 is located along each opposite side of the basins 10 . A top access panel 22 on the top of the elevated enclosure 7 is removable to access equipment such as a float valve (not shown) within elevated enclosure 7 . Recess 25 facilitates removal of the top access panel 22 . Side access panel 26 is selectively removable from the livestock waterer 4 and provides access to the interior of the elevated enclosure 7 . Plugs 28 are received in openings 30 in end walls 9 , 11 to seal openings 30 which are in communication with the basins 10 . The plugs 28 are selectively removable and once removed, allow water to drain from the basins 10 .
Details of the structure of each lid 14 may be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 . Each lid 14 includes an upper surface 50 and an underside 70 . Upper surface 50 of each lid 14 is preferably convex in shape and upper surface 50 may be formed as a segment of a cylinder or may otherwise be domed in shape. Peripheral regions 57 of upper surface 50 may be planar though they are not required to be so. Peripheral regions 57 of upper surface 50 are preferably kept minimal in area to provide little planar surface on which water may collect. Lid 14 is preferably hollow with upper surface 50 sealed at side edges 80 , 82 , 84 and 86 to underside 70 so that air is trapped within lid 14 and it is buoyant.
As seen specifically in FIG. 3 , the underside 70 of lid 14 is substantially planar. A baffle system 61 depends from the underside 70 . Baffle system 61 comprises transverse walls 60 , 68 and longitudinal walls 62 , 66 , each of which are generally perpendicular to the underside 70 of lid 14 . Bottom edges 74 of baffle system 61 may be parallel to underside 70 and may extend approximately one to five (preferably two to three) inches from underside 70 of lid 14 . The baffle system 61 may be integral with the other structures of lid 14 . Longitudinal walls 62 , 66 of baffle system 61 extend substantially the length of underside 70 but are interrupted by gaps 71 therein. In the preferred embodiment transverse walls 60 , 68 interconnect longitudinal walls 62 , 66 at a substantial perpendicular near distal ends 64 , 69 of longitudinal walls 62 , 66 . Distal ends 64 , 69 of longitudinal walls 62 , 66 extend past their intersections with transverse walls 60 , 68 a short distance which, in the case of a lid 14 which is of a total length of approximately thirty-six inches, may be one to two inches. Distal ends 64 , 69 may be inclined from bottom edge 74 at twenty to seventy degrees and preferably from thirty to sixty degrees. Proximal edges 72 , 73 of longitudinal walls 62 , 66 extend approximately ten to twelve inches past transverse walls 60 , 68 in the case of a lid 14 of length in the range of thirty-six inches. Longitudinal walls 62 , 66 are longitudinally aligned with proximal ends 72 , 73 thereof spaced apart from one another to form gaps 71 . Proximal ends 72 , 73 may be inclined at ten to eighty degrees from perpendicular to underside 70 preferably at 30 to 60 degrees. Gaps 71 between proximal ends 72 , 73 of longitudinal walls 62 , 66 are critical in providing turbulence damping so that air is not trapped between longitudinal walls 62 , 66 and transverse walls 60 , 68 below lid 14 . The gaps 71 separate baffle system 61 into first set of baffles 63 and a second set of baffles 67 . The second set of baffles 67 mirrors the first set of baffles 63 in the preferred embodiment. The baffle system 61 interrupts and abates the wave motion of the water caused when an animal manipulates lid 14 to access the water. The baffle system 61 may be formed on underside 70 as an integral part of lid 14 and each wall 60 , 62 , 66 and 68 may be hollow.
A second embodiment of the invention is seen in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 . Livestock waterer 104 shares many of the structures and characteristics of the embodiment detailed in FIGS. 1-3 . Mounting recesses 108 allow access to mounting points 106 which can be fitted with hardware to anchor the livestock waterer 104 to a ground surface. Livestock waterer 104 contains basins 110 set in housing 112 . The housing 112 further comprises front and rear longitudinal sidewalls 105 , 113 and opposing end walls 109 , 111 . Recess 125 allows a top access panel 122 to be removed easier. The top access panel 122 and side access panel 126 are selectively removable and allow access to the interior of the elevated enclosure 107 .
A lid 114 substantially covers each of basins 110 . Openings 116 in lids 114 allow guides 118 to pass through lids 114 . Guide mounts 120 extend from the sidewalls 105 , 113 and secure the guides 118 . Guides 118 are further secured by being anchored to bottom 141 of basins 110 .
Now referring to FIG. 5 , a cross-sectional view shows more detail of the second embodiment livestock waterer 104 . Cavity 140 within the livestock waterer 104 extends to the bottom 141 of basin shelf 142 . Housing 112 comprises end walls 109 , 111 which cooperate with basin shelf 142 and longitudinal sidewalls 105 (seen in FIG. 4 ), 113 to define cavity 140 . Sidewalls 115 of elevated enclosure 107 , end walls 109 , 111 , longitudinal sidewalls 105 , 113 and basin shelf 142 cooperate to define basins 110 which are elevated above a ground surface. Longitudinal sidewalls 105 , 113 , sidewalls 115 of elevated enclosure 107 and end walls 109 , 111 can be seen to be an integral one-piece polymeric structure formed by molding. A water supply pipe (not shown) may traverse cavity 140 and pass through basin shelf 142 to enter central fill tub 146 . Float compartment 144 adjoins central fill tub 146 and provides a location far a float valve (not shown) from which central fill tub 146 is filled. The water enters the basins 110 via ports 148 which connect basins 110 with central fill tub 146 . Lids 114 are buoyant and are supported on water surface 132 within basins 110 . Therefore, lids 114 rise with the addition of water to the basins 110 . Lids 114 slide vertically on guides 118 as water is added to or removed from the basins 110 and as animals seeking water depress lids 114 to gain access to water below lids 114 .
Once basins 110 are filled to a desired level with water, a float valve (not shown) located in elevated enclosure 107 closes to prevent further inflow of water from a water source. An animal gains access to the water by pushing lid 114 downward. As the animal exerts downward force, the lid 114 partially submerges and water rolls over upper surface 150 . Once the animal ceases to exert downward force on lid 114 , water rolls off convex lid 114 and the lid 114 returns to its floating position on top of water contained in basin 110 .
Again referring to FIG. 5 , basin floor 154 contains elements aiding in the heating of the water contained in basins 110 . Post 152 extends from basin floor 154 and may be integrally formed with basin floor 154 . In the preferred embodiment, post 152 is cylindrical. The shape and size of post 152 is selected such that heater 156 may attach to the periphery of post 152 . The heater is positioned in the middle of basin floor 154 in such a way so it cannot be accessed by an animal drinking from the livestock waterer 104 .
As water is removed from the livestock waterer by the animals or through evaporation, the lids 114 descend toward the basin floor 154 . The baffle system 161 of lids 114 of livestock waterer 104 depend from underside 170 of lids 114 to a distance of at least the height of post 152 . This minimal length assures water will always sufficiently cover the heater 156 and minimize overheating of heater 156 .
Again referring to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 , the basin floor 154 may be sloped to provide enhanced emptying and cleaning of the livestock waterer 104 . Once plugs 128 are removed from openings 130 , water drains from basins 110 . The top access panel 122 and side access panel 126 allow a person to more easily access a heating element or water supply within the housing 112 .
FIG. 6 discloses a lid 114 for the embodiment of the livestock waterer 104 of FIG. 4 . Lid 114 comprises an upper convex surface 150 and an underside 170 which is substantially planar. Baffle systems 161 depend from underside 170 and each comprises a transverse wall 163 joined perpendicularly to longitudinal walls 162 and 166 which are spaced apart. Each of longitudinal walls 162 and 166 inclines from its attachment to transverse wall 163 to the underside 170 , leaving a small gap between baffle systems 161 approximately midway along underside 170 . Walls 162 , 163 , 166 each preferably depends at a substantial perpendicular from underside 170 .
In the foregoing description, the container has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, but it should be understood that the description does not intend to limit the container to the embodiments described. Rather, this description is intended to include such alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included in the sphere and scope of this invention, as more particularly set forth in the claims. | A livestock waterer for use in frigid climates includes a lid which floats on the surface of the water in each basin of the waterer. The lid is hollow with a convex upper surface and with baffle walls depending from the underside of the lid. The baffle walls interrupt wave action on the surface of the water created by depression of the lid into the water when an animal presses down on the lid to gain access to the water. The floor of each basin is provided with an integrally formed mounting post to support a heater within the basin. The baffles walls prevent exhaustion of water within the basin thereby preserving submersion of the heater at all times. | 2,984 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates generally to systems for cooling a person for therapeutic purposes. More particularly, this invention relates to an enclosure or tent and support system for a patient who is to be cooled to a temperature below normal body temperature.
BACKGROUND
[0002] International patent applications published under WO 97/42919 and WO 00/27323, which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, describe systems for rapidly cooling a patient to a temperature a few degrees below normal blood temperature, e.g. in the range of about 32 to 34 degrees Celsius. This clinical procedure has been used with some success in reducing brain damage to cardiac or stroke patients as a result of reduced flow of oxygenated blood.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention provides an improved patient cooling system, which, according to a first feature of the invention, comprises an enclosure or tent having an inlet connected to an air cooling system, and an outlet which is connected to re-circulate exhaust air back to the inlet of the cooling system in order to minimize energy losses. Preferably, the enclosure is arranged so that it can be used on a variety of patient support devices such as mattresses, including support devices mounted in an ambulance fitted with a suitable source of cold air.
[0004] Preferably, the enclosure is connected to a cooling system that includes an inlet for ambient air, a main blower that supplies air to the enclosure via the cooling section of a refrigeration system, and a re-circulation duct that connects an outlet from the air tent to the inlet side of the main blower.
[0005] Preferably the air inlet, main blower, and cooling section are all embodied in a single housing that is connected to the air tent through a dedicated hose set. Preferably the hose set is coaxial, and includes an inner tube for the inlet air to the enclosure surrounded by an outer tube for the return air. In this way, the outer air jacket advantageously isolates and insulates the colder inner tube from the ambient temperature.
[0006] Preferably, a valve is included in the return path to enable the proportion of re-circulated air to be varied, in accordance with operational requirements.
[0007] Preferably, the air tent is also provided with a separate outlet to the atmosphere, including a vane type valve to control the exhaust flow, which allows independent control of the pressure inside the enclosure. In this way it is possible to maintain the pressure within the preset limits even if the enclosure is subject to variable leakage.
[0008] Preferably, the patient is supported on a mattress system comprising a plurality of inflatable compartments, which can also be supplied with cooled air. Preferably, the compartments comprise elongate members that extend transversely across the width of the mattress, and can be alternately inflated to avoid any particular regions of the patient's body from being subjected to high pressure continuously.
[0009] According to a further feature of the invention, there is provided a patient support mattress comprising a plurality of transversely extending inflatable compartments, which are so arranged that each compartment can be alternately pressurized, either with relatively low pressure cold air, which assists in cooling the patient but provides relatively little support, or with higher pressure air which acts to support the patient, but provides relatively less cooling effect.
[0010] Preferably the mattress is connected into the re-circulating air supply system of the cooling enclosure, and may be provided with an additional blower to boost the pressure, for its high pressure supply.
[0011] According to a still further feature of the invention there is provided an air tent or enclosure for enclosing a patient in a controlled environment, comprising a plurality of panels of flexible material, and having an opening with releasable fastener means to enable a patient to be enclosed, at least one panel including an aperture or apertures to allow the passage of a duct or pipe to communicate with the interior of the enclosure, the aperture comprising a radially collapsible sleeved opening having a split along the side of the sleeve which communicates with a further split in the panel for introduction of the conduit, the sleeve being flexible and being adapted to be tightened around the conduit.
[0012] Preferably the outer edge of the sleeve is provided with a ring of hook or loop covered attachment material, which is adapted to cooperate with inter-engageable loop or hook material on the panel around the base of the sleeve, whereby the sleeve can be secured tightly around the conduit after it has been placed in position, by twisting the sleeve around the conduit and pressing the ring of material against the co-operating material on the panel.
[0013] Preferably the outer edge of the sleeve is also reinforced with a “split ring” of a resilient material such as aluminum. The split ring maintains the sleeve in a generally circular configuration as it is closed around the conduit and maintains the edge of the sleeve in continuous contact with the surface of the conduit.
[0014] These and other aspects and features of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the annexed sheets of drawings, which illustrate the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] [0015]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a patient cooling system according to the invention.
[0016] [0016]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a patient support mattress having an air flow control system.
[0017] [0017]FIG. 3 a is a side elevation of a first type of patient enclosure.
[0018] [0018]FIG. 3 b is a plan view of the patient enclosure of FIG. 3 a.
[0019] [0019]FIG. 3 c is an end elevation of the enclosure of FIG. 3 a.
[0020] [0020]FIG. 4 a is a side elevation of a second type of patient enclosure.
[0021] [0021]FIG. 4 b is a plan view of the enclosure of FIG. 4 a.
[0022] [0022]FIG. 4 c is an end elevation of the enclosure of FIG. 4 a.
[0023] [0023]FIG. 5 a is an enlarged view of the end panel of FIG. 4 c.
[0024] [0024]FIG. 5 b is a plan view of the end panel of FIG. 5 a.
[0025] [0025]FIG. 5 c is a detailed view of a cross-section through part of the structure of FIG. 5 a.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] Based on the description and illustrations provided herein, the many benefits provided by the invented structure and methods of utilization are apparent. These described benefits, as well as those that are inherent to those skilled in the art, fall within the scope of the invention of the present patent application as limited only by the claims appended hereto.
[0027] Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates the general layout of a patient cooling system in accordance with the invention, comprising an air tent 2 forming an enclosure with an air inlet duct 4 and an outlet duct 6 . The tent is preferably constructed from panels of fabric material, as described in more detail below.
[0028] The tent is supplied with cool air through an air inlet duct 8 , with an intake filter 10 and an intake valve 12 comprising a movable vane that communicates with a main blower 14 . This pressurizes the air, and it then passed through a heat exchanger 16 , which comprises the evaporator section of a refrigeration circuit. The refrigeration circuit further comprises a compressor 18 and a condenser 24 , which is provided in a conventional fashion with a condenser fan having an intake filter 20 , a wick 26 for absorbing condensate drain from the evaporator section, and an outlet air filter 28 .
[0029] Having passed through the heat exchanger 16 and thus being cooled, the air passes into the patient enclosure via the inlet 4 , circulates past the patient, and leaves the enclosure via the outlet 6 . The outlet is connected by means of a re-circulation filter 30 to a re-circulation flow sensor 32 and a re-circulation valve 34 comprising a vane that can be moved in order to control the proportion of re-circulated air.
[0030] The enclosure 2 is also provided with a vane type exhaust valve 36 that enables the pressure inside the enclosure to be independently controlled. In this way, the proportion of re-circulated air and the internal temperature of the enclosure can be controlled without unduly increasing or decreasing the total pressure inside the enclosure.
[0031] The apparatus also includes a patient-supporting mattress, indicated generally at 42 in FIG. 1, which comprises a plurality of inflatable compartments or cells to which air is supplied through an arrangement of valves 44 which are connected to the cooling circuit by a conduit 46 containing a further blower 48 . As illustrated, the conduit 46 is also incorporated in the coaxial hose set, forming a central core 50 , so that the air passing through the conduit is insulated from the ambient temperature by the outer coaxial passageways 38 and 40 .
[0032] [0032]FIG. 2 illustrates in more detail bow air is supplied to the mattress, so that alternate cells are pressurized with high and low pressure air in successive cycles. As shown, there are two interleaved sets of cells or compartments A and B, both of which are connected continuously to a source of cold air at low pressure by means of non-return valves 54 and 56 respectively. In the general arrangement of FIG. 1, these will normally be connected via line 52 to the conduit 4 which supplies the air tent, and will therefore provide little supporting effect for the patient (being at low pressure) but will have fairly substantial cooling capacity.
[0033] The high pressure air supply 46 driven by the blower 48 (as described above with reference to FIG. 1) is connected to each set of cells A or B, by a respective servo valve 44 , and these are activated alternately so that during a first cycle, all cells A are inflated to a high pressure so as to support the patient while cells B are connected to the re-circulation line 6 . A controlled amount of leakage is of course permitted through the fabric of each cell, as indicated by arrow C, since the high pressure air cannot escape via the non-return valves 54 , 56 . Since the air supply 46 has been subjected to greater pressurization, it is, of course, at a somewhat higher temperature than the low pressure supply, and thus, primarily performs a supporting function rather than a cooling function for the patient's body.
[0034] At the same time, however, the cells B are receiving the supply of colder air 52 at relatively low pressure, so these cells primarily provide a cooling function rather than a supporting function.
[0035] At the next cycle, the high pressure air supply is shut off from the cells A, by operating their respective servo valve 44 and instead, they are connected to the re-circulation line so that they now act primarily to provide cooling, as passageways for the cold air supply 52 . At the same time, the cells B are connected to the high pressure supply, so as take over the patient supporting function, in the same way, as described above for the cells A in the previous cycle.
[0036] In this way, each region of the patient's body is alternately supported by the high pressure, or subjected to cooling, rather than being continuously subjected to high pressure.
[0037] [0037]FIG. 3 illustrates the patient enclosure system in more detail, and as shown, this comprises a generally semi-cylindrical fabric structure, having a base portion (not visible in the Figure) that is supported on a mattress cover 62 enclosing a mattress structure of the kind described above with reference to FIG. 2.
[0038] As can be seen from the plan view of FIG. 3 b, the upper or covering portion of the enclosure comprises a pair of elongate flaps 64 whose adjoining edges can be connected with a “Velcro” seal (i.e., separable complementary hook and loop fasteners) or similar seal 66 , each flap being formed with a flexible, transparent inspection panel 68 . A “head end” panel 70 (FIG. 3 c ) is formed with an aperture 72 for the neck of the patient, to allow the patient's head to protrude from the enclosure, and this aperture 72 is connected to the circular edge of the panel 70 , by means of a slit 74 to facilitate the process of positioning the patient's neck. The slit is also provided with Velcro along its adjacent edges, for subsequent closure.
[0039] The enclosure is also provided with a series of specially adapted apertures 76 , for the entry of various conduits and connectors, as will be described in more detail below while the foot end (FIG. 3 d ) is provided with a pair of ports 78 for air input ducts, as well as an aperture 80 for connection to re-circulation and pressure relief valves.
[0040] [0040]FIG. 4 illustrates a “full enclosure” version of the system of FIG. 3, in which, as depicted in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, the enclosure is longer so as to enclose the patient's head. This version includes additional transparent panels 68 in the head region to allow the patient external vision. In this case, of course, the end panel 70 does not include a neck aperture.
[0041] [0041]FIGS. 5 a and 5 b illustrate the arrangement by which pipes and conduits are passed through the walls of the tent, with minimum air leakage. Each conduit aperture 76 is provided with a radially collapsible tubular sleeve 78 made of flexible material such as fabric. The tubular sleeve 78 is stitched into the head end wall 70 in the arrangement shown and projects from the wall. The outer edge of the tubular sleeve 78 is reinforced with a split aluminum anchor ring 82 (FIG. 5 c ) having a covering of Velcro material stitched around it. Thus the Velcro-covered ring 82 forms a rim at the outer end of the tube to maintain the sleeve in a generally circular configuration as it is closed around the conduit. This rim, as well as the sleeve 78 itself, are formed with corresponding slits 84 which enable the sleeve to be closed around a conduit, as explained in more detail below.
[0042] Four Velcro “loop” pads 86 stitched to the wall of the enclosure surround the sleeve 78 . The wall itself includes a slit 88 that extends from the split 84 of the sleeve to the outer edge 90 of the wall. In this way, a pipe or conduit (which may for example already be connected to the patient) can be passed into the enclosure, so as to exit through the sleeve 78 , without disconnecting either end.
[0043] After the conduit has been properly positioned, the reinforced end 82 of the sleeve is twisted around and squeezed into engagement with the conduit, and pressed against the Velcro pads 86 . The rim is then attached to the pads, locating the conduit tightly in position. It will be appreciated that this closure system works equally well for a wide range of conduit sizes. In addition, if any particular aperture is not needed, the sleeve can be twisted up more tightly to close the aperture completely (as indicated schematically in FIGS. 3 and 4).
[0044] It will be appreciated that the slit 88 is also provided with suitable Velcro or similar closure means along its adjacent edges, so that the entire closure can be made substantially leak proof, thus reducing significantly the overall re-circulation losses in the system.
[0045] Although the foregoing specific details describe various embodiments of the invention, persons reasonably skilled in the art will recognize that various changes may be made in the details of the method and apparatus of this invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Therefore, it should be understood that, unless otherwise specified, this invention is not to be limited to the specific details shown and described herein. | A patient cooling system comprises a patient enclosure or tent having a coaxial hose connection to a re-circulating air-cooling system. The hose comprises an inner tube to introduce air into the enclosure and an outer tube for the return air. The patient cooling system further comprises a patient-supporting mattress comprising a plurality of inflatable compartments extending transversely across the width of the mattress, which can also be supplied with cooled air. The compartments can be alternately pressurized for pressure relief therapy. Moreover, the compartments can be pressurized either with relatively low pressure cold air from the air cooling system, or with higher pressure air which acts to support the patient, but provides relatively less cooling effect. Radially collapsible, sleeved openings in the tent panel enable connection of conduits or patient care lines to the patient. | 2,840 |
This application relates to a process for the preparation of a creamed honey product and to the product thereby obtained.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As far as is known, there has always been a problem among honey producers in achieving a creamed honey product having desirable properties and having good stability relative to those properties over a reasonable shelf life. Furthermore, the desire for particular properties has tended to change over time.
Honey producers have generally produced both liquid and creamed honeys. It has almost invariably been the case that the creamed honeys have rapidly crystallized into a relatively hard mass. Furthermore, the size of the crystals or of the crystal groupings has often been such as to result in a relatively coarse product. Clearly a desirable property for a creamed honey is smoothness.
For a number of years liquid honey has been available in so-called squeeze bottle containers. Such containers are utilized with a variety of closure means, but, once the closure means has been placed in the open position, all such containers are inverted and a desired amount of product is ejected by squeezing the nonrigid container. There has been an ongoing desire to produce a creamed honey product which will retain properties permitting it to be utilized in a similar squeeze bottle container.
Such a product must retain smoothness and viscosity properties over a reasonable shelf life. To date no such creamed honey product has been made available.
The present invention is directed toward such a creamed honey product.
PRIOR ART
Various honey products have been proposed in the past and have been made the subject of patents. Two of those which relate to creamed honey are U.S. Pat. No. 1,987,893, issued to Cornell University on Jan. 15, 1935; and Canadian Patent No. 376,338, issued to MacFeeters on Sept. 6, 1938. Neither of these patents includes the process steps of the present application nor will they result in the creamed honey product of the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A process has now been developed which approaches the crystallization of liquid honey in two ways to produce a creamed honey product. First, the liquid honey is seeded with finely ground seed honey granules to provide evenly distributed crystallization cites throughout the mass of liquid honey to encourage the liquid honey to crystallize into smaller finer crystals at these cites rather than into the large coarse crystals that would otherwise result.
Second, the honey is treated at various stages in the crystallization process to break up larger crystals and crystal groups.
The resulting product is of a consistency which is suitable for use with a squeezable container and is sufficiently stable to maintain its consistency over an acceptable shelf life at room temperature.
Thus, the invention provides a process for the preparation of a honey product, the process comprising adding a predetermined quantity of seed honey to a mass of liquid honey; treating the mass of honey a first time to physically break up crystals and crystal groups; holding the crystallized honey a first time for a predetermined period to allow crystallization to occur; treating the crystallized honey at least one additional time to physically break up crystals and crystal groups; and holding the honey a second time for a predetermined period.
In the preferred case the crystallized honey is treated a total of three times to break up crystals and crystal groups.
In the preferred case the treatment of the crystallized honey comprises pumping the honey through a positive displacement pump.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Liquid honey if permitted to crystallize naturally will normally form large coarse crystals and will invariably result in a relatively solid product of a consistency, for example, which may or may not be spreadable, but which is in the nature of a rather solid product.
It has long been known that honey can be induced to crystallize in smaller crystals and crystal groups by seeding liquid honey with ground crystalline honey. The seed honey provides crystallization cites which initially lead to formation of smaller crystals. The resulting creamed honey product has a much more desirable texture and consistency.
Unfortunately, the creamed honey product produced from seed honey was invariably unstable and would rather quickly revert to the harder and more granular creamed honey product.
Liquid honey is of a consistency that makes use by the average consumer somewhat difficult. This is particularly so in attempting to transfer the liquid honey from a retail container to a food product in association with which honey would normally be eaten as, for example, bread. This transfer is, in short, often quite messy, particularly when attempted by younger children.
To alleviate this problem to some extent liquid honey is currently often sold in squeezable bottles or containers having an appropriate closure device with an orifice of, say, 0.25 inch, and from which a liquid honey can be ejected by inverting and squeezing the container. The product can thus be transferred directly to the food product in association with which it will be eaten.
While the problems associated with hardened creamed honey differ from those associated with liquid honey, there has nonetheless been a strong desire to have available creamed honey which can be marketed in a similar squeezable container. To date the problems discussed above have always prevented the use of squeezable containers for creamed honey because the required texture and consistency for both attractiveness of product and usability of squeezable containers could not be maintained.
A "squeezable" creamed honey can be produced according to the following process.
While not part of the invention as such, liquid honey would normally be treated in the same way as is conventional among most, if not all, commercial honey producers. That is to say, the raw liquid honey is first pasteurized and then filtered to remove impurities. The preferred pasteurization temperature is between 150° to 160° F. and may be carried out in a normal high temperature short time pasteurizer which is exemplified by typical dairy type plate heat exchangers.
Filtration is preferably carried out utilizing a 100 mesh stainless steel filter coated with a diatomaceous earth (Kenite 3000™ or equivalent filter media).
The liquid honey is preferably cooled immediately after the pasteurization and filtration steps. The temperature to which the honey is chilled is chosen to be below the temperature at which the seed honey to be added subsequently would melt and above the temperature at which hard granulation would occur. The most preferred temperature is 78° to 80° F. This temperature is preferably maintained until the final process step to be discussed below. The cooling step may be carried out with the same type of plate heat exchanger as that used for the pasteurization step.
Finely ground seed honey is next added to the liquid honey. It is desirable that the seed honey be thoroughly mixed with the liquid honey but also that the mixing be sufficiently gentle to minimize air entrainment. In that regard a ribbon type mixer operated at a speed of 33 to 44 rpm, and preferably 44 rpm, has been found suitable.
Seed honey is preferably added to comprise 25% of the total resulting honey volume. In that regard use of an insufficient amount of seed honey results in the formation of larger crystals resulting in a very coarse hard granulation. As indicated, the preferred amount of seed honey is 25% by volume of the total honey. Adding additional seed honey will produce the required product but simply increases production cost and reduces net yield.
The seed honey is hard granulated honey which has been ground. It is preferably very finely ground to have a particle size which will freely pass through an 80 mesh screen.
The mixture is then pumped through a positive displacement pump into a storage tank where it is held to allow substantially complete crystallization of the liquid to occur. The temperature requirement is as discussed above and is preferably maintained at 78° to 80° F. in the storage tank. The mixture is held in the tank until crystallization has advanced to the required extent. This period will normally be at least 96 hours.
The crystallized honey is then transferred to a second storage tank. Again a positive displacement pump is preferably used to effect this transfer. The temperature is preferably maintained with the constraints discussed above and most preferably in the 78° to 80° F. range.
The effect of the positive displacement pumps utilized in the transfer steps is to physically break down the honey crystals and crystal groups in such a way that they will not continue to grow or reform into groups. Any other means apart from a positive displacement pump may be utilized provided the desired breakup of crystals and crystal groups is achieved.
The crystallized honey is preferably pumped a third time through the positive displacement pump or whatever other apparatus has been used to effect the crystal breakup. The honey is at this point preferably pumped directly to a filling line and into retail containers. While a great advantage of the product of the present invention is its use in squeezable bottles, it is of course possible to utilize any other conventional container.
The temperature is preferably maintained in the 78° to 80° F. range through this third transfer and container filling step.
The packaged product is then preferably placed in a cool storage area and held for a period of time sufficient to permit the crystallized honey to stabilize. This holding period is preferably carried out at a temperature of about 54° F. for a period of preferably at least 96 hours.
The 54° F. holding temperature in the final step is in a range which is optimum for crystallization. Accordingly, in the event that the process steps have not been correctly carried out, so that crystal breakup has been insufficient to result in a stable product, it is highly likely that this storage step will provide evidence of that fact through the appearance of hard or granular crystallization.
In the normal course, however, the product will after the stabilization period have an acceptable shelf life at room temperature. For example, the consistency and smoothness will be maintained for up to a year. At 54° F. or cooler, the product will have an essentially unlimited shelf life. Refrigeration is not, however, required.
Thus it is apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the invention a process for the preparation of a creamed honey product that fully satisfies the objects, aims and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the invention. | There is provided a new and useful honey product and a process for the preparation thereof, the process comprising adding a predetermined quantity of seed honey to a mass of honey, treating the mass of honey a first time to physically break up crystal groups, holding the mass of honey a first time for a predetermined period to allow crystallization, treating the crystallized honey at least one additional time to physically break up crystal groups, and holding the honey a second time for a predetermined period. | 1,904 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the present invention relates generally to amusement devices and systems, and more specifically to such devices and systems that are responsive to a missile such as a ball striking a target for causing a seat or platform to swivel downward, dropping therefrom an object or person sitting upon the seat prior to the missile striking the target.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In Gaus, U.S. Pat. No. 1,991,610, a complicated mechanical apparatus is disclosed for dropping a person from a seat into a pool of water upon the striking of a ball or like missile on a target. The mechanism includes a plurality of bevel gears, level arms, rods, and so forth, for concurrent with the seat moving downward to drop the person, causing an animated object to move toward the person as he drops into the water.
In Abraham et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,262,704, when a target is struck by a missile, a rod having one end connected to the target is moved in a manner for unlatching a mechanism holding, at a height, an animated object, for permitting the object to fall downward via a guided slotway.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a target mounted upon one end of an elongated and pivotally mounted target arm, whereupon the striking of a missile against the target, the target moves in a direction causing the other end of the target arm to engage and rotate a latching bar means in a direction for releasing latching cam means, in turn causing a seat associated therewith to swivel downward for dropping a person or other object into a water tank, whereafter means are provided for automatically resetting the present apparatus by merely rotating the seat back to its original, upright and latched position.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be hereinafter more specifically described with reference to some exemplary embodiments as shown in the drawing wherein like items are indicated by the same reference designation:
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view, from the right, of a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view, from the right, showing more details than FIG. 1 of certain components;
FIG. 3 is a detail perspective view, from the rear, showing the target tripping mechanism and seat asssembly;
FIG. 4 is a detail perspective view, of a portion of the right side of the tripping mechanism;
FIG. 5 is a rear detail view of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a partial detail view, of the left side, of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a partial detail view, of the right side, of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a partial detail view, of the front, of the invention;
FIG. 9 is an exploded front perspective detail view from the right of the water tank of the invention;
FIG. 10 is an exploded front perspective detail view from the left of a portion of the seat assembly of the invention;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the construction of a latching tooth of the invention; and
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the drain assembly for the water tank of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention was actually reduced to practice by the present invention as shown in the FIGS. 1 through 12, and with reference to Table 1 showing the material and dimensions used for substantially each item. Although specific materials, dimensions, and hardware are indicated in Table 1, such indications are for purposes of example only and not meant to be limiting, in that different dimensions, hardware, and materials may be substituted therefore without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention.
With reference to FIGS. 1 through 7, and Table 1, the various items of the invention are either welded or bolted together, or otherwise secured. A canopy 45 is provided for shielding a person sitting on seat 8 from the sun, and for cosmetic purposes. Typically, the frame is fabricated from steel tubing and angle iron, for example.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________REF. REF.NO. DESCRIPTION NO. DESCRIPTION__________________________________________________________________________ 1 1 ea. @ 1/8" × 48" × 48 " * ALUMINUM 27 1 ea. @ 11/2" × 11/2" × 16 ga. × 5'0" STEEL TUBE 2 1 ea. @ 3/16" × 47 3/4" × 48" * 28 1 ea. @ 1" dia. × 55" × 171/2" STEEL ALUMINUM LATCH BAR 3 4 ea. @ 11/2 dia. × 4'3" * 29 1 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 14 ga. × 18" STEEL ALUMINUM TUBE ANGLE 4 3 ea. @ 21/2" × 21/2" × 3/16" 30 2 ea. STEEL LATCHING TEETH ALUMINUM ANGLE 5 4 ea. @ 1" dia. × 2" LONG × 1/4" 31 2 ea. @ 3/8 " × 21/4" CAM BOLT, NUT EYEBOLT & LOCK WASHER 6 4 ea. SPRINGS 32 4 ea. @ 1/4" × 11/4" STAINLESS HEX BOLT, NUT, & LOCK WASHER 7 2 ea. @ 1/4" × 1" × 1" HARDENED 33 12 ea. @ 11/4" × 11/2" HEX BOLT, NUT, STEEL D NOTCH STOPS OR STEPS & LOCK WASHER 8 1 ea. @ 1/4" × 16" × 44" * 34 24 ea. @ 1/4" × 11/4" STAINLESS STEEL ALUMINUM SEAT HEX BOLT NUT, & LOCK WASHER 9 5 ea. @ 1" BALLBEARING PILLOW 35 8 ea. @ 3/8" × 21/2" CAM BOLT, NUT, BLOCK & WASHER10 1 ea. @ 1" dia. × 48" * 36 68 ea. @ 1/4" × 11/4" STAINLESS STEEL HEX ALUMINUM BAR BOLT, NUT, & LOCK WASHER11 2 ea. @ 1" × 51/2" * ALUMINUM 37 6 ea. @ 3/8" × 21/2" CAM BOLT, NUT, LATCH SPINDLE & WASHER12 1 ea. @ 48" × 48" × 236. ACRYLIC 38 2 ea. @ 3/8" × 2 3/4" CAM BOLT, NUT, PLASTIC (CLEAR) & WASHER13 1 ea. @ 471/2" × 48" × 1/2" ACRYLIC 39 1 ea. @ 3/32" × 2" × 47" * ALUMINUM PLASTIC (CLEAR)14 1 ea. @ 1/4" × 11/2" × 2" × 4'5" 39' 2 ea. @ 3/32" × 2" × 451/2" * ALUMINUM STEEL ANGLE15 4 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 16 ga. × 9'0" 40 8 ea. @ 1/4" × 2" × 4" * ALUMINUM ANGLE STEEL TUBE16 2 ea. @ 1" × 2" × 1" × 16" × 1/4 41 1 ea. @ 1/4" × 3" × 7" × 3" STEEL STEEL CHANNEL BRACKET17 4 ea. @ 3" × 31/2" × 1/4" STEEL 42 1 ea. @ 3/4" × 3/4" × 5'0" × 16 ga. WINDOW BRAZE TARGET ARM18 4 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 1/8"× 4'0" 43 1 ea. @ 10" dia. × 16 ga TARGET STEEL ANGLE WINDOW FRAME19 8 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 1/8" × 4" 44 DRAIN BUSHING (1" TANK ADAPTER) STEEL ANGLE FRAME BRACKET20 4 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 16 ga. × 4'2" 45 1 ea. @ 7'6" × 4'6" CANOPY STEEL TUBE21 3 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 16 ga. × 4'0" 46 4 ea. @ 1/2" × 3/16" COUNTERSUNK BOLT STEEL TUBE22 8 ea. @ 1" × 2" 1/8" × 4" STEEL 47 1 ea. @ 1" × 2" × 1" × 4 3/4" × 1/4" ANGLE FRAME BRACKET STEEL CHANNEL23 1 ea. @ 1" × 1" × 16 ga. × 4'1/2" 48 1 ea. @ 1" × 41/2" VERTICAL SHAFT STEEL TUBE24 2 ea. @ 11/2" × 11/2" × 16 ga. × 9'2" 49 1 ea. ALUMINUM LADDER STEEL TUBE 50 2 ea. RUBBER BUMPER25 1 ea. @ 11/2" × 11/2" × 16 ga. × 4'3" 101 1 ea. 1" × 3" PIPE NIPPLE STEEL TUBE26 2 ea. @ 11/2" × 11/2" × 16 ga. × 47 103" 1 ea. 1" GATE VALUE STEEL TUBE * 606-T6 TEMPERED ALUMINUM__________________________________________________________________________
As shown in FIG. 8, the front of the target apparatus of the invention further includes a clear or transparent shield 12 of acrylic plastic, for example, for protecting a person sitting on seat 8 from being struck by an errant ball or like missile thrown at target 43. One example of a method of mounting the shield 12 is via use of the hardware indicated, including window frame 18 and window brazes 17. Also, the front panel 13 of the water tank (see FIG. 9) is fabricated from a clear or transparent material such as acrylic plastic, for example. The transparent shield 12 and panel 13 permit observers to see a person sitting on the seat 8, and falling into a tank of water subsequent to a missile striking target 43, as will be described. The sides 2' and back 2, and the bottom 1, of the water tank are fabricated from aluminum sheets, and assembled together, as shown in FIG. 9, using aluminum tubing 3, angle 4, struts 39, 39', and angles 40. Appropriate sealing material is used around the seams of the water tank to make it leak proof. A tank adapter 44 is mounted through the back panel of the tank near the bottom panel 1, as shown. FIG. 12 shows a pictorial of the drainage system 44, 101, 103, that protrudes from the outside surface of the back panel 2. Rubber stops 50 are included on the upper inside surface of the back panel 2 for dampening the fall of the seat 8. In FIG. 10, the seat assembly includes a seat 8 welded to a bar 10 (also see FIGS. 2 and 3). The latch spindles 11 are welded to the spindle bar 10 proximate its ends, respectively, as shown. Ballbearing pillow blocks 9 are used to rotationally secure the ends of the spindle bar 10 to the inside surface of the frame 24.
With reference to FIGS. 3 and 11, latch teeth 30 are fabricated from steel members 30', 30", 30"' via welds W as shown. An eyebolt 5 is welded to one of members 30"' as shown, with the ends of members 30"' being welded to latch bar 28, and positioned as shown.
With reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, a target 43 is rigidly mounted upon an extreme end of a target arm 42. A vertical shaft 48 is rigidly attached to the underside of target arm 42 near the latter's other end, with the end of the shaft 48 being rotationally mounted via a bushing 9 to a protruding end of a cross member 27, as shown. The horizontally aligned portion of latch bar 28 is mounted via bushings or ballbearing pillow blocks 9, and channels 16 to vertical members 24. One end of latch bar 28 is bent at about ninety degrees and oriented as shown for engaging an end portion of target arm 42. A U-shaped bracket 41 is mounted to cross member 27 as shown, for providing a stop means for limiting the movement of target arm 42 and latch arm 28 which are moveable between the upright arms of bracket 41. Springs 6 are mounted between one arm of bracket 41 and eyelets 5 on either side of vertical shaft or pivot arm 48, as shown, for urging target arm 42 against the end of the bent portion or vertically oriented portion of latch arm 28. Other springs 6 are mounted between eyelets 5 attached to latch spindles 11 and their associated latching teeth 30, respectively, for urging the latching teeth 30 against their associated latch spindles 11. Such spring biasing ensures that the latching teeth 30 firmly engage the notch stops 7 (see FIG. 10) of latch spindles 11, respectively, for ensuring that the seat 8 is firmly latched into its upright position in the ready or cocked state of the present target apparatus invention. Also, the combination of the spring biasing of the target arm 42, and latch spindles 11 with associated latch teeth 30, provides for automatic resetting of the apparatus by merely raising the seat 8 to its latched position, as will be described below.
In operation, water is placed in the water tank, and the seat 8 is latched into its upright position as shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. A person climbs a ladder 49 (partially shown in FIG. 1) and sits on seat 8 above the water tank. When a ball or like missile strikes target 43, the associated end of target arm 42 moves back, causing its other end to move foward and rotate latch arm 28 in a direction for lifting the latching teeth 30 away from the notch stops or surfaces 7 of the spindle latches 11, respectively, permitting the seat 8 to swivel downward, dropping the person seated thereupon into the water. The spindle latches 11 will also rotate in the same direction as the seat. When seat 8 so swivels downward or drops it will strike the rubber stops or bumpers 50 mounted on the back of the tank, as previously mentioned. The present target apparatus is thereafter reset by raising up the seat 8 until the latching spindles 11 rotate back to a position permitting the latching teeth 30 to drop down against the notch stops 7, respectively, thereby completing the latching or cocking operation. As the latching teeth 30 so drop into their respective latching positions with their associated latch spindles 11, latch arm 28 is automatically rotated and moves the target arm 42 back into its cocked position. Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, other embodiments may occur to those of ordinary skill in the art which fall within the true spirit and scope of the appended claims. | A missile responsive amusement apparatus comprising a target mounted upon one end of an elongated target arm, the latter being pivotally mounted to a box-like frame, whereupon when a missile strikes the target, the target arm pivots in a direction causing its other end to engage and rotate a latch bar for lifting latching teeth out of notches located in a pair of spindle cams, thereby releasing a spindle bar to which a seat is attached for rotation in a direction causing the seat to swivel downward for dropping a person sitting thereupon into a tank of water below the seat. Thereafter, via spring biasing of the spindle cams and target arm, the apparatus can be reset by rotating the seat upward until it latches in its upright position via the latching teeth engaging the notches of the spindle cams attached to the spindle bar, while concurrently causing the latching bar to rotate for pivoting the target arm back to its "cocked" or "ready" position. | 2,423 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A very successful fish stringer widely present on the market consists of a length of chain with a plurality of safety-pin-like fish clips secured to the chain at spaced intervals. The sharp end of the clip wire is normally lodged in a shielded pocket. To string a fish, the end is sprung out of the socket and threaded through the lower and upper lips of the fish and closed again. The bight of the clip permits enough jaw movement of the fish so that it can breathe freely while it is on the stringer. This type of stringer does a notably good job of keeping the fish alive until the day's fishing is done. The spaced intervals of the clips prevent crowding of the fish on the stringer and eventual jaw destruction and suffocation.
In pier and bridge fishing common in Florida and elsewhere, the fishing platform may be 12' to 20' or more above the water. Carrying such a length of line or chain with clips attached would present difficulties in tangling. Also, tailoring the length of the line to a variety of fishing locations presents obvious difficulties.
The lip hooking of the fish also raises problems in regard to a conventional stringer. The lips, while fairly strong and tough, can tear through. Such tearing is a likely eventuality when the fishing is good and the stringer must frequently be raised 12' in the air, for instance, to add another fish to it, the fish already on the stringer jerking and flopping. Even if the already caught fish should not shake themselves free, damage to the jaws and breathing mechanism is likely such that the fish may die prematurely.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed to a fish stringer and to the link forming a part thereof which avoids the above difficulties. The link itself consists of a closed loop of stiff wire to which a fish clip is secured, the link being adapted for a secure, sliding attachment to a line, cable or chain intermediate its length such that the fish holders can be carried separately from the line and the length of the line be determined according to the particular requirements of the fishing location. The separate and detached transport of the line and the holders greatly reduces tangling. The closed-loop nature of the link minimizes tangling as among the holders themselves. The length of the links on the line is substantial so as to afford good spacing for the fish on the stringer.
The ready attachability of the holders to the line between its ends permits the attachment of each fish individually to the line at the fishing platform and permitting the fish and holder to drop down into the water without the necessity of hauling up the stringer with the fish already caught on it and without the necessity of untying the line from its anchoring point on the bridge or pier.
Attention is directed to the following patents, the first two particularly.
______________________________________Patent No. To Issued______________________________________2,125,770 S. Dabroski Aug. 2, 19383,055,332 V. J. Linsdeau Sept. 25, 19622,111,958 D. M. Bardon Mar. 22, 19382,217,972 W. E. Smith Oct. 15, 19403,120,715 A. E. Long Feb. 11, 1964______________________________________
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective of a portion of a stringer line with a pair of the fish holders mounted thereto;
FIG. 2 is a front elevation of the fish holder of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an end elevation of the link of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a link of the invention and a section of stringer cord illustrating the beginning of the attachment of the link to the cord;
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 illustrating a final step in the attachment of the link to the cord;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary front elevation similar to FIG. 2 illustrating a modified form of the link; and
FIG. 7 is an end elevation of the link of FIG. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIG. 1 is shown a length of fish stringer line or cord 10 with two fish holders 12 mounted thereto. The fish holders consist of a clip 14 and a link 16. The cord 10 may be rope, chain, or cable, but it must be flexible. The cord should have a stop on one end thereof, here shown to be a relatively large washer 18 to which the cord is knotted.
The link consists of a length of stiff wire, for instance 14 gauge iron wire, which may be plated for corrosion resistance. The wire is formed to have a pair of oppositely wound coils 20 and 22 formed therefrom having a common center line or axis. A bridging portion or tongue 24 which may be pointed, round or straight (FIG. 6) bridges the adjacent ends of the coils and extends beyond the periphery of the coils. In the drawings, the left hand coil 20 has a right hand twist to it and the right hand coil 22 has a left hand twist to it. As illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, the coils are wound through about 540° and the turns 25, 26 of each coil are imperatively spaced apart by at least the diameter of the cord, chain or cable which is to constitute the string for the stringer. The wire at the remote ends of the coils 20, 22 occupy a common plane tangent to the two coils 20, 22 and extend away from the coils convergently toward each other to a point of meeting 28 well spaced from the common axis of the two coils 20 and 22. The tongue extends from the coils a short distance parallel to the plane of the wires and tangent to the other side of the coils.
The link may perhaps be visualized better from one method of fabrication. If the wire were to be bent into a V shape (FIGS. 1-5) or with a U shape with divergent legs (FIG. 6) the apex at the center of the wire, the two arms of the wire laid against the same side of a cylindrical mandrel a short distance away from the apex, the apex positionally anchored to the mandrel, and the arms bent around the mandrel an equal number of turns in an outwardly spiraling fashion, the twin coil structure will be achieved. Thereafter, the unspiralled arm ends will be bent toward each other, first a slightly convergent angle to define legs 30 and then a sharply convergent angle to meet and define a crossbar 32 generally parallel to and well spaced from the axis of the coils.
The juncture of the legs at the point of meeting may be effected in various ways. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 5, the two ends of the wire are formed into overlapping eyes 34, and one loop 36 of a swivel 38 passes through both eyes to hold them together. The other end 40 of the swivel mounts the fish clip 42. In the modification shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the two ends of the wire are welded together as at 44. Where welding is the means for connecting the two ends of the wire, the weld may be located at any point in the length of the wire, the center of the tongue 24 linking the two coils, for instance. Other means of connecting the ends of the wire might be twisting them together, enclosing them in the ends of a sleeve, etc.
In the modification shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, it will be noted that the swivel 38 is mounted directly on the closed loop of the link 16 and thus is not positionally fixed on the link as is the modification shown in FIGS. 1 through 5.
It is possible to mount the fish clip 42 directly to the link without the interposition of the swivel 38.
The method of attaching the link to the stringer cord is particularly illustrated in FIG. 4 and 5. The link is oriented with the legs to the back and the tongue to the front. The cord is laid against the front of the legs 30 and in contact with the underside of the coils 20 and 22. A shallow loop of the cord between the legs is drawn backward and upward to lodge the cord in the upper part of the outermost turn of the coils as shown in FIG. 4. The loop is then drawn forwardly and down over the end of the tongue 24 and released (FIG. 5). This lodges the cord in the innermost turn of the coils and the link is thereby entrained on the cord with the cord extending along the common axis of the two loops. The link, thus, is attached in an encircling, sliding relationship to the cord between its ends without the necessity of threading an end of the cord through the coils. Detachment is similarly easy.
The tongue extending well away from the periphery of the coils requires substantial slack in the cord for the cord's passage thereover, so contributing to the security of the attachment.
The angularity or rotation of the coils 20 and 22 is subject to some variation. Obviously, there is no point in carrying their rotation farther than is necessary to obtain a positive, loss-proof attachment to the cord. The illustrated 540° angularity of the coils of FIGS. 1 through 5 serves this purpose well. There is no point in carrying the rotation farther than this degree in that it consumes additional wire and requires somewhat more effort to attach the link to the cord. The modification illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrates coils wound through 540°. The extension of the tongue in both instances contributes to the security.
The limiting case, of course, is a bend of greater than 180° such that the plane of the tongue and of the legs intersect. Thus, a coil of 270° would provide fair security for the attachment of the link to the cord if the tongue projected well through and beyond the plane established by the legs. Such a link, however, in addition to lacking the security of a greater angularity of bend, would have the disadvantage of a substantial projection in two planes at right angles to each other which would add to the space required in transporting a number of such links.
A characteristic length of the link would be about two inches between the outer ends of the coils. This provides adequate spacing of the fish on the stringer cord. The links, of course, will stack on the cord. The links may be longer if larger fish are anticipated.
The convergence of the legs 30 permits independent swiveling of the links with a minimum of interference. | A fish stringer comprising a cord and a plurality of fish holders including links which are attachable to the cord between its ends in sliding relation thereon. | 1,836 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a garden tool having a ground engaging member (for example a tine assembly or a cutter assembly) driven by a motor. The invention is particularly concerned with scarifying or raking tools and with grass cutters.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
In an existing form of scarifier, the body of the tool is made of a number of metal parts assembled together. In this way, a strong body can be obtained and a compartment for a motor, wheel or roller mountings and other facilities provided on the body without undue difficulty. Such a construction is, however, expensive and also liable to corrode.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a garden tool including a body moulded in one piece from plastics material, the body defining a chamber for receiving a driving motor, and a forward chamber for receiving a scarifying, raking or cutter assembly.
By making the body in one piece from plastics material, considerable cost savings are achieved and corrosion problems are eliminated.
Preferably, the chamber for receiving the motor and defined by the tool body is upwardly open.
A cover may be provided to fit over the top of the motor chamber thereby closing the chamber. This protects the motor from dirt and also protects an operator against accidental contact with the motor. The cover is preferably also moulded in one piece from plastics material.
A pair of wheels or a roller may be mounted at the front and/or the back of the body. In one embodiment of the invention, a rear roller is provided below the top of the body in a rearward chamber defined in the body.
The wheels or roller may be mounted in openings in the sides of the body.
A speed reducing gear box may be drivingly connected between the motor and the scarifying, raking or cutter assembly. The motor and the speed reducing gear box may together define a sub-assembly. The gear box of the sub-assembly may be located outside a side of the body and the motor may project through the side of the body into the chamber. The gear box may be located in an enclosed space defined between the side of the body and a side portion of the cover. The side portion of the cover may include one or more openings providing an air passageway from the enclosed space to the exterior of the tool. A further air passageway may be provided from the exterior of the tool into the chamber.
A handle may be mounted on the body. The handle may be mounted at the rear of the tool.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
By way of example, a lawn mower scarifier embodying the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the lawn scarifier,
FIG. 2 is a side view of one side of the main body of the scarifier,
FIG. 3 is a side view of the other side of the main body,
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the main body,
FIG. 5 is an underneath plan view of the main body,
FIG. 6 is a sectional view along the lines VI--VI of FIG. 4,
FIG. 7 is a sectional view along the lines VII--VII of FIG. 4,
FIG. 8 is an underneath plan view, partly in section of a motor and gear box assembly which is received in the main body,
FIG. 9 is a partly cut away end view of the motor and gear box assembly, in the direction of the arrow IX in FIG. 8,
FIG. 10 is a plan view of a cover for the main body,
FIG. 11 is a side view of the cover, taken in the direction of the arrow XI in FIG. 10, and
FIG. 12 is a view, similar to FIG. 1 of the main body of the scarifier, partly brokenaway and with the cover removed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring first to FIG. 1, a lawn scarifier has a body 1, a handle 2, with a control switch (not shown) but operable by a pivoted lever 3, and a tine assembly 4 rotated in use by a motor and gear box assembly (not visible in FIG. 1 but shown in FIG. 12). The scarifier is supported on a pair of front wheels 5 rotatably mounted on the body 1 and a rear roller 6A (not visible in FIG. 1 but shown in FIG. 12), the height of which may be adjusted by rotating a pair of knobs 6. An electric cable 13 leads from the switch 3 down the handle to the body 1 of the tool. The tine assembly may be as described in British patent application No. 82.36612 (publication No. 2 112 613A) or European patent application No. 80104985.9 (publication No. 0 024 696).
The body 1 comprises a main body 7 and a cover of inverted ␣-shape and which has a grooved top portion 9 and 10 depending from the top portion and extending down to the bottom of the body 1. Each of the sides 10 includes an enlarged box part 11 having air vents 12 providing an air passage between the interior of the body 1 and the outside atmosphere.
The main body 7 and the cover 8 are each moulded in one piece from plastics material. The shape of the main body 7 will now be described in further detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7 and that of the cover 8 with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11.
The main body 7 has a front 60, a back 30, similar but not identical sides 14, 15 (the side 14 being shown in FIG. 2 and the side 15 in FIG. 3), and a top which can be divided into three parts: a rear part 16, an upwardly-open central part 17 and a front part 18. The front and central parts are shallowly inclined towards the front of the scarifier while the rear part is more steeply inclined towards the rear of the scarifier. The bottom of the body 7 is open (this being the route by which the main core of the mould is inserted and withdrawn), while the other sides of the body are in general solid, apart from the front part 18 of the top which has an opening in which the tine assembly 4 is mounted and the back 30 which is cut away along much of its length to accommodate the roller.
Each of the sides 14, 15 has a substantially circular opening 23 towards the rear in which a respective one of the height adjustment knobs 6 for the rear roller is mounted. As can be seen from FIG. 5, a respective interior side wall 24 is provided parallel to each of the sides 14, 15 at the rear of the main body and each interior wall has an opening 23A (FIG. 6) aligned with the openings 23 and providing a second mounting of the knob 6. The details of the height adjustable rear roller mounting are not relevant to the present invention and will not be described further. The mounting is described in pending British Patent Application No. 84.24499 (publication No. 2147185A).
Towards the front of each side 14, 15 a respective circular opening 24 surrounded by an outstanding boss 25 is provided to receive a respective stub axle for a respective one of the wheels 5.
On each of the sides 14, 15 there are two further generally circular openings which are coaxial with one another. On the side 14, there is an opening 26 which is located below the central part 17 of the top of the main body and there is an opening 27 coaxial with the tine assembly 4. An air filter 26A (in FIG. 12) is mounted in the opening 26 and a bearing (not shown) for the tine assembly is releasably mounted in the opening 27. The details of the bearing mounting are not relevant to the present invention and will not be described further.
On the side 15, there is a circular opening 28 coaxial with the opening 26 in which a part of the motor and gear box assembly shown in FIG. 9 is received as will be described in more detail later, and there is a circular opening 29 coaxial with the opening 27 through which the output drive shaft of the motor and gear box assembly passes from the exterior to the interior of the main body 7, as will be described below.
In the centre of the inclined rear part 16 a generally rectangular projecting housing 20 is provided with a central tubular portion 21 in which the handle 2 is mounted. The details of this handle mounting arrangement are not relevant to the present invention and will not be described further. Immediately below the housing 20 is a slightly recessed panel 22 on which the manufacturer's label or nameplate may be fixed.
Adjacent to the housing 20 at the top of the rear part 16, a groove 32 is formed in the body providing a passageway into a motor chamber 34 defined by the upwardly open part 17 of the main body and below the cover 8. The cable 13 from the switch 3 passes through this passageway and a cable clamp 33 is provided in the motor chamber 34 where the cable enters the chamber. The motor chamber 34 extends across substantially the entire width of the tool and has a rear wall 35 with an upper sloping portion and a lower upright portion, a bottom wall 36 and a curved front wall 37. Towards the side 15 a transverse wall 38 with an arcuate top (see FIGS. 6 and 7) is provided between walls 35 and 37 and at each end of the wall 38 there are bosses 39 with threaded bores 40.
The curved front wall 37 of the motor chamber 34 also defines the rearward boundary of the opening at the front of the tool for the tine assembly 4. The forward boundary of this opening is defined by a vertical wall 41 depending from the front part 18 of the top of the main body. On each side of the front part 18, sockets 42 are provided to receive mounting parts of a collector box (not shown).
Referring now also to FIGS. 8 and 9, the motor and gear box assembly generally comprises an electric motor 50, a gear box housing 51, gears 52 and 53 and an output drive shaft 54. The motor 50 is fixed to the gear box housing 51, which is made in two mating parts, and includes a lamination stack 54A, a centrifugal fan 55 and end caps 56. The armature shaft of the motor carries a pinion 57 at one end projecting into the gear box housing 51 and the pinion 57 meshes with teeth 58 formed on a large diameter of the gear 52 which is mounted on a long shaft in the housing. The gear 52 also has a set of teeth 59 meshing with teeth on the gear 53 which is fixed to the output drive shaft 54 passing out through the gear box housing 51 parallel to the motor armature shaft.
As shown in FIG. 12, the motor and gear box assembly is mounted on the main body 7 of the tool with the motor inserted into the motor chamber 34 through the opening 28 and the output drive shaft 54 passing through the opening 29 in the side 15 and drivingly connected to the tine assembly 4. The gear box housing 51 is located outside the side 15 immediately adjacent thereto and the side 15 is stepped inwardly below a curved boundry wall 61 (FIG. 3) to accommodate the housing 51. The side 15 is strengthened in the region of the openings 28 and 29 by circular ribs 62 around the openings and interconnecting tangential ribs 63. Holes are provided in lugs 90 on the gear box housing 51 and in corresponding locations in the side 15 to enable the motor and gear box assembly to be secured in position.
The motor 50 rests on the arcuate top of the transverse wall 38 in the motor chamber and the electric cable 13 is connected to the motor.
When the motor 50 is in position, the cover 8 shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 is secured over the hollow central part 17 of the main body. The cover 8 locates in grooves 64 provided in the tops of the sides 14,15 and is secured in position by screws secured in holes 65 in the sides 14,15 and holes 70 in the cover 8.
When a user closes the switch 3, the motor 50 is actuated rotating the tine assembly 4 via the gears 52,53. The fan 55 draws air in through the vents 12 of the cover 8 over the side 14, through the air filter 26A in the side 14 and into the motor chamber 34. Air is discharged by the fan into the space between the cover 8 and the side 15 of the body and passes out of the tool through the vents 12 on that side of the cover.
The main body 7 of the scarifier described above, being moulded in one piece from plastics material, is comparatively simple and inexpensive to produce, and the use of plastics material results in a main body 7 which is comparatively lightweight and will not corrode, so that the scarifier is easy to handle and is also easy to maintain.
The structure of the main body 7 (in particular, the provision of the various walls defining the motor chamber and the tine assembly chamber) ensures that the body is sufficiently robust despite its lightweight. Moreover, assembly of the scarifier is faciliated since the structure provides, in a simple manner, a location for the various components of the scarifier including, in particular, a compartment 34 in which the motor can be completely enclosed by the provision of the cover 8 and thereby protected. | A motor driven lawn scarifier or cutter has a body which houses the motor and the scarifying/cutter assembly and also wheel or roller mountings. With a view to simplifying manufacture and assembly of the tool and eliminating corrosion problems, the body is moulded in one piece from plastics material and is shaped to provide a chamber (34) for the motor (50) and a forward chamber for the scarifying/cutter assembly (4). A roller (6A), located in a rearward chamber in the body, is mounted in openings (23) in the sides of the body and wheels (5) are mounted in openings (24) at the front of the body. A cover (8) which is also moulded in one piece from plastics material closes the motor chamber (34). | 2,528 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
My invention relates to a method for processing the entrails of slaughtered poultry and to a device for treating the intestines of poultry.
In a known way of processing slaughtered poultry the entrails are either mechanically or not, removed from the body whereupon from the package consisting of gizzards, liver, heart, intestines crop and gullet, the liver and the gizzards are severed and the stomach is introduced by hand into a device provided with a chain conveyor for cutting open and washing the same.
This process is performed at a plurality of treatment stations through which the intestines pass.
Since it is increasingly difficult to attract personnel willing to perform this time consuming treatment, there is an urgent need for a method and a device by means of which these treatments can be mechanically performed. It is an object of the invention to provide such a method.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The method according to my invention provides in that in a continuous process utilizing worm conveyors merging into each other the following treatments are performed:
FEEDING THE COMPLETE PACKAGE OF ENTRAILS AT THE INLET ENDS;
POSITIONING THE GIZZARD WITH RESPECT TO A CUTTING MEMBER;
SEVERING THE GIZZARD FROM THE REST OF THE PACKAGE;
POSITIONING THE GIZZARD WITH RESPECT TO A SECOND CUTTING MEMBER;
CUTTING OPEN THE GIZZARD
POSITIONING THE GIZZARD WITH RESPECT TO A MECHANICAL CLEANING MEMBER;
FURTHER CONVEYING AND POSITIONING THE GIZZARD TO A PEELING MEMBER FOR REMOVING THE GIZZARD LINING.
Due to my method it is for the first time possible to perform consecutively the various required operations by means of a single device which can be incorporated into the processing line for the poultry. The otherwise required transport between the various treatment stations, with the necessity of intermediate storage, is omitted. The synchronization of the treatments prevents the occurence of a congestion.
A device for processing the intestines of slaughtered poultry according to my invention comprises two mutually parallel worm conveyors which are synchronously driver in opposite directions and engage one the other, each consisting of a core and a helical ribbon disposed around it, and an inlet for the gizzards and the organs including the stomach and intestines connected therewith, which is situated above the inlet end of the pair of worms, while the helical ribbon of the first worm extends from the inlet end over a distance shorter than that of the second worm and the cores of both worms are set with carrier members, distributed in the circumferential direction thereon, protruding radially and extending in axial direction and/or arranged in axial rows, the arrangement being such that on the first worm the members are only disposed on the part thereof which is not provided with a helical ribbon. The carrier members are further preferably arranged in such a way that in the space between the worms the members on the one worm are situated between those on the other worm, while the spacing between the cores of the worms is such that the intestines are moved by the carrier members through the space between the cores, while the gizzards, bearing on the cores, are moved on by the helical ribbon of the cores of the second worms and at the end of the two worms a knife is disposed with a cutting edge perpendicular to the axes of the worms.
The carrier members may consist of oblong projections protruding from the surface of the core while the height of the projections may be substantially equal to the height over which the helical ribbons rise above the core.
On the second worm, and preferably at the location of the end of the helical ribbon a radially protruding cam is provided, while in a preferred embodiment follows, as seen in the direction of conveyance on the first worm a third and follows on the second worm a fourth worm, both with a core diameter which is smaller than that of the preceding core and both carrying a helical ribbon on their entire length, and situated thereunder and thereinbetween two mutually spaced, parallel, guide rods a cutting member thereinbetween and thereabove a guide member extending downwardly as seen in the direction of conveyance.
Preferably a fifth worm is arranged, following on the fourth worm as seen in the direction of conveyance, with a greater core diameter, under which and besides which extends the guide rod cooperating with the fourth worm and under which is arranged at least one scraper, rotating in a plane perpendicular to the direction of conveyance, with radial projections, while on this scraper follow, as seen in the direction of conveyance, a plurality of scraper rollers, situated beside each other in one plane and under the fifth worm, which are driven in pairs so as to rotate in opposite directions and which have helically extending sharp-edged scraper edges on their surface.
When scraper rollers are used then the previously required cleaning of the gizzards, by which operation a very large quantity of polluted water is produced, can almost entirely be omitted. It is now only necessary to wash the gizzards with a rather small quantity of water.
Preferably the first rod, the third rod and a rod situated in alignment therewith on the one hand, as the second, the fourth and the fifth worm on the other hand are coaxially coupled with each other and are commonly driven from one end of the device.
The helical ribbon of the fifth worm may only extend on a portion of the part situated above the scraper rollers, while the end of the core of the fifth worm on a short part of the length thereof, carries a helical ejection ribbon.
THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an embodiment according to my invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation of this embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the part of the device where the gizzard is severed from the intestines hanging thereon.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The device according to my invention comprises two parallel rotatably supported, cylindrical members 1, 2 which are driven so as to rotate in opposite directions, via a suitable gearing 3, by the motor 4. The members 1 and 2 are provided on a part of their lengths with helical ribbons with a different pitch; the members have mutually different diameters, and parts thereof don't carry a helical ribbon at all.
The members 1 and 2 are supported at their right hand end in a gear box 3 and at their left hand end in bearings in the support 5. Above the left hand end of the members 1 and 2 is disposed a hopper 6 and under the first part of the members 1 and 2, denoted by 1a for the member 1 and 2a for the member 2, these parts adjoining the hopper, is arranged a chute 7. The part 2a has a diameter greater than that of the adjoining part 2b; it is set with a helical ribbon, while the part 1a which likewise has a greater diameter than the adjoining part 1b only carries the helical ribbon 9 on the first part of its length. Moreover the two parts 1a, 2a are set with carrier members 10, 11, respectively extending in the longitudinal direction, which are equidistantly spaced on the circumference of and around the parts, while the members 1 and 2 are coupled with each other in such a way that always one carrier on the one part is situated between two carriers on the other part.
Below the members 1 and 2 and at the location of the end of the parts 1a, 2a is disposed, in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof, a cutting disc 14 which is driven in rotation via a suitable gearing 15 driven by a motor 16.
The function of the aformentioned parts is: the severing of the gizzard from internal parts hanging thereon (crop and gullet). This is effected as follows:
The worms which are driven so as to rotate in opposite directions convey the intestines, which via the hopper 6 are introduced into the space between the cylindrical cores of the parts 1a, 2a in the direction of the arrow 17. The distance between the centerlines of the cylindrical members 1, 2 and the diameters of the parts 1a, 2a is selected in such a way that the gizzards do not fall from between the parts 1a, 2a , but the intestines hanging thereon are pressed away downwardly, consequently in the direction of the arrow 18, by the carrier members 11. After some revolutions the situation shown in FIG. 3 as gizzards 23 with intestines 23' connected therewith arises.
The package of intestines 23' is hanging under the parts 1a, 2a and the gizzard 23 is bearing on the outer surfaces of these parts. Owing to the fact that the intestines are hanging under these parts the gizzard remains in contact with the worm ribbon 9 on the part 2a and in spite of the fact that on the second portion of the part 1a no helical ribbon is provided it is nevertheless further conveyed in the direction of the arrow 17. Due to the absence of the second helical ribbon the gizzard can, however, freely assume a particular position.
At the end of the part 2a there is provided a radially protruding cam 20 situated slightly before the rotating cutting disc 14. At that location the parts 1a, 2a merge into the parts 1b, 2b with a smaller diameter and set with helical ribbons 21, 22 respectively. When the gizzard with the package of intestines hanging thereon is past the bridge part between the parts 1a, 2a and as a consequence further conveyed towards the right by the helical ribbons 21, 22 then, as soon as the gizzard lies almost completely in the space between two consecutive helical ribbons, the cam 20, turning to the left as seen in the direction of the arrow 17, will press downwardly the back part of the gizzard, with which the gullet is still connected, into the cutting disc 14. The intestines 23' are severed, fall into the chute 7 and are discharged at 24.
The severed gizzard in order to be cleaned, must now be cut open and unfolded. This operation is performed by the members following on the parts 1b, 2b, to wit: below and between the parts 1a, 1b two oblong, mutually parallel, guide rods 27, 28, interconnected via a curved part 26 at the right hand end of the part 1a, 1b, the guide rod 27 of which is shorter than the rod 28 which merges into an obliquely outwardly extending part 29 which is continued by an end part 30 extending again in a direction parallel to the axes of the parts 1, 2. Above that part is a push rod 31 sloping in the direction of the arrow 17, while a cutting disc 32 is arranged between the parts 1b, 2b, the disc is driven by the motor 16 via the transmission 33.
A gizzard which by the helical ribbons 21, 22 is conveyed in the direction of the arrow 17 comes, when situated between the helical ribbons, to lie on the guide rods 27 and 28 and is conveyed by the helical ribbons across the cutting edge 32. The gizzard is then longitudinally cut through and, after having passed by the cutting knife 32, it is then further conveyed by the helical ribbons 21, 22.
This further conveyance is initially effected by the helical ribbon parts 1b, 2b, in common; the part 1b continues, however into a part 1c, without helical ribbons, whereas the part 2b merges into a part 2c, with a greater diameter on which is provided the helical ribbon 35. Under the beginning of the helical ribbon 35 are two scrapers 36, 37 both constructed with a shaft 38 with blades 39 radially protruding therefrom. The gizzard which is hanging on the guide rod 30, is further conveyed by the helical ribbon 35 and is internally scraped clean by the scraper blades.
It should be noted that after this scraping clean the conventional washing of the gizzard is almost superfluous, which not only results into a considerable saving on water but also into a considerable decrease of the quantity of polluted water produced during the processing of the poultry,
The lining covering the inner wall of the gizzards, which are now cleaned for the greater part, should then be removed. This is done by means of four peeling rollers 40, 41, 42, 43 below the parts 1c, 2c, arranged parallel to the axes thereof and driven in pairs in opposite directions from the gear box 3. The gizzards are advanced by the helical ribbons 35 until they land on the peeler rollers and are then further conveyed by the peeler rollers themselves; they are now lying under the parts 1c, 2c. At the extreme right hand end the part 2c carries a helical ribbon part 44 which removes the gizzards from the peeling ribbons.
Under the unit consisting of the scrapers and the peeling rollers a suction chute 45 is mounted where the offal is discharged at 46. | A device for processing the intestines of slaughtered poultry, in particular of the gizzards comprising two synchronously driven worm conveyors, engaging each other, the first worm being shorter than the second one, the worms being set with cooperating radially extending carrier members such that the intestines are moved by the carrier members through the space between the cores, while the gizzards, bearing on the cores, are moved on by the second worm to a knife, placed at the end of the worms with the cutting edge directed perpendicular to the axes of the worms. | 2,302 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a cushioning insert into the heel area of a shoe, especially an athletic shoe, such as a soccer shoe, which has a honeycomb body, and to a shoe with such a cushioning insert.
2. Description of Related Art
A cushioning insert of this type and a shoe with one such cushioning insert are known from the German utility model 89 01 236. There, a gastight honeycomb body of elastic compressible material is inserted into a depression in the heel area of a shoe, into a cavity of an outsole which is made spring-elastic or in a soft elastic through-sole of the sole of the shoe.
The honeycomb cells which are closed in the border area of the finished molded body clearly increase the restoration force in this area of the honeycomb body so that the inner area of the cushioning honeycomb body or the honeycomb body which produces the restoration forces is even softer than this border area.
Published German Patent Application DE 36 29 264 A1 discloses reducing the deep immersion of the heel into the heel cap by the tread surface which is surrounded by the heel cap having a pressure distribution membrane.
Furthermore, German Patent DE 39 24 360 C2 discloses providing in the heel area of an outsole a depression into which a coupling element can be inserted into which, in turn, a grip element which projects down can be interchangeably screwed from the outside. Above the coupling element there is an elastic cushioning element in the form of a honeycomb body. This elastic cushioning element is fixed in its position to the top by a relatively stiff cover plate. The grip element when treading along with the coupling element can dip into the depression through the inserted cushioning insert. In this way, when treading, cushioning is achieved without the heel being moved relative to the heel cap. But the thickness of the sole is relatively large since the cushioning insert and the coupling element are located on top of one another.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of this invention is to improve a cushioning insert of the initially mentioned type such that it ensures good cushioning properties even with relatively thin outsoles or shoe soles of hard elastic material, as can be encountered for example in soccer shoes, and good support of the heel is ensured.
This object is achieved by the cushioning insert being made of a structural unit composed of a heel shell and a gas-tight honeycomb body which is provided on the top or on the underside of the bottom of the heel shell or of a honeycomb cell body which is connected in a gas-tight manner to the heel shell, and by the bottom of the cushioning insert being matched to the contour of the top of the shoe sole and attached on it.
This invention ensures that no relative motion or only an insignificant amount of relative motion occurs between the heel and heel cap since the upper cover plate or the bottom of the heel shell can spring down. The upper cover plate therefore executes essentially the same motion as the heel cap, by which the heel is securely held in the shoe.
Other advantageous details of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a side view of a shoe section with a cushioning insert in accordance with the invention taken along line I—I of FIG. 2,
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the shoe section shown in FIG. 1 taken along line II—II therein,
FIG. 3 shows a bottom view of the tongue area of the cushioning insert,
FIGS. 4 and 5 shows two versions of the execution of the tongue,
FIGS. 6 and 7 each show one possible embodiment of honeycomb cell webs of one component and the associated ribs of this component,
FIG. 8 schematically shows a combination of the heel shell with a honeycomb cell body in a side view,
FIG. 9 shows an exploded view of the heel shell of FIG. 8,
FIG. 10 shows the honeycomb cell body of FIG. 8, and
FIG. 11 shows an overhead view of the cell structure of a honeycomb cell body.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The cushioning insert 1 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is made as a structural unit composed of a honeycomb cell body 2 which is open on one side or of a gas-tight honeycomb body and a heel shell 3 . Honeycomb webs 5 which project up and a peripheral border 6 which runs in or roughly in the direction of the honeycomb webs 5 are molded onto the bottom 4 of the honeycomb cell body 2 . The honeycomb cell body 2 is formed of a molded part made of an elastic resilient material with a hardness of roughly 60 to 92 Shore A, especially of roughly 70 to 80 Shore A. Especially thermoplastic polyurethane is suited as the material.
The honeycomb cell body 2 is attached from underneath to the bottom 7 of the heel shell 3 , the edges 8 of the honeycomb webs 5 and the edge 9 of the peripheral border 6 adjoining the underside 10 of the shell bottom 7 . The web edges 8 and the edge 9 of the border 6 are joined in a gas-tight manner to the shell bottom 7 by suitable means, for example, by an adhesive connection and/or by an ultrasonic connection and/or by a weld. In this way, gas-tight honeycomb cells 11 are formed.
The heel shell 3 can be made of a material which has the same properties as those of the honeycomb cell body 2 . But preferably, the material of the heel shell 3 has a hardness which is greater than that of the honeycomb cell body 2 and varies roughly between 60, preferably between 65, and 90 Shore A. For the heel shell 3 , preferably thermoplastic polyurethane or polyamide is used as the material.
The superficial extent of the honeycomb cell body 2 corresponds to that or almost that of the shell bottom 7 . Both parts extend preferably into the area of the arch of the foot, the heel shell 3 and/or the honeycomb cell body 2 there passing into a tongue 12 and 13 which is thin in cross section. One or both tongues 12 , 13 are advantageously made wedge-shaped or roughly wedge-shaped and run angularly to their end 12 . 1 and 13 . 1 . Here, the respective top 12 . 2 and 13 . 2 runs in the same plane as the top 7 . 1 of the shell bottom 7 or as the virtual top 2 . 1 of the honeycomb cell body 2 . Preferably, at the start of the tongue 13 , there is a step 14 with a height 14 . 1 which corresponds to the thickness 15 . 1 of the insole 15 of a corresponding shoe.
Without diverging from the inventive idea, instead of the honeycomb cell body 2 , there can be a gas-tight honeycomb body. This gas-tight honeycomb body can be attached to the underside 10 or the top 7 . 1 of the shell bottom 7 . Furthermore, the honeycomb body can be formed of the honeycomb cell body 2 with a cover plate applied to its virtual top 2 . 1 in a gas-tight manner, or if the honeycomb webs 5 and the border 6 point down, then accordingly to its bottom. The honeycomb body or the honeycomb cell body 2 can be attached on the top 7 . 1 of the shell bottom 7 . The honeycomb cell body 2 which is not provided with a cover plate is then attached gas-tight on the top 7 . 1 of the shell bottom 7 with the honeycomb webs 5 and the border 6 pointed down. For a honeycomb cell body 2 which is closed by the cover plate, the latter can be made of the same material as of the honeycomb cell body 2 . But, it can also be made of a harder and more inelastic material.
Especially when, the honeycomb cell body 2 is joined to the bottom 7 of the heel shell 3 , the shell bottom 7 is made membrane-like and preferably elastically extensible.
According to one advantageous development of the invention, the heel shell 3 and/or the honeycomb body and/or the honeycomb cell body 2 , and an optionally pertinent cover plate, are made of transparent or translucent material. In this case, the shoe sole 16 also is preferably made, at least in the area or roughly in the area of the shell bottom 7 , at least in part, partially or in sections of transparent or translucent material.
The underside 7 . 1 of the shell bottom 7 is advantageously surrounded by a peripheral border 7 . 2 so that the shell bottom 7 is located somewhat recessed. When the honeycomb cell body or the honeycomb cell body 2 is inserted, its peripheral border 6 interacts with the border 7 . 2 so that the honeycomb body or honeycomb cell body 2 is fixed in position. The honeycomb body or the honeycomb cell body 2 and the heel shell 3 are joined securely to one another by means of cement or ultrasound along the borders 6 and 7 . 2 .
The position can also be fixed via a depression which is provided in one component and via a border web which is provided on the other component, for example, the edge 9 of the border 6 of the honeycomb cell body 2 , and cementing and/or ultrasonic welding. The depression and the border web can each be made in the manner of a tongue-in-groove joint. This applies to all connections between the components heel shell 3 , the honeycomb body or the honeycomb cell body 2 and optionally the cover plate. For example, this connection takes place between the honeycomb body and the heel shell 3 or the bottom 4 of the honeycomb cell body 2 and the heel shell 3 or the cover plate of the honeycomb cell body 2 and the honeycomb cell body 2 or the cover plate of the honeycomb cell body 2 and the heel shell 3 .
Advantageously, the tread surface of the honeycomb body or the honeycomb cell body 2 or its cover plate is matched to the profile of the heel in the manner of a trough.
The underside 17 of the cushioning insert 1 , for example, the bottom 4 of the honeycomb body or the honeycomb cell body 2 or its cover plate or of the bottom 7 of the heel shell 3 is matched to the planar shape of the surface of a shoe sole 16 on which the cushioning insert 1 is placed and is connected to it. In the area of the tread by the heel, the bottom 17 of the cushioning insert 1 can be pulled flat and in the border area upward in an arc-shape.
As already mentioned, there can be tongues 12 , 13 on the cushioning insert. In general, at least two of the components, heel shell 3 , the top or bottom cover plate of a honeycomb cell body 2 and/or the honeycomb body, can have tongues which lie on top of one another and which are joined securely to one another, for example, by cementing or ultrasound.
Furthermore, it can be useful to make the lower tongue narrower than the overlying upper tongue. In this way, for example, the lateral surface 18 of the upper tongue or of the shell bottom 7 , which lateral surface remains free by virtue of the narrower tongue, can be used for attaching the corresponding upper material of the shoe.
For example, in the cutout shown in FIG. 3 from underneath, the tongue can be composed of the upper tongue 12 of the heel shell 3 and the lower tongue 13 of the upper cover plate of the honeycomb cell body 2 or of the honeycomb cell body 2 itself. These parts lie on top of one another and are securely joined to one another, especially cemented or welded.
Preferably, the lower tongue 13 is narrower than the upper tongue 12 . In this way, on both sides, a free surface 18 is formed; it is shown by the broken crosshatching and is used for cementing or otherwise attaching a correspondingly sized part of the upper material of the shoe.
One version of the execution of the tongue is shown in FIG. 4 . Here, the tongues 12 and 13 are attached underneath by a step 14 which is provided at the top of the shell bottom 7 and the insole 15 rests on the upper tongue 13 and is, for example, cemented to it.
In the version shown in FIG. 5, the tongue 13 of the shell bottom 7 is made obliquely descending towards the end 12 . 1 as far as the lower tongue 13 . The insole 15 which rests on this lower tongue 13 is made to run diametrically opposed, obliquely upward, so that a continuous transition results.
In order to obtain a good gas-tight connection between the honeycomb webs 3 and the cover plate or the shell bottom 7 , according to FIGS. 6 and 7, the cover plate or the shell bottom 7 can have a system of ribs 19 which corresponds to the system of arrangement of the honeycomb webs 5 , for example, of a honeycomb cell body 2 . An especially good connection is obtained when the web edge 8 is made straight or roof-like and the edge 19 . 1 of the ribs 19 is made recessed in a V-shape, see FIG. 6 in this respect. In addition, a good connection can be obtained when the ribs 19 are wider than the honeycomb webs 5 . Then, the edge 19 . 1 which runs perpendicular to the direction of the honeycomb webs 5 can also run flat and also the edges 8 of the honeycomb webs 5 can be made flat, compare FIG. 7 in this respect.
FIG. 8 schematically shows a heel shell 3 with a tongue 12 and a honeycomb cell body 2 attached underneath, from the side.
FIG. 9 also shows that, at the start of the tongue 12 , there is a rib 19 via which the section 20 of the honeycomb cell body 2 shown in FIG. 10 can be effectively and securely joined, as was explained above using FIGS. 6 and 7 for the honeycomb webs 5 .
FIG. 11 shows an overhead view of a honeycomb cell body 2 or a gas-tight honeycomb body with the cover plate removed.
It should be mentioned that the edge of an inner lining 21 is placed in or on the border 3 . 2 . Furthermore, using especially FIGS. 1, 8 and 10 , the peripheral support edge 22 can be recognized. It is placed against the edge of the upper material of the shoe.
The cushioning insert 1 according to the invention with its bottom 17 which is matched to the contour of the top of the outsole 16 , therefore the bottom of the cover plate or of the shell bottom 7 , is inserted into the heel area of a shoe and is securely connected to it, for example, cemented in and/or sewn in. The existing insole 15 extends as far as the step 14 and lies under the tongue 13 (FIG. 1) or it lies on the tongue 12 (FIG. 4) or it is continuously matched (FIG. 5 ). The insole 15 is permanently joined to the tongue 12 and 13 , especially cemented. | A cushioning insert ( 1 ) to be inserted in the heel zone of a shoe is provided with a honey-comb structure ( 2 ) which is improved in such a manner that it provides good cushioning properties and sufficiently supports the heel even if the outsoles or soles ( 16 ) of the shoe are relatively thin. To this end, the cushioning insert ( 1 ) is made of a structural unit that includes heel shell ( 3 ) and a gas-tight honey-comb structure that is provided on the upper side ( 7.1 ) or the lower side ( 10 ) of the shell bottom ( 7 ) of the heel shell ( 3 ). | 2,777 |
DESCRIPTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention concerns improved make-up brushes and more particularly eyelash brushes, that is to say brushes intended to apply a make-up product such as mascara to the eyelashes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The eyelash brushes known at present consist of a handle whose end carries the brush proper. They are generally made by means of tufts of bristles held between metal wire. Certain eyelash brushes have also been proposed in which these bristles are replaced by hook-shaped bristles of a material such as that sold under the Trade Name "VELCRO".
These brushes naturally have constant and well- defined characteristics, both as regards the disposition and distribution of the bristles in space and as regards the suppleness of hardness of the brush. Similarly, the quantity of the make-up product capable of being retained on the brush remains constant for a given make-up product. Now, the requirements of the users of these brushes may vary a very great deal. In fact, the shape, the number, the disposition and the length of the eyelashes may vary considerably from person to person, as may also their thickness and suppleness. Moreover, the make-up products currently on sale are becoming more and more numerous and have very different characteristics of colouring, viscosity etc. Finally, the make-up habits vary enormously from person to person.
The invention proposes to overcome these various problems and to supply an improved make-up brush, in particular an eyelash brush, which would be capable of being adapted to the various requirements encountered, whether these requirements are dictated by the user or related to the nature of the make-up product used. Moreover, the invention proposes to supply such a brush which could be of simple design, inexpensive, and easy to make.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an improved make-up brush, in particular an eyelash brush, comprising: shaft means; brush means including means regularly distributed around the longitudinal axis of the make-up brush to serve as bristles; and means actuable by the user for varying the diameter of the brush means, at least locally, at said regularly distributed bristle means.
Thus, the improved make-up brush according to the invention may adopt at least two stable states, that is to say, a small diameter state where the diametrical dimension of the brush means is minimal and a large diameter state wherein, on the contrary, this dimension is a maximum for at least a part of the length of the brush means at the bristle means.
However, in an improved mode of implementation, provision may be made for the brush to be maintained in intermediate states wherein the diametrical dimension of the brush means is intermediate between the maximum dimension and the minimum dimension.
In a first mode of implementation of the invention, the brush means carrying or having the regularly distributed bristle means, or at least a part of this brush means, is designed so as to be capable of varying its length under the effect of suitable actuation means and it is this variation of length which produces a variation in the brush diameter by deformation such that this diameter increases when the length decreases, and vice versa.
In a first embodiment of this mode of implementation, the brush means may comprise several deformable longitudinal strips distributed in the space around the longitudinal brush axis and interspaced by gaps, each strip carrying at least one row of bristles. The actuation means may then comprise a simple longitudinally movable rod, for example slideable, within the shaft, one of the ends of this rod forming or comprising an actuation element while the other end is connected to one end of the said strips whose other end is fixed in relation to the shaft. Thus by displacing the rod longitudinally in relation to the shaft, a shortening or an extension of the distance separating the ends of the strips carrying the bristles, and therefore a deformation resulting in variation in the diameter of the strips, is produced. The variations are most pronounced around the central portion of the strips which, because of this, assume a domed shape when they are in their maximum diameter state. The strips may advantageously be strips made of a synthetic or elastomeric material, the bristle extending preferably integrally from the strip and being made, for example, together with the latter by injection moulding.
By way of example a hollow sleeve, of a generally cylindrical shape, may thus be moulded of an elastomer and provided with bristles set up perpendicularly to the sleeve surface, preferably in the form of regular rows; after moulding, longitudinal gaps are cut into the sleeve to define the longitudinal strips of the sleeve, the gaps preferably not extending up to the ends of the sleeve.
It is thus possible to obtain at one and the same time a very important variation in diameter at the level of the central zone of the strips and, simultaneously, a variation in the suppleness of the brush.
In a second embodiment, the brush means comprises a bellows provided with successive notches and fins to form a kind of indentation so that the regularly distributed means serving as bristles are formed by the annular teeth of the identations constituted by the bellows.
Advantageously, the bellows has one of its own ends mounted at the end of the shaft and is fixed by its other end to the end of an actuator rod capable of being displaced between a sunken position in the shaft, wherein the bellows is elongated and has a reduced diameter, and a position which is partly extracted from the shaft, wherein the bellows is shortened and its diameter increased.
Preferably, the fixing of the bellows both at the end nearer the handle and at the other end to the rod is obtained by catch engagement.
This embodiment makes it possible, in particular, to cause the height of the teeth and the average space separating the teeth to vary, which correspondingly allows variation of both the quantity of the make-up product contained on the brush and the conditions of wiping the eyelashes.
In another mode of implementation, the regularly distributed bristle means may be mounted on sectors or longitudinal elements, for example strips carrying rows of bristles, these sectors being capable of being brought towards or moved away from the geometric brush axis, for instance, by means of a wedging device actuated by a suitable actuator rod.
In another mode of implementation, the regularly distributed bristle means may be carried by an elastomer sleeve which is capable of expanding its diameter, the sleeve being mounted on a diameter variation device, for example one of the wedging type.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge on reading the following description made by way of a non-restrictive example and referring to the attached drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of an eyelash brush according to the invention, in its minimum diameter state.
FIG. 2 shows this brush in its maximum diameter state;
FIG. 3 shows the brush proper, in the state shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4, showing the brush proper in its minimum diameter state, is a longitudinal half section of a brush according to a second embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 5 shows this brush in its maximum diameter state.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Reference will first be made to FIGS. 1 to 3.
The eyelash brush according to the invention comprises an elongated tubular shaft 1 whose end is fixed in the usual way to a part 2 forming the closure of a container (not shown) for the eyelash make-up product. This closure part 2, which is of an enlarged diameter, has a skirt 3 provided with internal threads 4 for screwing closure part 2 on to the container neck. This closure part 2 also serves as a holding element for the user.
The tubular shaft 1 slideably encloses an elongate rod 5 whose top end is fixed to a button 6 having a suitably striated peripheral edge to facilitate gripping by the user. This button is movable between a high position as in FIG. 2, and a low position as in FIG. 1, and may be retained in these extreme positions thanks to slots 7 which are capable of cooperating with inner ribs 8 disposed within a recess 9 in the top of closure part 2. If button 6 is rotated around the longitudinal axis of rod 5, so as to align slots 7 with ribs 8, the ribs 8 may be dropped into the slots 7 and button 6 can thus come nearer to the rest of closure part 2, as shown in FIG. 1. If, on the other hand, the slots 7 are angularly offset relative to the ribs 8, the base of button 6 rests on the tops of ribs 8 and button 6 is thus found in its position remote from closure part 2, as shown in FIG. 2.
It will moreover be seen that the end 10 of rod 5 is rounded, for instance in the manner of a rivet head, and of diameter considerably greater than that of rod 5 and substantially the same as that of the end of tubular shaft 1 so that an elastomer sleeve may be disposed between these two ends to form the brush proper (generally designated 11). This sleeve, obtained for instance by injection moulding, has a hollowed out central part allowing the rod 5 to pass therethrough and has been moulded in the configuration shown in FIG. 1. It has, in fact, a generally cylindrical shape and comprises four radial gaps or slits whose length is shorter than the length of the sleeve so that these radial gaps or slits define four longitudinal strips 13 on the sleeve which are not interconnected except at the ends 14 of the sleeve. Each strip 13 has one or several rows of bristles or supple stumps 15 forming the bristles of the brush.
In the FIG. 1 configuration, the distance between the rounded end 10 of the rod 5 and the end of shaft 1 is practically equal to the length of sleeve 11 in its released state.
If, starting from this state, button 6 is pulled upwards to bring it into the FIG. 2 position, the distance between end 10 and the end of shaft 1 is shortened so that the various strips 13 of sleeve 11 become deformed outwardly by buckling, thus producing a pronounced increase in the brush diameter, this increase being at its maximum approximately midway along the sleeve. It will thus be understood that the brush may be used by a person either in the minimum diameter configuration shown in FIG. 1, or in the maximum diameter configuration shown in FIG. 2 wherein the button 6 has been rotated around its axis to ensure that the configuration is maintained. If the user wishes to return from the FIG. 2 position to that of FIG. 1, she only has to align the slots 7 with the ribs 8 and then the rod 5 moves downwards under the effect of the elastic force of the deformed sleeve 11 which tends to resume its elongated released position having the reduced diameter of FIG. 1.
By suitably determining the nature and thickness of the sleeve 11, different degrees of suppleness and user comfort may be obtained; this suppleness moreover varies according as to whether one is in the position of FIG. 1 or that of FIG. 2.
This embodiment may, of course, be subject to many variations. Thus, the number of strips may be higher than four, for instance, six or eight. The shape and disposition of the bristles can obviously be altogether different. The actuating mechanism may also vary according to all forms within the skill of the expert designing the brush. Finally, instead of being connected at their ends, the strips could be completely independent by being then connected, by suitable means, to the rod on the one hand and to the shaft on the other hand.
Reference will now be made to FIGS. 4 and 5.
In this embodiment, the shaft 1 and rod 5 slideable therewithin are retained. However, in this case the rod 5 is extended in a spherical end 16 which is preceded by a notch. The brush proper is constituted by a flexible bellows 17 forming successive annular teeth 18. The bottom rounded end 19 bounded by this bellows 17 has a small internal lip capable of coming into the notch between the end of rod 16 and the body of rod 5 for the purpose of fixing, by catch engagement, between the spherical end 16 and rod 5. At its open other end 20, the bellows also has a notch capable of allowing the fixing by catch engagement of the bellows end 20 against the lower end of hollow shaft 1, and is for this purpose provided with a small catch engagement bead capable of penetrating within this notch.
It will therefore be seen that since the bellows 17 is fixed, on the one hand, to the end of shaft 1 and, on the other hand, to the rod end 16 a rising motion of rod 5 produces a shortening of the bellows 17 and therefore an increase in the diameter of the tips of teeth 18 as well as of the depth of the notch separating two successive teeth 18. Moreover, a variation in suppleness of the bellows may be produced in this way.
Preferably, the bellows has sufficient elasticity to cause it to resume the elongated reduced diameter portion of FIG. 4 so that such a bellows 17 can be mounted on a device similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2 with the same means of actuation.
Although the invention has been described with reference to special embodiments, it shall be duly understood that it is in no way limited thereto and that various modifications of shape and materials may be brought thereto without thereby departing either from the scope or spirit of the invention. | A make-up brush, in particular an eyelash brush, includes a bellows or longitudinally slit sleeve defining bristles and adapted to be varied in diameter, by variation in length, so as to suit the wishes of a user or the properties of a make-up product to be applied. | 2,409 |
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to blades for removing material (e.g., snow, dirt, ash) from surfaces.
BACKGROUND
Traditional shoveling of material or debris involves lifting and throwing material, pushing or some combination of pushing and throwing using a shovel or other apparatus. The following patent(s) disclose various shovels (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,906,060; 1,206,235; 1,232,361; 2,460,560; 2,598,952, 2,772,490; 2,846,785; 2,852,872; 2,484,409 and 5,271,169). Material is removed from surfaces by sliding the blade across the surface, collecting the material on the blade and then moving the material to a desired location and tilting or lifting the blade to remove the material from the blade. Existing shovels or blades sometimes lose all forward momentum when encountering surface irregularities. This results in lost efficiency and requires increased effort and time by the operator.
SUMMARY
According to the first embodiment of the invention comprising a blade is provided. The blade may include a handle, an elongated member, and a blade body. The elongated member may have a first end and a second end spaced apart from the first end. The handle may be configured to receive the first end of the elongated member. The blade body may be configured to receive the second end of the elongated member. The blade body may include a first surface, a second surface, a first side, a second side, a first edge, a second edge, and a first runner. The second surface may be disposed opposite the first surface. The first side may have a first profile and the second side may have a second profile, with the second side disposed opposite and substantially parallel to the first side. The first edge may extend between the first side and the second side. The second edge may be spaced apart from the first edge and may extend between the first side and the second side. The first runner may be attached to the first side, the first runner having a first runner profile at least partially defined by the first profile and the first runner extending beyond the second edge.
The blade may have a second runner attached to the second side, the second runner having a second runner profile at least partially defined by the second profile and the second runner extending beyond the second edge, the second runner disposed substantially parallel to the first runner. The blade may have a blade body profile for a blade body runner attached to the blade body, the blade body runner having a blade body runner profile at least partially defined by the blade body profile and the blade body runner extending beyond the second edge, the blade body runner disposed substantially parallel to the first runner.
The first runner profile may have an arcuate profile that substantially matches the first profile, a portion of the first runner may not be in plane with the second surface, and a portion of the first runner may not be in plane with the second edge. The second runner profile may have an arcuate profile that substantially matches the second profile, a portion of the second runner may not be in plane with the second surface, and a portion of the second runner may not be in plane with the second edge. The blade body runner profile may have an arcuate profile that substantially matches the blade body profile, a portion of the blade body runner may not be in plane with the second surface, and a portion of the blade body runner may not be in plane with the second edge.
According to the second embodiment of the invention comprising a blade body is provided. The blade body may include a first surface, a second surface, a first side, a second side, an edge, and a first runner. The second surface may be disposed opposite the first surface. The first side may have a first profile and the second side may have a second profile, with the second side disposed opposite and substantially parallel to the first side. The first surface and second surface may define an edge extending between the first side and the second side. The first surface and second surface may define a blade body profile. The first runner may be attached to the first side, the first runner having a first runner profile at least partially defined by the first profile and the first runner extending beyond the edge.
The blade body may have a second runner attached to the second side, the second runner having a second runner profile at least partially defined by the second profile and the second runner extending beyond the second edge, the second runner disposed substantially parallel to the first runner. The blade body may have a blade body runner attached to the blade body, the blade body runner having a blade body runner profile at least partially defined by the blade body profile and the blade body runner extending beyond the edge, the blade body runner disposed substantially parallel to the first runner.
The first runner profile may have an arcuate profile that substantially matches the first profile, a portion of the first runner may not be in plane with the second surface, and a portion of the first runner may not be in plane with the edge. The second runner profile may have an arcuate profile that substantially matches the second profile, a portion of the second runner may not be in plane with the second surface, and a portion of the second runner may not be in plane with the edge. The blade body runner profile may have an arcuate profile that substantially matches the blade body profile, a portion of the blade body runner may not be in plane with the second surface, and a portion of the blade body runner may not be in plane with the edge.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of elements of the blade.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of elements of the blade with runners.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of elements of the blade with runners.
FIG. 3A is a cross-section of elements of the blade with runners.
FIG. 3B is a side view of elements of the blade with runners.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the blade with integral runners.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of elements of the blade with the embodiment of attached runners.
FIG. 5A is a perspective view of an existing blade with the embodiment of attached runners.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
Referring to the drawings in detail wherein like elements are indicated by like numerals, there is shown a blade 102 that may include an elongated member 104 ; a blade body 106 ; a first side 108 ; a first profile 110 ; a second side 112 ; a second profile 114 ; a first edge 116 ; a second edge 118 ; a first runner 202 ; a first runner profile 204 ; a second runner 206 ; and a second runner profile 208 . FIG. 400 depicts an embodiment of the invention. See FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 3A, 3B, and 4 .
The elongated member 104 may have a first end 124 and a second end 126 spaced apart from the first end 124 and an elongated body extending therebetween. The second end 126 of the elongated member 104 receives the blade body 106 .
The blade body 106 has a first side 108 that follows the first profile 110 of the blade 102 . The first profile 110 may be defined by a substantially continuous section having a constant radius of curvature. In at least one embodiment, the first profile 110 may be defined by a linear section or a substantially non-continuous section having varying radii of curvature such that it is not piecewise continuous.
The blade body 106 has a second side 112 that follows the second profile 114 of the blade 102 . The second profile 114 may be defined by a substantially continuous section having a constant radius of curvature. In at least one embodiment, the second profile 114 may be defined by a linear section or a substantially non-continuous section having varying radii of curvature such that it is not piecewise continuous.
The first runner 202 may abut the first side 108 . The first runner 202 and the first side 108 may be substantially aligned with the first runner profile 204 substantially following the first profile 110 . Traditionally, the first surface 120 is the concave surface of the blade body 106 whereas the second surface 122 is the convex surface of the blade body 106 .
The first profile 110 and the first runner profile 204 may substantially follow the second surface 122 or in some embodiments, the first profile 110 is vertically offset from the first runner profile 204 . The offset between the first profile 110 and the first runner profile 204 also offsets the first runner 202 from the first surface 120 and/or the second surface 122 reducing the contact between the blade body 106 and the surface being shoveled.
The second runner 206 may abut the second side 112 . The second runner 206 and the second side 112 may substantially aligned with the second runner profile 208 substantially following the second profile 114 .
The second profile 114 and the second runner profile 208 may substantially follow the second surface 122 or in some embodiments, the second profile 114 is vertically offset from the second runner profile 208 . The offset between the second profile 114 and the second runner profile 208 also offsets the second runner 206 from the first surface 120 and/or the second surface 122 reducing the contact between the blade body 106 and the surface being shoveled.
The blade body profile 302 is substantially defined by the second surface 122 . The blade body runner profile 304 may substantially follow the blade body profile 302 . The blade body runner 306 may be substantially aligned with the blade body runner profile 304 .
The blade body profile 302 and the blade body runner profile 304 may substantially follow the second surface 122 or in some embodiments the blade body profile 302 is vertically offset from the blade body runner profile 304 . The offset between the blade body profile 302 and the blade body runner profile 304 also offsets the blade body runner 306 from the first surface 120 and/or the second surface 122 reducing the contact between the blade body 106 and the surface being shoveled.
The first surface 120 and the second surface 122 define the first edge 116 , wherein the first edge 116 extends between the first side 108 and the second side 112 . The first surface 120 and the second surface 122 define the second edge 118 , wherein the second edge 118 extends between the first side 108 and the second side 112 . The first edge 116 and the second edge 118 are spaced apart and disposed opposite one another. Traditionally, the first edge 116 is closest to the handle or the “trailing edge” and the second edge 118 is the “scraping” or “leading” edge of the blade body, which contacts the material first and the surface where the material resides.
The first runner 202 extends ahead of the direction of scraping of the second edge 118 . When a surface irregularity is encountered the first runner 202 traverses the surface irregularity reducing or avoiding impact with the second edge 118 .
The second runner 206 extends ahead of the direction of scraping of the second edge 118 . When a surface irregularity is encountered second runner 206 traverses the surface irregularity reducing or avoiding impact with the second edge 118 .
The blade body runner 306 extends ahead of the direction of scraping of the second edge 118 . When a surface irregularity is encountered blade body runner 306 traverses the surface irregularity reducing or avoiding impact with the second edge 118 .
The extension of the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) beyond the second edge 118 allows the blade body 106 to traverse surface irregularities when clearing material from irregular surfaces, while allowing the second edge 118 to maintain contact with the surface being cleared.
When a surface irregularity is encountered by at least one the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) the runners slide up the raised surface allowing the second edge 118 (the “scraping edge”) to easily transition to the new surface. The second edge 118 on a blade with runners contacts raised surfaces for a shorter duration of time than the second edge 118 on a blade without runners.
Without the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) extending beyond the second edge 118 , the second edge 118 would impact the irregularity, hampering the movement of the blade body 106 . The user would be required to lift and reposition the blade on the new surface and reinitiate momentum. The irregularity may also be a gap between resilient surfaces (metal, concrete, etc.) whereby the second edge 118 falls into the gap, hampering momentum when the second edge 118 contacts the other resilient surface. With the extension of the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) beyond the second edge 118 , the second edge 118 will not fall into the gap because the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) will “traverse” the gap between resilient surfaces without a hampering of the momentum of blade body 106 .
The vertical offset of the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) from the first surface 120 and/or the second surface 122 , and the extension of the runners (first runner 202 , second runner 206 , and/or blade body runner 306 ) beyond the second edge 118 may allow the blade body 106 to traverse surface irregularities when clearing material from irregular surfaces and keep the second edge 118 in contact with the surface when clearing material from flat surfaces.
Referring to FIG. 4 , the first embodiment 402 , the components may be integrally formed to the blade body. The integrally formed components for this embodiment may be: the blade body 106 ; the first side 108 ; the first profile 110 ; the second side 112 ; the second profile 114 ; the first edge 116 ; the second edge 118 ; first surface 120 ; the second surface 122 ; the first runner 202 ; the first runner profile 204 ; the second runner 206 ; the second runner profile 208 ; the blade body profile 302 ; the blade body runner profile 304 ; and the blade body runner 306 .
Referring to FIG. 5 and FIG. 5A , the second embodiment 502 the components may be added to an existing blade body. The components to be added on to an existing blade may be: the first runner 202 ; the first runner profile 204 ; the second runner 206 ; the second runner profile 208 ; the blade body runner profile 304 ; and the blade body runner 306 . In the second embodiment the edge 504 is the second edge 118 “scraping edge” of the first embodiment.
While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention. | A blade is provided having runners on the blade that extend forward of the blade's leading edge. These runners traverse surface irregularities allowing the blade to avoid colliding with surface irregularities. | 2,784 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 540,505, filed Jan. 13, 1975 and now Pat. No. 3,935,858.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an orthopedic device for immobilizing a body part of a patient and will have specific but not limited application to a knee, ankle or wrist immobilizer which is of universal application to accommodate patients of varying size.
The immobilizer includes a flexible cover which extends around the body part of the patient. A pair of stays are detachably connected to the cover and positioned one on one side and one on the other side of the body part. The stays may also carry belts or similar securement means by which the cover of the immobilizer is secured about the body part. The position of the pair of stays by being detachably connected to the immobilizer cover can be varied so as to accommodate the particular size of the patient. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a body part immobilizer which is of universal application to accommodate patients of different size.
Another object of this invention is to provide a wraparound immobilizer for the knee, ankle, wrist or other body part in which stays are adjustably applied to the cover of the immobilizer.
Still another object of this invention is to provide an immobilizer which is for a body part of a patient and which includes detachable stays positioned on the sides of the body part and carrying means for securing the cover about the body part.
Other objects of this invention will become apparent upon a reading of the invention's description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a knee immobilizer shown in detached form.
FIG. 1A is a detailed view of that portion of FIG. 1 within broken line circle 1A.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the knee immobilizer showing the stays thereof detached from the immobilizer.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the knee immobilizer shown applied about the knee of a patient and as viewed from one side.
FIG. 4 is also a perspective view of the immobilizer shown applied about the knee of the patient and viewed from the opposite side.
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross sectional view taken along line 5--5 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a wrist immobilizer.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the wrist immobilizer showing a stay thereof detached from the immobilizer.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the wrist immobilizer shown applied about the wrist of a patient.
FIG. 9 is a plan view of an ankle immobilizer shown with the fore stay pad detached.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the ankle immobilizer showing the stays and fore stay pad detached from the immobilizer.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the ankle immobilizer shown applied about the ankle of a patient.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The preferred embodiments illustrated are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. They are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its application and practical use to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention.
The immobilizer shown in FIGS. 1-5 includes a flexible cover 10. Cover 10 includes an upper edge 12 and a parallel lower edge 14, as well as side edges 16 and 18. To accommodate the anatomical shape of a patient's leg 20, side edges 16 and 18 preferably taper from upper edge 12 to lower edge 14 with the cover assuming a trapezoidal appearance when in planar form. Also each side edge 16 and 18 may be formed with a cut-out 22 to accommodate the knee cap of the patient. Cover 10 may be formed of any one of a variety of materials, such as a polyvinyl foam construction, having a looped pile material 24 applied to its outer surface. A fixed stay 26 is positioned midway between side edges 16 and 18 and extends from upper edge 12 to lower edge 14 of the cover. Stay 26 is secured in position by being sewn or otherwise appropriately affixed to cover 10. Stay 26 is shaped to generally conform to the anatomical curvature of the back of the leg at the knee.
Also connected to cover 10 are a pair of detachable stays 30 and 32. Stays 30 and 32 are located to the inside and outside of the knee when the immobilizer is secured about the patient as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Each stay 30 and 32 includes an encasement 34 to which a plurality of hook or similar type securement members 36 are attached to one side. Hook members 36 are designed so as to engage and interlock with the loop pile material 24 of cover 10 and serve to connect stays 30 and 32 to the cover. Hook members 36 of stays 30 and 32 and loop pile material 24 of cover 10 may be of the cooperating interlocking type sold under the well known trademark "Velcro". Stays 30 and 32 are connected to cover 10 by having their hook members 36 pressed into engagement with loop pile material 24 of the cover. Rings 38 and straps 40 are also secured to stays 30 and 32 for the purpose of securing cover 10 about the knee of the patient.
In FIGS. 3 and 4 the immobilizer is shown attached to leg 20. Cover 10 is wrapped around the knee with stay 26 being positioned to the rear or back of the knee and with side edges 16 and 18 in a juxtaposed or overlapping arrangement, depending upon the size of the patient. Stays 30 and 32 are applied to the cover at selected locations on the inside and outside of the knee, thus providing lateral rigidity to the immobilizer. The free end portions of straps 40 are inserted through rings 38 and return bent so that the hook members 42 of each strap can be pressed into interlocking engagement with the pile material 44 extending along the remainder of the strap.
By utilizing loop pile material with cover 10 and hook member attachments with stays 30 and 32, the stays can be easily removed from and reapplied to the cover in adjusting the immobilizer to accommodate a particular size patient. The interlocking adherence between hook members 36 of stays 30 and 32 and the loop pile material of cover 10 is of sufficient strength to enable the cover to be secured about the patient's knee through the use of rings 38 and straps 40.
While it is preferred that stays 30 and 32 of the immobilizer also carry the means for securing cover 10 about the knee of the patient, it is to be understood that such securement means whether straps, rings or buckles can be sewn directly to cover 10 with detachable stays 30 and 32 serving only as rigidifying means.
The immobilizer shown in FIGS. 6-8 includes a flexible cover 50 having looped pile material 52 applied to its outer surface. A pair of stays 54 and 56 are connected to cover 50. Stay 56 is detachable and includes an encasement 58 to which a plurality of hooks 59 are attached to one side. Stay 54 is preferably sewn to cover 50 but if desired can be of a similar detachable construction as stay 56. Stay 56 carries straps 60 and stay 54 carries rings 62 for securing the immobilizer about the wrist of the patient as shown in FIG. 8 with the straps being inserted through the rings and return bent to have hook 64 carried by the straps pressed into locking engagement with pile material 66 extending along the straps.
Strap 68 of hook material serves to secure tab 70 about the hand of the patient. The hooks 59 of stay 56 allow the stay to be pressed into interlocking engagement with cover material 52 and selectively located to accommodate the wrist of the patient.
The immobilizer shown in FIGS. 9-11 includes a cover 80 having looped pile material 82 applied to its outer surface. Cover 80 has a center opening 84 to accommodate the heel 85 of the patient. A pair of detachable stays 86 and 87 are connected to cover 80 and located at the inside and outside of the foot when the immobilizer is applied to the patient's ankle. Stays 86 and 87 are bent to a desired anatomical configuration and each includes an encasement 88 to which a plurality of hooks 90 are attached to one side. Each stay carries one or more straps 92 and one or more rings 94 for securing the immobilizer about the ankle of the patient as shown in FIG. 11. A fore stay pad 96 is applied over the front of the ankle with side edges 98 of cover 80 preferably overlapping the pad and straps 92 passing through loops 100 of the pad.
Straps 92 are also inserted through rings 94 and return bent with the hooks 90 carried by the straps being pressed into interlocking engagement with material 82 of the cover and similar material forming the outer side of stay encasements 88.
In the wrist and ankle immobilizer embodiments of FIGS. 6-11, pile material 52 and 82 and hooks 59 and 90 may be of the cooperating interlocking type sold under the trademark "Velcro." It is to be understood that the invention may be applied to various types of body part immobilizers and is not to be limited to the details above given but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims. | A wraparound immobilizer for a body part of a patient, such as the knee, ankle or wrist, in which the inside and outside stays which assist in immobilizing the body part are adjustable to accommodate the size of the patient. Additionally, the stays may carry the attachment straps by which the immobilizer is secured about the body part. | 1,692 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to sterilizing lamps and, more specifically, to a photocatalytic lamp, which is comprised of a lamp body, and a photocatalyst covering formed of a photocatalyst-coated breathing base material, which has a plurality of protruding flow guide portions that define with the periphery of the lamp body a respective buffer zone adapted to buffer the flowing of air.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] Following fast development of industries and increase of the number of motor vehicles, the problem of air pollution becomes more and more series in most countries around the world. In order to breathe clean air, air conditioners, air purifiers, ventilators with wire gauze filters and the like may be used. However, these devices can simply remove solid matters from air. In recent years, various nanostructured photocatalysts have been developed for use with ultraviolet light sources to sterilize air. When a photocatalyst radiated by ultraviolet light, oxygen and water in air are caused to react and to produce negative oxygen ions and hydroxide free radicals. When encountered organic substances in air, negative oxygen ions transfer electrons to organic substances, and hydroxide free radicals catch electrons from organic substances. During the process, organic substances are caused to decompose into carbon dioxide and water. By means of the aforesaid chemical reaction, photocatalysts cause an oxidation to kill germs in air.
[0005] Various photocatalytic sterilizing products have been commercialized. However, the structural or space arrangement between the catalyst (for example, TiO 2 ) and the light source (for example, ultraviolet lamp) affects the sterilizing effect.
[0006] FIGS. 1A-1C show a photocatalytic lamp according to the prior art. This structure of photocatalytic lamp is comprised of an UV lamp tube 11 and a photocatalyst coating 12 covered on the surface of the UV lamp tube 11 . Because the photocatalyst coating 12 covers the whole area of the surface of the UV lamp tube 11 (except the base at each end of the lamp tube), less amount of UV energy passes out of the photocatalyst coating 12 , resulting in a low photocatalyst ionizing (activating) effect. There are other related prior art patents, which include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,135,838 and 6336998. Further, because the photocatalyst coating 12 is smoothly covered on the surface of the UV lamp tube 11 , currents of air pass over the surface of the photocatalytic lamp rapidly, resulting in a short air and photocatalyst contact time. Therefore, this design of photocatalytic lamp is less effect in killing germs in air.
[0007] In order to extend the contact time of catalyst with air, another structure of photocatalytic lamp is developed. According to this design, the photocatalytic lamp comprises an UV lamp body and a photocatalytic light guide. The photocatalytic light guide is a formed of a panel like a honeycomb in structure. However, this design of photocatalytic lamp is still not satisfactory in function because the photocatalyst at the rear end of the photocatalytic light guide cannot receive sufficient radiation of ultraviolet light from the UV lamp body.
[0008] There is still known another structure of photocatalytic lamp, which uses a photocatalyst filter as covering means for the lamp. The photocatalyst filter is a substrate having openings in it. Due to the formation of the openings in the substrate, the structural strength of the photocatalyst filter is weakened. Further, when passing through the area around the openings in the substrate, air tends to be disturbed, forming a turbulent flow of air, which causes noises.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention has been accomplished under the circumstances in view. It is the main object of the present invention to provide a photocatalytic lamp, which kills germs in air by means of a photocatalytic effect. It is another object of the present invention to provide a photocatalytic lamp, which has buffer zones to buffer the flowing of circulating air.
[0010] To achieve these and other objects of the present invention, the photocatalytic lamp comprises a lamp body, and a photocatalyst covering surrounding the lamp body. The photocatalyst covering comprises a breathing base material, and a photocatalyst in the breathing base material. The breathing base material has protruding flow guide portions each defining with the periphery of the lamp body a respective buffer zone adapted to buffer the flowing of circulating air. In one embodiment of the present invention, the flow guide portions extend in radial direction. In another embodiment of the present invention, the flow guide portions extend in axial direction.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1A is an elevational view of a photocatalytic lamp according to the prior art.
[0012] FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view in an enlarged scale of the photocatalytic lamp shown in FIG. 1 .
[0013] FIG. 1C is a longitudinal view in section in an enlarged scale of a part of the photocatalytic lamp shown in FIG. 1 .
[0014] FIG. 2A is a schematic drawing showing the structure of a photocatalytic lamp according to the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 2B is a schematic drawing showing an alternate form of the photocatalytic lamp according to the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing showing a circulation of air through one buffering zone in the photocatalytic lamp according to the present invention.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another alternate form of the photocatalytic lamp according to the present invention.
[0018] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of still another alternate form of the photocatalytic lamp according to the present invention.
[0019] FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of still another alternate form of the photocatalytic lamp according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0020] Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B , a photocatalytic lamp is shown comprising a lamp body 2 and a photocatalyst covering 3 formed of a breathing base material 31 attached with a photocatalyst and covered on the surface of the lamp body 2 . The breathing base material 31 is a thin sheet member selected from any of a variety of materials including non-woven fabric, polymeric sheet material, metal netting, filter paper, ceramics, and sponge. The photocatalyst can be obtained from any of a variety of oxide compounds such as TiO 2 , ZnO, SnO 2 , SrTiO 3 , WO 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , and Fe 2 O 3 . The best choice is TiO 2 . Most preferably, TiO 2 is selected.
[0021] The aforesaid photocatalyst can be mixed in the breathing base material 31 during the fabrication of the breathing base material 31 . Alternatively, the photocatalyst can be coated on the surface of the breathing base material 31 .
[0022] Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 2A , unlike the smooth tube-like conventional designs, the photocatalyst covering 3 is shaped like a corrugated tube having a plurality of protruded flow guide portions 32 . Each protruded flow guide portion 32 defines with the periphery of the lamp body 2 a flow buffer zone 33 . When currents of air pass through the photocatalyst covering 3 either from direction A or direction B, the buffer zones 33 buffer the flowing speed of currents of air, and at the same time, the radiation of light from the lamp body 2 excites the photocatalyst at the breathing base material 31 of the photocatalyst covering 3 , producing an ionized effect to sterilize air.
[0023] The aforesaid lamp body 2 can be formed of a lamp tube lamp bulb, or LED (light emitting diode) having a wavelength within 200˜800 nm. Preferably, the lamp body 2 is formed of a UV (ultraviolet) lamp tube, UV lamp bulb, or UV LED (light emitting diode).
[0024] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 , the lamp body 2 is formed of a UV lamp tube, which emits UV light to kill germs in air and to excite the photocatalyst at the breathing base material 31 of the photocatalyst covering 3 , achieving a photodissociation effect. Because the buffer zones 33 buffer the flowing speed of air and because currents of air are continuously circulated through the photocatalyst covering 3 , the invention effectively kill germs in air and remove bad smell from air.
[0025] The protruded flow guide portions 32 may be variously embodied. According to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2A and 4 , the protruded flow guide portions 32 are arranged in parallel around the periphery of the lamp body 2 . According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2B , the protruded flow guide portions 32 are spirally connected in series around the periphery of the lamp body 2 . According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , the protruded flow guide portions 32 extend in axial direction, and are arranged in parallel around the periphery of the lamp body 2 .
[0026] FIG. 6 shows still another alternate form of the present invention. According to this embodiment, the lamp body 2 is formed of a lamp bulb, and the photocatalyst covering 3 comprises a plurality of protruded flow guide portions 32 arranged in parallel around the periphery of the lamp body 2 .
[0027] Further, the photocatalyst covering 3 may be used with an existing lamp tube (or lamp bulb). Because the breathing base layer 31 admits air and light, the photocatalyst covering 3 does not block the light of the lamp tube (or lamp bulb), and the photocatalytic lamp provides sufficient illumination when sterilizing air.
[0028] A prototype of photocatalytic lamp has been constructed with the features of FIGS. 2 ˜ 6 . The photocatalytic lamp functions smoothly to provide all of the features discussed earlier.
[0029] Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims. | A photocatalytic lamp is constructed to include a lamp body and a photocatalyst covering surrounding the lamp body, the photocatalyst covering being formed of a photocatalyst-coated breathing base material, which has a plurality of protruding flow guide portions that define with the periphery of the lamp body a respective buffer zone adapted to buffer the flowing of air. | 1,726 |
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.: 60/949,111, filed Jul. 11, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.: 60/974,634, filed Sep. 24, 2007, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] Hanging luggage is described with a foldable shelf, a lighted mirror and removable containers for containing various items such as toiletries, cosmetics, personal care items, accessories, jewelry and other similarly sized items. The removable inserts may be added, removed or reconfigured by the user of the luggage to customize it to suit personal taste and the specific needs of a use for the luggage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The hanging luggage described herein provides for several features in combination to provide an improved article of luggage for transporting, storing and utilizing various items for personal use, such as cosmetics, personal care products, toiletries, fashion or other accessories, jewelry, medicines, small personal care appliances, and other similar items. The luggage may be used to carry and access any items that may fit into the provided containers.
[0005] The luggage includes a folding hanger for hanging the luggage while packing, unpacking, or utilizing the items contained in the luggage, and which may be folded into the luggage during carrying or other transportation. The folding hanger may also incorporate a mirror to provide an aide for using cosmetic items, or other personal care items stored in the hanging luggage. The mirror may be optionally lit by light fixtures incorporated into the folding hanger or other areas of the luggage.
[0006] The luggage also includes a folding shelf for conveniently setting items during their use, and which may also be folded flat inside the luggage when preparing the luggage for travel.
[0007] The luggage further provides a number of containers or inserts incorporated into and attached to the luggage. The containers may be of varying sizes and shapes to accommodate storage of various items. Some of the containers or inserts may be removably attached to the luggage to allow for use separate from the luggage. The removable containers allow the user of the luggage to add, remove or reconfigure the containers in the luggage thereby customizing it to serve a specific need or the personal taste of the user.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the hanging luggage in an open, hanging configuration.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the hanging luggage in a partially folded configuration with several of the removable inserts disconnected from the hanging luggage panels.
[0010] FIG. 3 is a partial photographic view of an embodiment of the hanging luggage in an open, hanging configuration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Referring to FIG. 1 , the hanging luggage 100 is shown in an open configuration. The luggage 100 comprises a top panel 102 and at least one folding panel 104 . The embodiment shown in FIG. 1 includes two folding panels 104 , however other embodiments of the hanging luggage 100 may have one or more folding panels 104 . The embodiment shown in FIG. 1 has two folding panels 104 , with a first folding panel 104 foldably attached to the bottom edge of top panel 102 , and the second folding panel 104 foldably attached to the bottom edge 107 of the first folding panel 104 . The relative proportions of the folding panels to each other and to the containers and removable inserts therein may or may not be as shown in the figures.
[0012] Top panel 102 and folding panels 104 may be constructed utilizing a number of methods and using a variety of materials as known in the art of making luggage. The panels may be constructed from cloth over a frame, stiff materials such as leather, plastic or synthetic materials, or hard-side materials commonly used to construct suitcases. Either the top panel 102 or the folding panels 104 , or both, may have side walls 109 extending substantially perpendicular to the panels 102 and 104 , the side walls defining an open-sided box with a depth typical of luggage or garment bags, as further described in relation to FIG. 3 .
[0013] The top panel 102 and the folding panels 104 are foldably attached together along an exterior edge 106 of the panels to allow the folding panel 104 to overlay the top panel 102 in a folded configuration of the luggage. The top panel 102 folds into and is enclosed by the first folding panel 104 . The first folding panel 104 and the second folding panel 104 fold together and fasten along exterior edges 108 .
[0014] The top panel 102 and folding panels 104 have interior and exterior surfaces. The exterior surfaces of the panels 102 and 104 are those facing away from a user of the luggage when the luggage is in an open configuration. The interior surfaces of the panels 102 and 104 are those that face toward the user and contain various containers as described later in the specification.
[0015] In other embodiments of the luggage, top panel 102 may attach to edges 108 of folding panel 104 , and may enclose additional folding panels 104 between top panel 102 and the first folding panel 104 .
[0016] The panels 102 and 104 may be attached to each other using a variety of methods for forming folding joints known in the art of making luggage. For example, the panels may be foldably attached by zippers or hinges attached to the panels, or the panels may be sewn together to form a flexible joint. Alternatively, top panel 102 and foldable panels 104 are formed from one continuous sheet of flexible material. For example, panels 102 and 104 may be formed from a single sheet of cloth or fabric.
[0017] The folding panels 104 releaseably attach to each other along exterior edges 108 . The releaseable attachment along edges 108 may be one or a combination of various devices and materials for releaseable attachments, including, without limitation, zippers, Velcro, snaps, straps, latches, drawstrings or other similar means of closing luggage.
[0018] One or more handles for carrying the luggage may be attached to it in various locations. A handle may be located along the exterior edge 106 , on the side of the luggage opposite the containers. A handle may be attached to the edges 108 of one or both of the panels 102 and 104 , at any point and along any side of the luggage. The handle may consist of multiple pieces that are attached to several different panels 102 or 104 , and that are disposed adjacent to one another for use as a handle only when luggage 100 is in the closed configuration.
[0019] A folding hanger 110 is foldably attached to top panel 102 near edge 108 . The folding hanger 110 is adapted to hang over the bar provided in closets, or over hooks provided for hanging bags or articles of clothing. The folding hanger 110 may be formed from plastic, metal, wire, fabric, chain, or some combination thereof. The folding hanger 110 may be foldably attached to top panel 102 utilizing hinges, sewn attachment or other foldable means of connection. The hanger 110 may be folded down over top panel 102 in a folded configuration for carrying the luggage. An attachment may be provided for fastening the hook end of the hanger 110 to the top panel 102 to prevent shifting during carrying or travel, such as a strap secured by velcro or a snap.
[0020] A mirror 112 is provided for use when the hanging luggage is in the open configuration. In one embodiment of the hanging luggage 100 , the mirror 112 is attached to the folding hanger 110 . The mirror 112 may also be attached to the top panel 102 independently of the hanger 110 , so long as it is foldably attached to the top panel 102 for flat storage in the folded configuration of the hanging luggage 102 . The mirror 1 12 may optionally be lit by light fixtures incorporated into the luggage. The light fixtures may be powered by batteries incorporated into the luggage, or by an accessory cord to plug the luggage into an electrical wall outlet.
[0021] A shelf 114 may also be provided near edge 108 of top panel 102 adjacent to the folding hanger 110 . The shelf 114 may be used to temporarily store items otherwise stored in the compartments of the hanging luggage 100 during use when it is in the open position. Shelf 114 is formed from a rigid material capable of supporting items such as toiletries or cosmetics, including plastics, metals or flexible materials supported by a rigid frame. Shelf 114 is foldably connected to top panel 102 to allow it to fold flat against top panel 102 for storage in the folded configuration of the luggage 100 . Additional support for shelf 114 may be provided in the form of straps 115 attached to the outside edge of shelf 114 and to top panel 102 near edge 108 , or in support elements underneath shelf 114 and built into top panel 102 .
[0022] Containers 116 are arrayed on both top panel 102 and folding panels 104 . Containers 116 provide storage for items of various sizes and shapes. The containers 116 may be formed from mesh, fabric, plastics, or other similar materials suitable for forming flexible containers in luggage. Containers 116 may be formed by sewing a pocket of fabric into the inside lining of panels 102 and 104 . They may also be self-contained pouches that are attached to panels 102 and 104 by sewing, gussetts, or otherwise. Containers 116 may be open on top, may close with elastic cord, drawstrings, snaps, buttons, or zip shut, or may be secured shut in other ways commonly used to secure the opening of bags, pouches, pockets, and other such containers.
[0023] Certain containers 118 may be removable. Containers 118 are formed from the same types of materials and using the same methods of construction as described for containers 116 above. The removable containers 118 are releaseably attached to the top panel 102 and the folding panels 104 along the foldable attachment between the first and second folding panels 104 , and in other locations on the interior surface of the panels 102 and 104 . The removable containers 118 are releaseably attached to the panels 102 and 104 using ring binders or clips, straps, velcro, zippers, or combinations thereof. Different configurations of removable containers 118 may be formed by attaching varying sizes of removable containers 118 within the hanging luggage 100 .
[0024] A user of the luggage may remove some of the removable containers 118 , may purchase and add additional removable containers of different sizes or shapes than those originally provided by with the luggage, or may rearrange the removable inserts in the luggage by unclipping the containers and reclipping them in a more suitable configuration in the luggage. By reconfiguring the removable containers 118 , the luggage 100 may be customized for a specific use or for the tastes and convenience of the user.
[0025] The attachment member 122 provides the method of releasable attachment between removable containers 118 and luggage 100 . Luggage 100 may have multiple attachment members 122 located at various areas of luggage 100 , on panels 102 and 104 . In the embodiment of the luggage 100 shown in FIG. 1 , the attachment member is a ring clip device, providing releasable ring clips that may be opened or closed to remove or attach containers 118 as desired. Other embodiments of the luggage 100 may use other attachment members 122 , such as velcro strips, zippers, clips, straps or combinations thereof.
[0026] Referring now to FIG. 2 , hanging luggage 100 is shown in a partially folded configuration. Shelf 114 is folded up and is flat against top panel 102 . Folding hanger 110 is folded down over shelf 114 and is flat against top panel 102 . To further fold the luggage 100 for travel, top panel 102 would be folded down into first folding panel 104 , then the folding panels 104 would be folded together and releaseably attached along edges 108 .
[0027] In the folded configuration, luggage 100 may be carried by handles 120 . Handles 120 may be formed from flexible fabric straps, rigid plastic or metal, or some combination thereof. In other embodiments of the luggage 100 , removeably attached or integrated shoulder straps or integrated wheeled carriers may be provided. Such handles, straps or other means for carrying the luggage 100 may also be provided on the exterior surface of the luggage 100 at the foldable attachment between the folding panels 104 .
[0028] Referring now to FIG. 3 , an embodiment of the luggage 100 is shown in the open configuration. Sidewalls 109 are shown for defining the interior of luggage 100 and extending edges 108 for attachment to the opposing edges of panels 102 and 104 , as appropriate. A view of folding hanger 110 is shown in the open position. Containers 1 16 and removable containers 118 are shown, attached to the top and folding panels, 102 and 104 respectively. FIG. 3 also includes a view of the handle 120 . | An article of luggage is described, incorporating a folding hanger, mirror and shelf, and a number of permanent and removably attached containers inside the luggage. The article of luggage may be hung in an open configuration for use of the items stored within. It may also be folded for storage or transport, in which folded configuration the hanger, mirror and shelf are folded and stored internally in the luggage. The removably attached containers may be rearranged within the luggage to provide a custom configuration. | 2,326 |
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to new insecticidal compositions which are useful in the kill and control of insects particularly insects of the Lepidoptera order and especially of the genus Heliothis. These compositions comprise mixtures of O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate and 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid:cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl ester. It has been found that the toxic ingredients of said compositions are mutually activating.
The O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate employed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention is a solid material melting at ˜41°-42° C. The compound, its method of preparation and its insecticidal activity are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,244,586.
The 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid:cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl ester employed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention is a liquid material boiling at ˜190°-200° C. under 0.1-0.2 mm Hg and has a refractive index of n D 20 of 1.5264. The compound, its method of preparation and its insecticidal activity are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,787.
The new insecticidal composition of the present invention comprises about 1 part by weight of O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate and from about 1/133 to about 1 part by weight of 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane, i.e. a ratio of about 133:1 to about 1:1. A preferred ratio is from about 2:1 to about 133:1 with the most preferred ratio being from about 2:1 to about 33:1.
These insecticidal compositions are especially effective in killing and controlling insects, particularly Lepidoptera, especially Heliothis species, which infest crops such as corn, soybeans, tobacco and particularly cotton.
The mixtures of active compounds of the present invention have been found to possess good activity against Heliothis species. Accordingly, the present invention also comprises methods for controlling such insects and/or their habitats with a pesticidally effective amount of the active compound mixture. For such uses the unmodified active materials of the present invention can be employed. However, the present invention embraces the use of an insecticidally-effective amount of the active materials in admixture with an inert material, as an adjuvant or carrier therefor, in solid or liquid form. Thus, for example, the active mixture can be dispersed on a finely divided solid and employed therein as a dust. Also, the active mixture, as liquid concentrates or solid compositions comprising the active mixture, can be dispersed in water, typically with the aid of a wetting agent, and the resulting aqueous dispersion employed as a spray. In other procedures, the active mixture can be employed as a constituent of organic liquid compositions, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, or water dispersions, with or without the addition of wetting, dispersing, or emulsifying agents.
Suitable adjuvants of the foregoing type are well known to those skilled in the art. The methods of applying the solid or liquid pesticidal formulations similarly are well known to the skilled artisan.
As organic solvents used as extending agents there can be employed hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and petroleum naphtha, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene, esters such as ethyl acetate, amyl acetate and butyl acetate, ethers, e.g., ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, alcohols, e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butyl carbitol acetate and glycerine. Mixtures of water and organic solvents, either as solutions or emulsions, can be employed.
The active mixtures can also be applied as aerosols, e.g., by dispersing them in air by means of a compressed gas such as dichlorodifluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane and other such materials.
The active mixture of the present invention can also be applied with adjuvants or carriers such as talc, pyrophyllite, synthetic fine silica, attapulgus clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite, fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, tripoli, wood flour, walnut shell flour, redwood flour and lignin.
As stated, it is frequently desirable to incorporate a surface active agent in the compositions of the present invention. Such surface active or wetting agents are advantageously employed in both the solid and liquid compositions. The surface active agent can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character.
Typical classes of surface active agents include alkyl sulfonate salts, alkylaryl sulfonate salts, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols and the alkylene oxide addition products of such esters, and addition products of long chain mercaptans and alkylene oxides. Typical examples of such surface active agents include the sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates having 10 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, alkylphenol ethylene oxide condensation products, e.g., p-isooctylphenol condensed with 10 ethylene oxide units, soaps, e.g., sodium stearate and potassium oleate, sodium salt of propylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, di(2-ethylhexyl)-ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium decane sulfonate, sodium salt of the sulfonated monoglyceride of coconut fatty acids, sorbitan sesquioleate, lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, polyethylene glycol lauryl ether, polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids and rosin acids, e.g., Ethofat 7 and 13, sodium N-methyl-N-oleyl taurate, Turkey Red Oil, sodium dibutyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium lignin sulfonate, polyethylene glycol stearate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate tertiary dodecyl polyethylene glycol thioether (nonionic 218), long chain ethylene oxide-propylene oxide condensation products, e.g., Pluronic 61 (molecular weight 1000), polyethylene glycol ester of tall oil acids, sodium octyl phenoxyethoxyethyl sulfate, tris(polyoxyethylene)-sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60), and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate.
The concentration of the active mixtures in liquid formulations generally is from about 0.01 to about 95 percent by weight or more. Concentrations of from about 0.1 to about 50 weight percent are often employed. In formulations to be employed as concentrates, the active materials can be present in a concentration of from about 5 to about 98 weight percent. In dusts or dry formulations, the concentration of the active ingredient can be from about 0.01 to about 95 weight percent or more; concentrations of from about 0.1 to about 50 weight percent are often conveniently employed. The active compositions can also contain other compatible additaments, for example, plant growth regulants, pesticides and the like.
The present compositions can be applied by the use of power-dusters, boom and hand sprayers, spray-dusters and by other conventional means. The compositions can also be applied from airplanes as a dust or a spray.
The active mixtures of this invention are usually applied at an approximate rate of from about 1/16 pound to about 5 pounds or more per acre, but lower or higher rates may be appropriate in some cases. A preferred application rate is from 1/2 pound to about 2 pounds per acre.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following examples illustrate the present invention and the manner by which it can be practiced but, as such, should not be construed as limitations upon the overall scope of the same.
EXAMPLE I
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness and synergistic response of various combinations of O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate and 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid:cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl ester in the control of Heliothis insects.
Test solutions were prepared by admixing predetermined amounts of each of the above compounds in predetermined amounts of water containing predetermined amounts of acetone and Triton X155 surfactant.
Tobacco leaf discs, 3 inches in diameter were dipped into one of the above mixtures and placed in an open petri dish to dry. After the leaf discs were dry, 5 late second instar (approximately 3-day old) tobacco bud worms (Heliothis virescens) were placed in each dish and the dishes covered. All treatments were run in triplicate and on two different days. Mortality was recorded 48 hours after treatment with moribund larvae unable to crawl their own body length being counted as dead. In this test method, intoxication occurred through contact with and feeding upon treated plants.
The results of this study are set forth below in Table I.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Expected ActualTest Amount Amount Ratio of Control Control Percent Increase OverNo..sup.(1) Chemical.sup.(2) in PPM Chemical.sup.(3) in PPM A to B in Percent.sup.(4) in Percent Expected Control.sup.(5)__________________________________________________________________________1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 --2 A 12.5 -- -- -- -- 3 --3 A 25 -- -- -- -- 13 --4 A 50 -- -- -- -- 30 --5 A 100 -- -- -- -- 60 --6 -- -- B 0.75 -- -- 7 --7 -- -- B 1.5 -- -- 13 --8 -- -- B 3.1 -- -- 27 --9 -- -- B 6.2 -- -- 40 --10 -- -- B 12.5 -- -- 67 --11 A 12.5 B 0.75 16:1 9 10 212 A 12.5 B 1.5 8:1 16 23 4413 A 12.5 B 3.1 4:1 29 37 2814 A 12.5 B 6.2 2:1 42 67 6015 A 12.5 B 12.5 1:1 68 70 316 A 25 B 0.75 33:1 19 27 4217 A 25 B 1.5 16:1 24 43 7918 A 25 B 3.1 8:1 36 50 3919 A 25 B 6.2 4:1 48 63 3120 A 25 B 12.5 2:1 71 90 2721 A 50 B 0.75 66:1 35 40 1422 A 50 B 1.5 33:1 39 53 3623 A 50 B 3.1 16:1 49 70 4324 A 50 B 6.2 8:1 58 70 2125 A 50 B 12.5 4:1 77 93 2126 A 100 B 0.75 133:1 66 77 1727 A 100 B 1.5 66:1 65 73 1228 A 100 B 3.1 33:1 71 90 2729 A 100 B 6.2 16:1 76 87 1430 A 100 B 12.5 8:1 87 100 15__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(1) Test Nos. 1-10 are control runs with Test 1 being a no chemical control (surfactant/acetone/water alone). .sup.(2) Chemical A represents O,Odiethyl O(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate. .sup.(3) Chemical B represents 3(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid:cyano(6phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl ester. ##STR1## ##STR2##
Data from Table I illustrates that better control was obtained employing the two toxicants together than would be expected from the results obtained from employing each of the two toxicants alone. These data are obtained according to the technique described in Colby, "Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", Weeds, Vol. 15 (1967) pages 20-22 and Colby, "Greenhouse Evaluation of Herbicide Combinations", Proc. NEWCC, No. 19, pages 312-320. | Insecticidal compositions containing a mixture of 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate and 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid:cyano(6-phenoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl ester are disclosed. Such compositions are useful in the kill and control of insects, particularly insects of the Lepidoptera order and especially of the genus Heliothis. | 1,684 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/447,509, filed Feb. 28, 2011, and is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present disclosure is directed to an attachment to a pet training device, such as a clicker used to train a dog.
[0003] Training animals to behave as desired is an important aspect of pet ownership, and to this end many training techniques have been utilized over the years. One ubiquitous method of training a dog, for example, uses a clicking device that takes advantage of the phenomenon famously documented by Ivan Pavlov in which an animal can, over time, be conditioned to associate a pleasurable event (in Pavlov's experiment, being fed) with an auditory sound or other event, even to the extent that the animal enjoys the auditory sound itself.
[0004] In this method, the dog or other pet is repetitiously given a treat, or other reward, simultaneously with activation of a hand-held clicker after behaving in a desired manner. Eventually, the pet begins to associate the clicking sound itself as a reward, after which a pet owner may simply use the clicker to indicate to the pet approval of behavior.
[0005] A typical pet clicker is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,674,153 and comprises a rigid housing surrounding an actuation member that, when actuated—usually by depression with the digit of a hand—emits a clicking sound. Usually, this sound is produced by the deflection of one end of a thin piece of metal relative to another end. Also, when the metal piece is affixed inside the cavity of a housing surrounding the metal piece, that sound may be amplified somewhat. A typical pet clicker may include an aperture at one end of the housing with which to attach the clicker to a key chain, wrist band, or other device to secure the clicker to a belt loop, a hand, etc.
[0006] To be effective, the pet clicker is preferably activated as quickly as possible after the pet behaves in a desired manner. One problem that arises is that the pet clicker, when dangling from a wrist or a belt loop, is not ready for activation quickly enough to be of use, as the pet may have changed its behavior while a person grasps for the clicker and positions it in an orientation in which it can be manually actuated, after which the pet would be “rewarded” for the wrong behavior. Conceivably, a pet owner, when walking a dog, for example, could always keep the pet clicker in hand and ready to click the instant it is desired, but this is often inconvenient as the owners hands may be needed for, say, throwing a ball or other matters.
[0007] What is desired, therefore, is an improved pet training apparatus that improves the speed at which a pet training device may be actuated from a position that is not grasped in a person's hand.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of a first exemplary attachment to a pet training device.
[0009] FIG. 1B shows a perspective view of the attachment shown in FIG. 1A , secured to both the digit of a person's hand and a pet training device in a first orientation, and also shows a phantom view of a second orientation , displaced form the first orientation, of the attachment of FIG. 1A and the attached pet training device.
[0010] FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of a second exemplary attachment to a pet training device.
[0011] FIG. 2B shows a perspective view of the attachment shown in FIG. 2A , secured to a pet training device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0012] Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B , an exemplary attachment 10 to a pet training device, such as the device 12 (in this example a dog clicker) is shown, in which an auditory sound or other activation signal is emitted upon activation after depression of an activation surface 30 on the device 12 . The attachment 10 may include a first end 14 selectively securable to the pet training device 12 . For example, because most existing dog clickers include an opening 32 for securing a key chain, wristband, etc., an attachment 10 for a pet training device that is a dog clicker 12 may have a first end 14 comprising an appropriately-sized peg-portion 16 and a flexible anchor 18 having a diameter in a relaxed state that is larger than that of the opening 32 , such that that the peg portion 16 may be inserted through the opening 32 and then used to pull the anchor 18 that so that it squeezes through the opening 32 , as well, after which the anchor 18 relaxes and secures the attachment 10 to the device 12 . It should be appreciated that other means of securing an attachment 10 to a pet training device may be appropriate, depending on the pet training device. Conceivably, for example, a pet training device may be equipped with a clevis-type mount, such that a first end 14 would only need an appropriately-sized aperture to line up with those on either side of the clevis, and a securing pin used to complete the connection. It is also desirable, though not necessary, that the first end 14 be selectively detachable from the device 12 so that it can alternately be attached to other pet training devices. For example, as can be seen in the figures, the anchor 18 may be squeezed back through the opening 32 to detach the attachment 10 from the clicker 12 .
[0013] The exemplary attachment 10 may also include a second end 22 for selectively attaching the attachment 10 to a digit of a person's hand, such as a thumb. In this example, the second end 22 is a flexible ring that may expand to be squeezably secured to the desired digit. Also, as with the first end 14 , the second end may have other configurations, as appropriate, For example, the second end 22 may not be formed as a complete circle so long as it does not slip easily from the digit to which it is secured. Preferably, the second end 22 includes a tab 24 used to pull the attachment 10 from a person's digit after use.
[0014] As can be readily appreciated from these figures, when the disclosed attachment 10 is used to secure a pet training device 12 to the digit of a person's hand, the training device 12 does not need to be grasped in hand, yet is always ready to be grasped, and may be activated virtually instantaneously with the very act of grasping the device 12 by depressing an activation surface 30 on the device 12 . To facilitate this feature, the attachment 10 may include a flexible neck 20 between the anchor 18 and the second end 22 that tapers in the direction of the first end 14 . The flexible neck 20 may serve two related functions. First, the taper of the neck 20 immediately adjacent the anchor 18 secures the opening 32 to the flexible neck 20 . Also, the flexibility of the neck 20 is such that the neck 20 permits the device 12 to be displaced in hand from a relaxed position as shown by the solid outline of FIG. 1B to a displaced position as shown by the phantom outline in this figure. In this case, the relaxed position refers to that to which the flexible neck region will cause the device 12 to return when displaced. In other words, the neck 20 acts to ensure that, whatever the angle or amount of deflection of the pet training device 12 , due to for example, holding a ball to be thrown, the pet training device afterward returns to its relaxed position where not only will the pet training device be ready to be grasped by simply closing the hand to which it is attached, but the activation surface 30 is also ready to be activated merely upon grasping the device 12 .
[0015] Another feature of the attachment 10 is that its relative orientation with the device 12 may be reversed, and it will not lose its functionality. For example, in FIG. 1B the attachment 10 is shown in a configuration where the device 12 is secured to the digit that is used to activate the device by depressing the activation surface 30 . It is possible, however, to detach the device 12 from the attachment 10 , turn the device 12 over and reattach it so that the activation surface is facing away from the digit to which the device 12 is attached. In that case, when grasped, the activation surface may be activated using another digit, e.g. an index finger where the device 12 is attached to the thumb. This reversal may even be accomplished while the attachment is continuously secured to the thumb (or another digit) for long training periods where one digit becomes fatigued or sore after continual use, or to avoid repetitive stress injuries by a professional dog trainer, for example.
[0016] In one preferred embodiment, the attachment 10 is approximately 2 inches in length and is advantageously integrally formed of the same flexible material. The inventors have discovered that Kraton G7720 G1 is a suitable material for the disclosed attachment, and preferably has a durometer of approximately 57. In this context, the term “approximately” means within 10%, although more preferably the durometer of the material used is within 5% of this number and even more preferably 2%. The inventors discovered that these disclosed ranges provide an appropriate balance between sufficient flexibility to securely extend over the digit of a person's hand, and the resiliency to both maintain a proper relative orientation of an attached pet training device 12 and to return a device 12 to that orientation from a deflected position. It should be understood that the dimensions suitable for the attachment 10 will vary based on factors such as the size of a person's fingers for which it is designed, the type and weight of pet training device to which it is intended to be attached, the size of any opening 32 on that device, etc.
[0017] FIGS. 2A and 2B show another exemplary attachment 40 . The attachment 40 preferably includes a member 50 , which like the second member 22 of the attachment 10 , is used to secure the attachment 40 to the digit of a person's hand. The attachment 40 preferably includes first and second flexible attachment rings 42 and 44 , respectively, used to squeezably secure the attachment 40 to either end of a pet training device 60 having an activation surface 62 . The member 50 also includes a tab 52 used to quickly remove the attachment 40 from a digit to which it is attached. The attachment 40 is also preferably integrally formed of the same flexible material, such as Kraton G7720 G1 with a durometer of approximately 57.
[0018] Preferably the attachment rings 42 and 44 are not spaced an equal distance to either side of the member 50 . This advantageously causes the aperture of the member 50 to tilt at an angle relative to the actuation surface of the pet training device 50 to which it is attached, so that a digit inserted therein is directed downwardly towards the actuation surface. The present inventors have discovered that an appropriate angle is approximately 45-degrees, and that the attachment rings 42 and 44 be spaced apart from the member 50 by respective distances equal to or exceeding a 3:1 ratio and more preferably a 4:1 ratio through opposed flexible neck regions 46 and 48 .
[0019] The attachment 40 includes the functional advantages of the device 10 as previously described. More specifically, when attached to the digit of a person's hand, such as a thumb, it may be displaced to, for example throw a ball, and yet return to a relaxed position where the device 60 is ready to be activated immediately upon being grasped by a person's hand.
[0020] The terms and expressions that have been employed in the forgoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalence of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow. | An attachment selectively attachable to a pet training device that emits signal upon actuation by the hand that grasps the pet training device. The attachment includes an aperture for selectively securing the attachment to a hand and at least one connector for securing the attachment to the pet training device. | 2,147 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to methods of playing games and methods of amusement; in particular, this invention relates to methods of playing wagering games, especially wagering games in the context of a casino or other commercial venue; most particularly this intention relates to methods of playing card games at tables in a casino or other commercial venue and virtual card games in self contained games in the casino environment.
STATE OF THE ART
The card game known as Blackjack or Twenty-One is a common card game played for recreation in every conceivable venue, including homes, dormitory rooms, lunch rooms and, of course, in casinos and other organized venues for the promotion of wagering throughout the world. In Twenty-One the outcome is determined by either the player or the dealer having the highest hand value that does not total more than twenty one as defined by the numerical amounts of the cards in the hand value. The hand value is defined by the numerical value of the cards dealt with two exceptions: a) the face cards are all defined to have a value of ten, and b) the ace may have a value of either one or eleven at the player's option. The best hand is called the blackjack, and consists of a two card hand totaling twenty one, which is a hand comprising an ace and a ten.
As the game is typically played, insurance, doubling down, and splitting a pair are the only side bets normally allowed, when “side bet” is defined as a bet that requires an additional wager, and is based on an occurrence that may or may not affect the ultimate outcome of the game. The two traditional side bets mentioned illustrate the concept. When the dealer shows an ace a player may place a second bet to ‘insure’ that the dealer doesn't have a ten as his down card. If the dealer has some other card than a ten, the player loses the wager for the insurance, play continues for that hand, and the player may still win the hand.
Similarly, the player may double down by placing a second bet after the first two cards have been dealt that the next card dealt to him will give him a better hand than the dealer—that is, his three card hand will beat the hand the dealer eventually will wind up with.
Splitting a pair is not quit a side bet as herein defined, since the player splits a pair of cards, for example a 9-9, and then player plays both of the two hands to the conclusion of the game, each hand containing a 9 from his original hand. He may usually split the next hand if he gets a third 9. Of course the rules for these side bets may vary from casino to casino.
The need for casinos to attract more customers, particularly the casual player who may not fully understand the table games, has caused a recent upsurge in interest in developing new easy to understand and play side-bets for established table games such as Twenty-One. The need has resulted in several innovations in table games found in casinos. Some have filled the need admirably, but the average life time for a variant side bet game is short enough that there remains a continuing need for candidate games.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A card game that can be a side bet or an adjunct to the casino card game of twenty-one is played by placing a wager that the face up card of a dealer will be a value of ten; dealing to at least one player the first two cards of a twenty-one game from at least one randomly shuffled deck of cards containing at least one standard playing card deck of fifty two cards; dealing to a dealer two cards, the first of said cards being dealt one face up, and the second of said cards, a hole card, being dealt face down; determining if the dealers face up card is a card with a value of ten: which is a ten card, a jack card, a queen card or a king card; then depending on the value of the face up card following one of two courses of action, if there is no ten, jack, queen or king showing, collecting the money bet the ten wager, then continuing to deal the twenty-one game until its resolution; if the dealer has a ten card showing, paying the wager at a first predetermined amount if his hole card is an Ace, paying the wager at a second predetermined amount if his hole card is a ten, paying the wager at a third predetermined amount if he has anything other than an ace or a ten; then continuing to deal the twenty-one game until its resolution
This invention provides a method for playing a modified form of blackjack or twenty-one played with at least one standard deck of at least fifty two cards consists of wagering whether the dealer has a winning hand based on the observation that the dealer has dealt himself a ten as an up card.
In particular this invention provides a card game comprising the method of:
Placing a wager that the face up card of a dealer will be a value of ten; Dealing to at least one player the first two cards of a twenty-one game from at least one randomly shuffled deck of cards containing at least one standard playing card deck of fifty two cards; Dealing to a dealer two cards, the first of said cards being dealt one face up, and the second of said cards, a hole card, being dealt face down; Determining if the dealers face up card is a card with a value of ten: a ten crd, a jack card, a queen card, or a king card; If the dealers face up card is not a ten, jack, queen or king,
collecting the money bet the ten wager, then continuing to deal the twenty-one game until its resolution;
If the dealer has a ten card showing,
paying the wager at a first predetermined amount if his hole card is an Ace, paying the wager at a second predetermined amount if his hole card is a ten, and paying the wager at a third predetermined amount if he has anything other than an ace or a ten value card; then continuing to deal the twenty-one game until its resolution.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Blackjack or twenty one is defined herein as a game wherein a first participant, hereinafter the ‘dealer’, who plays for the house, deals two cards apiece to a second participant, hereinafter the ‘player’, and himself. The player is therefore really playing against the house. The point of the game is for the player to match or beat the dealer's cards without going over twenty one points, called going ‘bust.’ Points are determined by the number of the card: that is a 2 is worth two points, a 3, three points and so forth, up to a 10 being worth ten points. The face cards, that is the Jacks, Queens, and Kings, are all worth ten points and an ace is worth either one point (which is used in what is termed a ‘hard’ hand) or eleven points (which is used in a ‘soft’ hand). The best hand is twenty one points, which can be achieved by any number of cards but the two card hand of an ace, counted here as an eleven, and any card worth ten points, which hand is called a Blackjack, is considered the best.
Herein, a deck of cards will considered to be a deck containing a minimum of fifty two cards including an ace (A), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack (J), Queen (Q), and King (K) in the four suits of clubs, spades, hearts and diamonds. J, Q, and K are defined as the face cards; and face cards and ten cards have a value of ten in the game of twenty one. A two card hand will herein be denoted as, for example, 2-7 for a hand containing a two, of any suit, and a seven, of any suit. Other cards may be added to the deck, such as jokers or the like, so the total number of cards may well be higher than fifty two. Moreover, from one to seven or more extra decks may be added to the original first deck. However, the “deck” as defined herein will always contain at least the fifty two cards of the standard deck, and those fifty two cards will always be randomly shuffled before being dealt to the player.
As used herein, a “card” can be a physical elongate paper or plastic item with a numerical value printed thereon, or it can be a virtual card, which is defined herein is any representation of a playing card that may look identical to the numerical side of a physical card or may be abbreviated, having, for example, only a number and a suit identified thereon. Virtual cards are used in conjunction with a computer, or similar digital processing means, which will display the virtual card on a video display monitor or other active display device. As used herein, the term “video monitor” includes CRT video monitors and all equivalents of CRT video monitors such as LED screens and plasma screen displays of any sort that displays graphical images of digital information.
If virtual cards are used then the “dealer” will usually be a virtual dealer. The virtual dealer is a computer, specifically the processor of the computer. The processor calculates the values of the hands as they are played and displays the hands to the player on a display device. In general, the player will activate the processor by dropping a coin into a slot and pressing a button. However, strictly computer driven games, that include no possibility of money changing hands are also contemplated by the invention—for example, games played at home and the like strictly for amusement or for practice for actual play in a casino. If one uses a computer style of game, the dealer's role remains unchanged from what it would be if the dealer was a live person standing or sitting at the gaming table. Therefore, as used herein, the term “dealer” will includes both live dealer and the virtual dealer created by the processor.
The dealer does not normally participate beyond dealing in most twenty one games, but the person playing the dealer may be rotated in and out, and the dealer may play hands against himself—thereby lowering the likelihood of a player winning any given hand. There may be between one to as many as seven players in the normal casino version of the blackjack or twenty one game, although, in theory, the number of players could be much greater.
This invention is a method of playing the game of twenty-one between either a live dealer or a virtual dealer. The dealer may be dealing either real cards or virtual cards. The dealer, live or virtual, will deal to at least one live twenty-one player. The player will place a first wager on whether the twenty-one player or the dealer will win the twenty-one game. This is the standard bet in Twenty-one. The player may then place a second bet if the dealer shows a ten that the dealer will win the hand. That is, if the player knows the dealer has deal himself a 10, he may place a wager that the dealer will win the hand, or, the player may place the bet at the same time he makes the wager on the twenty one hand.
The dealer deals to the player the first two cards of a twenty-one game from at least one randomly shuffled deck of cards containing at least one standard playing card deck of fifty two cards. The dealer also deals himself two cards, one face up, and one face down. The face down card is the “hole” card. It will be appreciated that if the dealer is a virtual dealer, the deck of cards is formed by shuffling 52 numbers, each representing a card using any of several standard algorithms.
Images of the randomly shuffled cards are then presented on the video monitor.
Once the first two cards are dealt, if the dealer has a ten card showing, he will resolve the first wager, if he does not, he will collect the money wagered for the ten wager, then he will continue to deal the twenty-one game until its resolution.
It will be realized that this game can be played without any monetary wager or bet being made. All that needs be done is that the player have some means of indicator means to indicate whether he wants to play this form of cards, and an indication or indicator proving that he has won or he lost the hand.
If the dealer has a ten card showing, he will pay 6 to one if his hole card is an Ace, 3 to one if his hole card is a ten, and 1 to 1 if he has anything other than an ace or a ten. The wager described is on the first two cards dealt only, that is to say, if the dealer draws a ten for any other card he may deal to himself, there is no money to be paid to the player.
A preferred mode of playing this game includes an optional bonus bet as part of the payout for the side bet, where if the dealer has a ten card, and his face down or hole card is also a ten card (the ten cards here being the card between a nine and a jack ONLY) the player receives an enhanced bonus, usually about 40 to one.
This invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments of the invention and examples thereof. Alterations, modifications, and other changes to those embodiments and examples will invariably suggest themselves to those of ordinary skill in the art relating to this invention. Therefore, it is intended that the scope of this invention should be determined solely by reference to the appended claims, which appended claims encompass all such alterations, modifications, and changes. | A side bet for Blackjack also known as twenty-one is disclosed. The player places a side wager that the dealer's up card will be a ten-value card. If the dealer's up card is a ten-value card, then the player is paid 1 to 1. Potential additional side payoffs include whether the dealer's hole card is a ten-value card, in which case the player wins 3 to 1 or whether the dealer's hole card is an ace, in which case the player is paid 6 to 1. Other potential side payoffs are also disclosed. | 2,490 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/647,950 filed on Aug. 26, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,104 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/779,021 filed on Feb. 7, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,009 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/235,593 filed on Jan. 22, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,263 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/072,406 filed on Jan. 23, 1998, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The subject disclosure relates to minimally invasive surgical procedures and apparatus, and more particularly to apparatus for holding surgical instrumentation during surgery associated with the thoracic cavity.
2. Background of Related Art
It is well established that the performance of various types of surgical procedures using less invasive techniques and instrumentation has provided numerous physical benefits to the patient while reducing the overall cost of such procedures. One area, for example, which has experienced a great increase in the performance of less invasive procedures is in the area of heart surgery. In particular, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures have been performed using less invasive techniques with much success.
Access to the patient's thoracic cavity for such procedures in the past was typically achieved by a large longitudinal incision in the chest. This procedure, referred to as a median sternotomy, requires a saw or other cutting instrument to cut the sternum and allow two opposing halves of the rib cages to be spread apart. U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,779 to Bugge discloses a retractor which is designed to grip opposite sternum halves and spread the thoracic cavity apart. The large opening which is created by this technique enables the surgeon to directly visualize the surgical site and perform procedures on the affected organs. However, such procedures that involve large incisions and substantial displacement of the rib cage are often traumatic to the patient with significant attendant risks. The recovery period may be extended and is often painful. Furthermore, patients for whom coronary surgery is indicated may need to forego such surgery due to the risks involved with gaining access to the heart.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,617 to Jako discloses a retractor configured to be held by the surgeon for use in vascular or cardiac surgery to retract and hold ribs apart to allow access to the heart or a lung through an operating window. The retractor includes a rigid frame and a translation frame slidably connected to the rigid frame. Lower and upper blades are rotatably mounted to the rigid frame and the translation frame respectively. Such a “window” approach requires instrumentation that can be inserted into and manipulated within the limited space available in and around the surgical site.
Therefore, a continuing need exists for more versatile and varied surgical instrumentation which facilitates performing surgical procedures in limited access cavities of a patient during less invasive surgical procedures. A need also exists for instrument holding apparatus to retain surgical instruments in place during surgical procedures and free the surgeons hands.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure addresses the above-noted needs while providing various embodiments of an apparatus for holding surgical instruments that have many unique features and advantages over the prior instrumentation. The presently disclosed apparatus for holding surgical instruments provides greater versatility during surgical procedures which are less invasive than traditional procedures.
For example, in one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for holding a surgical instrument relative to a base, which includes a mounting portion configured and dimensioned to engage a portion of a base, a jaw assembly including first and second jaw members which define a retaining area therebetween configured and dimensioned to retain the shaft of a surgical instrument therein and thereby fix the length of the instrument shaft relative to the base and an operative site, and an instrument position adjustment mechanism which includes an adjustment member rotatably disposed in relative to the mounting portion to facilitate selective position adjustment of the jaw assembly with respect to the mounting portion.
The instrument position adjustment mechanism may include a lock member such that when positioned in a locked position, the adjustment member is prevented from moving relative to the mounting portion and when the lock member is positioned in an unlocked position, the adjustment member is permitted to move relative to the mounting portion. The jaw assembly preferably includes a jaw approximation control member which controls movement of one of the first and second jaw members relative to the other of the first and second jaw members.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various preferred embodiments are described herein with reference to the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a surgical retraction system incorporating a variety of retractors, a heart manipulator and a heart stabilizer, all positioned on a base;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the instrument holder of the present disclosure showing an instrument shaft retained in the horizontal position and the jaws in the open position;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the instrument holder in the position of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a first section of a base mounting assembly of the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a second section of the base mounting assembly;
FIG. 6 illustrates the ball for enabling maneuverability of the jaw assembly;
FIG. 7 illustrates a side view of the shaft which is connected at one end to the ball and at the opposite end to the jaw assembly;
FIG. 8 is a side view of the locking screw which retains the ball in a fixed position;
FIG. 9 illustrates the handle which attaches to the locking screw for rotating the screw;
FIG. 10 is a side view showing the handle attached to the locking screw to form a ball locking assembly;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating the instrument holder with the jaws in the closed position and maneuvered to hold the instrument shaft at an angle;
FIG. 12 is a side view illustrating the instrument holder maneuvered to position the instrument shaft perpendicular to the base of the retraction system;
FIGS. 13A and 13B are perspective and side views, respectively, of the stationary jaw for holding the instrument shaft;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the movable jaw;
FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an instrument holder constructed in accordance with the present disclosure; and
FIG. 16 is a side view of the instrument holder embodiment of FIG. 15 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The instrument mounting holder of the present disclosure is designed to mount various accessory instruments to the ring base disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/718,283, filed Sep. 20, 1996, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 1 is a drawing from the '283 patent application and shows a base 50 , retractors 60 , 70 and 80 , a heart stabilizer 90 and a heart manipulator 100 . A detailed description of these instruments, how they are mounted to the base 50 , and their surgical function is disclosed in the '283 application.
The present disclosure is directed to an instrument holding apparatus, which is removably positionable on base 50 , and can mount a variety of instruments such as an illumination instrument, a grasper, a retractor, a heart stabilizer or any other instrument that would be useful in performing the surgical procedure. Only the shaft of the accessory instrument is shown in the drawings and is represented generically by reference letter “S”.
Referring to FIGS. 1-5 , instrument holder 1 includes a mounting portion, such as a base mounting assembly 10 composed of a first section 12 and a second section 14 , an instrument position adjustment mechanism 30 , and a jaw assembly 51 for supporting the instrument shaft S. As best shown in FIG. 4 , first section 12 includes a neck 19 having a socket 15 formed therein for receiving a ball 32 , described below. A lip 18 is formed to hook around a front edge 45 , FIG. 1 , of base 50 . An extension 16 extends through a groove 22 formed in second section 14 , shown in FIG. 5 . A lip 20 of second section 14 is configured to mount to an outer edge 46 of base 50 . A biasing spring, not shown, is attached at one end to first section 12 and at the opposite end to second section 14 to help retain the sections 12 and 14 together while allowing first section 12 and second section 14 to be pulled slightly away from each other, against the force of the spring, to facilitate mounting to and release from base 50 .
Referring to FIGS. 6-12 , position adjustment mechanism 30 includes a ball 32 , FIG. 6 , a ball shaft 34 , FIG. 7 , a lock member such as locking screw 36 , FIGS. 8 and 10 , and a locking screw handle 38 , FIGS. 9 and 10 . Ball 32 is attached to end 35 of ball shaft 34 . Alternatively, ball 32 and shaft 34 could be integral. End 37 of ball shaft 34 is attached to jaw assembly 51 . Ball 32 is maneuverable by rotational and pivotal movement through a multitude of positions within neck 19 in order to maneuver the jaws to position the shaft S (and associated instrument) in a variety of orientations. Such maneuverability is shown for example by comparing FIGS. 3 , 11 and 12 . Once the jaw assembly 51 is maneuvered to the desired position, handle 38 , which is attached to locking screw 36 via arm 39 extending through aperture 41 , is rotated to advance locking screw 36 so that abutment end 33 tightly presses against ball 32 . This locks ball 32 in position and prevents movement thereof.
Referring to FIGS. 13A , 13 B and 14 , jaw assembly 51 includes a movable jaw 64 having an internally threaded opening 71 to receive mounting screw 58 of a stationary jaw 52 . Arm 66 of movable jaw 64 is mounted within a groove 56 formed on stationary jaw 52 . Ball shaft 34 is adhesively mounted within a recess (not shown) of stationary jaw 52 , although other means of connection are also contemplated. A jaw approximation control member, such as locking knob 72 , as best shown in FIGS. 3 and 10 , is attached to a mounting screw 58 such that rotation of locking knob 72 rotates threaded mounting screw 58 to advance movable jaw 64 towards a stationary jaw 52 . Spring 59 biases movable jaw 64 to the open position, away from stationary jaw 52 . Approximation of jaws 52 and 64 grasps and retains instrument shaft S therebetween. Referring back to FIG. 2 , in conjunction with FIGS. 13A , 13 B and 14 , a pair of friction enhancing members such as rubber pads 54 and 69 are mounted within grooves 61 and 68 formed on stationary jaw 52 and movable jaw 64 , respectively, to facilitate atraumatic grasping of instrument shaft S.
In use, instrument shaft S is placed between movable jaw 64 and stationary jaw 52 with the jaws in the open position as shown in FIG. 2 . Knob 72 is rotated to close the jaws 64 , 52 to clamp and securely hold instrument shaft S. Jaw assembly 51 is manually movable to position the instrument shaft S at the desired angle relative to base 50 as ball 32 pivots within socket 15 of neck 19 . Once pivoted to a desired position, for example, the position shown in FIG. 11 or FIG. 12 (other positions are clearly contemplated), locking screw handle 38 is rotated to advance locking screw 36 against ball 32 to lock ball 32 in place. This prevents further movement of the jaw assembly 51 .
Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16 , an alternative embodiment of the presently disclosed apparatus for holding instruments is designated as instrument holder 100 . Instrument holder 100 is similar to instrument holder 1 . Therefore, the following description will only focus on those aspects of instrument holder 100 which differ from instrument holder 1 . In contrast to base mounting assembly 10 of instrument holder 1 , instrument holder 100 includes a mounting portion, such as a base mounting assembly 110 which is in the form of a clip having first and second lips 118 , 120 which extend from a bottom surface of mounting assembly 110 . Mounting assembly 110 is preferably fabricated from flexible material and includes a cantilevered extended portion 111 which deflects upon the application of a generally vertically directed force. Thus, in order to mount instrument holder 110 to base 50 , lip 118 is fitted over the inner rim of base 50 and instrument holder 100 is moved into closer approximation with base 50 so that lip 120 cams outwardly and flexes extended portion 111 upwardly until lip 120 passes over the outer edge of base 50 and snaps back to its normal configuration as shown in FIG. 16 . Once positioned on base 50 , instrument holder 100 functions in the same way as instrument holder 1 described above to retain surgical instruments therein.
Another difference between instrument holder 100 and instrument holder 1 is the configuration of the locking knob. In particular, screw handle 38 of instrument holder 1 is in the form of a rotatable lever whereas screw handle 138 of instrument holder is in the form of a wing having extended portions 138 a and 138 b extending radially outwardly from the center along a plane.
It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments of the apparatus for holding surgical instruments shown and described herein. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as examples of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. | An apparatus for holding a surgical instrument relative to a base is provided having a mounting portion configured and dimensioned to engage a portion of a base, a jaw assembly including first and second jaw members which define a retaining area therebetween configured and dimensioned to retain the shaft of a surgical instrument therein and thereby fix the length of the instrument shaft relative to the base and an operative site, and an instrument position adjustment mechanism which includes an adjustment member rotatably disposed in relative to the mounting portion to facilitate selective position adjustment of the jaw assembly with respect to the mounting portion. | 2,473 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a garment comprising an absorbent section and a waist belt attached directly or indirectly thereto, said waist belt having two belt portions extending on either side of said absorbent section for securing to each other around a wearer of the garment, as defined in the preamble of claim 1.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Absorbent garments of the above mentioned type are well known in the art.
The type of garment in question has a belt attached integrally with the absorbent garment portion and requires that, after fastening the belt around the waist with the attached end at the back of the wearer, the end not attached to the belt section should be passed through the wearer's legs and attached by some means of releasable attachment to the belt at the front. The means of releasable attachment could be a hook and loop (also called touch and close) type fastening means, for instance such as sold under the name “VELCRO”.
Published application WO-A-91/08725 discloses an example of such a garment in one embodiment.
One of the problems recognised with such garments is the problems of handling the belt portions which project from either side of the absorbent portion of the integrated garment in such a way so as to be able to quickly and accurately take hold of the belt portions and fasten them together. However the belt material still needs to be cheap since it is integrated with a garment which together with the belt form a disposable unit.
Where the problem of incontinence is involved, it will be appreciated that persons suffering from this problem are often old and have physical handicaps of various types. As a consequence, they have more difficulty fastening the belt by themselves and often require the assistance of personnel for fitting the garments.
Thus there is a need to find for a solution which allows easy and correct fitting of the absorbent garment, particularly in the case of handicapped persons.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The aforementioned problems of handling are solved by the features of the belt according to claim 1.
The resultant belt of the garment is one which is not prone to excessive wrinkling which could be painful for the wearer and not too stiff which causes problems of cutting and abrasion itself. Additionally, a garment is achieved with a belt which can be made cheaply and is particularly suitable for adult incontinence applications.
Preferred features of the belt are defined in the dependent claims.
The flexure resistance of a material sample is measured by its peak bending stiffness, thus as defined in claim 1 and as disclosed in the sample testing method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,653, said testing equipment, procedure and calculations hereby being incorporated by reference, the peak bending stiffness is determined by a test modelled after the ASTM D 4032-82 CIRCULAR BEND PROCEDURE, the procedure being considerably modified and performed as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,653.
The CIRCULAR BEND PROCEDURE is a simultaneous multi-directional deformation of a material in which one face of a specimen becomes concave and the other face becomes convex. The CIRCULAR BEND PROCEDURE gives a force value related to flexure-resistance, simultaneously averaging stiffness in all directions.
The tests were carried out on the belt of the present application using the apparatus from U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,653 necessary for the CIRCULAR BEND PROCEDURE which is a modified Circular Bend Stiffness Tester, having the following parts:
A smooth-polished steel plate platform which is 102.0×102.0×6.35 millimetres having an 18.75 millimetre diameter orifice. The lap edge of the orifice should be at a 45 degree angle to a depth of 4.75 millimetres. A plunger having an overall length of 72.2 millimetres, a diameter of 6.25 millimetres, a ball nose having a radius of 2.97 millimetres and a needle-point extending 0.88 millimetre therefrom having a 0.33 millimetre base diameter and a point having a radius of less than 0.5 millimetre, the plunger being mounted concentrically with the orifice and having equal clearance on all sides. It should be noted that the needle point is merely to prevent lateral movement of the test specimen during testing. Therefore, if the needle-point significantly adversely affects the test specimen (for example by puncturing an inflatable structure), than the needle-point should not be used. The bottom of the plunger should be set well above the top of the orifice plate. From this position, the downward stroke of the ball nose is to the exact bottom of the plate orifice. A force-measurement gauge and more specifically an Instron inverted compression load cell. The load cell has a load range of from 0.0 to 2000.0 grams. An actuator, and more specifically the Instron Model No. 1122, having an inverted compression load cell. The Instron 1122 is made by the Instron Engineering Corporation, Canton, Mass.
It should be noted that, whilst the term “absorbent garment” has been used particularly in conjunction with incontinence, and particularly adult incontinence, the invention is not limited to this particular use or any particular size or type of absorbent garment implied thereby and it is clear for the skilled man that such belts could be used with baby's or children's nappies (diapers) for example, merely by adapting the dimensions appropriately.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to certain non-limiting embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 depicts a garment including a belt according to the invention, and
FIG. 2 shows various attachment means used in accordance with fastening the belt of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a garment generally denoted 1 which consists of an absorbent portion 2 and a belt portion generally denoted 3 .
The belt could be either one continuous belt 3 attached to the absorbent portion 2 at one end 4 thereof or could be two separate belt portions 7 and 8 each attached to a respective side of the end 4 (or 5 ). The manner of attachment per se is of no importance for the present application.
If it is desirable to impart elasticity to a belt made of two separate belt portions, it is conceivable that the end 4 of the absorbent portion 2 be elasticized.
The general appearance of the garment in the figures is known per se and thus no detailed explanation of all elements will be entered into. At one end of one part 7 of the belt 3 there is provided a flexible strip 6 of hook elements, of the hook and loop type of fastening means, which can either be secured to the belt part 8 (on the side not shown) or to a loop strip arranged on the belt part 8 . Additional advantages, as explained below, will be obtained by particular dimensions and orientation of this strip. Whilst the belt is preferably substantially rectangular in shape comprising two laterally spaced longitudinal edges 9 and 10 , between which the strip 6 will be attached, other shapes are conceivable. However, with a rectangular belt, the width of the belt should lie between 70 mm and 160 mm in adult incontinence applications.
Using such a belt, it is now possible to achieve good handling characteristics of the belt parts 7 and 8 even with the use of non-woven materials by selecting the range of stiffness according to the ASTM D 4032 modified test to lie between 25 g and 90 g. Below 25 g, the problem of wrinkling arises and this, as previously explained, is undesirable. Thus a free zone part of the belt (e.g. in the middle of one belt part 7 ) stiffness will lie in the stated range.
In particular according to the invention, the preferred range of stiffness lies between 30 g and 55 g and the best handling is obtained between 35 g and 50 g. Thus, in particular with the range of belts used for adult incontinence applications, the inventors have succeeded in achieving the optimum handling characteristics whilst still preventing wrinkling or stiff regions which cause discomfort.
A non-woven material is preferably used for either one or both sides of the belt, said non-woven material being of a type to which the hook elements of the strip 6 can releasable attach. By use of a non-woven material for the releasable attachment surface of the belt it is possible to achieve particularly favourable peel strength and shear strength combinations, which give a peel strength down to 0.1-2.0 Ncm −1 , preferably as low as 0.2-0.8 Ncm −1 , and a shear strength greater than 1 Ncm −2 , though preferably greater than 15 Ncm −2 and normally greater than 20 Ncm −2 . The use of non-woven material is of course advantageous since it will be cheaper than woven material and thus more suitable to disposable garments. Such values are also valid for the attachment of strips 12 and 13 on end 5 of the garment which are attached to the non-shown side of the belt after fastening of the belt and passing through the wearer's legs.
The optimal handling characteristics which have now been achieved can of course thus be maintained even when using an inner side material for the belt part which is of absorbent material, preferably of non-woven sort, without increasing the cost to greater than prior art solutions using non-lined belts.
Since comfort of the wearer is a particularly important consideration in this field and in particular to fitting of the belt, it has been shown advantageous to adopt a particular placement of the hook element strips for fastening the belt together. Thus in order to reduce, to a great extent the possibility of the hook element strips contacting the wearer's waist due to incorrect fitting of the belt, or for the case where the waist of the user increases dimension, the hook element strip or strips are made of such a length and width and are positioned with such an orientation so as to avoid this.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, showing three possible strip embodiments 15 , 16 and 17 , the distance between the outer edges of the strip(s) is spaced at a distance from each edge 9 , 10 of the belt. In this way, when the belt is fitted, if slightly angled or not correctly overlapped, the hook elements will not project beyond the edge of the belt and thus will not contact the wearer's body.
As can be seen, the strips are generally elongate, or in the case of a series of strips 16 as in FIG. 2 ( b ), the series of strips is elongate. Preferably a ratio of greater than 2:1 elongation is used and even more preferably an elongation ration of over 3:1. Thus to achieve the aforementioned advantages it is preferable to lay the strips with their larger dimension across the belt width, as depicted, and to give the strips a dimension such that the larger dimension has a length of between 25% and 75% of the width (z) of the main area of the belt. By width of the belt, is hereby meant the width of the belt at the zone where the strip(s) 15 , 16 and 17 will attach. Thus in the embodiment of FIG. 2 ( c ), although the strip 17 extends entirely across the reduced portion of the belt, the strip still lies within the stated range. In particular it has been found particularly advantageous to use a strip with a length which is less than 60% or even more preferable less than 50%. Due to the shear strength which can be achieved by the use of non-woven materials as the belt attachment surface, it is also easy to acquire adequate shear strength with only minimal attachment area.
Additionally, with the choice of belt stiffness as claimed it is further also possible to avoid wrinkling occurring from attachment strips even when using smaller strip dimensions.
Whilst particular embodiments of the invention have been described above, it is to be understood that these are in no way limiting for the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims appended hereto.
Additionally, it will be understood by the skilled man that, whilst not preferred, the belt stiffness range can be used for non-integral belt applications also, for example where an absorbent chassis is fitted to the belt, by releasably attachable means. | The invention concerns a garment ( 1 ) comprising an absorbent section ( 2 ) and a waist belt ( 3 ) attached directly or indirectly thereto. The waist belt has two belt portions ( 7, 8 ) extending on either side of said absorbent section for securing to each other around a wearer of the garment. The particular handling characteristics of the belt parts of the waist belt ( 3 ) are significantly improved by manufacturing a belt stiffness of between 25 g and 90 g as measured by the modified version of test ASTM D 4032-82 | 2,179 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention provides a device attached to the shaft of a golf club that reduces the effect of the user's dominant hand on his/her golf swing and at the same time helps to define the correct swing path and impact timing.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is well known that one of the most important elements and a key to a successful golf swing is the golfer's grip. The art of positioning the fingers, hands and pressure applied to the grip has been described numerous times. In addition, there have been many devices invented for the purpose of teaching and achieving an improved golf grip or swing.
The placement of hand and fingers on grip of club is rather easily accomplished by careful observation and following instructions. But the feeling of gripping a club and the amount and placement of pressure is very difficult to describe to an individual since each interprets and feels differently.
As simple as gripping a club is, it is the most recognized and believed to be the leading cause of an inconsistent golf swing. For an efficient swing, the importance of placement of fingers and hands is fundamental. But knowing the fundamental alone does not cure problems in inconsistency; most problems may be cured by understanding how the sub-dominant and dominant hand work together.
It is known that the sub-dominant hand leads and controls the path of the golf swing. However, many golfers tend to utilize the dominant side over the sub-dominant side, consciously or unconsciously, more than necessary. This can be caused by an increase of the grip pressure, usage of wrist, turning of the hand or even the body movement. Nervousness, anxiousness, desire, lack of concentration, . . . etc. can also cause this type of problem. The actual golf swing takes a very short time from start to finish and problems can occur anytime during the swing.
What is required to overcome these mistakes is to provide a device that is simple to use and allows the user to practice conveniently as possible and not to interfere in anyway with the practice swing and to be able to compare one's own swing to the correct swing and be able to repeat the corrected swing consistently for trust and self confidence.
One of the most common and leading cause of mistake in golf is the grip. In many cases, the positioning of the hand and its pressure applied to the grip will determine the swing path and the angle of the club head, especially at the point of impact with the golf ball. A golf swing uses every part of the body sequentially and/or simultaneously in continuous motion. Therefore, when the mistake occurs during the motion, it most likely creates another mistake that leads to others. The grip connects the user's body and the club and it is one of the most important elements of the resultant golf swing. The grip has to be securely connected and at the same time, be sensitive to the club feel.
The following illustrates how the grip and pressure effects the golf swing.
A. Positioning of Fingers and Hands:
Strong grip, which promotes the dominant hand to be active and most likely closes club face at impact.
Weak grip, which promotes an open club face at impact.
B. Place of and Amount of Pressure Applied:
Excess pressure, resulting in active hands. Dominant hand takes authority of movement. Arm and hand dominated swing, over the top, under cutting. Premature turning of upper body. Decrease swing speed. Balance control. Reverse Pivot.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The most common problems in having a successful golf swing is caused by an active dominant hand.
An effective golf swing requires that parts of the body be utilized differently than normally used for everyday life especially the dominant side of the body. The dominant hand has to be relaxed and the sub-dominant hand lead the swing.
The logic and theory are told and explained to the date but in reality even seasoned players occasionally make mistakes by letting the dominant hand be more active than necessary, a natural instinct of a typical golfer.
To overcome this instinct and the golf swing accordingly, the present invention provides a device attached to the golf club grip that is simple in design and simple to use. It is portable and can be used to compare the feeling of swing and correct an improper swing.
The device of the present invention provides the following advantages:
Able to go back and forth with device for quicker comparison and for better and faster learning.
Able to hit ball with device.
Better concentration for swing.
Better feel of impact zone, clearly and easy to understand body and hand position.
Better control of club head.
Better balance throughout the swing.
Better understanding of the timing of releasing the dominant side for power.
Better understanding of the role and task for the positions of the dominant hand.
Better understanding of where and what amount of pressure to apply on the grip.
Better chance to achieve, smooth and natural swing that fundamentally fits to an individual.
Exercise the proper use of power.
Exercise the feel of power transition, from leading (sub-dominant hand) to dominant hand.
Increase club head speed that leads to distance and spin to control the ball flight.
Learn role and task of sub-dominant hand.
Learn and understand the task of dominant hand.
Teaches proper movement (sequence of motion) fit to an individual's physical capabilities for the golf swing, leading to consistency and playing successful golf Understanding of position, angle of club head, and its affect.
The present invention will benefit all players, from beginners to advanced players.
A. For Beginners:
Ease of achieving smooth swing, which fit individual's physical capabilities.
Correct premature take-back and downswing by active dominant hand.
Learn how to use hands properly.
Utilizing sub-dominant and dominant hand the correct way.
Better feel of swing.
Better balancing, smooth, and consistent swing.
B. For Advanced Player:
Better understanding of relationship between club head and hand.
Ease of working on shot making.
Ease of correcting one's problem by themselves.
Improvement of direction, distance and timing, and for consistent and better golf Trusting own swing for confidence.
The device has a mounting member enabling the device to be secured to the golf club grip. A positioning member is threadly engaged with a threaded post which is substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the mounting, the height of the positioner being adjustable to accommodate the hand size of a golfer.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the present invention as well as other objects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following description which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing therein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the device of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A-2D are plan and sectional views of a first embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 1 ;
FIGS. 3A-3D are plan and cross-sectional views of a second embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 1 ;
FIGS. 4A-4D illustrates the steps for attaching the device of the present invention to a golf club grip;
FIG. 5 illustrates the most common grip used by golfers, wherein the pinky of the golfers dominant hand over wraps and is positioned between the index and middle finger of the golfers sub-dominant hand;
FIG. 6 illustrates the device of the present invention attached to the grip of a golf club where the thumb and index finger of a golfer's dominant hand is positioned in the V formed thereby the remaining fingers being extended;
FIG. 7 illustrates the device of the present invention attached to the grip of a golf club wherein the thumb and index finger of a golfer's dominant hand is positioned in the V formed thereby, the index finger being hooked, the remaining fingers being extended;
FIG. 8 illustrates the device of the present invention used with the over wrap grip shown in FIG. 5 ; and
FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate a third embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the device 10 of the present invention.
Device 10 comprises a mount 12 with a post member 14 secured to the top surface of mount 12 , post member 14 having a threaded top portion 16 . An adjustable grip positioner 18 is movable via threaded portion 16 to a position where a user's hand can be comfortably positioned between lip 20 of the positioner 18 and the top surface 22 of mount 12 as will be set forth hereinafter. A stopper 24 prevents the separation of positioner 18 from mount 12 . Locking member 26 secures mount 12 in position on the golf club as will be described hereinafter.
Device 10 is designed to teach a player (left or right handed) the proper use of the sub-dominant and dominant hands, the relationship between hands, and the hand relationship between club-head and hands. These teachings enable a user to overcome many problems in his/her golf swing, help master the consistent swing that makes golf enjoyable and help users to concentrate on shot making instead of being worried about making contact with the golf ball.
A golf swing using the fundamental, or conventional, grip is conducted with both arms relaxed, extended and holding club lightly, the shoulder being turned to take back the golf club and letting the sub-dominant side (left for right handed and right for left handed) lead the swing.
The palm of the dominant hand is facing the target; at this position, the angle of the palm of the hand is the same angle as the leading edge of the club head. At the addressing stage, the club head is square to the direction of the target or perpendicular to its swing path. For the correct swing, as soon as the club head leaves the address position to the back swing, the golf club head starts to turn, or rotate, to the same angle as the swing path or plane and stays at the same angle.
The club head has to point to a certain direction during the swing such as the direction of the angle of the golf club leading edge, the same angle as of the swing plane and the same as the opened hand palm.
This open hand method is helpful to the learning process, since the player learns to concentrate only on the position or angle of the hand to know the position of the club head, instead of trying to adjust the club head by hand.
The device of the present invention does not control or maneuver the club or club head by hand but enables the club to act as the extension of the hand and thus enabling the club head react to or follow the hand.
Device 10 improves a golf swing by using a method of practicing the golf swing with an opened hand as shown in FIG. 6 , or partially opened as shown in FIG. 7 with a hooked index finger and the rest of the fingers extended as shown. This method prevents the dominant hand from controlling the golf club by making the sub-dominant hand work harder and take the leading role in the swing.
Device 10 is designed ergonomically to fit in the hand of a conventional golf grip, as shown in FIG. 8 , with minimum interference with the swing (the device is for practice purposes only, not for a regulated golf game).
By attaching the device 10 to the golf club grip in the manner shown in FIGS. 4A-4D , device 10 is ready for use (note that lock 26 may be unnecessary in cases where mount 12 fits securely on the golf club grip). Positioner 18 is adjusted by being moved up or down to a position individualized to a particular player such that the club will stay attached when a player's hands are opened but the “V” formed between the index finger and thumb of dominant hand is closed.
Device 10 is compact in size and can fit most clubs and the user need not carry any extra equipment to practice on his/her own. Device 10 , in addition to be used for practice, can be used to address and hit the golf ball on and off golf courses.
FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate a second embodiment of the present invention. In particular, device 100 comprises mount 102 , lock 104 , adjustable grip positioner 106 having an interior threaded portion 108 , stopper 110 , threaded screw 109 having portions 112 and 114 and short internally threaded post 116 protruding from the outer surface of positioner 102 .
In use, positioner 106 is rotated such that it moves along the threaded screw 109 to the proper user position.
Device 100 is portable and mount 102 and lock 104 can be positioned and remain on the club grip during practice.
Mount 102 , because of short post 116 , can remain secured to the golf club (preferably on the golf grip 103 as shown in FIG. 5 ) grip and stored in a conventional golf bag with minimum interference. When required for practice, post 109 is screwed on mount 102 via threaded portion 114 , post 109 already having been adjusted to the proper position within positioner 106 and practice conducted in the same manner as with device 10 , discussed hereinabove.
Lock 104 (identical to lock 26 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 ) has curved portions 117 and 119 forming channels along their length. Cylindrically shaped mount 102 has lower foot shaped members 121 and 123 along its length.
FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate the sequence used in attaching and securing mount 12 to the grip of a golf club (the description that follows is the same for securing mount 102 ). In particular, device 10 is first positioned over the shaft 132 of golf club 130 ( FIG. 4A ) and then moved in direction of arrows 136 towards golf club grip 138 ( FIG. 4B ). Device 10 is then moved to an appropriate position on grip 138 ( FIG. 4C ) and, if necessary, lock 26 is moved in a manner ( FIG. 4D ) such that the channels formed by curved portions 27 and 29 therein engage foot shaped members 31 and 33 , respectively, on mount 22 as shown in FIG. 1 .
Referring not to FIGS. 9A-9C , a third embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In essence, device 200 is similar to the version shown in FIGS. 3A-3D with the addition of a quick release post 202 in order to expedite the attachment/release of post to/from adjustable grip positioner 206 . Post 202 is L-shaped and comprises legs 208 and 210 , leg 208 sliding into a channel 212 formed in member 214 . The bottom surface of leg 208 has an opening 216 formed therein. The top surface of positioner 218 has a vertically movable protrusion, or dimple, 220 formed thereon. The post 202 is secured to the mounting plate by a user inserting leg 208 into channel 212 (direction of arrow 213 ) in a manner such that protrusion 220 clicks into opening 216 . A user can remove device post 202 by pulling the post in direction indicated by arrow 220 . In this case, protrusion 218 retracts enabling the post to be removed.
While the invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its essential teachings. | A training device for use with a golf club. A mounting member enables the device to be mounted on the grip of a golf club. A positioning member is threadly engaged with a threaded post which is substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the mounting, the height of the positioner being adjustable to accommodate the hand size of the golfer. | 2,726 |
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATION, IF ANY
None.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to fire extinguishers using an explosive charge to disperse a fire quenching solution. The prior art discloses a number of devices in which an explosive cartridge or the like is placed within an extinguishing medium.
Pierce U.S. Pat. No. 764,763 illustrates an early approach towards such a device where a waterproof cartridge shield intrudes into a holder containing an extinguishing agent. Owing to the construction of the Pierce device, the cartridge shield consumes a considerable portion of the holder's volumetric capacity, reducing its fire quenching ability. Furthermore, the shape and placement of the cartridge shield permit the brunt of the explosive thrust to take the path of least resistance and expel through the fuse inlet aperture. Thus, the substantially non-compressible aqueous solution around the shield will not be dispersed either as widely or in such a uniform pattern as may be desired to achieve optimum results.
The patent to J. H. Walrath, U.S. Pat. No. 750,416, displays the same disadvantages pointed out in the Pierce design, but uses a dry extinguishing powder rather than the aqueous extinguishing solution used in the present invention.
There is, in other words, considerable room for improvement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The construction and operation of the present invention is directed towards an apparatus which, upon detonation, will produce a cloud of atomized fluid droplets. The aim is not only to disperse a given quantity of fire extinguishing fluid, but also to transform the fluid into a vapor form which will squelch a fire more effectively than the direct application of large fluid droplets. In contrast to known prior art, the present invention uses a spherical, encased, explosive charge suspended centrally within a larger spherical shell confining a fluid extinguishing agent which surrounds the spherical charge. The centrally located explosive charge is held in place by radial, outwardly extending spider arms attached to the inner wall of the enclosing spherical shell.
Several arrangements for detonating the inner spherical charge are disclosed. One utilizes a thin, water proof conduit, extending from the spherical charge through the fluid and then through the spherical shell, the conduit housing a fuse for igniting the charge. In an alternative construction, a pressure sensitive piston in communication with the encased fluid cooperates with a firing pin and a percussion cap to provide a pressure-derived means for activating the charge upon the shell's jarring contact with another object. Depending on the particular application of the disclosed invention, the various detonation means may be used alone or in combination.
Upon explosion, the spherical charge exerts pressure outwardly and equally upon the surrounding fluid, resulting in a generally spherical distribution of finely divided fog droplets. Dramatic instantaneous cooling of the affected area results, lowering the temperature of fire supporting oxygen and combustible material. Also, a portion of the oxygen within the area is physically displaced by the fog droplets. The explosive creation of the vapor cloud augments the fire snuffing process, the concussive shock wave having a shattering effect upon conflagrations as is well known to oil and gas well firefighters. In summary, the cooling, oxygen displacement, and detonation wave effects created by the present invention all cooperate to extinguish the subject fire in a most effective manner.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to extinguish fires through the concussive creation of a generally spherical fog-like atmosphere of finely divided fluid.
It is another object to provide a concussive-type fire extinguisher capable of being deposited on fires from aircraft or other airborne means.
It is yet another object to provide direct ignition as well as shock actuated means for detonating the concussive-type fire extinguishers of the present design.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be disclosed in the drawings and detailed description to follow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevational view partially cut-away to show the case of the inner spherical charge and its support arms radially extending to the outer spherical shell, the safety closure plug being shown in closed safety position;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken to an enlarged scale, of the inner spherical charge disclosed in FIG. 1, the safety closure plug being shown in its withdrawn or operative, position;
FIG. 3 is an elevational view partially cut-away and showing an alternative embodiment of the detonation means, including an ignition fuse, a waterproof conduit, and a detonation cap; and,
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view, taken to an enlarged scale, of the inner spherical charge disclosed in FIG. 3, showing the intrusion of the conduit into the spherical charge and the conduit's connection to the internal detonation cap.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning now to FIG. 1, the invention 11 generally comprises a frangible, outer shell 12 containing an inner spherical charge 13 surrounded by an aqueous solution 14. The outer shell 12 is made from a material, such as a pliable plastic, which is breakable when subjected to considerable impact forces, yet durable enough to withstand normal handling stresses. A plurality of support legs 16 extends radially outwardly from the central spherical charge 13 to the inner surface of the outer shell 12. The spherical charge 13 is thus centrally suspended within outer shell 12 and enclosed by a substantially equal measure of solution 14 on all sides.
The internal construction of the spherical charge 13 is most clearly revealed in FIG. 2. A charge encasement 17 contains an explosive charge 18 and protects it from contact with the aqueous solution 14. A shock-actuated detonator 19 penetrates the encasement 17 but a waterproof seal is nevertheless maintained.
The detonator 19 includes a piston 21, hollow cylinder 22, and percussion cap 23. In its safety position, a closure member 24 fits snugly within a conjugate aperture 26, or bore, defined by the adjacent protruding end of the cylinder 22. As shown in FIG. 1, the closure member 24 and flange-like lip 27 effectively seal aperture 26 and thereby isolate piston 21 from reacting to any pressure increases within the outer shell 12 filled with aqueous solution 14. During transport and normal handling of the invention 11, detonation of spherical charge 13 is thus precluded. A transverse shear pin 30 through the piston 21 prevents any translational movement of the piston and provides an additional safety measure against premature detonation.
The fire extinguisher of the invention 11 is particularly effective when dropped upon a spot fire or on a fire line from an elevated position, such as from an airplane or helicopter. Since the spherical outer shell 12 has no "preferred" attitude, no particular care must be exercised in orienting the device before it is dropped. Just before the device 11 is dropped, however, closure member 24 must be removed, to ensure that detonation will occur upon contact of the outer shell 13 with the ground or any object, such as a burning tree. Interconnected pull ring 28, connecting cord 29, or rod, and closure member 24 are manually withdrawn from spherical charge 13. FIG. 2 shows closure member 24 and connecting cord 29 in a withdrawn position, exposing the outer head 25 of the piston 21 to the aqueous solution 14. The device is thus armed and can be dropped in the desired direction, towards the fire to be extinguished.
Piston 21 is slidably positioned within the cylinder 22 yet the seal between the two is sufficiently tight to prevent the aqueous solution 14 from entering into air chamber 31 as the device descends. Upon encountering the ground or an object below, the outer shell 12 is subjected to very large impact forces which displace the generally non-compressible aqueous solution 14. The air contained within the air chamber 31 is compressible, however, and offers the path of least resistance for pressure impressed upon the large head end 25 of the piston 21. The piston 21 is thereby urged with great speed and force inwardly towards air chamber 31 and percussion cap 21, the shear pin 30 being severed by the sudden force as the piston 21 slides inwardly.
A firing pin 32, positioned upon the inward extremity of the piston 21, is translated into abrupt contact with percussion cap 23, thus igniting the explosive charge 18. Owing to the spherical shape of the charge encasement 17, the outwardly expanding forces generated by the explosion are exerted uniformly throughout a spherical field.
The uniformity of explosive force, coupled with the spherical shape of the confined aqueous solution, produces a generally spherical distribution of finely divided droplets of aqueous solution 14. The pattern that the fog of droplets actually assumes can be distorted by surrounding objects, but these objects are thereby assured of receiving an adequate blast of cooling droplets. The aqueous body 14 can include, in solution, fire retardant chemicals such as halides or borates to bolster the fire quenching capabilities of the device.
A number of factors act jointly to extinguish a fire subjected to the explosive blast. First, the droplets efficiently cool both the combustible materials and surrounding air below the ignition point. Second, fire retardant chemicals, contained within the droplets and mixed with the aqueous solution 14, serve to inhibit further burning. Third, oxygen necessary for support of combustion is displaced by the outwardly expanding cloud of moisture vapor and fine droplets. Lastly, the concussive forces from the blast act suddenly to snuff the fire.
While none of these extinguishing effects individually is particularly new, the cumulative manner in which the device produces the desired result does represent a new and significant advance in the art.
Having explained one preferred form of the invention 11, a variant embodiment will now be discussed, the alternative arrangement for detonating the explosive charge 18 being illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
Fuse ignition of the charge 18 may be desirable if the device is placed in an area where it is to detonate automatically should flames erupt in close proximity. For instance, remote or rarely visited storage areas and mine shafts would be ideal applications for an automatic fuse ignition version of the device. Thus, while the shock-actuated detonator heretofore described is particularly useful for aerial bombing, a fuse ignition type of detonator affords unique advantages in attacking fires whose presence is unknown.
A heat-resistant tube or conduit 33 extends between an interior portion of the charge encasement 17 and the frangible outer shell 12. A registering aperture in the outer shell 12 permits a plurality of fuse threads 34, impregnated with an appropriate burning chemical, to enter the outer extremity of conduit 33. A fast-burning chemical 36 within the conduit 33 extends from the relatively slow burning fuse threads 34 to a heat-activated detonator cap 37. In operation, the fuse threads 34 are ignited by a contiguous fire, spreading ignition to chemical 36, thence to detonator cap 37, which activates. Explosive charge 18 then detonates, the operation then being identical to that previously explained.
Owing to the slender transverse dimension of the conduit 33, little force of the explosion will be lost to the outside. Thus, the efficient, generally spherical distribution of the finely particularized droplets will be maintained by this alternative detonation means.
The shock-activated detonator system of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the fuse ignition system of FIGS. 3 and 4 can often be used in combination to advantage in aerial attacks on fires. Should detonator 19 fail to ignite explosive charge 18 upon impact, the fuse ignition system will provide a backup, ensuring ignition and explosive disruption of the fire shortly thereafter. | A waterproofed explosive charge is suspended within a frangible, spherical shell containing an aqueous solution. The assembly is dropped from an airplane or helicopter towards a fire below. Either a shock-actuated percussion cap or a fuse-ignited detonation cap activates the explosive charge at the appropriate moment and the resultant explosion creates a vapor-like fog. A portion of the combustion-supporting oxygen is displaced by the fog droplets. The minute water droplets also absorb heat energy, thereby lowering surrounding air and fuel temperatures. These effects, coupled with the concussive shock wave, act to snuff the fire. | 2,028 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to catheter devices using guide wires for guiding the catheter to the desired location within a body. More particularly, this invention relates to such catheter devices which include motor driven drive unit for driving a torque cable. Specifically, the invention herein relates to structures which control such a guide wire from migrating along its longitudinal axis while the torque cable is being operated by a motor drive unit.
2. Previous Art:
As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,250,059; 5,084,010 and 4,479,952 which are specifically incorporated herein by reference, there exists a plethora of different catheter designs. In many catheter designs, specifically where directional atherectomy catheters are used, it is desirable to use a guide wire to guide the catheter to the desired position within a body.
In order to guide the catheter to the desired position within the body, the catheter is used in conjunction with a motor drive unit, a torque cable and a guide wire. Typically, the torque cable consists of a cable having a hollow interior wherein one end of the cable is connected to the motor drive unit and the other end of the unit is connected to a work element. Work elements can include cutting devices, ablation elements or even telemetry. The guide wire is located in the central interior opening of the torque cable. The guide wire is made from material such as spring steel or Nitinol. The guide wire typically has a diameter of between 0.009" and 0.0018".
Typically, the guide wire is manipulated to the desired location by rotating and hand feeding the guide wire through the cutter torque cable via a conduit inside the motor drive unit. Unfortunately, when the cutter torque cable is spun by the motor drive unit, the spinning action of the cutter torque cable against the guide wire causes a sympathetic spinning action of the guide wire, which is located in and protrudes from the central lumen in the cutter torque cable. The cutter torque cable can also be translated along the longitudinal axis of cable with or without the rotation of the cutter. This translational movement of the cutter torque cable also causes sympathetic translation of the guide wire which is located in and protrudes from the central lumen of the cutter torque cable. Such migration of the guide wire can cause trauma to the biological conduit near the treatment site. While controlling the axial migration of the guide wire, the guide wire needs to rotate freely as the sympathetic action between the cutter torque cable and guide wire may varyingly dictate. If the guide wire is kept from rotating at the proximal end, the spinning action of the cutter torque cable against the guide wire may cause the distal end of the guide wire to wind up and fail.
What is needed is a device for controlling the migration of the guide wire while allowing the guide wire to spin during rotation and longitudinal motion of the cutter torque cable. The device for controlling the guide wire migration should fit within the conventional motor drive system and should not add greatly to the expense of the operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a general object of this invention to provide a guide wire migration controller which prevents substantial migration of the guide wire during catheter cutting operation.
It is another object of this invention to provide a device for controlling migration of the guide wire during operation of the catheter cutting which adapts easily with the conventional motor drive unit.
It is another object of this invention to provide a guide wire migration controller which prevents substantial migration of the guide wire without interfering with rotation of the torque cable.
In accordance with the above objects and those that will become apparent below, a guide wire migration controller is provided in accordance with this invention which comprises:
a controller including:
a housing connectable to the motor drive;
a guide wire gripper for gripping the guide wire along its longitudinal axis and being insertable within the housing; and
a locking member for locking the guide wire gripper within the housing,
whereby, the gripper is locked within the housing preventing guide wire migration along the longitudinal axis.
In a preferred embodiment, the motor drive unit has a distal side having a track member with a track axis approximately 90° to the longitudinal axis of the guide wire and the housing has a rail member for connection to the motor drive unit track member. The rail member is slidably connectable to the track member and slidable along the track axis.
In a preferred embodiment, the gripper comprises a solid body having a keyhole opening. The gripper is made from a polymeric material which creates a friction grip with the guide wire. As will be appreciated, the guide wire is able to rotate within the housing with the gripper attached therein; however, it is limited from movement along the longitudinal axis by the space between the gripper and the housing.
In another preferred embodiment, each of the gripper housing and locking member define a solid body having a central keyhole opening, which is normally outwardly extending, but upon appropriate force may have its opposed open ends brought together.
In another preferred embodiment, the locking member has a raised annulus which slidably and rotatably fits within an inner race in the housing for releasable and locking connection therewith. In this preferred embodiment, the gripper and the locking member rotate freely with the rotational movement of the guide wire.
It is an advantage of the guide wire migration controller in accordance with this invention to provide a device which can be readily adapted to conventional motor drive units, catheters and guide wires.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
For a further understanding of the objects and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which like parts are given like reference numerals and wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates, in perspective view, the guide wire migration controller in accordance with this invention in connection with a typical catheter.
FIG. 2 illustrates the guide wire migration controller in accordance with this invention in conjunction with a motor driven catheter assembly.
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the guide wire migration controller of FIG. 2 connectable to a motor drive unit.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the guide wire migration controller of FIG. 2 taken along line 4--4 and looking in the direction of the arrows.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the guide wire migration controller of FIG. 4 taken along line 5--5 and looking in the direction of the arrows.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the guide wire migration controller in accordance with this invention in use.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention will now be described with respect to FIG. 1 which illustrates the guide wire migration controller generally denoted by the reference numeral 10 in use with a catheter 100. As is conventional, the guide wire 14 is fed though a lumen in the torque cable to the desired position. Once at the desired position, the torque cable is rotated. Using the guide wire migration controller 10, the guide wire 14 remains substantially in place despite the activation of the motor drive unit 12 and consequently the torque cable.
With particular reference to FIG. 2 there is seen the guide wire migration controller (controller) 10 in accordance with this invention in conjunction with a motor driven catheter assembly. The guide wire migration controller 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is connected to a motor drive unit 12. A guide wire 14 allows a catheter 100 (FIG. 1) to follow and be guided thereby.
The torque cable is rotated by motor drive unit 12 by operating a switch 16. The switch 16 typically toggles the operation of the motor drive unit 12 in an on/off condition.
With respect to FIG. 3, there is shown an exploded enlarged view of the guide wire migration controller 10. The guide wire migration controller 10 includes a housing 20, a gripper 22 insertable within the housing and a locking member 24 for locking the gripper into the housing 20.
The housing 20 includes a body 30. The body 30 defines a split ring having a longitudinal opening 32. The opening allows the body to be squeezed so that opening ends 34 and 36 may be moved toward each other. As will be appreciated, it is preferred that the body be made of a plastic material so that when the ends are released the body is normally urged to the open position wherein the longitudinal opening 32 is again seen. It will be appreciated that the preferred embodiment utilizes the opening for removable connection with the motor drive unit 12.
The housing 20 includes a set of projecting ears 40. The ears 40 project and extend from the body 30. The motor drive unit 12 has a distal end which is adjacent the operating end of the guide wire 14, and a proximal end 42 which is opposite the distal end. The proximal end of 42 of the motor drive 12 has a track axis 44. A track member 46 is provided within the proximal end 42 along the track axis 44.
The ears 40 define rail members 50. The rail members 50 are sized and shaped for compatible connection with the track member 46. The ends 34 and 36 and the housing 20 are squeezed together forcing normally outwardly urging ends 34 and 36 together so that the rail members 50 may be connected to the track member 46 for slidable engagement. The slidable movement is in the direction of the track axis 44.
The guide wire migration controller includes the gripper 22 as set forth above. The gripper 22 has a body 60 having an opening 62. The opening 62 comprises a slice removed from the gripper 22. The slice can be from several thousandths of an inch to one hundredth of an inch. As with the housing body 30, the gripper body 60 has ends 64 and 66 which are normally in the open position, with the ends 64 and 66 urged apart. The slice terminates at a radius end 68. The radius end 68 is sized and shaped for compatible gripping of the guide wire 14.
The gripper 22 is made from a polymeric material suitable for gripping a thin metal wire. Such polymers include polyurethanes, RTV silicone, silicone rubbers and elastomeric materials in general. Also, it is preferred that the gripper 22 be made of a plastic material which will keep the ends 64 and 66 in a normally openly urged position. Thus, the opening 62 will be easily identifiable under normal circumstances. It will be appreciated that when the gripper is inserted within the housing 20, the ends 64 and 66 are moved together providing additional gripping force on the guide wire in the opening 62.
The guide wire migration controller 10 additionally includes a locking member 24 for locking the gripper 22 within the housing 20. The locking member 24 has a body 70 also having a keyhole opening 72. The keyhole opening 72 has a center opening 74 and opposed ends 76 and 78. As described earlier with reference to the body 30 and body 60 of the housing and gripper respectively, the opposed ends 76 and 78 are normally urged apart for similar reasons. The guide wire 14 fits within center opening 74 and operates similarly to that discussed above with reference to the gripper 22. The body 70 includes an annulus 80 in the preferred embodiment. In the preferred embodiment, the housing body 30 includes an inner race 82. The inner race 82 and the annulus 80 are sized and shaped for compatible rotatable matable connection. As will be appreciated once the guide wire 14 is gripped by the gripper 22 and locked within the housing 20, it should be provided with a means for rotating. The combination of the annulus 80 and inner race 92 allows for such rotation. Thus, the guide wire 14 may rotate freely while the gripper 22 grips the guide wire 14 and rotates together with the locking member 24 through the combination of the inner race 82 and annulus 80.
As illustrated with reference to FIG. 4 the guide wire migration controller 10 is connected to the motor drive unit 12. The rail members 50 fit snug within the track member 46. The gripper 22 is held in place by the locking member 24. The guide wire 14 is securely held by the gripper 22. As the guide wire is sympathetically rotated by the motor drive 12, the guide wire rotates with the gripper 22 attached. The locking member 24 rotates with the gripper with the annulus 20 rotating within the race 82. It will be appreciated with respect to FIG. 3 that the longitudinal opening 32 in the housing 20, the keyhole opening 72 in the locking member 24, and the guide wire gripper opening 62 align to receive the guide wire and to permit removal of the guide wire.
With respect to FIG. 5 there is shown a side elevational cross-sectional view of the guide wire migration controller 10. As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, the guide wire migration controller is able to slide within the track member 46 from one position to another along the track axis 44.
With respect to FIGS. 3, 5 and 6, there is shown the guide wire migration controller in use. As seen, with particular reference to FIG. 6, the guide wire 14 is hand fed through the motor drive unit 12 into the catheter. During the hand feeding process, the housing 20 is moved away from the entrance of the catheter where the guide wire 14 is fed. This is accomplished by moving the catheter along its track 46 to a second position, generally shown in phantom in FIG. 6.
The rail member has a detent cutout 51 on one of its sides which is compatible with a protuberance 53 on the track member 46. A second protuberance 55 also extends into track member 46 as illustrated clearly in FIG. 5.
In the first position, the detent cutout 51 is secured at position 1 by protuberance 53. In the second position where the housing 20 is moved away from the entrance of the catheter, the detent cutout 51 is moved to a second position wherein the detent cutout 51 is secured at the second position by protuberance 55.
In order relocate and secure the guide wire 14 to the migration controller 10, the openings in each of the locking member 24, the gripper 22 and the housing 20 are aligned for compatible connection with the guide wire 14. In order to facilitate this, the locking member 24 is provided with a locating member 90.
As will be appreciated, since the gripper 22 is normally outwardly extending and diverging from its ends 64 and 66, it does not rotate freely within the housing 20 or locking member 24. Thus, the opening 62 and opening 74 of each of the gripper 22 and the locking member 24 are aligned and generally stay in alignment. The locating member 90 is used to align the openings 62 and 74 of the gripper 22 and locking member 24, respectively, with the opening 32 of the housing 20.
In the second position, the slots are aligned prior to moving to the first position for capturing the guide wire. Thus, the physician has little or no trouble in moving the guide wire migration controller 10 from the first to second position or from the second to first positions.
In an alternate embodiment as shown in phantom in FIG. 3, the locating member comprises a ridge 92 used for the same purpose as locating member 90.
While the foregoing detailed description has described details of the guide wire migration controller in accordance with this invention, it is to be understood that the above description is illustrative only and not limiting of the disclosed invention. Particularly, the types of opening and materials used may be varied within the scope and spirit of this invention. Additionally, various types of motor drive units, as well as guide wires, may be utilized, again within the scope and spirit of this invention. It will be appreciated that this invention is to be limited only by the claims as set forth below. | Disclosed herein is a guide wire migration controller device. The device includes a housing, a gripper insertable in the housing and a locking member for keeping the gripper within the housing. The gripper grips a guide wire operated by a motor drive unit. The gripper limits the migrational movement of the guide wire by gripping the guide wire and limiting the movement to the amount of tolerance between the gripper and the housing and locking member. The gripper rotates freely within the housing depending upon the rotational movement of the catheter torque cable wire. In a preferred embodiment the migrational movement of the guide wire along its longitudinal axis is translated into slidable movement of the controller relative to the motor drive unit. | 2,891 |
This is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 07/467,902, filed on Jan. 22, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,062,637.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to games of the board type, and more particularly to a game using jigsaw puzzles.
Various forms of board games have been devised over the years. Also, numerous form of jigsaw puzzles have been created. Board games are games which usually are played by two or more people. On the other hand, a jigsaw puzzle is not a game as such, but is a puzzle with pieces which are put together by a single person, although others can help in placing the pieces. Both board games and jigsaw puzzles present challenges to those who play such games, and those who put together such puzzles. They vary from the very simple to the incredibly complex. Board games and jigsaw puzzles both can provide minutes and hours of fun, enjoyment and intrigue, but their attributes and capabilities have not been combined into a useful and fun jigsaw puzzle and board game.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a new jigsaw puzzle game.
Another object of this invention is to provide a jigsaw board game which may comprise from only a few playing pieces to as many as a large number of playing pieces.
A further object is to provide a new game employing modified jigsaw puzzles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other objects and features of the present invention will become better understood through a consideration of the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a jigsaw puzzle game according to the present invention,
FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 but with several of the game pieces removed,
FIG. 3 is a view of the underside of the removed game pieces,
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line 4--4 of FIG. 1, and
FIG. 5 is a view of a second jigsaw puzzle game and removed pieces similar to that of FIGS. 1-4 and for use with the latter in playing the present game.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a game board in the form of a jigsaw puzzle with borders surrounding the playing area is provided, along with removable pieces which are formed like in a conventional jigsaw puzzle. The bottom side of each of these pieces has an identification as does the area of the game board base where each piece fits. One or more of the removable pieces has, on its bottom, a particular indicia, for example the word "Scramble." Two or more of the game boards are provided respectively for two or more players, and the game proceeds according to the instructions and rules which are detailed subsequently.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Turning now to the drawings, a pair of jigsaw puzzle game boards 10 and 11 are shown in respective FIGS. 1 and 5. FIGS. 2 through 4 provide further details of the game board 10 of FIG. 1. The two game boards can be similar but preferably are not identical.
Turning now to the construction of the game board 10 shown in FIGS. 1 through 4, the same includes a base or backing 12 (note the cross-sectional view in FIG. 4), and a frame or border 14 secured thereto in a conventional manner as by an adhesive (not shown), thereby forming a tray-type construction for holding the game pieces (which are in the form of jigsaw puzzles pieces) on and within the tray. The edge 14 thus not only forms a decorative border but also prevents the game pieces from sliding off of the composite game board.
The game board further comprises a plurality of individual game pieces 16, 17, 18, etc. which are separated along mating edges such as 16a, 16b and 16c of FIG. 1. Suitable surface indicia, and exemplified generally by flowers 20, which may take any of many forms such as maps, cartoon characters, pictures and the like are provided on the upper or top surface of the game pieces 16, 17, etc. The thus-far described game board is like a typical jigsaw puzzle.
The game board has additional new constructional features and interrelationships which will now be described. Each of the game pieces 16, 17, etc. has a specific identification provided on the bottom thereof which (1) identifies its game board, and (2) identifies its specific position on the game board, thereby making it easy to locate and place each game piece on the game board. FIG. 3 illustrates three of the game pieces 16, 17 and 18 which have been removed from the game board as shown in FIG. 2. The underside of the game pieces 16, 17 and 18 in FIG. 3 include the identifications "A1" "A2" and "A4," the letter A" standing for game board A and the number standing for number and position of the piece on that board. The upper surface 24 of the base 12 of the game board 10 as seen in FIG. 2 has like identifications thereon corresponding to the removed pieces. Thus, as seen in FIG. 2, the identifications seen on the base 12 are "A1," "A2," and "A4." In addition, the base 12 has lines (e.g., 24a, 24b, 24c, etc.) drawn or printed thereon the same as the outline of the respective game pieces. These lines, and the identifications (A1, A2, etc.) facilitate finding the location of and positioning of the game pieces.
The identifications on the pieces and on the base 12 of the game board are provided, contrary to the normal jigsaw puzzle, to facilitate locating the game piece on the board.
The respective game pieces A1, A2 and A4 of FIG. 3 fit in the locations A1, A2 and A4 so identified in FIG. 2. The remaining pieces and base location have like identifications (A3, and A5-A12, not seen, for the remaining pieces of the twelve piece game. In addition, one or more, and preferably three, of the game pieces on the underside has an additional indicia, such as in the present case the term "Scramble" for reasons to be discussed subsequently. This indicia is not placed on the base 12.
While the physical construction of the game board is like that of a conventional jigsaw puzzle, particular identifications and/or indicia are provided on the bottom of each and every game piece, and similar identifications are provided on the underlying base 12 of each game piece and, further, several of the game pieces have the particular added indicia, such as the word "Scramble" as noted.
The game board 11 shown in FIG. 5 is like that of FIG. 1, but preferably has different artwork 25 on the surface of the game pieces to distinguish the two game boards and, additionally has a different identification (e.g., "B") to indicate that it is a different game board. In this regard, the game pieces, identified as 26, 27, 28, 29, etc. use the letter "B" in the identification of the game pieces and areas of the base 12 to indicate that this is Game B.
Additional game boards can be provided, depending on the number of players, with each player having one game board. The game boards and game pieces as described are used and interrelated in the playing of the present game in the manner set forth below.
Each player of the game must have one complete puzzle like that shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 5. Preferably, each puzzle has the same number of pieces. Any number of players from two on can compete.
Play begins with each player emptying all of the game pieces from his puzzle, picture side up, in the center of the playing table. The pieces are then scrambled (mixed) and any one or more players can scramble and mix the pieces. Each player picks one piece, preferably with eyes closed, from the pile to select the order of play. The players then show the bottom side of the puzzle piece selected, and the lowest number is entitled to be the first player, and so on. The pieces selected are returned to the pile.
The first player so selected then closes his eyes and picks ten pieces from the pile. Only the first player makes this selection thus far. Once the ten pieces are selected and placed bottom side up, the identifications on the bottom of the pieces are checked, and any pieces not matching that player's puzzle (the first player in this case) are returned to the pile and scrambled. That is, with the puzzle A of FIG. 1 and the puzzle B of FIG. 5, if the first player has the "A" puzzle of FIG. 1 and selects some "B" pieces, the "B" pieces are returned to the pile; only the "A" pieces are kept by this first player who has the A puzzle.
The remaining pieces selected by the first player (the "A" game pieces in this case) are placed on the board in the usual manner of filling in a jigsaw puzzle. In the event there is a game piece labelled "Scramble" like the "A2" piece in FIG. 3, this piece also is placed in the game board; however, this piece has a particular significance. When the "Scramble" piece has been selected from the pile and placed in the game board (and the remaining pieces picked on that turn for that game board are placed in the game board), then the game board is moved or passed to the player to the left (and, likewise, the other players' boards are moved to the player to the left). If, per chance, this first player picks more than one "Scramble" piece, then the game boards will be moved the number of positions to the left corresponding to the number of "Scramble" pieces picked in that turn. For example, if the first player picked and played two "scramble" pieces, then the puzzle (Puzzle A in this case) would move to the second player to the left, with the other players' puzzles likewise moving two positions. In the case of only two players with Puzzles A and B of FIGS. 1 and 5, the first player would receive his puzzle back (it would move to the second player who had Puzzle B, and then move back to the first player).
Once the first player has completed putting pieces in his puzzle, and his and the other puzzles have moved the one or more player positions as indicated by the number of "Scramble" pieces, then the second player, with his eyes closed, selects ten pieces from the pile on the table. Play continues now by this player as previously described. A score sheet, as will be described subsequently, may be kept to determine what players have contributed more or less to the completion of a game. However, the first player to complete a puzzle, any puzzle he happens to be working on regardless of whether or not it is the one he started off with, is the winner of the game.
There are several additional rules which increase interest in the present game. When a player picks his ten pieces from the pile on the table, he must do so and not peek while selecting the pieces. If the player peeks while picking pieces, the selected pieces are returned to the pile, and that player looses his turn. The pieces in the pile may be mixed or "Scrambled" by any player at any time, even while pieces are being picked, to facilitate randomness of the pieces picked. Although the number of "Scramble" pieces will vary with the number of pieces within a given puzzle, typically two to three such pieces are provided.
While the twelve-piece puzzle game boards shown in FIGS. 1 and 5 are quite suitable for a child's game, typically game boards with more pieces, such as thirty to fifty pieces, generally are preferred.
The following chart provides an example of a game with four players and four respectively different puzzles. The typical game time is approximately forty-five minutes, and players may range in age from about 5 years to 100 years old.
______________________________________Game No. 1______________________________________Player 1 - Puzzle A Player 2 - Puzzle BPick 10, Scramble Pick 10, ScrambleKeep Pieces Winner Keep Pieces Winner______________________________________4 0 5 12 1 1 06 0 4 24 1 4 02 0 3 06 0 6 03 0 6 029 2 29 3______________________________________Player 3 - Puzzle C Player 4 - Puzzle DPick 10, Scramble Pick 10, ScrambleKeep Pieces Winner Keep Pieces Winner______________________________________5 1 3 17 0 4 03 0 6 14 0 7 06 2 4 02 0 2 04 1 2 131 4 28 3______________________________________
In the example given, each puzzle can have thirty pieces, three of which have the "Scramble" indicia on the bottom. The game boards are identified as "Puzzle A," "Puzzle, B," "Puzzle C" and "Puzzle D," with the bottom of the game pieces and top surface of the boards bearing the matching letters and numbers as indicated in the Figures and as explained previously. Once the order of play has been decided, the first player picks ten pieces with his eyes closed from the pile of 120 pieces. The pieces picked for another's puzzle are returned to the pile and scrambled for the next player. In the chart which follows, it can be seen (Column 1) that Player 1 picked ten pieces, only four of which were for his puzzle (with the remaining six being returned). The first player received zero Scramble pieces (Column 2) on the first turn. Player 2 picked ten pieces, five of which were for his puzzle, and one of which was a Scramble piece (Columns 1 and 2). The play continues with players 3 and 4. On the second turn for Player No. 1, only two of the picked ten pieces were for his puzzle, but one was a " Scramble" piece as shown in Columns 1 and 2 under Player A--Puzzle A. The game is continued as illustrated. While the chart is in the form of score sheets, they are not necessary as part of the game, but they are helpful for keeping track of how well a player may, through his "extra sensory perception" or other ability, be able to pick high numbers of pieces of his particular puzzle.
The game is exciting and provides untiring fun, and is a game of individual ingenuity.
It will be apparent that the game boards can be manufactured in the form of jigsaw puzzles, but with the added letter and number identifications on the game pieces and on the base 12 of the game board, and along with the "Scramble" indicia. On the other hand, standard puzzles can be modified by the addition of these fications and indicia to create and play the present game. Standard jigsaw puzzles thus can be provided with the letter/number identifications and indicia in the form of self-adhesive labels to be applied to the bottom of the game pieces and to the top surface of the base of the game board, and the outlines 24a, 24b, etc. of the game pieces can be added (e.g., in ink) on the base 12.
While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, and all such modifications and equivalents are intended to be covered. | There is disclosed herein a game using jigsaw puzzle like game boards but wherein each game piece in the form of a jigsaw puzzle piece and the underlying board both have matching letter and number identifications facilitating locating where the game piece is to be placed. Certain game pieces have a unique indicia, such as the word "Scramble" which, after being placed on a board, results in the game boards of all players being shifted one player position. The game boards are like jigsaw puzzles with borders to retain the game pieces on the board. Each player has a board, and all game pieces are piled on the playing table. The first player selects a number of game pieces, such as ten, and places those matching his board on his board, and those not matching are returned to the pile. The first player to complete a puzzle is the winner. | 2,739 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part application based on U.S. Ser. No. 11/500,317 filed on Aug. 8, 2006 entitled “Intracoronary Injection of a Mixture of Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mononuclear Cells and Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Utilization and Rescue of Infarcted Myocardium.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Technical Field
[0002] There are several methods to deliver cells to the heart, among them: intracoronary (by the use of a catheter), intracardiac (directly into the heart during the intraoperative procedure of coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG or by transendocardial delivery), and intravenously (direct injection into a main blood vessel in the arm, leg, etc).
[0003] Myocardial dysfunction resulting from atherosclerosis related myocardial infarction (MI) is a widespread and important cause of morbidity in the USA and mortality amongst adults. Due to scar- and ischemia-related post infarction events, clinical manifestations are enormous and heterogeneous. The damaged left ventricle undergoes progressive ‘remodeling’ and chamber dilation, with myocyte slippage and fibroblast proliferation. These events reflect an apparent lack of effective intrinsic mechanisms for myocardial repair and regeneration. Unless, deep (and still unknown) modifications are introduced in the area proximate to the damage to force proliferation of resident myocytes (Beltrami, 2001), all restorative therapies for MI must consider the use of an exogenous source of cardiomyocyte progenitors.
[0004] A main issue in the decision to be taken has been the source and nature of cells to utilize. According to preclinical studies, the choice has ranged from resident differentiated but quiescent cardiomyocytes to stem cells or cardiomyocyte progenitors (Warejcka, 1996; Wang, 2000; Siminiak, 2003). Since, a cardiac monopotential stem cell has not yet been identified, the clinical options are narrowed to the use of a multipotential stem cell exhibiting a potential to differentiate into the cardiomyocyte lineage. From this point of view, marrow-located stem cells display the required biological properties for a cell therapy approach to treat patients with myocardial infarction (Wulf, 2001; Wagers, 2002; Herzog, 2003). Using animal models, it has been reported a near-normalization of ventricular function after treatment of acute infarcted myocardium with locally-injected bone marrow-derived precursor cells (Jackson, 2001; Orlic, 2001, for a recent review, see Husnain, 2005). However, it was not clear whether the beneficial effect produced by the graft was elicited by hematopoietic stem cells, precursors for cardiomyocytes and/or endothelial cells, stem cell plasticity or just contamination with other marrow cells (Wagers, 2002). On the other hand, the transplantation of unfractionated sheep bone marrow into chronically infarcted myocardium did not result in any beneficial effect (Bel, 2003).
[0005] In addition, several studies have utilized mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) as a cell archetype for regenerative purposes after myocardial infarction. In vitro studies have shown that MSC have the potential to differentiate into spontaneous beating myotube-like structures, which express natriuretic peptides, myosin, desmin, and actinin and exhibit sinus node-like and ventricular cell-like action potentials (Makino, 1999; Bittira, 2002). In vivo studies have shown that when MSC are implanted into myocardium they undergo a milieu-dependent (microenvironment) cardiomyogenic differentiation and develop into myofibers containing striated sarcomeric myosin heavy chain and cell to cell junctions (Wang, 2000; Barbash, 2003). The xenogeneic or syngeneic transplantation of MSC have shown that infused cells were signaled and recruited to the normal and/or injured heart (Allers, 2004; Bittira, 2002), where they undergo differentiation and participate in the pathophysiology of post-infarct remodeling, angiogenesis and maturation of the scar (Bittira, 2003; Pittenger, 2005; Minguell, 2006). Furthermore, recent pig studies have shown that MSC infusion improves left ventricular function following myocardial infarction with no detectable immune or other toxicity (Min, 2002; Shake, 2002).
[0006] Thus, the results of experimental studies showing that the implant of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells improves heart function after myocardial infarction have prompted several groups to test this notion in people. In the last 3 years, various clinical studies have assessed the effect of transplantation of autologous bone marrow in myocardial regeneration after acute myocardial infarction. In all these studies, the source of “repairing” cells has been the bone marrow mononuclear cell fraction (BM-MNC), which contains B, T and NK lymphocytes, early myeloid cells, endothelial progenitors and a very low number of hematopoietic and/or mesenchymal stem cells. In these studies, bone marrow was aspirated (40-250 ml) from patients, the BM-MNC prepared and the resulting cells (10.sup.6 to 10.sup.7) implanted into the infarcted ischemic myocardium, by using either a direct or a catheter-mediated injection. Results showed that the autologous implantation procedure is safe, feasible and seems to be effective under clinical conditions (Assmus, 2002; Perin, 2003; Sekiya, 2002; Stamm, 2003; Strauer, 2002; Tse, 2003). In all cases, the observed therapeutic effect was attributed to bone marrow progenitors-associated neovascularization (angiogenesis, Rafii, 2003), thus improving perfusion of infarcted myocardium.
[0007] Based on preclinical and clinical studies, the rationale of the present clinical study is the following: every clinical attempt for myocardial regeneration might consider the implant of autologous progenitor cells, with the potential to differentiate and mature into cardiomyocytes, thus contributing to the recovery of local contractility. However, a comprehensive therapy should also consider the revascularization of the ischemic tissue by the implant of endothelial progenitor cells.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0008] Consequently, we propose that the combined infusion of autologous purified and expanded marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (a source of cardiomyocyte progenitor) and autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (a primary source of endothelial progenitors) represents an effective and enduring myocardial replacement therapy. The above presupposes that the pair of implanted autologous progenitors will express their respective biological programs after interacting with proper microenvironment locus of the receptor tissue (Minguell, 2001; Wagers, 2002; Rafii, 2003).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0009] Results of experimental studies have shown that intramyocardial implantation of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells induces neovascularisation, but not a robust improvement in heart function, after myocardial infarction. We propose that the above therapy in conjunction with one that provides a source of cardiomyocytes will represent a substantial promise as a cellular agent for cardiovascular therapy.
[0010] As a source of cardiomyocyte progenitors and based on in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies, we propose the use of autologous ex vivo expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Encouraging preliminary efficacy data in large animal models of myocardial infarction (Minguell, 2006) and accumulating safety data from human studies of MSCs in non-cardiovascular applications is encouraging.
[0011] In detail, our invention is the intracoronary injection (implant via catheter or direct injection) of a mixture of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (cells that have the potential to differentiate and mature into mature cardiomyocytes) and autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) (cells that contain endothelial progenitors) that have the potential to differentiate and mature into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, representing an effective and enduring myocardial replacement therapy. See procedure below.
[0012] Primary bone marrow aspirations from the iliac crest will be performed in patients twenty-five.+−.five days before receiving the cell infusion for preparation and expansion of BM-MSC. A secondary (25.+−. 5 days from primary aspiration) bone marrow aspiration from the iliac crest for preparation of BN-MNC will be performed within 5 hours of the intracoronary cell infusion to patients. For cell infusion, aliquots of autologous expanded BM-MSC and BM-MNC are taken and mixed together for a final volume of infusion medium.
[0013] For a better understanding of procedures and schedule, please refer to the following Table.
[0000]
TABLE 1
DIAGRAM OF PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULE
Days to
Type of sample
infusion
Step
to be taken
Type of test to be performed
−25
1 st Bone marrow aspirate
cell suspension
differential cell count;
for preparation of MSC
microbiological
cells
−25
Mononuclear cell fraction
cell suspension
differential cell count
−20
Passage #0 (Primary BM-
growth medium &
cell number, viability,
MSC culture)
cell suspension
microbiological
−16
Passage #1
cell suspension
cell number, viability
−12
Passage #2
cell suspension
cell number, viability
−8
Passage #3
cell suspension
cell number, viability
−4
Passage #4 (Expanded
growth medium &
cell number, viability,
MSC)
cell suspension
microbiological, mycoplasma
0
Final preparation of BM-
BM-MSC
cell number, viability
MSC
suspension
microbiological, mycoplasma,
Gram stain,
immunotypification,
differentiation potential
0
2 nd Bone marrow aspirate
BM-MSC
cell number, viability
for preparation of MNC
suspension
microbiological, Gram stain,
cells
immunotypification
0
Cell product for infusion
BM-MSC plus
cell number, viability
(final mixture of autogous
BM-MNC
microbiological, Gram stain,
BM-MSC and BM-MNC)
suspension
endotoxin
BM-MNC: bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell fraction
BM-MSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
[0014] Cell infusion (transplantation) may be done in patients intraoperatively in conjunction with coronary artery bypass grafting by direct injection following the circumference of the infarct border or via intracoronary percutaneous balloon catheter designed for angioplasty. Subjects may include patients who fit criteria for acute myocardial infarction or patients with a defined region of myocardial dysfunction related to a previous myocardial infarction.
[0015] Wall motion and left ventricular ejection fraction is evaluated by MRI and echocardiography. SPECT is used to assess viability and myocardial perfusion.
[0016] A method for myocardial replacement therapy for a patient is disclosed. It involves acquiring two types of bone marrow-derived cells, a source of a therapeutically effective amount of mesenchymal stem cells that give rise to cardiomyocytes and a source of endothelial precursor cells either from mononuclear cells as such or after purification, that may give rise to new fine blood vessels. The therapeutically effective amount of mesenchymal stem cells and said mononuclear cells into an injection medium is combined. Such is injected into the patient. This method may be used wherein the step of acquiring a source of a therapeutically effective amount of mesenchymal stem cells that give rise to cardiomyocytes comprises performing a first bone marrow aspiration on said patient and producing a therapeutically effective amount of expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. This method of myocardial replacement therapy may also include producing said therapeutically effective amount of autologous expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, wherein the first bone marrow aspiration comprises performing said first bone marrow aspiration at least 20 days before the patient receives said injection medium, wherein said first bone marrow aspiration allows for expansion of a therapeutically effective amount of autologous expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and where the performing of said first bone marrow aspiration from the patient's iliac crest.
[0017] Further, the above method for myocardial replacement therapy for the patient may include acquiring a source of a therapeutically effective amount of the autologous expanded bone marrow-derived mononuclear as a source of endothelial precursor cells and comprises performing said second bone marrow aspiration from the patient's iliac crest.
[0018] As an alternate, the method for myocardial replacement therapy for the patient of the last paragraph above may be accomplished to obtain said therapeutically effective amount of mesenchymal stem cells that give rise to cardiomyocytes and said therapeutically effective amount of endothelial precursors cells in mononuclear cells, by combining a therapeutically effective amount of aliquots of said therapeutically effective amount of autologous expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and said therapeutically effective amount of endothelial precursors in mononuclear cells for a final volume of said injection medium.
[0019] As another alternate, the method for myocardial replacement therapy for the patient of the paragraphs above may be accomplished by injecting said injection medium by intraoperatively injecting said therapeutically combination of cells in injection medium comprises directly to the heart in conjunction with coronary artery bypass grafting or by any other transendocardial delivery system similar to the circumference of the infarct border.
[0020] As another alternate, the method for myocardial replacement therapy for the patient of the paragraphs above may be accomplished by injecting said injection medium by injection via intracoronary catheter.
[0021] As another alternate, the method of the paragraphs above may be accomplished by said injection medium being said therapeutically effective amount of autologous expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with said therapeutically effective amount of endothelial precursors cells in mononuclear cells.
[0022] As another alternate, the method of the paragraphs above may be accomplished by the number of mesenchymal cells being increased in a first aspiration of bone marrow by ex vivo expansion.
[0023] As another alternate, the method of the paragraphs above may be accomplished by the second aspiration being performed only to prepare the mononuclear cells.
[0024] As another alternate, the method of the paragraphs above may be accomplished by the second aspiration occurring on the day when the amount of mesenchymal stem cells is sufficient to produce the therapeutically effective amount.
REFERENCES
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Assmus B, Schachinger V, Teupe C, Britten M, Lehmann R, Dobert N, Grunwald F, Aicher A, Urbich C, Martin H, Hoelzer D, Dimmeler S, Zeiher A M. Transplantation of Progenitor Cells and Regeneration Enhancement in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation 2002; 06: 3009-3017.
Barbash I M, Chouraqui P, Baron J et al. Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium. Circulation. 2003; 108: 863.
Beltrami A P, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, Yan S M, Finato N, Bussani R, Nadal-Ginard B, Silvestri F, Leri A, Beltrami C A, Anversa P. Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J. Med. 2001; 344:1750-1757.
Bittira B, Kuang J Q, Al-Khaldi A, Shum-Tim D, Chiu R C. In vitro pre-programming of marrow stromal cells for myocardial regeneration. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74: 1154-1159.
Bittira B, Shum-Tim D, Al-Khaldi A, Chiu R C. Mobilization and homing of bone marrow stromal cells in myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003; 24: 393-398.
Herzog E L, Chai L, Krause D S. Plasticity of marrow-derived stem cells. Blood 2003; 102: 3483-3493.
Husnain H K, Ashraf M. Bone marrow stem cell transplantation for cardiac repair. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288: H2557-H2567.
Jackson K A, Majka S M, Wang H, Pocius J, Hartley C J, Majesky M W, Entman M L, Michael L H, Hirshi K K, Godell M A. Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 1395-1402
Makino S, Fukuda K, Miyoshi S, Konishi F, et al. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 697-705.
Minguell J J, Erices A, Conget P. Mesenchymal stem cells. Exp. Biol. Med. 2001; 226, 507-517.
Minguell J J, Erices, A. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Treatment of Cardiac Disease. Experimental Biology and Medicine (in press) January issue, 2006.
Min J Y, Sullivan M F, Yang Y, Zhang J P, Converso K L, Morgan J P, Xiao Y F. Significant improvement of heart function by cotransplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells and fetal cardiomyocytes in postinfarcted pigs. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002, 74: 1568-1575.
Orlic D et al. Bone marrow cells regenerate infracted myocardium. Nature 2001; 410, 701-705.
Perin E C, Dohmann H F, Borojevic R, Silva S A, Sousa A L, et al. Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation. 2003; 107:2294-2302
Pittenger M F, Martin B J. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential as cardiac therapeutics. Circ Res. 2004; 95:9-20.
Rafii S, Lyden D. Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration. Nat. Med. 2003; 9: 702-712.
Sekiya, 2002 I, Larson B L, Smith J R, Pochampally R, Cui J G, Prockop D J. Expansion of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma: conditions that maximize the yields of early progenitors and evaluate their quality. Stem Cells, 2002; 20: 530-541.
Shake J G, Gruber P J, Baumgartner W A, Senechal G, Meyers J, Redmond J M, Pittenger M F, Martin B J. Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: engraftment and functional effects. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 73: 1919-1925.
Siminiak T, Kurpisz M. Myocardial replacement therapy. Circulation 2003; 108:1167-1171
Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine H D et al. Autologous bone-marrowtem-cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. Lancet, 2003; 361: 45-46
Strauer B E, Brehm M, Zeus T et al. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 2002; 106: 1913-1918
Tse H F, Kwong Y L, Chan J K, Lo G, Ho C L, Lau C P. Angiogenesis in ischaemic myocardium by intramyocardial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation. Lancet. 2003; 361: 47-49.
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Warejcka D J, Harvey R, Taylor B J, Young H E, Lucas P A. A population of cells isolated from rat heart capable of differentiating into several mesodermal phenotypes. J Surg Res 1996; 62:233-242.
Wulf G G, Jackson K A, Goodell M A. Somatic stem cell plasticity: current evidence and emerging concepts. Exp. Hematol. 2001; 29: 1361-1370 | The present invention is a method for improving cardiac function and myocardial regeneration in living subjects after the occurrence of myocardial infarction. The method is a combination stem cell therapy involving a mixture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow derived mononuclear cells surgically implanted by using either a direct or catheter-mediated injection into damaged myocardium. Studies have shown that the implant improves heart function and myocardial regeneration and echocardiographic measurements. | 2,903 |
[0001] The present invention relates to a stuffed chair with one or more seats, in particular an armchair or a couch.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In the interior design field stuffed chairs are known, which comprise a seat for one or more people; a backrest; a fixed part; and at least one mobile part (e.g. a footrest, a headrest, and/or a massaging device), which is configured to move relative to the fixed part due to the action of an actuating device (e.g. an electric motor), which is supplied with power by an electrical circuit.
[0003] The electrical circuits used to supply power to the actuating device generally are of two types.
[0004] According to a first type, the electrical circuit comprises an electrical cable that is connected, on one side, to the actuating device and, on the other side, to the electrical grid and, therefore, to a wall power socket.
[0005] According to the other one of the two know types described above, the electrical circuit comprises a rechargeable battery, which is mounted inside the stuffed chair, and a plug, which is connected to the battery and extends through the stuffed chair so as to be accessible from the outside and allow a user to recharge the battery itself.
[0006] Known stuffed chairs of the type described above have some drawbacks, which are mainly due to the fact that, in one case, the electrical cable is relatively long and hard to move and, therefore, is constantly in the way during the normal use of the stuffed chair and, in the other case, the access to the battery is relatively difficult and its replacement necessarily requires the presence of skilled personnel and the restoration of the electrical connection among the new battery, the actuating device and the recharging plug.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The object of the present invention is to provide a stuffed chair with one or more seats, in particular an armchair or a couch, which is designed to eliminate the aforementioned drawbacks in a straightforward, relatively low-cost manner.
[0008] The present invention provides a stuffed chair with one or more seats, in particular an armchair or a couch, according to the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show a non-limiting embodiment thereof, wherein:
[0010] FIGS. 1 and 2 are two schematic perspective views of a preferred embodiment of the stuffed chair according to the present invention;
[0011] FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a first detail of the stuffed chair of FIGS. 1 and 2 ; and
[0012] FIGS. 4 and 5 are two schematic perspective views of a second detail of the stuffed chair of FIGS. 1 and 2 , which is shown in two different operating positions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 , number 1 indicates, as a whole, a stuffed armchair having a seat 2 , a backrest 3 , and a pair of lateral armrests 4 .
[0014] According to a variant that is not shown herein, the stuffed armchair 1 can be removed and replaced with a stuffed couch with multiple seats.
[0015] The stuffed armchair 1 comprises, especially, a front footrest 5 , which is mobile relative to a fixed part 6 of the stuffed armchair 1 between a lowered rest position ( FIG. 2 ) and a raised operating position (not shown).
[0016] Obviously, the stuffed armchair 1 can comprise further mobile parts, such as, for example, a headrest and/or a massaging device.
[0017] The footrest 5 is moved between its lowered rest position and its raised operating position by an actuating device 7 , which comprises, in this special case, an electric motor, which is housed inside the stuffed armchair 1 .
[0018] The stuffed armchair 1 is also delimited by an outer surface 8 , and has a cavity 9 , which, in this special case, is obtained in one of the armrests 4 , has an oblong, substantially parallelepiped-like shape, and opens up outwards in correspondence to the surface 8 itself.
[0019] According to a variant that is not shown herein, the cavity 9 is obtained in other parts of the stuffed armchair 1 .
[0020] According to FIGS. 4 and 5 , the device is supplied with power by a power supply 10 device comprising a containing box 11 , which is cup-shaped, is housed inside the cavity 9 and, furthermore, has an inlet 12 that opens up outwards in correspondence to said outer surface 8 .
[0021] The box 11 is provided, furthermore, with an annular flange 13 , which extends around the inlet 12 , allows the box 11 to be fixed to the stuffed armchair 1 by means of a pair of fixing screws (not shown) screwed into the surface 8 , and is covered by a finishing frame 14 .
[0022] The box 11 is delimited by a bottom wall 15 and, furthermore, is also delimited by two main lateral walls 16 , which are substantially parallel to one another and perpendicular to the wall 15 , and by two minor lateral walls 17 , which are substantially parallel to one another and perpendicular to the wall 15 and the to the walls 16 .
[0023] The device 10 comprises, furthermore, a rechargeable battery 18 , which, in use, is mounted inside the box 11 through the inlet 12 , substantially has the shape of the cavity 9 and of the box 11 , and is delimited by an end face 19 , which is visible on the outside of the stuffed armchair 1 .
[0024] The actuating device 7 and the battery 18 are connectable to one another by means of a connection device 20 comprising a first plurality of electrical contacts 21 obtained on a bottom wall 22 of the battery 18 and a second plurality of electrical contacts 23 , which are obtained on the wall 15 and are connected to the device 7 by means of the interposition of an electrical cable 24 .
[0025] The battery 18 is engaged in the box 11 in a sliding manner and is mobile, in a moving direction 25 that is substantially perpendicular to the walls 15 and 22 , between an operating position ( FIGS. 1 and 5 ), in which the battery 18 is substantially held inside the box 11 , and an extracted position ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ), in which the battery 18 projects outside of the box 11 .
[0026] When the battery 18 is arranged in its operating position, the wall 22 is substantially arranged in contact with the wall 15 and the contacts 21 and 23 are connected to one another, whereas, when the battery 18 is arranged in its extracted position, the wall 22 is arranged at a given distance from the wall 15 and the contacts 21 and 23 are disconnected from one another.
[0027] The battery 18 is locked in its operating position on the inside of the box 11 by a coupling device 26 comprising an elastically deformable tooth 27 , which is obtained through one of the main lateral walls 16 of the box 11 .
[0028] The tooth 27 is normally arranged in a locking position, in which, when the battery 18 is inserted into the box 11 , the tooth 27 hooks a rib 28 made on the battery 18 and locks the battery 18 in its operating position so as to ensure the connection between the contacts 21 and 23 and the power supply of the device 7 .
[0029] The tooth 27 is moved from its locking position to a release position for releasing the battery 18 by a release push button 29 , which extends in the direction 25 and projects outwards from the box 11 in correspondence to the inlet 12 , so as to be operated by the user.
[0030] The push button 29 is mobile, relative to the box 11 , in the direction 25 between an operating position, in which the push button 29 lifts the tooth 27 and disengages it from the rib 28 , and a rest position.
[0031] The push button 29 is moved to—and normally kept in—its rest position by a spring 30 , which is mounted between the box 11 and the push button 29 parallel to the direction 25 .
[0032] When the tooth 27 is moved to its release position, the battery 18 is moved to its extracted position by a spring 31 , which is hooked to the wall 15 and is interposed between the walls 15 and 22 .
[0033] The face 19 of the battery 18 is provided with a power supply connector 32 to charge the battery 18 , with a first light indicator 33 to display the charge state of the battery 18 , and with a second light indicator 34 to display the charge mode of the battery 18 itself.
[0034] The power supply device 10 leads to some advantages that are mainly due to the fact that:
[0035] the box 11 opens up outwards in correspondence to the outer surface 8 of the stuffed armchair 1 and, therefore, allows the user to easily replace the battery 18 after having uncoupled it from the box 11 itself; and
[0036] the position of the face 19 of the battery 18 allows the user to easily see the charge state and the charge mode of the battery 18 .
[0037] According to a variant that is not shown herein, the connection device 20 , the bottom wall 15 of the box 11 and the electrical cable 24 can be removed and replaced with a first electrical cable, which is connected to the actuating device 7 , and with a second electrical cable, which is connected to the battery 18 and is connectable to the first electrical cable. The extraction of the battery 18 from the box 11 allows users to disconnect the two electrical cables, replace the battery 18 with a new battery 18 and reconnect the two electrical cables to one another.
[0038] Although the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary implementations thereof, the present invention is not limited by or to such exemplary implementations. | A stuffed chair with one or more seats, in particular an armchair or a couch, has a seat, a backrest, and at least one mobile part, which is configured to move relative to a fixed part due to the action of an actuating device supplied with power by a rechargeable battery housed inside a containing box; the containing box being mounted in the stuffed chair and opening up outwards in correspondence to an outer surface of the stuffed chair to allow access to the rechargeable battery. | 1,814 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to surgical cassettes and more particularly to a system for latching surgical cassettes.
The use of cassettes with surgical instruments to help manage irrigation and aspiration flows into a surgical site are well-known. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,493,695, 4,627,833 (Cook), 4,395,258 (Wang, et al.), 4,713,051 (Steppe, et al.), 4,798,580 (DeMeo, et al.), 4,758,238, 4,790,816 (Sundblom, et al.) and 5,267,956, 5,364,342 (Beuchat) all disclose tubeless or tube-type surgical cassettes and are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
One of the primary function of the cassettes disclosed above is to control aspiration (vacuum) level at the surgical site. The vacuum generating device generally is contained within the surgical system control console and may be a venturi, diaphragm or peristaltic pump. Other mechanical interactions between the cassette and the console are also required, for example, to control fluid flow within the cassette and for monitoring the vacuum level within the cassette. These interaction require that the cassette be held securely within the console, with positive, aligned contact between the cassette and the console. Prior to the present invention, cassettes generally were secured within the console by a tight, friction fit or by a spring tab. These frictional methods of securing the cassette within the console can make the cassette difficult to insert and remove from the cassette from the console. In addition, these frictional methods do not positively lock the cassette within the console, so inadvertent removal of the cassette is possible.
Accordingly, a need exists for a mechanism to assist in latching a surgical cassette within a surgical console.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally includes an articulating clamp mounted on the end of a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder. The clamp interacts with a slot, tab or tang on the cassette housing to hold the cassette firmly within a surgical console. The clamp articulates in response to extension or contraction of the cylinder to grasp securely the cassette tab and hold the cassette within the console.
Accordingly, one objective of the present invention is to provide a mechanism for latching a cassette within a surgical console.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide an articulating clamp that cooperates with a slot, tab or tang on a surgical cassette to hold the cassette firmly within a surgical console.
Still another objective of the present invention is to provide an articulating clamp mounted on the end of a cylinder that cooperates with a slot, tab or tang on a surgical cassette to hold the cassette firmly within a surgical console.
These and other objectives and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description and claims which follow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the present invention and also illustrating one type of surgical cassette that can be used with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the articulating clamp and cylinder illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the articulating clamp and cylinder similar to FIG. 2, but with the clamp assembled on the cylinder.
FIG. 4 is a perspective, partial cross-sectional view of the clamp of present invention cooperating with a recess in the surgical cassette illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a perspective, partial cross-sectional view of the clamp of the present invention, similar to FIG. 4, but illustrating the movement of the clamp during clamping and unclamping of the cassette.
FIG. 6 is a front elevational, partial cross-sectional view of the clamp of present invention cooperating with a recess in the surgical cassette illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a front elevational, partial cross-sectional view of the clamp of the present invention, similar to FIG. 6, but illustrating the clamp in the unclamped position.
FIG. 8 is a partial side elevational view of the clamp of present invention cooperating with a recess in the surgical cassette illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 9 is a partial side elevational view of the clamp of the present invention, similar to FIG. 8, but illustrating the clamp in the unclamped position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As best seen in FIGS. 1-3, latching apparatus 10 of the present invention generally includes clamp 12 and cylinder 14. Clamp 12 may be of any suitable size and shape and includes passage 54, slotted mounting hole 16, prongs 18, flange 38 and fittings 20 and 22. Passage 54 and fittings 20 and 22 allow fluid communication between console 24 and cassette 26 through clamp 12. Clamp 12, prongs 18 and flange 38 preferably are made from steel, stainless steel, aluminum or titanium and formed in a single piece by machining, casting or forging. Fitting 22 preferably is formed of a resilient material such as silicone rubber or other equivalent elastomer and press fit into a recess (not shown) in clamp 12. Fitting 20 preferably is a slip fitting and made from steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium or suitable plastic. Fitting 20 may be mounted on clamp 12 by a press fit or threaded coupling and may include sealing washer 56.
Cylinder 14 may be any suitable pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder, such as pneumatic cylinder Model No. 56255-1173 manufactured by American Cylinder, and generally includes yoke 28, housing 30, rod 48, fittings 32 and pin 34. Yoke 28 is sized to cradle flange 38 on clamp 12 and may be threadably attached to rod 48. Flange 38 is held within yoke 28 by pin 34, which telescopes through slotted hole 16 so that pin 34 is frictionally held in yoke 28, but slides easily within slotted hole 16. Clamp 12 is attached to console 24 and held within recess 42 on console 24 by pin 40, which allows clamp 12 to pivot on pin 40 about hole 44 within recess 42, as shown in FIGS. 4-9. Yoke 28, housing 30, fittings 32 and pins 34 and 40 may be made of any suitable material such as brass, steel, stainless steel, aluminum or titanium.
As seen in FIGS. 4, 6 and 8, in its relaxed state, cylinder 14 is extended. Causing cylinder 14 to be extended in its relaxed state ensures that cassette 26 cannot be removed from console 24 if the power to console 24 is temporarily interrupted. When cylinder 30 is extended, rod 48 pushes yoke 28 forward, causing clamp 12 to pivot downward about pin 40 while pin 34 rides within slotted hole 16. The downward pivot of clamp 12 about pin 40 causes prongs 18 to rest below top edge 46 of cassette 26 and against recessed clamping faces 50 on cassette 26, thereby holding cassette 26 rigidly wig console 24. As best seen in FIGS. 6 and 8, when cassette 26 is held wig console 24, fitting 22 is held tightly against mating fitting 52 on cassette 26, allowing fitted communication with cassette 26 through fitting 22, passage 54 in clamp 12 and fitting 20. Cassette 26 may be any suitable surgical cassette having clamping faces 50 sized and shaped to receive prongs 18 on clamp 12.
As seen in FIGS. 5, 7 and 9, to insert or remove cassette 26, a control means (not shown) within console 24 causes cylinder 14 to draw back on rod 48 and yoke 28, allowing clamp 12 to pivot about pin 40 while pin 34 rides within slotted hole 16. The pivoting action of clamp 12 allows prongs 18 to be raised about top edge 46 of cassette 26. In this position, cassette 26 may be easily removed or inserted.
This description is given for purposes of illustration and explanation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that changes and modifications may be made to the invention described above without departing from its scope or spirit. | A cassette latching mechanism generally including an articulating clamp mounted on the end of a pneumatic cylinder. The clamp interacts with a slot, tab or tang on the cassette housing to hold the cassette firmly within a surgical console. | 1,345 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This patent application claims priority to provisional atent pplications Application No. 61/325,339, filed Apr. 18, 2010, entitled “ULTRASOUND NEUROMODULATION OF THE BRAIN, NERVE ROOTS, AND PERIPHERAL NERVES.” The disclosures of this patent application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0002] All publications, including patents and patent applications, mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Described herein are systems and methods for Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the occipital nerve and related neural structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] It has been demonstrated that focused ultrasound directed at neural structures can stimulate those structures. If neural activity is increased or excited, the neural structure is said to be up-regulated; if neural activated is decreased or inhibited, the neural structure is said to be down-regulated. One or a plurality of neural elements can be neuromodulated.
[0005] Potential application of ultrasonic therapy of deep-brain structures has been covered previously (Gavrilov L R, Tsirulnikov E M, and I A Davies, “Application of focused ultrasound for the stimulation of neural structures,” Ultrasound Med Biol. 1996; 22(2):179-92. and S. J. Norton, “Can ultrasound be used to stimulate nerve tissue?,” BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2003, 2:6). It was noted that monophasic ultrasound pulses are more effective than biphasic ones.
[0006] The effect of ultrasound is at least two fold. First, increasing temperature will increase neural activity. An increase up to 42 degrees C. (say in the range of 39 to 42 degrees C.) locally for short time periods will increase neural activity in a way that one can do so repeatedly and be safe. One needs to make sure that the temperature does not rise about 50 degrees C. or tissue will be destroyed (e.g., 56 degrees C. for one second). This is the objective of another use of therapeutic application of ultrasound, ablation, to permanently destroy tissue (e.g., for the treatment of cancer). An example is the ExAblate device from InSightec in Haifa, Israel. The second mechanism is mechanical perturbation. An explanation for this has been provided by Tyler et al. from Arizona State University (Tyler, W. J., Y. Tufail, M. Finsterwald, M. L. Tauchmann, E. J. Olsen, C. Majestic, “Remote excitation of neuronal circuits using low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound,” PLoS One 3(10): e3511, doi:10.137/1/journal.pone.0003511, 2008)) where voltage gating of sodium channels in neural membranes was demonstrated. Pulsed ultrasound was found to cause mechanical opening of the sodium channels, which resulted in the generation of action potentials. Their stimulation is described as Low Intensity Low Frequency Ultrasound (LILFU). They used bursts of ultrasound at frequencies between 0.44 and 0.67 MHz, lower than the frequencies used in imaging. Their device delivered 23 milliwatts per square centimeter of brain—a fraction of the roughly 180 mW/cm 2 upper limit established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for womb-scanning sonograms; thus such devices should be safe to use on patients. Ultrasound impact to open calcium channels has also been suggested.
[0007] Alternative mechanisms for the effects of ultrasound may be discovered as well. In fact, multiple mechanisms may come into play, but, in any case, this would not effect this invention.
[0008] Patent applications have been filed addressing neuromodulation of deep-brain targets (Bystritsky, “Methods for modifying electrical currents in neuronal circuits,” U.S. Pat. No. 7,283,861, Oct. 16, 2007 and Deisseroth, K. and M. B. Schneider, “Device and method for non-invasive neuromodulation,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/263,026 published as US 2009/0112133 A1, Apr. 30, 2009).
[0009] Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used for characterization of the motor system. TMS stimulation of the motor cortex is employed to see the motor response in the periphery. The response can be in alternative ways such as Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) or measurement of mechanical output. One application is the measurement of conduction time from central to peripheral loci, which can have diagnostic significance. Another is the demonstration of the degree of functional connectivity between the loci. Stimulation more distally such as in the spinal cord nerve roots or the spinal cord itself to measure connectivity from the spinal cord to the periphery. Irrespective of the point of stimulation with the central nervous system, an application is the monitoring of the level of anesthesia present.
[0010] While motor-system functions performed using TMS are valuable, they use expensive units, typically costing on the order of $50,000 in 2010 that are large, take a relatively high power, require cooling of the electromagnet stimulation coils, and may be noisy. It would be highly beneficial to be able to perform the same functions using lower-cost stimulation mechanism.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] It is the purpose of this invention to provide methods and systems and methods for ultrasound stimulation of the cortex, nerve roots, and peripheral nerves, and noting or recording muscle responses to clinically assess motor function. In addition, just like Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, ultrasound neuromodulation can be used to treat depression by stimulating cortex and indirectly impacting deeper centers such as the cingulate gyms through the connections from the superficial cortex to the appropriate deeper centers. Ultrasound can also be used to hit those deeper targets directly. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or fMRI imaging can be used to detect which areas of the brain are impacted. Compared to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Ultrasound Stimulation systems cost significantly less and do not require significant cooling.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 shows ultrasound transducers and EMG sensors at various portions of the nervous system.
[0013] FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the ultrasound sensor, ultrasound conduction medium, ultrasound field, and the target.
[0014] FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the control circuit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0015] It is the purpose of this invention to provide methods and systems and methods for ultrasound stimulation of the cortex, nerve roots, and peripheral nerves, and noting or recording muscle responses to clinically assess motor function. In addition, just like Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, ultrasound neuromodulation can be used to treat depression by stimulating cortex and indirectly impacting deeper centers such as the cingulate gyms through the connections from the superficial cortex to the appropriate deeper centers. Ultrasound can also be used to hit those deeper targets directly. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or fMRI imaging can be used to detect which areas of the brain are impacted. In addition to any acute positive effect, there will be a long-term “training effect” with Long-Term Depression (LTP) and Long-Term Potentiation (LTD) depending on the central intracranial targets to which the neuromodulated cortex is connected.
[0016] Ultrasound stimulation can be applied to the motor cortex, spinal nerve roots, and peripheral nerves and generate Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs). MEPs elicited by central stimulation will show greater variability than those elicited stimulating spinal nerve roots or peripheral nerves. Stimulation results can be recorded using evoked potential or electromyographic (EMG) instrumentation. Muscle Action Potentials (MAPs) can be evaluated without averaging while Nerve Action Potentials (NAPs) may need to be averaged because of the lower amplitude. Such measurements can be used to measure Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity (PNCV). Pre-activation of the target muscle by having the patient contract the target muscle can reduce the threshold of stimulation, increase response amplitude, and reduce response latency. Another test is Central Motor Conduction Time (CMCT), which measures the conduction time from the motor cortex to the target muscle. Different muscles are mapped to different nerve routes (e.g., Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM) represents C8 and Tibialis Anterior (TA) represents L4/5). Still another test is Cortico-Motor Threshold. Cortico-motor excitability can be measured using twin-pulse techniques. Sensory nerves can be stimulated as well and Sensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs) recorded such as stimulation at the wrist (say the median nerve) and recording more peripherally (say over the index finger). Examples of applications include coma evaluation (diagnostic and predictive), epilepsy (measure effects of anti-epileptic drugs), drug effects on cortico-motor excitability for drug monitoring, facial-nerve functionality (including Bell's Palsy), evaluation of dystonia, evaluation of Tourette's Syndrome, exploration of Huntington's Disease abnormalities, monitoring and evaluating motor-neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, study of myoclonus, study of postural tremors, monitoring and evaluation of multiple sclerosis, evaluation of movement disorders with abnormalities unrelated to pyramidal-tract lesions, and evaluation of Parkinson's Disease. As evident by the conditions that can be studied with the various functions, neurophysiologic research in a number of areas is supported. Other applications include monitoring in the operating room (say before, during, and after spinal cord surgery). Cortical stimulation can provide relief for conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, pain, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Tourette syndrome. Another application is stimulation of the phrenic nerve for the evaluation of respiratory muscle function. Clinical neurophysiologic research such as the study of plasticity.
[0017] When TMS is applied to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and depression is treated ‘indirectly” (e.g., at 10 Hz, although other rates such as 1, 5, 15, and 20 Hz have been used successfully as well) due to connections to one or more deeper structures such as the cingulate and the insula as demonstrated by imaging. The same is true for ultrasound stimulation.
[0018] A benefit of ultrasound stimulation over Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is safety in that the sound produced is less with a lower chance of auditory damage. Ironically, TMS produces a clicking sound in the auditory range because of deformation of the electromagnet coils during pulsing, while ultrasound stimulation is significantly above the auditory range.
[0019] The acoustic frequency (e.g., typically in that range of 0.3 MHz to 0.8 MHz or above whether cranial bone is to be penetrated or not) is gated at the lower rate to impact the neuronal structures as desired. A rate of 300 Hz (or lower) causes inhibition (down-regulation) (depending on condition and patient). A rate in the range of 500 Hz to 5 MHz causes excitation (up-regulation)). Power is generally applied at a level less than 60 mW/cm2. Ultrasound pulses may be monophasic or biphasic, the choice made based on the specific patient and condition. Ultrasound stimulators are well known and widely available.
[0020] FIG. 1 illustrates placement of ultrasound stimulators EMG and sensors related to head 100 , spinal cord 110 , nerve root 120 , and peripheral nerve 130 . Ultrasound transducer 150 is directed at superficial cortex (say motor cortex). For any ultrasound transducer position, ultrasound transmission medium (e.g., silicone oil in a containment pouch) and/or an ultrasonic gel layer. When the ultrasound transducer is pulsed [typically tone burst durations of (but not limited to) 25 to 500 μsec, the conduction time to the sensor at nerve root 170 and/or associated muscles further in the periphery 190 . Alternatively ultrasound transducer 160 may be positioned at a nerve root 120 and the conduction time to the electromyography sensor 190 measured. Further, an ultrasound transducer 180 may be positioned over peripheral nerve 130 and the conduction tine to electromyography sensor 190 measured.
[0021] Cortical excitability can be measured using single pulses to determine the motor threshold (defined as the lowest intensity that evokes MEPs for one-half of the stimulations. In addition, such single pulses delivered at a level above threshold can be used to study the suppression of voluntarily contracted muscle EMG activity following an induced MEP.
[0022] Ultrasound transducer 200 with ultrasound-conduction-medium insert 210 are shown in front view in FIG. 2A and the side view in FIG. 2B . FIG. 2C again shows a side view of ultrasound transducer 200 and ultrasound-conduction-medium insert 210 with ultrasound field 220 focused on the target nerve bundle target 230 . Depending on the focal length of the ultrasound field, the length of the ultrasound transducer assembly can be increased with a corresponding increase in the length of ultrasound-conduction-medium insert. For example, FIG. 2D shows a longer ultrasound transducer body 250 and longer ultrasound-conduction-medium insert 260 . The focus of ultrasound transducer 200 can be purely through the physical configuration of its transducer array (e.g., the radius of the array) or by focus or change of focus by control of phase and intensity relationships among the array elements. In an alternative embodiment, the ultrasonic array is flat or other fixed but not focusable form and the focus is provided by a lens that is bonded to or not-permanently affixed to the transducer. In a further alternative embodiment, a flat ultrasound transducer is used and the focus is supplied by control of phase and intensity relationships among the transducer array elements.
[0023] Keramos-Etalon can supply a 1-inch diameter ultrasound transducer and a focal length of 2 inches, which with 0.4 Mhz excitation will deliver a focused spot with a diameter (6 dB) of 0.29 inches. Typically, the spot size will be in the range of 0.1 inch to 0.6 inch depending on the specific indication and patient. A larger spot can be obtained with a 1-inch diameter ultrasound transducer with a focal length of 3.5″ which at 0.4 MHz excitation will deliver a focused spot with a diameter (6 dB) of 0.51.″ Even though the target is relatively superficial, the transducer can be moved back in the holder to allow a longer focal length. Other embodiments are applicable as well, including different transducer diameters, different frequencies, and different focal lengths. In an alternative embodiment, focus can be deemphasized or eliminated with a smaller ultrasound transducer diameter with a shorter longitudinal dimension, if desired, as well. Other embodiments have mechanisms for focus of the ultrasound including fixed ultrasound array, flat ultrasound array with lens, non-flat ultrasound array with lens, flat ultrasound array with controlled phase and intensity relationships, and ultrasound non-flat array with controlled phase and intensity relationship. Ultrasound conduction medium will be required to fill the space. Examples of sound-conduction media are Dermasol from California Medical Innovations or silicone oil in a containment pouch. If patient sees impact, he or she can move transducer (or ask the operator to do so) in the X-Y direction (Z direction is along the length of transducer holder and could be adjusted as well).
[0024] Transducer arrays of the type 200 may be supplied to custom specifications by Imasonic in France (e.g., large 2D High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) hemispheric array transducer)(Fleury G., Berriet, R., Le Baron, O., and B. Huguenin, “New piezocomposite transducers for therapeutic ultrasound,” 2nd International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound—Seattle— 31 / 07 -Feb. 8, 2002), typically with numbers of ultrasound transducers of 300 or more. Keramos-Etalon in the U.S. is another custom-transducer supplier. The design of the individual array elements and power applied will determine whether the ultrasound is high intensity or low intensity (or medium intensity) and because the ultrasound transducers are custom, any mechanical or electrical changes can be made, if and as required. Blatek in the U.S. also supplies such configurations.
[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates the control circuit. Control System 310 receives its input from Intensity setting 320 , Frequency setting 330 , Pulse-Duration setting 340 , and Firing-Pattern setting 350 . Control System 310 then provides output to drive Ultrasound Transducer 370 and thus deliver the neuromodulation.
[0026] The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the invention. Based on the above discussion and illustrations, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention without strictly following the exemplary embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein. Such modifications and changes do not depart from the true spirit and scope of the present invention. | Disclosed are methods and systems for non-invasive ultrasound neuromodulation of superficial cortex of the brain or stimulation of nerve roots or peripheral nerves. Such stimulation is used for such purposes as determination of motor threshold, demonstrating whether connectivity to peripheral nerves or motor neurons exists and performing nerve conduction-speed studies. Neuromodulation of the brain allows treatment of conditions such as depression via stimulating superficial neural structures that have connections to deeper involved centers. Imaging is optional. | 2,681 |
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure generally relates to the field of implantable ocular devices, pharmaceutics, and methods of drug delivery to the eye. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to implantable ocular devices for sustained delivery of a therapeutic compound to the eye.
BACKGROUND
Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and the most common cause of optic neuropathy. Various forms of glaucoma leads to elevated intraocular pressure, and may also lead to damage to the optic nerve. If glaucoma or ocular hypertension is detected early and treated promptly with medications that effectively reduce elevated intraocular pressure, loss of visual function or its progressive deterioration can generally be ameliorated. Drug therapies that have been proven useful for the reduction of intraocular pressure include both agents that decrease aqueous humor production and agents that increase the outflow facility. Such therapies may be administrated in a number of different ways.
One example of administrating suitable therapies includes topical application to the eye, such as eye drops. However, one of the limitations of topical therapy is inadequate and irregular delivery of the therapeutic agent to the eye. For example, when an eye drop is applied to the eye, a substantial portion of the drop may be lost due to overflow of the lid margin onto the cheek. Moreover, compliance with a necessary drug regime is also always an issue with this method. For example, for some medications, 4 to 5 applications a day are required to achieve therapeutic drug levels.
Other suitable delivery mechanisms for therapeutic devices include injection at the pars plana. However, aside from discomfort for the patient, this method also requires that the patient return monthly.
Various ocular drug delivery implants have also been employed in an effort to improve and prolong drug delivery. One such example includes a reservoir drug-delivery device. A reservoir drug-delivery device is a device that contains a receptacle or chamber for storing the drug while implanted in the eye. However, reservoir drug devices are difficult to manufacture, difficult to achieve drug content uniformity (i.e., device to device reproducibility, particularly with small ocular devices), and carry the risk of a “dose dump” if they are punctured.
Another type of drug delivery device is a punctal plug device that is inserted into one or more of the tear ducts within the eye. However, because the geometry of the tear duct varies from person to person, there have been problems with plugs migrating within the tear duct. Other issues occur whereby the punctal plugs may inadvertently fall out of the eye.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a therapeutic delivery mechanism that allows for controlled and sustained release of ophthalmic drugs over a predetermined period of time, while sufficiently securing the delivery device within the eye so as to prevent inadvertent migration or removal of the delivery device.
BRIEF SUMMARY
A punctal plug is disclosed, wherein the punctal plug includes a body portion and a retaining portion. The body portion is defined by an open distal end, an open proximal end and a wall portion. The wall portion further includes at least one window extending therethrough. The retaining flange is configured to have an outer periphery that is larger than the outer periphery of the body portion. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient using a punctal plug is also disclosed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will now by described by way of example in greater detail with reference to the attached figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a distal end of a delivery device with a punctal plug releasably connected thereto;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a punctal plug;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the punctal plug of FIG. 2 with an exemplary therapeutic compound disposed therein;
FIG. 4 is a front, partially sectional view of a lacrimal duct system of a mammalian eye with a punctal plug disposed therein; and
FIG. 5 is an enlarged front sectional view of the lacrimal canaliculi of FIG. 4 , with a punctal plug disposed therein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the discussion that follows and also to the drawings, illustrative approaches to the disclosed devices and methods are shown in detail. Although the drawings represent some possible approaches, the drawings are not necessarily to scale and certain features may be exaggerated, removed, or partially sectioned to better illustrate and explain the present disclosure. Further the descriptions set forth herein are not intended to be exhaustive or otherwise limit or restrict the claims to the precise forms and configurations shown in the drawings and disclosed in the following detailed description.
Referring to FIGS. 1-5 , an exemplary arrangement of a punctal plug 10 is illustrated. Punctal plug 10 includes a body portion 12 and a retaining flange 14 . Body portion 12 includes an open distal end 16 and an open proximal end 18 that is in communication with retaining flange 14 . Formed within body portion 12 is at least one window 20 . In one exemplary arrangement, a plurality of windows 20 are formed, separated by land members 22 . Windows 20 may be formed so as to be spaced equi-distant from one another. Body portion 12 of punctal plug 10 may be made from a biocompatible material such as titanium, stainless steel, plastics, elastomers or any other material which may be formed into body portion 12 .
In one exemplary arrangement, at least one cross-member 24 is disposed within body portion 12 . Alternatively, a pair of cross-members 24 is provided. Each cross-member 24 is defined by ends 25 that are fixedly secured to an inner wall 26 of body portion 12 . In one exemplary arrangement, cross-members 24 are arranged within body portion 12 in an intersecting manner, such that one cross-member 24 a is disposed above the other cross-member 24 b . In another exemplary arrangement, cross-members 24 a , 24 b are integrally connected together so as to lie along a common plane (not shown). Cross-members 24 are also constructed of a biocompatible material, whereby the material allows for some degree of flexibility, as will be explained below in further detail.
Retaining flange 14 is defined by a distal end 28 and a proximal end 30 . Distal end 28 is defined by a diameter that generally corresponds to the diameter of proximal end 18 of body portion 12 . Proximal end 30 is defined by a diameter that is larger than the diameter of distal end 28 and body portion 12 . In one exemplary arrangement, an interior surface 32 slopes outwardly from distal end 28 to proximal end 30 .
As shown in FIG. 1 , a delivery device 34 is shown releasably connected to punctal plug 10 . More specifically, delivery device 34 includes a delivery cannula 36 having a distal end that secures to interior surface 32 of retaining flange 14 . In one exemplary arrangement, the distal end of delivery cannula 36 includes retaining apertures (not shown) that releasably receives retaining members 38 that extend from interior surface 32 . More specifically, retaining members 38 may be constructed of a flexible material that permits selective engagement and disengagement between punctal plug 10 and delivery cannula 36 . Alternatively, the distal end of delivery cannula 36 may be provided with retaining members that engage complementary retaining apertures (not shown) formed on interior surface 32 . Other suitable mechanisms for releasably securing punctal plug 10 to deliver cannula 36 are also within the scope the present disclosure.
Turning now to FIGS. 4 and 5 , the lacrimal duct system 100 of a mammalian eye 102 will be described. System 100 includes a lower punctum 104 connected to a lower lacrimal canaliculus 106 , and an upper punctum 108 connected to an upper lacrimal canaliculus 110 . Canaliculli 106 and 110 are connected to a lacrimal sac 112 and a nasolacrimal duct 114 . A lacrimal gland 116 is connected to eye 102 via a lacrimal duct 118 . In general, tears are produced by lacrimal gland 116 and are provided to eye 102 via lacrimal duct 118 , and tears are drained from 102 via punctum 108 and canaliculus 110 , punctum 104 and canaliculus 106 , and nasolacrimal duct 114 .
In operation, punctal plug 10 is secured to the distal end of delivery cannula 36 . Delivery cannula 36 is secured to a suitable drug supply. Once secured to delivery cannula 36 , but before a drug 40 is injected into punctal plug 10 via delivery cannula 36 , distal end 16 is implanted into either lower or upper punctums 104 , 106 . In FIGS. 4 and 5 , distal end 16 of body portion 12 of punctal plug 10 is implanted into lower punctum 104 until retaining flange 14 contacts an outer surface of the eye. Once positioned, a suitable therapeutic drug is injected through delivery cannula 36 and into punctal plug 10 . More specifically, a phase transition drug formulation 40 is injected through delivery cannula 36 into punctal plug 10 . Because body portion 12 includes at least one window 20 , a portion of phase transition drug formulation 40 flows through window 20 and some also flows out distal end 16 of body portion 12 , as shown in FIG. 3 . This action causes drug formulation to conform to the irregular shape of the walls of lower punctum 104 . As drug formulation 40 cools, it solidifies into a drug bolus such that the drug formulation 40 serves to lock punctal plug 10 into place in lower punctum 104 , thereby preventing migration of punctal plug 10 , as well as preventing inadvertent dislodgement of punctal plug 10 from punctum 104 . As shown in FIG. 5 , because drug formulation is able to conform to the irregularities in shape of the punctum, puntal plug 10 is able to adapt to various contours of the respective punctums without requiring unique geometry for each plug 10 for each individual into which the puntal plug 10 is inserted.
Further, when injected, drug formulation 40 also flows around cross-members 24 . Because cross-members 24 have some degree of flexibility, as drug formulation 40 flows into punctal plug 10 , cross-members 24 serve to generally retain the basic shape of punctal plug 10 to keep punctal plug 10 properly positioned within the punctum 104 , but allow some degree of flexing of body portion 12 . Further, as drug formulation 40 cools, the drug bolus attaches to cross-members 24 , thereby locking the drug bolus into punctal plug 10 , such that the drug bolus itself is prevented from migrating down punctums 104 and 106 . Windows 20 also may aid in the locking effort.
Once drug formulation 40 has been injected and permitted to solidify, punctal plug 10 is released from delivery cannula 36 , thereby leaving punctal plug 10 in place within the eye. In one embodiment, forceps may be utilized to release delivery cannula 36 from punctal plug 10 . Drug formulation 40 , which is retained within punctal plug 10 , is configured to allow for sustained release of ophthalmic drugs over a predetermined period of time (e.g., 3-6 months). Other predetermined time periods are also possible (e.g., 1-2 days, 1-2 months, 1 year, etc). As drug formulation 40 is released into the patient over time, the drug bolus shrinks such that punctal plug detaches from the interior wall of punctum 104 , 106 . Once so released, punctal plug 10 may be easily removed in a non-invasive manner.
It will be appreciated that the devices and methods described herein have broad applications. The foregoing embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles of the methods and apparatuses as well as some practical applications. The preceding description enables others skilled in the art to utilize methods and apparatuses in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the principles and modes of operation of this invention have been explained and illustrated in exemplary embodiments.
It is intended that the scope of the present methods and apparatuses be defined by the following claims. However, it must be understood that this invention may be practiced otherwise than is specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein may be employed in practicing the claims without departing from the spirit and scope as defined in the following claims. The scope of the invention should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future examples. Furthermore, all terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary is made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites an explicit limitation to the contrary. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that the method and apparatus within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. In sum, it should be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation and is limited only by the following claims. | A punctal plug is disclosed, wherein the punctal plug includes a body portion and a retaining portion. The body portion is defined by an open distal end, an open proximal end and a wall portion. The wall portion further includes at least one window extending therethrough. The retaining flange is configured to have an outer periphery that is larger than the outer periphery of the body portion. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient using a punctal plug is also disclosed. | 2,400 |
CLASSIFICATION
[0001] The present invention relates to a new Pinus thumbergiana plant.
VARIETY DENOMINATION
[0002] The new plant has the varietal denomination ‘Kanemi’.
BACKGROUND
[0003] This invention relates to a new and distinct variety of P. thumbergiana plant named ‘Kanemi’, discovered as a sport in a controlled planting of Japanese Black Pine in Nipomo, Calif. The sport parent is unknown. The new variety was discovered in approximately 2001 in a planted row of Japanese Black Pine, all of the same age, when it was observed that one of the plants was distinctively different, smaller in size and with shorter needles.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Among the features which distinguish the new variety from other presently available and commercial Japanese Black Pine cultivars known to the inventor are the following combination of characteristics:
[0005] 1. Smaller size than same-aged members of other Japanese Black Pine cultivars; after 1-2 years growth, plants of the new variety have an average height of approximately 70 cm while other Japanese Black Pine cultivars of the same age have an average height of approximately 142 cm to 213 cm.
[0006] 2. Smaller trunk diameter, with 1- to 2-year old plants of the new variety having an average trunk diameter of approximately 1.6 cm while other Japanese Black Pine cultivars of the same age have an average trunk diameter of approximately 3.5 cm to 5.7 cm.
[0007] 3. Shorter needle length, with 1- to 2-year old plants of the new variety having an average needle length of approximately 12.5 mm to 25 mm, while other Japanese Black Pine cultivars of the same age have an average needle length of approximately 10 cm to 15.2 cm.
[0008] Asexual reproduction of the new variety ‘Kanemi’ by grafting on a regular Japanese Black Pine P. thumbergiana rootstock was performed in Nipomo, Calif., and shows that the foregoing and other distinguishing characteristics come true to form and are established and transmitted through succeeding asexual propagations.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 shows a close-up of the new variety.
[0010] FIG. 2 shows the new variety growing along side commercially-available Japanese Black Pine cultivars of the same age.
[0011] FIG. 3 shows the new variety grafted onto a commercially-available Japanese Black Pine cultivar, illustrating the difference in needle-length.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The following detailed description of the new variety is based upon observations taken of ten year old plants grown outdoors in fields in Nipomo, Calif., with a range of day temperatures from 60° to 85° F., and a range of night temperatures from 30° to 55° F.
[0013] The following description is in accordance with UPOV terminology and the color terminology herein is in accordance with The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (R.H.S.). The color descriptions and other phenotypical descriptions may deviate from the stated values and descriptions depending upon variation in environmental, seasonal, climatic and cultural conditions.
Plant:
Shape.— Normal shape of the new variety is pyramidal, but is typically pruned to become a bonsai. The tree has a long leader at top and all branching is low, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 . Height.— About 70 cm. Diameter.— About 22 cm. Growth rate.— Slower than found in other Japanese Black Pine varieties.
Roots:
Time to initiate.— About 2 to 4 weeks. Form.— Roots start out fine, becoming larger as plant grows. New fine roots develop from older roots.
Trunk:
Diameter.— Trunk is about 18 mm at 25 mm from soil level narrowing to 10 mm at 30 cm from soil level. Texture.— Rough, slightly raised bark structure. Color.— Greyed-green varying around Group 188B-D.
Branches:
Habit.— Branches grow approximately 3 to 4 cm, then new branch shoots form, radiating from the older branch. Number.— Typically 10 lateral branches are observed (some are pruned to provide the bonsai shape). Length.— About 6 to 12 cm. Diameter.— About 4 to 5 mm. Internode length.— About 3 to 4 cm. Color.— Greyed-green varying around Group 188B-D.
Foliage:
Needle arrangement.— two needles per sheath, as shown in FIG. 3 . Size.— Needle length varies from about 1 cm in new growth to about 2 cm for needles aged one year or older.
Cones: Cones form, but seeds have not yet been collected.
Dimensions.— unopened cone is 20 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. Shape.— ovoidal. Color.— Greyed-orange varying around Group 164C-D. | A new and distinct variety of Pinus thumbergiana named ‘Kanemi’, being distinctively different, smaller in size and with shorter needles, than known Pinus thumbergiana cultivars. | 751 |
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/668,644 filed Mar. 13, 1991, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to eye surgery and more particularly to fiber optic handpieces used for laser eye surgery.
The treatment of glaucoma and its symptoms has resulted in a wide variety of approaches. Surgical treatment methods include the use of cryotherapy, ultrasound, microwave heating, microsurgery and a number of laser wavelengths and target structures. Much recent laser glaucoma treatment has concentrated on techniques to reduce aqueous production and intraocular pressure by selective destruction of the ciliary body and related processes. The ciliary processes include the ciliary muscle and the blood vessels within the ciliary body. The term ciliary body is hereinafter to be understood to refer to the ciliary body as a whole and its related processes. Infrared lasers, predominantly Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1.06 μm, have been used to deliver laser energy of a few joules per treatment site. Laser delivery for such cyclophotocoagulation has been accomplished both by free beams directed through air to a patient seated at a special slit lamp and by fiber optic handpieces placed in contact with the patient's eyeball. Handpieces have been used both with and without beamshaping contact tips.
These techniques have advantages as well as drawbacks to their widespread clinical use. Delivery of a freely propagating laser beam to a patient seated at a slit lamp has higher clinical safety margins than with other techniques. This is notable, since thermal damage to the lens has been commonly encountered by researchers applying laser energy in the region of the ciliary body. Drawbacks to the slit lamp technique are several. Since the ciliary body targets are not visible to the doctor during the procedure, aiming of the laser is by visual estimation, which contributes to variation in result from patient to patient and from doctor to doctor. Also, clinical efficiency of free beam delivery through air is less than that of contact methods, as tissue coupling efficiency is reduced by 10-50%.
Current contact handpieces deliver laser energy via a fiber optic, usually held by the surgeon normal to the surface of the eyeball at a point immediately above the ciliary body. Laser access to the ciliary body is good, but inadvertent thermal damage to the crystalline lens is an undesirable side effect typical to this method. The laser contact method is more efficient than the noncontact method, however, accomplishing similar results with less laser energy, thus affording the possibility of using more compact laser sources. Additionally, direct placement of the laser handpiece against the eyeball makes positioning easier and more consistent than with a slit lamp.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a fiber optic handpiece and method of use for contact cyclophotocoagulation. The present invention provides substantially all the advantages and none of the disadvantages of prior art techniques.
Briefly, the main advantage of the present invention results from the recognition that the higher clinical safety margins of the slit lamp treatment method are a consequence of the direction of the laser beam being coaxial with the eye's optic axis; contact cyclophotocoagulation in accordance with the present invention is performed with the laser beam directed parallel to the eye's optic axis.
A handpiece according to the present invention has portions formed with special contours that facilitate consistent placement of the probe in an axial rather than radial orientation, thus decreasing the likelihood of incidental laser exposure to unintended structures while maintaining the intrinsically higher laser-tissue coupling efficiency of a contact technique. One particular embodiment incorporates features that permit rapid and consistent positioning relative to visible landmark structures such as the limbus, thereby reducing treatment variability.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a human eyeball;
FIG. 2 is a side view of a fiber optic handpiece in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, shown positioned against an eye;
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are a front, side and top views, respectively, of a particular embodiment of the present fiber optic handpiece invention; and
FIG. 4 is a front view of another particular embodiment of the present fiber optic handpiece invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As mentioned, current contact handpieces deliver laser energy through a fiber optic usually held by a surgeon normal to the surface of the eyeball at a point immediately above, or proximal, the ciliary body. Laser beam direction in this modality is therefore, nearly radial. Laser access to the ciliary body is good, but the radial propagation direction jeopardizes structures adjacent to and near the ciliary body targets. Inadvertent thermal damage to the crystalline lens is an undesirable side effect with this method, as mentioned earlier. Delivery of a freely propagating laser beam to a patient seated at a slit lamp forces the surgeon to apply laser energy in a direction essentially coaxial with, but offset from, the optic axis of the eyeball. This aiming condition, a fortuitous result of a clinical device designed for one procedure being adapted for an entirely new application, allows laser access to the ciliary body while keeping other important structures, e.g. the crystalline lens, out of the direct beam path, increasing clinical safety margins.
FIG. 1 shows an adult human eye, 1, with relevant parts labeled. The sclera, 2, is a tough sheath around the eye which meets the cornea, 3, at a circular junction called the limbus, 4. Behind the cornea lie the iris, 5, the lens, 6, and the ciliary body and related processes, 7. Over the cornea and part of the sclera lies the conjunctiva, 8.
A fiber optic handpiece 100 in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 2 positioned against an eye 1. The output tip of the handpiece has a contact surface contoured to register against the eye at the limbus, with the handpiece aligned so as to direct laser energy parallel to the eye's optic axis.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are front, side and top views, respectively, of a particular embodiment of the present invention as directed to a fiber optic handpiece. Mention will be made to the top, bottom, and sides of the device, which gets rotated about during use. Such references shall refer to its typical position when properly registered at 12:00 on a patient's eye. In FIG. 3A, all of the visible surfaces are part of the output tip. A contact surface, or end surface, 105 contains an opening 110 for the fiber optic and is contoured to conform to the shape of the eye at the limbus when the axis of the handpiece is parallel to the optic axis of the eye. This can be very closely approximated as a concave spherical section of radius 12.5 mm to 12.7 mm, the spherical center being located about 6.7 mm to 6.9 mm below the opening for the fiber optic. With the contact surface so shaped, correct alignment of the handpiece, as in FIG. 2, is made easier.
The width of contact surface 105 is determined by side reliefs 115. In one particular embodiment, in which the fiber opening is equidistant from either side of the contact surface, this half width is chosen to be roughly equal to the desired treatment site spacing. After a first site is treated, each successive site can be selected by aligning a side edge of the probe contact surface with the lesion created at the previous site. In its simplest form, one lateral edge may be a treatment spacing edge; used in the above described manner the distance between treatment sites would be equal to the distance between the treatment spacing edge and the fiber optic. The side relief must extend back from the treatment spacing edge so that it is visible during use.
Along the bottom of the contact surface is a lower surface having a placement edge 120 with a placement contour 125 extending away from the placement edge to the body of the handpiece. This placement edge is shaped to conform to the limbus, circularly concave with a radius of about 5.5-6.0 mm and about 1.2 mm from opening 110 at its closest approach; it can thus be used to facilitate optimal alignment of the probe's fiber optic with the eye's ciliary body. An alignment groove 130 is cut into placement contour 125 and indicates the lateral position of opening 110.
In FIG. 3B output tip 101 and handpiece body 102 are indicated generally. An eyelid lifting contour 135 is shown as a circular concavity in an upper surface, with a radius about 25 mm and a center of curvature located about 31 mm above the axis of the handpiece. The eyelid lifter may be any generally concave or scoop shaped relief of roughly the same size. Placement contour 125 is shown to extend away from placement edge 120, and an unsleeved fiber optic 200 is shown within a narrow bore 150 extending slightly out from the contact surface. The output tip of fiber optic 200 is normally polished flat. When the contact surface is registered against the eye, the protruding fiber optic indents the surface of the eye at that point, squeezing out extracellular water and improving the transmission efficiency of the laser beam. This protrusion may be anywhere from about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm, and in the particular embodiment shown is 0.75 mm. Also shown is a sheathed fiber optic portion 210 within a wide bore 160. Side reliefs 115 are shown in more detail, along with eyelid lifter 135, in FIG. 3C.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. For instance, instead of being parallel as in FIG. 3A, the lateral edges of the contact surface may be as shown in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4 the lateral edges are aligned as ray segments from the optic axis of the eye. They may still be used as treatment spacing edges, and they also aid in the visual alignment of the handpiece around the eye. Additionally, the fiber optic could be equipped with a beamshaping surface, contour, device or crystal tip, and such might also extend past the contact surface instead of the fiber optic itself. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. | A fiber optic handpiece has portions formed with special contours that facilitate consistent placement of the probe in an axial rather than radial orientation, thus decreasing the likelihood of incidental laser exposure to unintended structures while maintaining the intrinsically higher laser-tissue coupling efficiency of a contact technique. One particular embodiment incorporates features that permit rapid and consistent positioning relative to visible landmark structures such as the limbus, thereby reducing treatment variability. | 1,852 |
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 043,909, filed May 30, 1979, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to portable hair dryers used in close proximity to the user's hair. More specifically, this invention relates to axial fan driven portable hair dryers with means for preventing hair entanglement of the user when the hair dryer is used in close proximity with the hair, such as during a styling or drying maneuver.
In the past, most electrically heated forced-air hair dryers included a transverse flow fan when used with styling attachments such as a comb or a brush. Axial fan hair dryers when used with attachments were typically bulky in nature and inconvenient to use.
If a more compact design of a portable axial fan hair dryer with or without attachments was desirable, a problem resulted in that the working end would be within a few inches of the axial fan. This may result in hair entanglement through the air inlet of the hair dryer.
The prevention of hair entanglement through the air inlet may be somewhat helped by including a mesh screen over the air inlet. However, the mesh may not be too fine since it will cause lint or the like to clog up the air inlet screen and thus restrict air flow causing the unit to overheat.
When a compact hair dryer, with a relatively short air flow portion, is used with or without styling implements, the hair of the user may readily enter through the air inlet portion of the hair dryer either when still attached to the user's head or as separate pieces of hair. The aerodynamics of the hair dryer system and the presenting of the center of rotation of the axial fan very proximate the air inlet is believed to create hair entanglement problems more serious than those associated with a transverse flow hair dryer used with styling attachments.
There are two basic types of hair entanglement problems which will effect the operation of the hair dryer and/or the safety or ease of use of the hair dryer. The first type deals with hair entanglement when the hair remains attached to the user's head. If hair enters through the air inlet portion of the hair dryer, the hair strands may engage the fan shaft or its associated bearing and result in the fan stalling. Such an entanglement may cause the user to be pulled toward the dryer, and if the fan stalls, a situation may momentarily exist where the user is attached to the hair dryer and the heat of the hair dryer is increasing.
Another hair entanglement problem occurs when hair strands of the user enter through the air inlet in front of the fan. Because the center of rotation of the axial fan faces the air inlet, the hair strands tend to find the center of the system and start to twist. If such a twisting occurs among several strands, the hair may become twisted together and form a knot inside the screen thus causing the user to either pull free or cut the entangled hair.
Further problems result when loose hair falls into the air inlet portion through the screen. These loose hairs may eventually wrap around the shaft beneath the fan until they fill up whatever space is available. When the loose hair builds up, the fan may slow down and cause an associated thermostat to open which ultimately may result in consumer dissatisfaction and excessive returns.
These prior art difficulties have been substantially overcome by providing a compact axial fan hair dryer suitable for use as a dryer or styler in close proximity to the hair. The hair dryer includes a stationary guard or shield assembly in the air inlet portion of the hair dryer and a collar affixed to the downstream portion of the fan blades and disposed about the motor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide an axial fan hair dryer which may be used in a safe and convenient manner in close proximity to the hair.
It is another object of this invention to provide a compact axial fan hair dryer which substantially prevents hair knotting and tangling problems.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an axial fan compact hair dryer which may be used with a plurality of styling attachments which includes means for substantially preventing hair entanglement of the user without unreasonably interfering with the air flow dynamics of the system.
Briefly stated, and according to an aspect of this invention, an axial fan hair dryer is provided which substantially prevents hair entanglement problems by means of a stationary shield and a rotating collar without detrimentally affecting the air flow characteristics of the system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention both as to its organization and principles of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may better be understood by referring to the following detailed description of an embodiment of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a compact axial fan hair dryer and an associated styling attachment, in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional top view of the air flow portion of the hair dryer of FIG. 1, in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 3 is an end view, partial in section, of the air inlet of the air flow portion of the hair dryer of FIG. 1, in accordance with this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIG. 1, the hair dryer includes a dryer housing 10 which is preferably made of plastic and comprises separate mating sections 11 and 12. The sections 11 and 12 are connected together by means of snap locks located along their respective periphery and also by means of screws (not shown) or the like. The housing 10 includes handle portion 13 which is generally cylindrical or eliptical in cross section to provide a comfortable grip for the user, and an air flow portion 14.
The handle portion 13 provides an aperture for access to an on/off switch 15. The on/off switch 15 is electrically connected to an AC line cord 16 extending from the bottom of the handle portion 13 in the manner well known in the art. Other types of control circuitry which provide a variety of fan speed/heating settings, as well as a dual voltage capability, may be provided in a manner well known in the art.
The upper part of the handle portion 13 is integrally molded at about the mid-point of the air flow portion 14 to provide for a balanced easy-to-manipulate hair dryer 10. The air flow portion 14, which may be approximately three inches in length, defines an air inlet 17 and an air exhaust or outlet 18. Preferably the air inlet 17 is generally circular in shape and the air flow portion 14 gradually forms an air outlet 18 of a generally rectangular cross section. The generally rectangular cross section of air outlet 18 includes shorter upper and lower parallel sides which each include an integrally molded stud or post such as posts 19 and 20 to be used with snap-on attachments, in a manner well known in the art.
Attachment 21, which includes a styling portion 22 such as a comb or brush, has upper and lower plastic resilient arms 23 and 24. Apertures 25 and 26 are defined respectively in upper and lower arms 23 and 24 to provide a snap fit over posts 19 and 20, all in a manner well known in the art. Other types of mounting arrangements for styling attachments are suitable when the hair dryer is to be used for styling the hair.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawings, air is drawn in through the air inlet 17 of the air flow portion 14 through a wire mesh screen 27. The screen 27 is interlocked at its generally circular periphery into the cabinet sections 11 and 12 in a manner well known in the art. Disposed downstream from the screen 27 is a screen support 28 best seen when referring to FIG. 3. The screen support 28 is made up of a piece of metal, plastic or the like preferably in a generally cross configuration and of minimum size in order to block as little of the air passageway as possible. The crosslike screen support 28 is bowed out toward the screen 27 to provide structural rigidity to the screen 27. The center point of the support 28 defines an aperture 29 through which a securing member such as screw 30 fixes a guard or shield 31 to the support 28. The screen support 28 may be interlocked into the sections 11 and 12 of housing 10 or otherwise affixed thereto in any manner well known in the art.
The guard or shield 31 may be made of a plastic and is generally dome shaped. The shield 31 is connected to the screen support 28 through its integrally molded threaded mounting post 32. The shield 31 is positioned such that it provides proper clearance to the fan blades 33 and fan hub 34. The smooth downstream outer surface of the shield 31 provides minimum air flow restriction. The shield 31 is fixed only to the center portion of the screen support 28 to minimize air flow restriction problems and also to substantially prevent the knotting problem previously described. That is, if loose hair gets through the screen 27, it tends to collect or wind about the mounting post 32. The resulting hair causes little air flow restriction and does not detrimentally affect the operation or safety of the hair dryer.
Further, when hair connected to the user finds its way through the screen 28 onto the outer surface of the shield 31, the aerodynamic forces that are present still cause the hair to migrate toward the center of the system. However, because the shield 31 is present, the user's hair tends to lay across the outer surface of the shield 31. Since the hub is not spinning, the hair tends not to get knotted. Thus, when the dryer is moved away from the hair, the hair strands in the dryer laying on the surface of the shield 31 will tend to ease readily through the mesh of the screen 27.
Disposed within the upstream inner surface of the dome shaped shield 31 is a brass bushing 35 which, in a manner well known in the art, mounts the fan 33 with its hub 34 to the motor shaft 36. The fan 33 is a stamped aluminum fan having a plurality of blades 33, such as four in number, all joined by means of the generally circular fan hub 34. The fan hub 34 has a centrally defined aperture through which the motor shaft 36 is disposed.
Between the upstream portion of the motor 37 in the bushing 35 and the downstream side of the fan hub 34 and connected to the downstream portion of the fan blades 33 is a rotating collar 38. The collar 38 which may be integrally formed of plastic or formed as a stamped metal piece with the fan assembly (fan 33 and fan hub 34) is generally cylindrical in shape and comprises a wall portion 39, concentrically disposed about part of a motor mount 44, and a top portion 40. The top portion 40 is, of course, generally circular and defines a central aperture for receiving the motor shaft 36 and motor bearing 42. The length of the wall portion 39 of the collar 38 is preferably long enough to extend beyond the most downstream portion of the fan blades 33 such as extended portion 41. The extended portion 41 of the collar 38 beyond the fan blades 33 is believed to aid in the prevention of hair entanglement problems previously described.
In general, the collar 38 on its upstream surface is affixed to fan blades 33 and bushing 35 and accordingly rotates in unison with the fan blades 33 about the motor axis 36. The collar 38 substantially prevents hair connected to the user from wrapping around the motor shaft 36 on the downstream side of bushing 35 and pulling the user toward the hair dryer. In addition, the collar 38 substantially prevents loose hairs from being disposed about the motor shaft 36 and interfering with the normal operation of the system and causing premature breakdown and customer dissatisfaction.
The motor 37 is capable of driving the associated fan assembly, made up of blades 33 and fan hub 34, and collar 38 at about 15,000 to 18,000 rpm. The motor 37 is a DC permanent magnet motor such as that manufactured by Mabuchi in Japan as Model RS-365. However, it is understood that the choice of a motor is not critical in practicing this invention.
If desired, in order to take the spin out of the air flow, a fixed vane assembly is provided. Although not necessary for the practice of this invention, the fixed vane assembly provides a more efficient hair dryer system. In general, the fixed vane assembly may be formed of a plastic such as polycarbonate and comprises an integrally formed generally cylindrical shroud 43 disposed about the outside of the fan/motor assembly and a generally cylindrical motor mount 44 disposed about an upstream portion of motor 37. The inner surface of the shroud 43 and the outer surface of the motor mount 44 are interconnected through a plurality of air foils or fixed vanes 45, such as nine in number, all in a manner well known in the art. The shroud 43 may extend about the fan blades 33 and also about the fixed vanes 45 located downstream from the fan blades 33.
Located downstream from the fixed vane assembly are concentrically wound iron chrome resistance wire heater coils 46 disposed in the downstream portion of the air flow portion 14 and partially disposed about the motor 37. The coils 46 are mounted in appropriate slots of Micaboards 47 and 48 in a manner well known in the art. The Micaboards 47 and 48 in turn are connected to the inner walls of sections 11 and 12 of housing 10.
An air exhaust grill 49 is disposed over the air exit or outlet 18 and is interconnected to sections 11 and 12 of housing 10 and Micaboards 47 and 48 through interlocks or the like.
While an embodiment and application of the invention has been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein described. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except as is necessary by the prior art and by the spirit of the appended claims. | A hand-held portable axial fan hair dryer having an air inlet and an air outlet is provided with a shield and collar assembly proximate the air inlet to substantially prevent hair knotting and tangling. Hair styling attachments, such as a comb or brush, may be removably attached proximate the air outlet. | 2,531 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ophthalmic apparatus for photographing various images of the eye to be diagnosed.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, there are some kind of ophthalmic photographing apparatuses which photograph the anterior eye or fundus of the eye in order to submit its photographed images as data of diagnose.
When using the above apparatus, it is important that the photographing condition is kept stable so as to be able to find delicate changes of the affected part of the eye. Particularly, an apparatus for photographing an anterior eye is requested to find a minute successive change as opacity of the crystalline lens, so that the quality of the photographing apparatus depends on whether its photographing condition can be kept stable.
Because it is most important for the photographing apparatus to provide the photographing light at a constant amount, there are usually following methods to correct changes of the amount of the light emitted from the photographing light source during photograph. The first method is to adjust the amount of the light so as to be constant by monitoring the amount of the light emitted from the light source during photograph and feeding it back. The second method is to compensate the density and brightness of the image based on gray scale image projected over the image. Therefore, if using the above methods, it takes much time to photograph and diagnose the affected part of the eye.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and has an object to overcome the above problems and to provide an ophthalmic photographing apparatus which is able to photograph the eye to be examined precisely for a short time.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, ophthalmic photographing apparatus of this invention comprises memory means for memorizing the image data of the photographed eye, light detecting means for detecting an amount of the light emitted from a light source for photographing, and correcting means for correcting a density of the image data memorized in the memory means by comparing the amount of the light detected by the light detecting means with the amount of predetermined reference light, wherein a constant density of the image is obtained even though the amount of the light emitted from the light source for photographing changes.
According to the ophthalmic photographing apparatus of this invention, even though the amount of the light emitted from the photographing light source changes, the image having the constant density is able to be displayed by correcting the density of the photographed image. Further, the density of the photographed image is corrected after actual photographing process, it does not take much time to photograph, therefore the photographer can precisely photograph the eye to be examined by simple operation for a short time.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the objects, advantages and principles of the invention.
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the ophthalmic photographing apparatus on the basis of Scheimpflug's principle.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the alignment monitor.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the image signal level control system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A detailed description of one preferred embodiment of an ophthalmic photographing apparatus embodying the present invention will now be given referring to the accompanying drawings.
In FIG. 1, an optical system of a photographing apparatus for photographing sectionally the anterior eye on the basis of the Scheimpflug's principle is shown schematically.
The optical system comprises the slit projection optical system, the photographing optical system, the alignment fixation projection system, the alignment observing system, and the reticule projection system for alignment.
First, the slit projection optical system consists of a illumination light source 1 for projecting a slit image onto an anterior eye 12, an infrared irradiation transmitting filter 2, condenser lenses 3 and 4, a flash photographing light source 5, a slit 6 changeable its width as a conventional slit lamp, a polarizing filter 7 preventing the slit light from being incident into CCD camera for alignment 14 as mentioned later, a slit projection lens 8, a rectangular aperture diaphragm 9 by which the depth of focus of the slit projected image is made deeper, and a polarized beam splitter 10.
The light emitted from the flash light source 5 in the slit projection optical system is introduced into a (brightness level) detector 26 through a filter Z5 for reducing the amount of the light. On receiving the reduced light, the (brightness level) detector 26 monitors its amount.
In the photographing optical system, a focusing lens 13 and a CCD camera 14 are arranged so that an optical sectional plane of the projection image of the slit 6, an extended plane of a principal plane of the focusing lens 13 and that of a plane of CCD camera 14 intersect each other by one intersectionline. The photographing optical axis is arranged so as to be inclined to the slit projection optical axis with 45 degrees.
The alignment fixation projection optical system includes a light source for alignment 15 consisted of visible ray as LED, a index for fixation and for alignment 16 taking the form of a pin hole, a index projection lens 17, and a half mirror 18.
The alignment observing optical system is provided with a focusing lens 19, a half mirror 20 and a CCD camera for alignment 21.
The reticule projection optical system for alignment consists of a light source for reticule projection 22 using an infrared light, a reticule for alignment 23 having a ring form, and a reticule projection lens 24.
Further, in the above mentioned apparatus, the slit projection optical system of numerals 1˜10, the photographing optical system of 13, 14 and the alignment fixation projection system of 15˜18 are able to revolve around a visual axis of the eye to be examined 11, therefore the anterior eye can be sectionally photographed at two or more positions.
In FIG. 2, a monitor image photographed by the CCD camera 21 is shown, wherein numeral 16a is a reflected image of the index for fixation and for alignment on the front surface of cornea, and numeral 23a is the reticule image for alignment.
A block diagram of an image signal level control system for correcting changes of the amount of the light emitted from the photographing light source is shown in FIG. 3.
The image signal detected by the CCD camera 14 is amplified by an amplifier 31, converted into a digital signal through an analog/digital converter 32, and stored in a frame memory 33 as a picture element data "c".
The monitor signal of the (brightness level) detector 26 which receives the amount of light emitted from the flash light source 5 is amplified by an amplifier 27, and converted into a digital signal data "a" through an analog/digital converter 28, after that transmitted into the microcomputer 29.
On the other hand, a reference data of the amount of the light "b" is memorized in a nonvolatile memory 30 in advance, which data "b" is an average calculated of several monitor data of the amount of the light emitted from the light source.
Further, microcomputer 29 reads out the picture element data "c" from frame memory 33, and converts it into the picture element data "d" by calculating as a following formula, after that rebacks it to frame memory 33.
d=(b/a)×c
Next, the picture data "d" in the frame memory 33 is converted into a analog image signal through the digital/analog converter 34, and amplified by an amplifier 35, and then displayed on CRT display 36.
As mentioned above, in CRT display 36, the image corrected changes of the amount of light of the flash light source 5 is displayed, therefore photographer can diagnose the eye to be examined more precisely.
According to the above apparatus, the operation is explained as follows. First, since the image of the index for fixation and alignment 16 is projected onto the patient's eye to be examined 11, the patient should fixedly stare at the image.
On the other hand, the reflected image of the index 16 on the front surface of the cornea of the eye 11 is monitored in the CCD camera 21 for alignment through an focusing lens 19. To set the alignment, while watching the monitored image in the CCD camera 21, the apparatus is moved in the right or left direction, further up or down so as to put the point reflected image 16a of the index 16 into the small circle of the reticule image 23a for alignment. Further, to set the alignment in the optical axis direction, the apparatus is moved forward or backward so that the point image 16a comes into focus.
It is possible to bring the photographing system in focus by moving the focusing lens 13 in the extending direction of its principal plane or by moving CCD camera 14 in that of the focus point, while watching the monitor of photographing CCD camera 14 (not shown).
Usually, the depth of focus is deep because the F-number of the focusing lens 13 is large, so that it is almost unnecessary to focus if the alignment is finally fixed.
After confirming that arrangement for photographing is complete, the photographer depresses a button for photographing (not shown) in order to emit the flash light source 5, so that the flash light emitted from the flash light source 5 illuminates the anterior eye through the same optical path as the slit illumination light.
Synchronous to the emitting light from the flash light source 5, the image signal detected by the CCD camera 14 is given to the frame memory 33, and the light monitor signal of the (brightness level) detector 26 is fetched.
The image signal detected and the light monitor signal are calculated in the image signal level control system (microcomputer 29) mentioned above in order to display the image corrected a change of the amount of the light emitted from the flash light source 5 on the CRT display 36.
Furthermore, because the corrected image signal can be kept by applying conventional methods, for example to store it in a disc, it is possible to find correctly the successive change of the image by previously comparing with the image stored.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. For instance, in the above embodiment, although the image correcting operation in the photographing apparatus for photographing sectionally the anterior eye is explained, the same operation can be put in the other ophthalmic photographing apparatus.
Further, the (brightness level) detector for monitoring the amount of the light can be arranged in any position where is able to receive the light emitted from the photographing light source.
In the above embodiment, although the image signal and the light monitor signal are calculated in microcomputer by being converted into digital signals, it is possible to process the obtained analog signal or the analog signal and digital signal in hardware.
Furthermore, although in the correcting calculation mentioned above, the ratio of the reference light monitor value and light monitor value obtained by photographing is applied to, the same result can be obtained by calculating with another coefficient obtained under considerating the character of the (brightness level) detector or with another functional equation.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiment chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents. | Ophthalmic photographing an image of an eye to be examined comprises: frame memory for memorizing the image data of the photographed eye, light detecting device for detecting an amount of the light emitted from a light source for photographing, correcting device for correcting a density of the image data memorized in the frame memory by comparing the amount of the light detected by the light detecting device with predetermined amount of reference light. Therefore the ophthalmic photographing apparatus can display the image having a constant density, even though the amount of the light emitted from the light source for photographing changes. | 2,233 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to surgical instruments, and more particularly relates to laryngoscopes having opposed blades on distal end thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In anesthesiology, the laryngoscope is used for endotracheal intubation. A rubber or plastic tube is introduced through the larynx into the trachea under direct or indirect optical control.
Earlier laryngoscopes, such as the MacIntosh or Foregger have only one blade. The blade may be strait or curved and is fixedly secured to a hollow handle which houses the batteries. A lamp for providing light for the direct laryngoscopy is mounted on the blade. No optical system was provided.
These earlier laryngoscopes can be introduced orally and used properly only if the patient's mouth is fully opened. If the patient's mouth is fully opened, then the sole blade can slide from the teeth and tongue to the pharynx, pulling or pushing the epiglottis and thus expose the entrance of the larynx.
Intubation is difficult or impossible for those patients with abnormalities, whose mouth could not be fully opened.
In recent times a trial was made to produce laryngoscopes with optical systems to be used in difficult intubations. These newer instruments are not very practical and are not a real progress in anesthesiology.
______________________________________Laryngoscopes and similar instruments forendotracheal intubation patented earlier:Inventor Patent No. Year______________________________________F. Haslinger (U.S.A.) 1,568,732 1926D. T. Atkinson (U.S.A.) 1,607,788 1926A. S. Pogosyan (U.S.S.R.) 898,849/31-16 1964H. J. Zukowski (U.S.A.) 3,677,262 1972H. Feldbarg (U.S.A.) 3,754,554 1973L. Lepelletier (France) 2,361,855 1976J. A. Moses (U.S.A.) 4,114,609 1977J. R. Bullard (U.S.A.) 4,086,919 1978K. Storz (U.S.A.) 4,294,235 1981______________________________________
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The deficiencies of the existing laryngoscopes are overcome by a laryngoscope having a hollow body terminating in a pair of opposed blades. At least one of the blades is pivotal about an axis so that the blades may assume a closed beak position or an opened beak position or, of course, any position there in between. When the opposed blades are in the closed beak position, the laryngoscope may be introduced into the patient's mouth that is only minimally opened. After the introduction, the distal end of the blades are moved apart into the open beak position without the necessity to further open the patient's mouth. Preferably, the movable blades pivot about their axes thereby pressing against the base of the tongue and the soft palate creating a large space where all details of larynx could be observed without obstruction even in major malformations. Disposed between the blades and extending from the elongate hollow body of the laryngoscope, are a tube introducer, a light conducting system and an optical system. The larynx is observed through an objective disposed at the distal end of the optical system.
It is therefore seen to be an important object of the invention to provide a laryngoscope for use with patients with anomalies of the jaws, tongue, larynx or neck, or where the mouth could not be opened fully or where the viewing and reaching of the larynx is difficult or impossible.
Another object of the invention is to provide a laryngoscope having at least one light conducting means for illuminating the larynx during the intubation procedure.
Still another object is to provide an endotracheal tube riding on a flexible and steerable tube introducing member that is fixed in the steering mechanism in the proximal end of the handle of the laryngoscope. The introducing member is located in its hollow tube of the handle and disposed between the opposite blades of the laryngoscope on its distal end.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a side plan,
FIG. 2 is a side plan showing the disconnected upper part of the laryngoscope,
FIG. 3 is showing the side plan of the disconnected lower part of the laryngoscope,
FIG. 4 is showing the side plan of the laryngoscope with dilated blades and extended and flexed introducer,
FIG. 5 is a plan of the longitudinal view from the proximal end of the laryngoscope,
FIG. 6 is the side plan, partially cut away view of one embodiment illustrative of the invention,
FIG. 7 is the frontal plan of the laryngoscope,
FIG. 8 is showing the introducer and its steering and moving mechanism together with the endotracheal tube,
FIG. 9 is the frontal plan showing the details between the blades in open position,
FIG. 10 is the frontal plan of the connector between the endotracheal tube and the Y-piece of the anesthesia machine.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 shows an illustrative embodiment of the laryngoscope. It comprises an elongate hollow laryngoscope body 10, two blades, inferior 14 and superior 16. The blades are forming a right angle to the body of the laryngoscope. A lever causes the movable blades 14 and 16 to pivot about the axes 18 and 19. As the distance between the lever 20 and the laryngoscope body 10 is narrowed, the distance between the free ends of the blades 14 and 16 is increased. The hollow laryngoscope body consists of two tubes, the anterior 21 is the place for the batteries, the posterior 22 is the receptacle for the introducer 23 and the endotracheal tube 24. Also contained within the anterior tube 21 are the light emitting source and light conducting system with the optical fibres for illuminating the larynx region. The optical system, generally designated 26, is positioned in lower, distal portion of the laryngoscope body 10, parallel to the blades 14 and 16 and perpendicular to the body 10. It has a system of lenses for forming an image on the ocular of the optical system 26 so that the physician can observe the target larynx and the progress of the introducer 23 and the endotracheal tube 24 into the trachea during the intubating performance.
If the patient can fully open his or her mouth, and no major anomalies of the jaws, pharynx, tongue, neck and larynx are present, the laryngoscopes conceived earlier are usually adequate because the physician can observe the larynx directly. Should this for many reasons be not possible, the new laryngoscope could be the perfect tool for a difficult intubation. It has united the good viewing, illumination, space creating and tube steering for a successful placement of the tube 24 into the trachea during the intubation performance.
The introducer 23 and its lever 25 are basically constructed like the conventional flexible bronchoscope. By moving the lever 25 forward, pivoting on its axis, the tip of the introducer 23 bends down and vice versa, when the lever 25 is moved backward the tip of the introducer 23 bends up. By turning the proximal end of the tube 28 left or right, the tip of the introducer follows left or right. By pushing or pulling the proximal end of the tube 28 the introducer 23 moves along and inside the posterior tube 28 and 22, forward or backward. Thus, any location of the entrance to the larynx could be reached.
Technically the bending of the tip of the introducer 23 as well as in conventional bronchoscopes, is achieved by moving the lever 25 pivotally on its axis. This action is transferred over a wheel to its connections with two wires located and embeded each in a longitudinal half of the plastic, flexible body of the introducer 23. These wires are freely gliding in the body of the introducer except on its tip where the wires are connected and fixed. If one wire is pulled and the other pushed with the help od the lever 25 and its wheel, the tip of the introducer 23 is bending.
An elongate slot 31 is formed in the laryngoscope body 10 to allow the movement of the endotracheal tube connector 30 and its protrusion 29 together with the tube 24 on the introducer 23 into the trachea. Thus, it is seen that a total of three levers must be manipulated by the physician to perform the intubation procedure.
The intubation is performed with the new laryngoscope as follows: First, the laryngoscope body 10 is held with the left hand and the laryngoscope blades 14 and 16 in "closed beak" position are introduced into the mouth of the patient and, reaching the right position in the valecula, the left hand holding the laryngoscope body 10 moves the lever 20. This action opens the "beak", creating a free space in the pharynx and the larynx could be easily observed with the optical system 26 and good illumination with the system 27. The right hand is steering the introducer 23 by changing the direction of its tip with the lever 25. Simultaneously the right hand is holding the upper end of the posterior tube 28 pushing it downward. This action brings the telescopic part of the posterior tube 28 into the distal part 22, and the introducer 23, with the endotracheal tube 24 riding on it, down and between the open blades 14 and 16 into the larynx. The right hand then pushes the tube connector 30, holding the protrusion 29, along the slot 31. With this movement the endotracheal tube 24 is brought deeper to its optimal position. The left hand is releasing then the lever 20 and the "beak" is almost closed. The left hand pulls then the laryngoscope body 10 and takes the blades 14 and 16 out of the mouth. In the same time the right hand is holding the endotracheal tube 24 in place, by holding the protrusion 29 of the tube connector 30.
A bias mechanism,such as a spring (not shown) is employed to keep the laryngoscope blades 14 and 16 in the closed "beak" position when the lever 20 is not moved. The movement of the lever 20 is transferred to a rack 33 and pinions 34 and 35 and also to the both blades 14 and 16 rotating on axes 18 and 19. Although these mechanical means have been described, it is understood that electrical or pneumatical means could also be employed.
FIG. 2 represents the detached upper part of the laryngoscope body 10 comprising the anterior tube 21 as housing for the batteries and the posterior tube 22 as housing for the introducer 23 and its steering mechanism 25. As the upper part of the laryngoscope body 10 is detached from the lower part of the laryngoscope body 13, the connecting rail 36 and the arresting knob 32 become visible.
FIG. 3 represents the detached lower part of the laryngoscope body 10 generally designated 13, comprising the optical system 26 and the blades 14 and 16 as well as the lever 20 and its mechanism for the movement of the blades 14 and 16. This detachment is necessary for it makes possible to sterilise the contaminated part of the laryngoscope. The detachment makes also possible to use different sizes of the blades 14 and 16 if necessary.
FIG. 4 represents the same lateral view of the laryngoscope as on FIG. 1 but with the lever 20 moved to the body of the laryngoscope 10 and, as the result of this movement the separation of the distal ends of the blades 14 and 16. The telescopic part of the posterior tube 28 is moved into the body of the laryngoscope 10, described as the posterior tube 22. The movement of the telescopic part of the posterior tube 28 into the fixed tube 22 slides the introducer 23 between the blades 14 and 16.
FIG. 5 is the view of the laryngoscope from its proximal end, showing the steering mechanism 25 of the introducer 23, the protrusion lever 29 of the endotracheal tube connector 30, the lever 20 for moving the blades 14 and 16, and the upper blade 16 as well as the optical system 26.
FIG. 6 shows in detail how the movement of the lever 20 is transferred to the axes 18 and 19 and to the blades 14 and 16 over the rack 33 and pinions 34 and 35.
FIG. 7 represents the frontal view of the laryngoscope with the extended telescopic part 28 out of the posterior tube (not visible), the protruding lever 29, the steering mechanism 25 of the introducer 23, the anterior tube 21 and the lever 20. On the lower part of the laryngoscope the closed blades 14 and 16 are visible, as well as the ocular part of the optical system 26.
FIG. 8 represents the introducer 23 and its steering mechanism 25 taken out of the posterior tube 22 of the laryngoscope body 10. This detachment makes the cleaning and sterilisation of the introducer 23 possible. Also visible is the protrusion 29 and, in phantom lines, the endotracheal tube connector 30 with the endotracheal tube 24.
FIG. 9 is showing the frontal view of the lower part of the laryngoscope in detail. By open "beak" and its blades 14 and 16 apart, visible are the distal end of the optical system 26 and its objective, the light conducting system 27 and the distal end of the introducer 23 with the endotracheal tube 24. Further visible are the tip of the rack 33 and pinions 34 and 35 fixed on their axes on the left side of the laryngoscope body only.
FIG. 10 is showing the tube connector 30 and its protrusion lever 29 narrow enough to bypass the axes 18 and 19.
Although the particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in full here, there is no intention to thereby limit the invention to the details of such embodiments. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternatives, embodiments, usages and equivalents of the subject invention as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, specification and the appended claims. | A laryngoscope for use in difficult intubation due to malformation of the jaws, tongue, pharynx, larynx or neck as a result of trauma, edema, inflammation or congenital anomalies. An elongate hollow body terminates in a pair of opposed blades perpendicular to the said hollow body being pivotal on two axes. The endotracheal tube used for the intubation rides within the hollow tube on the introducing means disposed in the cavity of the said hollow body. Light conducting means illuminate the larynx and optical means are provided for inspecting the larynx during the intubation procedure. | 2,409 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Replacement of defective or severely injured tissues and organs has been a medical objective as long as medicine has been practiced. Grafts from an individual to himself almost invariably succeed, and are especially important in the treatment of burn patients. Likewise, grafts between two genetically identical individuals almost invariably succeed. However, grafts between two genetically dissimilar individuals would not succeed without immunosuppressive drug therapies. The major reason for their failure is a T cell mediated immune response to cell-surface antigens that distinguish donor from host.
Immunosuppressive agents are also indicated in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or type I diabetes mellitus. One particular condition worth mentioning here is psoriasis. This disease is characterized by erythematous patches of skin accompanied by discomfort and itching. Hyperplasia of the epidermis involving proliferation of keratinocytes is also a hallmark feature of psoriasis. An inflammatory component is suggested by: (i) the finding of lymphocytic infiltration of epidermis, and (ii) the fact that immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin and corticosteroids have beneficial effect on the disease.
A number of drugs are currently being used or investigated for their immunosuppressive properties. Among these drugs, the most commonly used immunosuppressant is cyclosporin A. However, usage of cyclosporin has numerous side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and other central nervous system disorders. Thus, there is presently a need to investigate new immunosuppressive agents that are less toxic but equally as effective as those currently available.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to novel ruthenium complexes that are useful as immunosuppressive agents to prevent or significantly reduce graft rejection in organ and bone marrow transplantation. The ruthenium complexes can also be used as an immunosuppressant drug for T lymphocyte mediated autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus and steroid resistant asthma.
In another aspect, other diseases with suspected inflammatory components, such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis and hyperplasia of the epidermis, can be treated with a ruthenium complex of this invention to alleviate symptoms associated with these disease states.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention is based upon the discovery that ruthenium complexes can inhibit antigen specific T lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The data suggest that ruthenium complexes have potential use as immunosuppressants to reduce undesirable immune responses in humans. Ruthenium complexes can be used to facilitate organ transplantation, and to treat human autoimmune disorders where the specific activation of T cells is responsible for, or contributes to the pathology and progression of the diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus and steroid resistant asthma.
This invention pertains to novel ruthenium complexes that have immunosuppressive properties of the general formula:
RuM.sub.m B.sub.b T.sub.t !Z.sub.n
wherein Ru is ruthenium having an oxidation state of 2, 3 or 4;
wherein M is a monodentate ligand that is a heterocyclic aromatic amine;
wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6;
wherein b is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
wherein t is 0, 1 or 2;
wherein B is a bidentate ligand that is a heterocyclic aromatic amine;
wherein T is a tridentate ligand that is a heterocyclic aromatic amine;
wherein Z is a counterion, for example a counterion selected from the group consisting of F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , NO 3 - , NH 4 + , NR 4 1+ , PF 6 - , SO 4 -2 , R 1 ImH + , BPh 4 - and ClO 4 - ; wherein Im is imidazole
wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
wherein R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms or aryl; provided that the ligands cannot be pyridine or pyrazine or derivatives of these.
The coordination sphere of the metal center may contain all six ligands (referred to as monodentate) to be equivalent or a mixture of different ligands. The mixture of ligands can consist of different monodentate ligands; a mixture of bidentate/monodentate in a ratio of 1:4 or 2:2; three bidentate ligands; a mixture of bidentate/tridentate/monodentate in a ratio of 1:1:1; two tridentate ligands; or tridentate/monodentate in a 1:3 ratio.
For the purposes of this application, the terms "monodentate", "bidentate" and "tridentate" will have their generally accepted meaning in the art. That is, a monodentate ligand is defined as a chemical moiety or group which has one potential coordinating atom. More than one potential coordinating atom is termed a multidentate ligand where the number of potential coordinating atoms is indicated by the terms bidentate, tridentate, etc.
The ruthenium metal can have different oxidation states, e.g., Ru(II), Ru(III) or Ru(IV). The complex will also contain a counterion of appropriate charge to render the overall charge of the complex neutral. Suitable counterions for cationic complexes, include but are not limited to, halide (F - , Cl - , Br - or I - ), SO 4 -2 , PF 6 - , BPh 4 - , ClO 4 - and NO 3 - . Examples of suitable counterions for anionic complexes include but are not limited to NH 4 + , NR 4 1+ and R 1 ImH + where R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or aryl group and Im is imidazole.
In one embodiment, the ruthenium complex can comprise six monodentate heterocyclic aromatic amine ligands. Examples of suitable heterocyclic aromatic amine ligands include but are not limited to imidazole, triazole, pyrazole, quinoline, pyridazine, pyrimidine, quinoxaline, quinazoline and isoquinazoline. Derivatives of these ligands can also be incorporated into the complex in various combinations with the non-substituted ligands. A derivative is a ligand in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been substituted with a moiety, such as C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, hydroxy, nitro, amino, carboxyl, ester, di-C1-C4 alkyl amine, phenyl, benzyl, imidazole and combinations of these. Preferred ligands are imidazole derivatives having the general formula: ##STR1## where R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, linear and branched alkyl (e.g., 1 to 8 carbons), --C(O)H, --COOR 1 , --CONR 1 , --COOH, H, Cl, Br, I NO 2 and methyl; wherein R 1 is defined above.
Examples of preferred ruthenium complexes having monodentate ligands are shown below.
Ru(Im) 6 !Cl 2 where Im=imidazole
Ru (1-MeIm) 6 !Cl 2 where 1-MeIm=1-methyl imidazole
Ru(1-MeIm) 6 !(PF 6 ) 3
Ru(1-MeIm) 6 !Cl 3
Ru(Im) 6 !Cl 3
General procedures for making ruthenium complexes having six monodentate ligands are described in the exemplification section.
In another embodiment, a ruthenium complex can be made having multidentate ligands, in combination with other multidentate ligands and/or monodentate ligands. Suitable heterocyclic aromatic amine bidentate ligands will include, but are not limited to, imidazole based ligands (e.g., 2,2'-bis-(1-methylimidazolyl)phenylhydroxymethane); pyrazole based ligands (e.g., potassium-bis-pyrazolyl borate, bispyrazolyl methane); quinoline based ligands (e.g., 2,2'-bis(quinolinyl)phenylmethoxymethane); and quinazoline based ligands (2,2'-bis-(quinazolinyl)phenylmethoxymethane). Preferred are imidazole based ligands having the general formula: ##STR2## where each R 4 to R 9 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the substituents defined above for R 2 and R 3 .
Examples of tridentate aromatic heterocyclic amine ligands include imidazole based ligands (e.g., bis-(2,-imidazolylmethyl)amine); pyrazole based ligands (e.g., potassium tris pyrazolyl borate); quinoline based ligands (e.g., 2,2'-bis-(quinolinylmethyl)amine, tris-(quinolinyl)methane).
It has now been discovered that the ruthenium complexes of this invention possess immunosuppressive activity as confirmed through a drug screen. Specific T cell proliferation was measured in response to antigen exposure in the presence or absence of ruthenium complexes. It was found that ruthenium complexes inhibited T cell proliferation by 50% (IC 50 ) at a concentration of about 10 to 100 nM. This compares favorably with cyclosporin A, which has an IC 50 at 15 nM. In an in vitro toxicity study, ruthenium complexes were found to be nontoxic to a Jurkat cell line when tested at the same concentrations that markedly inhibit T cell activation (Table 1). Additional ruthenium complexes that have immunosuppressive capability are described in U.S. patent application entitled "Methods for Inhibiting Immune Response" U.S. Ser. No. 08/331,204, filed Oct. 28, 1994, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Ruthenium complexes can be administered orally, parenterally (e.g. intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously), topically, nasally or via slow releasing microcarriers in dosage formulations containing a physiologically acceptable vehicle and optional adjuvants and preservatives. Suitable physiologically acceptable vehicles include saline, sterile water, creams, ointments or solutions.
Ruthenium complexes can be applied topically as a cream or ointment to locally deliver immunosuppressive concentrations of the drug without significant systemic exposure. Topical application may be the ideal way to deliver the compound in psoriasis and perhaps other inflammatory skin diseases such as contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris.
The specific dosage level of active ingredient will depend upon a number of factors, including biological activity of the ruthenium complexes, age, body weight, sex, general health, severity of the particular disease to be treated and the degree of immune suppression desired, as well as appropriate pharmacokinetic properties. It should be understood that ruthenium complexes can be administered to mammals other than humans for immunosuppression of mammalian autoimmune diseases.
Ruthenium complexes can be administered in combination with other drugs to boost the immunosuppressive effect. Compounds that can be coadministered include steroids (e.g. methyl prednisolone acetate), NSAIDS and other known immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, 15-deoxyspergualin, cyclosporin, mizoribine, mycophenolate mofetil, brequinar sodium, leflunomide, FK-506, rapamycin and related molecules. Dosages of these drugs will also vary depending upon the condition and individual to be treated.
The assay used to measure T cell growth inhibition was a human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation assay using standard procedures known in the art. PBL's were chosen due to their known ability to proliferate in the presence of antigens derived from herpes simplex virus (HSV), Rubella or tetanus toxoid (TT). PBL growth inhibition was measured in terms of ruthenium complexes's ability to interfere with antigen induced lymphocyte proliferation.
Ruthenium complexes can be used to produce antibodies (e.g., polyclonal and monoclonal) against the complexes. Methods for making antibodies are well known. The antibodies can be used as a diagnostic tool for monitoring the amount of ruthenium complex in patient blood levels. The ability to closely monitor the amount of ruthenium complex provides a suitable means for controlling drug delivery to patients in both preclinical and clinical settings.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples:
EXAMPLE 1--Preparation of Ru(1-MeIm) 6 !Cl 2
RuCl 3 (1.871 g, 9.04 mmol) was added slowly to 1-MeIm (10 mL, 125 mmol, 14 eq.). The mixture was placed in a preheated oil bath (230° C.), and the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled down to room temperature and acetone (50-70 mL) was added to the mixture. The mixture was filtered and the solid washed with acetone (3×10 mL). The product was dried under vacuum.
The product was dissolved in MeOH (30 mL), and filtered over celite. The product was obtained as a light yellow crystalline (3.27 g, 55%) solid after triple crystallization from MeOH/ether.
Ru(1-MeIm) 6 !Cl 2 was characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR, UV/Vis and elemental analysis.
EXAMPLE 2--Preparation of Ru(1-MeIm) 6 !Cl 3
Ru(1-MeIm) 6 !Cl 2 (0.405 g, 0.609 mmol) was dissolved in HCl (0.25M, 30 mL) and H 2 O 2 was added slowly until the starting material had disappeared (reaction followed by UV/Vis spectroscopy). The solvent was removed to dryness and the product was purified by recrystallization from MeOH/ether. The product was characterized by UV/Vis.
EXAMPLE 3--PBL Antigen Specific Proliferation Assay
The lymphocytes were prepared by first separating them from the blood samples of several donors by Ficoll gradient separation as described by standard procedure known in the art. The isolated lymphocytes were then grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% human AB serum, glutamine (2 mM), penicillin/streptomycin, 50 μ/ml/50 μg/ml sodium pyruvate (1 mM) and HEPES buffer (10 mM).
For assay purposes, PBL's were incubated at a density of 10 5 per 200 μl of medium per well of a 96-well plate.
Tetanus toxoid (TT; Connaught Labs, Willow Dale, ON) was used as a stimulating antigen at a concentration of 5 LF/ml.
The test wells containing PBL's, were exposed to tetanus toxoid antigen, along with various dilutions of the ruthenium complexes solutions, as shown in Table 1.
Subsequently, TT antigen/ruthenium complexes exposed PBL's were pulsed with 1 μCi/well of 3 H-thymidine on day 5 using a standard procedure known in the art. The cells were then harvested 16 hours later onto a glass fiber filter using a TOMTEC cell harvester. Thymidine incorporation was measured by liquid scintillation counting using a Beta plate counter (Pharmacia, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.).
The results of the assay are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Cytotoxicity IC.sub.50 (Jurkat cell)Structure (μg/mL IC.sub.50 (μg/mL)______________________________________ Ru(1-MeIm).sub.6 !Cl.sub.2 0.052 ± 0.03 2000 Ru(1-MeIm).sub.6 !(PF.sub.6).sub.3 0.19 ± 0.16 115 Ru(1-MeIm).sub.6 !Cl.sub.3 0.12 ± 0.1 >300 Ru(Im).sub.6 !Cl.sub.2 0.0067 ± 0.003 200 Ru(4-MeIm).sub.6 !Cl.sub.2 0.09 ± 0.07 1040.sup.a Ru(Im).sub.6 !Cl.sub.3 0.005 ± 0.004 530.sup.a______________________________________ a. values are extrapolated
EQUIVALENTS
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims: | Novel ruthenium complexes for use as immunosuppressive agents to prevent or significantly reduce graft rejection in organ and bone marrow transplantation are described. The ruthenium complexes can also be used as an immunosuppressant drug for T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes, and may be useful in alleviating psoriasis and contact dermatitis. | 2,261 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates generally to a facemask, and particularly to a sterilizing facemask that can sterilize inhaled and exhaled air bidirectionally.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Owing to development of industries, considerable quantities of exhaust gases by industries and traffic vehicles are generated. Accordingly, in order to let people breathe fresher air, some products emerge to meet the demand. Nowadays, the filtering layers of an air purifier and facemasks used by people have the function of filtering air. The structure and design of the facemask disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,520,181 emphasizes in preventing gases from leaking out without special adhesion function. The general planar foldable facemask disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,470 only contains a layer of meltblown polypropylene fabrics without the effects of suppressing bacteria and of molecule adhesion, and thereby cannot be used in environments with high air pollution and with high bacteria pollution. The three-layer mask with activated charcoal disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,578 has the effect of molecule adhesion but has no bacteria suppressing effect. Taiwan patent number 163,571 discloses using photocatalyzers to resist bacteria. However, the photocatalyzers tend to depart or peel off from the non-woven fabrics or textiles and to be inhaled into lungs, causing danger to people. In addition, because the photocatalyzers is on the middle layer of the facemask, it cannot absorb ultraviolet light and thereby the bacteria suppressing effect is reduced. Furthermore, the planar facemask disclosed in Taiwan patent number 154,980 has no bacteria suppressing and molecule adhesion effects.
[0003] Ordinary facemasks are designed for filtering inhaled external air, and there are plenty of materials used, for example, photocatalyzers, nanometer silver, and chitin. Nevertheless, they are single-layered, and thereby cannot filter exhaled air to avoid germs from spreading by a carrier. Photocatalyzers can be used when air comes from outside. Nevertheless, when exhaling air, one side of the facemasks contacts with skins and thereby cannot be illuminated by visible light or ultraviolet light. Hence, photocatalyzing effect is bad or even ineffective to sterilize both exhaled and inhaled air. Accordingly, the present invention provides a novel structure of facemasks for providing distinct sterilizing mechanisms on exhaled and inhaled air.
SUMMARY
[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a sterilizing facemask with a multi-layer filter for providing distinct sterilizing mechanisms on exhaled and inhaled air for users, and thereby to provide a facemask with better sterilizing effects on exhaled and inhaled air.
[0005] The other purpose of the present invention is to provide a sterilizing facemask with a multi-layer filter for increasing the pressure drop inside the facemask and thereby further provide an increased respiration zone for the facemask structure.
[0006] In order to achieve the purposes and effects described above, the present invention provides a sterilizing facemask with a multi-layer filter, which discloses a first sterilizing layer and a second sterilizing layer. The first sterilizing layer uses ultraviolet light or visible light in external light for providing hydroxyl free radicals to sterilize inhaled air. Because the second sterilizing layer is inside of the facemask, there is no light provided. The second sterilizing layer inactivates the enzyme of bacteria's sulfhydryl group to sterilize exhaled air. In addition, in accordance with types of germs carried by users, the material of the second sterilizing layer can be further modified to ensure that the exhaled air is sterilized.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] FIG. 1 is a structural schematic diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0008] FIG. 2 is a front view of a facemask with a shelter layer according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0009] FIG. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of a facemask with a function layer according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0010] FIG. 4 is a structural schematic diagram of a three-dimensional facemask with sterilizing functions according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
[0011] FIG. 5 is a structural schematic diagram of a facemask with sterilizing functions according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] In order to make the structure and characteristics as well as the effectiveness of the present invention to be further understood and recognized, the detailed description of the present invention is provided as follows along with preferred embodiments and accompanying figures.
[0013] FIG. 1 is a structural schematic diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the present invention discloses a multi-layer sterilizing facemask, which includes a first sterilizing layer 10 , a second sterilizing layer 20 . The first sterilizing layer 10 is adapted on one side of the second sterilizing layer 20 for providing better filtering effects by sterilizing inhaled and exhaled air in two distinct mechanisms. In accordance with types of germs carried by users, the material of the second sterilizing layer 20 can be further modified to sterilize the exhaled air.
[0014] Because surface electrons on the first sterilizing layer 10 can absorb sufficient energy to escape when the first sterilizing layer 10 is illuminated by external light, no matter ultraviolet light or visible light, holes will be formed on the locations from which the electrons escape. The holes will oxidize (that is, capture the electrons thereof hydroxyl group (OH—) that is ionized from neighboring water molecules and make the OH— become very active hydroxyl free radicals. When the hydroxyl free radicals meet organic materials, they will capture the electrons back, and the organic molecules will break, disintegrate, and decompose. Most of common pollutions or pathogens are carbohydrates, which will mostly become non-harmful water and carbon dioxide, and thereby the purposes of decontamination and sterilization can be achieved. The material of the first sterilizing layer 10 is chosen from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZnO, SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , CdS, ZnS, and sulfides. Furthermore, because the second sterilizing layer 20 cannot be illuminated by visible light or ultraviolet light, the material thereof cannot be chosen as the same material as the first sterilizing layer 10 . The material of the second sterilizing layer 20 is chosen from chitin or silver ions. In addition, according to types of germs carried by users, the material of the second sterilizing layer 20 is different.
[0015] Chitin is a copious natural resource. It is manufactured using biosynthesis by one billion tons each year, and is the most abundant natural organic matter second to cellulose on earth. The structure of chitin is very similar to cellulose. It is a natural polysaccharide, and is named as (1,4)-2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose. Chitin has the biological functions of collagen in tissues of higher-grade animals, and of cellulose in tissues of higher-grade plants, thereby it has fine adaptation for both animals and plants. In addition, it is biologically degradable and oral non-poisonous. Thereby, nowadays, it has become a new material with wide applications. Chitosan is the product of chitin after deacetylation treatment, and is solvable in solutions with low acidity. Because it contains ionized amine group to combine with acid molecules, it has many special physical and chemical properties, as well as exceptional biological functions. Chitosan is the most important derivative of chitin and is the product of chitin after deacetylation above 70%. It is, so far, the only natural alkaline polysaccharide with the properties of non-toxicity, biological degradability, and good biological compatibility. Chitin can eliminate over 99% of pathogenic toxicity, and will not produce antibodies and cause allergic reactions. In addition, it also has the properties of moisture holding and non-toxicity.
[0016] The sterilizing mechanism of silver is when nanometer silver approaches virus, fungus, bacteria, or bacteriophage, it will cause their protein enzyme, which is responsible for oxygen metabolism, decompose and lose its effect. Hence, the virus, fungus, bacteria, or bacteriophage cannot carry out normal oxygen metabolism and thereby will die naturally.
[0017] FIG. 2 is a front view of a facemask with a shelter layer according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the present invention further installs a shelter layer 30 between the first sterilizing layer and the second sterilizing layer. The material thereof can be chosen from damp-proof materials or water-repellent materials. A plurality of holes 32 is adapted outside of the shelter layer 30 for providing visible light or ultraviolet light.
[0018] FIG. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of a facemask with a function layer according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the present invention further includes an odor-removal layer 40 , an electrostatic layer 50 , and a skin contact layer 60 . The odor-removal layer 40 and the electrostatic layer 50 are adapted between the first sterilizing layer 10 and the second sterilizing layer 20 ; the order of the odor-removal layer 40 and the electrostatic layer 50 can be swapped. In addition, the odor-removal layer 40 can be made of activated charcoal; the skin contact layer 60 is adapted inside of the second sterilizing layer 20 .
[0019] FIG. 4 is a structural schematic diagram of a three-dimensional facemask with sterilizing functions according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the facemask constructed by the first sterilizing layer and the second sterilizing layer according to the present invention includes an upper surface 2 , which is located at the upper part of the facemask, a center surface 4 , which is located at the center of the facemask and below the upper surface, and a lower surface 6 , which is located at the lower part of the facemask and is below the center surface 4 . The upper, center, and the lower surfaces form an integral unit of surface. First, fold inwardly the upper surface 2 and the lower surface 6 besides the center surface 4 , respectively. When using the facemask, the upper surface 2 and the lower surface 6 can extend to support the center surface 4 and to form a sterilizing facemask.
[0020] FIG. 5 is a structural schematic diagram according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the FIG. 5 , the present invention discloses a multi-layer sterilizing facemask, which comprises a first sterilizing layer 10 and a second sterilizing layer 20 , which adapted inside of the first sterilizing layer 10 . The first sterilizing layer 10 and the second sterilizing layer 20 is applied for sterilizing inhaled external air and exhaled internal air from human bodies respectively. Likewise, the present invention further includes a decelerating layer 70 adapted between the first sterilizing layer 10 and the second sterilizing layer 20 . The decelerating layer 70 is utilized for extended the sterilizing effect to improve the sterilizing effect, whereby it should be made the inhaled external air and the exhaled internal air from human bodies both slow down to pass through the multi-layer sterilizing facemask. Moreover, the deceleration layer 70 further includes a electrostatic layer 80 , which make the sterilizing effect better, even more. Hence, the present invention should let people live better, whereby it is sterilizing the inhaled external air and the exhaled internal air from human bodies.
[0021] Accordingly, the present invention conforms to the legal requirements owing to its novelty, unobviousness, and utility. However, the foregoing description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, not used to limit the scope and range of the present invention. Those equivalent changes or modifications made according to the shape, structure, feature, or spirit described in the claims of the present invention are included in the appended claims of the present invention. | A sterilizing facemask with a multi-layer filter discloses a first sterilizing layer and a second sterilizing layer. The first sterilizing layer provides inhaled aseptic air such as using ultraviolet light or visible light in external light hydroxyl free radicals to sterilize. The second sterilizing layer provides exhaled aseptic air from human such as using inactivated the enzyme of bacteria's sulfhydryl group to sterilize. In addition, in accordance with types of germs carried by users, the material of the second sterilizing layer can be further modified to ensure that the exhaled air is sterilized. | 2,031 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a portable beach umbrella, and more particularly, to a portable beach umbrella having distinct accessible utility levels rotatable about a central axis defined by the beach umbrella pole and containing necessary beach equipment in a single, portable compact arrangement.
2. Description of Related Art
Heretofore in the art of portable beach umbrellas, there has only been included the umbrella member and a central support shaft or pole. Any compartments or storage areas are generally in the form of pockets lining the canvas umbrella per se. This arrangement places stored items far out of reach of the beach umbrella enthusiast, thereby making it difficult to obtain suntan lotion or other storable items.
Even further, as any beach-goer or sunworshipper is aware, the long hours spent on the beach require toting of coolers, tape-decks, radios, bags for trash, and at least a beach bag for storing wallets, car keys and the like. Another common problem is preventing sand from getting into a beverage can or bottle when the can or bottle is secured in the sandy ground. Finally, it is always a concern that valuables, including money, may not be safe if left for any extended period of time while the beach-goer is swimming, walking, or at the refreshment stand.
Accordingly, a need in the art exists for a portable beach umbrella which offers easily accessible storage areas, drink holders, entertainment and the like. Such a need has not heretofore been recognized or satisfied in a manner contemplated by the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an efficient lightweight, compact and portable beach umbrella which includes essential conveniences for the serious beach-goer or for the person who appreciates being pampered when they are at the beach.
The primary object of the present invention is fulfilled by providing a portable beach umbrella comprising: a vertical central support shaft; a closable umbrella member mounted adjacent an upper end of said support shaft; a base member mounted adjacent a lower end of said support shaft for stabilizing said beach umbrella; an interiorly accessible compartment member mounted on said base member at an axially central portion of said compartment member; and means for supporting refreshments on top of said compartment member.
The accessible compartment member of the beach umbrella is rotatable at the central axis thereof about the vertical central support shaft and the base member includes a plurality of depending leg members insertable into soft ground upon insertion of the central pole member into the ground. In addition, the refreshments are supported in a rotatable drink tray having a plurality of beverage receptacles formed therein. The drink tray may also be rotatable about the central support shaft.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, thus, are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a beach umbrella according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of an upper compartment level of the beach umbrella shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a lower compartment level of the beach umbrella shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of the beach umbrella shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of a beach umbrella according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6A is a front view of an open cassette storage area for the embodiment shown in either of FIGS. 1 or 5.
FIG. 6B is a partial unornamented side view of FIG. 6A showing the cassette storage area in an open position; and
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional unornamented view showing the relationship of the base, lower level, and upper level.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, there is generally shown a portable beach umbrella 10. The beach umbrella 10 includes an umbrella or shade member 12 which may be canvas, plastic or any other suitable flexible shading material and is openable and closable by a handle member 16 rotatably fixed to a central support shaft 14.
Central support shaft 14 should be made of a lightweight, yet sturdy material such as aluminum, PVC, or other suitable plastic. The shaft 14 has an upper end at which the shade member 12 is mounted and a base end 11 of a suitable shape to pierce soft ground or sand. Further, the shaft 14 should be substantially uniform in cross section in order to enable smooth rotation therearound by additional umbrella parts to be described below.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a second level 26 or compartmented member which is shown permanently mounted on the central support shaft 14 in FIG. 1.
The second or upper level 26 includes a utility drawer 46, a radio/cassette player 42, and at least a pair of speakers 44 positioned on opposing sides of the second level 26 so as to achieve maximum stereo sound therefrom. The utility drawer 46 may include cassette storage area as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B whereby the drawer 46 pulls down to view the cassette tape labels for easy selection thereof.
Similar to the other elements of the beach umbrella, the upper level 26 is made of a suitable lightweight material, preferably plastic, which is both durable and easily portable. The utility drawer 46 may pivotably open about either a side hinge or a lower hinge in order to gain access to the compartment. Any conceivable use may be made of this compartment including storage of reading materials, suntan lotion, excess trash, cassette storage or the like.
The radio/cassette player 42 is of any known portable type listening center, and will operate on battery power. In order to enhance radio reception, an antenna 18 is fixed to the top of the central support shaft 14 above the shade member 12.
For structural stability, the upper level 26 is fixed with a plurality of dividers 40 at spaced intervals within the compartment, the dividers 40 preferably extending from a central shaft opening 41 to the outer respective four corners of the upper level with the exception of the corners containing speakers 44, in which case the dividers 40 abut the speakers 44.
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a first level 24 or compartmented member which is shown permanently mounted on the central support shaft 14 in FIG. 1.
The first or lower level 24 includes a battery 32, a trash receptacle 38, a lock box 36, and an ice drawer or cooler 34.
Similar to the other elements of the beach umbrella 10, the lower level 24 is made of a suitable lightweight material, preferably plastic, which is both durable and easily portable.
The battery 32 operates the radio/cassette player 42 and is preferably positioned in an out-of-the-way location, such as on the far side of the lower level with respect to the user. The trash receptacle 38 holds an amount of trash which would be normally generated on the beach in a single day and includes a handle 38a shown positioned at the top of a trash receptacle door 38b. Accordingly, when the handle 38a is pulled, trash receptacle 38 openly rotates about hinged or pivot structure (not shown) at the base of the receptacle door 38b. While the trash receptacle door 38b may also pivot about a hinge member on either vertical side of the door, such an arrangement is less convenient as requiring additional trash bag supports or the like, whereas a "pull-down" door offers a built-in three or four-sided container.
The lock box 36 is for safe-keeping of valuables and may be locked with either a key or a padlock. While the lock-box 36 is shown to open about a vertical axis, any convenient position of the lock may be used.
As previously indicated, the ice drawer of cooler 34 is an essential beach element for storing cold refreshments, snacks and the like. Shown here, the cooler 34 will pull-down about a lower hinged pivot point, but the handle may be placed in any convenient location with a corresponding change in location of the pivot point.
For structural stability, the lower level 24 is fixed with a plurality of dividers 40 similar to those used in the upper level 26. The dividers 40 are positioned at spaced intervals within the compartment, and preferably extend from a central shaft opening 41 to the outer respective four corners of the lower level 24. The dividers 40 should be of sufficient strength and rigidity to prevent access to the lock-box 36 through the rear of any one of the compartmented areas 38 or 34.
As shown in FIG. 1, a base member 20 is provided to be permanently fixed to the central support shaft 14. The base member 20 includes a plurality of depending leg members 21 which, when the lower end 11 of the central support shaft 14 is inserted into the ground, will assist in anchoring the portable beach umbrella 10.
Sitting upon the base member 20 is the first or lower level 24. The second or upper level 26 is mounted on the central support shaft above the lower level 24. Each of these lower and upper levels 24, 26 may be either independently or simultaneously rotated about the central support shaft 14. This rotatable feature allows access to any one of the above-described compartments by a stationary user. Accordingly, a convenient and self-contained lounging area is provided to the beach-goer which requires only minimal effort to operate.
Of course, the upper level 26 and lower level 24 may be interchanged if necessary to provide more convenient access to the different compartments. Further, the particular arrangement of compartments is described as a preferred embodiment only, and any other particular arrangement may be had at the time of manufacture.
Mounted on top of the upper level 26 is the drink tray 28 having a plurality of beverage receptacles 30 formed therein. Similar to the first and second levels 24, 26, the drink tray 28 is rotatable about the central support shaft 14 for convenient access to any one of the beverage receptacles 30.
The overall height of the combined base 20, first level 24, second level 26, and drink tray 28 is within the range of 2-3 feet off the ground so that even the uppermost drink tray 28 is within easy reach of a person laying or sitting underneath the portable umbrella 10.
FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of the portable umbrella 10 and shows the location of the battery 32 and lock-box 38 in the lower level 24. It should be noted that there are no compartments provided on the back side of the upper level 26 between speakers 44. This area may be modified, however, to include any desired type of compartmented area.
As shown in FIG. 5, the structure of the base 20, lower level 24, upper level 26 and drink tray 28 need not be rectangular, but may be circular in shape. Each of the respective compartments is modified accordingly.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the mounting of each the base 20, lower level 24, and upper level 26. Preferably, the base 20 is fixed with respect to the central support shaft 14 and anchored to a soft surface via legs 21, lower level 24 is slightly spaced apart from the base 20 by a spacer member 48 either integrally formed with the base 20 or the lower level 24 or alternatively being formed as a distinct disc member placed therebetween. Similarly, a spacer member 48 is either integrally formed with lower level 24 or upper level 26 to form a space therebetween or is alternatively a distinct spacer member positioned therebetween. The spacer member 48 enables the free rotation of each of lower level 24 and upper level 26 with respect to each other and therefore provides easy access to any portion of either level 24, 26 while the user remains comfortably seated. With each of levels 24 and 26 being independently rotatable with respect to each other, it will be understood that respective wiring, batteries and the like will be included in the appropriate level so as to preclude the possibility of twisted wiring between the two levels. If, however, the ultimate arrangement of compartments, batteries, radio/cassette and the like necessitates wiring between the two levels, then the two levels may be rigidly connected to rotate simultaneously. In any event, the rotatable drink tray 28 is freely rotatable with respect to the upper level 26 at all times. To assist in rotation of the respective levels, ball bearings or other suitable friction-reducing items may be utilized as are known by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Although the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in the context of a beach environment, it should be understood that the device disclosed and claimed may be used in a recreational manner in any suitable location and that its utility is not confined to the beach.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims. | A portable beach umbrella is provided having a plurality of rotatable accessible utility levels for storing necessary beach equipment. The umbrella also includes a refreshment support member, entertainment devices, and is easily secured to sand or ground for stability while in use. | 2,393 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an ergonomic support device for a keyboard apparatus or the like.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Carpal tunnel syndrome is manifested by numbness, tingling and pain in hand and fingers of the user and may be caused by improper computer keyboard positioning relative to the posture of the user. Prevention of carpal tunnel syndrome has become important with the widespread use of personal computers in the office environment. With increased productivity due to increased typing speeds and elimination of non-productive hand movements previously required in using an electric typewriter, such as manual error corrections, carriage return, replacing paper, more forceful actuation of the keys, etc., the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome appears to have increased.
It has been found that proper orientation of the keyboard relative to the user's forearms, wrist and fingers may mitigate the occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Adjustable keyboard support devices are well known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,250, issued to Pemberton et al., discloses a keyboard support apparatus that allows the inclination of the keyboard to be adjusted downwardly relative to the user. However, the apparatus does not allow for vertical adjustment of the keyboard other than what is afforded by the tilt adjustment.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device where the height and the tilt of the keyboard can be adjusted independently of the other adjustment.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device where the keyboard can be tilted downwardly away from the user for a more natural and comfortable positioning of the user's fingers, wrist and forearms.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device that keeps the vertical position of the device constant while adjustment to the tilt is made, thereby minimizing adjustment iterations between the vertical and the tilt adjustments.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device that can be stored out of the way underneath a desktop when not in use.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device that can be relatively easily retrofitted to an existing desk or workstation.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device that minimizes the flexing of the user's wrist, thereby minimizing the onset of carpal tunnel syndrome.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an adjustable keyboard support device that provides the user support for the whole arm during pauses and keying operation.
In summary, the present invention provides a keyboard support device comprising a structure for being slidably secured to an underside of a desktop. The structure includes first and second side members. First and second tray support side members are vertically adjustably secured to respective structure first and second side members, the tray support side members being positionable between a lowest position to a highest position. A keyboard support is secured to the first and second tray support members. The keyboard support includes a front portion pivotably secured to the tray support members such that the keyboard support can be tilted to a downwardly sloping position away from a user while the vertical position of the front portion remains substantially the same.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is perspective view of an adjustable keyboard support device made in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of FIG. 1, showing the device secured to an underside of a worksurface and showing the vertical adjustability of the device.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3 — 3 of FIG. 2 .
FIGS. 4A and 4B are enlarged detail views of a lock to keep the device in place when in use.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5 — 5 of FIG. 2 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A keyboard support device R made in accordance with the present invention is disclosed in FIG. 1 . The device R includes a stationary frame 2 for being secured to a support structure, such as the underside of a desk 4 , as best shown in FIG. 2 . The frame 2 includes a pair of tracks 6 for receiving therein a plurality of rollers 8 , as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The frame 2 includes a mounting base 9 that advantageously keeps the tracks 6 aligned to each other for simplified installation. The frame 2 may be formed from a single sheet of metal or other suitable materials.
A front portion of the frame 2 includes an L-shaped section 10 that provides a stop to the forward motion of the rollers 8 , as best shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. A horizontal flange 12 forming part of the L-shaped section includes a pair of openings 14 , each disposed at opposite ends. The openings 12 are used to keep the device from sliding along the tracks 8 when in use, as will be described herein.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, a support structure 16 is supported by the rollers 8 . The structure 16 includes opposing side members 18 , each including a vertical sidewall 20 connected to a horizontal wall 22 , which is in turn connected to a vertically extending wall 24 . The rollers 8 are pivotally secured to respective vertical walls 24 such that the support structure 16 can freely slide horizontally along the tracks 6 . A member 26 interconnects the two sides members 18 , as best shown in FIG. 1 . Each side wall 20 includes a pair of parallel inclined slots 28 , which are aligned with respective slots in the opposite sidewall 20 . The support structure 16 may be made from sheet metal, molded plastic or other suitable materials.
Vertically adjustable frame 30 is secured to the support structure 16 . The frame 30 includes a pair of sidewalls 32 connected to each other with a member 34 . Each sidewall 32 includes a pin 36 and a threaded rod 38 , both extending outwardly from respective sidewall and received within respective slots 28 , as best shown in FIGS. 1 and 5. An internally threaded knob 40 cooperates with the respective threaded rod 38 to provide clamping pressure to lock the frame 30 at any desired location along the length of the slots 28 , between a most vertical position and a least vertical position, shown in solid and phantom lines, respectively, in FIG. 2 . The frame 30 may be made of sheet metal, molded plastic or other suitable materials.
A tray 42 configured to receive and support a computer keyboard (not shown) is secured between the two sidewalls 32 , as best shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. The tray 42 includes a platform 44 , a rear sidewall 46 and end walls 48 . The tray 42 may be made of sheet metal, molded plastic or other suitable materials. An auxiliary support 50 is disposed along the rear end of the tray 42 to provide support to the user's wrists and forearms. The auxiliary support 50 is preferably made of resilient material, such as rubber, foam or other suitable materials.
The tray 42 is secured to the frame 30 by means of pivots 52 , one on each side of the sidewalls 32 . A threaded rod extends outwardly from each end wall 48 and is received within respective arcuate slots 54 in the respective sidewall 32 , similar to that shown in FIG. 5 . Each slot 52 has the same radius about the each pivot 52 to allow the tray 42 to tilt about the pivots 52 . Internally threaded knobs 56 provide clamping action to lock the tray 42 at any desired angular tilt bounded by the end limits of the arcuate slots 54 . The tray 42 can be positioned substantially horizontally when the threaded rods are located at the top ends 58 of the arcuate slots 54 , as best shown in FIG. 2, or at its maximum tilt when the threaded rods are at the bottom end 60 of the arcuate slots 54 , or any position in between. The tray 42 may be made from sheet metal, molded plastic or other suitable materials.
A spring 62 secured between the member 26 and 34 provides sufficient counterbalance to the weight of the frame 30 , the tray 42 and the keyboard (not shown) so that when the knobs 40 are loosened to adjust the support 30 vertically, the support 30 would not suddenly drop down in case it was previously positioned at its upper location and that the user would not have to support the entire weight of the structure.
In operation, the knobs 40 are loosened when it is desired to change the vertical position of the keyboard. When the proper height is attained with reference to the rear portion of the tray 42 , the knobs 40 are then tightened to lock in place the frame 30 . To adjust the tilt of the keyboard, the knobs 56 are loosened and the tray 42 is pivoted about the pivots 52 until the desired tilt is obtained. The knobs 52 are then tightened to lock in place the tray 42 at the desired tilt. It will be apparent that during adjustment, once the vertical height of the auxiliary support 50 is fixed by the user, no further vertical adjustment will be necessary after the tilt of the tray 42 has been adjusted. The independent vertical and tilt adjustments advantageously avoid the inconvenience of a prior art device which uses combined vertical and tilt adjustments, wherein adjusting the vertical or tilt position would automatically change the other position, whether or not desired by the user, requiring further adjustments to be made.
Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, each wall 24 has a triangular corner 64 adapted to be received within the respective opening 14 to lock the support structure 16 relative to the tracks 6 and prevent it from rolling horizontally during use. The support structure 16 is slightly lifted upwardly at the end of its rearward travel toward the user to place the triangular portion 64 into the respective opening 14 , as best shown in FIG. 4 B. To stow the carriage below the desktop, the carriage is merely pushed forward, causing the sloping edge 66 of the triangular portion to lift the triangular portions 64 and, therefore, the carriage from the openings 14 .
The threaded rod 38 and the corresponding pin 36 define an imaginary line between them that is inclined upwardly towards the user, affording a greater distance between them than the separation of the slots would allow. This feature advantageously provides resistance against rotation during use and adjustment. Since the frame 30 is cantilevered from the support structure 16 , there is rotational tendency about the support structure 16 whenever weight, such as the user's forearms, is imposed on the frame 30 . By being inclined upwardly toward the user, the weight of the structure and any other force imposed on it during use will generate frictional forces between the pin and the front wall (toward the user) of the respective slot 28 , thereby helping to hold the frame 30 in place.
While this invention has been described as having preferred design, it is understood that it is capable of further modification, uses and/or adaptations following in general the principle of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains, and as may be applied to the essential features set forth, and fall within the scope of the invention or the limits of the appended claims. | A keyboard support device having a structure for being slidably secured to an underside of a desktop. The structure includes first and second side members. First and second tray support side members are vertically adjustably secured to respective structure first and second side members. The tray support side members are positionable between a lowest position and a highest position. A keyboard support is secured to the first and second tray support members. The keyboard support includes a front portion pivotably secured to the tray support members such that the keyboard support can be tilted to a downwardly sloping position away from the front portion while the vertical position of the front portion remains substantially the same. | 2,120 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention is generally related to processes for making or manufacturing image transfer kits which enable the production of a desired image or design on a substrate which then may be used in a number of decorative applications.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] People wish to use decorative images in a number of applications. For instance, some people use decorative images to decorate their finger nails and their toe nails. In doing so, they normally encounter the problem of decorating their nails (either fingernails or toenails) with graphics and/or images that cannot withstand a protective coat of lacquer. The graphics and/or images are also apt to be dissolved by the same coat of lacquer when applied. As such, there is a need for an image transfer kit that will enable the desired image to withstand the coat of lacquer and remain durable for a number of days.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In light of the foregoing problems it is an object of the present invention to provide an image transfer kit that would enable an image to withstand a coat of lacquer applied on a user's nail. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing an image transfer kit.
[0004] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the manufacturing method or process may include the steps of creating actual and silhouette film negatives of a desired image, applying a layer of transfer lacquer onto a substrate, applying a layer of high resolution lacquer over the layer of transfer lacquer, applying a layer of photoclear over the layer of high resolution lacquer, exposing the substrate to ultraviolet light following application of the photoclear layer, applying colored ink over the layer of photoclear and exposing the substrate to ultraviolet light following the application of colored ink.
[0005] In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may include the steps of washing the substrate after the application of the transfer lacquer layer and drying the substrate after the washing.
[0006] In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may include the steps of washing the substrate after the application of the high resolution lacquer layer and drying the substrate after the washing.
[0007] In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may include the steps of washing the substrate after the application of the photoclear layer and drying the substrate after the washing.
[0008] In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may include the steps of washing the substrate after application of the layer of colored ink and drying the substrate after the washing.
[0009] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the silhouette film negative may be placed between the ultraviolet light and the substrate when exposing the substrate to ultraviolet light following application of the photoclear layer.
[0010] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the actual film negative may be placed between the ultraviolet light and the substrate when the substrate is exposed to ultraviolet light following the application of colored ink.
[0011] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may further include the steps of applying a layer of white or clear ink over the layer of colored ink and applying a layer of adhesive to the layer of white or clear ink.
[0012] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may further include the steps of washing the substrate after the substrate's exposure to ultraviolet light following application of the photoclear layer, and drying the substrate after the washing process.
[0013] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the step of applying colored ink may be repeated each time for the number and quantity of inks required to generate the image. In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, this step of applying colored ink may include the step of determining which ink color components are required for the image.
[0014] In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may include the step of exposing, after application of the clear or white ink, the substrate to ultraviolet light. In an aspect, during this process, the substrate may be exposed with the silhouette film negative placed between the ultraviolet light and the substrate. In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the process may include the steps of washing the substrate after the substrate's exposure to ultraviolet light and drying the substrate after the washing.
[0015] In yet another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the image transfer kit may include a substrate, a layer of transfer lacquer atop the substrate, a layer of high resolution lacquer atop the layer of transfer lacquer, a layer of photoclear atop the layer of high resolution lacquer, an image, atop the layer of photoclear, a layer of clear or white ink laid upon the image, and a layer of adhesive on top of the layer of clear or white ink.
[0016] In yet another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the image may be formed by the integration of colored inks onto the substrate after exposure of both the silhouette and actual film negatives of the image to ultraviolet light in conjunction with the substrate at different stages of the process. In an aspect, each ink represents the colors needed to generate the colors of the image.
[0017] In yet another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the image transfer kit may include a backing layer atop the layer of adhesive. In one aspect, the backing layer may be made of silicone based paper.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The features and advantages of aspects of embodiments of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the claims and drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow chart showing the manufacturing process according to an exemplary aspect of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 2 illustrates an image transfer kit according to an exemplary aspect of the present invention showing the different layers or components of the kit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0021] Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a flow chart showing the manufacturing process 100 and an image transfer kit 200 according to exemplary aspects of embodiments of the present invention are shown. As seen in FIG. 1 , the manufacturing process 100 may begin at step 102 with the creation of both actual and silhouette negatives of the image or design sought to be used. A silhouette negative may be used in order to capture or trap all the information contained in the image. In one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the silhouette negative may be slightly larger than the actual negative.
[0022] Following the creation of the negatives, a layer of transfer lacquer 204 , in step 104 is applied to a substrate 202 . In one aspect, substrate 202 may be made of vinyl, plastic or the like. In applying transfer lacquer layer 204 , a lacquer transfer rod may be used to create an even coating of the lacquer layer. Substrate 202 is then, in step 106 dried.
[0023] After the substrate has been dried in step 106 , a layer of high resolution lacquer 206 , is then applied over the initial transfer lacquer later 204 . The substrate, after application of the high resolution lacquer layer 206 , is then dried in step 110 . In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a substance or layer of material, which is capable of enabling water based inks to adhere to it, may be used in lieu of the high resolution lacquer layer.
[0024] A layer of photoclear 208 , in step 112 , is applied on top of high resolution lacquer layer 206 . With the photoclear layer 208 as a barrier coat, the desired image may be protected from the layers or lacquer and a durable decorative image is provided, for instance, on finger or toe nail, if that is the desired decorative application. Following the application of photoclear layer 208 , a water based transfer rod may be used, in one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, to even out the photoclear layer across substrate 202 . Substrate 202 , with photoclear layer 208 having been applied to it, is then dried in step 114 .
[0025] Substrate 202 , in step 116 , is exposed to ultraviolet light. In one embodiment, the silhouette negative of the image may be placed between the ultraviolet light and substrate 202 during this exposure step. Substrate 202 is then exposed for a predetermined amount of time after which it is washed (to remove any excess photoclear and/or lacquer) and dried in step 118 . In one aspect, the photoclear and lacquer layers would be hardened during this exposure step.
[0026] Next, a layer of ink 210 is applied on top of photoclear layer 208 in step 120 Ink layer 210 , in one aspect, may be evenly applied using either a solvent or water based transfer rod. In another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, digital printing technology may be employed to replace manual application of the ink(s) onto the substrate. This would reduce production costs and increase the speed of production. Use of digital printing technology would also increase production flexibility and allow for more customized orders and/or designs/images to be used.
[0027] Ink layer 210 of substrate 202 is then dried in step 122 . After the ink layer has been dried in step 122 , the substrate, in step 124 , is exposed for a predetermined amount of time to ultraviolet light. In one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the actual negative of the image may be placed between the ultraviolet light and substrate 202 . At step 126 , after the exposure of the substrate to ultraviolet light, a determination is made as to whether to repeat the ink application process depending on the different inks—cyan, magenta, yellow and black—which are needed for the image. If an additional ink (or additional amount of a particular ink) is needed, the process reverts back to step 120 through step 126 until all inks (or requisite quantities) have been applied.
[0028] After application of the ink(s), the process proceeds to step 128 where a layer of either clear ink or white ink 212 is applied on top of ink layer 210 . This layer of clear ink or white ink 212 is then dried (step 130 ) and a layer of adhesive 214 , in step 132 , is applied on top of the layer of clear or white ink 210 .
[0029] Next, in step 134 , substrate 202 (now with the multiple layers) is once again exposed, for a predetermined amount of time, to ultraviolet light. In one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the silhouette negative may be placed between the ultraviolet light and substrate 202 during this step. Substrate 202 is then spray washed (to remove any excess clear or white ink) and dried in step 136 . At this point, an image transfer kit 200 is produced having a printed image on substrate 202 with adhesive layer 214 on the back of the image.
[0030] Referring now to FIG. 2 , an image transfer kit 200 according to an exemplary aspect of an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Image transfer kit 200 , as briefly described above and in one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention may have a substrate 202 upon which a layer of transfer lacquer 204 is applied and dried.
[0031] After the substrate has been dried, a layer of high resolution lacquer 206 , is then applied over the initial transfer lacquer later 204 . The substrate, after application of the high resolution lacquer layer 206 , is then dried. In an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a substance or layer of material, which is capable of enabling water based inks to adhere to it, may be used in lieu of the high resolution lacquer layer.
[0032] Once the layer of high resolution lacquer is dried, a layer of photoclear 208 is laid over the layer of high resolution lacquer 206 . Next, after drying, washing & drying and ultraviolet light treatment of substrate 202 with the transfer lacquer layer 204 , high resolution lacquer layer 206 and photoclear layer 208 , an ink layer 210 is laid over photoclear layer 208 Ink layer 210 provides the necessary colors or color combinations for the desired image. Next a layer of clear or white ink 212 is laid on top of ink layer 210 (i.e. the image generated by the application of inks) Finally, adhesive layer 214 is laid over the layer of clear or white ink 212 . In one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a backing sheet or layer (not shown) may be applied on top of the adhesive layer. In one aspect, the backing sheet may be made of silicone based paper.
[0033] Although this present invention has been disclosed with reference to specific forms and embodiments, it will be evident that a great number of variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, steps may be reversed, equivalent elements may be substituted for those specifically disclosed and certain features of the present invention may be used independently of other features—all without departing from the present invention as defined in the appended claims. | A process of manufacturing an image transfer kit which enables the production of a desired image on a substrate which subsequently may be used in different decorative applications. The process may include the application of different layers of lacquer, photoclear and inks to a substrate in addition to the ultra-violet light treatment, washing and drying of the substrate at certain stages during the process. The produced image transfer kit may include the substrate, layers of transfer lacquer, high resolution lacquer, photoclear, clear or white ink, adhesive and the desired image. | 2,432 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to adjustable racks for hanging articles and more particularly to such adjustable racks having hooks attached to a jointed frame comprised of members which are pivotably attached to one another by pin joints.
Even more particularly, the present invention relates to such adjustable racks wherein the pin joints include elements integral with the members and wherein the hooks serve as a component of the pin joints.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In order to store such articles as hats, coats, cookware and the like, various rack designs have been provided for hanging such articles in an orderly fashion. Although there exists many of such rack designs, a rack having hooks attached to a jointed frame is particularly advantageous because the overall dimensions of the rack and, hence, the spacing between the hooks is adjustable. As a result, the rack can be made to accomodate wide and narrow articles as well as to be made to fit wide and narrow storage spaces. Additionally, the rack can be folded into a compact configuration for inexpensive shipment.
Such racks are generally fabricated from a variety of relatively expensive elements such as wooden members, metal screws and the like. Moreover, the production of such racks is relatively complex and time consuming because such elements require the use of tools for assembly.
In accordance with the foregoing, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an adjustable rack which can be constructed from an inexpensive material.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an adjustable rack which can be assembled without the use of special tools.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an adjustable rack which can be easily assembled in a short amount of time.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, an adjustable rack for hanging articles is provided comprising at least a first pair of equally sized first and second members adjacent to one another. The second member is provided with at least an aperture. The first member is provided with at least a pin which at one end is integral with the first member. The pin is pivotably engaged within the aperture with the opposite end of the pin protruding through the aperture. Additionally, a hook member is provided having fastening means integral with the hook member. The fastening means fastens the hook member to the opposite end of the pin to thereby fasten the second member to the first member. The hook member, the pin and the aperture define a pin joint to pivotably attach the second member to the first member.
As a preferred embodiment, the hook member can include a bore therein to form the fastening means. In such embodiment, the bore is sized to frictionally engage the opposite end of the pin in an interference fit.
A rack having the construction of the present invention can be entirely formed from inexpensive injection molded plastic because the components of the pin joints are integral with the members that they serve to pivotably attach. Additionally, the assembly of the rack of the present invention is simplified over the prior art. In order to assemble the rack of the present invention, the first member is simply placed against the second member and the pin extended through the aperture. After this, the hook is pressed onto the pin to complete the pin joint. As such, the need for separate metal fittings such as screws, hinges and the like, as well as the tools required to attach the fittings and members together, is eliminated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the present invention. It is believed, however, that the invention will be better understood from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional side elevational view taken along section line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3A is an exploded perspective view of the first pair of first and second members of the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3B is an exploded perspective view of the third pair of first and second members of the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
While the present invention is by no means limited to the embodiment illustrated herein, the invention will, for simplicity, be described in connection therewith.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a preferred rack 10 of the present invention. The rack 10 can have at least a first pair of equally sized first and second members 11 and 12; a second allochiral pair of first and second members 13 and 14; a third pair of first and second members 15 and 16; and a fourth allochiral pair of first and second members 17 and 18. The members are pivotably attached to one another by pin joints 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, and 38. Each of the aforementioned numbered pin joints are similarly formed.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated the construction of pin joint 34 which is typical of the pin joints utilized throughout the present invention. The pin joint 34 generally comprises an aperture 73 through the second member 16, a pin 72 pivotably engaged within the aperture 73, and a hook member 40 fastened to the pin 72.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the adjustable rack 10 as a preferred embodiment can incorporate a lazy tong configuration which is free to distort under loading to thereby provide the necessary adjustable feature of the rack. The first pair of members 11 and 12 and the second pair of members 13 and 14, are positioned to form a central parallelogram defined by pin joints 20, 22, 24, and 26. In the aforementioned central parallelogram, the first members 11 and 13 are parallel to one another and the second members 12 and 14 are parallel to one another. Additionally, the second members 12 and 14 are adjacent to the first members 11 and 13.
Referring now to FIG. 3A, there is illustrated the first member 11 and the second member 12. Although not illustrated, since the second pair of members is allochiral to the first pair, FIG. 3A is likewise applicable to the first and second members 13 and 14 except that position of pins 61 and 62 illustrated in FIG. 3A is reversed for first member 13 and the position of apertures 65 and 66 illustrated in FIG. 3A is reversed for second member 14. Thus, each of the first members 11 and 13 can be provided with a pin 60 located at its center, a pin 61 located at one end and a pin 62 located at its opposite end. Each of the second members 12 and 14 can be provided with an aperture 64 located through its center, an aperture 65 located at one end and an aperture 66 located at its opposite end. The pins 60, at the centers of first members 11 and 13 extend respectively through the aperture 64 of the second member 12 and the aperture 64 of the second member 14 to form central pin joints 20 and 24. Additionally, as between the first and second pairs, the pins 61 of the first members 11 and 13 extend respectively through aperture 65 of the second member 12 and the aperture 65 of the second member 14 to form pin joints 22 and 26.
Additionally, two allochiral third and fourth pairs of first and second members 15 and 16; and 17 and 18 are provided. The third and fourth pairs are positioned so that the first and third pairs and the second and fourth pairs respectively form two outlying parallelograms. The outlying parallelograms are defined by pin joints 24, 28, 30, and 32; and 20, 34, 36, and 38. In each of the outlying parallelograms, the first members 11 and 15; and 13 and 17 are parallel with one another and the second members 12 and 16; and 14 and 18 are parallel with one another.
Referring now to FIG. 3B, which illustrates the first and second members 15 and 16, in a manner similar to that of the first and second pairs, FIG. 3B is likewise applicable to the first and second members 17 and 18. Each of the first members 15 and 17 is provided with a pin 71 located at one end and a pin 72 located at its opposite end. Each of the second members 16 and 18 is provided with an aperture 73 located at one end and an aperture 74 located at its opposite end. The pins 71 of the first members 15 and 17 extend respectively through the aperture 66 of the second member 12 and the aperture 66 of the second member 14 to form pin joints 36 and 28. The pins 72 of the first members 15 and 17 respectively extend through the aperture 73 of the second members 16 and the aperture 73 of the second member 18 to form pin joints 34 and 30. The pins 62 of the first members 11 and 13 extend respectively through the aperture 74 of the second member 16 and the aperture 64 of the second member 18 to form pin joints 38 and 32.
In a manner which will be discussed in more detail hereinafter, the hooks 40 are installed on the ends of the pins which protrude through the apertures to complete the pin joints and to thereby fasten the second members to the first members.
The aforementioned pin joints and the repeating parallelogram nature of the rack permits the members of the first and second pairs to be pivoted towards each other; the members of the first and third pairs to pivoted towards each other; and the members of the second and fourth pairs to be pivoted towards each other. This movement decreases the horizontal separation of the hooks and increases the vertical separation of the hooks. In the rack 10, the first members 15 and 17 and the second members 16 and 18 of the third and fourth pairs are sized at one half the length of the first members 11 and 13 and the second members 12 and 14 of the first and second pairs to permit the rack 10 to be completely folded.
It is understood that the hereinbefore described rack can have other configurations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For instance, the rack could incorporate a single first pair of first and second members 11 and 12, or the rack could incorporate additional second pairs of first and second members 13 and 14 to increase the reach of the rack. Alternatively, the third and fourth pairs of members could be deleted.
Referring again to FIG. 1, a set of openings 21 is provided within the second members 13 and 15 to attach rack 10 to a vertical surface by means of screws. Other well known means, such as an adhesive backing could similarly function.
Referring again to FIG. 2, it can be seen that the pin 72 is integral at one end with the first member 15. The pin 72 is pivotably engaged within the aperture 73 of the second member 16 with the opposite end of the pin protruding through the aperture 73. In the illustrated embodiment, aperture 73 can include a coaxial sleeve 76 integral with second member 16. In such case, the pin 72 is sized such that its opposite end also protrudes through the sleeve 76. One end of the pin 72 can be provided with an enlarged shoulder portion 78 adjacent to the first member and a narrow shank portion 79 at one end integral with the shoulder 78. In such an embodiment, the shoulder 78 is sized to pivotably engage within the aperture 73 with the opposite end of the shank portion 79 protruding through the aperture 73. The advantage of the shoulder construction is that it facilitates assembly of the members in that the shank 79 has a smaller diameter than the aperture 73, to aid in locating the pin 72 within the aperture 73.
The hook member 40 is fastened to the opposite end of the pin, or as in a preferred embodiment, to the shank portion 79 of the pin 72 to complete the pin joint. A variety of well known fastening means can be employed to fasten the hook member to the pin 72. As a preferred embodiment, the fastening means can comprise a bore 42 sized to frictionally engage the opposite end of the pin 72 in an interference fit. The hook member 40, when fastened to the pin 72, bears against the second member. Thus the hook member serves, in the present invention, to fasten the second members to the first members. The bore 42 should have a diameter less than that of the preferred shank portion 79 to produce the interference fit. As a preferred embodiment, the shank 79 of the pin 72 can be roughened to increase the degree of frictional force and hence, create a stronger attachment between hook member 40 and pin 72.
The mouth of bore 42, as a preferred embodiment, can have an inverted frustro conical cross-section 44, to aid in locating the pin 72 within the bore 42.
The hook member 40, additionally, can have an enlarged head 45, to prevent articles from slipping off the hook.
The present invention is advantageously fabricated from plastic in a single molding operation. In this regard, a preferred plastic is pigmented polyprophelene.
It is understood that the forms of the invention herein illustrated are to be taken as a preferred embodiment. Various changes and omissions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the appended claims. | An adjustable rack is provided which comprises a plurality of hook members for hanging articles attached to a jointed frame comprised of members which are pivotably attached to one another by pin joints. The pin joints comprise elements which are integral with the members. The hook members additionally serve as a component of the pin joints. The aforementioned construction results in an inexpensive adjustable rack which can be advantageously formed from injection molded plastic and which can be assembled in a short amount of time without the use of special tools. | 2,430 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority of French Application No. 02 12586 filed Oct. 10, 2002 and United States Provisional Application No. 60/477,008 filed Feb. 13, 2003, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to an applicator for applying a substance, for example, nail varnish, to nails.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] A nail varnish applicator is known from European patent EP 0 651 955, comprising a rod, and bristles fixed in a housing of the rod, the housing being of oblong cross-section. In the examples shown in that patent, the opening of the housing has in cross-section a contour that matches the contour of the rod in the shape of a kidney or with two main sides slightly concave outwardly, such that the thickness of the wall surrounding the housing is constant.
[0004] A nail varnish applicator is also known from JP-4-28812, having a rod that includes a plurality of longitudinal grooves distributed in substantially uniform manner over its entire periphery.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] A need exists to facilitate applying a substance such as nail varnish and to enable it to be spread more precisely. The Applicant has observed that with known applicators, the substance which flows along the rod and reaches the sides of the brush is relatively difficult to spread with precision.
[0006] According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, an applicator comprises a rod and bristles fixed in a housing of an end portion of the rod, the housing having an opening of oblong cross-section with a long axis X, and the rod having a wall of varying thickness around the housing.
[0007] In one aspect of the invention, in the end portion of the applicator including the housing that receives the bristles of the brush, the rod has a cross-section having an outer contour that is not concave, with the exception of one or more grooves situated opposite each other. The groove(s) extend along at least a portion of the rod and are situated substantially mid-way along the long axis X of the housing when the rod is observed in cross-section. According to certain embodiments, the outer contour of the rod may be convex and, where appropriate, it may include at least one flat side.
[0008] In one of more embodiments of the invention, the thickness or depth around the rod of the substance for application is greater in the groove(s) than on the sides. According to these embodiments, the substance which flows along the rod when the applicator is removed from the receptacle thus reaches the bundle of bristles preferentially in a substantially central region of said bundle, so that the substance can be spread under good conditions. The quantity of substance reaching the sides of the brush is small.
[0009] As mentioned above, the rod may include a second groove, opposite the first, and the applicator may be symmetrical about a mid plane. The two grooves can thus be symmetrical about a mid-plane parallel to the long axis X, but within the scope of the present invention for the grooves to be of different shapes.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the opening of the housing may advantageously have a cross-section that is substantially rectangular, thereby enabling a substantially uniform distribution of substance on the bristles to be obtained, but other shapes are within the scope of the present invention, for example, an oval cross-section.
[0011] According to one or more embodiments, in cross-section, the end portion of the rod may have two opposite sides that are outwardly convex, for example, in the shape of circular arcs, each connecting one of the sides including a groove to the opposite side. In cross-section, the or each groove may have a contour in the shape of a circular arc, for example.
[0012] In other embodiments, the housing may have a cross-section that tapers progressively towards its end wall, said taper matching the divergence desired for the bristles. The end wall of the housing may include a recess in which the bristles are fixed, and which opens out into a portion of the housing which flares out towards the opening of the housing, the portion enabling the bristles to splay apart from one another so as to impart a wider shape to the brush.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the housing may be arranged so that the bristles extend outside the housing over a width, measured parallel to the long axis X, that is greater than the width of the rod at the housing. A relatively wide brush is thus obtained.
[0014] According to some embodiments, the length of the portion of the bristles which projects from the housing of the rod can lie in the range of about 5 millimeters (mm) to about 20 mm, for example. In certain embodiments, the free ends of the bristles may substantially describe an arc of a circle, having a radius of curvature lying in the range of about 2 mm to about 15 mm, for example, and in particular in the range of about 4 mm to about 10 mm. According to certain embodiments, the width of the opening of the housing, measured perpendicularly to the long axis X, may be no greater than about 2 mm.
[0015] Close to the longitudinal ends along the long axis X of the housing, the walls of the rod may be relatively thin. Thus, in an embodiment of the invention, the rod may have wall thickness around the housing that is smaller when measured at a longitudinal end of the housing than when measured mid-way along the housing.
[0016] Still in a particular embodiment, the thickness of the wall extending around the housing passes through a minimum in the portions that are adjacent to the longitudinal ends of the long axis of the housing. In another particular embodiment, at its widest point, the portion of the rod that is immersed in the substance contained in the receptacle when the applicator is in place on said receptacle may be no greater than to 5 mm. In certain embodiments, the rod may be arranged so as to be fixed to a closure cap of the receptacle; in a variant, the rod may be made in a single integral piece with a closure cap of the receptacle, by molding plastics material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The invention will be better understood on reading the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments thereof, and on examining the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] [0018]FIG. 1 is a side, elevational, cross-sectional view of a device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention for applying a substance to the nails;
[0019] [0019]FIG. 2 is a side, elevational, cross-sectional fragmentary view of the applicator shown in the device of FIG. 1;
[0020] [0020]FIG. 3 is a side, elevational, cross-sectional view of the rod of the applicator shown in FIG. 1;
[0021] [0021]FIG. 4 shows a detail of the housing receiving the bristles of the brush;
[0022] [0022]FIG. 5 is a side, elevational, cross-sectional partial view taken along section V-V in FIG. 4;
[0023] [0023]FIG. 6 is a sectional view on V-V of variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0024] [0024]FIG. 7 is a sectional view on V-V of variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0025] [0025]FIG. 8 is a sectional view on V-V of variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0026] [0026]FIG. 9 is a sectional view on V-V of variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0027] [0027]FIG. 10 is a sectional view on V-V of variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0028] [0028]FIG. 11 is a sectional view on V-V of variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0029] [0029]FIG. 12 is a sectional view on V-V of a variant embodiment of the end portion of the rod;
[0030] [0030]FIG. 13 shows a variant configuration of the housing, showing a different distribution of the bristles outside the rod;
[0031] [0031]FIG. 14 shows a variant configuration of the housing, showing a different distribution of the bristles outside the rod;
[0032] [0032]FIG. 15 shows, in isolation, an end portion of the bristles of the brush; and
[0033] [0033]FIG. 16 is a fragmentary longitudinal section of the rod made integrally with a cap.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Before describing several exemplary embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
[0035] [0035]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device 1 for applying a substance to the nails, for example, a nail varnish V, the device comprising a receptacle 2 containing the varnish V, and an applicator 3 comprising a rod 4 made of plastics material, provided at one end with a flat brush 5 , and at the other end with a handle member 10 also constituting a closure cap of the receptacle 2 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the receptacle 2 also contains a bead 6 , e.g. a metal ball-bearing, enabling the varnish V to be homogenized before application, by shaking the device 1 .
[0036] In FIGS. 1 to 3 , it can be seen that the top end of the rod 4 has a skirt 8 enabling it to be fixed in a housing of the cap 10 , said cap being configured so as to be screwed onto the neck 11 of the receptacle 2 . A collar 12 is formed at the base of the skirt 8 so as to bear against the top edge of the neck 11 when the applicator is in place on the receptacle 2 .
[0037] Beneath the collar 12 , the rod 4 includes a cone-shaped portion 13 suitable for contributing to sealing the closure of the receptacle 2 when the applicator 3 is in place on said receptacle. Sealing could also be obtained through cooperation between the surface of the cap 10 and of the neck of the receptacle. The rod 4 also includes a bottom end portion 14 which is provided with a housing 15 inside which the bristles of the brush 5 are held, e.g. by stapling, gluing, heat sealing, or overmolding.
[0038] As can be seen in FIG. 4, the free end of the rod 4 may be beveled at 20 . In the example shown, the rod 4 includes two opposite longitudinal grooves 18 extending along a major fraction of its length up to its distal end 17 . In the embodiment shown, the housing 15 has an opening of rectangular cross-section of elongate shape with a long axis X perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rod 4 . In the embodiment under consideration, the outside contour of the rod 4 and the housing 15 are symmetrical about the axis X and about a mid-axis Y perpendicular to the axis X.
[0039] It can be seen in FIG. 5 that the wall thickness of the material surrounding the housing 15 is not constant. Apart from the grooves 18 , the outside contour 16 of the rod 4 is convex, when said rod is observed in cross-section. More particularly, in the embodiment under consideration, the contour of the rod 4 is defined in the grooves 18 by circular portions 16 a , the portions 16 a being united at their ends by circular portions 16 b that are outwardly convex and that are of smaller radius of curvature than the portions 16 a.
[0040] As can be seen in FIG. 4, the housing 15 can have a cross-section which tapers towards the end wall 19 of the housing. The bristles of the brush 5 splay apart when the brush is applied to a nail. Depending on the shape of the housing 15 , a narrower or wider bundle of bristles can be obtained, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.
[0041] It can be seen in FIG. 13 that by providing a housing 15 with a substantially constant cross-section, a brush is obtained having bristles that are relatively close together, whereas by providing the housing 15 with an outwardly flaring shape, the bristles are able to splay further apart from one another so as to form a relatively wide bundle.
[0042] In its end wall, the housing 15 can be made with a recess 15 a in which the bristles are secured to the rod. The recess 15 a can open out into a portion 15 b which flares out towards the open end of the housing 15 , enabling the bristles to splay apart from one another.
[0043] As can be seen in FIG. 14, the housing 15 can thus be made in such a manner that the maximum transverse dimension l 2 of the brush, measured parallel to the long axis X, is greater than the transverse dimension l 1 of the rod at the housing 15 .
[0044] As can be seen in FIG. 15, the free ends of the bristles of the brush 5 can be situated along a substantially circular curve C, for example. In a variant, the free ends of the bristles could be situated substantially along a straight line, for example. The length e of the portion of the bristles which projects from the housing 15 lies in the range of about 5 mm to 20 mm, for example.
[0045] The device 1 can be used as follows. The user shakes the receptacle 2 so as to enable the bead to homogenize the varnish V, and then the user unscrews the cap 10 and uses the brush 5 to apply the varnish.
[0046] When the applicator 3 is removed from the receptacle 2 , substance is present on the rod 4 and said substance flows by gravity towards the brush 5 . The thickness or depth of substance is greater in the grooves 18 , which can retain more substance by capillarity. The substance preferably flows into the central region of the brush, thereby enabling it to be spread more easily and more precisely.
[0047] It will be understood of course that the invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. In particular, it is possible to modify the shape of the housing and/or the shape of the end portion of the rod in which said housing is made. By way of example, FIGS. 6 to 12 show various, non limited examples of possible shapes of housing, from among other possible shapes.
[0048] It can be seen in FIG. 6 that the rod can include a single groove 18 only. It can be seen in FIG. 7 that the opening of the housing can have a cross-section that is not rectangular but oblong, e.g. elliptical. It can be seen in FIG. 8 that the opening of the housing can have a cross-section having two slight concavities 15 c in its long sides, the two concavities being less pronounced, however, than the concavities formed by the grooves 18 .
[0049] It can be seen in FIG. 9 that the grooves 18 can be relatively narrow, so as to increase further the retention of substance by capillarity, for example. It can be seen in FIG. 10 that the grooves 18 can have a triangular profile in cross-section. FIG. 11 illustrates the fact that the wall thickness e 1 in the vicinity of the longitudinal ends of the housing 15 can be smaller than the wall thickness e 2 substantially mid-way along the housing 15 . If necessary, the thickness e 1 can correspond to a minimum. A small thickness e 1 enables a housing 15 to be made to be longer along the long axis X, thereby enabling a brush to be obtained that is very wide or that is capable of widening easily. FIG. 12 shows the possibility of having two grooves 18 of different shapes. The rod 4 can also be made in a single integral piece with the closure cap of the receptacle, as shown in FIG. 16.
[0050] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. | An applicator for applying a substance to nails is disclosed. The applicator comprises a rod having an end portion, the end portion having a housing, the housing having an opening of oblong cross-section with a long axis, the rod having a wall of varying thickness around the housing. In the end portion, the rod has a cross-section having an outer contour that is not concave, with the exception of one or more grooves situated opposite each other. | 2,864 |
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not Applicable.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Not Applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a formulation for treating fungal infections. More specifically, this formulation is a topical formulation for use on fingernails and toenails.
Many people have fingernails or toenails with fungus underneath. Still others have nails that are extremely thick even approaching approximately 1 inch in thickness. Still others have yellowed or discolored nails. Some have combinations of the above-mentioned conditions.
Some medications available for treating these unsightly conditions are not able to kill fungal infections underneath the nail because they are not able to penetrate the nail. Still other medications cause the nail to become brittle. In addition, other medications simply do not work. Therefore, many people are unable to remove these unsightly conditions.
In order to overcome the disadvantages of medications currently available, a formulation that is able to penetrate the nail to kill fungus without permanently damaging the nail is needed. This formulation should be able to be applied topically.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a formulation for killing fungus on or underneath toenails or fingernails so that the appearance of the nails is improved.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of administering a topical nail formulation so as to rid a person of a nail fungal infection.
According to the present invention, the foregoing and other objects are achieved by a topical formulation for treating fungus on or beneath toenails and fingernails. This formulation includes a mixture of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, an antifungal agent, and an applicating agent. The formulation is topically applied to a patient's fingernail or toenail to treat a fungal infection or to thin an overly thick nail.
Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The formulation of the present invention is an effective topical treatment for fighting fungal infections, removing discoloration, and/or thinning overly thick nails. It is used for treating deformed, disfigured or discolored toenails and fingernails. This formulation includes a mixture of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, an antifungal agent, and an applicating agent. Antibiotics may also be added to the formulation. The formulation is made by mixing these components together.
The calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide in the formulation function to penetrate the nail so that the antifungal medication may contact any fungal infection underneath the nail and/or so as to thin the nail. Preferably, the calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are present in the formulation in about a 40:60 to 60:40 ratio by weight. Most preferably, these components are present in approximately a 50:50 ratio by weight.
The antifungal agent may be any agent that is able to kill fingernail and toenail fungus. Preferably, the antifungal medication is benzalkonium chloride, which is able to kill nail fungus upon contact.
The applicating agent may be an ointment, a lotion, nail polish, or combinations thereof. If nail polish is used as the applicating agent, preferably, it is clear nail polish. The ointment that may be used in the formulation of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, oxyquinoline, petrolatum, lanolin, glycerine, or combinations thereof.
The calcium hydroxide is about 0.5 to 50% by weight of the formulation. Preferably, it is about 0.5 to 30% by weight of the formulation. Most preferably, it is about 0.5 to 8% by weight of the formulation.
The sodium hydroxide is about 0.5 to 50% by weight of the formulation. Preferably, it is about 0.5 to 30% by weight of the formulation. Most preferably, it is about 0.5 to 8% by weight of the formulation.
The antifungal agent is about 0.5 to 80% by weight of the formulation. Preferably, it is about 5 to 50% by weight of the formulation. Most preferably, it is about 20 to 35% by weight of the formulation.
The applicating agent is about 20 to 95% by weight of the formulation. Preferably, it is about 30 to 80% by weight of the formulation. Most preferably, it is about 40 to 75% by weight of the formulation.
If the formulation of the present invention is formulated to be obtained over-the-counter, it most preferably should include about 5% by weight of a calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide mixture, about 20% by weight benzalkonium chloride, and about 75% by weight applicating agent. If this formulation is formulated to be prescribed by a physician, then most preferably, it should include about 15% by weight of a mixture of calcium and sodium hydroxide, about 25% by weight benzalkonium chloride, and about 60% by weight applicating agent.
The formulation is made by mixing calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, an antifungal agent, and an applicating agent together. No heating or cooling is required in making the formulation. Preferably, the formulation is made by first combining the calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide into a mixture. The calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide mixture is then added to the applicating agent. The antifungal agent is then added to the mixture. The mixture is agitated or stirred to form the formulation of the present invention.
The formulation of the present invention may be used to treat nails with fungus thereon or underneath, yellowed nails, nails with other discolorations, and/or nails that are overly thick, such as nails that are approximately ¼ to 1 inch thick.
In use, a patient applies an emollient to the skin surrounding the affected nail. The emollient may be, but is not limited to, an antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly. Next, the formulation is applied directly to the affected nail so as to cover the nail. Following application of the formulation, a bandage is placed over the nail. The formulation is applied approximately once per day. If irritation is noticed, it may be applied once every other day. It can be applied for up to about 6 months.
When treating thick nails, they can be thinned in approximately 2 to 3 weeks. When treating nails with fungus thereunder, the actual antifungal effect is not seen for 4 months to 1 year, the time frame for a nail to completely grow out and be replaced.
The present invention provides a topical treatment for thick nails due to fungus or other causes. It has been found to be able to penetrate the nail and reduce the thickness of the nail without causing major debrittlement. Also, the antifungal medication in the product is able to penetrate the nail and rid the nail of fungal infections beneath the nail.
The following example describes a formulation of the present invention and a method of using this formulation. The formulation and method are within the scope of this invention. This example is not meant in anyway to limit the scope of this invention.
EXAMPLE 1
A topical nail formulation was prepared by mixing calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, benzalkonium chloride, and ointment together. The formulation contained 7.5% by weight calcium hydroxide, 7.5% by weight sodium hydroxide, 25% by weight benzalkonium chloride, and 60% by weight ointment.
An elderly woman had a thick fungus infected toenail for approximately 15 years. She was unable to wear shoes for more than a couple of hours because they were uncomfortable. Furthermore, her toenail would damage her shoes. Her toenail was approximately ¾ of an inch thick. After 1½ weeks of applications, her toenail was thinned down to a normal thickness. Following this, she was able to wear her shoes all day long.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects herein above set forth together with other advantages which are obvious and inherent to the formulation. It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. | A topical formulation for treating toenails and fingernails is provided. This formulation includes a mixture of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, an antifungal agent, and an applicating agent. The formulation is topically applied to a patient's fingernail or toenail to treat a fungal infection, to remove discoloration, and/or to thin an overly thick nail. | 1,449 |
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the purpose of this invention to provide a holder for rolls of paper, such as toilet tissue, that is of economical construction and which increases the ease of paper tear-off and of insertion and removal of the roll as compared with conventional paper holders now in use.
The invention accomplishes this purpose by means of a holder that has tracks to rotatably and slidably receive pins on the ends of a paper holding spindle thereby making it very easy to remove the spindle and to insert or remove a roll of paper. The tracks run vertically and permit the weight of a roll mounted on the spindle to hold the bottom of the roll against a lip or surface on the holder and this serves to resist rotation of the roll when a length of paper is removed thereby facilitating tear-off.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one form of holder embodying the invention, showing it secured to a wall and showing a roll of toilet tissue in perspective;
FIG. 2 is a front elevation of the holder of FIG. 1 with parts broken away;
FIG. 3 is a cross section along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another form of holder embodying the invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross section along the line 5--5 of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but showing a different track structure in a similar form of holder.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The holder 1 may be in the form of a body or frame formed from sheet metal or molded from suitable plastic materials and has a flat back portion 3, a curved bottom portion 5, and a pair of flat side portions 7 and 9 extending at right angles to the back portion 3. End sections of the two side portions 7 and 9 are formed with outwardly extending U-shaped portions 11 and 13, the interiors of which define parallel tracks or slots 15 and 17. The tracks extend vertically and are also slanted so that their bottom ends are closer to the back portion 3 than their top ends.
A cylindrical spindle 19 has pins 21 projecting from opposite ends and the spindle and pins are dimensioned to enable the pins to move freely up and down the tracks 15 and 17. The body 21 of the spindle slidably fits inside the conventional tubular core 23 of the tissue roll 25 and therefore supports it for vertical and rotary movement in the tracks. Preferably, a strip 27 of relatively high friction material (such as rubber, etc.) is secured to the bottom 28 of back portion 3, as by an adhesive, adjacent the end edge 29 of the bottom and provides a lip or support surface against which the bottom of the paper roll 25 is continuously pressed by the force of gravity.
In use, the back 3 of the holder 1 may be secured by screws 31 to the surface of a wall 33. The spindle 19 is projected through the core 23 of a roll 25 and the assembly inserted in the holder by allowing the spindle pins 21 to enter the open top ends (FIG. 1) of the tracks 15 and 17. The roll will seat on strip 27 and its weight will bear against it to resist turning when the projecting end 35 of the roll is pulled sharply to remove it from the roll.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show a holder 101 embodying the invention which is suitable for mounting flush with the surface of a wall 102, the holder having an arcuate body 103 formed of sheet metal or plastic that will fit in a recess in the wall. The body 103 includes a curved back wall 105 and sidewalls 107 and 109 and a flat circumferential mounting flange 111 extending outwardly from the back and sides and integral with the body 103 for engaging the wall surface around the recess to provide a trim mounting. The front edges of the sidewalls 107 and 109 extend vertically and have outwardly extending vertical U-shaped sections 113 formed therein, the insides of which form tracks 115 corresponding to tracks 15 and 17 of holder 1. Slots 117 are formed in the flange 111 and sections 113 to permit insertion of the spindle pins 21 into the tracks. After the spindle with a roll of paper mounted therein is inserted into the tracks, approximately one half of the roll will be in substantially semi-cylindrical chamber 119 formed by the sidewalls and back of the holder and the roll will continuously rest on the bottom of the wall 105 including the lip or support surface 121 at the bottom front of the holder. Thus, the weight of the roll will resist its rotation and that plus the action of the lip 121 will facilitate tear-off of a length of paper from the roll.
In FIG. 6, the holder 201 is substantially the same as holder 101 except for the track construction. In this form the holder also has an arcuate body 203 with a backwall 205 and sidewalls 207 and 209 and a mounting rim 211. The tracks 213 and 215 are formed by insides of Z-shaped strips 217 and 219 which are secured to the face of the rim 211, and which are secured to and extend along approximately one half the height of the rim. The pins at the ends of the spindle can be dropped into the open top ends of the strips 217 and 219. The roll will then continuously rest on the bottom surface or lip 221 of the back wall 205 to facilitate tear-off as described above.
In the holders 1 and 201 the inner edge of the bottom of the holder (i.e., lips 29 and 221) are close enough to the tracks so that the spindle cannot fall out of the holder when the tissue is all used, that is the lips are less than a core radius away from the tracks. In holder 101 the tracks have a bottom but the lip 121 is placed less than a radius away from them so that, like holders 1 and 201, it wll hold the spindle up when the tissue is used. | A holder for rolls of paper, such as toilet tissue, has vertically extending tracks that receive pin ends of a roll holding spindle whereby the weight of the roll and spindle bears against a lip of the holder to hold the roll in place during tear-off of a length of paper. | 1,114 |
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a new total hip prosthesis with primary fixation.
As conventionally known, there are essentially two categories of hip prosthesis.
In the first category, the prosthesis is cemented. But this solution presents two types of problems:
problems during surgery due to anaesthetic shocks caused by the cement itself; and
problems after surgery, namely risks of infection where the bone joins up with the cement, loosenings and difficulties in re-operating, if the prosthesis needs to be changed eventually, because the bone, which has been drilled in, has become brittle.
The second category, which is now progressively spreading, is called "prosthesis with primary fixation". In this type of prosthesis, the pin is force-fitted into the bone by adjustment and the bone re-formation occurs according to a special design of that pin. This type of prosthesis is essentially constituted by three principal parts, namely, in the right order:
a femoral pin, for insertion into the femur;
a cotyloidal cupule, for engagement into the acetabulum of the treated hip;
a prosthetic neck, covered with a sphere, which joins the pin to the cupule and is intended to make the articulation proper.
Numerous solutions have heretofore been proposed to produce such prostheses.
For example, it has been suggested to screw the femoral pin into the femur and, like a screw, to give to said pin a slightly truncated shape so as to make the screwing operation easier (as described for example, in European Pat. No. 0010527 and in French Pat. No. 2 295 729). Such conicity however, is often ill-adapted to the shape of the femur, this causing an inaccurate adjustment, hence a wrong distribution of the stresses. Moreover, the threads used up to now, have been found to create risks of unscrewing, either due to the insufficient length of the thread or due to the drawing-back effect on the supporting flange. This causes postoperative / pains possibly due to stress peaks occuring at the level of this thread.
European Pat. No. 000549 and French Pat. No. 2 481 596 both propose to provide on the head of the pin which is not engaged into the femur, a co-axial flange, of which the lower face rests against the femur, whereas the upper face is provided with position locating and holding means, this permitting the location and holding of the angular position of the prosthetic neck with respect to the pin during assembly. Although this solution offers a great number of advantages, in practice, as the flange rests on the reduction, this causes an important resection of the bone and can give rise to fractures on the upper end of the femur, and particularly in the zone known as the "trochanter". Moreover, from the very structure of this flange, it is impossible to obtain an ideal orientation of every case of anteversion of the femoral prosthetic neck.
It is the object of the present invention to overcome the above disadvantages by proposing a total hip prosthesis with primary fixation which eliminates all of the aforesaid problems, namely a total hip prosthesis with primary fixation which:
is better adapted to the shape of the femur, hence which can be better adjusted;
reduces the stress peaks on the level of the thread;
improves the primary fixation and reduces resection of the upper end of the femur;
and finally, which permits an ideal orientation of the anteversion of the prosthetic neck.
The total hip prosthesis with primary fixation according to the invention, is of the type formed of three principal parts:
a threaded femoral pin, designed to be screwed into the femur,
a cotyloidal cupule, designed to be engaged in the cotyloidal cavity of the treated hip; and
a prosthetic neck, topped by a sphere joining the head of the pin to the cupule and designed to ensure the articulation proper, said prosthesis being characterized in that the threaded femoral pin has a tulip-shaped tapered longitudinal section, widening from the bottom end towards the head with progressively variable radius.
In other words, the invention relates to a total hip prosthesis with primary fixation, wherein the threaded femoral pin has a special tulip-shaped anatomical profile, with progressively variable radius.
By "profile with progressively variable radius" is meant a longitudinal profile of which the radius of curvature varies permanently and progressively from the point of the pin, where it reaches its maximum, to its head, hence a profile of which the radius of the section increases progressively from the point to the head.
Advantageously, in practice:
the section of the pin is circular;
the thread of the threaded femoral pin, as well as that of the cupule, have a bevelled trapezoidal section with advantageously rounded angles.
In said trapezoidal thread, the upper face is less inclined with respect to the direction of the thread than the lower face with respect to the same plane of the pin cross-section;
the angle of inclination of the upper face with respect to the plane of said cross-section is between 15° and 25°, and preferably around 20°, and the angle of inclination of the upper face with respect to that same plane, is between 10° and 20°, and preferably around 15°;
the threaded pin is also provided with longitudinal slots situated according to generatrices, the angles of incidence of which are inclined particularly in both directions, in order to help the screwing and unscrewing operation;
the fitting of the prosthetic neck over the threaded head and over the sphere-shaped prosthetic articulation head is achieved by means of two conical bores of low-inclination, respectively male and female bores.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be more readily understood on reading the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a total prosthesis with primary fixation according to the invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section along axis I--I' of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a detailed view of the threaded pin according to FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view through axis II--II' of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the threading according to the invention and more precisely of the encircled part referenced V in FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 illustrates the stem profile with progressively variable radius.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the figures, the total prosthesis according to the invention is composed first of a threaded femoral pin of circular cross-section (1), of which the head (2) is wider than the point (3) and which, according to the invention, has a tulip-shaped longitudinal section (4) of progressively variable radius, widening from the point (3) up towards the head (2). This particular anatomical flared profile has a curvature which varies permanently and progressively and continues, hence of variable radius, of which the profile resembles a three-degree polynomial. By way of indication, according to one advantageous embodiment, the diameter of the pin (1) at the point (3) is 18 mm (the thread included) and at the opposite end towards the head (2), 30 mm, whereas in its middle part it is only 20.5 mm for a total thread length of 95 mm.
Said pin (1) may be made of any conventional material such as for example stainless steel, metal alloy, ceramic. Advantageously, said pin is in titanium and preferably, the outer surface of said pin is coated with a fine layer of ceramic, and in particular aluminium oxide.
Said pin (1) is provided with a thread (5) of which the pitch has a bevelled trapezoidal cross-section with rounded angles, as illustrated in detail in FIGS. 3 and 5.
Said pin (1) is also provided on its generatrices with three longitudinal slots (6,7 and 8) respectively, angularly offset by 120°, the angles of incidence (9) and (10) of which are inclined particularly in both directions to allow screwing and unscrewing. In practice, such angles of incidence have sharp angles. Thus, said three slots (6,7,8) forming open notches, help the screwing action and if necessary the unscrewing by self-tapping, hence advantageously permitting a reduction of the quantity of ancillary material.
According to another embodiment of the invention (see FIGS. 3 and 5), the thread (5) of the pin (1) has a bevelled trapezoidal cross-section with rounded edges. In said thread (5), the upper face (11) of the trapeze with respect to the direction of the threading, namely the screwing direction, is less inclined than the lower face (12) of said trapeze. Angle α formed between the upper face (11) and the horizontal H is between 10° and 20°, and preferably around 15° in order to be part of the angle of incidence and to ensure a good hold of the pin (1) inside the femur. Angle β formed between said horizontal H and the lower face (12) is between 15° and 25°, and preferably around 20°, in order to provide an efficient angle of incidence. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the angles (13,13' between the bevels (11,12) are rounded.
Unexpectedly, the tulip-shaped characteristic profile with progressively variable radius illustrated in FIG. 6 can adapt nearly perfectly to the shape of the corticals of the upper end of the femur. Consequently, said profile enables an excellent adjustment of the pin and improves the distribution of the strains between the prosthesis and the bone.
Likewise, unexpectedly, the already known trapezoidal thread presents, when applied to the hip prosthesis, specific advantages, as, not only does it improve the extracting strength, it also improves the distribution of the stresses, and in doing so it reduces the stress peaks.
The head (2) proper of the pin (1) ends into a conical bearing surface (15) of which the top angle is around 6°. Said male conical bearing surface (15) fits over the corresponding female part of the base (16) of the prosthetic neck (17), and this inside a female cone (18) of corresponding shape.
Said prosthetic neck (17) produced from the same material as the pin (1), for example titanium, is then provided at its base (16) with a slightly conical female part (18), and at its head (19) with another upper conical bearing surface (20) designed to engage inside a corresponding conical female surface (25) of the spherical prosthetic head (21) proper. The angle of the engaging cone (19,20) is close in value to the angle of the engaging cone (15,18) is around 3° (Morse cone). Said engagement, which is already wellknown in the mechanical field, and has already been proposed in prostheses (see for example French Pat. No. 1 017 927 and European Pat. No. 0000549) is easy to produce. Moreover, it permits an ideal orientation of the anteversion of the femoral prosthetic neck (17).
Mounting of the prosthetic neck (17) on the pin (1) has been achieved by means of a setting screw (23).
The angle formed between the longitudinal axis of the prosthetic neck (17) and the longitudinal axis of the pin (1) is around 135°.
The spherical prosthetic head (21) then fits over the cotyloidal cupule which, in known manner, is designed to engage into the cotyloidal cavity of the treated lip.
Said cupule (see FIG. 1) is first composed of a conventional piece, now shown, in high density polyethylene, the hollow inner shape of which is designed to rest against the contacting part (22) of the head (21) and of which the external part embeds itself in the cupule proper (32) which latter thus forms a receptacle and has an ovoidal external shape. According to an advantageous embodiment, said contacting part (22) is constituted by a layer of titanium nitride deposited in gaseous phase, for example over a thickness of three to ten microns. The cupule (32), likewise in titanium, has an outer shape which substantially corresponds to that of the socket, this permitting an improvement of the transmission of the forces to the pelvis. Said cupule (32) is also provided with a trapezoidal threading (33) similar to thread (5) and also with a series of self-tapping longitudinal notches (34,35).
Advantageously, the trapezoidal threading (33) of the bevelled cupule (32) with rounded corners has the same characteristics as the thread (5) of the plate (1). Likewise, according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the thread of the plate (1) and that of the cupule (32) are composed of six ribs.
The prostheses according to the invention present many advantages over the commercial solutions used heretofore. Amongst these solutions, can be cited by way of example:
the reduction, if not complete disappearance of the stress peaks at the level of the thread, due quite unexpectedly, to the special design given to the thread pitch, namely bevelled trapezoidal profile with rounded angles; hence a considerable reduction of post-operative pains;
the slightly flared tulip-shape with progressively variable radius which is better adapted to the shape of the femur than the conical design, and as a result permits a better anatomical ajdustment;
the absence of flanges which reduces the importance of the bone resection of the upper end of the femur, thus reducing the risk of fracture of the trochanter;
finally due to the ready engagement by cone of low inclination which is a wellknown method in the mechanical field and for this type of application, an ideal orientation of the anteversion of the prosthetic neck for each case, which could never be obtained before now;
and the easy positioning with only a small amount of ancillary material due to the self-tapping nature of the plate. | Total hip prosthesis with primary fixation is provided with three essential parts:
a femoral pin, for insertion into the femur;
a cotyloidal cupule, for engagement into the acetabulum of the treated hip; and
a prosthetic neck, covered with a sphere which joins the pin to the cupule and is intended to make the articulation proper. The threaded femoral pin has a special tulip-shaped anatomical profile, with a progressively variable radius. | 2,313 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a food processor for preparing foodstuffs.
2. Prior Art
Such appliances are known, and they enable various attachments such as chopping blades, grating and shredding disks, liquidizers, etc. to be mounted inside a bowl, the attachments being rotated inside the bowl by an electric motor disposed in a base and having its shaft projecting into the bowl.
In certain household food processors, such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,365 (Verdun), the motor is housed in a base, with the bowl being mounted on the base and therefore above the motor. The bottom of the bowl surrounds a base plate provided with lugs which are inserted into grooves when the bowl is mounted on the base, so that the bowl is held stationary in a determined position on the base.
It is essential for consumer appliances to be provided with safety means designed to prevent injuries to users. In the above-mentioned patent, such safety means are obtained by a safety rod which enables the appliance to operate, i.e. which enables the motor to be started, only when the bowl is properly attached to the base, and when the lid closing the bowl is in the closed position. In this way, it is impossible for there to be any contact between the hands of the user and an attachment that is rotating. In that known device, the push-rod, which is vertically movable under the action of a spring and of a cam provided on the lid, extends along a channel formed along a generator line of the cylindrical bowl, the spring being mounted in the bottom portion of said channel.
The bowl stands on its bottom on a base plate projecting from the top surface of the base. The bowl has a skirt which surrounds the base plate. Said skirt is provided with grooves (in practice, there are three such grooves) in which lugs are inserted, thereby constituting a bayonet locking system.
That locking system performs the following functions:
it centers the bowl relative to the base;
it locks the bowl in position vertically; and
it prevents the bowl from rotating.
Naturally, however, only a bowl that has dimensions corresponding to those of the base can be mounted thereon. Depending on the type of preparation, it is convenient to be able to use bowls having various capacities. Moreover, that locking system requires the presence of a base plate, and this may be a drawback.
It has already been proposed in Document FR-A-2 498 438 to use the sleeve surrounding the drive shaft to fasten the bowl, said sleeve being provided with notches which receive lugs that are formed in the central chimney of the bowl. Unfortunately, any forces that are exerted at the periphery of the bowl are multiplied in the central portion thereof by leverage, and this means that the fastening system is unsecure.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to mitigate that drawback, and to enable bowls of different sizes to be mounted on the same base.
The present invention provides a food processor including a base on which a bowl is mounted, the bowl being closed by a lid and having a central chimney, it being possible to drive various attachments inside the bowl via a drive shaft that projects through the bottom of the bowl inside the central chimney, means for providing safe operation being constituted by the presence of a push-rod which comes into contact with a switch when the lid is locked on the bowl; wherein the bowl is centered on the base by means of mutual cylindrical engagement between the central chimney and a sleeve surrounding the drive shaft, the chimney in the bowl being held in position vertically by means of studs inside the chimney bearing against lugs projecting from the sleeve of the drive shaft, an eccentric abutment preventing the bowl from rotating, the studs and the lugs being horizontal.
Whereas, in the prior art, the bowl is locked at its periphery by bayonet fastening means which also performed the functions of centering and of preventing rotation and vertical translation, in the present Application, the three functions are differentiated:
centering is performed by mutual cylindrical engagement between the chimney in the bowl and the sleeve surrounding the drive means;
the bowl is prevented from being pulled off vertically by the stud-lug assembly; the bowl can thus rotate about the sleeve of the drive shaft; and
the bowl is prevented from being rotated by an eccentric abutment; the eccentric abutment enables the bowl to be locked angularly in a determined position that corresponds to the position of the push-rod when it is in alignment with a hole provided in the base so as to enable said push-rod to act on a safety switch.
The eccentric abutment may be disposed on the central sleeve, or on the base plate, when the base has a base plate, or else it may consist of a radial stop projecting from the surface of the base. Naturally, the abutment corresponds to an abutment surface provided either on the bowl or on the handle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following description of particular embodiments, given merely by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings showing parts of a food processor provided with a base plate, in which drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the base of a food processor of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view of the bowl and of the handle;
FIG. 3 is a view of the top portion of the lid;
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing how bowls of different capacities may be mounted on the base.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a base 1 having the overall shape of a rectangular block. The base includes a motor (not shown) held by screws 2 and having a drive shaft 3 projecting above the top surface of the base plate 4 on the base. When the bowl is mounted on the base, the shaft 3 projects into said bowl. The shaft 3 is surrounded by a sleeve 5 which, after it has been inserted into the bowl, is surrounded by a chimney designed to provide sealing. FIG. 1 also shows a tapering projection 8 projecting from the top surface of the base or shell 1. A piston 9 is mounted inside the projection, with only the top surface of the piston being visible in FIG. 1. The resulting assembly 8, 9 constitutes the control for the safety switch.
FIG. 2 is a half-section view showing the bowl 10 and the handle that is integrated therewith, the section being taken on a plane passing through the handle. The handle 12 encloses all of the elements with a safety function, namely essentially the push-rod 13, the spring and the guide means therefor. In the example shown, the bottom of the bowl 10 ends in a skirt 11 which surrounds the base plate 4. The handle 12 also receives a covering (not shown). Insofar as the piston 9 is distant from the center of the base, and is almost on one edge thereof, the push-rod 13 is housed in the handle 12 rather than in a channel provided in the bowl, said handle being molded with the bowl 10. Naturally, the handle 12 has a hollow portion 14 so that fingers can pass therethrough. Inside the central chimney 15 studs 16 can be seen which, once the bowl is installed, are situated at a lower level than the lugs 6. The lugs 6 are designed to hold the bowl 10 in a determined vertical position on the base, and to resist any forces tending to raise the bowl. In practice, once the bowl has been slid over the sleeve 5, the bowl needs to be rotated through only a very small angle to cause the studs 16 to become engaged under the lugs 6, thereby preventing the bowl from being moved in vertical translation. However, it can be rotated about the sleeve 5.
As indicated above, the bowl abutment 17 comes into contact with the abutment surface 7 so as to prevent the bowl from rotating by stopping it in a position in which the channel 18 containing push-rod 13 is aligned with the piston 9 so that the push-rod 13 can push the piston down.
The movement of the push-rod 13 is itself controlled by a cam which is shown in perspective in FIG. 3. The opening for receiving the cam is, as is known per se, provided with wards like a keyhole 19 so as to prevent any non-corresponding objects from being inserted therein and pressed against the push-rod 13.
As shown in FIG. 3, the cam provided on the lid 20 is formed of two discontinuous elements 21 and 22 which press successively on the top of the push-rod 13 while the lid 20 is being rotated closed on the bowl 10. An abutment surface 23 comes into abutment against the handle so as to limit the rotation of the lid 20.
FIG. 2 shows that the top portion of the bowl 10 is provided with a recess 24 in which the rim 25 of the lid 20 is received, the skirt 26 of the lid being inserted into the bowl 10. In this way, not only is good sealing obtained, but also a compact shape is obtained with no ridges projecting from the lid.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing how bowls of different diameters can be mounted on the same base. Naturally, the central installation system remains the same, and the bowl is held in position vertically regardless of its diameter and of its height. The diagram shows the outline in the plane of the abutment 7 of a small-capacity bowl 10, and, in dashed lines, the outline of a larger-capacity and therefore larger diameter bowl 100. All the bowls that can be installed must have respective abutment surfaces that come into abutment against the abutment 7, and respective push rods 13 that come into alignment with the piston 9, the corresponding distances constituting unchanging design dimensions.
In the case of the "small" bowl 10, the diameter of the bowl proper is less than that of the base plate 4. To obtain the desired design dimensions, it is then necessary merely to provide an arm 27 carrying the abutment surface, or to increase both the diameter of the skirt 11 and also the size of the handle. Bowl 100 comes accurately into place relative to the abutment surfaces and to the piston 9.
Naturally, without going beyond the ambit of the invention, numerous variants may be made, in particular by replacing the above-described technical means with equivalent means. | A food processor has a base and a bowl. The base is arranged to couple with the bowl such that the bowl is held from moving in vertical translation by lugs fixed on the base co-operating with corresponding parts of the bowl. The bowl and base are formed with a cooperating abutment and abutment surface, respectively, which are alignable to abut and prevent the bowl from rotating relative the base. | 1,891 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a skin resurfacing device. More particularly, this invention relates to a skin resurfacing device that peels the outermost layers of skin to provide a refreshed skin surface.
[0002] Dermabrasion is the process of removing skin blemishes or imperfections. By removing the outermost layer of skin, pigment lesions, skin discoloration, aging spots, lines, and other skin blemishes or imperfections can be treated and often repaired.
[0003] One technique in dermabrasion is to abrade the skin surface using compressed air, and a powdered, abrasive substance, typically microcrystals of quartz, metal, or aluminum oxide, then removing the abrasive substance and loosened skin tissue using a vacuum. The vacuum, through a treatment tool, collects skin debris after the crystals abrade the epidermis.
[0004] Another technique in dermabrasion is permanently attaching an abrasive material to the treatment tip, instead of a powdered substance. Often the permanently attached abrasive materials are diamonds, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, or metal nitrade. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,241,739 and 6,500,183). A disadvantage of this technique is when skin debris is held and remains between abrasive particles, it is very difficult to remove the debris completely. Remaining debris may cause serious medical problems such as bacteria infection. Remaining debris also degrade abrasion performance. Disadvantages of the prior art include the need for these techniques to be typically administered in medical facilities and requiring commercial means for sterilization and cleaning of the abrasive tip. Thus, these techniques of dermabrasion are often very expensive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention contrives to solve the disadvantage of the prior art.
[0006] An objective of the invention is to provide a skin resurfacing device designed for both domestic and professional use that is inexpensive and simple to use. Another objective of the invention is to provide a disposable and replaceable skin resurfacing device so there is either no need or minimum need to sanitize or clean the abrasive tip that contacts and peels the skin. Yet another objective of the invention is to provide a double filtering system that is visible to the user to insure proper functioning of the skin resurfacing device.
[0007] To achieve the above objectives, a device for skin resurfacing comprises a skin treater, and a vacuum source connected to the skin treater. The skin treater comprises a hollow tube having a first end, a second end, an abrasive tip detachably fixed on the first end, a first filter that is provided inside the tube between the first end and the second end where the vacuum source is connected to the second end. The hollow tube of the skin treater has a transparent portion so that the filter is visible outside. The abrasive tip has abrasive particles. In another embodiment of the skin treater, the parts are not detachable, but the entire skin treater is disposable.
[0008] The abrasive particles of the abrasive tip consist of aluminum oxide crystals, silicon carbide crystals, or silicon oxide crystals having a predetermined range of size from about sixty (60) μ to about one hundred fifty (150) μ. The abrasive tip is made by pressure molding and heat treating the abrasive particles. The abrasive tip has a flat annular portion that contacts the skin of a user, and wherein a suction hole is provided in the annular portion through which air is sucked. The abrasive tip is coated with liquid ceramic material that is colored with different colors according to the different size of abrasive crystals. In another embodiment of the abrasive tip, the abrasive tip has a roller that protrudes from the flat annular portion so the roller contacts and rolls on the skin of the user.
[0009] The skin resurfacing device has a skin sensor that measures the oiliness of the skin of a user. The intensity of the vacuum provided by the vacuum source is automatically controlled according to the measured oiliness by the skin sensor or manually controlled by the user. The skin resurfacing device has a timer that controls the operation time of the device.
[0010] There is also a second filter between the skin treater and the vacuum source that includes a container that with an open end, a lid that plugs the open end, an inlet pipe passing through the lid, an outlet pipe passing through the lid, and a filter element that is fixed to the outlet pipe. The container is detachable from the lid.
[0011] The advantages of the present invention are: (1) a skin resurfacing device of the present invention is suitable for mass production at low cost; (2) a skin resurfacing device that is inexpensive in relation to other skin resurfacing devices; (3) the skin resurfacing device that is made for both personal and professional use; (4) the skin resurfacing device that has a double filtering system filters the skin debris with greater efficiency; (5) a skin treater of the skin resurfacing device that has detachable parts for ease of disposal, replacement, and cleanliness; and (6) a skin treater that provides a replaceable and disposable abrasive tip.
[0012] Although the present invention is briefly summarized, the fuller understanding of the invention can be obtained by the following drawings, detailed description and appended claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0013] These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0014] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a skin resurfacing device according to the present invention;
[0015] FIG. 2 is an elevation view of a skin treater;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 ;
[0017] FIG. 4 is a rear view of the skin resurfacing device;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a second filter;
[0019] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the skin resurfacing process;
[0020] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a skin treater and abrasive tip; and
[0021] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the an abrasive tip with a roller.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] FIG. 1 shows a skin resurfacing device 10 which has a housing 12 , a skin sensor 22 , and a skin treater 34 . The housing 12 comprises an ON/OFF switch 14 , a skin sensor starting button 16 to measure the level of skin oiliness, a skin peeling start button 18 to begin the skin peeling process, and a pressure controller button 20 for controlling the intensity of the peeling pressure and vacuum pressure. The skin sensor 22 is connected to the housing 12 by an electrical wire 24 . Skin sensor electrodes 26 that measure the oiliness of the skin are provided on the skin sensor 22 on the opposite end of the electrical wire 24 . The skin sensor 22 can be placed in the skin sensor slot 28 when the skin sensor 22 is not in use. The skin resurfacing device 10 adjusts the pressure applied in the peeling process based on the oiliness of skin measured by the skin sensor 22 . The intensity of the peeling pressure and vacuum pressure is also controllable with the pressure controller button 20 and the amount of intensity is indicated by the pressure indicator 30 . The LED timer 32 times each individual skin resurfacing session. When the device 10 is turned on, the timer is reset for a time that is usually from 15 to 20 minutes.
[0023] A skin treater 34 has a hollow tube 35 having a first end 38 , a second end 42 , an abrasive tip 36 detachably fixed on the first end 38 , and a first filter 64 provided between the first end 38 and the second end 42 . The skin treater 34 is connected to a vacuum source inside the housing 12 by a tubular hose 44 at the second end 42 . The strength of vacuum is displayed by the LED pressure indicator 30 . The user can manually adjust the vacuum strength that has been automatically set by the device 10 . The contact strength of the skin treater 34 on the skin of the user follows the vacuum strength. When the vacuum is strong, the abrasive tip 36 adhere to the skin more tight. After the timer is off, the device continues to suck air for about 10 seconds so that debris within the skin treater 34 is removed.
[0024] FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the skin treater 34 . The hollow tube 35 includes an abrasive tip 36 , a first tube 39 , a transparent portion 40 , and a second tube 43 . The first filter 34 is located inside the transparent portion 40 . The abrasive tip 36 , first tube 39 , transparent portion 40 , first filter 64 , and second tube 43 are all detachable for ease of cleaning and replacement. The transparent portion 40 of the skin treater 34 allows the first filter 40 to be visible to the user. Thus, the user is able to see and confirm that the skin resurfacing device 10 is functioning properly. The transparent portion 40 that allows visibility of the first filter 40 also serves to inform the user when the skin treater 34 and all the comprising parts need replacement, either individually or as a whole.
[0025] As shown in FIG. 3 the abrasive tip 36 has a flat annular portion 60 that contacts the skin of the user. The abrasive tip 36 also has a suction hole 62 in the annular portion 60 where air is suctioned in causing skin particles peeled by the abrasive tip 36 to be suctioned in as well. Once the abrasive tip 36 , which is made of aluminum oxide or silica oxide crystals between the predetermined range of sixty (60) μ to about one hundred fifty (150) μ, peels the outer layer of the skin, it is suctioned through the suction hole 62 as the skin treater 34 is moved along the skin in a direction consistent with the muscles of the skin. The variance in range of the crystals on the abrasive tip produce different levels of abrasion, with the larger particles peeling skin more rapidly. The abrasive tips are color-coordinated according to the predetermined range and are easily detachable and replaceable. The abrasive tip is made by pressure molding a mixture of aluminum oxide powder, silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and Fe 2 O 3 , etc. and heat treating the molded mixture at about 2000 degree Celsius to solidify the mixture. The solidified mixture has a little porosity. However, it is desirable to remove any porosity in order not to degrade suction performance of the skin treater. Liquid ceramic material is coated on the surface of the abrasive tip to seal pores. The liquid ceramic material is colored with a different color for a different size of abrasive crystals. Thus the color of the coating indicates abrasive particle size. Skin resurfacing operation is enhanced by choosing different abrasive size for different skin conditions.
[0026] Sanitary concerns, such as skin debris lodged in and between the crystals are reduced or eliminated because the abrasive tip 36 is very easily changed. Particles and skin debris picked up by the vacuum through the suction hole 62 pass along the first tube 39 to the transparent portion 40 that contains the first filter 64 . The first filter 40 filters the debris so mostly air is passed to the second tube 43 .
[0027] FIG. 4 shows the back of the housing 12 where the electrical wire 24 and the tubular hose 44 are connected. A rear recess 66 is provided in the back of the housing 12 to hold the second filter 46 . The second filter 46 is provided between the skin treater 34 and the vacuum source.
[0028] FIG. 5 shows the second filter 46 comprising a lid 48 that is fixed to the housing 12 . The lid 48 contains two openings, a first opening 50 and a second opening 52 . An inlet hose 72 runs through the first opening 50 . An outlet tube 54 from the vacuum source runs through the second opening 52 . The outlet tube 54 contains a filter element 56 that acts as a second line of filtering after the first filter 64 . A container 58 with an open end 59 is provided. The open end 59 is plugged by the lid 48 . The container 58 is detachably attached to the lid 48 and encloses the inlet hose 72 and the outlet tube 54 . Any remaining debris and mostly air pass from the second tube 43 are routed into the first opening 50 of the lid 48 through the inlet tube 72 and then falls to the bottom of the container 58 due to gravity. The vacuum source provides a vacuuming effect that collects skin debris by suctioning skin peeled by the abrasive tip 36 . The vacuum source 68 also increases the closeness of contact between the abrasive tip 36 and the user's skin due to the flow of air through the skin treater 34 . The outlet pipe 54 powered by the vacuum source picks up the smaller debris. Any debris that is picked up by the outlet pipe 54 is filtered by the filter element 56 so only air flows past the filter element 56 .
[0029] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the skin resurfacing process. To operate the skin resurfacing device 10 , the ON/OFF switch 14 activates the power supply 70 . The skin sensor 22 , with skin sensor electrodes 26 at the end, measures the oiliness of the user's skin. The controller 74 adjusts vacuum pressure of the skin peeling process. The pressure is automatically set at a constant level by the controller based on the measurement of oiliness displayed on the pressure indicator 20 . The user is also able to adjust the pressure with the pressure controller button 20 according to the desired pressure at either constant or variable levels. The skin treated 34 is connected to the vacuum source 68 that is also adjusted by the controller 74 . The skin treater 34 is disposable.
[0030] FIG. 7 shows a skin treater 34 having an abrasive tip 36 having a different shape. Also the skin treater 34 has a transparent hollow tube 35 .
[0031] FIG. 8 shows an abrasive tip that is similar to the abrasive tip 36 but further includes a roller 76 that protrudes from the flat annular portion so that the roller 76 contacts and rolls on the skin of a user. The roller 76 is rotationally attached to the wall of the abrasive tip 36 with a rotation axis 78 . The roller 76 has a role of pressing the portion of the skin that is resurfaced by the skin resurfacing device 10 .
[0032] While the invention has been shown and described with reference to different embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations in form, detail, compositions and operation may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims. | A skin resurfacing device for peeling the outermost layer of the skin for renewing the skin surface and repairing skin damage including a housing, a skin sensor, and a skin treater. The skin treater consists of an abrasive tip, a first end, a transparent portion, a first filter, and a second end, all of which are detachable and replaceable. The skin treater is connected to a vacuum source by a tubular hose. The vacuum provides both closeness of contact between the abrasive tip and the user's skin and the suctioning of skin debris peeled off. The skin treater, especially the abrasive tip are made with common material and mass production process so that they are disposable and economic. | 2,675 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a hygienic napkin for feminine use, and more particularly to an envelope for convenient insertion of absorbent material for convenient utilization.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various types of sanitary napkins and other devices for feminine hygiene have been devised in the past. These sanitary napkins have required the employment of sizable amounts of absorbent material. As a result, because of the cost of the absorbent material and the mass and bulk thereof, packaging of such devices is expensive and the handling and shipment is also expensive. Furthermore, because of the bulk of such devices, drug stores and other retail establishments have had to assign a large area for storage and merchandising for such devices, which is less profitable than higher cost items of small size.
In many locations, women have access to various types of absorbent material such as cotton waste, rags, sawdust, and other cellulosic materials. However, these absorbent materials are generally diffcult to secure in place, and may be loose and in particles of small size. Further, there is little protection provided by the absorbent materials against fluids penetrating the entire mass and thus staining the clothes or limbs of the user.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore the primary object of the present invention to provide a hygienic envelope for receiving therein a desired amount of absorbent materials, and for conveniently mounting the envelope on the garments or body of the user while providing for safeguard against leakage.
The concept of this invention features the use of an envelope formed preferably of a non-woven hydrophobic material but capable in this invention of being made of a woven fabric. The non-woven material or woven fabric can be cotton or polyester fabric as well as any other fibers of animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, either processed for the first time or regenerated. A liner of a thin film of fluid-impervious material made of any suitble plastic material, as for example, polyethylene, polyvinyl, polypropylene, Mylar or non-woven or woven material in any color, or transparent, is provided for preventing the migration of organic or inorganic fluids through the exterior of the envelope so that the liquids that are absorbed in the hygienic envelope do not wet the user's clothing or when used in a hospital, do not stain surgical garments or the bed. Suitable adhesive strips are provided in order to fasten the hygienic envelope to the under-garments or body of the user. The adhesive employed can be of a rubber base, or any combination of natural organic adhesive may be employed and may be of a pressure-sensitive type, as desired.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a do-it-yourself type of sanitary napkin wherein an envelope is sold to the eventual user who can fill the envelope with readily available absorbent material such as rags, cotton waste, paper, sawdust, or other like material.
Still further objects of the invention reside in the provision of an hygienic napkin which can be packaged for sale in a parcel of relatively small size for many envelopes, which is efficient and comfortable to use, and inexpensive to manufacture, thereby permitting wide use and distribution.
These, together with the various ancillary objects and features of the invention which will become apparent as the description proceeds, are attained by this hygienic napkin, a preferred embodiment being shown in the accompanying drawing, by way of example only, wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the envelope used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the hygienic napkin;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the plane of line 3--3 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged detail sectional view taken along the plane of line 4--4 in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the plane of line 5--5 in FIG. 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With continuing reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein like reference numerals designate similar parts through the various views, reference numeral 10 generally designates the hygienic napkin constructed in accordance with the concepts of the present invention. This hygienic napkin contains three main parts, an envelope 12, a water-proof sheet 14, and a filling of absorbent material 16.
The envelope 12 is made preferably of a non-woven hydrophobic material. This type of material is such that it permits flow of liquid readily therethrough and through which the moisture does not spread, thereby permitting quick passage of menstrual fluids and the like which is then absorbed by the absorbent material 16, and also provides for a more sanitary condition. Alternatively, the envelope 12 can be a woven fabric as well as being of non-woven material, even though the non-woven hydrophobic material is preferred. The woven material can be fibers of animal, vegetable, or synthetic fibers as desired. The envelope 12 includes a back 20, a front 18, and a flap 22. The back 20 is folded at 24 into overlying position above the sheet 14. The edge 26 of the back 20 is secured to the edge 28 of the sheet as by bonding, heat sealing or welding, or by stitching. Further, the peripheral edges 30 and 32 of the back 20 are secured to the peripheral edges 34 and 36 of the front 18 as by stitching, bonding, heat-sealing or welding. The peripheral edges 30 and 32, and 34 and 36 are tapered to better conform to the contours desired for the particular use, which may also be rounded off as desired. The flap likewise has converging tapered edges 38 and 40.
It is noted that the filling 16, which may be of rags, cotton wastes, paper, sawdust, or any other available cellulosic or non-cellulosic absorbent material, is inserted in the pouch formed between the front 18 and the sheet 14 in the direction of the arrow 42. The sheet 14 is preferably a thin film of polyethylene, but may be made of polyvinyl, polypropylene, Mylar, or non-woven or woven material that is waterproof and may be transparent or of any color. After the absorbent material 16, which may be of a comminuted or small particle size, has been inserted in the pouch in the space between the sheet 14 and the front 18, the flap 22 may be folded in the direction of the arrow 44 to overlie the back.
Coated on the back are adhesive strips as at 49 which are used to hold the flap 22 in a closed position, closing the pouch and retaining the absorbent material 16 in position. The peelable tabs 48 are used to protect the adhesive strips until the sanitary napkin is ready to be inserted within the undergarments of the user. The tabs 48 are removed so that at least a portion of the adhesive strips 49 may be used to fasten the napkin 10 directly to the undergarment of the user. The adhesive strips may be of any rubber base and preferably of pressure-sensitive adhesive or may be formed of any combination of adhesive found to be of non-allergic quality.
As shown in FIG. 4, in the construction of the invention at the peripheral edges, as for example, of the back 20, the peripheral edge 32 is bent over to form a hem 50. Likewise, the front 18 has its peripheral edge at 36 bent over to form a hem 54. Stitching as at 56 or other means of securing the parts together is used to provide for very effective reinforcement and a strong edge, thereby preventing leaking. In use, with the hygienic napkin mounted in position, fluids will pass through the hydrophobic front 18 and will be absorbed by the absorbent material 16. Seepage onto the garments will thereby be prevented.
A latitude of modification, substitution and change is intended in the foregoing disclosure, and in some instances, some features of the invention may be employed without a corresponding use of other features. | An hygienic napkin comprising an envelope of liquid penetrable material which is folded and secured in such a manner as to form a pouch for receiving absorbent material therein. The envelope is provided with a flap for closing the pouch and a fluid-impervious sheet is provided for preventing passage of liquids all the way through the envelope. | 1,401 |
This application claim the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/203,034, filed May. 9, 2000.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to brassieres. More particularly, the present invention relates to a brassiere having underwire support, yet permits natural shaping and flexibility.
2. Description of the Prior Art
To be comfortable, a brassiere must combine both support for the wearer's breasts and freedom of movement for the wearer's body.
In order to give freedom of movement to the wearer, some brassieres include a high percentage of stretchable materials, such as elastic. However, brassieres formed primarily of stretchable fabric may not provide sufficient breast support.
To achieve a suitable level of support for the breast, brassieres use support underwires and/or nonstretchable fabric in certain areas. However, support underwires, especially when secured in place by nonstretchable material, can become an impediment to an active wearer. Moreover, support underwires, especially during movement by an active wearer, may poke through the fabric of the brassiere.
There are brassieres that attempt to combine support and freedom of movement. For example, some brassieres place the underwires in an inner panel next to the skin, so that the underwires are spaced apart from the material forming the breast cups. However, this configuration increases the complexity of the brassiere, and may do little to overcome the dual problem of achieving flexibility and support.
Giving the foregoing, there is a need for a brassiere that provides freedom of movement without discomfort, as well as support for the breasts, during all activities of the wearer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a brassiere that provides freedom of movement without affecting adversely the brassiere's ability to support the wearer's breast.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide such a brassiere that has a partially floating underwire.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a brassiere that has stretchable panels.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a brassiere that has a stretchable underwire sheath.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a brassiere that has underwires with an anatomically desired shape thereby enhancing support, natural shaping and comfort on the body.
These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by a brassiere that includes a body having a pair of breast cups, a pair of panels each adjacent to a separate breast cup and connected to a back of the brassiere, and a pair of stretchable sheaths secured along a lower portion of the breast cup and floating along the side panel of the brassiere. Each side panel is made of a stretchable material. The brassiere further includes a pair of underwires, each positionable in one of said pair of sheaths. In a preferred embodiment, the panels stretch only in the sideways or horizontal direction. Since the sheath is not attached to the body of the brassiere along the side panel, it floats thereby providing greater flexibility. In a first embodiment, the panel one panel that extends to the back of the brassiere. In a second embodiment, the panel is a side panel that is connected to one or more other panels, one of which extends to the back of the brassiere. Preferably, in any embodiment, the underwire is anatomically shaped so that the curve of the underwire is greater on the inner portion compared to the outer portion thus providing enhanced support at all times.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a brassiere according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a portion of the exterior of the brassiere of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a portion of the interior of the brassiere of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4 — 4 of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5 — 5 of FIG. 3 .
FIG. 6 is an alternative embodiment of a portion of the interior of the brassiere of FIG. 1 ;
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings and, in particular, FIG. 1, there is provided a brassiere according to the present invention, generally represented by reference numeral 10 . Brassiere 10 has a body with a pair of breast cups 12 , a pair of side panels 30 connected to the pair of breast cups, and a pair of back straps or panels 50 connected to the pair of side panels, and a pair of support panels 60 connected to the pair of breast cups 12 and a body encircling band 65 .
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, each breast cup 12 has an inner edge 14 , an outer or back edge 16 , an upper edge 18 and a bottom edge 20 . Each outer edge 16 is connected to one side panel 30 . In addition, the bottom edge 20 of each breast cup 12 is connected to a support panel 60 .
Each side panel 30 at an outer or back edge 36 thereof is preferably connected to one back panel 50 . The back panels 50 encircle the remainder of the torso of the wearer and are joined together by conventional fasteners 54 , such as, for example, hook-and-eye closures.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, brassiere 10 may encircle the torso of the wearer and breast cups 12 may be joined together by a front closure utilizing conventional fasteners.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, brassiere 10 preferably has a pair of adjustable shoulder straps 70 that connect to upper edges 18 of breast cups 12 and back panels 50 .
As used herein the terms “sideways,” “vertical,” and “horizontal” are defined in reference to the orientation of brassiere 10 as it would be positioned on a wearer's body and, thus, shown in FIG. 1 . Thus, back panels 50 extend substantially sideways or horizontally, while shoulder straps 70 extend substantially vertically.
Again referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, side panel 30 is a panel, preferably having a triangular shape, disposed between breast cup 12 and back panel 50 . Side panel 30 is made of a stretchable or elastic type material. Side panel 30 may be made of any suitably stretchable material that is adapted to stretch primarily, and preferably only, in the sideways or horizontal direction. Thus, each side panel 30 provides one-way stretch. Accordingly, side panel 30 is substantially inflexible in the vertical direction. Preferably, side panel 30 is made of a stretch woven or elastomeric fabric.
FIG. 3 illustrates the inside of brassiere 10 . Underlying breast cup 12 and side panel 30 is sheath or wire channeling 80 . Sheath or wire channeling 80 is adapted to receive underwire 90 . Sheath or wire channeling 80 has a first portion 82 that is positioned along the lower portion of breast cup 12 and a second portion 84 that is positioned angularly in breast cup 12 and side panel 30 . Sheath or wire channeling 80 , namely first portion 82 and second portion 84 is adapted to accommodate underwire 90 . First portion 82 is connected to breast cup 12 . Preferably, first portion 82 is connected just up to outer edge 16 . Alternatively, but less preferably, first portion 82 may be connected to an inner lining (not shown) that is separated from breast cup 12 or partially integrated with the breast cup.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, shown in FIG. 6, side panel 30 and back panel 50 of FIG. 1, are made as one integral panel 30 ′. Panel 30 ′ is made from one piece of stretchable or elastic type material. The function of panel 30 ′ remains the same as side panel 30 of FIG. 1 in that it provides one-way, horizontal stretch at the area of each breast cup 12 .
Referring to FIG. 4, second portion 84 of sheath or wire channeling 80 is not attached to side panel 30 (or panel 30 ′ of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 ). Instead, the distal end of second portion 84 is connected to underarm edge 95 . Thus, second portion 84 “floats” along side panel 30 between underarm edge 95 to the side of outer edge 16 in breast cup 12 , while first portion 82 is secured to support panel 60 or breast cup 12 .
Sheath or wire channeling 80 is made of a stretchable material. Accordingly, sheath or wire channeling 80 stretches as shown by arrows A seen in FIGS. 3 and 6. As shown in FIG. 5, sheath or wire channeling 80 is preferably made of two plies. Such a two ply structure has been found to avoid underwire poke through and to provide more comfort to the wearer. The inner ply is a biased cut cushioning fabric layer 86 . The outer ply is a covering fabric layer 88 .
Cushioning fabric layer 86 may be made of cotton batting, polyester non-woven, or other suitable padding material. Preferably, cushioning fabric layer 86 is a one hundred percent polyester non-woven material. A preferred one hundred percent polyester non-woven material is manufactured by Tietex Corporation U.S.A. and sold under the tradename T316. Covering fabric layer 88 is wrapped over cushioning fabric layer 86 . Covering fabric layer 88 is preferably made of stretchable material, such as elastomeric, or stretch woven, material that is the same as side panel 30 .
In one embodiment, side panel 30 or panel 30 ′ is made of a three bar knit. The elastomeric, or stretch woven, fabric may be made of varying combinations of cotton or polyester or nylon and spandex. This elastomeric material may contain from 5% to 35% spandex, and the remainder is nylon or cotton or polyester or any combinations thereof.
Preferably, covering fabric layer 88 is a three bar knit, with a ratio of about 77% nylon to about 23% spandex.
The combined stretchability of side panel 30 (or panel 30 ′) and floating second portion 84 creates greater freedom of movement for the wearer.
Underwire 90 is made of any material that provides support. For example, underwire 90 can be made of rigid plastic or metal. In addition, the gauge of underwire 90 preferably does not vary from one end to the other.
Preferably, underwire 90 is asymmetrically shaped as shown clearly in FIGS. 2 and 3. Underwire 90 has a first or inner portion 92 that is positioned in first portion 82 of sheath, or wire channeling, 80 and follows a first angle a. Underwire 90 also has a second or outer portion 94 that is positioned in second portion 84 of sheath or wire channeling 80 and follows a second angle θ. Preferably, first angle a is greater than second angle θ. Thus, first portion 92 has a greater curve compared to second portion 94 . When shaped accordingly, underwire 90 mirrors the shape of a woman's breast. Therefore, underwire 90 provides better support and enhanced comfort to the wearer.
It is preferable that first angle α equals about 55° to about 70° and, more preferably, about 63°. In comparison, it is preferable that second angle θ equals about 50° to about 65° and, more preferably, about 57°. The difference between first angle a and second angle θ is preferably about 1 to about 10 degrees and, more preferably, about 5 degrees.
The present invention having been described with particular reference to the preferred forms thereof, it will be obvious that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. | There is provided a brassiere that includes a body having a pair of breast cups, a pair of stretchable panels each adjacent a separate breast cup and connected to a back of the brassiere, and a pair of stretchable sheaths secured along a lower portion of the breast cup and floating along the panel of the brassiere. Each panel is made of a stretchable material. The brassiere further includes a pair of underwires each positionable in one sheath. Preferably, the underwire is anatomically shaped so that the curve of the underwire is greater on the inner portion compared to the outer portion. | 2,060 |
This is a 371 of PCT/EP93/03228 filed Nov. 18, 1993.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to topical rectal therapeutic compositions containing, the as active ingredient, flunisolide and/or ester derivatives of same in combination with suitable excipients and/or diluents, for the treatment of inflammatory intestinal disorders.
STATE OF THE ART
Among all inflammatory intestinal diseases, ulcerative colitis is certainly the best known. It essentially affects the large intestine, in particular and most severely the rectum, but sometimes, either marginally or entirely, the colon too.
Other types of inflammatory intestinal diseases may affect the rectum and result in a mild ulcerative colitis or in a slightly different, but pathologically similar syndrome, such as proctitis and sigmoiditis.
Another inflammatory intestinal disease is the so-called Crohn's disease, which affects the large intestine only marginally.
A known treatment of the above pathologies consists in the systemic and topical administration of corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, betamethasone, and prednisolone.
However, the systemic administration of the aforesaid drugs produces serious side effects, mainly related to the interference with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis.
Also the topical administration of said corticosteroids causes interference with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis, since said drugs are inevitably absorbed by the systemic route. The side effects more frequently arising from the topical treatment of ulcerative colitis with the aforesaid traditional corticosteroids are: transient or prolonged depression of adrenal gland functionality, weight increase, acne, and facies lunaris. It is to be noted that a characteristic of ulcerative colitis is an inflammed intestinal mucosa, which facilitates the systemic absorption of the drugs which are usually administered over an extended period of time. Therefore, the need of developing a corticosteroid exerting a high therapeutic activity in the treatment of inflammatory intestinal diseases and involving a reduced systemic absorption was deeply felt.
Takai et al. (J. Pharmacobiodyn. vol. 5, no. 3, 1982, pages 200-207, database Medline abstract) teach that flunisolide is highly active in topical use, while systemically it is relatively weak; these characteristics could be attributable to its rapid metabolic inactivation in the liver. Nevertheless it gives no indication of the absorption levels of fluticasone and its noxious effects, and there is no suggestion that it would be of use in treating inflammatory intestinal disorders.
Flunisolide is a corticosteroid having formula ##STR1## and is used for the treatment of asthma chiefly as nasal and bronchial topical preparations, of glaucoma as ophthalmic topical preparations, of allergic or inflammatory conditions of the skin as creams and ointments.
This molecule is characterized by not high absorption levels and by a metabolic process (hepatic first pass) which rapidly transforms same into the metabolite 6-β-hydroxyderivative, whose glucocorticoid activity is approx. 350 times lower than that of flunisolide.
In other words, the amount of flunisolide inevitably absorbed by the systemic way after topical application can never reach plasma levels interfering with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis.
THE PRESENT INVENTION
It has surprisingly been found that flunisolide and its esters administered by the topical rectal way are very active in the treatment of the aforesaid intestinal disorders and--unlike the steroids known so far--do not cause the adverse effects related to the interference with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis.
In fact, clinical trials carried out by the Applicant evidenced that an improvement of the basal symptomatology was obtained as early as after a 15-day topical rectal treatment at doses of 2 mg/die and that a 3-mg/die administration for 30 days did not cause any appreciable clinical modification to cortisol plasmatic concentrations, an indicator of the interference, if any, with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis.
Object of the present invention is, therefore, a topical rectal therapeutic composition containing, as active ingredient, flunisolide and/or one or more ester derivatives of same, in combination with suitable excipients and/or diluents, for the treatment of inflammatory intestinal disorders.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The flunisolide used for the compositions of this invention is either anhydrous or in the corresponding hemihydrated form.
The expression "flunisolide ester derivatives" is used herein to mean the derivatives in which one or both hydroxylic functions in positions 11 and 21 of the aforesaid active ingredient have been esterified with C 2 -C 20 alkyl-, aryl- or arylalkyl- mono and/or polycarboxylic acids, with alkyl- or aryl mono and/or polysulphonic acids, aryl acids containing one or more carboxylic functions and one or more sulphonic functions and, in case of carboxylic and/or sulphonic polyfunctional acids, the remaining acid functions are either partially or completely salified with pharmaceutically acceptable cations, preferably sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium.
Particularly preferred flunisolide esters are those formed with acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, meta-sulfobenzoic acid and relative sodium meta-sulfobenzoate.
The compositions of the present invention are preferably in the form of enemas, suppositories, and foams.
The suppositories of this invention contain from 0.5 to 10 mg each, preferably from 1 to 5 mg each of flunisolide and/or its ester derivatives.
In addition to the active ingredient, the suppositories of the present invention contain excipients preferably consisting of semisynthetic solid glycerides of vegetable saturated fatty acids.
The rectal enemas of this invention are generally liquid compositions, solutions, emulsions or aqueous suspensions having an active ingredient content from 0-5 to 10 mg each, more preferably from 1 to 5 mg each, and generally containing preservatives, preferably selected among Parabens, chelating agents, such as for example ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or the relative sodium salt. Should said enemas be emulsions or suspensions, they would also contain thickeners, such as carboxymethylcellulose, and should they be solutions they would contain thickeners-solubilizers, such as propylene glycol.
Said enemas may also contain compounds acting as pH regulators, preferably mineral or organic acids and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
The rectal foams have an active ingredient content preferably from 0.5 to 10 mg/dose more preferably from 1 to 5 mg unitary dose.
Preferably, the rectal foams of this invention also contain:
traditional solubilizers, such as purified water and propylene glycol (the latter also acts as a thickener and is used for enemas) and solubilizers also protecting the skin, essentially consisting of partial glycerides of polyoxyethylenic saturated fatty acids;
emulsifiers, such as polysorbate 20 and mixtures of cetostearylic alcohol with sorbitan esterified with polyoxyethylenic fatty acids;
chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, also in the form of sodium salt;
preservatives, such as Parabens--also used for enemas;
acidifying buffers, such as phosphoric acid and monobasic sodium or potassium phosphate;
propellants, such as hydrocarbons, e.g. isobutane, or fluorocarbons, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane, or hydrochlorofluorocarbons or hydrofluorocarbons.
As concerns the pharmaceutical formulation, rectal foams--compared with enemas--have a lower water content and contain propellants, which are indispensable for dispensing the dose of drug to be administered.
It is just the presence of propellants that allows the dose dispensed at each release of the pressure valve--in case of multidose bottles--or on pressure release valve--in case of single-dose bottles--to spread out and reach the inmost regions of the intestine, e.g. the colon left splenic flexure.
The propelling properties can vary depending on the type and quantity of propellant used and, consequently, the foam can reach more or less distant regions of the intestine.
The following examples of therapeutic compositions for topical rectal use that are the object of this invention are conveyed by way of indication, not of limitation.
A) Rectal foam
1) One 14-dose pressure bottle (2 mg anhydrous flunisolide/dose) and one single-dose (2 mg anhydrous flunisolide) pressure bottle contain:
______________________________________ Multidose Single-dose______________________________________Anhydrous flunisolide 28 mg 2 mgCetostearylic alcohol + 830 mg 59.3 mgsorbitan polyoxyethylenicestersPolysorbate 20 553 mg 39.5 mgPropylene glycol 11.38 g 956 mgGlycerides of polyoxyethylenic 6.85 489 mgsaturated fatty acidsPurified water 10.17 g 726 mgMethyl p-hydroxybenzoate 39.5 mg 2.8 mgPropyl p-hydroxybenzoate 7.9 mg 0.56 mgEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid 15.8 mg 1.13 mgdisodium saltMonobasic sodium phosphate 313 mg 22.4 mgPhosphoric acid q.s. to pH 5Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.53 g 616 mgDichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.79 g 922 mg______________________________________
2) One 14-dose pressure bottle (2 mg hemihydrated flunisolide/dose) and one single-dose (2 mg hemihydrated flunisolide) pressure bottle contain:
______________________________________ Multidose Single-dose______________________________________Hemihydrated flunisolide 28.58 mg 2.04 mgCetostearylic alcohol + 830 mg 59.3 mgsorbitan polyoxyethylenicestersPolysorbate 20 553 mg 39.5 mgPropylene glycol 13.38 g 956 mgGlycerides of polyoxyethylenic 6.85 g 489 mgsaturated fatty acidsPurified water 10.17 g 726 mgMethyl p-hydroxybenzoate 39.5 mg 2.8 mgPropyl p-hydroxybenzoate 7.9 mg 0.56 mgEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid 15.8 mg 1.13 mgdisodium saltMonobasic sodium phosphate 313 mg 22.4 mgPhosphoric acid q.s. to pH 5Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.53 g 616 mgDichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.79 g 922 mg______________________________________
3) One 14-dose pressure bottle (2 mg anhydrous flunisolide/dose) and one single-dose (2 mg anhydrous flunisolide) pressure bottle contain:
______________________________________ Multidose Single-dose______________________________________Anhydrous flunisolide 28 mg 2 mgCetostearylic alcohol + 830 mg 59.3 mgsorbitan polyoxyethylenicestersPolysorbate 20 553 mg 39.5 mgPropylene glycol 13.38 g 956 mgGlycerides of polyoxyethylenic 6.85 g 489 mgsaturated fatty acidsPurified water 10.17 g 726 mgMethyl p-hydroxybenzoate 39.5 mg 2.8 mgPropyl p-hydroxybenzoate 7.9 mg 0.56 mgEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid 15.8 mg 1.13 mgdisodium saltMonobasic sodium phosphate 313 mg 22.4 mgPhosphoric acid q.s. to pH 5Isobutane 3.16 g 769 mg______________________________________
4) One 14-dose pressure bottle (2 mg hemihydrated flunisolide/dose) and one single-dose (2 mg hemihydrated flunisolide) pressure bottle contain:
______________________________________ Multidose Single-dose______________________________________Hemihydrated flunisolide 28.58 mg 2.04 mgCetostearylic alcohol + 830 mg 59.3 mgsorbitan polyoxyethylenicestersPolysorbate 20 553 mg 39.5 mgPropylene glycol 13.38 g 956 mgGlycerides of polyoxyethylenic 6.85 g 489 mgsaturated fatty acidsPurified water 10.17 g 726 mgMethyl p-hydroxybenzoate 39.5 mg 2.8 mgPropyl p-hydroxybenzoate 7.9 mg 0.56 mgEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid 15.8 mg 1.13 mgdisodium saltMonobasic sodium phosphate 313 mg 22.4 mgPhosphoric acid q.s. to pH 5Isobutane 3.16 g 769 mg______________________________________
B) Suppositories
5) One suppository (2 mg anhydrous flunisolide) contains:
______________________________________Anhydrous flunisolide 2 mgGlyceric esters of 1498 mgsaturated fatty acids______________________________________
6) One suppository (2 mg hemihydrated flunisolide) contains:
______________________________________Hemihydrated flunisolide 2.04 mgGlyceric esters of 1498 mgsaturated fatty acids______________________________________
C) Enema
7) One 60 ml single-dose bottle (2 mg anhydrous flunisolide) contains:
______________________________________Anhydrous flunisolide 2 mgpropylene glycol 24 gEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid 15 mgsodium saltHydrochloric acid q.s. to pH 5Purified water q.s. to 60 ml______________________________________
8) One 60 ml single-dose bottle (2 mg hemihydrated flunisolide) contains:
______________________________________Hemihydrated flunisolide 2.04 mgPropylene glycol 24 gEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid 15 mgsodium saltHydrochloric acid q.s. to pH 5Purified water q.s. to 60 ml______________________________________
The excipients of the above compositions are reported below.
Rectal foam
______________________________________EXCIPIENT FUNCTION______________________________________Cetostearyl alcohol containing emulsifiersorbitan esterified withpolyoxyethylenic fatty acidsPolysorbate 20 emulsifierPartial glycerides of polyoxyethylenic solubilizer-skin protectorsaturated fatty acidsPropylene glycol solubilizer-thickenerMethyl p-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt preservativePropyl p-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt preservativeEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelating agentdisodium saltPurified water solubilizing vehicleMonobasic sodium phosphate and pH regulating bufferphosphoric acidDichlorodifluoromethane propellantDichlorotetrafluoroethane propellantIsobutane propellant______________________________________
Suppository
______________________________________EXCIPIENT FUNCTION______________________________________Semisynthetic solid glycerides mass for supporitory (solid vehicle)______________________________________
Enema
______________________________________EXCIPIENT FUNCTION______________________________________Propylene glycol solubilizer-thickenerEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelating agentsodium saltHydrochloric acid acidifierPurified water solubilizing vehicle______________________________________
CLINICAL TRIALS
FLUNISOLIDE ENEMA (2 and 3 mg)
Preliminary clinical trials were conducted with Flunisolide in the form of enema using No. 18 patients of both sexes suffering from ulcerative colitis, limited to the splenic flexure. Patients were divided into two groups and treated with 2 mg/die and 3 mg/die, respectively, for 30 days.
The obtained results clearly indicate that the drug has an excellent therapeutic efficacy and above all is well tolerated, especially in relation to the inferference with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis.
In particular treatments with Flunisolide at a dose of 2 mg/die and 3 mg/die for 15 and 30 days always produced statistically significant improvements (Mann-Whitney's "U" test) of the basal sympotomatology as far as the clinical and the sigmoidoscopic parameters are concerned (cf. Table 1 attached hereto).
As concerns drug toleration to the treatment and in particular the interference with the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal gland axis, the treatment with flunisolide at the higher dose (3 mg/die) for 30 days never determined cortisolemia values below normality.
TABLE 1______________________________________Average values ± standard error of the mean of scores detectedbasally (T.sub.0) and after 15 (T.sub.15) and 30 (T.sub.30) days oftreatmentwith flunisolide at the dose of 2 and 3 mg/die. Results of thestatistical evaluation made by Mann-Whitney's "U" test comparedwith the respective basal values.(score 1 = normal; score 2 = mild; score 3 = moderate)PARAMETERS T.sub.0 T.sub.15 T.sub.30______________________________________Flunisolide 2 mg/die (No. 10)CLINICAL 2.7 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 -- * **SIGMOIDOSCOPIC 2.7 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.2 -- * **Flunisolide 3 mg/die (No. 8)CLINICAL 2.9 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2 -- ** **SIGMOIDOSCOPIC 3.0 ± -- 2.4 ± 0.2 2.1 ± 0.2 -- ** **______________________________________ *P ≦ 0.05; **P ≦ 0.01 | Topical rectal therapeutic composition containing, as the active ingredient, flunisolide and/or one or more ester derivatives of same, in combination with suitable excipients and/or diluents, for the treatment of inflammatory intestinal disorders. | 2,062 |
This is a continuation application of Ser. No. 07/370,493 filed Jun. 23, 1989, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to stabilization of a lotion or cream added to a nail polish remover.
2. The Related Art
Products have long been marketed for the removal of nail polish (lacquer) from fingernails and toenails. Essentially, these products contain only a solvent(s) with which to dissolve the lacquer. Typically, the solvent will be a relatively volatile material such as acetone or ethyl acetate.
Organic solvents have a tendency to remove natural oils/fats found in the skin. Nail polish is usually removed by applying the stripping product to a cotton ball and rubbing the nail. Too often surrounding skin also comes in contact with the solvent laden cotton ball. As a result, this contacted skin is defatted. To overcome the defatting phenomenon, it would be desirable to include ingredients within the nail polish remover that would counteract the stripping of oils/fats from the skin. One approach has been to incorporate emollients or other beneficial agents along with the solvent which are depositable so as to either replace or form a barrier for retaining the body's natural oils.
Although not specifically directed to this problem, there have been reports of nail polish removers with additional nail benefit ingredients. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,464 (Mausner) discloses a composition not only containing nail lacquer solvent but also incorporating an aqueous solution of a chelating agent, a humectant, a proteinaceous material and vitamins A and D. These ingredients are dispersed in an acetone vehicle thickened with Carbopol to form a homogeneous creamy stable mixture.
EP-A-0 009 691 (Mullin et al.) reports a lacquer remover preparation held within and applied from a foam. Among the advantages of the foam form is the ready incorporation of other chemicals that would normally not be compatible with typical nail remover solvents. Lathering agents are said to be includable such as stearic acid, soaps and the like. Conditioners and emollients may also be incorporated such as glycerine, lanolin, mineral oil, fatty esters, glycols and carboxyvinyl polymer resins partially neutralized by triethanolamine (e.g. TEA Carbopol 941). Stability problems normally associated with liquid products have been avoided by incorporating all the ingredients within a foamed solid. On the other hand, there are disadvantages with foams. Unlike the small bottles of liquid nail remover, foam products require large containers that are not easily portable within a woman's handbag. Another problem is that upon storage there may occur separation of the liquid components within the foam pockets.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a nail polish (lacquer) remover containing ingredients additional to that of solvent which ameliorate the problem of defatting and deliver conditioning oils to the skin.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a nail polish (lacquer) remover that additionally contains skin conditioning agents in the form of a physically stable emulsion.
These and other objects of the present invention will become more apparent through the detailed description of the invention that follows hereinafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A polish-lacquer removing composition is provided comprising:
(i) from about 70% to about 99.5% of volatile organic solvent;
(ii) from about 0.01% to about 5% of a conditioning agent selected from C 8 -C 20 fatty acid and salts thereof; and
(iii) from about 0.1% to about 7% of a suspending polymer which is a styrene/(meth)acrylic copolymer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides compositions that include a major amount of a volatile organic solvent in combination with skin conditioning agents. These agents are not normally either soluble or stably dispersible within the solvent system. Now it has been discovered that conditioning agents may be stably suspended with the aid of a certain type polymer.
Suspending polymers suitable for the present invention are those of the styrene/(meth)acrylic copolymer variety. These copolymers may optionally be cross-linked with such agents as divinylbenzene. Specific examples are styrene/acrylate copolymer (Lytron 614 and 621), styrene/acrylate/divinylbenzene copolymer (Lytron 284, 288 and 295), and styrene/PEG-10 maleate/nonoxynol-10 maleate/acrylate copolymer (Lytron 305). Most preferred are the type of copolymers exemplified by Lytron 295 and 621, the latter being especially preferred. Suspending polymer will normally be present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 7% by weight of the total composition. Preferably, the amount will range from about 0.5% to about 5%, optimally about 1% by weight.
Volatile organic solvents employed for the present invention will have a boiling point lower than 100° C., preferably below 50° C. Acetone and ethyl acetate are the solvents of choice. These may, however, be utilized in combination with other solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone. Amount of the solvent will range from about 70% to about 99.5% by weight of the total composition. Preferably, the amount will range from about 78 to about 88%, optimally, about 80% by weight.
Water may also be present in the compositions. Amounts of water may range anywhere from a trace up to about 25%, preferably from about 8% to about 15%, optimally between about 10% and 13% by weight.
Of course, a key feature of the composition is the presence of a conditioning agent. This agent is defined herein as a C 8 -C 20 fatty acid or salt thereof. Typical fatty acids include lauric, myristic, oleic, stearic acids and mixtures thereof; preferably the acid or salt is based upon stearic acid. Typical fatty acid salts are those with cations such as sodium, potassium, diethanolammonium, triethanolammonium, ammonium ions and mixtures thereof. Conditioning agents will be present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of the total composition.
Optionally, there may be included within the compositions of the invention humectants such as glycerine, propylene glycol, sorbitol and mixtures thereof. Amounts of these components may range from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition.
Emollients such as fatty acid esters (e.g. glycol and diglycol stearate, glycerol stearate, cetyl acetate), mineral oil, silicone oil, lanolin and lanolin derivatives may be present in amounts from about 0.01% to about 3% by weight of the total composition.
Conditioning agent, emollient and other oily materials are normally first prepared as an oil-in-water emulsion. This emulsion is then incorporated into the volatile organic solvent. Typical amount of the emulsion may range from about 1% to about 10% of the total composition.
The following Examples will more fully illustrate the embodiments of this invention. All parts, percentages and proportions referred to herein and in the appended claims are by weight of the total composition unless otherwise stated.
EXAMPLE 1
A composition typical of the present invention is outlined in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Acetone 75-85Water 10-15Glycerine 1-8Lytron 621 0.5-2Fragrance and Color 0.5-2Mineral Oil 0.01-0.5Carbopol 934 (2% dispersion) 0.01-0.5Propylene Glycol 0.01-0.5Stearic Acid 0.01-0.5Glycol Stearate 0.01-0.5Cetyl Acetate 0.01-0.3Triethanolamine 0.01-0.3Glycerol Stearate 0.01-0.2Cetyl Alcohol 0.01-0.1Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben and 0.01-0.1Disodium EDTAMagnesium Aluminum Silicate (Veegum) 0.01-0.05Silicone Fluid 0.01-0.05______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Absent the presence of Lytron 621 as a suspending agent, the formula of Table I exhibited precipitation of white particles. Solubility tests were conducted to investigate which of the various non-solvent components was incompatible with the formulation. A test solution was prepared from 89.9% acetone, 10% water and 0.1% additive. Table II lists the results of solubility tests on the various additives.
TABLE II______________________________________Additive CompatibilityAdditive Precipitate Formation______________________________________Stearic Acid SevereVeegum ModerateSilicone Fluid SlightGlycerine SlightMineral Oil NoneCetyl Alcohol NoneGlycol Stearate NoneGlycerol Stearate NoneTriethanolamine NoneCarbopol 934 None______________________________________
From the above Table, it is evident that the major insoluble component is that of stearic acid.
EXAMPLE 3
Suspending performance of various polymers was investigated. The formula outlined in Table I was employed with the exception that the type of Lytron was varied.
TABLE III______________________________________Effect of Various Lytron PolymersPolymer PrecipitateChemical Identity Trademark Formation______________________________________Styrene/Acrylate copolymer Lytron 621 TraceStyrene/Acrylate/divinyl- Lytron 295 Very slightbenzene copolymerStyrene/Acrylate Copolymer Lytron 614 Slight-ModerateStyrene/PEG-10 Maleate/ Lytron 305 ModerateNonoxynol-10 Maleate/Acrylate CopolymerStyrene/Acrylamide Lytron 308 SevereCopolymerStyrene/Acrylate/PEG-10 Lytron 300 Phase SeparationDimaleate Copolymer______________________________________
The Lytron materials were all obtained from the Morton Chemical Division of Morton-Thiokol Corporation, of Chicago, Ill. From Table III, it is evident Lytron 621 provided the best suspending activity. Lytron 295, a cross-linked material, was somewhat less effective. Unacceptable suspending properties were noted for the Lytron 305, 308 and 300 materials.
EXAMPLE 4
Illustrated in this Example is the effect of altering the level of the suspending polymer. Lytron 295 was substituted for Lytron 621 at various levels in the formulation outlined under Table I. Results are reported in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________Polymer Concentration EffectsLevel of SuspendingPolymer (Percentage) Precipitate Formation______________________________________0.5 Some separation1.0 Very slight separation1.5 Trace separation2.0 No separation2.5 No separation10.0 Separation______________________________________
From the results, it is evident that there is an effective range for the suspending polymer of between 0.5% to upwards of 2.5% but less than 10% by weight.
The foregoing description and Examples illustrate selected embodiments of the present invention and in light thereof various modifications will be suggested to one skilled in the art, all of which are in the spirit and purview of this invention. | A nail polish or lacquer removing composition is reported which includes a volatile organic solvent such as acetone, a conditioning agent which is a C 8 -C 20 fatty acid or salt thereof, and a suspending polymer which is a styrene/(meth)acrylic copolymer. Absent the suspending copolymer, the conditioning agent tends to separate from the formulation. | 1,570 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to racks for storing and dispensing thin film plastic bags, such as used grocery bags which have been saved for some future use after the groceries have been removed. More particularly, it relates to a caddy for holding and retaining the bags after they have been compacted by hand, such as by crushing, folding or twisting.
[0002] It is safe to say that the vast majority of more than 292 million people in the United States save plastic grocery store, specialty store or department store bags. But for many people, the hundreds of millions of saved plastic bags, although useful at times, have proven to be a source of clutter and frustration.
[0003] Various storage solutions have been brought forward. One, which is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,012,843, issued Jan. 11, 2000, provides a cloth bag or tube with an open top and open reduced diameter bottom into which the plastic bags, of all sizes, are indiscriminately stuffed. The bag is hung by a loop in a cord fastened around the upper end of the bag and engaged on a hook.
[0004] A similar solution is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,933, issued Aug. 30, 1994. In that patent a cloth tube is provided with a wide entry opening at its upper end and a drawstring for pulling the upper end of the bag closed. The drawstring also forms a loop to use in hanging the bag up. An elastic band is sewn in a hem around the open lower end of the bag to reduce the diameter or that opening.
[0005] A modified fabric sack type of storage container is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,108, issued Sep. 19, 1995. That patent recognizes the need for sorting bags of different sizes from each other. The larger bags are crushed and stuffed into the top of a fabric tube, much like the '933 patent unit, but the inventor in '108 has provided a separate pocket or set of pockets for different sizes of bags also. The separate pockets are sewn onto the outside of the main fabric tube and are themselves provided with elasticized upper input and lower outlet ends outside of the main tube.
[0006] Still another form of container is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,927. That form includes a relatively rigid upper can into which crushed plastic bags may be dropped and weighted down by a lid placed over them. The lid is slidably disposed in the can so that it rests upon and follows the upper surface of the crushed plastic bags inside the can. A flexible sleeve hangs from the upper can and receives a supply of the crushed plastic bags. The upper end of the sleeve portion matches the size of the open lower end of the can, and the lower end of the sleeve narrows to a small lower opening which allows only a single one of the crushed plastic bags to be withdrawn.
[0007] These constructions demonstrate that there is a need for a container which is easy to access, which will hold the plastic bags for reuse, and which accommodates sorting them by size.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention is embodied in a plastic bag caddy which includes a sheet member with a plurality of cups joined to it. Each cup has interior walls which are spaced apart from each other a sufficient distance to form engagement surfaces which limit the expansion of hand compacted plastic film bags that a user has disposed within the cup.
[0009] From the forgoing, and from what follows, it will be apparent that the present invention solves the prior problems of quickly storing and then retrieving selected sizes of plastic bags.
[0010] Accordingly, it is one of the objects of this invention to provide a variety of sizes of readily accessible storage compartments for hand-compacted plastic film bags such as grocery bags which have been previously used for other purposes.
[0011] It is another object of this invention to provide a caddy for holding hand-compacted plastic film bags which have been previously used in compartments with walls which intercept the bags as they start to expand after having been compacted.
[0012] It is another object of this invention to provide a caddy for holding hand-compacted previously used plastic bags in tubular cups which contain the bags loosely but securely and may be disposed vertically so as to permit withdrawal of selected sizes of the bags at eye level.
[0013] It is another object of this invention to provide a storage caddy for plastic bags which have been previously used for other purposes and which accommodates bags prepared for storage by indiscriminate hand crushing, by hand twisting and coiling, or by folding in zig-zagged layers for storage.
[0014] Other objects and features of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art of designing, constructing and using storage racks for keeping and dispensing plastic grocery bags, or similar consumer product bags which have been saved by a householder for future reuse, from an examination of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention and an examination of the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the bottom of a caddy embodying the present invention;
[0016] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the top of the caddy in FIG. 1 ;
[0017] FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the caddy in FIG. 2 , taken along the line 3 - 3 in FIG. 2 ;
[0018] FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a cup portion of the caddy shown in FIG. 3 taken in the direction of arrows 4 - 4 in FIG. 3 ;
[0019] FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a second cup portion of the caddy shown in FIG. 3 taken in the direction of arrows 5 - 5 in FIG. 3 ;
[0020] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternative form of the caddy shown in FIG. 1 , partly broken away and mounted on a vertical surface;
[0021] FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a portion of the caddy shown in FIG. 6 taken along the line 7 - 7 in FIG. 6 ; and
[0022] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a further alternative form of the caddy shown in FIG. 1 , partly broken away and mounted on a vertical surface.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0023] The preferred embodiments of this invention shown in the accompanying drawings will now be described, it being understood that the preferred forms are illustrative and that the invention described herein is embodied in the claims appended to this description.
[0024] The caddy 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes a sheet member 12 which preferably is made from a moldable lightweight material such as a polypropylene plastic. A plurality of cups 14 , which may be all approximately the same size but preferably include a larger size 16 , is joined to the bottom side 17 of the sheet 12 . When viewed from the bottom side 17 of the sheet, as shown in FIG. 1 , cups 14 and 16 may be arranged with the larger cups 16 disposed along the outer extremities of sheet 12 and the smaller cups 14 disposed more toward the middle of sheet 12 (See FIG. 3 , also). In the preferred form of the caddy 10 , opposite edge portions 18 and 20 of sheet 12 are formed with apertures 22 and 24 creating handles along the edges of the sheet at 18 and 20 . The sheet 12 may be conveniently dimensioned as about 16¾ inches long and about 11¾ inches wide, with the apertures for the handles located at approximately the mid-points of the longer sides.
[0025] Preferably, too, the cups 14 and 16 include web portions, such as 26 and 28 , substantially closing the bottom ends of the cups. The plastic bags stored in the cups may be stuffed hastily into the cups by a user, and unless there is a limiting member such as the web portions 26 and 28 , bags pushed to the bottom ends of the cups may be partially pushed through the cups and become engaged on the outside edges of the sides of the cups, thus making withdrawal difficult and perhaps snagging the bags.
[0026] It may be desirable to provide a variety of diameters in the cups for storing different sizes of bags. In the preferred form of the caddy 10 , the short cups 14 have a smaller diameter than the cups 16 have. It has been found that one suitable inner diameter for the short cups 14 is 1¾ inches, and that a suitable diameter for the larger cups 16 is 2 inches. Sheet 12 may be provided with a plurality of apertures (See FIG. 2 ), such as those at 30 and 32 , to accommodate the variety of diameters of the cups, i.e., the shorter diameters of cups 14 and the longer diameters of cups 16 . The open ends 34 and 36 of the short and long cups 14 and 16 , respectively, are joined to sheet 12 adjacent to the apertures 30 and 32 , normally with a conically shaped collar 38 at the junction of each cup to the sheet member that unites the cups with the planar body of sheet 12 .
[0027] Alternatively, instead of forming the cups separately and then joining them to the sheet, it may be preferable to form the entire caddy as a unit, as in a mold.
[0028] It is also preferable to form the cups 14 and 16 with circular inner walls 40 and 42 due to the fact that curved walls are more economical to make in a mold.
[0029] However, as shown in the alternative embodiment 44 of caddy 10 in FIG. 8 , the cups 14 and 16 may be formed as small cells 46 and larger cells 48 having flat planar walls 50 and 52 angularly disposed to each other in small cells 46 , and walls 54 and 56 similarly angularly disposed to each other in the larger cells 48 . The cells may be hexagonal in cross section, as shown, or may be formed with rectangular cross sections or other geometric configurations.
[0030] Whatever cross section is adopted, the inner walls are arranged with diameters which restrain the expansion of plastic bags which have been compacted prior to placing them in the cups. Taking cups 14 and 16 for example, larger plastic bags may be stored in cups 16 , and smaller bags in cups 14 . The bags may be compacted in various ways, which will shortly be described, and they are held gently in place by the elastic expansion of the plastic bag material against the inner walls of the cups. Utilizing a variety of cup diameters makes it possible to store a variety of bags, and the open tops of the cups, which are easy to see an easy to reach into, facilitate a user's selection of a proper bag size for a prospective job.
[0031] The caddy 10 may be used by placing it horizontally, as on a shelf, that is, so that the sheet member 12 is in a horizontal plane, or it may be placed vertically on a wall or door. See FIG. 3 , for example, in which the sheet member 12 is arranged vertically. The vertical position is also illustrated for the alternative embodiments 44 and 58 in FIGS. 6 and 8 . Preferably, as shown in FIGS. 3 through 5 , when it is contemplated that the caddy 10 will be disposed vertically, the central axes 60 and 62 of cups 14 and 16 will be formed at an acute angle to the general plane of sheet 12 . It has been found that one such angular disposition of the axes 60 and 62 is about 75 degrees to the plane of sheet 12 . When the caddy 10 is being used on the inside of a pantry door, for example, which is frequently swung open in a forceful manner, the upward slope of the cup's inner walls 40 and 42 will help keep the bags inside the cups.
[0032] Hanging the caddy 10 in a vertical position may be accomplished in a number of ways. One method, shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 with respect to alternative embodiment 58 , is to form holes 64 in the web portions of two or more of the larger cups 16 A and put screws 66 through them. The screws 66 may be fastened into a door 68 or other vertically arranged supporting member.
[0033] Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 8 , Velcro fastening members 70 may be used between the cells 48 and a vertical support 72 . Particularly when caddies 44 , 10 or 58 are made of polypropylene or similar lightweight material, they can be vertically supported easily by hanging them with an adhesive member such as a Velcro hook and loop mounting.
[0034] The caddy embodiment 58 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 incorporates a conical shape for cups 16 A. This shape may be advantageous for users who simply thrust plastic bags at the caddy. The cups 16 A are still deep enough, and have a narrow enough diameter, so that the bags are retained inside the cups by limiting their expansion after they have been placed within the cups. Somewhat similarly, the hexagonally shaped cells 46 and 48 in the embodiment of this invention shown in FIG. 8 have a narrow enough nominal diameter to retain the bags by limiting their expansion. In each embodiment the bags are arranged easily by size in larger and smaller cups, making it possible for a user to choose a desirable size of bag quickly, and in each embodiment allowing him to easily take out the size of bag that he needs.
[0035] Compacting the bags to insert them into the cups may be done in a variety of ways. After they are inserted, different sizes of bags are held in place, as illustrated in FIGS, 4 and 5 , until a user desires to withdraw them, i.e., smaller bags, such as bag 74 , can be stored and held in the smaller diameter, shorter cups 14 , and larger bags, such as bag 76 , can be stored and held in the larger diameter, longer cups 16 .
[0036] One method of compacting a plastic bag, which takes only a few seconds, is to grasp one corner of the bag between the thumb and index finger of one hand, place the other index finger in the loop handle of the bag, pull the bag taut to form a plastic bag “rope,” let go of the handle with the second hand and squeeze the air out of the bag with the second hand by dragging the length of the bag with thumb and index finger, grasp the bag near the held, first corner and twist the “rope” formation of the bag around the fingers holding the corner into a rosette, hold the rosette to keep it from unraveling, and insert the rosette into a cup while scraping it off of the finger holding it.
[0037] A second method of compacting a plastic bag, which takes only a few seconds longer, is to stretch the bag on a flat surface from a bottom corner to the loop handle, fold the bag into a strip and smooth the air out of it, fold the strip in sections from the bottom to the loop handle, form a rosette around a finger from the folded length of the bag and scrape the rosette into a cup.
[0038] A third method, similar to the second but more deliberate and consuming less final space in the cup, is to fold the bag into a bellows after a strip has been formed and the air ironed out. The bellows can then be shaped into a rosette, as above described, and the rosette scraped into a cup.
[0039] Other methods will undoubtedly occur to the millions of people who save and store plastic bags for future use. The three methods described above provide for several bags to be stored in the cups of the caddy of this invention. Whatever the method of compaction which is adopted may be, the caddy described above retains the bags as they tend to unfold and expand within the cups.
[0040] It is evident from the preceding disclosure that even though particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, still various modifications can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. No limitations on the invention are intended, and its true scope is set forth in the following claims. | A rack, or caddy, is disclosed which stores and dispenses used plastic bags. Normally the bags are grocery store or department store sized bags made from a thin film of plastic which have been saved for reuse somehow. The caddy includes a sheet member which may be made of molded plastic material such as polypropylene, and it has several cups joined to it. The interior walls of the cups are spaced far enough apart to permit a user to insert hand compacted plastic bags into the cups, and thereafter the walls hold them there by limiting the expansion of the bags. | 2,933 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to using components within a dishwasher to protect a dishwasher from freezing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Automatic dishwashers can be severely damaged when exposed to low temperatures for a duration long enough to cause water to freeze. These appliances have standing water present at all times in the pump assembly which is usually mounted at the bottom of the tub. Domestic water is also present in the supply line, while rinse water remains in the low point of the drain hose. All of these parts are subject to mechanical damage due to the expansion of water during a freeze. The pump, which is usually integral to the motor and/or transmission, is a particularly expensive component of an automatic dishwasher. Beyond the expense to replace whichever component is damaged, a significant labor charge is incurred to have a service technician remove the appliance from the cabinet, disassemble it, and replace it. Collateral damage to the home is also avoided as a cracked pump or water line can flood the environment after a thaw.
[0003] There are many reasons why a dishwasher could be exposed to temperatures which would cause the residual water to freeze. This is a particular concern in northern climates during the winter months.
[0004] Kitchens are often difficult to heat, due to the lack of baseboard for heat radiators. The need for appliances and cabinets along the walls, plus the need for various doorways into the room, can limit the linear feet available for baseboard heat.
[0005] Exterior doors are often placed in or near the kitchen which can allow cold air from outdoors to enter the room. Older homes may have poor or no insulation allowing cold air to penetrate the space behind an automatic dishwasher.
[0006] An automatic dishwasher could be installed on an outside wall, between base cabinets and under a countertop, which limits its exposure to the heated room. A dishwasher could be placed on a northern wall, which has limited sun and tends to be cold.
[0007] A kitchen may have the room heat reduced by a set-back thermostat for up to 12 hours over night between the evening meal and breakfast. A kitchen is often non-occupied between these hours.
[0008] The dishwasher maybe installed in a vacation home, such as a ski lodge or cabin, with the heat set to a low temperature during periods of non-occupancy. The unit may be installed in a pantry, garage, or storage area with limited or no heat.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 7,837,127 relates to a ventilation system for exchanging the air in a room with outside air. The system comprises a fine wire heat exchanger having a first channel and a second channel, which channels are in heat exchanging contact with each other, and wherein the first channel has an inlet connected to outside air and an outlet connected to the air in the room, and wherein the second channel has an inlet connected to the air in the room and an outlet connected to the outside air, balancing means for balancing the flow in both channels, such that the heat transfer is maximized.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,060 relates to a system and method for adjusting the operating cycle of a cleaning appliance. A controller having a decision system receives turbidity and temperature measurements from turbidity and temperature sensors and uses these measurements to adjust the operating cycle of the machine to the level of soil of the articles to be washed, the rate of soil removal, and the temperature of the water used for washing.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,194 relates to a valve for use in machines for washing, such as laundry machines and dishwashers, that includes a hollow valve body wherein a current of water flows, entering the valve body via at least one inlet of the valve, and at least one plug element for allowing and preventing the outflow of water from a corresponding outlet of the valve. The valve is connected to at least one temperature sensor device having an open and closed condition of an electrical connection and in that the sensor device has a preset trigger temperature which, when reached, causes the change from a state of closure to one of opening of the connection or vice versa.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,850 relates to a dishwasher sanitation cycle that includes sampling a temperature of rinse water inside a dishwasher, executing a heating cycle to keep water temperature at optimal levels, and executing a heat sum cycle to ensure that dishes are sanitized according to accepted standards.
[0013] US patent publication 2011/0224834 relates to a method for identifying operating conditions of a domestic appliance, a temperature of an operating agent of the appliance or of a component detected by a temperature sensor. The ambient temperature is detected by the temperature sensor before the programming mode, in an initialization phase. At least one reference temperature value is defined that represent a critical value for the programming mode of the appliance. The programming mode is prevented from beginning as a function of the comparison of the measured ambient temperature with at least one reference temperature value. The programming mode is prevented from beginning until the ambient temperature has reached a value that is in an acceptable range in comparison with the reference temperature value.
[0014] US patent publication 2010/0126604 relates to a demand type, multiple use, hot water distribution and freeze protection system and method that responds to the user's desire for hot water at a particular sink or fixture by delivering hot water rapidly to that fixture only, without running water down the drain. The system requires only one pump at the water heater, and does not require a dedicated hot water return line, but works with a dedicated line in retrofit applications. Circulating water in the plumbing system can also be used to protect plumbing from freeze damage. Each valve and activation device operates by transmitting a start command to the valve controller which sends the pump controller a start signal, the valve to open, hot water to circulate and the valve to close when the hot water arrives at the fixture preventing heated water from filling the cold water line.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] The present invention relates to using components within a dishwasher to protect a dishwasher from freezing. Dishwasher appliances contain a heating element which is intended to dry the dishes after they have been cleaned and rinsed. Automatic dishwashers universally have a water pump at the base of the washing tub which ejects the waste water from the home's sewer line. Dishwashers are supplied hot water from the home's domestic plumbing system. A sensor to determine the appliance's door is closed is present to prevent flooding.
[0016] The present invention comprises a temperature sensing component and accompanying control circuit. It is an object of the present invention to mount the temperature sensor at the coolest expected location, such as the bottom rear of the appliance. The sensor activates the freeze protection function once the ambient temperature fails to be just above the freezing point, for a safety margin. It is an object of the present invention for the freezing point to be approximately 37 degrees F.
[0017] It is an object of the present invention for the control circuit that confirms the door is closed to admit hot water to the appliance for a period of time sufficient to allow heated water to travel from the home's water heater to the dishwasher.
[0018] It is an object of the present invention to have an activation period of approximately two (2) minutes to be sufficient, however, another duration can be designed.
[0019] It is an object of the present invention for the function of admitting hot water to be accomplished by the existing water valve/solenoid and controls used to operate an ordinary wash cycle. This will heat the dishwasher's supply line sufficiently to prevent freezing of this part of the system.
[0020] It is an object of the present invention for the hot water to be provided to be ejected into the drain hose via operation of the drain pump. It is an object of the present invention for this function to be accomplished by activating the pump via the control used to conclude a rinse cycle. This will heat the dishwasher's pump and drain line sufficiently to prevent freezing of this part of the system.
[0021] It is an object of the present invention for the heating element in the appliance to be energized using the existing thermostatic controls used for dish drying. The element remains in the heating mode until the temperature sensing component returns an ambient temperature. It is an object of the present invention for the ambient temperature to be approximately 45 degrees F. At the point the sensing component returns an ambient temperature the automatic freeze protection cycle is concluded.
[0022] Therefore, as shown above the local environment of the dishwasher has been heated a certain temperature above freezing. This will protect the appliance, for significant periods of time, from damage due to a freeze of standing water in the pump, drain, and/or supply line as there systems re-cool. The duration of protection will depend on the ambient conditions of the general area.
[0023] It is an object of the present invention for the system to reactivate if the threat of freezing recurs as indicated by a fall in ambient temperature, for example, to 37 degrees F.
[0024] It is an object of the present invention for the automatic dishwasher product to have the automatic freeze protection incorporated into the appliance in either a manual or fully automatic mode.
[0025] The manual mode requires the operator to engage the automatic freeze protection system if freezing temperatures are expected. The automatic mode operates in the background without user interaction to protect the appliance automatically.
[0026] It is an object of the present invention for the majority of the elements necessary to perform the automatic freeze protection to be present in household dishwashers. One additional requirement is the addition of a temperature sensor.
[0027] It is an object of the present invention for machines already equipped with an electronic control module, for the modification of the software to include the automatic freeze protection.
[0028] It is an object of the present invention for machines that are controlled using an electro-mechanical clock system to have the addition of a similar timer module to control the automatic freeze protection function.
[0029] The present invention combines the use of a temperature sensor wire and minor control implementation, for the user of a dishwasher appliance to have their dishwasher protected from expensive damage in the event the appliance is subject to freezing temperatures.
[0030] The present invention relates to a method for protecting a dishwasher from freezing comprising: activating a freeze protection function on a control circuit due to a temperature sensor detecting that ambient temperature is below freezing point. The control circuit senses whether the dishwasher door is closed. After sensing that the door is closed hot water is supplied from the home's domestic plumbing system sufficient for heated water to travel to the dishwasher. The hot water is supplied by existing water valve/solenoid and controls used to operate an ordinary wash cycle. The dishwasher's supply line is heated sufficiently to prevent freezing of this part of the dishwasher. Hot water is ejected via a drain hose from the drain pump. The hot water heats the dishwasher's pump and drain line sufficiently to prevent freezing of this part of the dishwasher. The components of the dishwasher are heated via a heating element until the temperature sensor returns an ambient temperature above freezing point. The freeze protection function concludes when the temperature sensor returns an ambient temperature above freezing point. The freeze protection function reactivates if the threat of freezing recurs as indicated by a fall in ambient temperature.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0031] FIG. 1 shows an internal view of an embodiment of the automatic freeze protection system for a dishwasher of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0032] FIG. 1 shows dishwasher 10 having a controller 12 that is located within the dishwasher 10 but located outside the dishwasher for clarity. The dishwasher 10 has a hot water valve 14 that is connected to a domestic hot water supply 16 . The dishwasher 10 has a heating element 18 . The dishwasher 10 comprises a pump 20 that has a waste water discharge line 22 . The controller 12 is connected to a temperature sensor 24 , and is also connected to a door position switch 26 . The controller 12 is also connected to the pump 20 , hot water valve 14 , and heating element 18 .
[0033] In an embodiment, the temperature sensor 24 is mounted at the coolest expected location, such as the bottom rear of the appliance. The sensor 24 activates the freeze protection function of the controller 12 once the ambient temperature fails to be just above the freezing point, for a safety margin. In an embodiment, the freezing point is approximately 37 degrees F.
[0034] The control circuit 12 confirms the door is closed by door position switch 26 and admits hot water through hot water valve 14 to the dishwasher 10 for a period of time sufficient to allow heated water to travel from the home's water heater to the dishwasher 10 .
[0035] In an embodiment, the control circuit has an activation period of approximately two (2) minutes to be sufficient, however, another duration can be designed.
[0036] The hot water valve 14 also admits hot water to operate an ordinary wash cycle. This will heat the dishwasher's supply line sufficiently to prevent freezing of this part of the system.
[0037] In an embodiment, the hot water is provided to be ejected into the drain hose 22 via operation of the drain pump 20 . In an embodiment, this function is accomplished by activating the pump 20 via the control 12 which is also used to conclude a rinse cycle. This will heat the dishwasher's pump 20 and drain line 22 sufficiently to prevent freezing of this part of the system.
[0038] The heating element 18 in the appliance 10 is energized using the existing thermostatic controls used for dish drying. The element 18 remains in the heating mode until the temperature sensing component 24 returns an ambient temperature above the freezing point. In an embodiment, the ambient temperature is approximately 45 degrees F. At the point the sensing component 24 returns an ambient temperature above freezing point, the automatic freeze protection cycle is concluded.
[0039] The device of the present invention when activated heats the dishwasher to a certain temperature above freezing. This protects the appliance, for significant periods of time, from damage due to a freeze of standing water in the pump 20 , drain, and/or supply line as their systems re-cool. The duration of protection will depend on the ambient conditions of the general area.
[0040] In an embodiment, the system of the present invention reactivates if the threat of freezing recurs as indicated by a fall in ambient temperature once again, for example, to 37 degrees F.
[0041] In an embodiment, the automatic dishwasher has the automatic freeze protection incorporated into the appliance in either a manual or fully automatic mode.
[0042] In an embodiment, the manual mode of the present invention requires the operator to engage the automatic freeze protection system if freezing temperatures are expected. The automatic mode operates in the background without user interaction to protect the appliance automatically.
[0043] The present invention combines the use of a temperature sensor and minor control implementation, for the user of a dishwasher appliance to have their dishwasher protected from the expensive damage in the event the appliance is subjected to freezing temperatures. | A system for protecting a dishwasher from freezing using components within a dishwasher. The system comprising: a control circuit, a heating element, a water pump, drain hose, hot water supply, water valve, door sensor to determine whether dishwasher door is closed and a temperature sensor. | 2,702 |
BACKGROUND
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention relates to animal leashes and collars, and more specifically to animal leashes and collars incorporating customized inserts.
[0003] 2. Description of Related Art
[0004] Animal collars may be used for a variety of purposes. Containment collars are used to help control or restrain an animal. Choke collars, harnesses, pronged chain collars, nylon collars, leather collars and the like are used for containment. Training collars are used to help train an animal and also come in many forms. It is also known to topically or transdermally deliver therapeutic agents via a medicinal collar. Flea and tick collars, and anti-asthma collars are examples of medicinal collars.
[0005] Identification collars for pets have been known for quite some time. Typically, these items take the form of an elongated strap having at least one end provided with a connecting device, such as a belt buckle, snaps, a clasp, or the like, for connecting the two ends of the strap together to form a loop. In use, the loop is formed around the wearer's neck.
[0006] Pet owners typically place a collar, such as described above, around their pets neck for identification purposes. For example, pet collars are known to carry pre-printed or engraved tags carrying identification information, such as the pets name, the owners contact information, etc.
[0007] Many owners of pets desire to have decorative collars for their dogs. A problem with many decorative collars is that it is necessary to purchase a complete new collar when the color or design becomes aesthetically unattractive or out of style, or when the owner of the dog desires to change to a collar of a different aesthetic appearance. Another problem with many decorative collars is that the attachment point for a leash is on the opposite side of the animal's neck from the ornamentation. Thus, when a leash is used with the animal, the leash may pull the collar around such that the ornamentation is hidden at the underside of the animal.
[0008] What is called for is an animal collar with a variety of decorative options, including a reversible collar with different displays of ornamentation on each side. What is also called for is a collar and leash set that can be custom decorated with inserts that display information or decoration on both sides of the collar and leash.
SUMMARY
[0009] An animal collar with removable and replaceable inserts for custom ornamentation. An animal leash with removable and replaceable inserts for custom ornamentation, allowing for coordination of the leash and collar in some instances. An animal collar with a leash attach point located to allow for display of the collar ornamentation while the animal is leashed. A reversible animal collar with ornamentation on both sides of the collar.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIGS. 1 A-C are sketches illustrating a collar according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0011] FIG. 2 illustrates an animal wearing a collar according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0012] FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of an insert according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an insert according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an insert according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of an insert with a leash tab according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 7 illustrates a leash according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0017] FIG. 8 illustrates a leash according to some embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] FIG. 1A illustrates an animal collar 100 according to some embodiments of the present invention. An elongated strap 101 has a first end 102 and a second 103 . In some embodiments, the elongated strap 101 is made primarily of leather. In some embodiments, the elongated strap 101 is made primarily of nylon webbing. In some embodiments, the elongated strap 101 is made primarily of other suitable material. A buckle assembly 104 is attached to the elongated strap at the second end 103 . A set of buckle holes 105 may be situated near the first end 102 of the elongated strap 101 . The buckle holes 105 are used in fastening of the buckle assembly 104 , and in so doing form the elongated strap 101 into a loop which may go around an animal's neck. In some embodiments, different types of buckles or strap fasteners are used. In some embodiments, a buckle is used which may be fastened from either side, to facilitate a reversible aspect of the animal collar 100 .
[0019] A leash ring 108 is attached to the elongated strap 101 using one or more leash ring holders 107 in some embodiments. The leash ring 108 may be attached to the elongated strap 101 at approximately the mid-point of the elongated strap. The leash ring 108 may be attached at the approximate mid-point of a buckled collar in some embodiments. Typically, the leash attached to an animal collar pulls the collar around such that the leash attach point is on the top of the animals neck. With a leash having decorative aspects, this may pull the decorative aspects, which may be predominantly in the middle part of the collar, down and around to the bottom of the animal's neck and may hide the decorative aspects from view. With a leash attach point near or at the middle portion of the collar, the pull of the leash will not tend to hide the decorative aspects of the collar mounted near the middle of the collar.
[0020] A plurality of inserts 106 are attached into the elongated strap 101 in some embodiments. The inserts 106 may be mounted through holes in the elongated strap 101 in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the decorative studs may have decoration on each side of the collar, allowing for a change of decoration by simply reversing the collar. Thus, with a reversible buckle, the collar may flipped over in order to display a different set of decorations.
[0021] FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate an animal collar 150 according to some embodiments of the present invention. An elongated strap 301 has a first end 302 and a second 303 . In some embodiments, the elongated strap 301 is made primarily of leather. In some embodiments, the elongated strap 301 is made primarily of nylon webbing. In some embodiments, the elongated strap 301 is made primarily of other suitable material. A reversible buckle assembly 151 is attached to the elongated strap at the second end 303 . A set of buckle holes 305 may be situated near the first end 302 of the elongated strap 301 . The buckle holes 105 are used in fastening of the reversible buckle assembly 151 , and in so doing form the elongated strap 301 into a loop which may be fastened around an animal's neck.
[0022] The reversible buckle assembly 152 may have a first part 152 that is fastened to the elongated strap 301 at the second end 303 . A second part 153 of the reversible buckle assembly 151 may be attached to the first part 152 and may rotate at least 180 degrees such that the buckle loop 154 and the buckle stay 155 may fasten around an animal's neck with a different side of the elongated strap 301 facing outwards.
[0023] The elongated strap 301 has a first side 160 and a second side 161 . In some embodiments, the first side 160 may be of a different color, and may also have different thread colors showing, and may also have different embossing or other design features than the second side 161 of the elongated strap 301 . In some embodiments, the elongated strap 301 may consist of two or more layers, such that the first side 160 is of a layer of one material, and the second side 161 is of a layer of a second material.
[0024] A plurality of inserts 106 are attached into the elongated strap 301 in some embodiments. The inserts 106 may be mounted through holes in the elongated strap 301 in some embodiments. The inserts 106 may have recesses allowing for the placement of decoration in to the faces of the inserts. Although the inserts are decorative in the sense that they provide mounting for a decorative portion, the inserts may of sufficient strength that they are structural as well. A first side 162 of the studs 106 may be part of a decorative scheme on the first side 160 of the elongated strap 301 , and the second side 163 of the studs 106 may be part of a decorative scheme on the second side 161 of the elongated strap 301 . Thus, with a reversible buckle assembly 151 , the collar may flipped over on the animal in order to display a different set of decorations, but still be able to be fastened in the usual fashion.
[0025] FIG. 2 illustrates a collar in use on an animal. The elongated strap 101 has been buckled around the animal's neck into a loop. A leash 120 has been fastened to the collar. The leash ring is on the upper, top portion of the animal's neck, allowing the decorative studs to be more visible.
[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of the elongated strap 101 and a decorative insert 106 according to some embodiments of the present invention, also seen in cross-section in FIG. 5 . The decorative insert 106 has a male portion 109 and a female portion 110 . A grommet 111 has been attached to the elongated strap 101 around a through hole. In some embodiments, the grommet may be a self-piercing grommet. The male portion 109 has had its threaded stud 116 inserted through the strap, and through the center of the grommet, to thread into the threaded hole 117 in the female portion 110 . In some embodiments, the male portion 109 and the female portion 110 are made of aluminum. In some embodiments, the male portion 109 and the female portion 110 are made of metal or plastic. The grommet 111 allows for the decorative stud 106 to clamp around the grommet instead of the collar strap in some embodiments.
[0027] The male portion 109 may have a recess 109 which is filled with a decorative portion 113 . A decorative design, or a letter, or other graphic object may be placed in the recess. The decorative design may be on paper or other material, and may be bonded into the bottom of the recess. A clear layer may then be placed over the decorative design in some embodiments. The clear layer may be a self-healing urethane in some embodiments. The female portion 110 may have a recess 114 which is filled with a decorative portion 115 . The decorative inserts may be slightly recessed in the recesses in some embodiments. The decorative insert may display an artistic rendering or a letter or other item. The recessing of the decorative insert into the recess reduces the likelihood of scratching of the top surface of the decorative insert. The use of a material such as a self-healing urethane allows for “scratching” of the surface and subsequent healing of the scratch. The recessing may also be used for aesthetic purpose.
[0028] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a decorative insert mounted on a collar without a grommet. The male portion 109 and the female portion 110 are threaded together and capture the elongated strap 101 . In some embodiments, with or without grommets, the male portion 109 and the female portion 110 may use a shoulder such that threads can be places under tension without putting pressure on the collar.
[0029] FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of the mounting of a leash ring holder 107 according to some embodiments of the present invention. The decorative stud 106 captures the leash ring holder 107 along side the elongated strap 101 in some embodiments. The leash ring holder may be a metallic strip formed into a double backed overlapping strap with an opening for the leash ring in some embodiments. One or more leash ring holders may used to attach a leash ring to the collar. In some embodiments, the leash ring holder may form a substantially circular cross-section in which the leash ring is held. In some embodiments, the center of the circular cross-section may line up with the centerline of the elongated strap. Thus, when the collar is reversed, the position of the leash ring relative to the plane of the elongated strap remains substantially constant.
[0030] FIG. 7 illustrates a leash 200 according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the leash 200 has a strap portion 201 with a handle 202 . The handle 202 may be a loop of the strap material in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the strap may be made of leather. In some embodiments, the strap may be made of nylon webbing or other suitable materials. The collar end 203 of the strap portion 201 may have a clip 204 for attachment of the leash 200 to an animal collar.
[0031] The leash 200 may have one or more decorative inserts 205 mounted in to the strap portion 201 according to earlier described embodiments of the invention. The leash mounted decorative inserts allow for display of decorations, names, or other items on the leash itself. The decorative inserts on the leash may be coordinated with the decorative inserts on the collar to achieve an aesthetic aim.
[0032] In some embodiments of the present invention, as seen in FIG. 8 , a leash 400 has a strap portion 401 with a handle 402 . The handle 402 may be a loop of the strap material in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the strap may be made of leather. In some embodiments, the strap may be made of nylon webbing or other suitable materials. A plurality of decorative inserts 405 may be attached to the strap portion of the leash. The collar end 403 of the strap portion 401 may have a first clip 404 for attachment of the leash 400 to an animal collar. A ring 405 may be attached to the strap portion 401 . In some embodiments, the ring 405 is attached to the strap portion 401 adjacent to the handle 402 . The ring allows a use who may be walking their dog, for example, to attach personal items such as keys to the leash. In some embodiments, the ring 405 is attached to the strap portion 401 with inserts 406 . In some embodiments, the ring 405 is attached to the strap portion 401 by being sewn in to the leash, between folds of the leash or handle material, for example. In some embodiments, a second clip 407 is attached to the ring. The second clip 407 allows for the clipping on of personal items, for example, of the user.
[0033] As evident from the above description, a wide variety of embodiments may be configured from the description given herein and additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is, therefore, not limited to the specific details and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures from such details may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general invention. | An animal collar with removable and replaceable inserts for custom ornamentation. An animal leash with removable and replaceable inserts for custom ornamentation, allowing for coordination of the leash and collar in some instances. An animal collar with a leash attach point located to allow for display of the collar ornamentation while the animal leashed. A reversible animal collar with ornamentation on both sides of the collar. | 2,665 |
CROSS-REFERENCE
The invention described and claimed hereinbelow is also described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/676,788, filed May 2, 2005, and also in European Patent Application No. 05009579.3, also filed May 2, 2005. The aforesaid US Provisional Patent Application, whose subject matter is incorporated here by reference, provides the basis for a claim of priority of invention under 35 U.S.C. 119 (e).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a solid transdermal therapeutic system with UV absorber. The UV-stable transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) is particularly designed for photosensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients. It comprises a backing layer 1 , of at least one active ingredient-containing matrix 2 , and of a detachable protective film 3 . However an adhesive layer 4 and a separating layer 5 can optionally be introduced between the backing layer 1 and the active ingredient-containing matrix 2 . At least one hydroxyphenyltriazine acting as UV absorber can be embedded in the backing layer 1 , in the active ingredient-containing matrix 2 , or in the adhesive layer 4 .
Transdermal therapeutic systems, which contain a gestagen and/or an estrogen, are suitable for controlling fertility.
Attempts to employ photosensitive active ingredients, which absorb UV-A and UV-B rays, customarily used in sun creams, are known, as described by Briscart & Plaizier-Vercammen (Proc. 2 nd World Meeting on Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, APGI/APV, 1998, 1231-1232).
The patent literature further discloses the protection of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) provided with photosensitive active ingredients by visually conspicuous aluminized or lacquered covering films as backing layers of the TTS.
WO-A1-00/56289 describes a method for protecting therapeutic preparations, systems or their constituents, the intention being to achieve in each case specific protection from degradation by harmful factors, such as atmospheric oxygen, water, and/or light. Photo-protective substances, which absorb or reflect electromagnetic waves, are used, employing respectively absorbents or reflectants whose absorption or reflection spectrum covers the wave-length range responsible for the instability of the photosensitive substance or its constituents. Colored plastic films are used, inter alia, in this case as covering film, indicated by example of the 1,4-dihydopyridine derivative lacidipine.
The coloring of highly flexible plastic films proves to be difficult and does not provide reliable photo-protection owing to the frequently occurring fissures in the colored layer of the plastic film.
WO-A2-02/34200 further discloses transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), which consist of an active ingredient-containing polymer matrix and of a backing layer. The polymer matrix and the backing layer are firmly connected or form a laminate. Both the polymer matrix and the backing layer comprise a colorless system, which absorbs in the UV range but has no intrinsic pharmacological effect. EP-A1-1452173 describes transdermal therapeutic systems, which consist of a backing layer, of at least one active ingredient-containing matrix and optionally of a detachable film and comprises a UV absorber. At least one UV absorber-containing adhesive layer is provided between the backing layer and the active ingredient-containing matrix furthest away from the surface of the skin. In addition, at least one separating layer, which is impermeable to active ingredient and impermeable to the UV absorber, is present between the adhesive layer containing the UV absorber and the active ingredient-containing matrix, which is furthest away from the surface of the skin. The UV absorber can be p-aminobenzoic acid, an aminobenzoic acid derivative, preferably 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethyl-amino-benzoate and/or polyethoxyethyl 4-bis-(polyethoxyl)amino-benzoate, cinnamic acid, a cinnamic acid derivative, preferably isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate or 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, 3-benzylidenebornan-2-one, a benzylidene bornan-2-one derivative, preferably 3-(4′)-methylbenzylindenebornan-2-one, 3-(4-sulphone)-benzylidenebornan-2-one, or 3-(4′-trimethylammonium)-benzylidenebornan-2-one methylsulphate, salicylic acid derivative, preferably 4-isopropylbenzyl salicylate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate, a benzotriazole, preferably 2-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol, 2,4,6′-trianiline-p-(carbo-2′-ethylhexyl-1′-oxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 3-imidazol-4-yl-acrylic acid, 3-imidazol-4-yl-3-imidazol-4-yl-acrylic ester, 2-phenylene benzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid, or its K, Na and triethanolamine (=TEA) salt, 2-cyano-3, 3-diphenylacrylic acid, terephthaloylidene-dicamphorsulphonic acid, butylmethoxy-dibenzoylmethane, benzophenone, or a benzophenone derivative, preferably benzophenone-3 or benzophenone4.
The known solutions have the disadvantage
that the protective effect produced by the added UV absorber for the active ingredient is incomplete, that owing to the incomplete protective effect in some cases higher concentrations of UV absorbers must be employed, which may have adverse effects on the compatibility of the TTS with skin.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical preparation of the above-described kind with a UV absorber, which is provided with a photosensitive active ingredient, which is to be transdermally administered, and which ensures an increased protective effect for the active ingredient while using a minimum UV absorber concentration, so that the aforementioned disadvantages are avoided.
This object is achieved according to the invention by a solid transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) with a UV absorber, wherein the UV-stable TTS comprises a sequence of at least three layers, namely a backing layer 1 , at least one active ingredient-containing matrix 2 , and a detachable protective film 3 . Optionally an adhesive layer 4 and a separating layer 5 can be introduced between the backing layer 1 and the at least one active ingredient-containing matrix 2 . In the transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention the UV absorber comprises at least one hydroxyphenyltriazine compound and the UV absorber is embedded in the backing layer 1 , in the active ingredient-containing matrix 2 , or in the adhesive layer 4 .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The objects, features and advantages of the invention will now be illustrated in more detail with the aid of the following detailed description and examples of the invention, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graphical illustration showing the percentage of photosensitive active ingredient remaining in a transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention with photo-protective features and the percentage of photosensitive active ingredient remaining in a comparative transdermal therapeutic system; and
FIGS. 2 to 4 are respective diagrammatic cross-sectional views through various embodiments of the transdermal therapeutic systems according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In a preferred embodiment according to the invention the UV absorber is 2,4-bis-([4-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-2-hydroxy]phenyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-(1,3,5)-triazine.
In various embodiments of the transdermal therapeutic systems according the weight per unit area of the matrix 2 is from 30 to 150 g/m 2 . In this connection, a weight per unit area of from 50 to 120 g/m 2 is preferred, and of 100 g/m 2 is particularly preferred.
Similarly in various embodiments of the solid transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention the weight per unit area of the adhesive layer 4 is from 5 to 50 g/m 2 . In this connection, a weight per unit area of from 20 to 30 g/m 2 is preferred.
The UV absorber can be present according to the invention in the adhesive layer 4 in a concentration of from 0.5 to 5% (m/m) in dissolved form. In this connection, a concentration of from 1.0 to 4.0% is preferred, and of from 1.5 to 3.0% is particularly preferred.
Furthermore the matrix 2 and/or the adhesive layer 4 in the solid transdermal therapeutic system can be designed according to the invention to be self-adhesive and can consist substantially of polymers, which are selected from the group consisting of polyisobutylene, polybutene, polyacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane, styrene-isoprene block polymer and polyisoprene.
Preferred embodiments of the solid transdermal therapeutic systems according to the invention have a separating layer thickness of from 4 to 23 μm. In this connection, a layer thickness of from 4 to 10 μm is preferred.
In the solid transdermal therapeutic systems according to the invention the separating layer 5 is preferably impermeable to the active ingredient and impermeable to the UV absorber.
In preferred embodiments of the invention the separating layer 5 can consist of a barrier polymer. Preference is given in this connection to polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, or its copolymers or co-laminates.
In preferred embodiments of the solid transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention the backing layer 1 is permeable to active ingredient and consists of polypropylene, of polyethylene, of polyurethane, of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, or of a multilayer composite of these materials with one another or with other materials.
The UV absorber(s) in the solid transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention can be colorless or yellowish.
It is furthermore possible for the solid transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention to be transparent or slightly opaque.
The active ingredient in the solid transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention can be at least one hormone.
The active pharmaceutical ingredient according to the invention can be a progestogen, preferably gestodene or levonorgestrol. Furthermore an estrogen, preferably ethinyl estradiol, can be added to the progestogen in the solid transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention.
According to the invention the solid transdermal therapeutic system can also be used to control fertility.
It is also possible according to the invention for the solid transdermal therapeutic system to be equipped without a membrane controlling active ingredient release.
The transdermal therapeutic system according to the invention has the following advantages compared with conventional systems with photosensitive active ingredient content.
The protective effect provided by the hydroxyphenyltriazine compounds acting as UV absorber is enhanced. The concentration of the hydroxyphenyltriazine compounds acting as UV absorber, which is necessary to achieve a protective effect is reduced. It is thus possible in particular to avoid or reduce the risk of possible skin irritation.
The invention is further illustrated and explained by the following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Two formulations (1 and 2) of a photosensitive active ingredient from the progestogens were prepared. Formulation 2 comprises an adhesive layer 4 and a separating layer 5 , and the adhesive layer comprises 2.5% by weight of a UV-absorbing substance from the hydroxyphenyltriazine compounds. Formulation 1 has no adhesive layer and no separating layer. Formulation 1 serves as comparative formulation. Both formulations comprise an active ingredient-containing matrix 2 with a photosensitive progestogen and are equipped with a backing layer 1 of polyethylene, resulting in a TTS in each case. Formulation 2 has the following composition:
1. Active ingredient-containing matrix:
1.9% progestogen 98.1% polyisobutylene-based adhesive;
2. Adhesive layer:
3% Tinosorb®S 97% polyisobutylene-based adhesive.
Tinosorb®S (from Ciba, Lampertheim) is a UV absorber of the hydroxyphenyltriazine class.
To investigate the photo-protective effect, both formulations were irradiated with light having a UV spectrum of 300-800 nm for a period of up to 34 h. The radiation source used was a xenon lamp. A filter system (type: Suprax® filter) was placed between the radiation source and the samples to be irradiated in order to simulate irradiation under realistic conditions of use of the TTS. The active ingredient content in the TTS after irradiation was then determined.
FIG. 1 reveals that the TTS of formulation 2, which comprised an adhesive layer with UV-absorbing substance and a separating layer, still comprised about 95% of the originally employed amount of the photosensitive active ingredient after irradiation for 34 h, whereas the TTS of formulation 1 comprised only about 3% of the originally employed amount of the photosensitive active ingredient after irradiation.
The system according to the invention has improved protection from the sun under realistic conditions-of-use, since the UV-protective effect of the system according to the invention (formulation 2) was considerably greater than that of the comparative system (formulation 1).
EXAMPLE 2
The formulations of example 2 have a photosensitive active ingredient from the progestogens, and in each case an adhesive layer and separating layer. The separating layer in each of these formulations consists of polyethylene terephthalate (Hostaphan® 1 from Mitsubishi Polyester, Wiesbaden). Each formulation has the following composition:
1. Active ingredient-containing matrix
1.9% progestogen 98.1% polyisobutylene-based adhesive;
2. Adhesive layer 1 and 2:
2.5% Tinosorb®S 97.5% polyacrylate-based adhesive.
EXAMPLE 3
The formulations of example 3 have a photosensitive active ingredient from the progestogens, and in each case two adhesive layers and separating layers. The separating layers in each case consist of polyethylene terephthalate (Hostaphan® 1 from Mitsubishi Polyester, Wiesbaden). These formulations each have the following composition:
1. Active ingredient-containing matrix:
1.9% progestogen 98.1% polyisobutylene-based adhesive;
2. Adhesive layer 1 and 2:
3% Tinuvin®400 97% polyacrylate-based adhesive.
Tinuvin®400 (from CIBA, Lampertheim) is a UV absorber of the hydroxyphenyltriazine class.
EXAMPLE 4 TO 12
The formulations of example 4 have a photosensitive active ingredient from the progestogens, and in each case at least one adhesive layer and separating layer. In these formulations in which the active ingredient-containing matrix is embodied analogous to examples 1 to 3 and the adhesive layer comprises a poly-isobutylene-based adhesive and has the compositions mentioned below.
Composition of the
Example
adhesive layer
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Tinosorb ® S [%]
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
Polyisobutylene-based
98
98
98
97
97
97
96
96
96
adhesive [%]
Weight per unit area [g/m 2 ]
20
30
50
20
30
50
20
30
50
EXAMPLE 13 TO 21
The formulations of examples 13 to 21 have a photosensitive active ingredient from the progestogens, and in each case at least one adhesive layer and separating layer. The active ingredient-containing matrix is embodied analogously to examples 1 to 3, and the adhesive layer comprises a polyacrylate-based adhesive and has the compositions mentioned below.
Composition of the
Example
adhesive layer
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Tinosorb ® S [%]
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
Polyacrylate-based
98
98
98
97
97
97
96
96
96
adhesive [%]
Weight per unit area [g/m 2 ]
20
30
50
20
30
50
20
30
50
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a solid transdermal therapeutic system with UV absorber, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention.
What is claimed is new and is set forth in the following appended claims. | The UV-stable solid transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) with UV absorber for photosensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients has a backing layer ( 1 ), at least one active ingredient-containing matrix ( 2 ), and a detachable protective film ( 3 ). Optionally an adhesive layer ( 4 ) and a separating layer ( 5 ) are introduced between the backing layer ( 1 ) and the at least one active ingredient-containing matrix ( 2 ). At least one hydroxyphenyltriazine compound acting as UV absorber is embedded in the backing layer ( 1 ), in the active ingredient-containing matrix ( 2 ), or in the adhesive layer ( 4 ). The TTS according to the invention achieves high stability at low concentrations of UV absorber, preferably 0.5 to 3% (m/m), so as to reduce or avoid skin irritation. | 2,476 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an apparatus for removing a surface layer from animal muscular tissue, particularly a skin-including layer from fish fillets, the apparatus comprising a skinning roller driven to rotate and having a circumferential surface designed to grip the material to be treated; a pressure pad provided with a presser surface facing the circumferential surface of the skinning roller, being mounted to be displaced resiliently relative to the circumferential surface of the skinning roller and including a knife receiving pocket; and a blade-like skinning knife received in the pocket.
2. Prior Art
Apparatuses showing these and similar structural features are widely used and are known from printed publications. For example, German Pat. No. 2 049 353 discloses an apparatus, whose structural features correspond to those described above. Use is made therein of a fixed knife blade inserted into the pressure pad, the presser surface being at a limited distance and equidistant from the skinning roller or the circumferentiaI surface thereof and the cutting edge of the skinning knife extending at a distance from the circumferential surface of the skinning roller, which distance corresponds to the thickness of the layer to be severed.
However, as has been found, a satisfactory result could only be obtained when processing the fillets of round fish, this term being used to differentiate from flat fish. The problems encountered in processing fillets of the latter fish type are due to the fact that the skin of such fish is very intimately connected to the muscular substance by a plurality of sinews or similar tendinous ligaments. It was therefore unavoidable to use a drawing cut for processing such fish. In view of this finding and the attempts made to overcome the expensive and maintenance-costly principle of band knife skinners, developments have led towards a system which is characterized by a knife driven to oscillate, as is e.g. disclosed by German Pat. No. 680 720. In this system, the knife is enabled to move from a disengaged and spaced apart basic position into the (closer) working position after the initial portions of the fillet have moved past. Thus, initial fragments are lost and this has to be accepted principally as a production loss.
This deficiency was intended to be removed by the construction in accordance with German Pat. No. 18 10 673, in particular by the embodiment according to FIG. 2 thereof. This construction has an oscillating skinning knife, whose possibilities of pivoting are adjustable and limited in such a way that it remains with a fixedly set spacing with respect to the circumferential surface of the skinning roller. A pressure pad is located below the skinning knife and is at a fixed distance from the circumference of the skinning roller. When using this apparatus, particularly when processing flat fish fillets, a disadvantage arises which is due to the basic concept of this construction. This is revealed in that the tail area splits along the spinal line, so that the skinned fillet receives a dovetail-like appearance, which is considered to be so disadvantageous and an enormous handicap from the quality standpoint that this machine has not been accepted and adopted in this field. The reason for this splitting is the transverse stressing of the fillet during skinning due to the fact that the skinned fillet portions are forced against the oscillating back surface and are accelerated in accordance with the oscillating movement thereof. This effect is supported by that part of the lower surface of the knife which is exposed upstream of the presser surface, the wedge action and the cutting resistance causing an adequately intimate friction between the knife and the fillet, so that the oscillating movement is transferred onto the fillet. In order to reduce this effect by improving the grip of the skin on the skinning roller, the circumferential surface thereof has been provided with a diamond or right-angled knurling. However, apart from a hardly noticeable improvement to the aforementioned effect, this led to a reduction of the reliability of the cutting-start, because now the spacing of the presser surface from the circumferential surface of the skinning roller had to be set at least to the skin thickness of the fillet to be skinned, to ensure that the skin entered underneath the presser surface. However, the resulting gap reduces the pressing action with respect to the skinning roller necessary for a reliable conveying or feeding. In order to enable the necessary close positioning of the presser surface, the circumferential surfaces of the skinning rollers are therefore presently provided with longitudinal grooves, in which the fillet is engaged with its tail end and can thus enter underneath the pressure surface.
Tests carried out with an apparatus according to DE-OS 21 18 164 comprising an oscillating skinning knife which had a reduced moving distance as regards the moving into the working position by the fillet entering into the gap between the skinning roller and the pressure pad also failed to solve the above problem, so that this concept has also not become commercially successful. Apart from the stressing of the fillets as a result of the oscillation, this apparatus led to an above-average unreliability in the initiation stages of the cutting. This is in accordance with the expectations from the aforementioned findings and is mainly due to the fact that the presser surface in its basic position gives the incoming fillet a greater distance from the circumferential surface of the skinning roller than in the working position. Thus, a movement of the pressure pad into the working position only takes place coincidentally, i.e. purely by chance, because for this movement it is necessary that the fillet be adequately entrained by the skinning roller. However, even when the fillet arrives at the knife cutting edge, this entrainment only takes place through friction and pushing engagement of the circumferential surface of the skinning roller roughened by (diamond) knurling or the like. However, this manner of conveying is generally not sufficient to enable the knife to achieve a cutting depth enabling the separated layer to reach the clamping point between the presser surface and the circumferential surface of the skinning roller. However, this is a prerequisite for an adequate torque to become effective on the intermediate gear, in order to bring the knife into the working position close to the circumference and to cause the positive conveying which enables the actual skinning process.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore the major object of the present invention to suggest a skinning apparatus enabling both flat and round fish to be skinned in a completely satisfactory manner, i.e. without the above-described problems. It is a further important object of the present invention to perform such skinning whilst obtaining an excellent quality.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a skinning apparatus comprising a skinning roller driven to rotate and having a circumferential surface designed to grip the material to be treated, a pressure pad provided with a presser surface facing the circumferential surface of the skinning roller, being mounted displaceably relative to the circumferential surface of the skinning roller against the tension of a spring and including a knife receiving pocket, and a blade-like skinning knife received in said pocket, these objects are achieved in accordance with the present invention in that the knife blade is driven to oscillate and that the receiving pocket is designed as a guide slot guiding the knife blade.
The resulting advantages are in particular that the engagement possibilities of the oscillating surfaces of the knife on the fillet are decisively reduced. As a result of the rather small vibrating or oscillating mass, this concept makes it possible to increase the oscillating frequency and or the amplitude, which leads to a higher average cutting speed, which brings about a further reduction of the transverse forces stressing the fillet.
According to an advantageous development of the invention, adjustable stops are provided for adjusting the basic spacing between the presser surface from the circumferential surface of the skinning roller and/or for limiting the working clearance between these members. Thus, on the one hand, the basic position of the presser surface with respect to the circumferential surface of the skinning roller can be chosen entirely on the basis of the standpoint of reliable cutting and, on the other hand, the lifting movement of the pressure pad can be limited.
For bringing about a reliable guidance of the knife blade and for reducing the area of the knife back-surface coming into contact with the product being skinned, preferably the guide slot receiving the knife blade may, on the one hand, be formed by a back surface of the pressure pad and, on the other hand, by a cover, the latter being provided with at least one guide member which projects through the guide slot and into an elongated hole-like opening in the knife blade.
To permit a simple changing of the knife blade, it may be provided that in the region of its part projecting into the guide slot, each guide member may have chamfers on its sides facing in the oscillating direction and may be arranged to be displaceable against spring tension out of the region of the guide slot, whilst each opening may be aligned parallel to the cutting edge of the knife blade.
In view of the fact that the degree of stressing of the product being skinned is a function of the cutting pressure exerted by the knife blade, it is possible to reduce the same in that each opening is arranged at an inclination with respect to the knife blade cutting edge, so that the blade receives an additional oscillating component directed opposite to the product being skinned. A substantially transverse force-free driving of the knife blade can be obtained in that the drive producing the oscillating movement of the knife blade comprises a crank gear with two synchronously and oppositely moving crank disks, which carry crank pins each connected to a yoke by means of a crank driven rod, which yoke is arranged at one end of the knife blade.
For safeguarding a troublefree start and performance of the skinning process, the circumferential surface of the skinning roller may be provided with longitudinal grooves essentially extending along the generating lines of the circumferential surface.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other and further objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description and claim and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings which by way of illustration schematically show preferred embodiments of the present invention and the principles thereof and what now are considered to be the best modes contemplated for applying these principles. Other embodiments of the invention embodying the same or equivalent principles may be used and structural changes may be made as desired by those skilled in the art without departing from the present invention and the scope of the appended claims. In the drawings
FIG. 1 shows a partial view of the complete apparatus in a simplified axonometric representation;
FIG. 2 shows a partial cross-section through the apparatus in the region of a knife blade guide member;
FIG. 3 shows a partial detail plan view of the inner surface of the cover guiding the knife blade in the region of a guide member;
FIG. 4 shows a partial detail plan view corresponding to FIG. 3 with an inclined guide member;
FIG. 5 shows a section along line V--V of FIG. 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A fish fillet skinning machine comprises a not shown frame, in which a discharge-side deflection roller 2 of an endless supply or feeding belt 1 as well as a skinning roller 3 are mounted, which rollers 2 and 3 are driven to rotate in the same rotational direction. The skinning roller 3 has a circumferential surface 4 provided with longitudinal grooves 5 in a known per se manner. In the region of its discharge side, the circumferential surface 4 of the skinning roller 3 is opposed by a pressure pad or shoe 6 defining a presser surface 7. The latter has a radius of curvature which corresponds essentially to that of the circumferential surface 4 of the skinning roller 3. The pressure pad 6 extends substantially over the entire length of the skinning roller 3 and can be displaced about an axis 8 away from the skinning roller 3 against the tension of a spring 9 and is supported in its basic position by means of an adjustable stop 10 with respect to the width of a clearance or gap between its presser surface 7 and the circumferential surface 4. A pivoting in the opposite direction is limited by a further stop 11. The pressure pad 6 is designed with a back surface 13 as its upward limitation, which back surface 13 extends parallel to the circumferential surface 4 of the skinning roller 3, while it forms an acute angle with the upper end region of the presser surface 7, the top edge 12 of said angle being blunted. The back surface 13 carries a cover 14 with a shoulder, which, together with the back surface 13, forms a guide slot 15 for guiding a knife blade 16. The surface part of the cover 14 which faces the skinning roller 3 is chamfered and, together with the top surface of the guide slot 15, forms a blunted edge 17, which opposes the top edge 12. The knife blade 16 is made from strip steel and its width is dimensioned in such a way that a cutting edge 18 formed thereon projects beyond the edge 17 and/or the top edge 12. In the region of both its ends, the knife blade 16 is provided with one longitudinally extending, elongated hole-like opening 19 each, which is engaged by a guide member 20. This guide member is guided in a corresponding recess 22 in the cover 14 and is held pressed against the back surface 13 of the pressure pad 6 via a pressure pin 24 by means of a leaf spring 23, whilst passing through the knife blade 16. The part of each guide member 20 projecting into the guide slot 15 has, on its sides facing in the oscillating direction, chamfers 21 having at least the thickness of the knife blade 16. One end thereof is secured to a yoke 25, which rests on a not shown sliding surface and is provided with two pins 26. Each one of these is engaged by one crank driven rod 27, respectively, of a double crank gear 28 formed by two synchronously and oppositely driven crank disks 29 carrying crank pins 30 driving said rods.
The function of the apparatus is as follows:
A fillet to be skinned lying on its skin side and with its tail end leading is placed on the circumferential surface 4 of the rotating skinning roller 3 by means of the feeding belt 1 and is conveyed on by the skinning roller. During its entering onto the skinning roller 3 the tail end engages in the longitudinal grooves 5 of the circumferential surface 4 and consequently enters underneath the cutting edge 18 of the knife blade 16. Shortly thereafter, it runs into the gap between the presser surface 7 and the circumferential surface 4 with the already detached parts of the skin, whereby a reliably conveying engagement occurs spontaneously on the cut-free skin. The pressure pad 6 is subject to a lifting force which, after overcoming the tension of the spring 9, effects that the presser surface 7 slides on the inner surface of the tough skin and, by entraining the knife blade 16, brings its cutting edge 18 into a distance from the circumferential surface 4 corresponding to the thickness of the skin to be severed.
In order to permit a more economical use of the knife blade 16, it can be designed as a reversible blade, in that both its longitudinal edges are provided with a cutting edge. For reversing and/or changing the knife blade 16, it is merely necessary to release the connection between the same and the yoke 25, whereupon the knife blade 16 may then be drawn out of the guide slot 15 in the direction of the crank gear 28 by displacing the guide members 20 via chamfers 21. Another knife blade 16 may be inserted correspondingly until the guide members 20 engage and/or lock in the openings 19 and may then be connected to the yoke 25. | An apparatus for skinning fish includes a pressure pad carrying an oscillating knife blade and defining a presser surface which faces the circumferential surface of a skinning roller, the pressure pad being mounted to yield against spring force. The oscillating knife blade is guided in a pocket formed in the pressure pad. This arrangement makes it possible to skin fish fillets without any splitting of the tail portion. | 2,819 |
This invention has been devised particularly though not necessarily solely for use in providing a ride in the nature of a wave to provide an opportunity for activities using a wave such as surfing whether using a surfboard or body surfing or using other equipment for such purposes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
There is a continuing need for aquatic entertainment that can bring both enjoyment and an amount of thrill particularly in a safe, controlled yet stimulating environment.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a ride which will go at least some way towards meeting the foregoing requirements in a simple yet effective manner or which will at least provide the public with a useful choice.
Accordingly in one aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist in a ride comprising a channel forming a closed loop, the channel being able to receive water, wave forming means operable to create a wave, when the channel contains water, such that the wave will progress around the channel, and the wave being of sufficient size to enable aquatic pastimes to be performed on the wave.
Preferably the characteristics of the wave can be varied.
Preferably the wave forming means is operable to increment the wave from time to time.
Preferably the wave forming means increments the wave as the wave passes a selected point.
Preferably the wave forming means operates in a branch channel.
Preferably the wave forming means can generate waves sequentially to allow several waves to travel about the channel at any one time.
Preferably the branch channel is tangential to the channel forming a closed loop. Preferably the channel includes both left and right hand turns.
Preferably the channel includes optional sections that are temporarily blocked off to the main channel at each of their ends. These sections can be included in the main channel circuit by removing from each of their ends smooth barriers which may then be used to block off the section of channel formerly in use.
Preferably the channel can have an island which smoothly separates the wave in to two distinct parts allowing these two parts to join together as they pass beyond the island.
Preferably the channel is formed by a trench and/or an embankment in or on the ground or both.
Alternatively the channel is formed by a membrane carrying floats that are adjacent the edge of the membrane.
In a further aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist in a wave path for water wherein a wave travels about a closed loop.
Preferably the wave height is intermittently increased as the wave moves about the wave path.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This invention may also broadly be said to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all collectively of any two or more of the parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents such equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.
One preferred form of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which,
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a ride according to a preferred form of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an alternative ride according to a further preferred embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 3 is a cross section of “AA” in FIG. 2 ,
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an obstacle usable in a ride according to the invention,
FIG. 5 is a cross section of “BB” in FIG. 4 ,
FIG. 6 is a cross section, for example, at “CC” in FIG. 2 but showing the obstacle therein,
FIG. 7 is a further cross sectional view of a tide according to a preferred form of the invention,
FIG. 8 is a longitudinal cross section through part of a ride according to a preferred form of the invention,
FIG. 9 is a transverse cross section through a banked curve forming part of a tide according to the invention,
FIG. 10 is a transverse cross section through a channel forming part of a ride according to an alternative embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 11 shows an island in a channel of a preferred form of the invention,
FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 11 but showing the position of optional sections at “A”, and
FIG. 13 shows the use of optional sections to close branch channels.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 the ride 1 comprises an elongate channel 2 in the form of a closed loop. In the construction of FIG. 1 the closed loop is somewhat in the form of an hour glass and includes both left hand and right hand turns.
The channel 2 is able to be filled with water and a wave forming apparatus is provided which causes a wave to pass around the channel 2 when the channel contains water. Preferably the wave forming apparatus operates in a branch channel 3 which preferably meets the channel 2 tangentially to the channel 2 at a merging point where channel 3 meets the channel 2 . This is substantially the point “A” in FIG. 1 .
Gates are provided such as gates 4 along with a pump 5 that feeds water into the reservoir to build a head of water higher than the channels standing water level. By releasing the gates 4 a wave or surge of water passes down the branch channel 3 into the main channel 2 , The branch channel may be inclined downwards toward the channel to increase the force of the surge at point A. The intention is to build a wave of increasing size that travels intact around the channel, As the wave comes back to a selected point such as the point “A” a further wave is joined to the side of the first wave. This can be done quite precisely using a sensor that detects the first wave and allows the second wave to be joined substantially seamlessly. This can be achieved as the waves have a substantially precise speed. As the energy of the second wave merges with the energy of the first wave the combined energies build a bigger third wave and so on. Thus the wave height is incrementally increased which allows energy to be saved. It will be apparent that more than one wave forming means could be provided around the channels particularly where a longer channel is provided. Channel 2 may be at it's widest just beyond point A and may continue to narrow in a controlled manner such that prior to channel 2 converging with channel 3 , channel 2 is at its narrowest. This helps sustain the wave height over one complete circuit and allows a more seamless blending of wave energy at point A.
Accordingly the wave, rather than being spent on a beach or other coastline, is able to be enlarged over time to the limiting wave height. Each new input wave continues to add sufficient energy to overcome losses plus desirably adds further energy to add height to the wave. It is believed that little energy is dissipated as the ever building wave circles the channel 2 . There is some friction loss around the walls of the channel but this is relatively small. Waves are generated in a substantially controlled manner to minimise other more significant irrevocable losses which begin once the wave starts breaking. In principal it may be possible to recapture some of this lost energy by varying the depth of the canal. Deeper water following shallower water will recover the wave to some extent. The channel bottom may be provided with features or obstacles to create a varying depth as will be described further herein after.
Alternatively the channel floor can be banked side to side to provide shallower water on the inside of the channel curve and deeper water nearer the outer side of the curve allowing for the curvature radius of the channel to be reduced such that their is little or no loss of energy causing breaking, due to centrifugal force as the wave bends around the curve in the channel. The tighter the channel curvature the deeper the water nearest the outer curve and the greater the centrifugal forces which will act not only on the water itself but on the surfer. This will add to the excitement for the surfer.
Alternatively the channel may be narrowed and made deeper at the same time to increase the still water depth, to compress the wave making it momentarily higher as it passes through a canyon-like section of channel.
I believe it is possible to generate a wave up to from approximately O5 m up to approximately 4 m depending on the depth of still water. The wave has a clean, steep enough surfable face to substantially replicate the shape of an ocean wind generated surfable wave. I believe that about 60% to 75% of the longitudinal face length of the wave face will be clean. The outer most wave end may break on tighter radiused bends because of centrifugal force and the inner end will have a more benign face slope. The height of the wave will have an optimum ratio to the depth of water beneath it before it starts to break. The clean or unbroken wave height is limited by the depth of still water in the channel. This height can be sustained if necessary by the channel width being reduced or the channel depth varied side to side allowing for the effect of centrifugal forces. In this case the unbroken wave height will be more similar from the inner side of the channel to the outer side.
Of course the device is capable of generating several waves such that there can be two or more waves preceding around the channel at any one time.
I believe that a suitable length of channel could be from as little as say 50 meters up to about 5000 meters. The longer the track of the channel the more waves that can be provided at any one time and the more surfers potentially call ride. The average width of the channel 21 I believe, should not be less than 2.5 meters and could be up to about 25 meters wide also providing as options small up to quite large facilities.
FIG. 2 illustrates diagrammatically a circular channel 2 with obstacles 7 positioned in the base of the channel.
The channel may be provided in any suitable manner and for example a substantially level channel can be dug with embankments 10 on each side. The channel would typically have a substantially level bottom end to end and side to side to provide an even standing water depth. The wave generated has a ratio of its height to the depth of water below it. The outer channel face takes the centrifugal force of the wave which is fairly steep say 1:4. The inner face is quite benign and could, for example, be a beach which surprisingly is not washed away by wave action. Beaches are represented at 15 in FIGS. 1 and 9 . The beaches could be used as a safe entry or exit point for a surfer riding the wave in the channel. Although a wave call be bent around headlands and the like I believe that this is the first deliberate attempt to loop a wave back on itself capturing otherwise spent energy and providing a ride of long duration.
FIG. 9 shows a beach 15 adjacent a banked curve 50 line 51 (peeked) shows the standard or normal channel profile, and line (pecked) 52 the water surface lever for still water, Water surfaces] builds up between the beach 15 and outer bank 54 .
A second version is shown in FIG. 10 in which a pliable tough membrane, for example, the material used to build inflatable boats 20 can be provided with floating edge sections 21 . The edge sections 21 could be permanently floating, for example, by being filled with styrene foamed blocks or other floating material or could be inflatable, for example, using compressed air, Such a construction would stand wholly on the ground 22 which would need to be fiat to maintain a constant water depth. As the channel is filled with water the edges of the pool would rise up, the edges being semi ridged in shape to stand firmly from the standing water level sufficient to contain a passing wave. Substantially vertical membranes 23 would be provided forming an up stand channel in the mid section. The membranes 23 would also restrain the floating edge sections 21 and moving wave. The outer two sides of the pool and cross section allow water to flow back to the device reservoir.
FIGS. 4 to 6 show a possible feature or obstacle in the form of a mound 40 which could be hollow allowing the mound to be floated into position and sunk at a selected position in channel 2 before air is exhausted through line 41 when the mound is in position. The mound will cause the wave to crest 42 over the mound 40 .
FIG. 8 shows an expected cross section through a wave in the channel 2 .
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 the tangentially channel 3 leads to the merging section 30 so as to allow the second wave to readily blend with the first wave within the channel 2 , The ratio between the wicks of the first wave and the second wave at point A should be between 4:1 down to 1:1. This ratio varies broadly speaking depending on energy input. The smaller the portion of the second wave the less energy and the longer time it takes to build the desirable surfable wave. The reservoir used by the pump at 5 draws water from the channel 2 preferably at various points around the channel 2 through outlets 35 , for example, drawing through conduit 36 . A vertical slated gate when opened dumps the water into the channel system as previously described. The water in the system could be seawater or fresh water and could provide opportunities, for example, for recreational or competitive surfing, kayaking, boogie boarding, body surfing and like pursuits. The construction could provide waves suitable for typical recreational surfers or for professional or competitive surfers.
The channel 2 may have an island 50 which separates the wave into two distinct parts moving along channel parts 2 a and 2 b allowing these two parts to join together as they pass beyond the island 50 .
The channel 2 may include sections 2 c and 2 d that are temporarily blocked off to the main channel at each of their ends. These sections can be included in the main channel circuit by removing from each of their ends smooth barriers 52 and 53 which may then be used to block off the section of channel formerly in use. Barriers 52 and 53 may be inflatable so as to sit on the bottom of channel 2 until inflated. Barrier 52 is shown inflated and barrier 53 is shown pecked to indicate it is uninflated.
Thus it can be seen that a ride is provided which compared to a conventional artificial wave pool has running costs that are expected to be lower and the number of waves and therefore surf rides is higher. The construction does not need to be inside a building and is able to be used year round particularly where the climate is conclusive to all year surfing.
In one preferred option by providing only one surfer at a time per wave the construction has a high degree of safety.
Wave sizes can be varied depending on the overall size of the facility, such that the size of wave generated is not necessarily the maximum height dependent on the depth of still water. The still water level can be varied to alter the optimum unbroken height and front face of the wave as there is always a definite ratio between the depth of still water and the corresponding optimum wave generated whose face is at its steepest just prior to it breaking. This provides choice such that it would be possible to have separate days, for example, for women, children, professionals and learners. With no major building required the whole construction could be readily removed and the land reinstated if necessary.
Other environmental benefits could include less travel costs to distant beaches and the ride could be centrally located perhaps on leased public land. If located near the sea it could double as an aquarium.
Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word comprise and variations of that word, such as “comprises” and “comprising,” are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps. | A ride is formed comprising a channel forming a closed loop. The channel is able to receive water. Wave forming means are provided operable to create a wave, when the channel contains water, such that the wave will progress around the channel. The wave is of sufficient size to enable aquatic pastimes to be performed on the wave. | 2,902 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to horseshoes, and more particularly to a weighted horseshoe.
Horseshoes including an assembly of shoe elements for extending the length of the horse's hoof in order to improve the appearance of the horse's gait are known in the art as depicted in the U.S. Swartz Pat. No. 3,023,812.
Horseshoes including means for adding weight increments to the shoe are also known in the art as illustrated in the U.S. Barton Pat. No. 470,815 and the U.S. Wagener Pat. No. 1,938,471.
However, the means for fastening and detaching the various elements of an extended or weighted horseshoe assembly are time-consuming and usually limited to threaded bolts and mating threaded apertures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a weighted horseshoe assembly in which the weights in the body portion of the horseshoe may be easily and quickly varied by virtue of an improved latching mechanism.
More specifically, the horseshoe made in accordance with this invention includes an upper shoe member, an intermediate body member having cavities for receiving fluent weight material, and a lower shoe member. The upper shoe member is adapted to be fastened directly to the bottom of the horse's hoof by conventional horseshoe nails, while the lower shoe member is semi-permanently attached to the bottom surface of the weighted body member, such as by threaded bolts. However, the weighted body member is adapted to be quickly and detachably latched to the bottom of the upper shoe member by a snugly fitting tongue and recess connection, and by a minimum number of threaded bolts.
Inlet ports are formed in the top of the body member to communicate with each of the cavities, and each inlet port is provided with a closure member. Thus, when a body member is separated from an upper shoe member, fluent weight material, such as mercury or metal shot, may be inserted into any one or more of the cavities by removing the respective closures and depositing the weight material into each cavity. The amount of weight material in each cavity may be carefully controlled to provide the proper weight distribution throughout the length of the horseshoe.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the horseshoe assembly mounted upon the hoof of a horse;
FIG. 2 is a slightly enlarged, exploded, perspective view of the horseshoe, with the body member separated from the upper shoe member;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the horseshoe assembly removed from the hoof;
FIG. 4 is a section taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view of the horseshoe assembly.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings in more detail, the horseshoe or horseshoe assembly 10 made in accordance with this invention includes an upper shoe member 11, an intermediate weighted body member 12 and a lower shoe member 13.
The upper shoe member 11 is C-shaped in the general configuration of a conventional horseshoe having a flat top surface 15 adapted to fit flush against the bottom surface of the horse's hoof 16, and having a flat bottom surface 17. Extending through the shoe member 11 at spaced intervals are a plurality of nail holes 18 through which horseshoe nails 19 are driven upward into the hoof 16 in a manner similar to horseshoe nails in a conventional horseshoe.
Formed in the front or toe portion of the shoe member 11 is a rearwardly opening recess 20 having a beveled bottom surface 21 declining rearward to intersect the flat bottom surface 17 of the upper shoe member 11. The latch recess 20 opens into a large central opening 22 formed by the C-shaped portion of the shoe member 11.
The rear end portion of the upper shoe member 11 is provided with depending calk members 24 and 25 having front surfaces 25 inclined forward. Threaded bolt holes or apertures 27 extend from front to rear entirely through the calk members 24 and 25.
The body member 12 has a substantially greater height or thickness than the upper shoe member 11, and is generally shaped as an extension of the hoof 16. The body member 12 is provided with a flat top surface 30 and a flat bottom surface 31.
A boss 32 having the general configuration and adapted to be snugly received within the central opening 22 of the upper shoe member 11 projects upward from the top surface 30 of the body member 12. Projecting forward from the front portion of the boss 32 is a tongue 34 having substantially the same shape as the recess 20 for latching reception by the latch recess 20. The bottom surface 35 of the tongue 34 inclines forward so that it mates flush with the inclined bottom surface 21 of the latch recess 20 in assembled position.
Calk recesses 37 and 38 are formed at the rear portion of the body member 12 as depressions in the top surface 30. The calk recesses 37 and 38 have complementary surfaces for snugly receiving the respective depending calk members 24 and 25 of the upper shoe member 11. The front surfaces 39 of the calk recesses 37 and 38 are inclined forward at substantially the same angle as the front surfaces 26 of the calk members 24 and 25.
The boss 32 projects rearwardly past the calk recesses 37 and 38 and terminates in a transverse T-bar 40 having threaded apertures 41 adjacent each end thereof. Aligned with the threaded apertures 41 are threaded apertures or holes 42 in the front surfaces 39 of the calk recesses 37 and 38. The aligned, threaded apertures 41 and 42 are adapted to register with the threaded holes 27 in the calk members 24 and 25 when the upper shoe member 11 is securely latched by the tongue 34 and latch recess 20 and the lower surface 17 of the upper shoe member 11 is flush with the top surface 30 of the body member 12. Thus, the rear portions of the body member 12 and upper shoe member 11 are held in fixed position by threaded bolts, such as 43 threaded through the aligned apertures 41, 27 and 42.
The interior of the body member 12 is hollow and provided with at least two cavities, such as the three cavities 45, 46 and 47 disclosed in FIG. 4, separated by the transverse partition walls 48 and 49. Each cavity 45, 46 and 47 is provided with an inlet port 51, 52 and 53, respectively, normally closed by a closure member or plug 54. The inlet ports 51-53 extend through the boss 32 in the top of the body member 12 for communication with the respective cavities 45-47. By removing one or more of any desired plug or plugs 54, fluent weight material, such as mercury 55 may be introduced into any of the cavities, such as disclosed in cavity 46. Other types of fluent weight material, such as metal shot 56 may be poured into any of the cavities, such as is disclosed in cavity 45. The amount of the fluent weight material may be varied from cavity to cavity in order to provide the proper weight distribution from front to rear within the body member 12.
The lower shoe member 13 is also C-shaped generally in the same configuration as a conventional horseshoe. The rear portion of the lower shoe member 13 is provided with depending calks 57. The lower shoe member 13 is also provided with a flat top surface 58 for fitting flush against the bottom surface 31 of the body member. Threaded holes 59 are formed through the lower shoe member 13 for receiving threaded bolts 60 which project up into mating threaded holes, not shown, in the side walls of the body member 12.
In the operation of the horseshoe 10, preferably the upper shoe member 11 is first secured to the bottom of the horse's hoof 16 by the horseshoe nails 19. Moreover, the lower shoe member 13 is secured by the bolts 60 to the body member 12. The threaded plugs 54 are removed and the proper amount of weight material, such as mercury 55 or shot 56, is poured into one or more of the desired cavities 45, 46 and 47 until the proper weight distribution is attained. The plugs 54 are then secured to close the inlet ports 51, 52 and 53. The front portion of the body member 12 is then raised to cause the tongue 34 to first move toward and register with the latch recess 20. The tongue surface 35 is slid along the bottom surface 21 of the latch recess 20 until the top surface 30 of the body member 12 rests flush against the bottom surface 17 of the upper shoe member 11. During the forward sliding motion of the body member 12 relative to the upper shoe member 11, the calk members 24 and 25 are sliding along the top surface 30 until they drop into their corresponding calk recesses 37 and 38. The size and spacing of the latch recess 20, tongue 34, calk members 24 and 25 and calk recesses 37 and 38 are such that when the tongue 34 is completely received within the latch recess 20, the depending calk members 24 and 25 are also received flush within their corresponding recesses 37 and 38, respectively. Also, the boss 32 is received within the central opening 22, so that there is complete stability laterally and longitudinally when the upper shoe member 11 is properly fitted and assembled upon the body member 12. To hold the upper shoe member 11 and body member 12 in their assembled poitions, the bolts 43 are threaded through the corresponding aligned apertures 41, 27 and 42.
When it is desired to remove the body member 12 from the upper shoe member 11, the bolts 43 are quickly unthreaded and removed from the respective apertures 41, 27 and 42. The rear portion of the body member 12 is then dropped and simultaneously moved rearward to remove the calk members 24 and 25 from their respective recesses 37 and 38 and the tongue member 34 from the latch recess 20. The assembled body member 12 and lower shoe member 12 may remain in assembled position by the bolts 60 for storage until further use. Moreover, the weight material 55 and 56 may remain the same unless it is desired to change the distribution of the weight within the horseshoe assembly 10. The upper shoe member 11 preferably remains on the horse's hoof 16 until further use of the body member 12 is required. The upper shoe member 11 functions as a conventional horseshoe when the body member 12 is removed, being of the same shape as a conventional horseshoe and having its own calk members 24 and 25. | A horseshoe including an upper shoe member for attachment to a horse's hoof and having a latch recess, an intermediate body member having a latch tongue for engagement with the latch recess to secure the intermediate body member to the upper shoe member, and a lower shoe member adapted to be secured to the bottom surface of the body member. In a preferred form of the invention, the body member includes at least two cavities with separate inlets thereto for receiving fluent weight material. | 1,911 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Inversion therapy is a method for achieving a decompression of the musculoskeletal system. Spinal traction occurs when the head is at a lower plane of elevation than the feet, thereby reversing the normal gravitational loading that occurs while standing or sitting.
[0002] The degree of traction is measured by the angular displacement of the head from the horizontal plane that exists while lying flat in a prone position. The range of traction is therefore zero to ninety degrees, with maximum traction occurring while suspended orthogonal to the level surface below.
[0003] Gravity boots are an established method for enabling an inverted posture through ankle-based suspension. Traditional gravity boot designs use hooks which connect to an elevated horizontal bar. This requires attaching a pair of gravity boots to the ankles, and then raising the feet to the elevation of the bar in order to enter the inverted posture.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The purpose of the device described is to provide a means for suspension by the ankles in a fully inverted position and thereby achieve maximum traction. Pull-up bars, of the type used in gymnastics and fitness activities that are designed to support the static loads generated by human body weight, are the intended support structures for this device to be used in conjunction with.
[0005] The device described can be constructed from synthetic polymer webbing that has a rated tensile strength which determines the safe working load that can be supported. It is sewn together, according to the described design, using synthetic polymer thread that is also rated in terms of the load-bearing capacity of each stitch (pounds/stitch). This combination of materials provides a means to predict the maximum load bearing capacity of this device when assembled, and thereby incorporate large safety factors.
[0006] Advantages to using the device described for ankle-based inversion therapy are:
1. The device adds no weight to the ankles. When the feet are raised up toward the mounting bar, no extra load must be carried, which translates to less effort required. 2. The device described, when mounted to a horizontal support bar, has handles that are significantly lower in elevation than the bar itself. This makes it unnecessary to reach all the way to the bar when exiting the inverted position, because the device has extended handles that are closer to the hands 3. The load tension of applied body-weight causes the device to close around the ankles, due to its self-tightening nature. It is therefore not possible to fall or slip out of the device while in the inverted position.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 depicts the device described, with numbers referring to the individual components outlined in the claims section.
[0011] FIG. 2 depicts two devices attached to a horizontal mounting bar and secured around both ankles while in use.
[0012] FIG. 3 depicts a pair of devices, showing the directional difference between the left and right version.
[0013] FIG. 4 depicts an as-built test model assembled from webbing and thread.
[0014] FIG. 5 depicts an as-built test model with a toe-hold loop of adjustable position relative to the main device body and a handle composed of separate finger loops.
[0015] FIG. 6 depicts an as-built test model based on the design shown in FIG. 1 .
[0016] FIG. 7 a shows the handle augmented with surrounding material to provide more grip surface.
[0017] FIG. 7 b shows the handle composed of individual finger loops.
[0018] FIG. 8 depicts the self-encircling part of the primary loop in isolation, with the black region representing a protective covering attached on the inside to prevent abrasion. The sheath could be made of durable and flexible plastic-polymer, and would eliminate friction contact between layers of webbing when the device is opened and closed. The sheath concept shown is a tubular single piece of material, and the webbing would be inserted through it prior to assembly.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0019] Directions for Use:
[0020] Entry:
1. Verify that the left and right versions of the device are oriented correctly (the left should form a lowercase “D” letter shape, and the right should form a lowercase “B” letter shape, as shown in the figures). 2. Attach a pair of devices to the horizontal support bar, by placing the mounting loop over the bar and then threading the body of the device through the loop as shown in the figures. 3. Slide the main loop into its fully open position, by moving the self-encircling portion of the main loop upward. This provides the maximum open surface area for the foot to be inserted through. 4. Verify that the handle and its extension are within the interior region of the sliding portion of the main loop, as shown in the figures. 5. Grasp the handle of the left-foot device with the left hand, and grasp the right-foot device handle with the right hand, and verify that all connections are secure by lifting feet off the ground and applying body-weight load to the pair of devices. 6. Raise feet upward to the bar while holding device handles, and lean back simultaneously to minimize the amount of upper-body effort used. 7. Position the device around each ankle by inserting the left and right foot through the opening provided by the main loop of each device while using the big toe of the opposite foot in conjunction with the toe-hold loop to further control the device. 8. While still holding the handles, tighten each device around the ankles by pulling both feet downward. 9. Release the handles and move backward into a fully inverted posture.
[0030] Exit:
1. Raise the torso upward until the handles are within reach. 2. Grasp the left handle with the left hand, and the right handle with the right hand. Apply load to each handle by pulling downward as if the weight of the upper body were being supported by the handles and their extensions. 3. Shifting the static load application point, as described in the previous step, allows the main loop of the device to be relaxed and expanded. While briefly supporting the majority of body weight with the handles, use the big toe of the opposite foot in conjunction with the toe-hold loop to pull the main loop off of each ankle and allow the feet to exit. 4. Using a controlled movement, while still holding the handles securely, lower the feet to the ground. Do not release the handles until footing is secure.
[0035] Optional but Recommended Steps Prior to Use:
1. Cover the mounting bar with tape or protective cloth, to prevent the abrasion of webbing or stitching by exposed rough metallic surfaces. 2. Wear a pair of tube socks with the toe box cut open to provide a protective padding barrier between skin and device webbing.
[0038] Instructions for Assembly:
[0039] The size of the device can be scaled depending on foot-size and ankle circumference. The relative dimensions of the major components, as shown in the figures and described in the claims, are critical. The handle loop must be large enough to accommodate the hand, the main loop must be large enough when fully expanded to accommodate the through-passage of the foot, and the handle extension must be of sufficient length for the extension to remain inside of the self-encircling sliding region of the main loop when it is fully contracted around the ankles. The mounting loop must also be large enough to encircle the supporting bar structure and allow the whole device to pass through.
[0040] An ideal construction material is polyester webbing, with 2″ width used for the main loop and body of the device, and 1″ width used for all other components. The width-reducing attachment interface between the main loop and the handle extension maximizes the surface area of the seams connecting these two components.
[0041] Webbing used for assembly is heat sealed at exposed ends to prevent fraying. Heat-treated ends are hard and brittle and must be folded over once and sewn in place to prevent contact abrasion.
[0042] Sheaths to prevent webbing abrasion can be installed on sections of the device that are exposed to friction. These sections can include the self-encircling, sliding region of the main loop, the mounting loop, and the handle itself. The sheath can be made from durable fabric by sewing a tubular structure that surrounds the section of webbing being protected. The webbing would be inserted through the pre-fabricated tubular coverings prior to sewing. Single-piece molded polymer units could be used, if the plastic material were sufficiently durable and flexible.
[0043] The device can be constructed according to the drawings and descriptions using a sewing machine. The as-built test models of the device depicted in FIGS. 4-6 use reinforced box-tack stitching patterns at all major connection points. | A device used for ankle-based inversion therapy and which does not require hardware is described in this document. It allows the user to be suspended in an inverted posture from their ankles while being supported by an auxiliary mounting bar. The design of this device is presented in this document as an alternative to traditional hook-based gravity boots. | 1,533 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a protective and disposable cover for use with a dental cure light.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Cross contamination or exchange of biologic materials between dental patients has become an important issue in the practice of dentistry. During the course of dental procedures both the dentist and the patient come into contact with many objects capable of transporting bioburden. Many of these objects are either disposable or readily sterilized. The dental cure light does not fit into either of these categories. The typical dental cure light has complex and expensive interchangeable tips which are used inside the patients mouth and come into contact with saliva and other biologic materials.
Some commonly used dental products harden when exposed to light. It is common to apply these materials to teeth and to "expose" them with a hand held cure light. In use, the cure light tip is placed into the patient's mouth, while the handle of the cure light is held by the dentist. Most cure light units are equipped a removable cure light probe which may be removed from the light curing unit for cleaning.
Usually the dentist will be required to remove and carefully clean the tip between uses to prevent cross contamination between patients. The disposable cure light cover taught herein also prevents cross contamination between patients, without the requirement of cure light probe cleaning between patients.
The use of protective coverings for medical apparatus is well known. It is now common to provide protective sheaths for certain devices. See, for example:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,776 to Poncy which discloses a disposable sheath package for use with a thermometer. In use, this sheath is placed over the thermometer to prepare the thermometer for use.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,974,580 to Anapliotis which discloses a protective covering for use with an endoscope. This apparatus may be used for covering an illumination source and it includes an acrylic glass window.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
In the present invention, a disposable, transparent, flexible and deformable cover is provided for use with a dental cure light. Typically the dental light curing unit has a cylindrical light probe having a curve or bend to facilitate use within the patient's mouth. The cover of the present invention has an elongate tubular sheath portion which covers a substantial portion of the cure light probe. The protective cover also includes a reduced diameter distal portion which has a diameter smaller than the diameter of the cure light probe and which may be deformed to hold the cure light cover onto the cure light probe. The cure light cover is preferably dispensed and packaged between two paper release liners to keep the cover clean prior to use. The release liners are separated slightly by the user to insert the cure light probe. The user may grip the release liners and slide the cover into position over the cure light tip.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference may be had to the following description of an exemplary embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which identical reference numerals identify identical structure throughout the several figures of the drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the light curing unit with a cure light cover placed into position and ready for use;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the cure light cover;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the cure light cover;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the various layers of the cure light cover and dispenser liners;
FIG. 5 is a cross-section of the cure light cover and the dispenser liners; and,
FIG. 6 is a top view of the cure light cover and dispenser liners.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the light cure unit 12 along with its controller 14. Typically a light bulb is placed within the light cure unit 12 and light is conducted through a light guide 16 to a removable and rotatable cure light probe 20. The light which exits the cure light tip 18 "exposes" the dental resin or other dental material. As shown in the drawing the cure light cover 10 is positioned over the light probe 20 with the distal tip portion 30 in conformity with the cure light tip 18. The sheath portion 28 fits loosely along the length of the cure light probe 20 and light guide 16 and extends to a position proximate the light cure unit 12. In general, the length of the sheath portion is sufficient to remain outside of the patient's mouth during use. This prevents material from the patient's mouth from entering the interior of the tubular cure light cover 10. The length of the distal tip portion 30 is just sufficient to reliably engage and conform to the cure light tip 18.
FIG. 2 shows the cure light cover 10 in isolation. The cure light cover 10 is substantially tubular in shape although it is preferably made from an upper ply 22 and a lower ply 24 which are Joined at a seam 26. During manufacture the seam 26 is formed by a heat forming die which joins the two plies.
FIG. 3 shows a top view of the cure light cover 10 showing the elongate sheath portion 28, and the distal tip portion 30. In general, the sheath dimension 36 is sized to slide over the cure light probe 20, and it is slightly in excess of the diameter of the cure light probe 20 diameter. The distal tip dimension 38 is slightly less than the cure light probe 20 tip diameter so that the distal tip portion 30 of the cure light cover 10 can stretch and conform to the cure light tip 18. Since the cure light cover 10 is preferably formed and dispensed as a substantially planar structure the actual dimensions 36 and 38 will be approximately (Pi*D)/2, where D is the appropriate diameter of the cure light probe 20. At present, commercially available cure light probes are substantially circular in cross-section and are available in 3,8 13, and 14 mm (diameter) sizes. It should be apparent that the cover may be used with non round cure light probes should they become available.
FIG. 4 schematically depicts the preferred process for forming the cure light cover 10 and the associated dispenser liners 32 and 34. Preferably polymeric films 22 and 24 are plied together between an upper release liner 32 and a lower release liner 34. A die is used to apply heat and pressure to the composite assembly to shape the profile 44 of the cure light cover 10. This process also forms the seam 26 between the upper ply 22 and the lower ply 24 and causes the profile 44 of the cure light cover 10 to be embossed on the entire assembly. This process bonds the polymeric films tightly together and gently adheres the cure light cover 10 to both the upper release liner 32 and the lower release liner 34.
FIG. 5 shows the completed assembly in cross-section. It is preferred to have the upper release liner 40 overlap and extend beyond both the cure light cover 10 and the lower release liner 34. This geometry produces two user grip tabs 40 and 42 which facilitate fitting of the cure light cover 10 onto the cure light probe 20.
FIG. 6 shows a line of perforation 48 defining the grip area 46. Perforation of the release liners and cover 10, facilitate placement of the cover on the probe. In use the cover is slide onto the probe until it "bottoms out" on the cure light tip 18. Continued force applied to the grip area 46 separates the liner from the cover without puncturing the cure light cover 10.
An illustrative cover for a 8 mm light probe may be formed from ethylene methacrylate (EMA) film having an individual ply thickness of 0.001 inches. This material is sufficiently transparent to the light from the cure light probe and is readily heat sealed to form the seam 26. This material is also sufficiently tacky and deformable to reliably adhere the cure light cover 10 to the cure light probe 20 structure. Suitable dimensions 36 and 38 are 13 mm and 18 mm respectively. | A disposable elongate protective sheath for covering the tip of a dental cure light to prevent cross contamination between dental patients. | 1,417 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/699,272 entitled “A Software Program for Managing Drop Rate of a Windrower Header” filed on Jul. 26, 2005, in the name of the same entity as the present application.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a control for managing the drop rate of a header on an agricultural implement and, more particularly, to such a control for the header on a windrower header.
[0003] Regulating the positioning of headers on agricultural harvesters using hydraulic and electro-hydraulic control systems is generally known in the industry, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,901,729. The '729 patent describes a header flotation system which is referred to as “non-independent” in that each side of the header is supported by a single hydraulic cylinder, which perform both the flotation and lift functions. To accommodate unbalanced headers (center of gravity not centered between the lift arms), hydraulic oil is sent to the return side of the lift cylinder on the lighter side of the header, thus resulting in even raising, lowering and float.
[0004] It is not uncommon to use different headers for different crops or crop conditions on the same tractor unit, i.e., to change headers depending upon harvesting conditions. Different headers cause different drop rates owing to obvious variables such as weight, condition and type of seals, system friction, geometries, aperture sizes, and the like. The interchangeability of headers and the incumbent changes in drop rate often results in inefficient drop rates.
[0005] Thus, it would be desirable, beneficial and advantageous to have a control system that may be “tuned” to the particular combination of header and tractor unit, thus maximizing operation efficiency and operator comfort.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved control arrangement for a header lift system that compensates for the above-noted disadvantages.
[0007] It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of tuning the drop rate of a header as required to maximize efficiency and operator comfort.
[0008] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a control system for adjusting the drop rate of a header in an agricultural harvesting implement.
[0009] It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a control system for adjusting the drop rate of a header that is durable in construction, inexpensive of manufacture, carefree of maintenance, facile in assemblage, and simple and effective in use.
[0010] These and other objects are achieved by providing a method for controlling and modifying the drop rate of a header on an agricultural harvesting machine.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The advantages of this invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed disclosure of the invention, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
[0012] FIG. 1 a is a partial side elevational view of a crop harvesting machine of the type with which the invention may be used, also showing a simplified side view of the lift and flotation system;
[0013] FIG. 1 b is a rear elevational view of a multifunctional handle of the general type with which the present invention may be used;
[0014] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of one embodiment of an exemplary hydraulic system;
[0015] FIG. 3 is a schematic of exemplary hydraulic, mechanical and electrical subsystems that cooperate to produce the system of FIGS. 1 and 2 ; and
[0016] FIGS. 4 a - 4 e are various depictions of visual outputs on a display unit.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0017] Many of the fastening, connection, processes and other means and components utilized in this invention are widely known and used in the field of the invention described, and their exact nature or type is not necessary for an understanding and use of the invention by a person skilled in the art, and they will not therefore be discussed in significant detail. Also, any reference herein to the terms “left” or “right” are used as a matter of mere convenience, and are determined by standing at the rear of the machine facing in its normal direction of travel. Furthermore, the various components shown or described herein for any specific application of this invention can be varied or altered as anticipated by this invention and the practice of a specific application of any element may already by widely known or used in the art by persons skilled in the art and each will likewise not therefore be discussed in significant detail.
[0018] FIG. 1 a shows a self-propelled windrower 10 of the type with which the instant invention may be advantageously utilized. More specifically, the figures illustrate what is referred to as a “non-independent” flotation system such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,901,729—the present invention works quite well with such a system. It will, however, be appreciated that the principles of the present invention are not limited in use to this particular machine, but may be used on many other harvesting machines with headers and with different flotation systems, such as the “dependent” flotation system shown in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/822,465.
[0019] In the illustrated embodiment, the self-propelled windrower 10 comprises a tractor 12 and a header 14 , the header 14 being attached to the front end of the frame 16 or chassis of the tractor 12 . The header may be of generally any suitable construction or design, and may include not only crop-harvesting mechanisms, but also crop conditioners such as elongate rolls 15 . Such attachment of the header 14 to the frame 16 is achieved through a pair of lower arms 18 (only the left one being shown, the right being generally the same) pivoted at one end to the frame 16 and at the other end to the header 14 , as well as through a central upper link 20 . The link 20 may take the form of a single double-acting hydraulic cylinder 21 whose extension and retraction is adjusted by the operator to remotely control the angle of the sickle bar 22 on the lower front of the header 14 .
[0020] A single lift/flotation cylinder 24 , interconnecting the lower arm 18 and the frame 16 supports each side of the header, i.e., each side of the header is supported by its own lift/flotation cylinder (again, only the left one being shown in FIG. 1 a ). More particularly, the control system accomplishes a single control function, i.e. the lift/flotation cylinders. It is, at this point, useful to understand that within the operator's cab of windrower 10 there is located a multifunction handle (“MFH”), such as shown as element 54 in FIG. 1 b , to function as part of the overall implement control system. MFH 54 may be located within or closely adjacent to the console, in a convenient position to the operator's right hand, and may serve as the operator's input to control and manage direction and speed of travel, header height, reel speed, raise and drop rates, various inputs to controller 50 , and the like. The MFH shown is similar to that shown in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,593, issued to Heinsey et al. on Nov. 21, 2000. The MFH of FIG. 1 b would necessarily have at the very least, a switching device, such as rocker switch 55 to move a cursor up and down a list of menu items on a display, plus at least one selection button, such as switch 57 .
[0021] Directing attention now to FIG. 2 , the hydraulic control system for left cylinder 24 and right cylinder 26 can be seen to include an electro-hydraulic subsystem generally depicted as 30 . For convenience of assembly and operation, the majority of the components may be housed in a single valve body 34 with appropriately located ports and other necessary connection devices and fixtures. A fixed displacement pump 36 moves the hydraulic fluid into subsystem 30 from reservoir 40 , through the various circuits as directed by control valves, to a single accumulator 42 , to hydraulic cylinders 24 , 26 and back to reservoir 40 as appropriate.
[0022] While FIG. 2 should be readily understood by one of skill in the art, it is helpful to broadly identify the various components in more detail. A PRV (pressure reducing valve) 44 operates as part of the hydraulic counterweight process, to be described further below. Element 39 is a master solenoid valve with an associated relief valve 43 . A PRV 44 for the lift/flotation and drop rate functions is in flow communication with the lower solenoid valve 46 , the raise solenoid valve 48 , and the float solenoid valve 49 .
[0023] FIG. 3 provides a more detailed depiction of the complete control system and subsystems. The hydraulic system, as shown also in FIG. 2 , additionally depicts the electrical control and mechanical subsystems. Importantly, this figure depicts the multi-channel programmable controller 50 which exchanges electrical signals from the float switch 52 , the PWM (pulse width modulated) solenoid 56 associated with PRV 44 , the master valve 39 , and other valves to manage the lift and flotation functions as established by the operator through the appropriate switch and shown on display 64 . Also depicted in FIG. 3 is MFH 54 .
[0024] The hydraulic cylinders, attached to respective ends of the header 14 , perform both the lift and flotation functions. The lifting and floating function is achieved by coupling the lifting end of the hydraulic cylinders to each other and then to a hydraulic pump, control manifold, and accumulator. The operator sets the desired flotation force by actuating a rocker switch located on the operator's console or the MFH. One switch position allows hydraulic oil to enter the accumulator (increasing the hydraulic pressure), which reduces the header contact force, or flotation force, with the ground. The other switch position allows oil to exit the accumulator (reducing the hydraulic pressure), which increases the header contact force with the ground. Once the flotation force is set, the control valves will return to this preset flotation condition whenever the float mode is selected, irrespective of subsequent header lift and lower operations.
[0025] To accommodate unbalanced headers (the header center of gravity is not centered between the lift arms), hydraulic oil is applied to the return side of the lift cylinder on the lighter side of the header. The addition of a defined hydraulic pressure on the back side of the cylinder results in the same lifting pressure to be required for each side. The header will then raise, lower, and float evenly. The result is the same as changing the lift geometry or adding ballast to the header. This function is referred to as the “hydraulic counterweight”.
[0026] Hydraulic oil is supplied from the hydraulic ground drive charge pump, which provides constant pressure any time the engine is running. To prevent cavitation of the charge pump during rapid changes in system volume, such as during the header lower cycle, makeup oil is supplied from the header lift pump. The operator sets the hydraulic counterweight by energizing valve 38 to apply more weight (hydraulic pressure) to the light side of the header until the header raises and lowers to a level condition. If too much weight is applied, the operator simply energizes the valve in the opposite direction. Once the correct setting is established, the hydraulic counterweight will not need to be readjusted during machine operation. Re-adjustment will only become necessary if the header builds up with debris or upon exchange with another header.
[0027] For headers that experience severe changes in balance during normal operations, e.g., draper headers with deck-shift, an electro-hydraulic valve can be installed in place of the manual control valve. This electro-hydraulic valve is adjusted from a rocker switch on the operator's console or the MFH. The operator then sets the hydraulic counterweight for each deck position. Once these valves are established, the control valve will adjust automatically and the deck positions are selected.
[0028] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 , to adjust or control the header drop rate to fit the header configuration and weight controller 50 manipulates the various components in a sequenced and timed manner as dictated by the programming within controller 50 . Taking the header lowering cycle to be four seconds (or very nearly four seconds), the starting time, i.e., where time=0.00, is the point at which the operator presses the switch to lower the header. This switch could be either on the console or on the MFH. Thereafter, the following sequence and steps take place:
t=0.00 The hydraulic master valve 39 is energized to pressurize the system. PRV 44 is energized with a value equal to the flotation value plus the offset value (drop speed value). Relief valve 43 is set at approximately 3400 psi. t=0.33 Master valve 39 is maintained at 100%. PRV 44 current is maintained at value of flotation plus offset value. Lower solenoid valve 46 and float solenoid valve 49 are fully energized to lower the header through the PRV valve 44 . T=2.33 Master valve 39 is maintained at 100%. Current to PRV 44 is modified to equal flotation value only. Lower solenoid valve 46 and float solenoid valve 49 continue to be fully energized. t=3.83 Master valve 39 is maintained at 100%. Current to PRV 44 is maintained at flotation value. Lower solenoid valve 46 is deenergized to isolate the accumulator and lift cylinders from PRV valve 44 . Float solenoid valve 49 continues to be energized to keep the accumulators in the circuit with the hydraulic lift cylinders. t=4.08 Master valve 39 is deenergized, reducing pressure to zero. Current to PRV 44 is maintained at flotation value. Float solenoid valve 49 continues to be energized to keep the accumulators in the circuit with the header lift cylinders.
[0050] In making the adjustments for different headers and drop rates, the only thing that changes, if the drop rate is something other than zero, is the current applied to PRV 44 . So, for the first two seconds, PRV 44 is energized with the current necessary for the flotation setting plus a small offset value for drop rate. Then, for the last two seconds, the PRV is energized with the current necessary for the flotation setting. If the drop rate is set at zero, there is no modification to the PRV current—it remains the same.
[0051] The setup process for operation of the windrower includes a series of options that appear on the visual display at the command of the operator and through his manipulation of various input devices. The menu significant to the present invention is the Header Configuration menu, shown in FIG. 4 a . “Header Drop Speed” (“speed” and “rate” having the same meaning herein) is one of the menu items that may be selected by moving the cursor in any of a number of ways, as by manipulation of multi-position rocker switch 55 in FIG. 1 b . A particular menu item is then selected by another switch, such as switch 57 in FIG. 1 b (however, there are switches that can perform both functions, viz., cursor movement and item selection). When “Header Drop Speed” is selected, a second display appears, like FIG. 4 b , showing the presently set drop speed, in this example “−35”. By manipulation of either another switch that may, for example, show a “+” or “−” sign, the rate changes on the display. In this example, the value is changed in increments of 5, though this incremental amount is not significant so long as it is not so large as to make fine adjustment difficult. At the same time that the drop speed is changed, the display indicates whether the change is speeding or slowing the drop rate (see FIGS. 4 c and 4 d ). When the desired speed is reached, the cursor is moved to “Exit” and the selection is made to move on to further setup operations. The minus (−) sign shown on the display before the drop speed indicates a negative offset that is to be subtracted from the flotation set point. The lesser (algebraically smaller) the number, the lower the pressure, the faster the drop speed. If the number is preceded by a plus (+) sign, which indicates a positive offset that is added to the flotation set point, adjusting the pressure higher so that the drop speed would be slower.
[0052] It will be understood that changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangements of parts which have been described and illustrated to explain the nature of the invention will occur to and may be made by those skilled in the art upon a reading of this disclosure within the principles and scope of the invention. For example, a touch screen visual display could be used, thus making the screen a primary input device. The foregoing description illustrates the preferred embodiment of the invention; however, concepts, as based upon the description, may be employed in other embodiments without departing from the scope of the inventions. | A method for controlling and modifying the drop rate of a header on an agricultural harvesting machine by providing a programmable electronic control unit capable of receiving operator input through an input device. The programmable electronic control unit generates output signals based on the operator input to raise and lower the header according to a corresponding output drop rate signal. | 2,936 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Computed transaxial tomography techniques have recently been disclosed and developed. In particular there has recently been disclosed and claimed apparatus for producing circularly scanned charged-particles which, when striking a target, produce a rotating x-ray beam suitable for use in computed transaxial tomography. Such devices can operate using any one of a variety of beam scanning apparatus which are well known in connection with cathode-ray oscilloscopes, radar, etc. However, a major use of circularly scanned beams is for the production of fast x-ray scans, as in the case of taking x-ray "pictures" of moving objects, such as a human heart. Such fast x-ray scans require a rapidly scanned charged-particle beam, and if such a beam is to produce x-rays of adequate intensity, high beam currents must be employed. Because of space charge effects and other phenomena, the need for high beam currents automatically requires that the beam have a relatively large cross-section at the place where it is deflected. The beam must then be focused so as to converge strongly at the target in at least one dimension, so as to provide high resolution. The deflection and focusing of such high-current, large-cross-section beams requires a radically different approach from those taught by the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment of the invention the objectives of high beam current and optimum focus in a circularly scanned x-ray device are accomplished through the use of a rotating dipole field. While such a field can be produced by mechanically rotating a simple dipole (i.e. a beam-deflecting magnet), in a preferred embodiment of the invention the rotating field is produced electrically using stationary coils.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The invention may best be understood from the following detailed description thereof, having reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical central section showing somewhat schematically a circularly scanned x-ray device with which the rotating dipole field of the invention may be employed;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view in longitudinal central section of one of a pair of pole pieces which may be rotated mechanically in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a section along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a transverse section taken through coils embodying a second form of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 except that the coils and magnetic material are folded out in a straight line from their actual annular position so as to show the arrangement of the windings;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the coils of FIGS. 4 and 5.
Referring to the drawings and first to FIG. 1 thereof, the apparatus therein shown is adapted to produce a circularly scanned x-ray beam. The x-rays are produced at a circular target 1, and x-ray collimators 2 collimate the emergent x-rays so that they are directed towards a patient 3 supported near the axis of the annular target 1. An annulus of detectors 4 is arranged as close as possible to the annular target 1. The output of the detectors 4 is delivered in a well-known manner to computer apparatus which provides the desired x-ray picture of a cross-sectional slice of the patient's body. The x-rays are produced at the target 1 by bombarding the same with a charged-particle beam 5. The charged-particle beam 5 is produced in a conventional particle accelerator 6 and is directed into a focusing ion lens arrangement 7 which may consist of quadrupoles or a solenoid. The charged-particle beam 5 is circularly scanned about the annular target 1 and simultaneously focused thereat by a deflector-focuser 8 constructed in accordance with the invention. The simplest form of deflector focuser 8 will now be described.
Referromg now to FIGS. 2 and 3, the deflector focuser therein shown comprises a simple pair of magnetic poles flanking the beam 5. One such magnetic pole is shown at 9 in FIG. 2, and the pair of pole pieces 9, 10, is shown in FIG. 3. As is well known, a uniform magnetic field such as that produced by pole pieces 9, 10 deflects a charged-particle beam into a circular path having a radius of curvature R. Because of the fringing fields, the effective length of the magnet is somewhat larger than the physical length of the pole pieces. Thus, in FIGS. 2 and 3 the incident effective field boundary is shown at 11 and the exit effective field boundary is shown at 12. Each charged particle in the beam 5 approaches the entrance effective boundary 11 in a rectilinear path, travels between boundaries 11 and 12 in a circular path of radius R, and emerges from the exit effective boundary 12 in a rectilinear path which is at an angle φ with respect to the incident path. The field strength and size of the pole pieces 9, 10 are so chosen that the angle φ will direct the charged-particle beam onto the annular target 1. The pole pieces 9, 10 are connected, in accordance with well-known techniques, by a yoke (not shown) and are energized by suitable coils (not shown). The charged-particle beam is then scanned over the target by simple mechanical rotation of the pair of pole pieces 9, 10. It will be appreciated that since both the size of the pole pieces and the strength of the magnetic field are variable parameters for the designer, the angle φ may be fixed and yet the radius of curvature R may still be varied if desired. This now permits adjustments in the design stage of the focusing of the charged-particle beam 5 in addition to deflection thereof.
The exit-fringing field of a simple dipole as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 gives focusing in the transverse plane, and the focal length is a function of the exit angle β, which is the angle between the normal to the exit effective boundary 12 and the emergent ray. In general, β should not be less than φ/2, and the strength and dimensions of the magnetic field are chosen such that the focusing action for azimuthal focusing is as close to the target as possible. In the case of a beam which crosses the incident effective field boundary as parallel trajectories, if β = φ the exit fringing field does not produce any focusing in the median plane and the focusing action in the transverse plane has a focal length equal to or slightly greater than R/tan β. In accordance with usual terminology, the median plane is the plane of the drawing in FIG. 2 and is the plane perpendicular to the drawing which lies midway between the pole pieces 9 and 10 of FIG. 3. Again in accordance with the usual terminology, the transverse "plane" is the plane perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in FIG. 2 which is aligned with the axis of the charged-particle beam. Thus the transverse plane is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing of FIG. 2, and lies in the plane of the drawing of FIG. 3. In a representative circularly scanned device such as that shown in FIG. 1, the angle φ is 30°, and if the pole pieces 9, 10 are now adjusted with respect to size and strength of magnetic field so as to produce a radius of curvature R of 100 centimeters, and if one assumes a parallel beam and an exit angle β = φ, the resultant focal length f is approximately 200 centimeters, which is appropriate for a circularly-scanned x-ray device of the type shown in FIG. 1.
In circularly scanned tomography, it is important that the charged particle beam be focused in the azimuthal direction. The azimuthal direction corresponds to the circumferential dimension of the annular target. If the spot on the target is narrow in this direction, the x-rays fan out in the planar slice of the object being "photographed" from a "point" source. The focus of the charged particle beam in the radial or "spot length" direction is not critical, and the spot length can be reduced by altering the target angle so that it is more nearly perpendicular to the axis of the beam. However, under certain circumstances it may be desirable to provide focusing in the radial or "spot length" direction as well as in the azimuthal direction.
Most of the focusing effect is provided by the solenoid or other focusing device, which focuses in both planes. The solenoid or other focusing device may thus provide adequate focusing in the radial direction. However, if additional focusing in the radial direction is desired, the deflector-focuser may be adjusted to provide such focusing by arranging the orientation of the exit effective boundary 12 so that it is not parallel to the entrance effective boundary 11, but at an angle thereto so that β is a little less than φ, as shown in FIG. 2.
The device producing azimuthal focusing should be as close to the target as possible, in order to produce the smallest possible magnification in the azimuthal direction. It is possible that in the radial direction one may not want a true image. This is because space charge effects may be reduced by stretching the image in this plane.
While a device such as that shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is operable, it involves moving parts which are generally to be avoided. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, such moving parts are avoided by adapting the principles of the induction motor so as to produce a rotating dipole field electrically with stationary coils.
Referring now to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, the appropriate rotating field may be produced, by analogy to the induction motor, by a pair of windings each of which produces a uniform magnetic field, the two uniform magnetic fields being disposed at right angles to each other. If each of the two coils is excited by a sinusoidal input, and if the sinusoidal inputs are 90° out of phase with each other, a rotating magnetic field is produced. The windings may be identical except that they are arranged so that their configuration is displaced 90° with respect to each other. One of the windings is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. As shown most clearly in FIG. 5, the turns of the winding therein shown are all directed into the paper in the left half of section A and in the right half of section B, and are directed out of the paper in the remaining portions. The result is to produce a south pole at section A and a north pole at section B so that the field pattern shown in FIG. 4 is produced. The simplest arrangement is of course to have a plurality of loops arranged as shown in FIG. 6. However, more sophisticated arrangements are of course possible in accordance with induction motor techniques and other well-known techniques. It can be shown that for the production of the uniform field the number of turns should vary sinusoidally as shown in FIG. 5.
The focusing effect of the deflector-focuser shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 is quite similar to that of the rotating simple dipole of FIGS. 2 and 3, with β approximately equal to φ. However, there may be some modification of the simple pattern associated with FIGS. 2 and 3. For example, the field lines will bulge at the entrance and exit of the coil. This means that after being deflected through 30°, the effective value of β is somewhat less than φ.
While the foregoing description of the deflector-focuser shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 refers to a two-phase arrangement, it is to be understood that three-phase circuitry (with 60° or 120° displacement as in a three-phase induction motor) and multi-phase arrangements are also comprehended within the scope of my invention.
Having thus described the principles of the invention together with illustrative embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that although specific terms are employed they are used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims. | Various optical devices for use with circular-scanning techniques in computed transaxial tomography are disclosed. In essence such devices produce a rotating dipole field so as simultaneously to provide a circular scan and to focus the charged particle beam on the circular target. | 2,070 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a femoral prosthetic component for a replacement hip joint which comprises a stem for fixing in a medullary canal, separate proximal element provided with a neck to receive a ball head or having a ball head and connections, such as tapered connectors, for securing the proximal component to the stem which will enable a modular construction so that stems and heads of different sizes and/or shapes can be mated together.
[0002] French Patents Nos. 2,626,168 and 2,721,200 both show femoral prosthetic components which have separate stems and proximal elements which can be fastened together but both constructions show the use of a tapered plug provided on the separate proximal element and which is located in a socket in the stem. Such constructions are expensive to produce and it can be difficult to remove the plug from the stem once it has been placed in position.
[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,268 shows an adjustable hip joint endoprosthesis which has an adjustable prosthesis head which includes a link element which can slide in an undercut groove on the stem. The position of the link element can be adjusted in a medial/lateral direction and is locked in position by a threaded tension pin.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,560 also shows an adjustable hip joint prosthesis which is multi-dimensionally adjusted on the neck portion and which includes a dovetail shaped groove in a plate which can be secured to the stem and on which is a second plate which is movable in relation to the first and which also carries a second dovetail shaped groove which is normal to the direction of the first and which carries a tapered cone to receive a ball head. Thus the construction allows adjustment in two planes and can be firmly fastened in any position by means, for example, of screws.
[0005] Neither of the above US Patent specifications shows a construction in which the undercut grooves are tapered so that the stem and separate proximal element are accurately located in a set position by the use of tapers.
[0006] The present invention is intended to provide an improved construction which is easier for the surgeon to operate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] According to the present invention a femoral prosthetic component of a replacement hip joint comprises a stem for fixing in a medullary cavity, a separate proximal element provided with a neck to receive a ball head or having a ball head and means for securing the proximal component to the stem which include a sliding tongue and groove joint, the tongue being provided on the stem by an undercut rail which extends in a medial-lateral direction the groove being provided in the separate proximal element, and the tongue and groove being tapered along their lengths.
[0008] Thus, with this construction it is easy for the surgeon to slide the proximal element into place, and their tapered lengths allow the parts to wedge together, and it is also relatively easy to remove the proximal element if an alternative element is required by releasing the wedging action of the tapers.
[0009] Preferably the widths and/or depth of the tongue and groove are tapered along their lengths.
[0010] In one preferred construction the opposed side walls of the tongue can be inclined to each other provide a dovetail shape.
[0011] In another convenient construction the tongue and groove have co-operating cross-sections which are substantially T-shaped.
[0012] The cross arms of the T-shapes can have downwardly projecting extensions to engage co-operating troughs in the groove.
[0013] Elements for locking the stem and proximal element together are provided, for example, by means of a set screw.
[0014] The tongue can be provided as first and second lengths with a gap between them and the groove can also have first and second lengths with a gap between them to allow the grooves to be located on the tongue at an intermediate position in the length thereof and then moved lengthwise to the final located position.
[0015] The stem and/or proximal element can be made from metal, a synthetic material or a ceramic material.
[0016] The invention also includes a kit of parts to provide a modular construction of the femoral prosthetic component as set forth above and which includes two or more alternative stems and/or two or more alternative proximal elements which are of different sizes and shapes and which have appropriate sliding tongue and groove joints which can be assembled together to form said prosthetic component.
[0017] As used herein when referring to bones or other parts of the body, the term “proximal” means close to the heart and the term “distal” means more distant from the heart. The term “inferior” means toward the feet and the term “superior” means toward the head. The term “anterior” means toward the front part or the face and the term “posterior” means toward the back of the body. The term “medial” means toward the midline of the body and the term “lateral” means away from the midline of the body.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The invention can be performed in various ways and some embodiments will not be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0019] FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a femoral prosthetic component according to the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the separate proximal element and part of the stem of the kind shown in FIG. 1 and ready for assembly together;
[0021] FIG. 3 is a plan view of the upper end of the stem shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 ;
[0022] FIG. 4 is an isometric view showing the use of means for locking the parts together;
[0023] FIG. 5 is a part cross-sectional elevation on lines V-V on FIG. 4 ;
[0024] FIG. 6 is an exploded view showing an alternative construction;
[0025] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a stem utilizing a T-shaped tongue rail; and
[0026] FIG. 8 is a part cross-sectional elevation of the stem as shown in FIG. 6 secured to a separate proximal element.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 of the drawings a femoral prosthetic component of a replacement hip joint according to the present invention generally denoted as 100 comprises a distal stem 1 for fixing in a medullary cavity. The stem can be of any suitable size of shape and can be made from metal, for example a stainless steel or a composite synthetic material. In the preferred embodiment, a proximal end 1 ′ of the stem has a fin 2 on its lateral side to assist location.
[0028] The proximal end of the stem 1 ′ is shaped to provide a flat platform 3 on which is located a wedge-shaped undercut rail 4 . The rail 4 tapers in width and depth from its medial to its lateral end and is undercut to that the cross-sectional width of his upper end surface 5 is greater than the cross-sectional width of its base 6 (along surface 3 ). The opposed side walls 7 of the rail are inclined to each other to provide a dovetail shape and rail 4 provides a tongue for a tongue and groove joint.
[0029] The upper lateral corner of the proximal stem 1 ′ is chamfered as indicated by reference numeral 8 .
[0030] A separate proximal element 10 is provided for use with the stem 100 comprises a neck portion 11 and a tapered trunion or spigot 12 to receive a ball head (not shown) in known manner. Ball heads of this type are provided with a tapered socket to mate with spigot 12 .
[0031] In an alternative construction (not shown) the ball head could be integral with proximal element 10 . If a separate ball head is provided it could be made of metal, a synthetic material or ceramic material.
[0032] In the preferred embodiment the proximal element 10 has a flat planer base 13 in which is provided a tapered groove 14 . The walls of the groove and the dimensions of the taper are arranged so that the groove is a sliding fit over the tongue provided by the rail 4 and the tapering sides of the walls 15 of the groove mate with side walls 7 of the rail to provide a dovetail tongue and groove joint. It will be seen that the lengthwise taper of the tongue is in a medial-lateral direction and the taper can be a Morse taper so that when the two parts are pushed into position they tend to wedge together, the inclined opposed side walls of the joint preventing any inclination to come part and again providing a taper locking connection. Typically the taper angle is between 1° and 2°.
[0033] If it is desired to take the parts apart it is merely necessary to apply a sharp blow to one of the parts in the appropriate direction to release them from the tapers.
[0034] In the construction described above the rail is tapered in both width and depth (walls 7 ) but, alternatively, it could only be tapered in one or the other.
[0035] FIGS. 4 and 5 show a construction in which the same reference numerals are used to indicate similar parts to those shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 . In this arrangement a locking element is included for releasably locking the separate proximal element together and to enhance the locking effect of the tapers on the tongue and groove joint. This may be achieved by use of a set screw 16 which is screwed into a threaded bore 17 in the stem. The lower part of separate proximal element 10 is cut away to provide a recess 18 in which the head of the set screw is located. The set screw 16 therefore acts as a stop to prevent proximal element 10 sliding backwards (laterally) and detaching from the stem 100 . As seen in FIG. 2 the medial end of undercut rail 4 is provided with a chamfer 19 . This chamfer is omitted in the construction shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 and is replaced by threaded bore 17 .
[0036] FIG. 6 shows the stem 1 and separate proximal element 10 and the same reference numbers are used to indicate similar parts as in FIGS. 1 to 3 . In this arrangement however undercut rail 4 , which acts as the tongue, is provided as a first medial-lateral length 20 and a second medial-lateral length 21 with a gap 23 between them. Similarly tapered groove 14 in separate proximal element 10 is also formed with a first medial-lateral length 24 and a second medial-lateral length 25 with a gap 26 between them. The dimensions of the gap 26 are arranged to be slightly larger than the length of the first length 20 of the tongue and gap 23 in the tongue is arranged to be slightly larger than the walls of the second length 25 of the groove so that proximal element 10 can be placed downwardly over stem 100 until flat planar base 13 of the proximal element engages the flat platform 3 of the stem with the proximal element located approximately halfway along rail 4 . The proximal element can now be moved in a medial-lateral direction to fully engage the rail in the groove and provide the tongue and groove connection.
[0037] This construction enables the parts to be put together after the stem has been inserted in the bone and requires a short medial-lateral distance for engagement. Thus it will be appreciated that the medial-lateral dimension required is only half that of the construction shown in FIGS. 1, 2 , and 3 .
[0038] FIGS. 7 and 8 show another alternative construction and in which the same reference numerals are used to indicate similar parts to those shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 . In this construction however tapered dovetail shaped rail 4 of the construction shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 is replaced by a rail 30 which is of T-shaped cross-section. The cross arms 31 of the T have downwardly projecting extensions 32 with rounded extremities. The T-shaped rail is again tapered in depth and width along its medial-lateral length.
[0039] Proximal element 10 is provided with a T-shaped co-operating groove 35 which is shaped and dimensioned to engage the tapered T-shaped rail 30 and lock in position in a similar manner to that described with regard to dovetail shaped rail 4 in the other constructions. The groove 35 is relieved at 36 to provide a small space between the top of the T of the rail and the bottom of the groove 35 and the lower corners are chamfered as will be seen from FIG. 8 . With this arrangement flat planar base 13 of proximal element 10 is arranged to engage flat platform 3 on stem 100 . The rounded extremities of the downwardly projecting extensions 32 of cross arms 31 engage suitably shaped rounded troughs 33 in groove 35 so that the wedging effect acting on proximal element 10 is between troughs 33 and flat planar base 13 .
[0040] As mentioned above groove 35 and rail 30 are tapered in a similar manner to the construction shown in the other FIGS. 1-4 and the taper can again be a Morse taper so that when the two parts are pushed into position they tend to wedge together.
[0041] If required the positive stop provided by the set screw 16 can also be provided in the construction shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 and similarly T-shaped rail 31 and groove 35 can be provided with gaps in a similar manner to the construction shown in FIG. 6 to reduce the dimensions required to achieve engagement.
[0042] The invention provides a kit of parts which can include a number of stem elements and a number of proximal elements which could have different shapes and sizes and all of which have the sliding tongue and groove joint so that any stem can be connected to any proximal element to provide the shape required by the surgeon.
[0043] The separate proximal element can be made from any suitable material, for example metal or a synthetic plastics material.
[0044] Due to the modular arrangement proximal elements can be used which can be angled or shaped to fit the requirements of the patient and can be fitted to a suitable length of thickness of stem. This provides a very large variety of shapes and sizes.
[0045] The made up component can be used for revision surgery or the initial fitting of a prosthesis.
[0046] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. | A femoral prosthetic component of a replacement hip joint comprises a stem for fixing in a medullary cavity. A separate proximal element is provided with a neck for receiving a modular ball head or having an integral ball head. A dove tail-shaped system is provided for securing the proximal component to the stem which includes a sliding tongue and groove joint. The tongue being provided on the stem by an undercut rail which extends in a medial-lateral direction and the groove being provided in the separate proximal element. The tongue and groove being tapered along their lengths. | 2,633 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a case and particularly to a case provided for holding a toiletry kit.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is common, especially on commercial airline flights, to provide complimentary toiletry or amenity kits (at times referred to as ‘convenience kit’) for use by travelers. Such kits may be used also by campers, hikers, etc.
These kits typically include small, single-use items which may be useful during travel, such as socks, hand cream, tooth brush and tooth paste, ear-plugs, etc. In general, each kit is contained within a small pouch or sack.
It is known that the lavatories of an aircraft do not retain their cleanliness throughout the duration of a flight, in particular long flights, and thus entering a lavatory barefooted or wearing socks may be an unpleasant experience. Thus, wearing shoes or slippers is desired.
By necessity, these kits, especially on airlines, are small, and thus the number and nature of the items which may be included therein is limited.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an article having a primary use associated with an open position thereof, and a secondary use associated with a closed position thereof, the primary use being that of a piece of clothing, the secondary use being that of a storage container, the article comprising a pouch having a closable opening, the pouch constituting, in the open position of the article, a functional portion of the piece of clothing, and, in a the closed position of the article, a storage pocket.
The piece of clothing may be a slipper, wherein the pouch functions, in the open position of the article, as a vamp thereof.
The pouch may comprise at least one back wall extending beyond the opening, the back wall constituting, in the open position of the article, a sole of the slipper, and, in a the closed position of the article, a closing flap of the storage container.
The article, in its closed position, is configured to receive at least another same article. Said same article is typically stored within the article also at its closed position. For example, the article may be made of flexible material such as fabric.
The article may comprise a securing arrangement. A first part of the securing arrangement is located on the back wall at an end which is farthest from the pouch, and a second part of the securing arrangement is located on the pouch. The first and second parts of the securing arrangement cooperate together for retaining the article in its closed position. The securing arrangement may be one of a hook and pile arrangement, such as sold under the name Velcro®, snaps, buttons and buttonholes, and hooks and eyelets.
A lower surface of the back wall, which constitutes the sole of the slipper when the article is in the open position, may comprise treads, or the sole portion may be made of, or coated with a liquid permeable material.
The article may comprise toiletry items stored within the pouch. The toiletry items may comprise at least one of a pair of socks, toothpaste, a toothbrush, a collapsible toothbrush, a face-wipe, a shaving kit, mouthwash, hand cream, a facemask, a comb, earplugs, etc.
When the toiletry items includes a pair of socks, the article and the socks may comprise cooperating parts of a fastening arrangements correspondingly located such that when a user is wearing the socks and the article as a slipper, the cooperating parts of the fastening arrangements are aligned. The first part of the securing arrangement may constitute one of the parts of the fastening arrangement of the article. The fastening arrangement may be one of a hook and pile arrangement, such as sold under the name Velcro®, snaps, buttons and buttonholes, and hooks and eyelets.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit comprising an article as described above, and at least one toiletry item stored within the pouch. The kit may comprise two of the articles, for example, a first of the articles stored, in its closed position, within a second of the articles, for example, in its pouch. The at least one toiletry item may be stored within the pouch of the first of the articles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, an embodiment will now be described, by way of a non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an article according to the present invention in an open position;
FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the article illustrated in FIG. 1A in a closed position;
FIG. 2 illustrates a pair of socks according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3A illustrates a kit according to the present invention;
FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the kit illustrated in FIG. 3A , taken along line III-III;
FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the article according to another embodiment, comprising an attachment arrangement;
FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the article illustrated in FIG. 4A , with another of the articles partially received within the attachment arrangement; and
FIG. 4C is a perspective view of the articles illustrated in FIG. 4B , both in their respective closed position, and fully attached via the attachment arrangement.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an article, generally indicated at 10 , which is readily transformable between an open position, as illustrated in FIG. 1A , and a closed position, as illustrated in FIG. 1B .
The article comprises a pouch portion 12 having an opening designated at 20 . The pouch 12 is formed by a top wall 14 , a back wall 16 , and a side wall 18 therebetween. The opening 20 is defined by edges of the top and side walls 14 and 18 , respectively.
The pouch 12 is sized and shaped for receiving various toiletry/convenience articles such as a pair of socks, toothpaste, a toothbrush, a collapsible toothbrush, a face-wipe, a shaving kit, mouthwash, hand cream, a facemask, a comb, earplugs, etc. (not illustrated in the FIGS. 1A and 1B ).
In the open position as illustrated in FIG. 1A , the article 10 functions as a slipper, once the convenience articles have been removed from the pouch portion 12 . Thus, the pouch 12 constitutes the vamp thereof, and the back wall 16 constitutes the sole thereof. In the closed position ( FIG. 1B ) the article 10 functions as a storage pouch/container for holding the toiletry items, wherein the back wall 16 constitutes a cover thereof.
The top and side walls 14 and 18 are made of fabric which is flexible yet has sufficient stiffness to maintain the pouch 12 such that the opening 20 remains open when no external force acts thereupon. In addition, an interior liner may be provided. The liner is preferably of a material which offers comfort to a user when the article 10 is being worn as a slipper.
The back wall 16 may comprise an interior shell (not seen), which gives the article its shape in its open and closed positions, and is flexible enough to be easily bent between the two positions. The shell may be made of, e.g., a polyethylene or viscoelastic sheet, or a stiff woven material. The liner is covered with a fabric which is similar or aesthetically complementary to that used to make the top and side walls 14 and 18 . Treads 22 (seen in FIG. 1B ), for example made from a viscoelastic material, may be provided on the underside of the back wall 18 in order to provide traction to a user when used as a slipper. Alternatively, the bottom face of the back wall 16 may be made of or coated with a liquid impermeable material, or the shell (not seen) may be made of such a material.
According to another embodiment, the article 10 is made of an inexpensive material, such that the article is disposable, such as SMS, or a staple non-woven made with cellulose. The article 10 may then be provided for a single use.
On the upper side of the back wall 16 , on the end farthest from the pouch 12 , is a first part 24 a of a securing arrangement (seen in FIG. 1A ). A second part 24 b of the securing arrangement is located on top wall 14 of the pouch 12 , on the outer side thereof. Thus, the article 10 can be retained in its closed position. The securing arrangement may be a hook and pile arrangement, such as that sold under the name Velcro®, snaps, buttons and buttonholes, or hooks and eyelets.
According to another embodiment, at least one of the articles 10 may be provided with an attachment arrangement adapted to attach two articles to each other. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 4A , a strap 32 may be provided on the underside of the back wall 18 . The strap 32 is loose enough to receive therein the back wall 18 of a second one of the articles 10 , as illustrated in FIG. 4B . As illustrated in FIG. 4C , the second of the articles is pulled such that it may be closed around the strap 32 , thus attaching the two articles 10 . Thus, twice the storage capacity may be realized.
According to modifications of this embodiment, the attachment arrangement may be, e.g., a hook and pile arrangement (such as Velcro™), snaps, buttons and buttonholes, hooks and eyelets, etc. When appropriate, each of the articles 10 may comprise corresponding portions of the attachment arrangement.
The article may be provided with toiletry items within the pouch, such as a pair of socks, toothpaste, a toothbrush, a collapsible toothbrush, a face-wipe, a shaving kit, mouthwash, hand cream, a facemask, a comb, and/or earplugs.
As seen in FIG. 2 , in the event that socks 25 are provided, the heel portion thereof may be provided with a first part 26 of a fastening arrangement, a second part of the fastening arrangement may be located on the article 10 , such that when a user is wearing the socks and the two of the articles as slippers, on each foot, the two parts of the fastening arrangements are aligned, so that the articles are retained on the feet of the user. The first part 26 of the fastening arrangement may be located and designed so as to cooperate with the first part 24 a of the securing arrangement, which would constitute the second part of the fastening arrangement vis-à-vis the socks 25 . Alternatively, a distinct second part of the fastening arrangement may be located on the article 10 . Furthermore, the location of the parts of the fastening arrangement may be located elsewhere of the sock 25 and the article 26 , respectively.
As seen in FIGS. 3A and 3B , the article 10 as described above may be provided as part of a kit, generally indicated at 30 , which comprises two of such articles in the closed position. The pouch 12 of a first of the articles 10 a comprises toiletry items, indicated at 28 , such as described above. The first of the articles 10 a , in its closed position, is then placed inside the pouch 12 of the second of the articles 10 b , which is closed. Accordingly, the side wall 18 of at least the second of the articles 10 b should be sizes so that the pouch 12 thereof can accommodate the first of the articles 10 a in the closed position, with the toiletry items contained therein. A toiletry kit may thus be provided, wherein the storage container for the toiletry items, comprising the first and second of the articles 10 a , 10 b , may be opened to form a pair of slippers.
Those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains will readily appreciate that numerous changes, variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention mutatis mutandis. | An article having a primary use associated with an open position thereof, and a secondary use associated with a closed position thereof. The primary use is that of a piece of clothing, and the secondary use is that of a storage container. The article comprises a pouch portion ( 12 ) having an opening ( 20 ), the pouch constituting, in the open position of the article, a functional portion of said piece of clothing, and, in a the closed position of the article, a storage pocket. | 2,134 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] Not Applicable
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not Applicable
Description of Attached Appendix
[0003] Not Applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] This invention relates generally to the field of snowboarding and more specifically to Angularly Adjustable Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings. Snowboard binding systems generally use a toothed disk bolted directly to the snowboard whereas the disk mates with a toothed recess in the boot binding. Altering the angular orientation is a time-consuming trial and error process necessitating disassembly and reassembly to eventually arrive -at a satisfactory alignment. However, a snowboarder may not use the same boot orientation for all snow surfaces. Half-pipes, slaloms, and downhill runs all might lend themselves to differing stances primarily the angular orientation of the bindings to the longitudinal axis of the snowboard.
[0005] In addition to the desirability of changing the angular orientation of the bindings to accommodate riding the snowboard over varying terrain, the bottom of the slope provides another opportunity for changing binding orientation. Typically after a downhill run, the snowboard rider will unbuckle one boot to propel himself or herself forward much like a skateboarder with the other boot still bound to the board. Unlike normal riding where the longitudinal axis of the snowboard is aligned side-to-side with feet and hips, during level-ground locomotion, the snowboard is aligned front-to-rear, with the boot still bound at a nearly perpendicular angle to what is anatomically comfortable. In addition to being very uncomfortable, it can lead to or exacerbate strains and other maladies in the leg. Using an Angularly Adjustable Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings, the rider in this situation can orient the boot still bound with the longitudinal axis of the snowboard and travel more easily and with greater comfort and safety, especially when mounting and dismounting the chair lift.
[0006] Prior devices have been invented for snowboard binding adjustment as described in the following patents:
U.S Pat. No. Patentee Issue Date 5,941,552 Beran Aug. 24, 1999 5,947,488 Gorza Sep. 7, 1999 5,028,068 Donovan Jul. 2, 1991 5,897,128 McKenzie Apr. 27, 1999 6,206,402 Tanaka Mar. 27, 2001 5,782,476 Fardie Jul. 21, 1998 5,667,237 Lauer Sep. 16, 1997 5,586,779 Dawes Dec. 24, 1996 6,318,749 Eglitis Nov. 20, 2001 6,022,040 Buzbee Feb. 8, 2000
[0007] The prior patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,941,552 Adjustable Snowboard Binding Apparatus and Method, U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,488 Angular Adjustment Device, Particularly for a Snowboard Binding, U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,068 Quick-Action Adjustable Snow Boot Binding Mounting, U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,128 Pivotally Adjustable Binding For Snowboards, U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,402 Snowboard Binding Adjustment Mechanism, U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,476 Snowboard Binding Mechanism, U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,237 Rotary Locking Feature For Snowboard Binding, U.S. Pat. No. 5,586,779 Adjustable Snowboard Boot Binding Apparatus, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,318,749 Angularly Adjustable Snowboard Binding Mount all require a lever to lock and unlock angular adjustment device.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,040 Freely Rotating Step-In Snowboard Binding provides no means of locking the binding's swiveling device. A rider employing a snowboard equipped with this device would have far less control over the snowboard than a rigidly secured binding.
[0009] Unlike prior inventions, the Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings positioned between the snowboard and boot binding allows angular adjustment between the snowboard rider's boot bindings and the snowboard without the need for any tools or levers. The user can make adjustments at any time by weighting the board with either foot and lifting and rotating the opposite foot. A lifting action releases the mechanism allowing for the adjustment of angular orientation. Removal of the lifting force engages the locking mechanism preventing further angular movement.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The primary object of the invention is the convenience of adjusting the angular orientation of the snowboard bindings easily at any time, even while in motion. Another object of the invention is no external levers or tools to perform the adjustment of binding orientation. Another object of the invention is no unintended angular motion. Another object of the invention is a device that is unaffected by board torsion. A further object of the invention is to use existing bolt holes on snowboards and boot bindings to allow a retrofit of conventional boards and bindings currently on the market.
[0011] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed an Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings comprising: upper plate, upper gear coupling, wave washer, upper retainer, lower retainer, and lower gear coupling.
[0012] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention.
[0014] FIG. 1 a is an exploded view showing the position of the invention relative to the snowboard and boot binding.
[0015] FIG. 1 b is a perspective view of the portions of the invention which mate with the snowboard and boot binding.
[0016] FIG. 2 a is an exploded view of the invention.
[0017] FIG. 2 b is a side view of the assembled invention.
[0018] FIG. 3 a is a cross sectional side view of the invention in its engaged configuration.
[0019] FIG. 3 b is a cross sectional side view of the invention in its disengaged configuration.
[0020] FIG. 4 a and FIG. 4 b are perspective views of the invention illustrating its use.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0021] Detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiment are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure or manner.
[0022] In accordance with the present invention, FIG. 1 a shows the position of Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings 10 in an exploded position relative to both boot binding 20 and section of snowboard 40 . Those portions of the invention which mate rigidly to either the snowboard 40 or the boot binding 20 are shown in FIG. 1 b . Referencing both FIGS. 1 a and 1 b , upper plate 11 and upper gear coupling 12 are shown with a bolt hole pattern matching that of boot binding 20 and, when incorporated, would mate rigidly to same. Lower retainer 16 and lower gear coupling 15 are shown with a bolt hole pattern matching that of snowboard 40 and, when incorporated, would mate rigidly to same. The components shown in use in Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings 10 in all figures are shown substantially thicker than necessary for purposes of clarity of illustration and can therefore be reduced in size for manufacturing.
[0023] FIG. 2 a shows an exploded view of the Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings 10 . Upper plate 11 and upper gear coupling 12 both mount rigidly to boot binding using bolts or similar fasteners (not shown). Lower retainer 16 and lower gear coupling 15 , both mount rigidly to snowboard using bolts or similar fasteners (not shown). The upper retainer 13 features a lip at its top with bolt holes for affixing to upper plate 11 using bolts or similar fasteners (not shown). Inside the upper retainer 13 , at its bottom is a lip extending inwards. The lower retainer 16 features a lip at its top extending outwards. When assembled, the lower lip of upper retainer 13 is below the upper lip of lower retainer 16 which prevents a detachment of upper retainer 13 and lower retainer 16 and provides an annular cavity between these two features. Within this cavity is positioned wave washer 14 . Wave washer 14 provides a tension force that drives the combination of upper gear coupling 12 and lower gear coupling 15 together which locks the mechanism from rotating when external forces are absent.
[0024] Wave washer 14 is an undulating ring of spring steel that provides a resistive opposition to compression forces. Washers of differing stiffness or a plurality of washers could be made available to fit the user's preferences. Alternative components might include belleville washers, compression springs, or elastomers.
[0025] Upper plate 11 and upper gear coupling 12 are shown as separate items but can be constructed as one piece. Furthermore, lower retainer 16 and and lower gear coupling 15 are shown as separate items but can be constructed as one piece.
[0026] Upper gear coupling 12 and lower gear coupling 15 are plates with one side comprised of radially-extending raised teeth. When upper gear coupling 12 and lower gear coupling 15 are engaged (teeth of one extended into the recesses of the other), radial forces from the rider can be transmitted to the snowboard. Upper gear coupling 12 and lower gear coupling 15 are shown with a coarse tooth spacing for clarity of illustration, but more closely-spaced teeth would provide for a wider selection of boot angular orientation.
[0027] FIG. 2 b shows a side view of the mechanism fully assembled. As shown, there is upper retainer 13 fastened to upper plate 11 . Also visible is lower retainer 16 .
[0028] To illustrate the principles of operation, there is shown in FIGS. 3 a and 3 b cross-sectional side views of the assembled mechanism. Upper plate 11 and upper gear coupling 12 are both mounted rigidly to the boot binding. Lower retainer 16 and lower gear coupling 15 are both mounted rigidly to snowboard. Upper retainer 13 would be positioned as shown surrounding lower retainer 16 . The lower lip of upper retainer 13 is a slip fit over the vertical side walls of lower retainer 16 such that relative vertical motion is allowed, but snow and grime will not pass the touching surfaces to get inside. Wave washer 14 is positioned within the cavity formed by the lower inside lip of upper retainer 13 and the upper outside lip of lower retainer 16 .
[0029] While there are no external forces on the mechanism shown in FIG. 3 a , the wave washer 14 exerts pressure upward against lower retainer 16 and simultaneously downward against upper retainer 13 . This forces the upper part of the assembly (upper plate 11 , upper gear coupling 12 , and upper retainer 13 ) down against the lower part of the assembly (lower gear coupling 15 and lower retainer 16 ), thereby forcing together into a mating relationship upper gear coupling 12 and lower gear coupling 15 , which prevents any angular rotation of the top portion with respect to the lower portion.
[0030] FIG. 3 b illustrates the mechanism when it is disengaged. When the upper portion of the assembly (upper plate 11 , upper gear coupling 12 , and upper retainer 13 ) which is attached rigidly to the boot binding is forced upward while simultaneously the lower portion of the assembly (lower gear coupling 15 and lower retainer 16 ) which is attached to the snowboard is forced downward, the resistance'to compression of the wave washer 14 is overcome. The wave washer 14 then becomes substantially flattened as the upper and lower portions of the assembly are forced apart. When the separation of the upper and lower portions of the assembly become sufficiently great, the upper gear coupling 12 and lower gear coupling 15 become disengaged and the upper portion of the assembly is free to swivel in an angular direction with respect to the lower portion.
[0031] In accordance with the present invention, FIGS. 4 a and 4 b illustrate a typical application. In these figures, the present invention Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings is mounted between the underside of boot binding 20 and the upper surface of snowboard 40 and is therefore concealed from view. In a static circumstance (no external forces applied), the Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings is locked and no angular motion is possible. To initiate intended angular repositioning, in FIG. 4 a , the snowboard rider puts his or her weight on one boot 30 (indicated in the figure by the “down” arrow). Simultaneously, the rider lifts up on the other boot (indicated in the figure by the “up” arrow) which disengages the locking feature of the Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings which permits the angular rotation of the boot 30 in any orientation desirable ( FIG. 4 b ). Relieving the opposing forces on the Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings re-engages the locking mechanism prohibiting further angular motion. The preceding steps may be repeated in the opposite order to adjust the other boot's angular orientation.
[0032] While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. | The Angular Adjustment Mechanism for Snowboard Bindings positioned between the snowboard and boot bindings allows angular adjustment between the snowboard rider's boot bindings and the snowboard without the need for any tools or levers. The user can make adjustments at any time by weighting the board with either foot and lifting and rotating the opposite foot. A lifting action releases the mechanism allowing for the adjustment of angular orientation. Removal of the lifting force engages the locking mechanism preventing further angular movement. | 2,320 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A bipolar electrosurgical handpiece is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,571 and D562,978, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, an example of which is known commercially as the Trigger-Flex Bipolar System and is available from Elliquence LLC of Oceanside, N.Y. The handpiece comprises an elongated rigid tube within which is housed extendable electrosurgical electrodes, preferably of the bipolar type. By special construction of the distal end of the electrodes, such as by the use of memory metal, when the handle is squeezed the bipolar electrodes, whose spacing is fixed, are extended from their tube and bent in accordance with the presetting of the memory metal. Typically, such an electrosurgical handpiece is employed with a cannula for minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures.
There are certain procedures in which it is desired for the bipolar electrodes to follow a certain path allowing the electrodes to grasp certain tissue before electrosurgical currents are supplied. Examples are general pin-point coagulation in all delicate neurosurgical procedures, transphenoidal surgery, and in certain cases of devascularization of tumors and debulking of lesions/tumors.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is an improved electrosurgical handpiece for use in performing MIS procedures.
Another object of the invention is an improved electrosurgical handpiece adapted for grasping tissue in a particular fashion.
In accordance with one aspect of our invention, a novel electrosurgical handpiece comprises an elongated rigid tubular member housing extendable bipolar electrodes, with the tubular member configured to fit within and be extended down a standard sized cannula in a MIS procedure. Squeezable handles support the tubular member and are configured such that when the handles are squeezed, the active electrode ends are extended out through the cannula end and opened, i.e., spread apart. When the handles are released, the electrode ends are pulled back into the cannula and forced to close.
A feature of the invention is the configuration of the tips of the bipolar electrode ends, which are formed into flat opposing surfaces, and the relationship of their connecting links to the tubular member. The connecting links are configured such that, as the handles are released, when they first are forced to close as they withdraw into the tubular member, the distal ends of the electrode tips touch first. As they continue withdraw into the tubular member and to close, the flat surfaces are pressed up against one another. This action ensures that any tissue grasped as the tips close is held securely in the tips and not squeezed out.
As another feature of the invention, the electrode tips can be arranged to extend out in a straight line along an extension of the elongated tube axis, or bent off the axis in order to reach tissue portions not readily accessible from a straight line extension.
The housed bipolar electrodes as in the referenced patents and application are electrically active and are capable when energized of applying electrosurgical currents to grasped human tissue with the result that a void or cavity or tunnel can be formed in the tissue or bleeders sealed. Any tissue removed may then be easily aspirated via a suction port connected to the handpiece.
Preferably, radio-frequency (RF) electrosurgical currents, in a frequency range preferably above 3 MHz, with 4 MHz being preferred, are employed. It is believed that 4 MHz radiofrequency energy has been proven to be a self-limiting, minimal penetration energy source capable of precise tissue interaction. Thus, electrosurgical instruments that emit 4 MHz radiofrequency currents will be attractive to spinal or other surgeons needing to produce controlled tissue modulation efficiently and safely. Since lateral heat is typically not a byproduct of 4 MHz RF currents, damage to surrounding tissue can be minimized or avoided.
Thus, a MIS electrosurgical procedure using the novel system components described herein enables physicians to offer to patients a treatment that is efficiently performed, relatively easily learned and thus performed at a significantly reduced price, and with less tissue damage and superior results compared to procedures done with other devices.
The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its use, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention, like reference numerals or letters signifying the same or similar components.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an enlarged plan view from the side of one form of electrosurgical handpiece in accordance with the invention in its relaxed position shown schematically connected to an electrosurgical generator;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 1 also in its relaxed position;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged top view of the protruding electrode ends of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 2 in the relaxed non-squeezed handle position shown in FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 1 shown in its fully squeezed handle position;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged top view of the protruding electrodes of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 4 in its fully-squeezed position;
FIG. 6 is a side view of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 1 shown in its middle or partially relaxed handle position;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged top view of the protruding electrodes of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 6 in the partially-relaxed handle position;
FIG. 8 is a side view of the electrode and its connecting link for the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 1 with a straight electrode;
FIG. 9 is a top view of the electrode and its link of FIG. 8 ;
FIG. 10 is a cross section along the line 10 - 10 of FIG. 9 .
FIG. 11 is a side view of a variant of the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 1 in its squeezed position in which the electrode is angled.
FIG. 12 is a side view of the electrode and its connecting link for the electrosurgical handpiece of FIG. 11 with an angled electrode;
FIG. 13 is a top view of the electrode and its link of FIG. 12 ;
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is an improvement of the electrosurgical apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,571; D562,978; and US pending application, Ser. No. 11/799,603, filed May 3, 2007, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. In the referenced patents/application, an electrosurgical handpiece is described in which an elongated rigid tube is fixed to the front end handpiece body to which is affixed the front handle portion. Extendable within the rigid tube is an elongated electrode connected to the rear end handpiece body to which is affixed the rear handle portion. When the handles are squeezed, the electrode is extended and bends in a direction preset into the electrode metal. An incorporated compression spring keeps the two body parts apart. The present invention employs the same basic construction except for the configuration of the electrodes so that when extended and retracted they follow a different path.
Referring now to the drawings, an electrosurgical handpiece 10 in accordance with the invention comprises an elongated rigid tube 12 affixed to the front end body section 14 . Inside the rigid tube 12 extends connected to active bipolar electrode ends 16 is an elongated link 18 (shown in dashed lines) which in turn is fixed to the rear end body section 20 , which telescopes within the front end section 14 . Across the two body sections 14 , 20 , biased apart by an internal spring shown schematically at 21 , is pivotably 22 mounted the front 24 and rear 26 handle portions, which also pivotably connect 28 at the top. The handle configuration differs from that disclosed in the pending application in that the handle portions above their pivots to the body are angled closer to the body to improve surgeon visibility of the surgical site.
The handpiece is typically bipolar with two extended electrodes between which the electrosurgical currents are concentrated. One electrode 16 and its extended link 18 is shown in FIGS. 8-10 . Its companion electrode (not shown) is a mirror image of the one shown. The right end of the shank is connected to the rear body section 20 , so that when the handles are squeezed the electrode end 16 at the left is extended out of the rigid tube 12 . A feature of the invention is the configuration of the electrode 16 and its link 18 . As shown in FIG. 8 , the left end or distal portion 16 has a short straight flat section 30 with facing surfaces 32 of the active electrode ends that are parallel, electrically bare, and in full contact when the handpiece is in its relaxed position, shown in FIG. 3 . Back of the distal section 30 the electrode has a short angled section 34 (at about a 45° angle) followed by a longer straight section 36 that extends toward the center axis of the link. As an example, not to be considered limiting, the rigid tube 12 has an inside diameter of about 2.08 mm (0.083 inches), the overall length of the electrode with its link is about 220 mm, the short parallel section 30 in front is about 3 mm long, the following angled short section 34 is about 1.3 mm long, the longer section 36 returning to the axis is about 15 mm long forming an angle of about 9° where it intersects the axis. The thickness of the straight thicker central section of the link is about 0.5 mm. so when the two bipolar electrodes fill the rigid tube, they occupy about ½-⅔ of the internal space. The peak where the short angle section 34 meets the longer straight section 36 is about 3 mm above the electrode axis. As a result of this configuration, when one of the electrode pair 16 is inside the rigid tube 12 in the relaxed position shown in FIG. 3 , the longer straight section 36 of each electrode half bears against the inside wall of the rigid tube 20 forcing the flat distal ends 30 together with their facing surfaces 32 in full contact. At that position, about ⅔ of the tapered longer sections 36 are inside the rigid tube 12 .
When the handles are fully squeezed as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 , the electrode ends 30 are extended out about ⅘ of the length of the longer sections 36 . Due to the closer spacing of the preset tapered sections 36 still remaining inside the rigid tube, the distal ends 30 spread apart but the opposed surfaces 32 due to the geometry still remain essentially parallel. Now, as shown in FIG. 7 , as the hand pressure on the handles 24 , 26 relaxes, the electrodes 18 due to the internal spring 21 pressure are forced back into the rigid tube 12 , and the internal wall pressure on the sections 36 cause the distal ends 30 to approach one another. The configuration of the electrodes are such that the pressure of the rigid tube 12 on the retracting tapered sections 36 forces the extreme electrode ends 40 toward one another faster than the rearward sections with the result that the extreme ends 40 touch first ( FIG. 7 ), before the rest of the front flat sections. In this position, about ½ of the tapered straight sections 36 remain within the rigid tube 12 . Then, as the handles are further relaxed, the remaining parts of the front distal section gradually come together until the position shown in FIG. 3 is restored with the front sections again in full contact over their full facing surfaces 32 .
To summarize, when the handles are released, the electrode links 18 are pulled back into the rigid tube acting as a cannula and forced to close. But the tips 30 , 34 are bent so that when they first begin to close, the extreme ends 40 touch first, and as they continue to close, the flat faces 32 are finally pressed up against one another. This action is extremely important because it allows the surgeon to position the open ends with their extreme tips exactly at the tissue to be grasped and helps to ensure that the tissue is held securely in the tips and not squeezed out during the further closing action.
In the preferred embodiment, the distal end sections 16 have a semi-circular configuration as illustrated in FIG. 10 with the flat active surface shown at 32 .
In the embodiment described above, the active electrode ends 16 extend straight out parallel to the rigid tube axis. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 11-13 , the active electrode ends are shown at 50 connected as before to an extended link 52 . The bipolar active electrode ends not only spread apart (not shown) as they are extended but also angle off to the left as shown at 50 . They could just as easily angle off to the right if desired. This bending action is similar to that obtained with the handpiece of the referenced patents and is obtained by simply pre-bending the electrodes so that upon their release from the confining action of the rigid tube, they will automatically spread apart as well as angle off to the side as indicated.
As in the referenced patents/application, when the tissue has been grasped, then the surgeon can apply to the tissue via the electrode ends electrosurgical currents by the usual footswitch connected to a conventional electrosurgical generator 60 ( FIG. 1 ), also available from Elliquence LLC of Oceanside, N.Y.
While the instrument of the invention is especially useful for spinal procedures, it is not limited to such uses and it will be understood that it can be employed in any electrosurgical procedure employing a cannula in MIS.
While the invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, it will be understood that modifications thereof within the principles outlined above will be evident to those skilled in the art and thus the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments but is intended to encompass such modifications. | An electrosurgical handpiece comprising a squeezable handle connected to extend and retract bipolar electrodes from a rigid tubular member. The bipolar electrodes comprise active separable distal ends and connecting links configured such that when the handle is unsqueezed, the active distal ends protrude from the distal end of the first tubular member and are adjacent one another, and when the handle is fully squeezed, the active distal ends are fully extended outwardly from the first tubular member and separate, and when the handle is relaxed but still partially squeezed, the active distal ends come together and touch first at their extreme ends and then touch over a broader area in a position to grasp tissue for receiving electrosurgical currents. | 2,515 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an endoscope for measuring the topography of a surface, and a method for measuring the topography of a surface.
Conventional and well-researched techniques for measuring three-dimensional geometries are often based on active triangulation. However, in confined environments, such as human auditory canals or in bore holes, it becomes ever more difficult to implement triangulation as such. Particularly in the field of measuring endoscopy, it is not easy to achieve the spatial arrangement of transmitting and receiving units or to position projection and imaging units at the appropriate angles. It is also not usually possible to record relatively longer or larger hollow chambers in one image. This means that it is necessary to measure spatially overlapping regions three-dimensionally chronologically one after another in order subsequently to combine said images into a 3D representation using data processing (3D data sticking). The larger the overlapping regions are, the more precisely the linking of individual recordings in 3D space can be achieved. This presupposes that the individual recordings themselves have as many measuring points as possible in fixed relationship to one another.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide an endoscope for measuring surface topographies, which occupies less space in relation to the prior art and is able, for example when using active triangulation, to record relatively large measurement regions.
The endoscope according to the invention for measuring the topography of a surface has a projection unit and an imaging unit. The endoscope is characterized in that an objective unit is provided which is both a component of the projection unit and also of the imaging unit.
By means of an integrated configuration of the projection unit and the imaging unit, which both use a common objective unit, the structural volume required by both units, the imaging units and the imaging units with the projection unit can be significantly reduced, leading thereto that the endoscope can also be designed smaller. Furthermore, given a similar structural size for measuring the topography of the surface, larger measurement regions can be recorded.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the projection unit comprises a projection structure and the imaging unit comprises an imaging medium. The imaging medium and the projection structure are preferably disposed centrally to an optical axis. This measure also contributes to saving structural volume.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the projection structure is configured in the form of a transparency. The projection structure, or in the special form, the transparency, has, in an external region thereof, concentric colored rings. The concentric colored rings serve for color coding and result in different colored projection rays, the reflection pattern of which allows conclusions be drawn regarding the topography and character of the surface.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the projection structure has a central region which is covered relative to the optical axis by the imaging medium. Usually, in this central region of the projection structure, in particular of the transparency, no concentric colored rings are provided. This zone of the projection structure which is free from colored rings can be used to accommodate the imaging medium on the same optical axis in a space-saving manner. The imaging medium and the projection structure can essentially lie in one plane, but can also be displaced parallel to one another relative to the optical axis.
Furthermore, in another embodiment of the invention, the projection unit has, adjacent to the objective unit, an annular mirror lens which is rotationally symmetrical relative to the optical axis. Said annular mirror lens enables projection rays to be deflected differently than the imaging rays arriving through the objective unit. It is expedient in this case for projection rays to pass through the objective unit and be deflected by the annular mirror lens. By contrast, imaging rays reflected from the surface—i.e. reflected projection rays—and impinging upon the objective unit are not deflected by the annular mirror lens. The annular mirror lens therefore allows projection rays and imaging rays to be deflected into a different ray path.
Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are described below based on the following figures, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a projection unit and an imaging unit of an endoscope with a suitable ray path,
FIG. 2 shows a more detailed representation of the combined projection unit and imaging unit, and
FIG. 3 shows an arrangement of lenses, imaging medium and projection structure in the combined imaging unit-projection unit.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an endoscope 2 (shown here without an endoscope external wall) having a projection unit 6 and an imaging unit 8 . Schematic ray paths of projection rays 26 and imaging rays 28 are also shown. The projection unit 6 and the imaging unit 8 are integrated in such a manner that both the projection unit and the imaging unit comprise an overall objective unit 10 (see FIG. 2 ). Furthermore, the projection unit 6 has an annular mirror lens 24 which serves to deflect projection rays 26 .
In FIG. 1 , projection rays 26 are shown with a dotted and dashed line, whilst imaging rays 28 are shown with a dashed line. The dashed lines 28 and the dotted and dashed lines 26 each show the outer limit of a projection region 32 or a field of view 30 .
In the representation in FIG. 1 , the optical system used results in two projection regions 32 and a field of view 30 . In order to measure the topography of the surface 4 , which is also shown schematically here as a cylindrical channel, the triangulation method is used. For this purpose, the projection rays 26 , which possibly comprise different color spectra (see below), are emitted by the projection unit 6 . Said projection rays 26 impinge upon the surface 4 and are reflected therefrom. The reflected projection rays are designated imaging rays 28 . The imaging unit accepts and guides the imaging rays to an imaging medium which also serves for evaluating the imaging rays.
The region which is enclosed by both the projection rays 26 or the projection region 32 and by the field of view 30 is designated the measurement region 34 . The measurement region 34 is therefore the region in which the projection region 30 and the field of view 32 intersect. Measurement by the triangulation method can only be carried out in the region in which projection rays 26 and the field of view 30 intersect. The larger the measurement region 34 is configured, the larger is the region in which a measurement can be carried out. Particularly in confined hollow spaces, it is often difficult, using known methods, to configure the field of projected rays 26 (projection region 32 ) and the field of view 30 such that an adequately large measurement region 34 is formed.
FIG. 2 shows a detailed representation of the projection unit 6 and the imaging unit 8 with the common objective unit 10 thereof. The endoscope 2 has an optical axis 16 which extends through the center point of the endoscope 2 . In relation to FIG. 2 , a viewing direction of the endoscope extends from left to right. A light source (not shown), which is preferably configured in the form of a light waveguide with a collimator optical system or a fiber optic bundle or a light source, for example an LED, emits light rays through a projection structure 12 which, in this case, is configured in the form of a transparency 18 . The transparency 18 is configured annular and has concentric color rings 20 in an external region. The transparency 18 , which in FIG. 2 is shown as a line in relation to the ray path, is shown again for the sake of clarity, next to FIG. 2 in a plan view.
The light rays which extend through the outer region of the transparency 18 and thus pass through the colored concentric rings are designated projection rays. The projection rays extend through the common objective unit 10 , are deflected therein and strike an annular mirror lens 24 arranged upstream of the objective unit 10 or the projection lens system 6 . The mirror lens 24 deflects the projection rays 26 laterally with rotation symmetry from one wall 38 of the endoscope 2 , after which said rays strike the surface 4 to be investigated. The projection rays 26 are reflected from the surface 4 and, from then on, are designated imaging rays 28 . The angle that the projection rays 26 and the imaging rays 28 enclose is designated the triangulation angle 36 .
The imaging rays 28 are reflected back and pass, shaded by the mirror lens 24 through the objective unit 10 , the objective unit 10 being configured such that non-deflected rays impinge close to the center in relation to the optical axis 16 upon an imaging medium 14 which here takes the form of a sensor chip 15 as used in digital cameras. According to the representation in FIG. 2 , the sensor chip 15 and the transparency 18 lie on an optical axis and in one plane. This is a special case, as illustrated in FIG. 3 , where the camera chip is arranged at a small distance in front of the transparency. The camera chip 15 is smaller than the transparency 18 and is positioned in a central region of the transparency 18 in relation to the optical axis 16 . The central region of the transparency 18 is not filled with colored rings 20 and does not need to be penetrated by the light rays. The arrangement of the sensor chip 15 therefore does not hinder the ray path of the projection rays 28 .
The method of triangulation using color coding will now be briefly described. The color structure projected onto an irregular topography of the surface 4 (not shown here) appears, at an observation angle (the triangulation angle) different from the projection angle, to be distorted. The distorted pattern detected by the imaging lens system (the objective unit 10 ) is imaged on the imaging medium 12 . What is produced here is therefore a planar image of the three-dimensional surface.
By means of a suitable evaluation method, the topography of the surface 4 can be calculated by a computer by evaluating the color transitions and the distortion of the color lines. The configuration of the transparency with colored concentric circles is merely one of the advantageous embodiments. This embodiment suggests itself particularly in the case of a light waveguide having a circular cross-section. Other encoding patterns, such as linear patterns, can essentially also be used.
FIG. 3 again shows a somewhat enlarged schematic representation which illustrates the combined projection unit 6 and imaging unit 8 . From left to right, firstly the transparency 18 is to be seen, which has, in an outer region, concentric colored rings 20 ; also shown is the central region 22 which is not provided with colored rings. Arranged in front of the transparency 18 is the sensor chip 15 . Arranged in front of the sensor chip is the objective unit 10 , in front of which is arranged the annular mirror lens 24 . The endoscope per se preferably consists of a transparent glass which is suitable for allowing the projection rays 26 to emerge at the endoscope wall 38 . A transparent plastics material can also serve as a suitable endoscope material. The endoscope usually has a diameter in the range of 3 mm to 5 mm. The combined imaging and projection unit 6 , 8 usually has a length in the range of 8 mm to 12 mm.
Usually, the sensor chip is illuminated at a frequency of 10 Hz to detect the imaging rays 28 . The shutter opening time is approximately 10 ms. (The shutter opening time is the time during which imaging rays 28 impinging upon the sensor chip are measured.) This means that at an illumination frequency of 10 Hz, there is a pause of 90 ms between the shutter opening times and that, during this time, the sensor chip recordings are evaluated by calculation software.
The above described arrangement of the measuring endoscope 2 can be applied essentially for all measurements in confined hollow spaces. A particularly advantageous application of the endoscope 2 is in the form of an otoscope, which is introduced into an ear and is used to measure the auditory canal or the ear lobe. The above described “color-coded triangulation” has the advantage, in this regard, that the projection of an encoded color pattern, together with just one image recording of the receiving unit (imaging unit 8 ) is sufficient to calculate the 3D form of an object. This means that simple projection can be used similarly to transparency projection and that sequential projection of different projection structures is not necessary. This also has the advantage that almost wobble-free freehand scanning by a physician is possible.
Other applications of the endoscope 2 may be found in technical fields. If, for example, for quality-control purposes, bores or other hollow spaces need to be precisely measured, the use of a space-saving endoscope 2 of this type is suitable. For example, in the case of rivet bores which serve for riveting aircraft components, very high demands are placed on the topography of said bores. With an endoscope according to the invention, highly accurate topographical measurements can be made in very confined bores. | An endoscope measures the topography of a surface. The endoscope contains a projection unit and an imaging unit. The endoscope is characterized in that an objective unit is provided as a component both of the projection unit and the imaging unit. By the integration of the projection unit and the imaging unit, which both use a common objective unit, the structural volume required by both units is reduced resulting in a smaller endoscope. | 2,357 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a method for treating humans with high levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides using a combination of over-the-counter dietary supplements.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
[0002] As is well known, increased levels of cholesterol, and in particular low density lipoproteins (LDL) is associated with circulation problems which often lead to heart attack and stroke. The increased level of cholesterol often is also accompanied by an increased level of triglycerides in the circulatory system. Increased plasma lipid levels have been associated with the build up of plaque within blood vessels, and there are a variety of treatments known to reduce these levels. Some treatments are more effective than others, and most are associated with undesirable side effects in many patients.
[0003] The total cholesterol level includes both the beneficial high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the troublesome low density lipoproteins, (LDL). Measurement of the total cholesterol level then can be misleading because if the LDL concentration is low and the HDL is also low this can be an undesirable situation. It is necessary to have the HDL concentration above a preset value, and the LDL concentration below a preset value, and both must be measured to provide an accurate picture.
[0004] It has been proposed to control cholesterol level merely with a strict dietary regimen. In most instances, however, diet alone cannot achieve the desired result. It is necessary to use an additional drug in order to achieve the healthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels. See The Niacin Solution , William B. Parsons, Jr. (Lilac Press 1998).
[0005] It has been proposed especially with patients who have suffered a heart attack to take aspirin on a daily basis. Most studies indicate that aspirin has been beneficial and its use encouraged. In many patients, however, aspirin alone is insufficient.
[0006] In general there are three groups of drugs on the market used for controlling cholesterol. They are bile secreted resins, fibrates, and statins.
[0007] The resins act against bile acids in the intestine preventing them from being reabsorbed and recycled into cholesterol. While these drugs are capable reducing LDL cholesterol, they do not raise HDL cholesterol or lower triglycerides. The drugs further have uncomfortable side effects and can interfere with the absorption of various other drugs such as anticoagulants, diuretics, and the like. While fibrates are capable of raising triglycerides and raising HDL cholesterol they do not reduce LDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore there have been studies and in particular a double blind study in which the results were less than clinically significant.
[0008] Finally, the drugs most commonly used are statins which act to alter liver functions and thereby the production of cholesterol. These drugs must be administered under a doctors care and have been associated with myopathy especially is the patient is taking another drug such as an antidepressant. Statins are metabolized by liven enzymes, and if an additional drug is taken such as an antidepressant which inhibits the liver enzymes the result can be similar to an overdose of the statin drug.
[0009] Concerning diet, it is known that a high diet of polyunsaturated fatty acids is undesirable because it reduces HDL cholesterol, and monounsaturated fatty acids have a favorable effect by reducing LDL cholesterol. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,753 it was proposed to provide an edible fatty acid triglyceride mixture which included fatty acids rich in linoleic acids and alpha-linolenic acids from various vegetable oils and fish oils.
[0010] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,037 a food composition was described using fish oil as an ingredient providing the beneficial fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapeiitaenoic acid (EPA) present in about 5-8% of the total composition. This patent describes then a food product and also requires a number of medium chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids as ingredients.
[0011] Accordingly, there remains a need for a food supplement without undue side effects which can be purchased over-the-counter and is effective to reduce LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] It has been discovered that a combination of fish oil concentrate, niacin, and lecithin taken in combination in pill form once a day will achieve the desired beneficial results with cholesterol and triglyceride reduction.
[0013] Accordingly it is an object of this invention to provide a dietary supplement which can be purchased over-the-counter without a prescription which will be effective in reducing undesirable levels of triglycerides without undue side effects.
[0014] It is another object of this invention to provide a combination of individually administered lecithin, niacin, and fish oil concentrate wherein the niacin is administered in pill form and the fish oil concentrate and lecithin in soft gel form whereby the patient can purchase these supplements and achieve a beneficial result without using prescription medication.
[0015] It is a further object of this invention to provide a combination of well known dietary supplements which together function to reduce LDL cholesterol, increase HDL cholesterol, and reduce triglycerides when administered on a daily basis within about 4-6 weeks.
[0016] These and other objects will be readily apparent with reference to the following description.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0017] The purpose of this invention is to provide the following goals of treatment:
[0018] The total cholesterol level should be below 200 with the LDL cholesterol target below 100 for anyone with a previous cardiovascular event and below 130 for everyone else. The HDL cholesterol should be above 45 or between 40 and 45. Triglycerides should be below about 175. These values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
[0019] This invention involves the discovery that the daily oral dosage of a combination of fish oil concentrate, niacin and lecithin will result in reaching the above identified goals as well as reducing triglycerides within about 6 weeks.
[0020] Fish oil concentrate is available from a number of sources commercially in the form of soft gel dosages. Fish oil concentrate is a good source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA. These fatty acids have been identified with beneficial results relative to lowering lipid levels in blood plasma.
[0021] One source of fish oil concentrate is Dale Alexander's MaxEPA or Super MaxEPA marketed by Twinlabs as a cholesterol free product containing EPA and DHA. In the MaxEPA product each pair of soft gels provides 600 mg of EPA and 240 mg of DHA in a 2500 mg dosage. In the preferred embodiment of this invention Super MaxEPA provides 450 mg EPA and 300 mg DHA in each soft gel.
[0022] The niacin ingredient preferably is a flush free product and in a preferred embodiment it is marketed in 500 mg tablets by KAL Dietary Supplements. The product is marketed as Inositol Hexanicotinate.
[0023] One of the problems with niacin when it is ingested in its pure nicotinic acid form is that the patient will experience a skin flushing due to marked dilation of the capillaries. Even doses as small as 50 mg can produced such a severe flush. The flush is confined to the head and neck but it may involve the upper half of the body or occasionally the whole body surface. The skin feels hot in the effected area and may also tingle or itch. The flash lasts perhaps 15 to 20 minutes or longer, and many patients will not tolerate this occurrence. In order to counter act this flash the niacin is chemically combined to provide a more slow dissolving product. In the preferred embodiment of this invention the niacin is present as Inositol Hexanicotinate.
[0024] If plain niacin is used, the dosage should be about twice that of the chemically combined product. Plain niacin, however, has been associated with nausea in addition to the flush and may alter liver function. Therefore the preferred embodiment of this invention is the chemically combined form.
[0025] Finally, the third ingredient is lecithin. Lecithin is a well known antioxidant and preservative, and is available as a dietary supplement in soft gels. The preferred embodiment is 1200 mg units also supplied by KAL Dietary Supplements. This lecithin product is produced from soybeans. This particular product has an average of 61% phosphatides and contains a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
[0026] The preferred daily dosage is two MaxEPA soft gels, two 500 mg flash free niacin tablets, and two 1200 mg lecithin soft gels.
[0027] The following examples are illustrative of this invention but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. In each instance the combination of medication was as stated above, fish oil concentrate, flush free niacin, and lecithin in the quantities described.
[0028] In the case of the first individual, the triglyceride measurement was 385, LDL cholesterol was 160 and HDL cholesterol was 43. After 6-7 weeks of taking the medication according to this invention, the triglyceride count dropped to 265, HDL cholesterol increased to 55, and the LDL cholesterol dropped to 156.
[0029] In the case of a second individual, the triglyceride measurement was 213, with total cholesterol at 164. After 6-7 weeks of the medication according to this invention the triglyceride count dropped to 134 and total cholesterol dropped to 130 with HDL cholesterol measured at 40. Subsequently, one year later, the triglyceride count was 137 with total cholesterol at 116 and HDL, cholesterol at 29. Subsequently, the measurements were maintained at triglycerides of 182, HDL cholesterol at 45, and LDL cholesterol at 77.
[0030] In the case of a third individual the initial triglyceride measurement was 404 with an HDL cholesterol measurement of 35. The triglyceride measurement was too high to permit calculation of the LDL cholesterol level. After the medication according to this invention the triglyceride level dropped to 250 with an HDL cholesterol measurement of 45 and an LDL cholesterol measurement of 75. The total cholesterol level dropped from 255 to 170. In each instance, no side effects were noted.
[0031] In summary, according to this invention, a combination of over-the-counter food supplements has been found to be effective in reducing of blood lipid levels and specifically, to reduce LDL cholesterol, increase HDL cholesterol and reduce triglycerides. The overall result then is a combination of food additives which protect against circulatory conditions leading to heart attack and stroke.
[0032] The food additives of this invention are niacin, fish oil concentrate, and lecithin. The niacin in the preferred embodiment is flush free chemically combined compound taken in the form of 500 mg tablets with two tablets being preferred per day. In the case of lecithin, soft gels are preferred, and two 1200 mg soft gels are the preferred dosage. Each 1200 mg soft gel typically supplied 192 mg phosphatidyl choline, 168 mg phosphatidyl ethanolamines and 108 mg of phosphatidyl inositol.
[0033] The third ingredient, fish oil concentrate, typically is also in soft gels of 1250 mg, and two per day are preferred. In each two soft gels there are omega 3 polyunsaturates in the form of 450 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively).
[0034] In the case of each of these three food supplements, the dosage level is dictated by the commercially available dosages and the above is intended to merely illustrate a preferred embodiment rather than limit the invention to the dosage level set forth above.
[0035] It will be readily seen by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention fulfills all of the objects set forth above. After reading the foregoing specification, one of ordinary skill will be able to effect various changes, substitutions or equivalents and various other aspects of the invention as broadly disclosed herein. It is therefore intended that the protection granted hereon be limited only by the definition contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof. | A method of treating excessive blood lipid levels in humans is described. The treatment includes a daily dosage of food supplements available over-the-counter without a prescription. The supplements are fish oil concentrate, niacin (flush free), and lecithin. In the preferred embodiment two 500 mg tablets of niacin, 2 1200 mg soft gels of lecithin, and two 1250 mg soft gels of fish oil concentrate are administered orally once to twice per day. | 2,029 |
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a baby walker, and particularly to such a baby walker which comprises a fixed seat holder supported on a wheeled base, and a rotary carrier rotatably supported on the seat holder to hold a seat.
A regular baby walker, as shown in FIG. 1, is generally comprised of a fixed seat holder supported on a wheeled base to hold a seat. The seat holder has a plurality of plug holes for the positioning of the seat. The seat has a plurality of mounting pins respectively fastened to the plug holes at the seat holder. When installed, the seat can not be rotated on the seat holder.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the baby walker comprises a wheeled base, a fixed seat holder supported on the wheeled base, a rotary carrier supported on the seat holder to hold a seat, and a ball bearing mounted on the seat holder to support the seat holder, for enabling the rotary carrier and the seat to be rotated on the seat holder. According to another aspect of the present invention, a latch is provided at the seat holder, and moved to lock/unlock the rotary carrier. According to still another aspect of the present invention, the seat holder has a plurality of pin holes for the positioning of the seat after removal of the rotary carrier and the ball bearing from the seat holder. According to still another aspect of the present invention, the wheeled base is equipped with a folding collapsible stand, that can be extended out to support the baby walker on the floor positively.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a baby walker according to the prior art.
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a baby walker according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a perspective assembly view of the baby walker shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is an exploded view in an enlarged scale of a part of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 4 but showing the ball bearing assembled.
FIG. 6 is an assembly view of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is similar to FIG. 6 but showing the latch engaged into the retaining hole at the rotary carrier.
FIG. 8 is an oblique bottom view of the rotary carrier according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to Figures from 2 through 8, a baby walker 1 comprises a seat holder 2 supported on a wheeled base 5, a ball bearing 4 mounted on the seat holder 2, a rotary carrier 3 supported on the ball bearing 4, and a seat 10 supported on the rotary carrier 3.
The seat holder 2, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, comprises an inner flange 23 around the inner diameter thereof, two endless upright flanges 21 and 21' concentrically raised from the top side wall 22 thereof around the inner flange 23, a top annular groove 220 defined between the inner flange 23 and the inner endless upright flange 21', a plurality of pin holes 2201 equiangularly spaced in the top annular groove 220 through the top side wall 22, a latch holder 24 provided inside the-outer endless upright flange 21, and a latch 25 moved in and out of the latch holder 24.
The ball bearing 4, as show in FIGS. 4 and 5, is mounted within the annular groove 220 at the seat holder 2, comprised of two annular races 41 connected in parallel, and a plurality of steel balls 40 retained between the annular races 41. The races 41 each comprise a plurality of equiangularly spaced ball holes 411 of diameter smaller than the steel balls 40 for receiving the steel balls 40, a plurality of equiangularly locating pins 412, and a plurality of equiangularly spaced pin holes 413. By plugging the locating pins 412 at one race 41 into the pin holes 413 at another, the races 41 are connected together to hold the steel balls 40 in the ball holes 411 between the races 41. When assembled, the steel balls 40 peripherally project out of the ball holes 411 at the races 41.
The rotary carrier 3, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 8, comprises an annular base 32, an inner vertical endless flange 33 raised from the bottom side wall 322 of the annular base 32 around the inner diameter thereof, an outer vertical endless flange 31 raised from the bottom side wall 322 of the annular bass 32 and spaced around the inner vertical endless flange 33, a bottom annular groove 34 defined between the inner vertical endless flange 33 and the outer vertical endless flange 31 which receives the ball bearing 4, a plurality of springy hooks 331 spaced around the inner vertical endless flange 33 and respectively hooked on the bottom edge 231 of the inner flange 23 of the seat holder 2, a plurality of pin holes 321 equiangularly spaced at the annular base 32 for the positioning of the seat 10, and a retaining holes 312 at the outer vertical endless flange 31 for engagement with the latch 25 at the seat holder 2. After installation of the rotary carrier 3 and the ball bearing 4 in the seat holder 2, the bottom edge 311 of the outer vertical endless flange 31 of the rotary carrier 3 is disposed in contact with the top side wall 22 of the seat holder 2, the bottom side wall 322 of the annular base 32 of the rotary carrier 3 is supported on the inner endless upright flange 21' of the seat holder 2, and the ball bearing 4 is received in the top annular groove 220 at the seat holder 2 and the bottom annular groove 34 at the rotary carrier 3.
The seat 10, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, comprises a plurality of positioning pins 101 respectively plugged into the pin holes 321 at the rotary carrier 3.
Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7 again, the latch 25 can be moved between the locking position where the latch 25 is engaged into the retaining hole 312 at the rotary carrier 3 to stop the rotary carrier 3 and the seat 10 from rotary motion relative to the seat holder 2 (see FIG. 7), and the unlocking position where the latch 25 is disengaged from the retaining hole 312 at the rotary carrier 3, for enabling the rotary carrier 3 and the seat 10 to be rotated on the seat holder 2 (see FIG. 6).
Referring to FIG. 2 again, the wheeled base 5 is equipped with a folding collapsible stand 6. The stand 6 can be extended out to support the baby walker 1 on the floor positively.
Furthermore, the ball bearing 4 and the rotary carrier 3 can be removed from the seat holder 2, enabling the seat 10 to be directly fastened to the seat holder 2 by plugging the positioning pins 101 of the seat 10 into the pin holes 2201 at the seat holder 2. | A baby walker, which includes a wheeled base, a fixed seat holder supported on the wheeled base, a rotary carrier supported on the seat holder to hold a seat, and a ball bearing mounted on the seat holder to support the seat holder, for enabling the rotary carrier and the seat to be rotated on the seat holder, and a latch moved to lock/unlock the rotary carrier. | 1,257 |
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
This invention is in the general field of grain processing, more particularly as it relates to removing the edible portion of the grain from the inedible portion after harvesting. Still more particularly it relates to devices and methods for removing husks from ears of corn and removing corn kernels from the cobs, especially such devices and methods which are power-driven.
Prior art in this field includes generally two separate devices or methods; one for removing the corn husk and silk from the corn ears (“husking”) and another for removing the kernels from the cob. The latter process is generally referred to as “shelling” or “stripping”, and involves a greater or lesser degree of piercing of the kernel wall depending on how the kernel is separated from the cob.
Husking of the corn ear is a mechanical process in which the husk is pulled or brushed from the ear. The husk can be pulled downward from the free end of the ear and torn off at the butt by grasping the leaves manually, or it can be brushed or rubbed off with toothed, bristled, or abrasive surfaces or simple frictional contact with certain surfaces. Special additional means may be included to brush or pick the silk from the ear after the husk is removed.
Shelling of the corn is generally also a mechanical process in which the kernels are cut or scraped off the cob. If whole kernel corn is desired, it is necessary to detach each kernel from the cob at or near its point of attachment to the cob without puncturing the kernel wall. This may be accomplished with a knife blade applied at the base of the kernels and moved parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ear.
If the kernel wall is ruptured extensively during the shelling process, a substantial amount of the paste, or cream, within is released along with the kernels. This mixture is creamed corn, produced to a greater or lesser extent depending on the degree of kernel rupturing. Some creaming occurs when the corn is shelled by scraping the tops of the kernels first and moving downward toward the cob. The degree of rupture of the kernel walls is affected by the speed and direction of scraping and the shape of the scraping implement. In this patent specification, the process of removing the kernel material from the ear, regardless of degree, is referred to as “shelling”.
Finally, the kernel material, cobs and husks are typically handled separately for further processing whether it be by hand or by machine.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
In one embodiment, this invention provides a new apparatus for shelling or creaming corn using a power driver such as an electric drill. In another, preferred, embodiment, it provides an apparatus and method in which corn ears can be efficiently both husked and shelled in sequence and in tandem, one-by-one, using a power driver. To use either embodiment, a special mandrel is first affixed to an electric drill. Then the mandrel is screwed into the bottom end of an ear of corn that has been debutted. The mandrel with an unhusked corn ear thus affixed and revolved by the drill can then be husked by inserting the ear into the husking portion of the invention. The husking portion is configured to efficiently remove and dispose of both the husk and the corn silk. A husked ear can be shelled or creamed by inserting a husked ear, again on the revolving mandrel, into the shelling portion of the invention. This portion is configured to efficiently remove the kernel material from the cob.
It is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus and method that increases the speed, ease, and efficiency of husking, shelling or creaming corn compared with existing methods. It is an object of the invention specifically to improve the efficiency of corn silk removal and recovery of desirable food. It is a further object of this invention to provide these features in a single portable and inexpensive device. Still another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for husking, shelling or creaming corn that is comprised of few parts and can be cleaned and maintained easily.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the invented apparatus.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a side view of the preferred embodiment secured to a table top.
FIG. 4 is a front view of the husking tube of the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the husking tube.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the special mandrel of the preferred embodiment in exploded relation to an ear of corn and an electric drill used as a driver.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment being used to husk an ear of corn.
FIG. 8 is a front view of the shelling tube of the preferred embodiment. This tube, as configured here, if taken by itself is a distinct embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a view of the shelling tube looking straight down the tube to reveal detail.
FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the shelling tube.
FIG. 11 is a view of the shelling tube showing fit of a husked ear of corn in it.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment being used to cream and remove kernels from the cob.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now in greater detail to the drawings, in which like elements are referred to by like reference numerals in each figure, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the invented apparatus. It shows a lower husking tube 101 and an upper shelling tube 102 connected by a mounting bracket 103 . The two tubes are comprised of open-ended cylinders, and the mounting bracket is a shaped flat bar. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the mounting bracket is rigid metal with a hole 104 near its midpoint to enable fastening to a stationary object (not shown). In the preferred embodiment, the cylindrical parts are formed from thermoplastic pipe. The invented method comprises setting up an ear of corn on a power driver (not shown), inserting a revolving ear of corn first in the husking tube 101 , and then inserting it in the shelling tube 102 .
FIG. 2 is a side view of the preferred embodiment, showing that the bracket 103 in this embodiment can be fastened to the two tubes using two conventional fasteners 201 each. The bracket is bent so as to align the tubes nearly parallel and create a horizontal section 202 .
FIG. 3 is a side view of the preferred embodiment secured to a table top 301 by a stud 302 and a wing nut 303 . Note that when the apparatus is so affixed, the axes of the tubes are oriented by the bracket 103 to converge at a point to the upper right of the Figure (arrow A). This is so that the user can conveniently access the upper end of either tube with a minimum of motion.
FIG. 4 is a front view of the husking tube 101 of the preferred embodiment. It comprises a flat, stiff-bristled brush 401 fastened to the inner wall of the tube by a screw 402 so that the bristles of the brush 401 face the center of the tube. In this view the brush 401 is fastened at its midpoint to the top of the tube 101 , but other orientations of the brush relative to the tube may be used effectively within the scope of this invention. Also visible in this view is one of the two bracket mounting holes 403 .
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the husking tube 101 showing how this portion of the preferred embodiment is assembled. Screw 402 is passed through hole 501 and screwed into the upper surface 502 of the brush 401 .
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the special mandrel 601 of the preferred embodiment in exploded relation to an ear of corn 602 and an electric drill 603 used as a driver. To use this invention effectively, it is necessary to secure the ear to the drill so that the ear is coaxial with the axis of the drill chuck 604 and rotates in fixed relation to the chuck. In the preferred embodiment, the mandrel 601 consists of a headless lag screw 605 with a collar 606 permanently fixed perpendicularly to it at the bottom 607 of the lag portion 608 of the screw. The lag portion 608 of the screw provides a shank by which the drill chuck 604 can grip the mandrel 601 . To establish the correct alignment of the ear and the drill, the ear is first “debutted” by cutting the stem 609 off the ear at more-or-less right angles to the axis of the ear, producing a flat end 610 . The mandrel 601 is secured then to the drill chuck 604 , and the mandrel is screwed into the end 610 by operation of the drill 603 until the collar 606 comes into contact with the end 610 . The collar 606 helps to assure that the screw will not keep advancing into the corn as it is processed and that the corn will be forced to rotate along with the mandrel.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment being used to husk an ear of corn. User 701 turns on the drill 603 and inserts the ear 602 into the husking tube 101 . As the ear enters the tube, it comes into contact with the brush 401 . As the ear 602 revolves against the brush 401 , the husk leaves 702 are brushed from the ear 602 and fall out of the bottom end 703 of the tube 101 . This brushing action to remove the husk has proved by experience to be very efficient, yet not damaging to the kernels. It also effectively removes the corn silk (not shown).
FIG. 8 is a front view of the shelling tube 102 of the invention, which together with the bracket and husking tube (not shown) comprises the preferred embodiment of the invention, but by itself comprises an alternate embodiment. The shelling tube 102 comprises a curved cutter head 801 resiliently suspended inside it. In the preferred embodiment of the invented apparatus, the cutter head 801 further comprises a partial cylinder 802 of thermoplastic into which a grater 803 is set. The grater is in this case a piece of sheet metal stamped to as to provide a plurality of triangular points 804 . The grater 803 may be fixed to the partial cylinder by rivets or other means. A portion of the partial cylinder 802 behind the grater 803 may optionally be cut out for ease of cleaning. The cutter head 801 is suspended inside the tube 102 by two spring-biased bolts 806 . The bolts each compress a spring 807 between the inner wall of the tube 102 and the partial cylinder 802 , the compression of which is set by wing nuts 808 (only one shown, the other hidden behind it). Mounting holes 809 for connecting the bracket (not shown) to the tube 102 are shown opposite the cutter head 801 .
FIG. 9 is a view of the shelling tube 102 of either embodiment looking straight down the tube to better show the cutting points 804 of the grater 803 protruding towards the center of the tube 102 . Note that the cutting points 804 show as lines here because the creases along which they are bent out by stamping are parallel to axis of the tube 102 . This means that the plane surfaces of the points 804 are parallel to the axis of the tube 102 , so that the widest face of each point is against in the direction of rotation of the corn (not shown). This has significance, as explained further below. Note also that the distance between the grater 803 and the bottom of the shelling tube 102 is at a minimum, represented by distance “d”, due to the extension of spring 807 to the maximum extent allowed by wing nut 808 .
FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the shelling tube 102 better showing how the cutter head 801 is assembled into the tube. Grater 803 is affixed to partial cylinder 802 by rivets 805 through rivet holes 1001 . Bolts 806 are passed through cylinder holes 1002 , and springs 807 are placed over the bolts. The assembled head 801 is then set inside tube 102 so that bolts 806 pass through tube holes 1003 . Wing nuts 808 are screwed onto bolts 806 . The assembled shelling tube can then be affixed to the mounting bracket (not shown) through holes 809 .
FIG. 11 is a view of the shelling tube 102 of the invented apparatus showing the fit of a husked ear of corn 1101 in it. (Husked ear 1101 is ear 602 after removal of the husk. It is distinct from ear 602 because it presents a corn kernel surface 1102 to grater points 804 .) Typically, a power drill will turn husked ear 1101 clockwise as shown by the arrow, causing kernel surface 1102 to rotate into points 804 . Points 804 will cut and dislodge kernel material as creamed corn particles 1103 . Note that the distance between the grater 803 and the bottom of the shelling tube 102 has been increased to “D” by the presence of husked ear 1101 . Because of the compression of spring 807 , distance “D” will always be whatever the width of husked ear 1101 is, and points 804 will be maintained in contact with the kernel surface 1102 . Thus, shelling of the corn will always occur without the user having to press the husked ear 1101 against the grater 803 . Any pressure applied by the user other than in the axial direction (into the paper) runs the risk of twisting the ear in the mandrel, causing uneven or incomplete shelling of the ear, or inclusion of cob material in the product. With this invention, all the user has to do to shell the corn is insert the ear into the tube while the drill rotates the ear. Wing nut 808 can be adjusted to a) set the minimum diameter of husked ear that can be shelled, and b) adjust the pressure applied to a typical ear and the consistency of the shelled or creamed corn produced.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the invented apparatus being used to shell an husked ear of corn. Note that bracket 103 is shaped so that tube 102 is high enough above the table 301 to allow container 1201 to be positioned to catch corn particles 1103 . Alternatively, the invented apparatus could be clamped to the corner of a table so that product and waste could both be collected in containers resting below the table top (not shown).
It can be seen by examining FIGS. 3 , 6 , 7 and 12 in sequence that the preferred embodiment can be set up readily and that by using it, complete processing of an ear of corn from having been snapped off the stalk through to creaming of the kernels can be accomplished quickly and ergonomically. | An ear of corn attached to a power driver such as a drill can be husked and or creamed in a two-step process without detaching the ear from the driver. The shelling device uses a spring-biased grater inside a tube to cut the kernels from the cob, and may be used alone or in combination with the husking device. If desired, the two devices can be connected using an ergonomically designed bracket and used sequentially. | 2,668 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a non-provisional application based upon U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/534,927, entitled “AGRICULTURAL TILLAGE IMPLEMENT WHEEL CONTROL”, filed Nov. 6, 2014, which is based on U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/903,529, entitled “AGRICULTURAL TILLAGE IMPLEMENT WHEEL CONTROL”, filed Nov. 13, 2013, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to agricultural implements, and, more particularly, to agricultural tillage implements.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Farmers utilize a wide variety of tillage implements to prepare soil for planting. Some such implements include two or more sections coupled together to perform multiple functions as they are pulled through fields by a tractor. For example, a field cultivator is capable of simultaneously tilling soil and leveling the tilled soil in preparation for planting. A field cultivator has a frame that carries a number of cultivator shanks with shovels at their lower ends for tilling the soil. The field cultivator converts compacted soil into a level seedbed with a consistent depth for providing excellent conditions for planting of a crop. Grass or residual crop material disposed on top of the soil is also worked into the seedbed so that it does not interfere with a seeding implement subsequently passing through the seedbed.
[0006] Tillage equipment prepares the soil by way of mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of which include ploughing (overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks), rototilling, rolling with cultipackers or other rollers, harrowing, and cultivating with cultivator shanks.
[0007] Tillage is often classified into two types, primary and secondary. There is no strict definition of these two types, perhaps a loose distinction between the two is that tillage that is deeper and more thorough is thought of as primary, and tillage that is shallower is thought of as secondary. Primary tillage such as plowing produces a larger subsurface difference and tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish, such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops. Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation.
[0008] Wheels are often integral with tillage implements and are used for both transportation of the implement, and for depth control of the tillage elements. The prior art includes control systems that raise and lower the implement as an entire unit, which can result in uneven tillage across the implement width of today's wider equipment.
[0009] What is needed in the art is an easy to use mechanism for depth control of an agricultural tillage implement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention provides a tillage implement that has several tilling sections with the ability to independently control the depth of the tilling elements of the various sections.
[0011] The invention in one form is directed to an agricultural tillage implement that includes a main section having a hitch extending in a travel direction, a plurality of foldable wing sections coupled with the main section, a plurality of ground engaging tilling elements, a plurality of wheel assemblies and a control system. The tilling elements are coupled to the main section and wing sections. Each of the wheel assemblies include an actuator. The wheel assemblies include a first plurality of wheel assemblies associated with the main section and a second plurality of wheel assemblies associated with the plurality of wing sections. The actuators of the first plurality of wheel assemblies being independent of the actuators of the second plurality of wheel assemblies. The control system is configured to actuate the actuators to control a depth of tilling elements in each of the sections when the implement is in a field mode.
[0012] The invention in another form is directed to a control system of an agricultural tillage implement. The implement has a main section including a pull hitch extending in a travel direction, a plurality of foldable wing sections coupled with the main section and a plurality of wheel assemblies, each of the sections having at least one tilling element that is engageable with the ground. The control system includes a controller and a plurality of actuators. At least one actuator is associated with each of the wheel assemblies. The plurality of wheel assemblies include a first plurality of wheel assemblies associated with the main section and a second plurality of wheel assemblies associated with the plurality of wing sections. The actuators of the first plurality of wheel assemblies are controlled independently of the actuators of the second plurality of wheel assemblies by the controller. The controller is configured to actuate the actuators to control a depth of the tilling elements in each of the sections while the implement is in a field mode.
[0013] The invention in yet another form is directed to a method of controlling profile heights of a plurality of sections of tilling assemblies of an agricultural implement. The method includes the step of independently actuating a plurality of actuators to control a depth of tilling elements in each of a plurality of foldable sections of the implement when the implement is in a field mode.
[0014] An advantage of the present invention is that the implement has a decreased profile in the transport mode.
[0015] Another advantage of the present invention is that the control system can be used to level the implement from side-to-side.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention will be better understood by reference to the following description of an embodiment of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0017] FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of an embodiment of an agricultural tillage implement of the present invention, in the form of a field cultivator, in an unfolded position;
[0018] FIG. 2 is a front view of the field cultivator shown in FIG. 1 ;
[0019] FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of the field cultivator shown in FIGS. 1-2 , with the outer wing sections folded to a transport position;
[0020] FIG. 4 is a front view of the field cultivator shown in FIG. 3 , with the outer wing sections folded to the transport position;
[0021] FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of the field cultivator shown in FIGS. 1-4 , with the middle wing sections folded to a transport position;
[0022] FIG. 6 is a front view of the field cultivator shown in FIG. 5 , with the middle wing sections folded to the transport position;
[0023] FIG. 7 is a top perspective view of the field cultivator shown in FIGS. 1-6 , with the inner wing sections folded to a transport position;
[0024] FIG. 8 is a front view of the field cultivator shown in FIG. 7 , with the inner wing sections folded to the transport position;
[0025] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of part of the main frame section of the field cultivator of FIGS. 1-8 ; and
[0026] FIG. 10 is a side view of the field cultivator of FIGS. 1-9 , with a primary focus on a wing section.
[0027] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplification set out herein illustrates embodiment of the invention, in one form, and such exemplification is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0028] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 , there is shown an embodiment of a tillage implement of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the tillage implement is in the form of a field cultivator 10 for tilling and finishing soil prior to seeding.
[0029] Field cultivator 10 is configured as a multi-section field cultivator, and includes a center frame section 12 , also referred herein as a main section 12 , and a plurality of wing sections 14 , 16 and 18 . In the illustrated embodiment, field cultivator 10 has a triple-fold configuration with three left wings sections designated 14 A, 16 A and 18 A, and three right wing sections designated 14 B, 16 B and 18 B. Wing sections 14 A and 14 B are each inner wing sections, wing sections 16 A and 16 B are each middle wing sections, and wing sections 18 A and 18 B are each outer wing sections.
[0030] Center frame section 12 is the center section that is directly towed by a traction unit, such as an agricultural tractor (not shown). Center frame section 12 generally functions to carry a shank frame 20 for tilling the soil, and a rear auxiliary implement 22 for finishing the soil. A pull hitch 24 extends forward from shank frame 20 , and is coupled with the traction unit in known manner.
[0031] Rear auxiliary implement 22 includes a spring tooth drag 26 and a rolling (aka, crumbler) basket 28 which coact with each other to finish the soil. However, rear auxiliary implement 22 can be differently configured, such as a spike tooth drag, cultivator shanks, etc.
[0032] Shank frame 20 generally functions to carry cultivator shanks 30 with shovels 32 at their lower ends for tilling the soil. Rear lift wheels 34 are used for raising and lowering the shank frame 20 with a hydraulic lift cylinder (not specifically visible in FIGS. 1 and 2 ), and a pair of front gauge wheels 36 are used to level the shank frame 20 during a field operation.
[0033] Similarly, each inner wing section 14 A and 14 B, middle wing section 16 A and 16 B, and outer wing section 18 A and 18 B includes a shank frame 20 for tilling the soil, a rear auxiliary implement 22 for finishing the soil, rear lift wheels 34 and front gauge wheels 36 . These components are slightly different from but still similar to the like-named components described above with regard to center frame section 12 , and are not described in further detail herein.
[0034] During use, it is periodically necessary to move the field cultivator 10 from an unfolded (operating) position to a folded (transport) position. First, each outer wing section 18 A and 18 B is folded laterally inward and over a respective middle wing section 16 A and 16 B ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ). With the outer wing sections 18 A and 18 B in the folded state, each middle wing section 16 A and 16 B is then folded laterally inward and over a respective inner wing section 14 A and 14 B ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ). With the middle wing sections 16 A and 16 B in the folded state, each middle wing section 16 A and 16 B is then folded laterally inward and over the center frame section 12 ( FIGS. 7 and 8 ). To unfold the field cultivator 10 and transform back to the field or operating position shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the folding sequence described above is simply reversed.
[0035] The outer wing sections 18 , middle wing sections 16 and inner wing sections 14 are stacked together in a vertically arranged stack over the center frame section 12 when in the folded state. To allow this type of nested stacking configuration, each of the wing sections 14 , 16 and 18 have a pivot axis 38 , 40 and 42 , respectively, which is vertically offset to allow the wing sections to lie flat against the laterally inward shank frame 20 /frame section 12 when in the folded state. The middle wing sections 16 have a pivot axis 40 that is vertically higher than pivot axes 38 and 42 of adjacent wing sections 14 and 18 , when in the unfolded state.
[0036] Different countries and states have different regulatory highway requirements concerning oversized vehicles on the road. In the US, some states exempt agricultural equipment from such regulations, while others require that any type of vehicle on a road must comply with the oversized vehicle regulations. In Europe, the regulations may be more strict concerning the height and width of vehicles which may travel on a road without being accompanied by an escort vehicle. With the triple-fold field cultivator 10 of the present invention, the overall frontal profile dimensions when in the folded state fit within regulatory requirements for both the US and Europe. More particularly, with all of the wing sections 14 , 16 and 18 in the folded state, the field cultivator 10 is then in a transport position with an overall frontal profile having dimensions with a maximum width “W” of no greater than approximately 20 feet, preferably approximately 18 feet wide, and a height “H” of no greater than approximately 14 feet, preferably approximately 13 feet, 6 inches high ( FIG. 8 ).
[0037] These maximum frontal profile dimensions include all of the shank frames 20 , shanks 30 , rear lift wheels 34 and front gauge wheels 36 , when in the folded state. The rear auxiliary implements 22 are considered to be add-ons to the main field cultivator 10 , and may be outside these overall frontal profile dimensions, at least if not folded upwardly for the transport position. However, it is the intention that all of field cultivator 10 , including the rear auxiliary implements 22 , be within these maximum frontal profile dimensions when in the transport position.
[0038] Now, additionally referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 there is shown further details of implement 10 . Main section 12 is shown in FIG. 9 with wheel assemblies 50 having actuators 54 , which provide depth level control for main section 12 when implement 10 is in field mode and support for the folded implement 10 while in transport mode.
[0039] A typical wheel assembly 52 is shown for one of the wing sections 14 , 16 and 18 in FIG. 10 . Wheel assemblies 52 include actuators 56 , a linkage system 60 and an adjustable link 62 . A controller 58 (shown abstractly in the figures) orchestrates the movement of wheel assemblies 50 and 52 in field and transport modes and during the transition to/from the field and transport modes.
[0040] Wheel assemblies 50 are shown having actuator 54 coupled more directly to the rear wheels and a linkage system is used to move the wheels that are to the fore of the rear wheels. Wheel assemblies 52 have actuator 56 positioned between the rear and fore wheels with linkage system 60 coupling both the rear and fore wheels for coordinated movement. Adjustable link 62 allows for an independent manual fore/aft leveling adjustment of each section.
[0041] Actuators 54 and 56 , are under the independent and individual control of controller 58 so that sections 12 - 18 can each be individually adjusted for depth control of shovels 32 (which are tillage elements) of each section in a manner substantially independent of the other sections while in the field mode of operation. As implement 10 is transitioned from the field mode to the transport mode and the sections are being folded together, controller 58 causes wheel assemblies 52 to go from the fully extended position, as shown in FIG. 10 with actuator 56 fully extended, to being partially retracted as seen in the folded wing sections of FIG. 6 . This effectively lowers the profile of each wing section 14 - 18 as the particular wing section is folded. While controller 58 may be a set of valves manually controlled by an operator, it is contemplated that controller 58 would be an electronic control system that controls the sequence of lowering the profile of each wing section, as it is being folded by the actuators used for the purpose of folding wing sections 14 - 18 .
[0042] The present invention advantageously independently controls the depth of the tilling elements while implement 10 is in the field mode. The prior art used a common rocker shaft between lift wheels on the main frame, which is not as flexible as the present invention. The present invention uses the depth control mechanism to also minimize the height profile of each section as wing sections 14 - 18 are folded for transport and the process is reversed when implement 10 transitions from the transport mode to the field mode.
[0043] While this invention has been described with respect to at least one embodiment, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims. | An agricultural tillage implement includes a main section including a hitch extending in a travel direction, a plurality of foldable wing sections coupled with the main section, a plurality of ground engaging tilling elements, a plurality of wheel assemblies and a control system. The tilling elements are coupled to the main section and wing sections. Each of the wheel assemblies include an actuator. The wheel assemblies include a first plurality of wheel assemblies associated with the main section and a second plurality of wheel assemblies associated with the plurality of wing sections. The actuators of the first plurality of wheel assemblies being independent of the actuators of the second plurality of wheel assemblies. The control system is configured to actuate the actuators to control a depth of tilling elements in each of the sections when the implement is in a field mode. | 2,991 |
The present invention refers to new cysteine derivatives of the general formula (I) ##STR2## in which R represents a radical of a fatty saturated or unsaturated acid, or a radical of an aromatic acid, such as benzoic, salicylic, cynnamic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic acid or of a heterocyclic acid, as well as their salts, particularly Ca and Mg salts.
The new derivatives are excellent bronchial liquefiers and expectorants,
INVENTION FIELD
The invention refers to new cysteine derivatives having a bronchial liquefying and expectorant activity, to a process for their preparation and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them as active ingredients.
DESCRIPTION
Operating according to the above mentioned reaction series, the starting compound for the preparation of derivatives of formula (I) according to the invention is the chloride of 3-chloro-L-alanine(II) which may be obtained from 3-chloro-1-alanine by any of the conventional methods employed for transforming an acid into its chloride, for instance by reaction with phosphorus pentachloride in a suitable solvent, such as chloroform or diethyl ether.
The chloride is obtained as a precipitate from the reaction mixture by addition of e.g. ligroin (in the ether solutions) or of diethyl ether (in the chloroform solutions). The filtered product is reacted with an excess of potassium hydrosulfide (III) to obtain the L-2-ammino thiopropionic acid (IV).
Compound (IV) is acetylated to obtain (VI) by any of the conventional methods employed for acylating an amino group, e.g. by reaction with acetyl chloride in a suitable solvent, such as chloroform, in the presence of an acid acceptor.
Derivative (VI) by reaction in an alkaline medium with a thio-acid (VII) provides compound (VIII), which by reaction in an alkaline medium with derivative (IX) provides derivative (I). The reaction between compound (VIII) and compound (IX) is carried out at a pH between 5 and 7 and at a temperature between 15° and 25° C. Derivative (I) is obtained in a state of high purity by purification on a silica gel column, using as eluent chloroform-methanol (7:3).
Operating according to (b) above, an alkali salt of acetyl-3-chloroalanine (X) is reacted with ethyl chloroformate (XI) and the mixed anhydride obtained (XII) as reacted with L-acetyl-cysteine (XIII) to give derivative (XIV); finally (XIV) by reaction in alkaline medium with the thioacid (VII), gives (I) which is purified on a silica gel column, employing as a eluent a chloroform-methanol 7:3 mixture.
The reaction between compound (XII) and compound (XIII) is carried out at a pH between 6 and 8 and at a temperature of between -23° and -17° C., while the reaction between compound (XIV) and (VII) is carried out at a pH between 5 and 7 and at a temperature of between 15° and 25° C.
The present invention also comprises pharmaceutical compositions containing as active ingredients one or more of the compounds of the invention, together with parmaceutically acceptable vehicles and diluents.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the following forms:
solid, such as capsules, tablets or bonbons with instantaneous or retarded action, monodosis sachets; liquid, such as solutions or emulsions instantaneous or retarded; as suppositories; solutions for injection or for instantaneous or delayed inhalation.
In the treatment of bronchial affections, the compounds according to the invention may be administered orally in posologic doses containing, e.g., between 100 and 5000 mg of active substance two, three or four times a day; by injection and inhalation in posologic units of between 50 and 500 mg of active substance, two, three or four times a day; rectally in posologic units of 100 to 1000 mg of active substance two, three or four times a day.
The derivatives of the invention are good bronchial liquefiers and expectorants, superior to cysteine at equal doses, while showing low toxicity.
The DL 50 value determined on mice and rats, both intraperitoneally and orally, is higher than 3000 mg/Kg for all the examined compounds. The expectorant activity (DE 50 ), determined on rabbits according to (Boyd and Sheppard, Arch. Int. Pharm, 1966, 163, 284, is 100 mg/Kg. The same DE 50 determined on mice according to a modified Mavatari method shown in (Graziani, Cazzulani, I1 Farmaco Ed. Prat. 1981 XXXVI, 3, 167, is respectively of 37 mg/Kg.
The following examples will illustrate the process of the invention without limiting it.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of N-acetyl-S-{N-acetyl[(benzoyl)thio]alanyl}cysteine
1. Preparation of L-3-chloro-2-acetamido-thiopropanoic acid:
In a 200 ml flask a solution is prepared by stirring 20 g (0.3 mol) of potassium hydroxide in 80 ml 90% ethanol.
Into the flask a 50 ml separatory funnel is inserted and provided with a tube through which hydrogen sulphide is introduced until the solution is saturated and no longer alkaline to phenotphthalein.
The mixture is cooled on ice to 10°-15° C. and 0.3 mol (49.3 g) of 3 chloro-L-alanine chloride-hydrochloride are added in 90 minutes while stirring at a temperature of 15° C.; the reaction mixture is then stirred for an additional hour.
The potassium chloride which is formed is filtered off, washed with 20 ml 95% ethanol, the solutions are put together and ethanol is evaporated under reduced pressure.
The solid residue is dissolved in 70 ml of cold water and the solution is filtered.
0.3 mol acetyl chloride are then added slowly, under strong stirring and under control of the pH, which should be about 8.
The solution is stirred for an additional hour and acidified to pH 2.0 with hydrochloric acid.
The formed precipitate is filtered off, washed with water and dried in a oven. The dry product is crystallized from water.
15 g of product are obtained.
The structure is confirmed by spectral analysis.
______________________________________Elemental Analysis: C H Cl N S______________________________________Calculated Amount: 33.06% 4.43% 19.50% 7.71% 17.65%Amount Found: 33.5% 4.5% 19.3% 7.7% 17.5%______________________________________
2. Preparation of L-3-benzoyl mercapto-2-acetamido thiopropanoic acid:
54.3 g (0.3 mol) of L-3-chloro-2-acetamido-thiopropanoic acid are suspended in 150 ml of water brought to pH 5.0 by addition of sodium hydroxyde. The temperature is brought to 20° C. and 46 g thiobenzoic acid, 24 g anydrous potassium carbonate and 300 ml water are added rapidly. A yellow, almost clear solution is obtained at pH 6.06 which is left standing overnight (in the darkness) at about 18° C.
Thereafter 21 mol 35% hydrochloric acid are added slowly under pH control until a stable pH of 4.0 is reached.
The formed precipitate is filtered on a Buchner funnel and washed with 4×100 ml water.
The product is then oven dried.
Approximately 80 g of product are obtained. The structure is confirmed by spectral analyses.
______________________________________51.14% 5.07% 5.42% 24.85%51.2% 5.04% 5.44% 24.7%______________________________________
3. Preparation of N-acetyl-S-{N-acetyl[(benzoyl)thio]alanyl}cysteine:
49.69 g (0.3 mol) 3-chloro-N-acetyl-alanine are suspended in 150 ml of water, which is then brought of pH 5.0 by adding sodium hydroxide. The temperature is brought to 20° C. and 78.5 g of L-3-benzoyl mercapto-2-acetamido-thiopropanoic acid, 24 g anhydrus potassium carbonate and 300 ml water are rapidly added.
A yellow almost clear solution is obtained at a pH of 6.06 which is left standing for one night at 18° C., in the darkness.
Thereafter 35% hydrochloric acid is added slowly, under pH control, to a stable pH to 4.0.
The precipitate is filtered off, washed with 4×100 ml water and oven dried. 120 g of product are obtained which can be purified by dissolving it in ethyl acetate and reprecipitating it by addition of ligroin or ethyl ether.
The structure is confirmed by spectral analysis.
______________________________________51.36% 5.277% 7.046% 16.13%51.4% 5.28% 7.1% 16.2%______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of N-acetyl-s-(N-acetyl alanyl)cysteine:
1. Preparation of N-acetyl-s-(N-acetyl-3-chloro-alanyl) cysteine
Suspension A
In a 4 neck, 2 liter flask provided with stirrer, thermometer, calcium chloride protection tube, 67.20 g (0.330 mol) of finely powdered potassium salt of N-acetyl-3-chloro-L-alanine and 600 ml acetone are introduced. After cooling to 20° C., 33.6 g ethyl chloroformate and 26 mol N-methyl morpholine are added. The suspension is left standing for two hours at a temperature of 10° C. or lower, and then brought to 30° C.
Solution B
50 g (0,276 mol) of N-acetyl-cysteine, 70 ml acetone and 25 g triethylamine are placed into a 400 ml beaker while stirring and under pH control in such a way that the pH does not rise above 7.5.
The solution is then cooled to 0° to -3° C.
Reaction
Solution B is added to suspension A under stirring within a few minutes keeping the temperature at -15° to -20° C.
The turbid solution is kept at -15° to -20° C. for three hours under stirring, then the temperature is raised to 0° C. and the stirring is continued for an additional 4 hours.
170 ml of water are then added and the solution is placed into a 2 liter beaker. It has a pH of aproximately 6.25.
Keeping the temperature at between 0° and 5° C., hydrochloric acid is added to a constant pH of 4.0.
The solution is extracted with 1000 ml methylene chloride.
The precipitate which is formed is filtered off and washed with 4×100 ml of water. It is then dried in an oven obtaining 70 g of product.
The structure is confirmed by spectral analysis.
______________________________________38.09% 5.656% 9.871% 11.299% 12.495%38.2% 5.66% 9.88% 11.25% 12.4%______________________________________
2. (Preparation of N-acetyl-s-(N-acetyl-alanyl)cysteine
In a 200 ml flask a solution of 20 g (0.3 mol) of potassium hydroxide in 80 ml 90% ethanol is prepared. Into the flask a 50 ml separatory funnel is inserted and provided with a tube through which hydrogen sulphide is introduced until the solution is saturated and no longer alkaline to phenophthalein.
The mixture is cooled on ice to 10°-15° C. and 0.3 mol (85.12 g) of N-acetyl-s-(N-acetyl-3-chloro alanyl) cysteine are added.
The mixture is heated on reflux for two hours.
After cooling and filtration, the filtrate is diluted with 100 ml water.
The pH is brought to 4.0. The obtained precipitate is filtered off, washed with water and oven dried.
Aproximately 75 g of product are obtained.
The structure is confirmed by instrumental analysis
______________________________________38.95% 5.198% 9.083% 20.79%38.9% 5.2% 9.1% 20.2%______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of N-acetyl-s-{N-acetyl[(benzoyl)thio]alanyl}cysteine
Thiobenzoic acid is reacted with N-acetyl-s-(N-acetyl-3-chloroalanyl)cysteine
EXAMPLE 4
The derivatives obtained in the preceding examples are treated with Ca(OH) 2 to obtain the respective salts. | The present invention covers D or L or DL-cysteine derivatives of the general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R represents H or a fatty saturated or unsaturated acid radical, or a radical of an aromatic acid such as benzoic, cynnamic, salycilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid or a heterocyclic acid, as well as their salts, in particular the Ca and Mg salts.
The invention refers also to a process for preparing said derivatives and to the pharmaceutical preparations containing them as active principle, having a bronchial liquefying and expectorating activity. | 1,762 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to the field of apparatus for loading condoms onto mandrels. More particularly, the invention relates to a condom loading apparatus utilizing a number of rods to expand the condom as it is drawn down onto the mandrel.
The handling of condoms by mechanized means has long been a problem within the industry. Because condoms are elastic, non-rigid devices made of thin-walled latex or similar materials with no particular configuration unless supported or held by outside means, few if any devices have been developed which can successfully perform handling operations, such that most handling operations are be necessity carried out by hand. For example, each condom must be tested for the presence of minute holes after manufacture. This is done by stretching each condom by hand onto a metal mandrel of appropriate shape. The condom is then passed over an electrically charged net. If any current passes from the net to the mandrel, the condom is rejected.
It is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus which can mechanically load a condom onto a mandrel. It is a further object of this invention to provide such an apparatus which utilizes expansion rods mounted on a movable carriage to stretch the condom onto the mandrel, whereby the condom is positioned on the expansion rods and the carriage is moved in a linear motion to load the mandrel and then clear into a retracted position, such that the loaded mandrel can then be moved for testing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention comprises in general an apparatus having mandrel loading means mounted onto a track, the loading means comprising a number of expansion rods which occupy a relatively restricted area in the rest position in order to receive a condom, but which can be expanded around the mandrel to stretch the condom onto the mandrel. The configuration of the carriage and mount holding the expansion rods allows the carriage to be passed over the length of the mandrel into a recessed position to allow subsequent movement of the loaded mandrel for testing purposes. The carriage is mounted onto a track such that it receives the condom from a condom retaining means at the uppermost portion of the track and is brought downward on a line such that the central axis of the group of expansion rods is on the same line as the central axis of a mandrel in the loading position. The mandrel expands the expansion rods, thereby stretching the condom. The movement of the carriage down and past the mandrel strips the condom onto the mandrel, and the mandrel can now be moved for testing and the carriage returned to the upper position. This cycle is then repeated for successive condoms.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a combination of front and side views of the two types of expansion rod configurations.
FIG. 2 is a view illustrating the initial receiving positioning of the expansion rods and the mandrel loading positioning.
FIG. 3 is a view of the rod carriage in the receiving position.
FIG. 4 is a view of the loading apparatus showing rod carriages in various positions of the loading cycle.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With reference now to the drawings, the invention will be described in detail with regard to the best mode and preferred embodiment. The invention is an apparatus for loading condoms 90 onto a mandrel 91 which is shaped in matching configuration to the condom 90 and comprises a movable carriage assembly 60 upon which are mounted a number of expansion rods 50 for receiving and stretching a condom 90, whereby the condom 90 is deposited onto the mandrel 91 by movement of the carriage 60. The expansion rods 50 act as runners on the surface of the mandrel 91, such that there is no resistance or contact between the mandrel 91 and the condom 60 until the tip of the condom 90 is brought down onto the tip of the mandrel 91.
The carriage assembly 60 and expansion rods 50 can be seen in FIG. 3. This illustration shows the rods 50 in the receiving position to receive the condom 90 prior to loading it onto the mandrel 91. The carriage assembly 60 is comprised of a rod mount 62 to which are attached the multiple expansion rods 50. The carriage assembly 60 is mounted onto a linear carriage track 65 which allows reciprocal movement of the carriage 60 past the mandrel 91 to be loaded. Condom retaining means 30 holds the condom 90 is a vertical position with the tip of the condom 90 on top so that the base, ring and open end of the condom 90 hang downward. Condom retaining means 30 can be any suitable mechanism for presenting the condom 90 in the described manner, and can comprise mechanical or suction means 95 to hold the tip for release and to keep the body expanded to allow for insertion of the expansion rods 50 into the condom 90. Alternatively and preferably, it has been found that simply maintaining the tip of the condom 90 at the uppermost position and then releasing it to fall onto the expansion rods 50 is the simplest and most efficient way to place the condom 90 onto the expansion rods 50. As the condom 90 falls, air fills the interior through the open end, thus expanding the condom 90 like a parachute to settle onto the rods 50.
Expansion rods 50 are preferably thin, elongated members of small cross-sectional diameter composed of a rigid metal or like material. While rods 50 may be configured in many various shapes, the configuration shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 has been found to be very effective in loading the condom 90 onto the mandrel 91. It is best to use at least three, and preferably four or more rods 50 to expand the condom 90 as it is drawn over the mandrel 91. The object is to minimize and preferably completely eliminate any contact between the sides of the mandrel 91 and the sides of the condom 90. The use of four rods 50 positioned 90 degrees apart in the expanded configuration is preferred. The rods 50 are pivotally mounted onto a generally U-shaped mount 62 surrounding a mandrel receiving opening 61. The connecting segment 51 of each rod 50 is attached to a pivoting post 63, which is biased by a spring 64 such that the rods 50 occupy a rest position, shown by the dotted lines in FIG. 2, with the tips 55 of all the rods 50 being relatively contiguous or adjacent to one another and the main body segments 53 being generally parallel and also contiguous or adjacent each other. A positioning pin 67 is used to maintain the rods 50 in this position. It is necessary that the tips 55 occupy a relatively small area so that they will not interfere with the drop of the condom 90, as the tip of the condom 90 should end up resting on the tips 55 of the rods 50. In the preferred configuration, as seen in FIG. 1, each rod 50 is comprised of a connecting segment 51 for insertion into the pivoting posts 63, a main body segment 53, a transition segment 52 joining the main body 53 and the connecting segment 51 angled such that the central axis of the main body segment 53 does not intersect the central axis of the connecting segment 51, and a blunt or rounded tip 55. Preferably, one rod 50 is slightly longer than the others and is provided with a centering extension segment 54, whereby the tip 55 of this rod 50 is positioned on the central axis of the grouping of all the rods 50. This results in only a single uppermost tip 55, thus insuring that the condom 90 will not be snagged as it is dropped onto the rods 50. This configuration is preferred as it enables the main body segment 53 of each rod 50 to remain parallel to the sides of the mandrel 91 as they are passed down over it.
FIG. 4 shows an apparatus with two carriage tracks 65. A reciprocating means 66, such as an air cylinder, mounted onto a frame 94 moves each carriage 60 up and down track 65. Three positions A, B and C are illustrated. Position A is the receiving position previously described at which the condom 90 is placed onto the expansion rods 50. Position B is the mandrel loading position, and position C is the retracted position. After the condom 90 is placed onto the rods 50, the carriage is moved down along track 65 to mandrel 91. The mandrel receiving opening 61 is positioned opposite from the connecting means attaching the carriage 60 to the track 65, in the upward orientation as shown. The mandrel 91 is mounted so as to depend from a mandrel shuttle 92, with the connecting means being on top of the mandrel 91. As the carriage assembly 60 is brought down to mandrel 91, it freely passes the mandrel 91 because of the mandrel receiving opening 61. As the tip of the mandrel 91 encounters the transition segments 52 of the rods 50, they are forced outward to the positions shown by the solid lines in FIG. 2. This stretches the condom 90 to a size greater than the outer circumference of the mandrel 91, the main body segments 53 of the rods 50 acting as runners and spacers along the length of the mandrel 91. As the carriage 60 is brought lower, the tip of the mandrel 91 encounters the tip of the condom 90 and acts as an anchor, as shown in position B of FIG. 4. The carriage 60 continues downward and the expansion rods 50 are pulled out of the condom 90, leaving the condom 90 fully loaded onto the mandrel 91. With the carriage 60 now in the fully retracted position C, the mandrel shuttle 92 can move the loaded mandrel 91 to the testing and then the condom removal position. When mandrel 91 is moved away from track 65, the carriage 60 is returned to the receiving position A for another cycle.
As explained, it is preferable that the rods 50 be in a vertical position to receive the condom 90, especially when the gravity drop method is utilized. For removal of the condom 90 from the mandrel 91 after testing, however, it is preferred that the mandrel 91 be non-vertically oriented. As shown in FIG. 4, this requires that the expansion rods 50 be repositioned from the vertical alignment of position A to the alignment of position B which matches the mandrel 91 alignment. In this embodiment, this realignment is accomplished by pivotally attaching the rod mount 62 to carriage 60 and positioning a roller 68 which enters an orienting slot 93 on frame 94 at the upper end of track 65. As carriage assembly 60 is moved upward by reciprocating means 66, the roller 68 pivots the mount 62 such that the rods 50 are vertically aligned. As the carriage 60 is lowered, the mount 62 pivots back into its resting position and the rods 50 are aligned with mandrel 91.
It is understood that equivalents and substitutions to elements or components set forth above may be obvious to those skilled in the art. The full scope and definition of the invention therefore is to be as set forth in the following claims. | An apparatus for loading condoms onto mandrels is disclosed, the apparatus comprising a number of expansion rods adapted to receive and stretch a condom, the rods being mounted on a reciprocating carriage assembly which moves the rods past the mandrel, the mandrel itself stripping the condom from the rods. | 1,977 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of earlier filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/760,638, filed Jan. 21, 2006, and having the same title and inventor as above.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a board or other structure having skate wheels or the like that is self propelled in a forward trajectory by side-to-side movement.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The prior art contains many different types of wheeled recreational devices, including skate boards and a collection of three-wheeled scooters or “cambering vehicles,” the latter being propelled by side-to-side movement.
[0004] Skate boards tend to have a longitudinal axis and travel in a line-of-direction substantially aligned with that longitudinal axis. Forward travel is typically achieved by a push and coast movement, with a user pushing off the ground, placing the push foot on the board, and coasting until slow, then repeating. These types of devices require a user to continually remove their foot from the board and push off of a resistant substrate to attain forward propulsion. These devices tend to be well suited for sidewalk and street travel, but may be less suited for smaller or more restricted spaces.
[0005] The cambering vehicles or the like tend to have three wheels, with a turnable front wheel and a handle bar for steering (similar to a conventional tri-cycle). While these vehicles may be propelled by side to side movement, they include a steering infrastructure, relatively extensive vertical supports and controls, and a limited wheel-base.
[0006] The self-propelled wheeled device of the present invention is compact, relatively lightweight, and physically small in profile. In contrast to a conventional skate board, the present invention achieves forward propulsion in a manner that does not require a user to continually step on and off a board. With the present invention, a user leaves both feet positioned on the board or “platform” and achieves forward propulsion by shifting his or her weight from side to side. The present invention thus provides an alternative transportation method and different recreational outlets.
[0007] Among other features and benefits, the present invention increases recreational opportunities available to youth (and to adults). For example, as we live at higher population densities, there is less space available to children and adults for recreational and/or physical exercise opportunities. Our less active lifestyles are further influenced by automobile travel (not self-propelled) and time in front of a television or computer. This lack of physical movement is deleterious to overall health. The present invention, due to its compact size, low weight and small profile, is well suited for use in or on the hard surfaces and restricted spaces of the urban and suburban landscape, thus providing needed recreational and exercise opportunities to youth (and others) living there.
[0008] The attainment of the foregoing and related advantages and features of the invention should be more readily apparent to those skilled in the art, after review of the following more detailed description of the invention taken together with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIGS. 1-4 are an upside down perspective view, a side elevation view, a detailed cut-away view, and a bottom plan view, respectively, of one embodiment of a side movement propelled wheeled device 10 in accordance with the present invention.
[0010] FIGS. 5-8 are an upside down perspective view, a side elevation view, a detailed cut-away view, and a bottom plan view, respectively, of another embodiment of a side movement propelled wheeled device 10 in accordance with the present invention.
[0011] FIGS. 9-11 are an upside down perspective view, a side elevation view, a detailed cut-away view, and a bottom plan view, respectively, of another embodiment of a side movement propelled wheeled device 10 in accordance with the present invention.
[0012] FIG. 12 is a bottom perspective view of an alternative four wheel side movement propelled device in accordance with the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 13 is a bottom perspective view of a six wheel side movement propelled device in accordance with the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 14 is a bottom perspective view of a eight wheel side movement propelled device in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] Referring to FIGS. 1-4 , an upside down perspective view, a side elevation view, a detailed cut-away view, and a bottom plan view, respectively, of a side movement propelled wheeled device 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown.
[0016] Device 10 may include a platform or board 12 that acts as a support structure, receiving a human in a standing position (feet shown in phantom in FIG. 4 ) and supporting the wheels 21 - 24 in a fixed relative position. The wheels (and bearings) may be a conventional skate wheel. Many are known in the art and are available commercially. Wheels 21 - 24 are preferably coupled via casters 31 - 34 , respectively, to platform 12 .
[0017] Referring to FIG. 2 , it can be seen that in device 10 each caster is preferably tilted backwards. The pivot point of caster rotation is located on the backward tilted caster mounting plate 36 - 39 and the pivot or axle 26 - 29 of each wheel 21 - 24 (in a default position) is located rearward of the pivot point of caster rotation. Each caster may be tilted at an angle, α. This angle may be 1-45 degrees and is preferably between 5-35 degrees. In one embodiment, α for the front wheels is approximately 18 degrees while α for the back wheels is approximately 15 degrees. The difference in α is due to the offset of the rear wheels (see discussion below with reference to FIG. 4 ). Since the rear wheels are offset, the height of the platform over the rear wheels would be slightly less than the front wheels if α were the same. Decreasing α a small amount for the rear wheels overcomes the height difference otherwise resulting from the offset.
[0018] The tilt of the caster mounting plate causes each respective wheel to be biased, under weight, towards alignment with a line traversing the lowest and highest points of its respective caster mounting plate. FIG. 2 illustrates that the wheels are generally biased in line with a general line of forward travel of the device, indicated by arrow A. Closer inspection of the rear wheels 23 - 24 shows that they are preferably slightly offset (by an angle, β, discussed below).
[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates that the two front wheels 21 - 22 are substantially aligned in parallel with the “straight ahead” direction of travel of device 10 . The rear wheels are preferably offset from this line by an angle, β. This angle may range from a degree to nearly 90 degrees. In a preferred embodiment the range may be from a few degrees to several dozen or more. In the embodiment of FIG. 4 , the offset is between 5 and 25 degrees, more preferably between 10 and 15 and even more preferably about 12 degrees.
[0020] The front wheels are offset at 0 degrees, yet may be otherwise offset. While the rear wheels preferably have an angle great than 0 degrees, the angle of the rear wheels may be 0 without departing from the present invention.
[0021] In use, device 10 is turned over from the position shown in FIG. 4 and a user stands with a foot located on each side (as roughly indicated by the phantom lines). To achieve initial forward movement, a user may push off the ground with one foot before placing it on the platform, though an initial push off is not necessary.
[0022] From the legs apart or “slightly-straddled” position, a user shifts his or her weight from side to side, effectively pushing off one foot and then the other, in a motion similar to ice skating. This force propels the device forward. Continued operator movement in this side to side, ice-skating manner produces a repeated forward movement thrust that in aggregate propels the device and user ahead at a smooth velocity.
[0023] Turning may be achieved by holding the push-off position on one side (for an increased length of time) or more rapidly by placing a foot outside the front and back wheels on one side and leaning to that side, lifting the opposite wheels off the ground and rotating the platform about the two wheels still contacting the ground, in much the same manner as one rapidly turns a conventional skate board.
[0024] FIGS. 5-8 are an upside down perspective view, a side elevation view, a detailed cut-away view, and a bottom plan view, respectively, of another embodiment of a side movement propelled wheeled device 110 in accordance with the present invention.
[0025] Device 110 of FIGS. 5-8 is similar to device 10 of FIGS. 1-4 . A difference is that the casters 131 - 134 are not biased by tilting, but rather biased by springs 141 - 144 . Springs 141 - 144 may be any suitable coil spring or any other type of spring or other bias device. In essence, they represent mechanical biasing of the wheels by spring or elastic material or other suitable mechanism.
[0026] FIGS. 9-11 are a top perspective view, a side elevation view, and a bottom plan view, respectively, of another embodiment of a side movement propelled wheeled device 310 in accordance with the present invention.
[0027] In device 310 , the platform 312 is comprised of two foot plates 313 - 314 , an adjustable-distance connecting rod 315 and two hubs 316 - 317 . FIG. 11 illustrates that wheels 321 - 324 and casters 331 - 334 are arranged in a manner similar to that disclosed with reference to device 10 of in FIGS. 1-4 .
[0028] Referring to FIG. 12 , a bottom perspective view of an alternative four wheel side movement propelled device 410 in accordance with the present invention is shown. In device 410 , the front wheels are slightly offset in a direction generally opposite that of the rear wheels, i.e., if the rear wheels are angled out, the front wheels are angled in.
[0029] Referring to FIG. 13 , a bottom perspective view of a six wheel side movement propelled device 510 in accordance with the present invention is shown. In device 510 , the front and rear wheels are slightly offset in generally opposite directions (as discussed with reference to FIG. 12 ) and the center wheels are not substantially offset.
[0030] Referring to FIG. 14 , a bottom perspective view of an eight wheel side movement propelled device 610 in accordance with the present invention is shown. In device 610 , the outer front and rear wheels are offset more than the inner front and rear wheels.
[0031] While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modification, and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as fall within the scope of the invention and the limits of the appended claims. | A recreational board propelled by side-to-side movement of a user. The board may be wider than deep, to accommodate a human standing at a slight straddle, and have a plurality of caster wheels mounted to an underside thereof. The wheels are preferably mounted in a biased direction wheel arrangement, the bias being provided by tilting, spring or other mechanism. The orientation of the front wheels may be different from that of the rear wheels. Four, six and eight wheel embodiments are disclosed. | 1,981 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to the field of preventing cancer and treatments for skin lesions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Skin cancer occurs when errors (mutations) form the in the DNA of healthy skin cells. The mutations cause the cells to grow out of control and form a mass of cancer cells. Skin cancer begins in your skin's top layer—the epidermis. The epidermis is a thin layer that provides a protective cover of skin cells that your body continually sheds. The epidermis contains three main types of cells:
Squamous cells lie just below the outer surface and function as the skin's inner lining. Basal cells, which produce new skin cells, sit beneath the squamous cells. Melanocytes—which produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its normal color—are located in the lower part of your epidermis. Melanocytes produce more melanin when you're in the sun to help protect the deeper layers of your skin. Extra melanin produces the darker color of tanned skin.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present invention provides systems and method for preventing skin cancer and treatment of skin lesions. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention uses combinations of amino acids in a topical application for repairing the skin damage that results in skin cancer or lesions. Amino acids are critical to the health of the skin. They are the building blocks of many proteins, enzymes, antioxidants as well as being the material from which DNA and Collagen are constructed and repaired.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0007] The present invention, in a descriptive embodiment, provides a topical application treating and preventing skin cancer and lesions. This topical application, in a preferred embodiment, includes the following formulations. It is to be expressly understood that this embodiment is intended for descriptive purposes only and other variations and alternative embodiments are within the scope of the invention.
[0008] The topical application includes the use of individual amino acids, either on their own or in groups of two or more, at a range of percentages in formulation between 0.1%-50%. These amino acids, either individually or in combinations of groups of two or more include but are not limited to; alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, arginine, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glycine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, proline, tryptophan, threonine, tyrosine, valine, taurine, guanidine, carnitine, adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil, citruline, GABA, ornithine, glutamic acid, in their original chemical state and/or with modifications (example; histidine monochloride monohydrate).
[0009] These amino acids may be liposomally delivered or not. They may also be added separately to other products as a powder or combined into a serum and/or emulsion.
Liposomes
[0010] Liposomes are microscopic spheres made from fatty materials, predominantly phospholipids. Because of their similarity to phospholipid domains of cell membranes and an ability to carry substances, liposomes can be used to protect active ingredients and to provide time-release properties in medical treatment.
[0011] Liposomes are made of molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends that form hollow spheres. They can encapsulate water-soluble ingredients in their inner water space, and oil-soluble ingredients in their phospholipid membranes. Liposomes are made up of one or more concentric lipid bilayers, and range in size from 50 nanometers to several micrometers in diameter. Liposomal formulations have been used for many years to enhance the penetration of topically applied ingredients. Liposomes are made from lecithin, egg or it can be synthesized. These phospholipids can be both hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated. Phosphatidylcholine is extracted from these sources and can be both saturated and unsaturated. Other phospholipids including essential fats like linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid can be used. Additionally, polyethylene glycol and cholesterol are considered liposomal material because of their lipid structure.
Preparation of Exemplary Therapeutic Compositions
[0012] Accordingly, a preferred embodiment of the present invention provides cosmetic as well as therapeutic compositions containing amino acids coated in liposomal material which when topically administered will increase the proliferation, growth, division and differentiation of cells. These cells are then able to improve skin health as well as to treat skin wounds and infections.
[0013] The amino acids of the instant invention may be formulated for topical application in aqueous or non-aqueous solution, gel, lotion, cream or ointment containing 0.1 to 20 percent and preferably from 0.5 to 15 percent by weight of the total composition. Other additives may be used to stabilize or otherwise provide functionality such as solvents, plasticizers, emulsify, stiffen, or other functions. Liposomal lecithin or a liposome substitute or other lipid preparations are added to the above solution with mixing until a uniform consistency is obtained.
[0014] To prepare a typical aqueous solution, the amino acids are dissolved in a mixture of water, ethanol and propylene glycol in a volume ratio of 30:50:20, respectively. Sodium metabisulfite is then added to the above solution. Liposomes such as lecithin or phosphatidylcholine or other lipid preparations are added to the above solution with mixing until a uniform consistency is obtained.
[0015] To prepare a typical non-aqueous solution, the amino acids are dissolved in a mixture of ethanol, isopropyl myristate and squalane in a volume ratio of 70:20:10, respectively. BHT is then added to the above solution. Liposomes or liposome substitutes are added to this solution with mixing until a uniform consistency is achieved. When a combination composition is desired retinyl palmitate and/or hydroquinone, for example is added to the above non-aqueous solution. The preferred concentration of retinyl palmitate ranges from 1 to 5%. The concentration of hydroquinone may range from 1 to 5%, but the preferred concentration is 2% by weight of the total composition.
[0016] A typical cream or lotion containing amino acids is created by dissolving amino acids in ethanol, acetone, propylene glycol or other solvent. The solution thus prepared is then admixed with commonly available oil-in-water emulsions. BHT or sodium metabisulfite may be added to such emulsions to stabilize the amino acids. Liposomes or liposome substitutes are added to this solution with mixing until a uniform consistency is achieved.
[0017] A typical gel composition is formulated by first dissolving amino acidsin a mixture of ethanol, water and propylene glycol in a volume ratio of 50:30:20, respectively. A gelling agent such as hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose is then added to the mixture with mixing. The preferred concentration of the gelling agent may range from 0.2 to 2 percent by weight of the total composition. Liposomes or liposome substitutes are added to this solution with mixing until a uniform consistency is achieved.
[0018] The above examples of formulations and compositions of descriptive embodiments are provided as a general explanation of the present invention. It is expressly noted that these examples are intended to be illustrative and not limiting.
Therapeutic Uses
[0019] The present invention may in various embodiments be used to increase the efficacy of the use of amino acids for therapeutically and cosmetically treating many skin disorders and in particular skin cancer and or lesions.
[0020] A preferred embodiment of the present invention increases the efficacy of a topical skin care product by increasing the penetration of amino acids that have been derived from stem cells or fibroblasts into the skin. Compositions containing amino acids are coated or mixed with liposomal materials as described above. The liposomal amino acids compound has been shown to increase the penetration of the amino acids thereby increasing the efficacy of the amino acids product.
[0021] The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims and all changes which come within the meaning and equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
[0022] The above described formulations may be used with other known ingredients and combinations of ingredients to form a topical application that suitable for application onto the skin of humans and to provide additional benefits as is within the realm and knowledge of one skilled in the preparation of topical compositions.
[0023] The above formulations are provided for topical application in a product that helps prevent skin cancer and treat skin lesions. | Systems and methods of using a composition containing at least one or more amino acids for topical application to skin to prevent cancer and treat skin lesions. | 1,389 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of snowboarding and more particularly to a device for retaining a boot on a gliding board adapted for snowboarding.
2. Description of Background and Material Information
The practice of snowboarding is generally done with either rigid shell boots or flexible boots.
For flexible boots, certain retaining devices have at least one shock-absorbing support pad, generally located between a baseplate of the device and the boot when the latter is retained on the device.
The support pad is provided to improve the user's comfort and to absorb the impacts or short displacements of the boot with respect to the device.
It has been observed that certain support pad deteriorate very quickly when the device is used and, as a result, they no longer fulfill their shock-absorbing role.
It has also been observed that the support pad that resist a quick deterioration do not absorb the impacts or short displacements enough, and that these support pad do little to improve the user's comfort.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide a support pad that improves the user's comfort and absorbs the impacts or short displacements of the boot with respect to the retaining device, i.e., the binding, while resisting the wear and abrasion caused by the boots.
Another object of the invention is to provide a retaining device having at least such a support pad.
A shock-absorbing support pad according to the invention is provided to be arranged between a boot and a board, or between the boot and a device for retaining a boot on the board, the board being adapted to snowboarding.
The support pad, according to the invention, has at least two layers of materials with a different hardness, a first layer which has a support surface provided to make contact with the boot and which has a bonding surface opposite to the support surface, and a second layer which is joined to the bonding surface from the first layer, the hardness of the second layer being less than the hardness of the first layer. This structure improves the user's comfort and absorbs the impacts or short displacements of the boot due to the second layer. Additionally, this structure offers a good resistance to the wear and abrasion caused by the boots due to the first layer.
According to a particular feature of the invention, the first layer and the second layer are glued together.
According to another feature of the invention, the first layer is made from a relatively flexible plastic material with a substantially continuous structure, and the second layer is made from a relatively flexible plastic material with a cell-type structure.
In addition to the foregoing, the invention also encompasses a device for retaining a boot on a gliding board adapted to snowboarding, the device comprising at least one shock-absorbing support pad provided to make contact with the boot, wherein the wedge comprises at least two layers of materials of a different hardness, a first layer which has a support surface provided to make contact with the boot and which has a bonding surface opposite to the support surface, and a second layer which is joined to the bonding surface of the first layer, the hardness of the second layer being less than the hardness of the first layer.
Further according to the invention, the support pad is arranged to contact a baseplate of the device, so that the first layer touches the sole of the boot when the latter is retained on the device.
Still further according to the invention, the first layer and the second layer are glued together, and the first layer is glued to the baseplate.
Still further according to the invention, the first layer of the support pad is made from a relatively flexible plastic material with a substantially continuous structure, and the second layer of the support pad is made from a relatively flexible material with a cell-type structure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will be better understood with the following description with reference to the attached drawings which show, by way of non-limiting examples, how the invention can be obtained, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a retaining device for a flexible boot, the device having two support pad;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section taken along the line II—II of FIG. 1 corresponding to a first embodiment; and
FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 2 but corresponds to a second embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A retaining device or binding 1 according to the invention and shown in FIG. 1 is provided to retain, in a known manner, a boot (not shown) on a board 2 . The device 1 has a baseplate 3 provided to receive the sole of the boot, as well as a rear support element 4 allowing a rear support by contact with the boot upper at the rear of the lower part of the user's leg. The device 1 is affixed to the board 2 by a disk 5 and by means for retaining the disk 5 onto the board 2 .
A first embodiment of the invention is described with reference to FIG. 2 .
As known, the baseplate 3 has an upper surface 6 facing the sole of the boot when the latter is retained on the device 1 , as well as a lower surface 7 opposite to the upper surface 6 . The board 2 has a support surface 8 opposite to a gliding surface 9 , the surface 8 of the board 2 touching the lower surface 7 of the baseplate 3 .
A shock-absorbing support pad 10 is housed in a closed cavity 1 of the baseplate 3 , the cavity 11 having a bottom 12 and a peripheral edge 13 . The support pad 10 has a first layer 14 provided to make contact with the sole, as well as a second layer 15 located between the layer 14 and the bottom 12 .
A support surface 16 of the first layer 14 is upwardly exposed for contacting the sole of the boot when the latter is retained on the baseplate 3 . A bonding surface 17 of the layer 14 , opposite to the support surface 16 with respect to the thickness of the layer 14 , is joined to the second layer 15 .
Preferably, the bonding between the layers 14 and 15 is obtained by an adhesive, but any other technique could be used.
The first layer 14 is made from a relatively flexible material which resists well attrition, pulling, cutting, or other mechanical biases. It is preferably obtained from a flexible plastic material having a homogenous and continuous structure, as a polyurethane sheet, a rubber sheet or any suitable material.
For example, the layer 14 can measure between 1 and 2 mm thick and bends easily between the fingers when manipulated. Its thickness is reduced from 1% to 10% when it is subjected to a compression force which generates a stress between 50 and 100 N/cm 2 .
The second layer 15 is made from a flexible material which has good elastic deforming and shock-absorbing abilities. The flexible material can be a foam made from a plastic material with a cell-type structure, a rubber foam, or any other suitable material such as a fiber mat.
For example, the layer 15 can measure between 2 and 10 mm thick and bends easily between the fingers when manipulated. Its thickness is reduced from 30% to 50% when it is subjected to a compression force, which generates a stress between 50 and 100 N/cm 2 .
In any case, the second layer 15 has greater flexibility than the first layer 14 .
Preferably, the wedge 10 is retained in the cavity 11 by a retaining means constituted here by gluing.
A second embodiment of the invention is seen in FIG. 3 .
For convenience, the same reference numerals are used to designate the same elements or similar elements.
The support pad 10 is housed in a through cavity 18 of the baseplate 3 whose opening facing the board 2 is larger than the opening leading to the upper surface 6 .
The first layer 14 is pressed against a peripheral edge 19 of the cavity 18 .
The second layer 15 is arranged between the first layer 14 and the board 2 .
The materials used for implementing the second embodiment are similar to those of the first embodiment.
The respective shapes of the support pad 10 and the cavity 18 allow maintaining the support pad 10 in the cavity 18 .
However, it is possible to provide a complementary means for affixing such as gluing the support pad 10 to the peripheral inner surface edge 19 of the cavity 18 of the baseplate 3 .
Preferably for all embodiments, the support surface 16 of the support pad 10 projects slightly with respect to the upper surface 6 of the baseplate 3 . Thus, the contact between the sole and the support pad 10 is preferred with respect to a contact between the sole and the surface 6 of the baseplate 3 .
When the boot takes support on the device 1 , the thickness of the support pad 10 is reduced, essentially by compression of the second layer 15 . Inversely, when the boot is separated from the device 1 , the support pad 10 returns to its original shape due to the elasticity of the constitutive material of the second layer 15 .
As seen in FIG. 1, the baseplate 3 of the device 1 has a crescent-shaped support pad 10 located substantially at the metatarsal bones of the foot, as well as a crescent-shaped support pad 20 located substantially towards the heel of the foot. The shapes of the support pad 10 , 20 improve foot stability and comfort during torsional biases of the user's leg.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein, and includes all technical equivalents within the scope of the following claims.
In particular, the shapes of the wedges 10 , 20 and the thicknesses of their materials can vary to allow selecting specific shock-absorbing values, for example.
The shapes of the cavities 11 , 18 can also vary, and possibly be different from the shapes of the support pad 10 , 20 .
The bonding surface 17 of the first layer 14 can be planar as in the first embodiment, curved inward as in the second embodiment, or have any suitable shape.
Furthermore, each support pad 10 , 20 can have additional layers which, in this case, would be located between the second layer 15 and the bottom 12 , or between the second layer 15 and the surface 8 of the board 2 .
This application is based upon French Patent Application No. 97 12738, filed Oct. 3, 1997, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference thereto in its entirety, and the priority of which is hereby claimed under 35 USC 119. | Shock-absorbing support pad to be positioned between a boot and a snowboard, or between the boot and a snowboard binding, and a snowboard binding incorporating such support pad. The support pad has at least two layers of material having different hardnesses. A first layer has a support surface for contacting the boot and it has a bonding surface opposite to the support surface. A second layer is joined to the bonding surface of the first layer. The hardness of the second layer is less than the hardness of the first layer. | 1,952 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/941,707, filed on Jun. 4, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates, in general, to bite blocks for use in endoscopic surgical procedures, and in particular, to endoscopic bite blocks for use in procedures involving sedation and analgesia systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] During some medical procedures, specifically endoscopic procedures, it is necessary to insert medical instruments, such as an endoscope, into the mouth and down the trachea or esophagus of a patient. It is common to use in such procedures a bite block or mouthguard to protect both the patient's mouth from the endoscope and the endoscope from the patient's mouth. The bite block or mouthguard essentially maintains the patient's mouth in the open position, providing an opening through which the endoscope can be passed, and prevents the patient from biting down on the endoscopic instruments, which are often quite expensive. Bite blocks capable of such function are generally known in the art; bite blocks designed for use with sedation and analgesia delivery and patient monitoring systems, however, are not.
[0004] In order to increase comfort and reduce patient resistance to the advancing of the scope, patients are often sedated during endoscopic procedures. In the case when the particular sedation drugs are respiratory depressants, there exist certain well-known risks related to patient respiration, including hypoventilation, oxygen desaturation, and apnea. In order to mitigate these risks, supplementary oxygen and respiratory monitoring are often utilized. Both the administration of supplementary oxygen and the sampling of respiratory gasses for monitoring require access to the patient's respiratory orifices, usually accomplished via oral-nasal cannula. Difficulties sometimes arise, however, when simultaneously managing the scope, delivering supplementary oxygen, and sampling respiratory gasses via the oral cavity. If the oral cavity could be reserved for exclusive use by the endoscope and the nasal passages used for oxygen delivery and respiratory sampling, the difficulty would be greatly reduced. Unfortunately, this method would require that the patient inhale and exhale only through the nasal passages for the duration of the procedure; in a real-world scenario, however, this is not the case.
[0005] It is therefore desirable for endoscopic procedures that require sedation to allow maneuvering of an endoscope into the oral cavity simultaneous with oral and nasal oxygen delivery and expired gas sampling. It indeed requires little imagination to see that accommodating all three activities simultaneously through the oral cavity with instruments not designed to be used together would prove troublesome. It follows that, as the endoscopy is the main focus of the procedure, it would take priority in use of the oral cavity over the other two functions. While focusing on the endoscope, an oral-nasal cannula is rather easily bumped and relocated during the maneuvering of the scope, leaving its oral ports situated too far from the oral cavity and occasionally causing bruising internal to the nasal passages. The consequence is decreased effectiveness in the administration of supplementary oxygen and sampling of respiratory gasses, which in turn may compromise patient safety.
[0006] In addition, in current practice, some doctors use a finger to help guide the endoscope into the mouth and down the trachea or esophagus of the patient. To do so, a doctor may stick a finger inside a patient's mouth, outside of the bite block, in order to control the endoscope near the opening to the trachea or esophagus. This requires that the finger be inserted at least to the depth of the end of the bite block, which may cause the bite block to move around. This adds to the risk that, during all of the jostling of the bite block associated with the maneuvering of the endoscope and insertion of a finger, the oral ports of the cannula may be unintentionally relocated away from the oral cavity.
[0007] It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a bite block with means for locating and protecting the oral ports of an oral-nasal cannula and to facilitate simultaneous use of the oral cavity for an endoscopic diagnostic or surgical procedure, supplemental oxygen delivery, and respiratory sampling.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
[0009] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a bite block in accordance with the present invention;
[0010] FIG. 2 is back perspective view of a bite block in accordance with the present invention;
[0011] FIG. 3 is a side view of a bite block in accordance with the present invention, shown in a section view of a patient's mouth;
[0012] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a bite block in accordance with the present invention and a typical oral-nasal cannula, shown together, interfaced as they would be used during a procedure;
[0013] FIG. 5 is a front view of a bite block in accordance with the present invention;
[0014] FIG. 6 is a side section view of a bite block in accordance with the present invention and a typical oral-nasal cannula, shown together, interfaced as they would be used during a procedure; and
[0015] FIG. 7 is a rear perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0016] Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , the bite block 8 of the present invention consists of a generally elliptical cylindrical main body 20 , having a proximal end, which sits outside of a patient's mouth, and a distal end, which sits inside a patient's mouth. Main body 20 surrounds main oral passage 7 , which is sized to allow for passage of an endoscope and ventilation of the patient. Integral to the proximal end of main body 20 is flange 14 , which sits outside of a patient's lips and serves both to locate bite block 8 relative to the patient's mouth and protect the patient's lips and teeth from an endoscope. Flange 14 is integral to main body 20 at distal surface 22 . Attached at each side of flange 14 is strap attachment wing 6 for strap 19 that goes around the patient's head and helps secure bite block 8 .
[0017] Referring to FIG. 3 , extending from the proximal to distal end of main body 20 , are a raised top surface 17 and bottom surface 18 for seating patient's upper teeth and lower teeth, respectively. Located at the distal end of top surface 17 is upper protruding retention feature 9 , protruding up generally perpendicular to top surface 17 . Upper protruding retention feature 9 serves as a stop to keep bite block 8 from being expelled from a patient's mouth by requiring the mouth (or more particularly, the teeth) to be opened wide enough to get around retention feature 9 . Similarly, on bottom surface 18 is lower protruding retention feature 11 serving the same purpose.
[0018] Referring also now to FIGS. 4 and 6 , some features of the present invention are intended to interface with an oral-nasal cannula 1 , generally known in the art, with oxygen outlet port 2 and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 . A representative oral-nasal cannula is described in pending application US-2006-0042636, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Oxygen outlet port 2 is the end of the oxygen delivery fluid line that delivers oxygen into the patient's oral cavity, and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 is the end of the fluid line of a capnometry or capnography system through which expired CO 2 enters from a patient's oral cavity. Oxygen outlet port 2 and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 consist of tubular extensions downward from the main body of cannula 1 , bent in a generally perpendicular fashion towards the patient's mouth. In the absence of a bite block, the openings of oxygen outlet port 2 and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 would rest at the opening to the oral cavity.
[0019] Referring also now to FIG. 5 , internal to main body 20 , and extending from the proximal end to the distal end of main body 20 , and adjacent to main oral passage 7 , is internal gas channel 10 . Internal gas channel 10 consists of two parallel adjacently-connected sub-channels, each of semi-circular cross section. Internal gas channel 10 occupies the area under raised top surface 17 . Internal gas channel 10 allows the exchange of gas from the proximal end (external to the patient's mouth) of bite block 8 to the distal end (internal to the patient's mouth), and vice versa, without using a significant amount of the cross-sectional area of main oral passage 7 , which is reserved for use by the endoscope. As seen in FIG. 4 , internal gas channel 10 provides a path via one sub-channel for oxygen to flow from oxygen outlet port 2 of an oral-nasal cannula 1 into the patient's mouth and, via the other sub-channel, for CO 2 to flow from the patient's mouth into CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 of cannula 1 . The sub-channels of internal gas channel 10 can be used interchangeably for either oxygen or CO 2 , depending on where the respective ports are located on cannula 1 .
[0020] Oxygen port support 4 and CO 2 port support 5 protrude from proximal surface 21 of flange 14 , and proximal from internal gas channel 10 . Oxygen port support 4 and CO 2 port support 5 , each consist of a generally flat extension extending from proximal surface 21 , and generally symmetrical with respect to the vertical plane aligned longitudinally along main body 20 . From their points of attachment located on the side away from the center axis of main body 20 , oxygen port support 4 and CO 2 port support 5 slope slightly downward toward the center of main oral passage 7 . Oxygen port support 4 and CO 2 port support 5 also extend in the distal direction for approximately the thickness of flange 14 , as best seen in FIGS. 1 and 6 , partially separating main oral passage 7 and internal gas channel 10 . This arrangement is designed to allow the ends of oxygen outlet port 2 and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 of cannula 1 to rest inside internal gas channel 10 , as shown in FIG. 6 . Oxygen port support 4 and CO 2 port support 5 each terminate on their proximal ends in an upward-curving quarter-circular shaped feature, which provides a means for more securely locating near the oral cavity oxygen outlet port 2 of the oxygen delivery system and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 of a capnometry or capnography system. Oxygen port support 4 and CO 2 port support 5 are intended to provide a means for protecting the location of oxygen outlet port 2 and CO 2 sampling inlet port 3 against jostling from the movement of the scope. The terms “oxygen port support” and “CO 2 port support” are used only illustratively in this description; since the supports are generally symmetrical, they could be used interchangeably, depending on which side of cannula 1 each port was located.
[0021] An alternate embodiment of the present invention, shown in FIG. 7 , adds additional functionality by allowing a doctor to insert a finger a short distance into the patient's mouth to help guide the endoscope down into the trachea or esophagus, while again preventing excessive jostling of bite block 8 and cannula 1 . In the alternate embodiment, main body 20 has curved cutouts 23 on its distal end, on both of its sides. In addition, integral to flange 14 , and extending out on both of its sides, are strap attachment wing extenders 24 , each consisting of a thin arced, ‘c’-shaped protrusion. Cutouts 23 and strap attachment wing extenders 24 are sized and located such that a finger may be inserted through the open side of the ‘c’ of strap attachment wing extender 24 and past cutout 23 into the patient's mouth. Strap attachment wing extenders 24 also locate the strap attachment wings 6 such that the strap is not in the way of a finger. In this manner, a doctor would be able to easily guide an endoscope with a finger without using any of the cross sectional area of main oral passage 7 , and without too much jostling of bite block 8 and cannula 1 .
[0022] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. In addition, it should be understood that every structure described above has a function and such structure can be referred to as a means for performing that function. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. | A bite block that is inserted into a patient's mouth during an endoscopic diagnostic or surgical procedure that has a channel for receiving an endoscope or other surgical instrument through the patient's mouth and additional channels transmitting a gas to the patient and transmitting expired gas from the patient. | 2,296 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Many individuals desire a “bright” smile and white teeth, and consider dull and stained teeth cosmetically unattractive. Unfortunately, without preventive or remedial measures, stained teeth are almost inevitable due to the absorbent nature of dental material. Everyday activities such as smoking or other oral use of tobacco products, and eating, chewing or drinking certain foods and beverages (in particular coffee, tea and red wine), cause undesirable staining of surfaces of teeth. Staining can also result from microbial activity, including that associated with dental plaque. The chromogens or color causing substances in these materials become part of the pellicle layer and can permeate the enamel layer. Even with regular brushing and flossing, years of chromogen accumulation can impart noticeable tooth discoloration.
[0002] There are a variety of compositions described in the art for preventing or treating the discoloration of teeth. In particular, to combat staining and brighten or restore the natural enamel color, a variety of products containing bleaching materials are commercially available for professional and consumer use. The materials most commonly used in teeth whitening today are peroxides. Peroxides are generally deemed safe from a physiological standpoint, and can be effective to whiten teeth.
[0003] Professional dental treatments frequently include a tooth surface preparation such as acid etching followed by the application of highly concentrated bleaching solutions (e.g., up to 37% hydrogen peroxide) and/or the application of heat or light. These procedures provide rapid results, but are expensive, and often require several trips to the dentist. Alternatively, at-home bleaching systems can be used. These systems have gained significant popularity in the past decade because of reduced cost, and increased convenience. Instead of time consuming and frequent trips to the dentist, the tooth whitener is purchased at a consumer retail store and may be easily integrated into the daily hygiene program. At-home treatment methods include whitening strips, abrasive toothpastes, and toothpastes that contain peroxides. These peroxide toothpastes require the use of a dual chamber system that separates the peroxide from other ingredients. If the contents of the two chambers are mixed prematurely, the oxidation activity and whitening benefits are lost.
[0004] It would be desirable to provide a whitening oral care composition which promotes consumer compliance and utilizes a single chamber or tube to deliver sufficient amounts of whitening ingredients and other oral care actives without adverse reaction between the ingredients.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The invention provides a single phase whitening dentifrice that includes (i) a whitening agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, a bound peroxide and a solid peroxide (ii) an abrasive and (iii) a substantially anhydrous orally acceptable carrier, for example, polyethylene glycol. The bound peroxide may be hydrogen peroxide and a polymer and/or any peroxide compound and a porous cross-linked polymer, such as polymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylates, a polymethacrylates, and a polyitaconates. The solid peroxide may be sodium perborate or urea hydroxide.
[0006] The invention also provides methods of whitening the tooth surfaces by contacting the surface with the composition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides single phase whitening oral care compositions, comprising a peroxide whitening agent; a peroxide incompatible abrasive; and a substantially anhydrous orally acceptable carrier. In various embodiments, the substantially anhydrous orally acceptable carrier and the particular peroxides employed allow for a shelf-stable single tube oral care composition where the peroxide and the peroxide incompatible ingredients, such as abrasives, may be combined. The oral care composition provides highly efficacious whitening and cleaning.
[0008] The single phase oral care composition has a “low water” content, meaning that a total concentration of water, including any free water and all water contained in any ingredients, is less than about 4%, about 7% or les than about 10% water. The selection of the whitening agent in conjunction with the low water carrier provides stabilized delivery of the whitening agent. The whitening activity is maintained for application to the tooth or oral surface and is maintained through storage.
[0009] Any whitening agent known or developed in the art may be used. Preferably, the whitening agent includes solid whitening agents and bound whitening agents which are substantially anhydrous oxygen generating compounds. Solid whitening agents useful herein include peroxides, metal chlorites, persulfate. Exemplary peroxide phases include hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, peroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, organic peroxy compounds, peroxy acids, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. Peroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals include lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, sodium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, barium peroxide, and mixtures thereof. Organic peroxy compounds include urea peroxide, glyceryl hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydrogen peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, alkyl peroxy acids, peroxy esters, diacyl peroxides, benzoyl peroxide, and monoperoxyphthalate, and mixtures thereof. Peroxy acids and their salts include organic peroxy acids such as alkyl peroxy acids, and monoperoxyphthalate and mixtures thereof, as well as inorganic peroxy acid salts such as and perborate salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals such as lithium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and barium, and mixtures thereof. Preferred solid peroxides are sodium perborate, urea peroxide, and mixtures thereof. Suitable metal chlorites include calcium chlorite, barium chlorite, magnesium chlorite, lithium chlorite, sodium chlorite, and potassium chlorite. The whitening agent may be preferably bound. For example, peroxide may be bound to a polymer such as PVP (poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). Suitable PVP complexes are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,370, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to use any known whitening agent except sodium percarbonate and/or any of the percarbonate salts.
[0010] The compositions of the present invention may include any dental abrasive or combination of dental abrasive agents known or to be developed in the art. “Abrasive” is as used herein is meant to include materials commonly referred to as “polishing agents” as well. Suitable abrasive may include those previously considered to be incompatible in a peroxide containing formulation (“a peroxide-incompatible abrasive”). Such abrasive is one which, in an aqueous solution with hydrogen peroxide, substantially reacts with the hydrogen peroxide so as to reduce whitening efficacy of the solution.
[0011] Any orally acceptable abrasive can be used, but preferably, type, fineness (particle size) and amount of abrasive should be selected so that tooth enamel is not excessively abraded in normal use of the composition. Suitable abrasives include without limitation silica, for example in the form of silica gel, hydrated silica or precipitated silica, alumina, insoluble phosphates, calcium carbonate, resinous abrasives such as urea-formaldehyde condensation products and the like. Among insoluble phosphates useful as abrasives are orthophosphates, polymetaphosphates and pyrophosphates. Illustrative examples are dicalcium orthophosphate dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, β-calcium pyrophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium polymetaphosphate and insoluble sodium polymetaphosphate. Average particle size of an abrasive, if present, is generally about 0.1 to about 30 μm, for example about 1 to about 20 μm or about 5 to about 15 μm. One or more abrasives are present in an abrasive effective total amount, typically about 0.1% to about 40%.
[0012] In various embodiments of the present invention, the oral composition comprises an anticalculus agent. Generally, tartar control agents are categorized as being incompatible with some whitening agents, but embodiments of the present invention incorporate tartar control agents and whitening agents in a single phase whitening composition. Suitable anticalculus agents include without limitation phosphates and polyphosphates (for example pyrophosphates), polyaminopropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), hexametaphosphate salts, zinc citrate trihydrate, polypeptides, polyolefin sulfonates, polyolefin phosphates, diphosphonates. The anticalculus agent is present at about 0.1% to about 30%. The oral composition may include a mixture of different anticalculus agents. In one preferred embodiment, tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) are used. The anticalculus agent comprises TSPP at about 1% and STPP at about 7% to about 10%.
[0013] The oral care composition can optionally include at least one orally acceptable source of fluoride ions. Any known or to be developed in the art may be used. Suitable sources of fluoride ions include fluoride, monofluorophosphate and fluorosilicate salts. One or more fluoride ion-releasing compound is optionally present in an amount providing a total of about 100 to about 20,000 ppm, about 200 to about 5,000 ppm, or about 500 to about 2,500 ppm, fluoride ions.
[0014] The carrier is preferably low water content orally acceptable carrier and may include any known ingredients or additives.
[0015] In preferred embodiments of this invention, the oral composition is a dentifrice. Such dentifrices may include toothpowder, a dental tablet, toothpaste (dental cream), tooth powders, or gel, or any other known form known to one of skill in the art.
[0016] The substantially anhydrous carrier may also comprise various dentifrice ingredients to adjust the rheology and feel of the composition such as humectants, surface active agents, thickening or gelling agents, etc.
[0017] The compositions of the present invention preferably comprise a surface active agent. Suitable surfactants include without limitation water-soluble salts of C 8-20 alkyl sulfates, sulfonated monoglycerides of C 8-20 fatty acids, sarcosinates, taurates, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium cocoyl monoglyceride sulfonate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium lauryl isoethionate, sodium laureth carboxylate and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, and cocoamidopropyl betaine.
[0018] The compositions of the present invention optionally comprise a thickener. Any orally acceptable thickening agent can be used, including without limitation carbomers, also known as carboxyvinyl polymers, carrageenans, also known as Irish moss and more particularly ι-carrageenan (iota-carrageenan), high molecular weight polyethylene glycols (such as CARBOWAX®, available from The Dow Chemical Company), cellulosic polymers such as hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and salts thereof, e.g., CMC sodium, natural gums such as karaya, xanthan, gum arabic and tragacanth, colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, and colloidal and/or fumed silica and mixtures of the same. One or more thickening agents are optionally present in a total amount of about 0.1% to about 90%, for example about 1% to about 50% or about 5% to about 35%.
[0019] In various preferred embodiments, the carrier may comprise polymers and/or copolymers of polyethylene glycol, of ethylene oxide propylene oxide, and of silicone. IF such copolymers/polymers are used, they may be selected from the commercially available materials PLURAFLO® L4370 and PLURAFLO® L1220 (available from BASF, Wyandotte, Mich., United States of America). It is preferred that the carrier(s) provide a dentifrice with a viscosity of about 10,000 CPS to about 700,000 CPS, preferably about 30,000 CPS to about 300,000 CPS.
[0020] As recognized by one of skill in the art, the oral compositions of the present invention optionally include other materials, such as for example, anti-caries agents, desensitizing agents, viscosity modifiers, diluents, surface active agents, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, and foam modulators, pH modifying agents, abrasives, in addition to those listed above, humectants, mouth feel agents, sweetening agents, flavor agents, colorants, preservatives, and combinations thereof. It is understood that while general attributes of each of the above categories of materials may differ, there may be some common attributes and any given material may serve multiple purposes within two or more of such categories of materials. Preferably, the carrier is selected for compatibility with other ingredients of the composition.
[0021] Flavorants, sweeteners, colorants, foam modulators, mouth-feel agents and others additively may be included if desired, in the composition.
[0022] The compositions of the present invention optionally comprise one or more further active material(s), which is operable for the prevention or treatment of a condition or disorder of hard or soft tissue of the oral cavity, the prevention or treatment of a physiological disorder or condition, or to provide a cosmetic benefit.
[0023] The compositions may include a stannous ion or a stannous ion source. Suitable stannous ion sources include without limitation stannous fluoride, other stannous halides such as stannous chloride dihydrate, stannous pyrophosphate, organic stannous carboxylate salts such as stannous formate, acetate, gluconate, lactate, tartrate, oxalate, malonate and citrate, stannous ethylene glyoxide and the like. One or more stannous ion sources are optionally and illustratively present in a total amount of about 0.01% to about 10%, for example about 0.1% to about 7% or about 1% to about 5%.
[0024] The compositions of the present invention optionally comprise an antimicrobial (e.g., antibacterial) agent. A further illustrative list of useful antibacterial agents is provided in such as those listed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,435 to Gaffar et al., the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. One or more antimicrobial agents are optionally present in an antimicrobial effective total amount, typically about 0.05% to about 10%, for example about 0.1% to about 3%.
[0025] The compositions of the present invention optionally comprise an antioxidant. Any orally acceptable antioxidant can be used, including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin E, flavonoids, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, herbal antioxidants, chlorophyll, melatonin, and mixtures thereof.
[0026] The compositions of the present invention optionally comprise a sialagogue or saliva-stimulating agent, an antiplaque agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a desensitizing.
[0027] Methods are provided to whiten an oral surface in a human or animal subject comprising storing in stable form a whitening oral care composition comprising a peroxide whitening agent, a peroxide incompatible abrasive, and a substantially anhydrous and a substantially anhydrous orally acceptable carrier; and contacting said composition with the oral surface. As used herein “animal subject” includes higher order non-human mammals such as canines, felines, and horses. The oral care composition is contacted with an oral surface of the mammalian subject to thereby whiten teeth in a highly efficacious manner, without any negative interaction between the whitening agent, the peroxide incompatible abrasive, and other ingredients.
[0028] In various embodiments, it is preferred that the oral care composition is applied and contacted with the oral surface. The dentifrice, prepared in accordance with the present invention is preferably applied regularly to an oral surface, preferably on a daily basis, at least one time daily for multiple days, but alternately every second or third day. Preferably the oral composition is applied to the oral surfaces from 1 to 3 times daily, for at least 2 weeks up to 8 weeks, from four months to three years, or more up to lifetime.
[0029] The invention is illustrated in the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Comparative Example I
[0030] A comparative, non-abrasive containing single phase dentifrice is prepared by mixing the ingredients of Table 1. After aging the dentifrice for two weeks at approximately 49° C., the peroxide recovery was 89% of the initially present amount.
TABLE 1 Ingredients Weight Percentage Cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone - 16.50 hydrogen peroxide complex Polyethylene Glycol/Ethylene Oxide Block 42.44 Copolymer (PLURAFLO ® L4370) Ethylene Oxide/Propylene Oxide Block 25.00 Copolymer (PLURAFLO ® L1220) Silicone fluid 5.00 Saccharin 0.42 Flavor 1.20 Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 1.00 Sodium tripolyphosphate 7.00 Sodium fluoride 0.24 Sodium lauryl sulfate 1.20 TOTAL 100.00
Example 1
[0031] A single phase dentifrice was prepared by mixing the ingredients of Table 2. A peroxide incompatible silica abrasive is included at 12.44% and increases the cleaning and whitening benefits of the dentifrice. After aging the dentifrice for two weeks at approximately 49° C., the peroxide recovery was 77% of the initially present amount.
TABLE 2 Ingredients Weight Percentage Cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone - 16.50 hydrogen peroxide complex Polyethylene Glycol/Ethylene Oxide Block 30.00 Copolymer (PLURAFLO ® L4370) Ethylene Oxide/Propylene Oxide Block 25.00 Copolymer (PLURAFLO ® L1220) Silicone fluid 5.00 Saccharin 0.42 Flavor 1.20 Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 1.00 Sodium tripolyphosphate 7.00 Sodium fluoride 0.24 Silica abrasive 12.44 Sodium lauryl sulfate 1.20 TOTAL 100.00
[0032] The examples and other embodiments described herein are exemplary and not intended to be limiting in describing the full scope of compositions and methods of this invention. Equivalent changes, modifications and variations of specific embodiments, materials, compositions and methods may be made within the scope of the present invention, with substantially similar results. | The invention provides a single phase whitening dentifrice that includes (i) a whitening agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, a bound peroxide and a solid peroxide (ii) an abrasive and (iii) a substantially anhydrous orally acceptable carrier, for example, polyethylene glycol. The bound peroxide may be hydrogen peroxide and a polymer and/or any peroxide compound and a porous cross-linked polymer, such as polymers of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylates, a polymethacrylates, and a polyitaconates. The solid peroxide may be sodium perborate or urea peroxide. The invention also provides methods of whitening the tooth surfaces by contacting the surface with the composition. | 2,694 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention relates to an exercise device utilizing a resistance element for development of muscular strength, size and endurance.
[0003] 2. Description of Background and Relevant Information
[0004] Exercise devices for muscular strength training typically employ resistance elements utilizing a gravitational mass or resilient materials. Exercise devices utilizing a gravitational mass resistance element exhibit the highly desirable characteristic of providing a constant resistance force throughout the range of exercise movement. However, the high weight of a gravitational resistance element causes considerable difficulties in shipping and on site mobility of the exercise device. Resilience based exercise machines such as the Bowflex™ (U.S. Pat. No. 4,620,704) and Soloflex™ (U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,320) therefore dominate the direct sales market.
[0005] Exercise devices based on resilient materials, although light, suffer from the problem of a varying resistance force. Resistance increases progressively during the exercise stroke as the elongation or compression of the resilient medium increases. A resistance too low for maximal muscular development occurs over most of the exercise stroke. Designs to convert a resilient resistance to constant force are often complicated (U.S. Pat. No 5,382,212). Other designs fail to adequately deal with the large ratio of force possible with a resilient element with zero initial resistance.
[0006] Adjustment of the exercise force is a crucial factor in the success of strength training devices. Resistance should be adjustable to accommodate different exercises and users. Users also need to increase resistance over time for an exercise movement as strength develops. Most resilient exercise machines, such as the Bowflex™ and Soloflex™, allow resistance to be changed by selectively engaging different resistance elements, or by adding resistance elements in parallel. Adjusting resistance in this way is time consuming and only permits resistance changes in fixed increments, usually 5 lbs at a time. Tension must be removed from the resistance elements to effect the change, so the exercise stroke begins at a minimal resistance level.
[0007] Another method of adjusting resistance of a resilient resistance involves varying the force attachment point along a lever arm (U.S. Pat. No. 3,638,941). Lever arm arrangements suffer from a few problems. First, the lever arm modifies the input resistance force according to a cosine function. This results in greatest force transmission when the level position is perpendicular to the input force, and lower forces elsewhere along the arc of the lever arm. Second, lever arms are not space efficient.
[0008] An exercise device that solves these problems efficiently could be produced at lower cost, allowing more consumers to experience the benefits of strength training and muscular development. An easy to use mechanism for adjusting resistance force can reduce workout times and increase opportunities for strength progression. Constant force allows a user to perform more exercise work during a stroke.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The invention is an exercise machine containing a rotary force transmission device that compensates for the varying force of a resilient resistance and also allows adjustment of output resistance force of the resilient resistance. The force transmission device combines an eccentric cross section that compensates for the increasing resistance of a spring, with a conical shape that allows selection of the effective size of the eccentric. A moveable mounting point allows the position of force attachment to be selected without affecting the total working length of the flexible force transmission cables. Adjustment can be accomplished with minimum force and without introducing slack into the force transmission system. A pre-biased resistance element allows the system to deliver a constant output force.
OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES
[0010] It is an object of the invention to compensate for the increasing force of a resilient resistance during compression or tensioning movements, so as to produce a more constant output force.
[0011] It is an object of the invention to provide a simple mechanism for adjusting the output force delivered to the user from a single fixed resistance, without introducing unwanted modifications to the force such as a cosine multiplier.
[0012] It is an object of the invention to provide an infinitely adjustable output force of the system.
[0013] An advantage of the invention is that the working length of the flexible transmission mechanisms used in the machine is constant with no problems of slack management. It is an object of the invention to achieve these goals in a simple machine, with a minimal part count, that is inexpensive to manufacture.
[0014] An advantage provided by the simple structure of the invention is that frictional losses are minimized, so negative exercise movements receive a high force relative to positive movement effort.
[0015] It is an object of the invention to allow selection of force output from a single resilient resistance and without requiring the resilient resistance to be in a zero tension state.
BRIEF DESCRIPITION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] [0016]FIG. 1—An isometric view of the preferred embodiment of the device.
[0017] [0017]FIG. 2—Side and front views of the eccentric cone of the force transmission system.
[0018] [0018]FIG. 3—Side and front views of a circular cone and eccentric pulley.
[0019] [0019]FIG. 4—Side and front views of a circular cone and pulley.
[0020] [0020]FIG. 5—Side and front views of the force attachment device and channel.
[0021] [0021]FIG. 6—Top view of force selection controlled remotely by cable.
[0022] [0022]FIG. 7—Top view of force selection controlled remotely by selector fork.
[0023] [0023]FIG. 8—Top view of force selection controlled remotely by interlocking cones.
[0024] [0024]FIG. 9—Graph of work performed during stroke with typical spring machine.
[0025] [0025]FIG. 10—Graph of work performed during stroke with the invention.
REFERENCE NUMERALS IN DRAWINGS
[0026] [0026] 10 Frame
[0027] [0027] 12 Vertical track member
[0028] [0028] 14 Grip attachment rack
[0029] [0029] 16 Hand grip
[0030] [0030] 17 Pull down bar
[0031] [0031] 18 Stabilizing base plate
[0032] [0032] 30 User force transmission cable
[0033] [0033] 32 Resistance force transmission cable
[0034] [0034] 34 Resistance force attachment mount
[0035] [0035] 35 Crimp clamp
[0036] [0036] 36 Pulley
[0037] [0037] 40 Eccentric cone
[0038] [0038] 42 Cone pulley
[0039] [0039] 44 Cone axel
[0040] [0040] 46 Fixed size eccentric pulley
[0041] [0041] 48 Circular cone
[0042] [0042] 50 Spring
[0043] [0043] 52 Spring retention endplate
[0044] [0044] 54 Spring tension retainers
[0045] [0045] 60 Channel track
[0046] [0046] 61 Cable sheath
[0047] [0047] 62 Force adjustment cable
[0048] [0048] 63 Torsion reel spring
[0049] [0049] 64 Selector fork
[0050] [0050] 65 Selector guide
[0051] [0051] 66 Selector control rod
[0052] [0052] 67 Interlocking ribbed code
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0053] The preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. A frame 10 provides a structure to support tension or compression of a resilient exercise resistance 50 . The frame is mounted on a stabilizing base plate 18 . The base plate is further stabilized by the user's weight during use. A vertical track member 12 is attached to the frame. A grip attachment rack 14 moves along the vertical track member. The grip attachment rack can only move vertically. Rollers or bushings in the grip attachment rack reduce friction with the vertical track member. The grip attachment rack contains numerous holes to allow insertion of a hand grip 16 at different points, for different sized people and exercises. A second plate internal to the grip attachment rack contains matching holes, and fixes the hand grip in a horizontal plane. Detents in the hand grip at the point of insertion prevent accidental removal under load. Different styles of grips and user interface elements, such as shoulder pads for squats, can replace the basic hand grip.
[0054] A pulldown bar 17 is mounted to allow chinning and other downward stroke exercises. The pulldown bar is attached to a user force transmission cable 30 . This cable runs over pulleys 36 and attaches to the grip attachment rack. The user force transmission cable is further routed through additional pulleys to the large cone pulley 42 . The cone pulley is connected directly to the eccentric cone 40 , and both revolve around an axel 44 inserted laterally into the frame.
[0055] The eccentric cone contains an embedded channel track 60 , which allows a resistance force attachment mount 34 to slide laterally along the edge of the cone. The resistance force attachment cable 32 is connected to the force attachment mount and the resistance spring. The eccentric cone tapers from an outer diameter matching the cone pulley to a small diameter. Lateral movement of the attachment mount in the track allows selection of the user's effective leverage from 1:1 to high values. The attachment mount moves laterally with ease under resting slack conditions. Tension in the system applies torsion to the mount, preventing changes to the selected leverage under working conditions. The slide track may have periodic detents and a measure scale to provide positive confirmation of a selection points along the track.
[0056] User exercise force and motion is conducted to the cone pulley producing rotation of the cone pulley and eccentric cone. Resistance to the eccentric cone's rotation occurs as the force resistance cable winds around the eccentric cone. The cone pulley is sized at about 12 inches in diameter. Thus a typical exercise movement, requiring withdrawal of 2 to 3 feet of cable, produces less than one rotation of the cone pulley. The eccentric pulley is shaped so that as it rotates, the effective diameter also shrinks. This compensates for an increase in force due to increasing compression of the resistance spring.
[0057] To produce a constant exercise resistance, the decrease in radius occurring for a cross section of the eccentric cone can be matched to the spring characteristics. The resistance spring in the preferred embodiment is initially pre-compressed between two spring retention endplates 52 . The endplates are connected together by spring tension retainer 54 rods. The retainer rods prevent expansion of the spring end plates but allow further compression and constrain the compression path. The resistance force transmission cable is connected to one end plate and passes through a guide hole in the other before attaching to the force attachment mount on the eccentric cone. Assuming the spring tension increases 100% from initial tension to maximum excursion caused by a full rotation of the eccentric cone, the eccentric cone's effective diameter should be sized to shrink 50% to compensate. Initial spring resistance will determine maximum output resistance at the 1:1 selection setting, so an initial resistance of 200-300 lbs will work well for most users. Additional pulleys could or a smaller cone diameter be used to reduce the spring compression stroke, in order to allow a reduction in spring size.
[0058] [0058]FIG. 2 shows a close up of the eccentric cone with force transmission points illustrated. The length of the eccentric cone should be at least 150% of the diameter of the cone pulley. This length minimizes unintended changes in resistance output due to the resistance force transmission cable wrapping across, or slipping down, the cone. Use of plastic or resin materials allows economical manufacture of the eccentric cone and cone pulley by molding processes. FIG. 3 shows an alternate form of the force transmission cone, with a circular cross section cone 48 and an eccentric cone pulley element 46 . The eccentric pulley element increases in radius as rotation increases from the start position. FIG. 4 shows an alternate form of the force transmission cone, with a constant diameter cone and pulley. This embodiment would be useful for varying resistance of a fixed but constant force resistance, such as a vacuum cylinder or fixed weight.
[0059] [0059]FIG. 5 shows a close up side and front view of the resistance force attachment mount. The mount is enclosed within a C shaped channel track, which allows lateral movement within the channel. The force transmission cable runs through a hole in the force attachment mount and is secured with a compression crimp clamp 35 . The attachment mount may be equipped with a handle to assist direct force selection by the user.
[0060] Remote selection of the lateral position of the force transmission mount may be desirable for convenience or to minimize user exposure to the working elements. FIG. 6 depicts a top view of the eccentric cone, and a means of remotely controlling the position of the force attachment mount via a cable 62 running in a sheath 61 . The cable enters through the axel, allowing the cable to accept twisting without involvement of the sheath. The cable connects to the force attachment mount. A torsion reel spring 63 returns the force attachment mount to the far position if the user relieves tension on the cable.
[0061] [0061]FIG. 7 shows a top view of a mechanism for controlling the force attachment mount with a selector fork 64 . The selector fork moves laterally along a selector guide 65 rail. The position of the force attachment mount is maintained between the tines of the fork. The fork can be cam shaped and mounted on a pivot, to allow continued engagement during rotation of the eccentric cross section. The selector fork is moved remotely via a selector control rod 66 attached to the fork.
[0062] [0062]FIG. 8 shows a top view of a selection mechanism having two steeply tapering cones, where the force attachment point will be drawn to the intersection of the two cones by tension or a torsion reel spring. The cones can overlap because they aren't solid, but are constructed of offset, interlocking ribs. One of the cones can move laterally on the axel, with its position controlled by a selector rod. These cones can also be eccentrically shaped.
[0063] [0063]FIG. 9 shows the work (integral of force over distance) performed during a exercise stroke with the resilient exercise devices that dominate the market currently. Work is constrained by the low initial starting resistance and the maximum force the user can deliver. FIG. 10 shows the increased work performed during a stroke with the invention. Resistance can be delivered at the user's maximum tolerated force throughout the repetition. Increased exercise workload translates into increased exercise effectiveness.
SUMMARY: RAMIFICATIONS AND SCOPE
[0064] Accordingly, significant improvements in exercise machine performance can result from use of the invention. The invention will allow use of a single fixed input resistance to produce a continuously selectable output force. Resistance selection can be quickly accomplished with minimum effort. Resistance level is easily changed, even for a resilient resistance biased to produce significant initial output force. The invention compensates for the progressive force characteristic of a resilient resistance over an exercise movement. A constant output force feels natural and maximizes the work performed by a user's muscles. The design of the invention minimizes problems of slack management within the machine. The simple design of the machine can allow low cost manufacture and distribution, increasing the penetration of strength training products in the market and increasing availability for lower income consumers.
[0065] Although the descriptions above contain many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but merely as providing illustrations of the some of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given. | An exercise machine that outputs constant force from resilient resistances and allows continuously selectable levels of strength training resistance. The machine consists primarily of a pre-biased resistance element ( 50 ), a conical pulley structure with eccentric cross section ( 40 ), an axially adjustable force attachment point ( 34 ) and a frame ( 10 ). Flexible force transmission elements ( 30 ) conduct force to the user interface elements ( 16, 17 ) via pulleys ( 36 ). | 2,628 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/806,443, entitled Animal Deterrent, filed on filed on Mar. 29, 2013, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a device and a method for deterring animals from performing and unwanted behavior such as entering or approaching a designated area, climbing on indoor or outdoor furniture or the like. More specifically, the subject deterrent device utilizes a sudden jet spray of a compressed gas to startle the animal, deterring it from performing the unwanted behavior.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Pet, such as dogs and cats, etc. have been known to cause harm to indoor furnishings, plants and the like by scratching, lying upon and in general having access to such objects. Similarly, pets and wild animals have been known cause harm to out furnishing, plants, and garden areas. To combat such unwanted behavior, devices are know to deter the animal by producing a deterring stimulus which startles or scares the animal. These deterring stimulus can include the spraying the animal with water, emitting a loud sound, or flashing lights, or combinations thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The animal deterrent device of the present disclosure utilizes and automatic system to detect the presence of an animal in a designated area. Upon detection, the animal deterrent device releases a deterring stimulus. The deterring stimulus is intended to remove the animal from the designated area, and through continuous use, eventually training the animal from entering the designate area. The designation area can include: furniture, such as a couch, chair, table, etc; a room or portions thereof; plants, indoor or outdoor gardens; and the like.
The animal deterrent device includes a housing having a canister containing a compressed gas connected to a valve system. The valve system can include a solenoid valve. The valve system includes an output nozzle, such that when the valve is open compressed gas exits the nozzle to create a deterring sound.
A motion sensor is provided on the housing to actuate the valve. In this manner, when an animal passes with range of the motion sensor, the motion sensor actives (opens) the valve to create the deterring sound. The nozzle can be movable with respect to the housing, such that the output direction of the nozzle can be adjusted.
Additionally, an orientation (tilt) sensor can be provided to verify that the animal deterrent device is in the proper (vertical) orientation for operation. If the animal deterrent device is tilted at a specified angle from vertical, the tilt sensor will prevent operation of the valve system.
To operate the animal deterrent device the following step are performed:
1. Turn on the unit by pressing the control button in the front. The Green LED will light up. The Green LED flashes every 5 seconds once it has been turned on.
2. If the battery level is low, the LED will be flashing in RED. The system will not work until the user has replaced the batteries.
3. There is an orientation switch inside the PC board. Shall the device be tilted for a certain angle (varies by components), the device will stop working even though the ON/OFF switch is at ON position. This will avoid spraying liquid if the canister is inverted.
4. Once the unit has been turned on around 10 seconds by pressing the ON/OFF button, the passive infrared sensor will start detecting motion if the unit is at the upright position. If a motion was detected, the solenoid valve will be energized and push the valve open for 0.6 second. The sound level can be around 90 to 95 dBA measured at 12 inches. The device will be suppressed for 4 seconds which means the unit will spray again after 4 seconds if motions are detected.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a front isometric view of an animal deterrent device of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 depicts a front view of the animal deterrent device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 3 depicts a side sectional view of the animal deterrent device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 4 depicts a rear sectional view of the animal deterrent device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 5 depicts a diagram of a controller for use n the animal deterrent device of the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 depicts a first isometric view of a fluid dispensing system 40 for use in an animal deterring device;
FIG. 7 depicts a second isometric view of a fluid dispensing system 40 for use in an animal deterring device;
FIG. 8 depicts a front isometric view of an alternative animal deterrent device of the present disclosure;
FIG. 9 depicts a front sectional view of the animal deterrent device of 7 ; and
FIG. 10 depicts a rear sectional view of the animal deterrent device of FIG. 7 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawing figures in which like reference designators refer to like elements, there is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 an animal deterrent device 10 of the present disclosure. The animal deterrent device 10 includes a housing 12 having a front portion 14 and a back portion 16 . The front and back portions 14 and 16 combine to form the housing 12 , defining a bottom surface 18 for supporting the housing in an upright position, where the back portion 16 can be removeably attached to the front portion 14 . The front portion 14 of the housing 12 can include a plurality of orifices 20 , 22 , 24 into which an ON/Off switch 26 , a sensor 28 , and a nozzle 30 are positioned. A light element 25 can be included to indicate the status of the animal deterrent device 10 .
Referring to FIG. 3 , a controller 32 is provided within the front portion 14 of the housing 12 , and connected to a power supply 34 . The power supply 34 can take the form of one of one or more batteries 34 ( a )-( d ). Alternatively, the power supply 34 can include a power cord connected to a household power source (not shown).
The ON/OFF switch 26 can be connected between the controller 32 and the power supply 34 , where the ON/OFF switch 26 can be movable between a first position and a second position. In the first position the ON/OFF switch 26 is closed providing power to the controller 32 , and in the second position the ON/OFF switch 26 is open removing power from the controller 32 . The ON/OFF switch 26 can be depression switch, slide switch, toggle switch, or other switches which perform the same function of turning ON and OFF the power to the controller 32 .
The sensor 28 is also connected to the controller 32 . The sensor 28 is utilized to detect the presence of an animal in a designated area. When an animal is detected in the designated area the sensor provides a signal to the controller 32 to emit a deterring stimulus. For example, and describe in more detail below, upon detection of a animal in the designated area the sensor 26 send a signal to the controller 32 to emit the deterring stimulus of jet of compressed gas through the nozzle 30 . The sensor 28 can be a motion sensor, infrared sensor, and other known sensors for detecting the presence of the animal.
An orientation (tilt) sensor 36 is connected to the controller 32 . The orientation sensor 36 operates to verify that the housing 12 is position in an operational, vertical or substantially vertical, position. If the housing 12 has been knocked over, and is in a horizontal or substantially horizontal position, the orientation sensor 36 sends a signal to the controller 32 to prevent operation and an emission of the deterring stimulus.
Additionally, upon receipt of such a signal from the orientation sensor 36 , the controller 32 can active an alarm to indicate to a user that the housing 12 has be knocked over. The alarm can take the form of a visible alarm, such as a flashing light or led 25 , or an audible alarm.
Referring also to FIG. 4 , a fluid dispensing system 40 can connected to the controller 32 . The fluid dispensing system 40 can include the nozzle 30 in fluid connection to an actuateable valve 42 , solenoid valve. A fluid source connector 44 is connected to the actuateable valve 42 , opposite the nozzle 20 . A fluid source 46 , such as a canister of compressed gas or liquid, is removeably connectable to the fluid source connector 44 . For example, the fluid source connector 44 can include a threaded interface 48 , such that the fluid source 46 can be threadably connected to the fluid source connector 44 . Additionally, a plurality of battery supports 50 ( a )-( d ) can be provide in the housing 12 , where each of plurality of batteries 34 ( a )-( d ) is positionable therein.
Referring to FIG. 5 , an exemplary diagram of a controller 32 for use in the animal deterrent device 10 is provided.
Referring also to FIGS. 6-7 , the nozzle 30 can be a adjustable nozzle were the direction of the nozzle output can be adjusted in both the vertical and horizontal directions, and combinations thereof. The nozzle 30 can be connected to the actuateable valve 42 with a flexible tube 52 , where a tensioning spring 54 can be positioned about the flexible tube 52 between the nozzle 30 and the actuateable valve 42 . The flexible tube 52 and spring 54 combination allows for relative movement of the nozzle 30 with respect to the actuateable valve 42 , while maintaining a open fluid path therebetween.
A torsional member 56 is position about, and engagement with, the nozzle 30 . A second portion of the torsional member 56 is connected to the housing 12 . The torsional member allows for relative movement of the nozzle 30 with respect to the front portion 14 of the housing, where the torsional member 56 acts to retain the relative position of the nozzle 30 . In the manner, a user can position the nozzle 30 with respect to the housing 12 , such that the output of the nozzle 30 can be directed in a desired direction.
In an exemplary method of use, a user positions the animal deterrent device 10 is a desired location, for example near a couch. The front portion 14 of the housing is directed towards the couch, such that the sensor 28 can detect the presence of an animal on the couch. The nozzle 30 is positioned by the user in the desired direction. To activate the animal deterrent device 10 the user depresses the ON/OFF switch 26 .
Once activated, if the sensor 28 detects an animal in the designated areas, a signal is sent to the controller 32 . In turn, the controller sends a signal to the actuated valve 42 , opening the valve 42 to send a jet of compressed gas out through the nozzle 30 . The release of the compressed gas generates a sound of sufficient loudness to startle the animal, removing it from the designated area. Once the system has been activated, the system will be suppressed for a period of time, for example 4 seconds, before it can be active again.
In an alternative embodiment, the animal deterrent device further includes a sound emitting device, such as a speaker or ultra sonic emitter. Referring to FIGS. 8-9 , the alternative embodiment of the animal deterrent device 70 is shown. The animal deterrent device 70 includes a housing 72 having a front portion 74 and a back portion 76 . The front and back portions 74 and 76 join to form the housing 72 , defining a bottom surface 78 for supporting the housing in an upright position, where the back portion 76 can be removeably attached to the front portion 74 . The front portion 74 of the housing 72 includes a plurality of orifices 80 , 82 , 84 into which a sound emitter 86 , a sensor 28 , and a nozzle 30 are positioned.
A controller 92 is provided within the housing 72 , and connected to a power supply 94 . The sound emitter 86 is connected to the controller 92 . When activated, the sound emitter 86 emits a sound to startle the animal. The emitted sound can be an audible sound or an ultra sonic signal.
Similar to the embodiment described above, the alternative animal deterrent device 70 includes the power supply 34 , motion sensor 28 , nozzle 30 , fluid deposing system 40 , and orientation (tilt) sensor 36 , all of which a operated in accordance as previously described.
Referring to FIG. 10 , an ON/OFF switch 96 can be connected between the controller 92 and the power supply 94 , where the ON/OFF switch 66 can be movable between a first position and a second position. In the first position the ON/OFF switch 96 is closed providing power to the controller 92 , and in the second position the ON/OFF switch 96 is open removing power from the controller 92 .
Alternatively, the ON/OFF switch 96 can be a multi-position switch, allowing a user to selection the mode of operation of the deterring stimulus of the animal deterrent device 70 . For example, the multi-position switch 96 can be a four position switch, which in a first position the animal deterrent device 70 is OFF, in a second position only the fluid dispensing system 40 is activated, in a third position only the sound emitter 86 is activated, and is a fourth position both the fluid dispensing system 40 and sound emitter are activated.
In an exemplary method of use, a user positions the animal deterrent device 70 is a desired location, example near a couch. The front portion 74 of the housing 72 is directed towards the couch, such that the sensor 28 can detect the presence of an animal on the couch. The nozzle 30 is positioned by the user in the desired direction.
To activate the animal deterrent device 70 the user selects the mode of operation ON/OFF switch 96 , moving the switch 96 from the first position to either the second, third or fourth positions. Once activated, if the sensor 28 detects an animal in the designated areas, a signal is sent to the controller 92 to activate a deterring stimulus.
If the switch 96 is positioned in the second position, the controller 92 sends a signal to the actuated valve 42 , opening the valve 42 to send a jet of compressed gas out through the nozzle 30 . The release of the compressed gas generates a sound of sufficient loudness to startle the animal, removing it from the designated area. Once the system has been activated, the system will be suppressed for a period of time, for example four (4) seconds, before it can be active again.
If the switch 96 is positioned in the third position, the controller 92 sends a signal to the sound emitter 86 . The sound emitter 86 can generate a sound of sufficient loudness to startle the animal, removing it from the designated area. Alternatively, the sound emitter 86 is an ultra-sonic emitter, and generates an ultra-signal to startle the animal, removing it from the designated area. Once the system has been activated, the system will be suppressed for a period of time, for example four (4) seconds, before it can be active again.
If the switch 96 is positioned in the forth position, both the fluid dispensing system 40 and sound emitter 86 are activated. In such case, the controller 92 simultaneously sends a signal to the actuated valve 42 and the sound emitter 86 . The actuated valve 42 is opened to send a jet of compressed gas out through the nozzle 30 . The release of the compressed gas generates a sound of sufficient loudness to startle the animal The sound emitter 86 can generate a sound of sufficient loudness to startle the animal. The activation of the both the fluid dispensing system 40 and sound emitter 86 provide a deterring stimulus for removing the animal form the designated area. Once the system has been activated, the system will be suppressed for a period of time, for example four (4) seconds, before it can be active again.
All references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims. | The animal deterrent device of the present disclosure utilizes and automatic system to detect the presence of an animal in a designated area. Upon detection, the animal deterrent device releases a deterring stimulus. The deterring stimulus is intended to remove the animal from the designated area, and through continuous use, eventually training the animal from entering the designate area. The designation area can include: furniture, such as a couch, chair, table, etc; a room or portions thereof; plants, indoor or outdoor gardens; and the like. | 2,998 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser apparatus for irradiating an object to be irradiated with a laser beam.
2. Description of Related Art
As a laser apparatus for irradiating an object to be irradiated with a laser beam emitted from a laser source, there is a laser treatment apparatus that irradiates an affected part of a patient with a treatment laser beam to treat the affected part. Such the laser apparatus is so configured as to have two operating statuses; an irradiation-ready status (hereinafter referred to as a READY mode) in which laser irradiation is enabled when a laser irradiation start signal (a trigger signal) is entered and a standby status (hereinafter referred to as a STANDBY mode) in which laser irradiation is locked even when a laser irradiation start signal is entered.
The two operating modes can normally selectively be switched at the push of predetermined keys on a control panel. Accordingly, in switching from the READY mode to the STANDBY mode, an operator must search and push an appropriate key for switching to the STANDBY mode from among many keys on the control panel. This would be troublesome to the operator. In an emergency where operators and assistants have to quickly react, particularly, it would be difficult for them to promptly search and press an emergency stop button and the key for switching to the STANDBY mode.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and has an object to overcome the above problems and to provide a laser apparatus capable of correctly easily switching from a READY mode to a STANDBY mode.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the purpose of the invention, there is provided a laser apparatus for irradiating an object to be irradiated with a laser beam emitted from a laser source, the laser apparatus including: a display serving as display means provided with a screen for displaying laser irradiation conditions, the display being a touch panel type capable of detecting a touch position on the screen; input means for inputting a signal to start laser irradiation; mode selection means for selecting one of an irradiation ready mode of enabling the laser irradiation when the signal is input from the input means and a standby mode of locking the laser irradiation even when the signal is input from the input means; and control means for controlling the laser irradiation in accordance with the mode selected by the mode selection means, and locking the laser irradiation when detects a touch within a predetermined area on the screen of the display during the laser irradiation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the objects, advantages and principles of the invention.
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a laser apparatus in an embodiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a main part of an optical system and a control system of the laser apparatus in the embodiment; and
FIG. 3 is an example of a screen of a liquid crystal display of the laser apparatus for setting laser irradiation conditions in the embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A detailed description of a preferred embodiment of a laser apparatus embodying the present invention will now be given referring to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of the laser apparatus in the present embodiment.
A main unit 1 of the laser apparatus is provided at its front with a large-sized liquid crystal display (hereinafter referred to as LCD) 2 of a touch panel-type for displaying various laser irradiation conditions and other. It is to be noted that the touch panel in the present embodiment has a resistance membrane system (which may be either a digital or analog type) capable of detecting a touch position of a finger of an operator in X- and Y-directions (coordinates) of the panel. The thus configured touch panel will show no react even if for example clothes of the operator slightly touch the panel. The main unit 1 is also provided with a fiber cable 4 and a communication cable 5 which are extended from the top of the main unit 1 to a hand piece 3 . An emergency stop button 6 is provided at the front face of the main unit 1 . At the push of this button 6 , supply of electric power to the main unit 1 is shut down.
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of the main part of an optical system and a control system of the laser apparatus. A laser source 10 is constructed of a plurality of diode laser sources each of which emits a treatment laser beam (hereinafter simply referred to as a treatment beam) that is a near-infrared light having a wavelength in the range of 800-820 nm in the present embodiment. This treatment beam is useful for treatments such as laser depilation in which a laser beam is irradiated to hair roots to cauterize them for depilation. The treatment beams emitted from the laser source 10 are condensed by condensing lenses 12 a and introduced into the entrance ends of fibers 13 a . The emergence ends of the fibers 13 a are bound into a bundle as shown in FIG. 2, thereby allowing emission of a treatment beam of high power.
A laser source 11 emits an aiming laser beam (hereinafter simply referred to as an aiming beam) that is a red visible laser beam having a wavelength in the range of 620-650 nm in the present embodiment. The aiming beam emitted from the laser source 11 is condensed by a condensing lens 12 b and introduced into the entrance end of a fiber 13 b . The emergence end of the fiber 13 b is bound with those of the fibers 13 a , whereby to make the aiming beam coaxial with the treatment beam.
The treatment beam and the aiming beam emerged from the emergence ends (i.e., fiber bundle portions) of the bound fibers 13 a and 13 b are then condensed by a group of condensing lenses 14 and introduced into a fiber cable 4 . This fiber cable 4 is connected to the hand piece 3 . Thus, the treatment beam and the aiming beam are introduced into the hand piece 3 through the fiber cable 4 .
Galvano-mirrors 16 a and 16 b are disposed in the hand piece 3 . These galvano-mirrors 16 a and 16 b are driven for causing the treatment beam and the aiming beam to scan a wide area. That is, the treatment beam and the aiming beam introduced into the hand piece 3 are made into parallel luminous flux by a collimator lens 15 , moved or swung in X- and Y-directions by the galvano-mirrors 16 a and 16 b , and thus concentrated on a part to be treated by a condensing lens 17 .
Numeral 18 is a glass plate which will be placed on the treatment part in direct contact therewith during treatment. This glass plate 18 is arranged at the condensing point of the beams by the condensing lens 17 , thus bringing the condensing point into correspondence with the treatment part. The size of the glass plate 18 is so designed to cover all the area to be scanned by the treatment beam and the aiming beam. In treating, an operator holds the hand piece 3 with the glass plate 18 pressed against the treatment part so that the surface of this treatment part becomes equally flat, whereby to uniformly perform laser irradiation to the part.
Numeral 20 is a controller for controlling the whole apparatus. This controller 20 is mainly connected with the LCD 2 , the galvano-mirrors 16 a and 16 b through the communication cable 5 , and a footswitch 21 for generating a laser irradiation start signal (a trigger signal).
FIG. 3 is an example of a screen of the LCD 2 for setting of laser irradiation conditions. In the left section of the screen, there are arranged an energy density display section 30 a which indicates the energy density (J/cm 2 ) of the treatment beam, an irradiation power display section 30 b which indicates the irradiation power (W) of the treatment beam, an irradiation time display section 30 c which indicates the irradiation time (ms) of the treatment beam, an interval time display section 30 d which indicates the interval time (s) in repetitive irradiation, and others.
In the right section of the screen, on the other hand, there are arranged a READY key 32 a for selecting a READY mode, a STANDBY key 32 b for selecting a STANDBY mode, a scanning area information display section 33 which displays the information on an area to be scanned by the treatment beam (shape, size, etc. of the scanning area), an aiming light quantity display section 34 which indicates the luminous intensity of the aiming beam, and others.
If requiring changing of the laser irradiation conditions, the operator touches one of the display sections 30 a - 30 d , 33 , 34 on the screen to select an option or item to be changed, and presses UP/DOWN keys 31 to increase or decrease a set value of the selected option to a desired value. For the shape of the scanning area, the operator presses a SHAPE key 33 a in the display section 33 to select a desired one.
Operation of the laser apparatus having the above configuration will be explained below.
When a surgeon or assistant (which will hereinafter be referred to as an operator) turns on the power of the laser apparatus, the controller 20 runs diagnostic checks on itself before startup. Upon startup, the STANDBY mode is established. In this mode, the STANDBY key 32 b is displayed in a bright color, e.g., orange, while the READY key 32 a in a dark color, e.g., gray. Such the keys 32 a and 32 b allow the operator to easily recognize the current operating mode. In the STANDBY mode, even when the controller 20 receives a trigger signal from the footswitch 21 depressed, the controller 20 does not supply power to the laser source 10 . Thus the treatment beam is not emitted.
Subsequently, the operator controls the keys on the LCD 2 to set the laser irradiation conditions as needed. After completion of preparation for laser irradiation, the operator pushes the READY key 32 a to place the apparatus in the READY mode. Upon turn-on of the READY key 32 a , the controller 20 performs laser a power check (calibration) to detect whether the irradiation power is a predetermined value. When it is determined that the irradiation power is proper, the apparatus is put into the READY mode. In the READY mode, the READY key 32 a is displayed in a bright color, e.g., blue, while the STANDBY key 32 b is displayed in a dark color, e.g., gray. In this mode, when the controller 20 receives a trigger signal from the footswitch 21 , it supplies power to the laser source 10 to emit the treatment beam.
After confirming that the READY mode is established, the operator depresses the footswitch 21 . In response to the trigger signal from the footswitch 21 , the controller 20 causes the laser source 10 to emit the treatment beam under the set irradiation conditions such as the irradiation power. The controller 20 simultaneously drives the galvano-mirrors 16 a and 16 b to cause the treatment beam to scan the predetermined scanning area (shape, size, etc.), thereby irradiating the treatment part.
After the treatment is completed or when changing the laser irradiation conditions is required, the operator has only to touch the screen of the LCD 2 . This establishes the STANDBY mode. It is to be noted that the operator may touch any portion or position on the screen of the LCD 2 besides the keys arranged on the LCD 2 . During the READY mode, the controller 20 recognizes the whole area of the screen of the LCD 2 as a STANDBY key to switch from the READY mode to the STANDBY mode. If any portion except the STANDBY key 32 b is touched, therefore, the controller 20 acts in the same manner that the STANDBY key 32 b is exactly touched.
In the READY mode, as mentioned above, the simple control of touching any portion or position on the LCD 2 by the operator makes it possible to easily switch to the STANDBY mode. Accordingly, the need for searching the STANDBY key 32 b can be eliminated, which can reduce labors of the operator. If a larger LCD 2 is used, its operability can be more improved. In the case of needing emergency stop of the laser irradiation because of some troubles in the patient or operator, the laser irradiation can be stopped with the touch of the screen of the LCD 2 having a wide area by the operator without a search and push of the emergency button 6 . Thus, the operator can correctly easily react in case of emergency.
As described above, according to the above embodiment, the laser apparatus can properly easily be switched from the READY mode to the STANDBY mode.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof.
It is to be noted that the area of the screen of the LCD 2 (the area to be recognized as a STANDBY key) for switching the apparatus from the READY mode to the STANDBY mode is sufficient if it is larger than at least the STANDBY key 32 b . Preferably, the area is determined to be larger including the display sections 30 a - 30 d used as condition setting keys, the key 31 , and others. More preferably, the area recognized as a STANDBY key is determined to be the whole screen of the LCD 2 as in the above embodiment. However, the area is not strictly limited to the whole screen. The area is sufficient if including most of the main area serving as a touch panel.
In the above embodiment, the controller 20 does not supply power to the laser source 10 during the STANDBY mode to thereby lock laser irradiation. Alternatively, a shutter may be inserted on the beam path to lock laser irradiation.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiment chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents. | A laser apparatus for irradiating an object to be irradiated with a laser beam emitted from a laser source is disclosed. The laser apparatus includes a display provided with a screen for displaying laser irradiation conditions, the display being a touch panel type capable of detecting a touch position on the screen; an input device for inputting a signal to start laser irradiation; a mode selector for selecting one of an irradiation ready mode of enabling the laser irradiation when the signal is input from the input device and a standby mode of locking the laser irradiation even when the signal is input from the input device; and a controller for controlling the laser irradiation in accordance with the mode selected by the mode selector, and locking the laser irradiation when detects a touch within a predetermined area on the screen of the display during the laser irradiation. | 2,780 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional Ser. No. 60/483,699, filed Jun. 30, 2003.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention concerns collapsible portable supports as used in camping for chairs, tables, etc. The collapsible design allows these items to be brought along on camping trips since the amount of space required in a vehicle is greatly reduced.
[0003] Camping usually involves cooking and washing of utensils, dishes, etc. Heretofore, washing the dishes has been quite inconvenient when, with the water stored in an often collapsible heavy jug and rinsing and washing in separate dishpan being quite awkward. Dispensing water from a large jug is also itself inconvenient.
[0004] It is an object of the present invention to provide a collapsible two tier support for convenient washing of dishes in a pan on a lower support and dispensing of water from a water jug on an adjacent upper support.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The above object and others which will be understood upon a reading of the following specification and claims are achieved by a two tier collapsible support. The support is formed by four elongated uprights arranged vertically spaced apart and parallel to each other in a rectangle with a fabric panel attached at their upper ends to provide a first generally planar support surface as for holding a water jug. The four uprights have pivoted cross brace sets interconnected to respective pairs of adjacent uprights to be braced in their spaced apart position.
[0006] Four sets of pivoted cross braces, each connected to an adjacent pair of uprights have brace members having a pivotal connection together with the bottom ends of the uprights to connector pieces. The upper ends of the brace members are connected to connector pieces slidable on a respective upright at an intermediate region thereof.
[0007] A second fabric rectangular panel support is connected on one side of one pan of the uprights by an additional three sets of pivoted cross braces, arranged in a rectangle together with one of the cross brace sets interconnecting the uprights. The second fabric panel provides a second panel horizontal support surface at a lower height than the first horizontal support surface and immediately adjacent thereto.
[0008] The entire assemblage can be collapsed laterally to bring all four uprights and cross brace members together by pivoting of the cross brace members.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a two tier collapsible support according to the present invention, with supported items shown in phantom lines.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the two tier collapsible support shown in FIG. 1 .
[0011] FIG. 3 is a front view of the two tier collapsible support shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
[0012] FIG. 4 is a pictorial collapsed view of the collapsible support shown in FIGS. 1 - 3 .
[0013] FIG. 5 is an enlarged pictorial view of one of the short upright cross bracing connector pieces incorporated in the two tier support shown in FIGS. 1-4 , with fragmentary portions of the connected upright and cross bracing member.
[0014] FIG. 6 is an enlarged pictorial view of the rear upright connector-cross bracing connector pieces, with a fragmentary portion of a rear upright and a cross bracing member.
[0015] FIG. 7 is an enlarged pictorial view of a connector piece connecting the forward pair of uprights to members of three adjacent cross bracing sets, with a fragmentary view of the adjacent portions of the upright and cross brace set members.
[0016] FIG. 8 is an enlarged pictorial view of a sliding connector piece fixed to a cross bracing member and slidable on an upright, portions of both shown in fragmentary form.
[0017] FIG. 9 is a fragmentary pictorial view of one corner of fabric panel forming an upper planar support and adjacent portion of an upright.
[0018] FIG. 10 is a fragmentary pictorial view of an inside corner of a fabric panel forming a lower horizontal support and adjacent portions of an upright and cross bracing members.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] In the following detailed description, certain specific terminology will be employed for the sake of clarity and a particular embodiment described in accordance with the requirements of 35 USC 112, but it is to be understood that the same is not intended to be limiting and should not be so construed inasmuch as the invention is capable of taking many forms and variations within the scope of the appended claims.
[0020] Referring to the drawings, and particularly FIGS. 1-4 , a collapsible two tier support 10 according to the invention includes an upper generally planar support surface 12 provided by a rectangular durable (nylon, etc.) fabric panel 14 attached at each corner to an upper end of a respective elongated upright 16 .
[0021] A second lower generally planar support surface 18 is provided adjacent and below the upper support surface 16 by a rectangular fabric panel 20 attached to two forward corners to the top ends of two cross brace members 22 , and at two rear corners to two of the uprights 16 A, 16 B at an intermediate height as well as the upper ends of the cross brace set members interconnecting the uprights 16 A, 16 B.
[0022] A mesh material storage bag 24 can be attached to one side of the lower fabric panel 20 .
[0023] This arrangement provides a planar support for a water jug 26 on the upper support surface 12 above a dishpan 28 on the lower support surface 20 for convenient dishwashing.
[0024] Each pair of the uprights 16 are interconnected by one of four cross brace sets 30 A, B, C, D, respectively mounted between each adjacent pair of uprights 16 by bottom connector pieces 32 A, B and 34 A, B and intermediate connector pieces which comprise inverted connector pieces 32 C, D and 34 C, D.
[0025] Such connector pieces are commercially available and used in other types of collapsible furniture.
[0026] Connector pieces 32 A-D ( FIG. 6 ) comprised molded plastic bodies having a vertical hole 38 able to receive the lower end of an upright 16 (secured with a screw, not shown) and walls 40 , 42 to which the lower ends of two cross brace members 44 are pivotally attached.
[0027] Connector pieces 32 C, D ( FIG. 8 ) are the same as connector pieces 32 A, B but are inverted to receive the upper ends of cross brace members 44 . The uprights 16 C, D pass completely through holes 38 and are slidable thereon.
[0028] Connector pieces 34 A, B ( FIG. 7 ) are also molded plastic bodies which have three vertical walls 46 , 48 , 50 to which are pivotally attached to the lower ends of three cross brace members 44 , and a hole 52 receiving a lower end of an upright 16 A or 16 B.
[0029] Connector pieces 34 C, D are the same but are inverted and slidable on the uprights 16 A, B along an intermediate section thereof.
[0030] There are three forward cross brace sets 30 E, F, G arranged in a rectangle with the forward cross brace set 30 D between uprights 16 C, D.
[0031] The lower ends of formed cross brace members 44 of the cross brace sets are pivotally mounted to connector pieces 32 E, F ( FIG. 5 ) configured the same as connector pieces 32 A-D.
[0032] The lower ends of the rear cross brace members 44 of cross brace sets 30 E, G are secured in connector pieces 34 A, B.
[0033] The upper ends of the forward cross brace members 44 of cross brace sets 30 E, F, G are pivoted to inverted connector pieces 32 G, H.
[0034] The rear upper ends of cross braces 30 E, G are pivotally mounted to connector pieces 34 D, C.
[0035] The fabric panels 14 , 20 each have grommets at their corners ( FIGS. 9, 10 ). The upper fabric panel 20 is secured with headed plastic pieces 58 secured with screws (not shown) passing up through associated connector pieces 32 I, J.
[0036] The entire assemblage can be collapsed by lifting, the same and pushing the uprights 16 and cross braces 30 E, F, G together in both orthogonal horizontal directions, to the greatly compacted condition shown in FIG. 4 .
[0037] This allows for convenient storage and transport to provide a practical use in camping expeditions. | A collapsible two tier support as for use in camping dishwashing is formed by four uprights connected by pivoted cross brace sets and having a fabric panel defining on upper support connected to the tops. Additional cross brace sets support a second fabric panel at a lower level adjacent the uprights. The entire assemblage is collapsible by pivoting action of the cross brace members. | 1,496 |
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