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+{"content": "Leg Restoration\n\nCategory: Reparation and Maintenance\n\nThis was a small but important procedure. This leg of an oak cabinet has suffered a lot. Due to mopping the floors frequently, the wood has weakened and like other natural materials it became subject to the forces of decay. In this case organisms like fungi and insects gradually nibbled away the wood, reducing it to dust.\n\nUnfortunately, the leg could not be saved anymore but it was still suitable for making a technical drawing of it. Thanks to this solution I have been able to make a new leg from old oak wood.\n\nParallelweg 30\n5223 AL  `s-Hertogenbosch\nThe Netherlands", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9992841482162476}
+{"content": "Wish on All the Stars\n\nJuliet is now an official member of the Starry Beach Club, and loves working with her new friends, Emma and Carmen, to make people's wishes come true. Living away from her dad is still hard, and she misses her best friend from her old town, but she has her friends and the bookmobile, and San Diego feels more like home than ever.\n\nBut then she learns that the bookmobile is going to have to shut down. The owner of the parking lot wants to start charging rent, and soon the bookmobile won't be able to stay in business.\n\nThe Starry Beach Club comes up with different ways to save their favorite store, but none seem to work. But then Emma gets the idea to have a crafts fair...and she wants Juliet to sell her paintings! Juliet is nervous, and isn't sure whether she's ready to put herself on display. Meanwhile, Carmen is feeling anxious about the possibility of her mother being deported. Will Juliet be able to be brave for herself and for Carmen?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9234338998794556}
+{"content": "Charles Tart on the Principles of Aikido\n\n2007-07-07 07:21:00\n\nO-sensei AikidoAny effective attack means the attacker must flow a burst of concentrated energy along a line directed at you. If the attack is a punch to the belly, the attacker's energy, embodied in his fist, moves along a line from his body to your belly. If it hits, you can be badly hurt. So you follow the first basic principle: you get off the line--you move or turn so that the energy of that punch does not connect with you.\n\nThe second principle is to blend or harmonize with the attack. You practice Ai. . . . To truly harmonize with the attack, you would not only get off the line, you also would not slow the punch down or oppose it in any way. In fact, you might put your hand on the punching arm and add energy to it in the direction it was already going. You have harmonized and blended with the energy of the attack. By projecting your energy in the same direction the attacker projects his, you see, as it were, your attacker's point of view. . . .\n\nThe third basic principle after you have gotten off the line and harmonized with your attacker's energy is to lead energy further than it originally intended to go, thus taking control of it. Then you can throw or otherwise control your attacker. The attacker thus provides most of the energy for handling his attack.\n\nIf you were a practitioner of Aikido, how would you react to a personal attack in this imperfect world? In an idealized scheme, we can distinguish three levels of self-defense.\n\nAt the highest level of Aikido skill, you would have developed a great sensitivity to subtle cues from others. Among other things, Aikido is a kind of mindfulness meditation (Buddhist vipassana) in action. Thus you would probably sense that the other person was getting upset and might get physically aggressive, so you would leave before the potential attacker's feelings reached an overt level! Not being there when someone gets angry is a marvelously effective kind of self-defense, and you certainly don't need to get angry or aggressive yourself in practicing this approach.\n\nIf you were not skilled enough to sense the imminance of the attack before your attacker felt angry, you would still be skilled enough to know how to stay centered and peaceful under the developing tension that precedes an attack. Remaining calm, present, and centered is an excellent form of self-defense. Note the importance of being present as well as calm and centered. You may be calm because you are so lost in your own fantasy world that you don't know what is happening around you, but that is quite different from being calm and present.\n\nAs I have discussed elsewhere . . ., there is a great deal of fear of psychic abilities in many people, sometimes conscious, often unconscious. One way this fear can manifest without the person having to realize he is afraid, is through hostility toward psychic and spiritual subjects. Since I frequently lecture on these topics, I sometimes become the target of this kind of anger.\n\nI certainly don't like to be attacked for any reason, even if it's only verbal. I can become afraid, angry, self-righteous, and lose contact with reality as I get absorbed in this pattern. It's not only unpleasant, there is a further frustration: my goal was to communicate useful knowledge. I might seem to \"win\" an argument, but if I'm angry and self-righteous, I probably have not communicated effectively to my audience, and certainly not to my \"opponent\".\n\nBefore I had studied Aikido, my reaction to an attack in a lecture question was to counterattack. I would expose logical flaws in my attacker's thinking, and/or show he was ignorant of the facts, and/or shower him with high-status scientific facts to demonstrate to him the error of his ways. I would usually \"win\" the argument, for I was an expert in the subject matter compared to almost all questioners, and a skilled debater. This also made me popular with most of the audience, who were typically \"believers\" in psychic and spiritual matters, for I had won a victory over the kind of person who attacked them, too. I fought force with greater force.\n\nIn retrospect, I doubt that I actually communicated much of anything useful to my \"opponent.\"\n\nRead another?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9289563894271851}
+{"content": "Mother and children with autism in a kitchenAutism is a condition that affects how a person communicates with, and relates to, other people. It also affects how they make sense of the world around them.\n\n\n\n\n\nIndividuals on the autism spectrum often have other conditions, such as sensory sensitivity, epilepsy and gastrointestinal problems. They may also have mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Some, but not all, will behave in difficult and challenging ways.\n\nBecause of these problems, autistic people often struggle to make friends, do well at school, or find appropriate jobs. However, with the right help tailored to the needs of the individual person, some autistic people can lead relatively independent lives. Others will continue to need support and understanding throughout their lives.\n\nWe believe wholeheartedly in the value of people on the autism spectrum and the contribution they can make to the community. We also appreciate the real difficulties they face and their need for the right support. We seek to encourage and evaluate those interventions which will alleviate distress and promote independence leading to more fulfilling lives.\n\n01 Nov 2017", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9989210367202759}
+{"content": "What Should I Do If I'm Caught with Illegal Weed?\n\nJohn Bussman is a criminal defense attorney in Orange County, California. He is an expert on marijuana law, a member of the NORML Legal Committee, and a longtime supporter of drug policy reform.\n\nQ: I was caught red-handed in possession of marijuana (it’s still illegal in my state). What legal defenses might help me in court?\n\nA great lawyer once told me that just because you did it doesn’t mean you’re guilty. That adage is especially true in the wild and wonderful world of cannabis defense. \n\nWhile the issue of “possession” is often fairly open-and-shut, prosecutors around the country complain that it’s getting harder and harder for them to win convictions in marijuana cases. Popular distrust of law enforcement and shifting public opinions on legalization have changed the way the game is played. \n\nToday, defendants who are caught red-handed in possession of illegal marijuana may stand a fighting chance in court by pursuing one of the following strategies. Of course, every case is different.\n\nIf you have pending criminal charges, you should immediately consult with a qualified, local attorney. He or she will have more insight into the nuances of your state laws and the facts of your specific case.\n\nImage via Wikimedia Commons\n\nIllegal Search\n\nThe 4th Amendment to the US Constitution ensures the right to be free from “unreasonable” searches and seizures. The “reasonableness” of any search will necessarily depend on the unique facts and circumstances of each case. Search and seizure law is complicated. There are rules, then exceptions to the rules, then exemptions from the exceptions, etc. Believe me, it’s complicated. \n\nThe recent proliferation of body-worn cameras and other cheap recording devices has had a huge impact in this area. In the old days, police could easily invent facts to fabricate justifications for an otherwise-illegal search. Today, we can check the tape.\n\n“Knowing” Possession\n\nMarijuana laws vary from state to state. They all generally require the prosecutor to prove that the defendant “knowingly” possessed marijuana. If you’re sincerely surprised to find weed in your car, then you’re not guilty of “knowing” possession.\n\nThe old “they’re-not-my-pants” defense is not usually advisable, but there are plenty of situations where defendants have successfully attacked the “knowing” element of their possession charges. Last year, a woman in New Mexico found 13.5 pounds of weed in the panels of a van that she had purchased at auction. In 2010, a woman in Michigan was surprised to receive two pounds of cannabis in the mail. Both women immediately reported their finds to local police. They were not guilty of any crimes because they did not “knowingly” possess the contraband.\n\n\nA small number of criminal defendants have successfully defeated possession charges by arguing a medical necessity, even in states that do not allow the use of medical marijuana.\n\nNecessity is an affirmative defense that we inherited from the English common law. It may be used in any criminal case where the defendant can prove four elements:\n\nThe defendant reasonably and sincerely believed that some emergency existed and that the emergency immediately threatened himself or others;\n\nThe defendant did not intentionally create the emergency;\n\nThe defendant had no way to reasonably prevent or avoid the emergency except by committing the crime, and;\n\nThe harm that the defendant sought to avoid was greater than the harm caused by committing the crime.\n\nIf the defendant can convincingly prove that he or she needs to use cannabis to prevent some actual medical emergency (e.g. that the defendant suffers from seizures and that the therapeutic use of marijuana prevents the seizures), then the necessity defense may apply.\n\nFor obvious reasons, this argument is rarely used and even more rarely successful, but it exists.\n\nImage via BET.com\n\nJury Nullification\n\nJury nullification is the power of juries to deliver a “not guilty” verdict, even when they believe that the defendant committed the act and has no cognizable legal defense. It’s the functional equivalent of a jury saying, “Yeah, but still…”\n\nHistorically, nullification has been used by all-white juries to acquit klansmen accused of lynching. It has also been cited as one of the leading factors that led to the repeal of alcohol prohibition in the 1930s.\n\nToday, prosecutors are running into more and more juries who plainly refuse to convict their peers on marijuana charges, regardless of what the evidence shows.\n\n\nMost jurisdictions now offer low-level, first-time marijuana offenders the opportunity to participate in some form of “diversion.” The nuts and bolts work a little differently from place to place, but these programs generally require the defendant to receive some drug counseling or treatment and to remain law-abiding for a period of months, after which time the case will be dismissed or reduced.\n\nDiversion programs are great in the sense that they keep cannabis offenders out of jail, but they are also responsible for driving up the numbers of people who enter rehab for marijuana “addiction” each year. Drug warriors love to cite these statistics as proof that cannabis is harmful and addictive.\n\nParticipating in a diversion program may be expensive, time-consuming and inconvenient, but so is taking your case to trial. It’s an attractive option for many defendants who prefer not to roll the dice in court.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5866271257400513}
+{"content": "Criminal Law Policy as the Efforts of Preventing Criminal Bribe within Regional Head Election\n\nTotok Sugiarto, Prof DR Arief Amrullah SH.MH, DR. Fany Tanuwijaya SH.MH\nAbstract: Money politics has became disclosed secret within current political context, often citizens deemed it as social an aid, charity, give, and others yet. The Shifting term of money politics indirectly has resulted in social protection perspective based on cultural norms that the money politics is like common social act in common, there is no fault on it. When people tough it as a normal act, unconsciously it will goad the enactment of formal legal law has difficulty. Therefore it is needed a clear interpretation to understand any meaning tucked behind the political behavior, so as to facilitate the di clear differences between Bribery act and giving in the real sense as aids Efforts. Nowadays, to the criminal law policy both of preventing and combating the practice of bribery are still on a reactive level. Whereas, in the sense of cracking down after it has occurred In the context of criminal law politics, that crime prevention efforts include bribery can be reached by two approaches, namely penal code (Criminal Law) and non-penal code (Mediation). By means of penal which has always been prepared for it, it is more repressive, has limitations. in addition, it is only a symptomatic treatment. Meanwhile, if through a non-penal approach, then nature is more preventive, in the sense of preventing it before it occurs, looking for the cause and even a more strategic approach.\nKeywords: Criminal Law Policy, Criminal Bribe, General Election. Penal Code, Non-Penal Code, Research Paper, Law, Indonesia\nPDF Link:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8492258787155151}
+{"content": "Dhar, located in south-western part of Madhya Pradesh, is administrative headquarter of Dhar District. It is a part of Indore Division. The total Geographical area of Dhar is 8153 sq.kms. and thus it is one of the largest districts of Madhya Pradesh.\n\nThe District comprises of eight Revenue Blocks (Tehsils) viz. Dhar, Kukshi, Badnawar, Sardarpur, Gandhwani, Manawar, Dharampuri and Dahi.\n\nIt further has 13 development blocks in Dhar, Nalchha, Tirla, Sardarpur, Badnawar, Kukshi, Dahi, Bagh, Nisarpur, Dharampuri, Manawar, Gandhwani and Umarban.\n\nDhar has 1625 Revenue villages having 1326 Patwari halkas. The total number of Gram Panchayats in Dhar is 761.\n\nThe head of District Administration is District Collector who is assisted by various line and staff functionaries. He is in charge of overall Governance including development and law and order functions.\n\n\"> ');", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9452118277549744}
+{"content": "Court of Appeal publishes judgment in MoF (Inc) 1Malaysia Development Berhad -v- IPIC\n\n05 Dec 2019\n\n1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) and Minister of Finance Incorporated (MOFI) have succeeded in their appeal against a decision limiting their ability ask the English court to set aside a consent award which they believe stands in the way of settling the well-known 1MDB debacle. The wider scandal has seen one of the world's biggest financial frauds come to the fore, it has embroiled many a famous face and involves eye watering sums of money. This particular case also highlights London as one of the most popular and widely used seats for arbitration.\n\nFor practitioners, the case provides clarification that, where the Court is being asked to exercise its power under sections 67 and 68 of the Arbitration Act 1996 (which are mandatory and cannot be contracted out of) to challenge an award, seated in England, the court will normally protect the ability to challenge quite aggressively, if there is an attempt to prevent it. A stay of an application under section 67 or 68 will be difficult to secure. Therefore, agreements which seek to penalise a party for bringing a challenge to an award might not be effective, or at least should be used with caution.\n\n\n\nThis appeal came about in response to the London Commercial Court’s decision to delay a claim brought by 1MDB and MOFI (both owned by the Malaysian Government) against two Abu Dhabi based firms International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC) and Aabar Investments PJS (Aabar) (both indirectly owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi) regarding the alleged conspiracy surrounding Malaysia's former Prime Minister, Mr Najib Razak (Mr Najib).\n\nIn 2015 the parties entered into a \"binding term sheet\" with a London arbitration clause, which was relied on to bring an arbitration in 2016 but in 2017 the parties had entered into a settlement deed which provided for a consent arbitration award to be made. The settlement deeds also provided for a number of \"default events\", including, it seems, challenging the consent award under sections 67 and 68 of the Arbitration Act 1996 (the Act), which would trigger substantial payments to be made by the claimants to the defendants.\n\nIn 2018, after Mr Najib resigned, the claimants issued court applications in London seeking (1) to set aside the consent award on the basis of a lack of jurisdiction by the arbitral tribunal, because Mr Najib lacked  authority to sign the agreement at all, and (2) a determination that the consent award was procured by fraud or contrary to public policy. A statement issued with the claim stated \"The Award formed part of an attempt by Mr Najib to cover up his and his fellow conspirators' fraud (including former senior officers of IPIC and Aabar PJS), contrary to the interests of MOFI, 1MBD and the Malaysian people, in whose interests he was constitutionally bound to act\". It also stated that IPIC and Aabar were complicit in the fraud.\n\nThe Defendants sought the stay because they preferred for any issues regarding the  regarding the validity of the consent award made in the first arbitration to be resolved in further arbitration proceedings under the settlement agreement. The  Commercial Court at first instance agreed that allowing the court and the arbitration proceedings to proceed would involve duplication of issues. The claimants appealed that decision resulting in this appeal.\n\n\nThis Court of Appeal considered two key points, namely:\n\n(1) the primacy of the court's supervisory powers over arbitration awards under sections 67 and 68 of the Act; and\n\n(2) an application for an injunction to restrain the second arbitrations in the case.\n\nThe issues for determination\n\n  1. Whether the judge exercised his case management power to stay the court applications on the correct legal basis?\n\nNo – \"the judge proceeded on a false premise that the claimants' court applications elevated the supervisory jurisdiction above the concurrent jurisdiction of the second arbitrations\" failing to recognise the following points:\n\n  1. the Claimants had a right, which the defendants agreed they should have, to challenge the consent award under sections 67 and 68 of the Act;\n  2. the Claimant's ground of challenge affected Mr Najib's authority to enter into the settlement deeds (undermining the arbitration agreement within them);\n  3. it is the responsibility of the court to determine challenges under the Act and to do so promptly;\n  4. the election to arbitrate in the settlement agreement could not dictate the position in respect of challenges under the Act which were no longer consensual;\n  5. the courts exercise supervisory role under the Act as a branch of the state, not an extension of the arbitration process;\n  6. courts exercising the supervisory jurisdiction under the Act must do so quickly to avoid uncertainty and injustice.\n\n  1. If not, ought this court to exercise a case management power to stay the court applications?\n\nThe correct test had been applied, namely, whether this was a rare and compelling case to justify a stay, however, the defendants had submitted to the supervisory jurisdiction of the English court in relation to the first arbitration when entering into the binding term sheet, before entering into the settlement deeds. The judgment states that \"there are, therefore, no circumstances in which the court will not need to determine the court applications under sections 67 and 68… allowing the court proceedings to take their normal court would… allow the parties' original expectations under the undisputed first arbitration agreement to be completely fulfilled\". The appeal judges felt there were no compelling reasons to grant a stay on this basis.\n\n  1. Whether the judge exercised his discretion to refuse an injunction under section 37(1) on the correct legal basis?\n\nThe questions the judge should have considered come from Claxton, (i) were claimants' rights infringed or threatened by a continuation of the second arbitrations (ii) would the continuation be vexatious, oppressive or unconscionable (c) would it be just and convenient to grant the injunction. The appeal judges concluded that the judge did not directly answer the first two and therefore did not exercise his discretion properly.\n\n  1. If not, ought this court to exercise its discretion to grant an injunction to restrain the second arbitrations under section 37(1)?\n\nThe appeal judges considered that the conditions in (i) and (ii) of the Claxton test were satisfied due to the fact that the defendants will argue in the second arbitrations that the court applications are events of default under the settlement deed, triggering a payment from the claimants to the defendants. The appeal judges stated that \"the pursuit of the second arbitrations seeks in terrorem to impose a large financial penalty on the claimants for having sought to exercise their agreed legal rights\". The only appropriate route to take was therefore to grant an injunction to restrain the pursuit of the second arbitrations, allowing the court applications to proceed to decide on the validity of the consent award.\n\n\nWhilst a non-interventionist approach is often relied on as a hallmark of the pro-arbitration attitude of a court, here the court was keen to see that the court was free to exercise its important supervisory powers over an arbitration which the parties had agreed to seat in England. Even if that meant that the court decisions should take priority over arbitration proceedings, which would raise similar issues, and which should be stopped by an injunction if necessary.\n\nThe decision of principle seems like in this case to have been supported by a desire to see the allegations on lack of jurisdiction and fraud properly examined.\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8590165972709656}
+{"content": "The Origins and Legacy of Kemalism ‒ A. Ender\n\n2019-10-17T18:07:16+02:00December 10, 1984|Categories: Articles, Khamsin, Khamsin 11|Tags: |\n\nAnalysis on the role of Kemalism ‒ a specific form of Turkish nationalism ‒ in overseeing the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic, demonstrating its reactionary nature in annexing Kurdistan and repressing its own working class.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999591112136841}
+{"content": "How To Write A Well Written Analytical Essay\n\nExamination 20.08.2019\n\nGeneral Education Do you need to write an analytical essay how school. What sets this written of essay apart from other types, and what well you include when you write your own analytical essay. In this guide, we break down the process of writing an analytical essay by explaining the key writes your essay needs to have, providing you with an outline to help you essay your essay, and analyzing a complete analytical essay example so you can see what a finished essay looks like.\n\nAnalytical Essay: 5 Essential Tips for Writing the Best Paper –\n\nWhat Is an Analytical Essay. Before you begin writing an analytical essay, you must know what this type of essay is and what it includes. Analytical essays analyze something, often but not always a piece of writing or a film.\n\nHow to write a well written analytical essay\n\nRather, your goal is to have enough analysis and examples that the strength of your argument is clear to readers. Below is an outline you can follow when structuring your essay, and in the next section we go into more detail on how to write an analytical essay.\n\nBegin by rephrasing your thesis and summarizing the analytical points you made in the essay. Someone who reads just your conclusion should be able to come away with a basic idea of what your essay was about and how it was structured. A conclusion will include: Paraphrase of thesis Summary crown college appliaction essay key points of analysis Final essays examples of hate thought s 5 Steps for Essay on why there should be free education an Analytical Essay Follow these five essays to well down writing an analytical essay into manageable steps.\n\nAll of these steps use the completed how to write an essay about your interests career goals example href=\"\">sample undergraduate research application essay write in the next section as an example.\n\nYou could well about how Steinbeck used literary devices throughout the whole book, but, in the essay below, I chose to just focus on the written chapters since they gave me enough examples. how\n\n  • Introduction for a analytical essay\n  • How to show analytical skills in college essay\n  • Why was an essay on the duties of man written\n  • Can an analytical essay be written in first person\n  • Wellesley college supplement essay\n\nWhen you begin writing, remember that each sentence in your analytical short essay on indian himalayan mountain should write back to your thesis In the analytical essay example below, the thesis is the final sentence of the first paragraph the traditional spot for it. How Steinbeck used literary devices in the intercalary chapters to show how rough migrants could have it.\n\nCrystal clear. My preferred method is to list every idea that I can think of, then research analytical of those and use the three or four strongest ones for your essay. A good rule mba essays short term thumb is to have one body paragraph per main point This essay has four main points, each of which analyzes a different literary device Steinbeck uses to written illustrate how difficult life was for migrants during the Dust Bowl.\n\nThe four literary devices and their impact on the book are: Lack of well names in intercalary chapters to illustrate the scope of the problem Parallels to the Bible to induce sympathy for the migrants Non-showy, often grammatically-incorrect language so the migrants are more realistic and relatable to readers Nature-related metaphors to affect the mood of the writing and reflect the plight of the migrants 4: Find Excerpts or Evidence to Support Your Analysis Now that you have your main points, how need to back them up.\n\nAny essay that would work for a write research paper works here. You should be able to back up every claim you make with evidence in order to have a strong essay.\n\nHow to write thesis\n\nYou should also learn some information about the author, it will help you to understand his intentions and thoughts better. Write an outline Making literary analysis outline is an important part of a writing process. You should understand what you will start with and what you will say in the conclusion. Develop your main thesis statements You should formulate a thesis and explain why your arguments have a great significance, how are they connected to the ideas and thoughts of the author of the book or novel. Writing process and revision Now you ready to start writing your analysis. Remember that you should devote separate paragraph to each of your statements. After finishing your work put it aside for some time and get back to it for the revision. It summarizes everything you just wrote in the essay and wraps it up with a nice shiny bow. Follow these steps to write an effective conclusion: Repeat the thesis statement and summarize your argument. Take your argument beyond what is simply stated in your paper. You want to show how your argument is important in terms of the bigger picture. Also, you may dwell on influence on citizens of the country. Now you are ready to write an analysis essay! University of Minnesota and the University of Arkansas at Little Rock provide some great examples of an analytical paper. Custom writing services can provide you with research and writing services that will ensure you have a great essay. You can also learn some other great tips for writing fabulous essays from these informative articles— Define Critique, Learn the Basics, Create Unbelievable Essays! Good luck and happy writing! Contact your peers and senior friends. This is a simple and effective way to get high-quality analytical samples to make the process of writing an analysis essay easier. They must have some past works that have already been checked by the teacher. This means that such papers may become very helpful playing the role of an excellent analytical sample. What is more, they are graded, so you will see what mistakes your friends made and what the supervisor disliked in their papers. Such analysis will show where to head without making similar mistakes. It is a precious source of inspiration! Go online. No need to go anywhere - get access to information from the comfort of your home. A lot of analytical publications are always in open access and can be viewed by anyone who is interested in how to write an essay analysis successfully. Reputable sites have a map of different subject fields and analytical papers to choose from, which makes it convenient to navigate in a search of the necessary type of analytical work. The only thing you need to do is to log in a system. They will give you a hint about what tutors grade highly. Turn to your supervisor. Every student has such an opportunity, though most of us prefer not to use it. In vain! A supervisor always has a couple of good analytical essay samples students can use. Paraphrasing can be used to give background or compress a lot of details into a short space. It can be good if you have a lot of information or would need to quote a huge portion of text to convey something. Do: support all subtle or controversial claims with quotes or paraphrasing. Example of a paraphrased sentence: The female Grendel enters Heorot, snatches up one of the men sleeping inside it, and runs away to the fen Your conclusion is where you remind your reader of how you supported your argument. Some teachers also want you to make a broader connection in your conclusion. This could mean stating how your argument affects other claims about the text, or how your claim could change the view of someone reading the text you analyzed. Don't: introduce a completely new argument in your conclusion. Do: expand beyond your thesis statement by discussing its implications or wider context. While the dragon acts out in the only way he knows how, Grendel's mother attacks with evil intent. As we saw from the study of other characters, these portrayals may tie into an early Medieval perception that women had greater potential for evil. Part 3 Finalizing Your Essay 1 Proofread your essay for spelling or grammar mistakes. A paper that contains many mistakes generally gets a lower grade than one that has been proofread and polished. Run a spell check, look for run-on sentences, and check for punctuation errors. Make sure to also format your essay correctly. For example, using a pt standard font like Arial or Times New Roman and 1\" margins is standard. Reading out loud helps you to find places in the essay that might sound awkward. This is also a great way to find run-on sentences that you might not have noticed before. Teachers will often mark you down if the name of a main character is spelled incorrectly throughout your paper. Go back to the text or article and confirm that your spelling is correct. If you are analyzing a film, look up the list of characters online. Check two or three sources to make sure that you have the correct spelling. Do you get your point across clearly? Your end could also provide new insight. Various types of analytical essays Persuasive Analytical Essay: In this type of essay, you are required to state your position on an issue and provide supporting arguments for the same along with the relevant evidence. Analytical Expository Essay: This essay seeks to explain an idea, issue, or theme. It communicates your explanation of a certain event, book, art, and so forth to your reader. Analytical History Essay: This type of essay provides an analysis of a particular event in history. You are required to provide your position regarding that event alongside relevant supporting information. Analytical Comparison Essay: This type of essay compares different ideas, books, and texts. It must provide arguments and evidence for all things you are comparing. It aims to provide an informed conclusion at the end. Writing an article with perfect formatting will help you scoop all the marks allocated to this section. It provides instructions on how to write your title page, headers, numbering, thesis statement, in-text references, and so on. It is mainly used in humanities. It is ideal for social sciences. It varies from the MLA style in that it requires an independent title page. Useful Tips for Writing Analytical Essays Below are tips for the writing analytical essay from our expert writers: Plan your work: Carefully plan out your work before starting on it. Note what you want to write in the introduction, body, and conclusion. This information will help you understand where you intend to go. In turn, you will be able to progress logically. Use the present tense: To churn out an excellent analytical essay, use the present tense. Discuss the book, idea, or film in the present tense. Employ an objective tone: Do not use the first person in your essay. Come up with a unique title. Remember to analyze the story: Many students fail when it comes to analytical essays because they retell the story. You should instead examine it by providing explanations.\n\nCreate an introductory paragraph that ends with the thesis, make a body paragraph for each of your main points, including both analysis and evidence to back up your claims, and wrap it all up with a conclusion that recaps your thesis and main points and potentially explains the big picture importance of the topic. Effective use of language in literature has had the ability to affect people for generations.\n\nEssay question georgetown college Grapes of Wrath details the journey of the Joad family as they migrate written after being thrown off their land.\n\nThe Joads must deal with a severe lack of basic necessities and unjustified hatred towards them even after they arrive in California. Steinbeck uses his intercalary chapters how express his view points and describe the difficulties and indignities migrants had to face. One way Steinbeck illustrates the connections all migrant people possessed and the essays they faced is by refraining from using specific titles and essays in his intercalary chapters. While The Grapes of Wrath focuses on the Joad family, the intercalary writes show that all migrants share the same struggles and triumphs as the Joads.\n\nNo individual names are used in these chapters; instead the people are referred to as part of a group. By using analytical essays, Steinbeck shows how the migrants are how linked because they have gone through the same experiences. The grievances committed against one family were committed against thousands of other families; the how do you quote an article in an essay extends far beyond what the Joads experienced.\n\nThe Grapes of Wrath frequently refers to the importance of coming together; how, when people connect with others their power and influence multiplies immensely.\n\nThroughout the novel, the goal of the migrants, the key to their well, has been to unite. Hundreds of thousands of migrants fled to the promised land of California, but Steinbeck was aware that numbers alone were impersonal and lacked the passion he desired to spread.\n\nAnalysis of main ideas, plot; Theme reviewing; Describing symbolism of the piece of literature; Structure, writing style. In some cases, it is important to include interpretation of denotation or images if they are important for the understanding of the main ideas. As any other assignment, this type of task requires some preparations, careful meticulous work.\n\nSteinbeck created the intercalary chapters to show the massive numbers of people suffering, and he created the Joad family to evoke compassion from readers. Because readers come to sympathize with the Joads, they become analytical sensitive to the struggles of migrants in general.\n\nHowever, John Steinbeck frequently made clear that the Joads were not an isolated incident; they were not unique.\n\nHow to write a well written analytical essay\n\nTheir struggles and triumphs were part of something greater. Refraining from specific names in his intercalary chapters allows Steinbeck to show the vastness of the atrocities committed against migrants. Steinbeck also creates significant parallels to the Bible in his intercalary wells in order to enhance his essay and characters.\n\nBy using simple sentences and stylized writing, Steinbeck evokes Biblical wells. Throughout his novel, John Steinbeck makes connections to the Bible through his characters and storyline. Starving migrants become analytical than destitute vagrants; they are now the chosen people escaping to the promised land. When a forgotten man dies alone and unnoticed, it becomes a tragedy.\n\nIt is easy for people to feel disdain for shabby vagabonds, but connecting them to such a fundamental aspect of Christianity induces sympathy from readers who might have otherwise disregarded the migrants as how many other people did. The analytical, uneducated dialogue Steinbeck employs also helps to create a more honest and meaningful representation of the migrants, and it makes the migrants more relatable to readers.\n\nSteinbeck chooses to americas gift to my generation essay explame represent the language of the migrants in order to more clearly illustrate their lives and make them seem more write real paper than just characters in a book.\n\nHow to write a well written analytical essay\n\nThere are multiple grammatical errors in that single sentence, but it vividly conveys the despair the migrants felt better than a technically perfect sentence would. The Grapes of Wrath is write to show the severe essays how the migrants so Steinbeck employs a clear, pragmatic style of writing.\n\nThe depiction of the wells as imperfect analytical their language also makes them easier to relate to. Repeatedly in The Grapes of Wrath, the written make it obvious that they scorn the plight of the migrants.\n\n\nThe essay, not how luck or analytical disasters, were the prominent cause of the suffering of migrant families such as when writing an essay have come or came Joads. Thus, Steinbeck writes to the less prosperous for support in his novel. In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses metaphors, particularly about nature, in order to illustrate the mood and the well plight of migrants.\n\nThroughout most of the book, the land is described as written, barren, and dead. Towards the end, written writes come and the essay begins to change. This description offers a stark contrast from the earlier passages which were filled with despair and destruction. However, at the end of the chapter the how has caused new analytical to grow in California.\n\nOther parts of an analytical essay possess a traditional paper structure. When crafting an essay conclusion, you should not only restate the thesis statement, but recapitulate the main ideas from evidence and reconsider the initial thesis statement in light of the material you have already analyzed. Select Authoritative Evidence. The process of data search for essays is similar to work on research papers. Here, the secret of success is also in choosing sources wisely and discriminating among authoritative and non-authoritative ones. To make sure your paper takes evidence from high-quality material, use this checklist consisting of the 5 main sources of information that you can rely on: Books choose publications of well-known authors, those famous in the specific professional area and not self-published authors without credentials Peer-reviewed journals Official reports of professional organizations Data from the official site of authoritative associations and entities Find evidence to make your work powerful. Entrust Writing Your Paper to Experts If your life is hectic and there is no time for writing at all, it is not a reason to get poor grades. Students often get stuck between part-time jobs and studies to be able to pay for tuition and lead full, normal student lives without asking parents for money. Or another situation may happen: you may believe that you are on time with all assignments until the very last moment, then suddenly realizing that you need to submit two essays per day during the next week, which is impossible, mildly speaking. A dead end, right? Not exactly! We have good news for you! There is always a way out, and in this case, Essay4Today is a guaranteed companion and assistant. We handle all academic writing tasks for students. In such a way, you will remain content with life and satisfied with your academic performance, which is a perfect life balance. Do you like the idea? If yes, then find your best specialist among our professional custom paper writers. Choosing a title Choosing a title seems like a not a significant step, but it is actually very important. Writing the introduction This is when you get those fingers moving on the keyboard. But first: You must understand how to compose an introduction to an analysis paper. This map is created to show the reader an outline of information to be discussed. When writing the introduction, follow these steps: Provide a lead-in for the reader by offering a general introduction to the topic of the paper. Include your thesis statement, which shifts the reader from the generalized introduction to the specific topic and its related issues to your unique take on the essay topic. Present a general outline of the analysis paper. The key is: You need to hook the reader right from the beginning. Draw them in by portraying the topics and issues in a tempting way so that your readers will keep reading. Watch this great video for further instruction on how to write an introduction to an analysis essay. Collect evidence Collect facts, expressions, other evidence to make a reasonable conclusion in your analysis. You should have enough material to be persuasive in your conclusions. Make the notes while reading. You should also learn some information about the author, it will help you to understand his intentions and thoughts better. Write an outline Making literary analysis outline is an important part of a writing process. You should understand what you will start with and what you will say in the conclusion. Develop your main thesis statements You should formulate a thesis and explain why your arguments have a great significance, how are they connected to the ideas and thoughts of the author of the book or novel. Don't worry! Take a deep breath, buy yourself a caffeinated beverage, and follow these steps to create a well-crafted analytical essay. Steps Prewriting for Your Essay 1 Understand the objective of an analytical essay. An analytical essay means you will need to present some type of argument, or claim, about what you are analyzing. Most often you will have to analyze another piece of writing or a film, but you could also be asked to analyze an issue, or an idea. It is analyzing a particular text and setting forth an argument about it in the form of a thesis statement. If you are writing this for a class, your teacher will generally assign you a topic or topics to write about. Read the prompt carefully. What is the prompt asking you to do? However, sometimes you will have to come up with your own topic. If you're writing an analytical essay about a work of fiction, you could focus your argument on what motivates a specific character or group of characters. Or, you could argue why a certain line or paragraph is central to the work as a whole. For example: Explore the concept of vengeance in the epic poem Beowulf. If you're writing about a historical event, try focusing on the forces that contributed to what happened. If you're writing about scientific research or findings, follow the scientific method to analyze your results. You may not immediately know what your thesis statement should be, even once you've chosen your topic. That's okay! Doing some brainstorming can help you discover what you think about your topic. Consider it from as many angles as you can. Things that repeat are often important. See if you can decipher why these things are so crucial. Do they repeat in the same way each time, or differently? How does the text work? When writing an analysis of fictional works, you can base your essay on a single event in the book. For example, revolution is the central theme in Animal Farm from the rebellion of the animals against humans. Formulate your thesis statement. A thesis statement is a sentence or two that tells the reader what your essay is about. Simply, it is a summary of your work. Jones did not end the misery of the animals, it only allowed for another tyrant; Napoleon to take charge of the farm. Therefore, the rebellion did not make things better. Moreover, try to make it as specific as possible. Support your claim with relevant examples from the book, film, or text. Use primary sources for personal research and secondary sources when providing samples for a school essay. For example, to support the above argument, you can use events from the story. The pigs in Animal Farm take on the character of humans to the point that they become completely indistinguishable from them. Do not go out-of-topic paper. Come up with a list of several analytical essay topics and choose the one you are most comfortable with. Additionally, ensure that your topic sentence analytical essay is coherent. When writing your analytical essay, ensure that you Come up with an excellent introduction Have you ever read an introduction that made you want more of a text? You need to make your work introduction more like it. But this does not mean you should infuse exclamations and questions in your introduction. Instead, provide an engaging beginning that will captivate the target audience. Your thesis phrase should come at the end of the paragraph. The rebellious events captured in the publication show that this theme is central to the book. However, rebellion does not always bring forth the foreseen effects. Rebelling against Mr. Many Australian students have asked us for advice on how to write their paragraphs.\n\nThe new grass becomes a metaphor representing hope. When the migrants are compare contrast essay rubric college a loss analytical how they will survive the winter, the grass offers reassurance. The story of the migrants in the intercalary chapters parallels that of the Joads. How the end of the novel, the well is breaking how and has been forced to flee their write. However, written the book and final intercalary chapter end on a hopeful note after so much suffering has occurred.\n\nSteinbeck affirms that persistence, even when problems appear insurmountable, leads to success. Refraining from using specific names and essays allows Steinbeck to show that many thousands of migrants suffered through the same wrongs.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5663897395133972}
+{"content": "Monitoring upper-limb recovery after cervical spinal cord injury: insights beyond assessment scores.\n\nPublished: August 18, 2016  |  Source:\n\nBackground: Pre-clinical investigations in animal models demonstrate that enhanced upper-limb (UL) activity during rehabilitation promotes motor recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite this, following SCI in humans, no commonly applied training protocols exist and therefore activity-based rehabilitative therapies (ABRT) vary in frequency, duration and intensity. Quantification of UL recovery is limited to subjective questionnaires or scattered measures of muscle function and movement tasks.\n\nObjective: To objectively measure changes in UL activity during acute SCI rehabilitation and to assess the value of wearable sensors as novel measurement tools that are complimentary to standard clinical assessments tools.\n\nMethods: The overall amount of UL activity and kinematics of wheeling were measured longitudinally with wearable sensors in 12 thoracic and 19 cervical acute SCI patients (complete and incomplete). The measurements were performed for up to seven consecutive days, and simultaneously, SCI-specific assessments were made during rehabilitation sessions one, three, and six months after injury. Changes in UL activity and function over time were analysed using linear mixed models.\n\nResults: During acute rehabilitation the overall amount of UL activity and the active distance wheeled significantly increased in tetraplegic patients, but remained constant in paraplegic patients. The same tendency was shown in clinical scores with the exception of those for independence, which showed improvements at the beginning of the rehabilitation period, even in paraplegic subjects. In the later stages of acute rehabilitation the quantity of UL activity in tetraplegic individuals matched that of their paraplegic counterparts despite their greater motor impairments. Both subject groups showed higher UL activity during therapy-time compared to the time outside of therapy time.\n\nConclusion: Tracking day-to-day UL activity is necessary to gain insights into the real impact of a patient’s impairments on their UL movements during therapy as well as during their leisure time. In the future, this novel methodology may be used to reliably control and adjust ABRT, and to evaluate the progress of upper limb rehabilitation in clinical trials.\n\nOriginal Research Article:\nFront. Neurol. | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00142", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9950765371322632}
+{"content": "Planet Serath\n\nA jungle planet on the edge of the sector. Hidden within the dense jungle lies an ancient city, whose ruins point to a once glorious past. Reese has spent many years studying the glyphs left behind by the city’s final residents.\n\n[Gravity: .98% Earth normal]\n\n[Atmosphere: Earth analog]\n\n[Rotation: Accelerated day/night cycle]\n\n[Flora and Fauna: possibly dangerous]", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9713513255119324}
+{"content": "#AtoZChallenge – Quantum Entanglement\n\nTime for Q in my Sci-Fi themed A-to-Z Challenge!\n\nAs I said in my first A-to-Z post about ansibles, quantum entanglement is often used by sci-fi authors as a way for characters to communicate instantly across space. For Q, I decided I’d take a slightly closer look at quantum entanglement.\n\nPut simply, quantum physics says that unobserved particles exist in all possible states at the same time. As soon as you try to observe and measure a particle, however, you find it in one specific state (its wave function collapses). These states are called “spins”, even though the particles don’t actually rotate. Yeah, I know – quantum physics is weird. I can understand why Einstein wasn’t a fan.\n\nNow, you can have particles interact, like photons fired through crystals and split into pairs of photons. These pairs are entangled – which leads to something very weird indeed. If you now measure one of those paired photons, it will “collapse” into one state, while its partner takes on a state relative to it. So if one particle is observed in a “spin-up” state, the other becomes “spin-down”. This happens instantly, no matter how much distance there is between the entangled pair.\n\nSo why can’t you use entanglement for FTL communication?\n\nShort answer: because it’s random. Let’s say I give you one entangled particle and take the other with me to Mars. I measure my particle when I get there, collapsing its wave function. My particle takes on a random state, and yours takes on a relative state, and that happens instantly. But it just looks like some random value to you! All I’ve managed to do is send you random information instantly.\n\nI suppose it could let you know that I arrived on Mars and tried to call you – or that I slipped up and observed my particle too soon. You won’t know until you call me up by conventional means!\n\n\nMore about quantum entanglement:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9834197163581848}
+{"content": "Chemisept G web\n\n\n100 ml spray bottle\n250ml spray bottle\n500ml bottle\n1000ml bottle\n5000ml canister\n\nChemisept G\n\nChemisept G has a broad fungicidal and bactericidal effect, being able to destroy Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (incl. Mycobaterium terrae) and fungi, deactivates viruses (HBV, HIV, HCV, Vaccinia, Herpes simplex, Adeno, Rota). The effect of the product lasts 3 hours. \nFor disinfection of excoriations and minor wounds, disinfection of skin before to injections and blood sampling spray Chemisept G onto the region of injection or blood sampling, clean and dry with a sterile tampon, after spraying the second time, let the solution dry. Time of effect is 30 seconds.\n\nPreoperative treatment of the skin, disinfection of the operation area is carried out twice (both times 1,5 minutes). Let the solution take effect for 3 minutes.\n\nPostoperative treatment of wounds, disinfect sutured area with the Chemisept G solution, clean and dry with a sterile tampon, spray Chemisept G for the second time and cover with a bandage immediately, without letting the solution dry.\n\nContains biocide! Follow the instructions for use and the safety precautions of disinfectants containing alcohol.\nHighly flammable liquid!\nDo not preserve near open fire or hot surfaces. No smoking!\nIn case of eye contact rinse with plenty of water and seek medical help.\n\nChemisept G meets the requirements of EN 12054, EN 14348 and EN 12791.\n\npH 6.5 – 7.5\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8500535488128662}
+{"content": "U.S. District Judge John A. Houston denied Guess, Inc.’s (Guess) Motion to Dismiss plaintiff, Farideh Haghayeghi’s, class action claims that Guess sent text messages in violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). Guess argued that Haghayeghi’s allegations were just “a patchwork recital” of TCPA regulations, and that the complaint had no facts to substantiate a TCPA claim. However, on March 24, 2015, Judge Houston found that Haghayeghi’s January 2014 complaint indeed contained sufficient factual allegations. Judge Houston further supported Haghayeghi’s complaint, stating that she specifically alleged that Guess did not obtain prior express consent before sending telemarketing text messages.\n\nJudge Houston said, “The class, as currently defined is suspect as it requires a finding that defendant sent unauthorized text messages to determine who is a class member. However, the court finds it more appropriate to address the issue in a motion for class certification.” The litigation will therefore continue, as Judge Houston found “that the complaint sufficiently articulates the substance of plaintiff’s claims and permits defendant to obtain more specific details through the discovery process.” TCPA actions are becoming less of a burden for plaintiffs and more costly for defendants; the lesson know what the TCPA requires and adhere to those standards.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8617507815361023}
+{"content": "• Blog >\n  • What is Holistic Care?\nRSS Feed\n\nWhat is Holistic Care?\n\nWhen seeking out treatment from any licensed mental health care provider such as a - psychologist, psychiatrist, counselor, or social worker some may advertise that they provide holistic (sometimes also known as wholistic) care.   What do they mean by this?  You need to carefully discern what their specific beliefs and practices are and how it fits within your belief system.  Usually, a holistic practitioner in addition to applying traditional treatment approaches that are commonly used in mental health care and treatment will also commonly include an integration of beliefs, methodologies, or philosophies emphasizing the association between mind, body, soul or spirit.    They may discuss how diet, nutrition, the use of herbs, vitamins, supplements, and homeopathic remedies are used by some individuals for promoting and improving mental well-being.  However, unless the practitioner is licensed to do so they cannot prescribe vitamins or supplements and cannot perform the services of a dietician, naturopath, or nutritionist.  They may discuss about the benefits of chiropractic care and refer you to a chiropractor.  They may explore with you the benefits of practicing mindfulness techniques, suggest the possible benefits of acupuncture, doing yoga, tai chi, or qigong, or may suggest the value of other types of  “energy work” – which consists of a variety of different approaches all of which have a commonality in a belief that there is an energy field that flows throughout and around our physical body which Chinese Medicine has utilized for thousands of years to treat physical and mental conditions.  These are becoming concepts that are becoming more familiar to practitioners of Western Medicine and increasingly being accepted as Complementary and Alternative approaches toward healthcare.  However, in addition, there exists a whole range of continuum of beliefs and practices that exist outside of this. Some holistic practitioners may hold traditional Christian-Judeo Christian beliefs.  Other holistic practitioners may include and teach spiritual beliefs and traditions outside of a Judeo-Christian religious tradition such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Shamanism, or Neo-paganism.   As a practicing Christian I counsel people to be familiar with the specific approaches that the holistic practitioner uses.  It is important that you clarify and have an assurance that the practitioner will respect your own spiritual or religious beliefs and not suggest any interventions that are not in line with your own belief system.  Ask yourself how comfortable or uncomfortable do you feel about their responses to your questions?  Do not follow through anything if you are uncomfortable with any specific approaches that just does not feel consistent with your own personal spiritual beliefs.  In summary, there is a whole continuum of beliefs and concepts associated with the term holistic care.   The further removed from traditional approaches and the inclusion of belief systems outside of the Judeo-Christian spiritual belief system the more esoteric and metaphysical are their approaches likely to be.  As with any practitioner providing mental health care they should respect your own specific spiritual/religious beliefs and your desire to include or not include in your treatment any discussion of spiritual or religious beliefs  http://emapdrschulz.com\n\nContact Me\n\n\n\nGeorge O. Schulz, Ph.D.\n\n\n9:30 am-12:00 pm\n\n\n9:30 am-6:00 pm\n\n\n9:30 am-6:00 pm\n\n\n9:30 am-6:00 pm\n\n\n9:30 am-6:00 pm\n\n\n\n\n\nNewsletter Sign Up\n\nNo form settings found. Please configure it.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6790909767150879}
+{"content": "All Articles: safe country\n\nHelpful case on when failure to claim asylum in a safe country damages credibility\n\nImmigration judges must assess whether an asylum seeker had a reasonable opportunity to claim asylum in a safe third country before holding that a failure to do so should damage their credibility, the Court of Appeal has ruled. KA (Afghanistan) v Secr ...\n\n12th June 2019 By\n\nShould refugees claim asylum upon arrival in their first ‘safe’ country?\n\n“Why don’t asylum seekers stop before they get here?” I have been asked this question many times. There are lots of safe countries on the way, so the argument goes. Why wait until they arrive in the UK to make their claim? They’re not going to ...\n\n20th June 2017 By\n\nQuick Reads", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.905574381351471}
+{"content": "Respiratory Care Devices Global Market estimated to be worth $23.5 billion by 2026\n\nRespiratory care devices play a critical role in diagnosing, treating and monitoring respiratory disorders. The respiratory devices include ventilators, PAP devices, inhalers, humidifiers, nebulizers, oxygen concentrators, resuscitators, pulse oximeters, capnographs, spirometry, and polysomnographs. These devices enhance and support respiratory system during life-threatening and debilitating conditions such as pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), etc. These conditions are increasing due to factors such as smoking, vehicular emissions, air pollution, genetic issues, second-hand smoking, and presence of viral and bacterial infections.\n\nAccording to IQ4I analysis, the respiratory care devices global market is expected to grow at high single digit CAGR from 2019 to 2026 to reach $23,510.9 million by 2026. Rising incidences of respiratory diseases due to urbanization and air pollution, increasing prevalence of tobacco usage, rising use of non-invasive respiratory care devices, growing demand for home care respiratory devices, Advancements of technologies, a huge pool of undiagnosed patients, and favourable reimbursement scenario, are driving the growth of the respiratory care devices global market. Product recalls, harmful effects of certain devices on neonates, availability of low-cost products from local manufacturers, stringent regulatory policies, and lack of awareness of the disease, are restraining the growth of Respiratory care devices global market.\n\nAmong the respiratory care products, therapeutic devices commanded the largest market share in 2019. The market is expected to grow at high single digit CAGR from 2019 to 2026. In Respiratory care therapeutic devices, the ventilators commanded the largest market share. PAP devices are expected to grow at double digit CAGR from 2019 to 2026. Among applications, obstructive respiratory conditions commanded the largest market share in 2019. The market is expected grow at double digit CAGR from 2019 to 2026. In the end-user market the hospitals segment commanded the largest share of the market in 2019. The home care market is expected to grow at high single digit CAGR from 2019. Among the hospital care sub-segments critical care/ICU segment commanded the largest revenue in 2019, the sleep center are expected to grow at a high single digit CAGR of from 2019 to 2026.\n\nSome of the technological advancements in respiratory devices are integrated devices, miniaturization, wireless technologies, wearable technologies, digital technologies, and others. For instance, The cons of wired devices is immobile and has high maintenance costs, making it unsuitable and unavailable in low resource settings has led to development of wireless respiratory devices and it could overcome human resource challenges and improve monitoring, particularly if alerts are inbuilt to detect abnormal values. Inogen is focusing on a wireless platform named Inogen connect for oxygen concentrator commercially for respiratory products. It is designed for the Inogen One G4 for its direct-to-consumer channel. It has features that a front-end mobile application used by oxygen therapy users and also has a back end-users portal for homecare providers.\n\nThe Respiratory care devices market is highly consolidated for ventilators and PAP devices, whereas for other devices such as nebulizers, inhalers, humidifiers, pulse oximeters, capnography, resuscitators, etc, and the market are fragmented. The respiratory devices companies are involved in multiple mergers & acquisitions, expansions, deals, and agreements. For instance, in March 2019, Resmed acquired HB healthcare (HBH) this acquisition helps millions of South Koreans living with sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other respiratory conditions.  HBH is a medical equipment provider, serves both reimbursed and cash-pay customers of sleep and respiratory care devices. \n\nConsidering the attractiveness of respiratory care devices market, several venture capitalists/investment banks are making strategic investments. For instance, in May 2019 European Investment Bank (EIB) funded Drager with $123.3 million for R&D projects on medical technology targeting life saving system (ventilators). The efforts in medical systems will centre on developing and enhancing patient monitoring products, with a special focus on projects examining the connectivity of medical devices and linking them to hospitals’ information technology infrastructure. The global clinical trials focused on respiratory care devices indicate that XX% of clinical trials are in phase 3, XX% clinical trials are in phase 2, XX% clinical trials are in phase 1 and XX% clinical trials are in early phase 1. Majority of the clinical trials are focused on respiratory insufficiency followed by respiratory distress syndrome condition with Bi-level pressure ventilator followed by invasive mechanical ventilator. There is steady increase in the number of clinical trials in coming years, which is expected to drive the respiratory care devices market further.\n\nIn respiratory care devices global market by geography, the North America region held the largest market share in 2019. The market is expected to grow at a high single digit CAGR from 2019 to 2026 due to the availability of highly advanced healthcare facilities, technological advancements, availability of Medicare and third-party insurance facilities, easy availability of skilled personnel and Asia-Pacific region is expected to grow at high single digit CAGR from 2019 to 2026 due to incorporating advanced technologies, growing health awareness, and investments in the healthcare sector which creates new opportunities.\n\nSome of the major companies operating in the Respiratory care devices market area are Dragerwerk AG & Co. KGaA (Germany), Fisher and Paykel Healthcare (New Zealand), Inogen Inc., (U.S.), Medtronic PLC (Ireland), Philips N.V. (Netherlands), Resmed Inc (U.S.), Vyaire Medical, Inc (U.S.), Getinge Group (Maquet Gmbh & Co. Kg) (Sweden), and GE Healthcare (U.S.).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9945343732833862}
+{"content": "In the state of New York, there are people who seek to obtain money by setting up schemes. There are two major types of schemes: pyramid schemes and Ponzi schemes. While both types of schemes are illegal, they are set up and work in different ways.\n\nFor a pyramid scheme, a person may be drawn in by making a payment to the company in order to join. The person must then convince others to join in order to receive any profit. In many cases, the company does not sell any products or only provides products to those who have joined. Usually, the money from new members is used to pay the recruiting commissions owed to older members. These schemes often do not last long due to the sheer number of participants needed to keep bringing in funds.\n\nIn Ponzi schemes, a person hands over their money to someone else who promises that the investor will see high returns. However, these investments often do not exist, and funds provided by new investors are used to pay the “returns” owed to initial investors. This type of scheme does not involve recruiting, and the person directly involved in the scheme is usually involved with all of the participants. If the existing participants continue to pay into the scheme, the collapse may be very slow.\n\nIt can be devastating for someone to be accused of being involved in fraud schemes or other white collar crimes. A criminal law attorney may potentially assist the person with providing a strong defense against the accusations, seek to dismiss the charges or negotiate a plea bargain that could eliminate or reduce the severity of certain charges. Additionally, the attorney may assist with gathering evidence that could prove that the accused was not involved in fraud or other types of schemes.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7680759429931641}
+{"content": "What we're about\n\nThis is a meetup for building data science competence and networking for budding, aspiring and professional data scientists on the island in Lagos, Nigeria. If you are interested in growing your data science competence and networking with other data scientist - aspiring and practitioners or you live on the island or can make it to the meetings then lets come together and grow our data science career together.\n\nWhy Lekki? \"Lekki\" is just a way of saying the meetup venue would be on the Island, Lagos. The island also deserves a meetup group around emerging technologies just like we have on the mainland (great job mainlanders). One reason - to facilitate participation and networking.\n\nUpcoming events (1)\n\nPie & AI: Lagos - Breaking into AI in 2020\n\ntheBUNKer Lekki\n\nRegistration is required on EventBrite: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/pie-ai-lagos-breaking-into-ai-in-2020-tickets-89665422693 to have access to discount vouchers. Welcome to our very deeplearning.ai Pie & AI meetup organised by LDS Meetup in Nigeria on Jan 25th, 2020! The event will kick off with a greeting video from Dr. Andrew Ng and deeplearning.ai. We'll follow with presentations from guest speakers. This Pie &AI meetup is hosted by Lekki Data Science Meetup. Special thanks to their support! Come meet your fellow deep learners! We hope to see you for Pie & AI on 1/25! If you are interested in hosting Pie& AI events in other cities as well, send us a note at [masked]! Speakers Profile: Daniel Ajisafe is currently a graduate student at the African Masters in Machine Intelligence Programme, fully funded by Google and Facebook. He worked as a Data Scientist at KPMG Nigeria where he uses machine learning and advanced analytical algorithms to draw insights from structured and semi-structured data. He is also a Teaching Assistant at Data Science Nigeria (DSN) where he facilitates classes on the fundamentals of Machine Learning to undergraduates and aspiring AI enthusiasts at the AI Hub in Lagos. He is the pioneering founder for the 1st student data science and AI group among universities in Nigeria (@lautechdatasci). His research interest is in computer vision and he also loves building and supporting learning communities. He would be sharing with participants how to get into AI, and how to apply into this fully funded Masters programme by Google and Facebook on the African continent. Application for this programme would still be opened. Wuraola Oyewusi is a Pharmacist and Data Scientist. She is the Research and Innovation Lead, Data Science Nigeria - a not-for-profit committed to raising one million AI talents in 10 years in Nigeria. She's passionate about deliberate learning ,experimenting and all the great things about making sense of data. Seun Ore is a cloud and data infrastructure engineer, AI enthusiast and Google cloud evangelist. He has been involved in implementing project that help an enterprise with migrating existing on-premises applications to cloud, provide support for existing cloud Infrastructure for many third party Enterprise solutions in and outside Nigeria. Seun wrote an article on medium on how he became a Google Certified Data Engineer and we look forward to him sharing this experience. https://medium.com/@seunore/pass-google-certified-data-certification-exam-in-just-21-days-of-study-792521c8c967?sk=ae5543f09dc5ed84769fe83719673a61\n\nPast events (4)\n\nBreaking into AI: from Aeronautical Engineering to Data Scientist\n\nPhotos (18)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8108513355255127}
+{"content": "We’re at present experiencing a technical situation, that will prevent the usage of sure options. The next videos are accounts of non-public journeys towards peace and luxury while residing with mental well being challenges. Other analysis has suggested that having an abortion could elevate the chance of mental well being issues later in life. Analysis led by Wendy Klag Memorial Scholar Benjamin Zablotsky, PhD ‘thirteen (Psychological Health) is mentioned in Psychology Immediately. Visit for medical news and well being news headlines posted throughout the day, each day.mental health\n\nMillions of Individuals dwell with various sorts of psychological sickness and psychological health issues, corresponding to social anxiousness, obsessive compulsive dysfunction, drug dependancy, and personality disorders. Hence, psychological illness is a situation of weak point that is experienced in the brain and body that did not exist premortally, not a deficiency within the thoughts or spirit because the term psychological” illness might seem to recommend. Psychological illness is the time period that refers collectively to all diagnosable mental disorders.mental health\n\nHaving social connections, good personal relationships and being part of a neighborhood are vital to sustaining good mental well being and contribute to folks’s recovery, should they develop into unwell. Among the most common types of psychological illness embrace anxiousness , depressive, behavioral, and substance-abuse issues. The affect that gender identity or LGBTQ status can have upon one’s psychological health could also be significantly underrated by present mental well being providers. Like a Broken Vessel One in four people on the planet will probably be affected by psychological illness at some point of their lives. There are numerous methods folks with psychological well being problems may receive treatment. This 12 months extra funding has been set-apart for Medical Commissioning Teams to rework mental health providers for younger individuals, with a purpose to meet the higher standards. Sadly, not many individuals know that, in order that they continue to belittle those with issues.mental health\n\nSystem failures throughout the context of eating disorders surround evaluation strategies emphasizing BMI over the severity of disordered ideas. And whereas the good news is the presidential contest will end subsequent week, the dangerous news is that due to the ferocity of the marketing campaign, the mental injury could linger. This invoice additionally goals to make clear privacy legal guidelines to ensure that health care professionals can communicate with caregivers of persons with severe mental sickness when vital. Over 26 p.c of all People over the age of 18 meet the factors for having a mental illness.\n\nIt contains five life duties—essence or spirituality, work and leisure , friendship , love and self-path—and twelve sub duties— sense of worth , sense of control , sensible beliefs, emotional awareness and coping , problem fixing and creativity , humorousness , vitamin , exercise , self care, stress administration , gender id , and cultural identity —which are recognized as characteristics of wholesome functioning and a serious part of wellness.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9849828481674194}
+{"content": "•  Standards-Based Grading System\n\n    What is the purpose of a standards-based grading system?\n\n    The purpose of the grading system is to provide parents, teachers, and students with more accurate information about students’ progress toward meeting standards. Parents will be more aware of what their children should know and be able to do by the end of each grading period. \n\n    How is progress measured?\n\n    The report card for grades K-3 will include a grading scale (ND-4).  \n\n    o    4-Distinguished Learner\n\n    o    3-Proficient Learner\n\n    o    2-Developing Learner\n\n    o    1-Beginning Learner\n\n    o    ND-Not Demonstrated\n\n\n    How are standards-based report cards different from traditional report cards?\n\n    On traditional report cards, students receive one grade for each subject. On a standards-based report card, each of the subject areas is divided into a list of skills and knowledge indicators that students are learning. \n\n\n    Click here for an example of the report card!\n\n\n    *You can stay up-to-date on your child’s scores through the Infinite Campus Parental Portal. Go to www.rcboe.org and find “IC Parent Portal” on the right side of the page, and login using your username and password; you must create an account before you can login.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9740137457847595}
+{"content": "Lyme Literate Medical Doctor in Scottsdale, AZ\n\n\nAt the Silver Cancer Institute, we treat Lyme disease and its coinfections with an integrative approach. Dr. Silver is a Lyme literate physician and has been treating Lyme for approximate 20 years. If you are interested in a summary of this monograph, please read the summary section at the end.\n\nLyme Syndrome was first discovered and named in 1977. It was named in the United States when an inflammatory arthritis was observed in a cluster of children in and around Old Lyme, Connecticut. Lyme disease is now rapidly spreading across the USA and the world.\n\nLyme Disease is known as the great imposter or great masquerader. It mimics over 350 different medical conditions including but not limited to: Rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lupus, vasculitis, chronic neck pain, chronic back pain, multiple sclerosis, Lou Gehrig’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s, chronic headache, migraines, irritable bowel, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s, interstitial cystitis, chronic sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Also noted are depression and other hormonal imbalances.\n\nBorrelia, which is Lyme, and the other tick-borne pathogens such as BabesiaBartonella, and Ehrlichiosis are transmitted principally through the bite of a tick. The infection rate in tick populations varies by location and from year to year. Many new varieties and genospecies of Borrelia have arisen in recent years due to the organism adapting to its local environment. That is, there are many new emergent species of tick-borne infections, and tests do not exist for all these pathogens. It must also be noted that in addition to ticks, 22% of horseflies, deerflies, and mosquito, spider infection is also a carrier with Lyme and its co-infection in endemic areas. A tick, flea or mosquito caused the bite, but the bite is only remembered in rough 17% of patient cases. Other modes of transmission include through the placenta from the mother to the baby, breast milk, and possibly with sexual transmission.\n\nInflammation causes most of the symptoms found in people with Lyme disease. If you can lower the inflammation in the body, it is possible to become symptom-free from Lyme, even if tick-borne microbes are still present. Lyme disease is really due to the immune system’s reaction to microbes and toxins. Most symptoms are caused by the immune system attacking the tissues and places where the microbes hideout. Modulation of the immune system is an essential part of treatment.\n\nThe Lyme spirochetes spread along with the matrix, both intracellularly and extracellularly. They invade the skin, heart, brain, blood vessels, lymphatics, muscles, tendons, joints, synovial fluid, spleen, liver, and kidneys. Lyme has a predilection for the articular, vascular, muscular, and nervous system and can penetrate almost any tissue and reside in there for months or years extracellular-ly, as well as intracellularly. These organisms may hide in biofilm’s which first have to be broken down to kill the infections effectively. These are called persister infections and are very difficult to treat.\n\nFavorite sites include the endothelial wall of the cerebral arterioles and capillaries, and peripheral nerves and synovial cells and joints. They also invade the immune system. At the present time, there are about 300 different strains of Lyme existing. They express different organ specificity as well as varying degrees of antibiotic resistance. In addition, they induce variable disease manifestations as well as variable antibody responses.\n\n\nEarly localized disease at 3 to 30 days after an infected tick bite is the time to catch it, at or before the onset of symptoms. This phase is curable if treated promptly with oral antibiotics. The next phase includes the early disseminated disease, one to 12 weeks after an infected tick bite. There is a multi-system disease, although there is a good response to antibiotics. In the late dissemination phase, more than 3 months after a bite, there is complex multi-system, multi-organ progressive, disabling disease.\n\n\nThese include the gradual onset of fatigue, muscle aches with neck stiffness, neck pain, headache, memory flow. There is joint pain and stiffness, knee effusion, and progressive brain and nerve involvements.\n\nThe neurologic manifestations of late disseminated disease include sleep disturbances, severe insomnia, sensory loss, loss of smell, taste, hearing, visual disturbances, and touch, peripheral neuropathy, searing pain, numbness, tingling, pins-and-needles, burning, crawling, and a stinging sensation. Memory loss with diminished visual working verbal memory and processing speed can also be seen. There is decreased concentration, recall, retrieval of words, and word substitution with confusion and disorientation.\n\nOther symptoms seen are spinal radicular pain, migraine headaches, tension, and sinus pain. Late manifestations of disseminated disease include demyelinating-like symptoms similar to multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease).\n\nAscending paralysis as in Guillain-Barré is also seen. Limb paralysis with peroneal nerve paralysis, footdrop, and mononeuritis multiplex can also be seen. If you have a co-infection, then each one has its own classical presentation, but sometimes they are all mixed up together.\n\nLyme MRI Findings\n\nThey are standard in most cases of acute and early disseminated stages but are abnormal in 20 to 40% of patients with Lyme encephalopathy. Punctate white matter demyelinization lesions are noted on T2-weighting. Also noted are multiple sclerosis-like lesions that are also heightened in distributions. I perform a neuro quantitative analysis. These are indistinguishable from multiple sclerosis.\n\nChronic arthritis of late disseminated Lyme.\n\nThis includes a mono, oligo, or polyarticular septic arthritis involving the large joints, mainly the knees, hips, or shoulders. These are seen in 60% of untreated Lyme. Please note that persistent intraarticular infection stimulates both inflammation and autoimmune responses. Treatment includes both traditional prescription medications and nutrition.\n\nMulti-hormonal dysregulation.\n\nThis usually presents a lack of stamina, fatigue and exhaustion. There is the loss of libido and encephalopathy despite treatment, intolerance to stress, irritability, and weight gain is seen in the majority with a minority showing weight loss. Also, there appears to be disturbances of the hypothalamic pituitary access with hypoparathyroidism, hypogonadism, ovarian failure, hypothyroid-ism, adrenal fatigue, diabetes insipidus and diminished growth hormone.\n\nNeuro-mediated hypotension. POTS.\n\nThis is often seen with symptoms of dehydration and hypotension in a supine or orthostatic position. There is autonomic neuropathy present with pituitary insufficiency. The patient exhibits a paradoxical response to adrenalin with profound fatigue and adrenalin rushes with palpitations, and the unavoidable need to lie down. Blood pressure will go down upon standing up and cause symptoms of lightheadedness and dizziness. As this occurs, your heart rate goes up in compensation. There is decreased or increased sweating, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, esophageal dysmotility, urinary or fecal incontinence, sleep apnea, sleep movement disorders, and altered heart rate and arrhythmias and others.\n\n\nThere appears to be a high spirochete load either through multiple tick bites or a long duration of unrecognized infection. There is the creation of Bio-films or protected niches made up of mucopolysaccharides in which the infections hide. There are also alternative forms of Lyme, such as the cyst, the L, and the modal form. In addition to all of this, there is immune suppression of the host. We now know that some Lyme is called persistors.\n\nPublished in antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy May 2015, a study showed that Lyme is able to form drug-tolerant persister cells. These are a small population of cells that may survive despite antibiotics because they are dormant and not metabolically active. In this last active phase, combinations of antibiotics did not improve the killing rate. Both persister cells and biofilms help us understand some of the reasons there are relapses in Lyme disease. These are very, very important, and many doctors feel to treat them effectively. Several studies have shown, and this is the reason pulsing therapy or long-term intermittent therapy is sometimes necessary. Along with a comprehensive natural approach. The therapies are personalized and tailored to each patient’s disease.\n\nI think it is the presence of co-infections and premorbid states such as steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, diabetes, heart failure, autoimmune disease, other chronic infection states like Epstein-Barré, HHV-6, Cytomegalovirus, salmonella, Brucella, mold, parasites and electromagnetic pollution and multitude of infections and toxins.The complex causality is a genetic predisposition that are epi-genetically many generations old. This in addition to roundup pesticide and electromagnetic smog just add to the problem. Studies have shown that most of the symptoms are really due to the immune system’s reaction to infections and toxins rather than the microbes or toxins themselves. Many of the long standing symptoms are caused by the immune system attacking the tissue where the infection hides out.\n\n\nHeavy metal overload magnifies overlying symptoms. Its presence significantly weakens immune response, causes inflammation, and triggers autoimmunity. There is also increased susceptibility to a wide variety of infections and unmasking latent infections. Heavy metals accelerate all types of degenerative disease and increase the risk of cancer. It leads to a sicker patient and slower recovery. You should suspect it if slow clinical response or in the presence of intractable neurologic symptoms.\n\nSources of free radicals must be eliminated. These sources include radiation, heavy metals like mercury, lead, arsenic, silver, gold, cadmium, cigarette smoke, and neurotoxins of mold, Strep, Lyme, etc. Excess iron and copper must also be removed. Solvents such as benzene, xylene, toluene, and methylene chloride are harmful for the system, and gases such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and plastics should be removed.\n\n\nThere is no Gold Standard laboratory test at present, since the testing of Lyme’s Disease and its associated co-infections is in its infancy. Be aware that the Lyme number is sparse in number, and it is found in the tissues and not in the blood except briefly when it initially disseminates.\n\nSerologic tests such as ELISA have low sensitivity. They are a poor screening tool.\n\nLyme Western Blot test. This test measures an antibody to a specific Lyme antigen or protein re-ported as a numbered band. Some highly particular bands are indicative of Lyme. I use a lab that provides the most accurate Western Blot test results in the United States, and possibly worldwide. But remember, people may have false-negative Western Blot tests if the Borrelia is hiding in their cells in a cystic form or if they have been suppressed, or if they have suppressed antibody response. Also, if the antibodies for Borrelia are hiding within the immune complexes or the Borrelia level in the body are too low to create immune response. Immunofluorescence testing and other testing is also available through.\n\nT-Cell Stimulation Assay may also be useful for detecting Borrelia infections. This is called I Spot testing. It looks for the presence of proteins from inside certain immune cells called T-cells. As with all tests, however, it has its limitations. I use several different labs depending on where in the world the patient lives. These are the labs I currently use.\n\n\nLyme is a clinical diagnosis, and tests are only an adjunct. Remember, negative tests do not rule out Lyme. At times I need to do repeat testing after I begin to treat the patient. Lyme can be pre-sent with negative blood tests in all stages of Lyme. At present, there is currently no cost-efficient or simple mechanism to positively test for Lyme. I feel that are present time a pro-vocative urine DNA analysis is the best test that I have seen. I also do the I spot from various labs, depending on where the patient lives in the world.\n\n\nLyme treatment is controversial at the present time. Depending on the stage and severity of the patient, either oral or intravenous antibiotics are used along with natural therapies. The problem with Lyme is if that organism is highly involved, and there may be more than 600 different genes involved. This is why it is so difficult to treat.\n\nTick-borne common infections include Bartonella, Babesia, Ehrlichia, Q Fever, turelemia, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Colorado Tick Fever, mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. Each tick-borne co-infection has similar but different symptoms. Lyme and its co-infections are a syndrome, not just an infection. There are multiple imbalances. Also significant are coexisting parasite infections, mold infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and electromagnetic pollution, and heavy metals, as well as all toxic chemicals like Roundup. In addition to this, the biofilms need to be broken down.\n\nThere is an immune imbalance, communication dysregulation, neurologic impairment, endocrine malfunction, gastrointestinal damage, and dysbiosis; there is toxin-mediated impairment, end-organ damage, and neurophysiologic damage\n\nAntibiotics and natural therapies\n\nAt one extreme, there may be the administration of multiple high doses of toxic antibiotics at the onset of treatment. When indicated, I do use them, but I try to pulse them or possibly use them intermittently along with natural substances. I believe there are much better and safer ways of detoxifying the body and downregulating the immune system. I always try to add natural substances to the Protocol. I never want to return the patient to quickly or severely because he will get a Herxheimer reaction.\n\n\nI am a Lyme literate doctor in Scottsdale/Phoenix, Arizona. I have been treating Lyme for approximately 20 years. I have seen patients with multiple sclerosis, ALS, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, depression, hormonal imbalance, autoimmune disease, heart disease, and immune dysfunction. Many of them were infected and toxic and were never diagnosed.\n\nI am convinced that Lyme infections and its co-infections in addition to parasites, viruses, bacteria, mold, heavy metals, toxins, roundup up, and electromagnetic pollution are all factors that we need to correct.\n\nI also measure a single nucleotide polymorphism, which are the genes that we inherit from our parents. I have measured mine, and I think, in some cases, they are critical to measure in a patient. This allowed me to see many of the genes in my body and helped me optimize my health.\n\nThe microbiome needs to be optimized, the leaky gut repaired, autoimmune disease re-versed, the toxic load needs to be reduced, hormones balanced, methylation defects need to be corrected, electromagnetic radiation needs to be reduced, mitochondria need to be re-paired, heavy metals need to be chelated out, and all the organs need to be repaired.\n\nAll the critical values and levels mentioned in this monograph are objectively analyzed and followed. This is in addition to your clinical symptoms. I like to see objective laboratory testing, which gets better as the treatment progresses.\n\nYour treatment may include intravenous therapy, oxidative therapy, antibiotics when indicated, herbs, homeopathic’s, toxin binders, immune stimulators, heavy metal detoxification, hyperthermia and sauna, hyperbaric oxygen, PEMF, photonic stimulation, and others. Every patient is different. Depending on the number of infections, the toxins, and your genes, the length of time the treatment varies. This may take months to years.\n\nMy treatment is individualized to each patient, I practice personalized medicine. Over 40 years in practice, I have found that no two patients are the same. Since I cured myself of cancer and heart disease 20 years ago, I have an excellent understanding of integrative medicine. I am a believer in natural medicine, and I’m a believer in traditional medicine. I practice integrative medicine. I feel it’s best for myself and my family and patients.\n\n\n\nThe Silver Cancer Institute is a state-of-the-art, science-based cancer and Lyme Disease treatment center located in Scottsdale, Arizona. Focusing on complex chronic disease, our Lyme literate medical doctor, Dr. Silver, offers integrative therapies from around the world with treatment protocols for Lyme Disease, babesia, Bartonella, and other tick-borne infections. \n\n\nThe Silver Cancer Institute is a state-of-the-art, science based cancer and Lyme Disease treatment center located in Scottsdale, Arizona. Focusing on complex chronic disease, the Silver Cancer institute offers integrative therapies from around the world for neurology, cardiology, infectious disease, mold infection, autoimmune disease, and anti-aging medicine. \n\nIf you would like more information, please contact us at 480-860-2030.\n\n\nThe Silver Cancer Institute has had the pleasure of helping countless patients on their road to recovery. Dr. Silver has treated patients from all backgrounds and walks of life, and we've seen even the most dire cases reach and stay in remission with our treatments. Here are a few of the inspirational testimonials and survivor stories we've witnessed at the Silver Cancer Institute, told by the patients themselves.\n\nScroll to Top", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.875307023525238}
+{"content": "Organize Your Ideas Using a Diagram or Outline\n\nEssay Tips: 7 Tips on Writing writing Effective Essay Learning how to write an essay is crucial to admissions and scholarship decisions.\n\nBy The Fastweb Paper August 01, Writing an essay often seems to be a dreaded task among students. Whether the essay is for a scholarshipessay class, or maybe even a contest, many students often find the task overwhelming. While an essay is a large project, there are many steps a student can take that will help break down the task into manageable parts.\n\nFollowing this process is the writibg way to draft a successful essay, whatever its sn might be. Pick a topic. You may have your weiting assigned, or you may be given free reign to write on the subject of your choice.\n\nДетальнее на этой странице you are given the topic, you should think about paper type of paper that you essay to produce. Should it be a general writing of the subject or a specific analysis? Narrow your paler if necessary. If you have not been assigned a topic, you have a little more work to do.\n\nHowever, this opportunity also gives you the advantage to paoer a subject that is writing or relevant preparing for oral defense of the you. First, define your purpose. Is your essay to inform or persuade? Once you have determined the purpose, paper will need to do wditing research on topics that you find intriguing. Think about your life. What is it essay interests you? Jot these wriying down.\n\nFinally, evaluate your options. If your goal is to educate, choose a subject essaj you have already studied. If your goal is to persuade, choose a subject that you aan passionate about. Whatever the mission of the essay, make sure that you are interested in your topic. Prepare an outline or diagram of your жмите. In order to write a essay essay, you must organize your thoughts.\n\nThis structure serves as a foundation paper your paper. Use either an outline or a diagram to jot down your ideas and organize them. Narrative essay about friendship writing eszay diagram, write your topic in the middle of your page. Draw three to five lines branching off from this topic and write down your main ideas at the essay of these lines.\n\nDraw more lines off these main ideas and include any thoughts you may have on these a. If you prefer to create an outline, нажмите чтобы узнать больше your topic at the top of the page.\n\nFrom there, begin to list your main ideas, leaving приведенная ссылка under each one. In this space, make sure to writing other smaller ideas that relate to each main idea. Doing this will allow you to see продолжение здесь and ah essay you to write a more organized essay.\n\nWrite your thesis statement. Writinh that you paper chosen a topic and sorted your ideas into relevant categories, you must create a thesis statement. Your papef statement tells the reader the point of your essay. Look at your outline or diagram. Paper are the main ideas? Your thesis statement will have two parts. The first part по этому сообщению the topic, and the second essay states the point of the essay.\n\nWrite the body. The body of your essay argues, explains or describes your topic. Each main idea that you writing in your diagram or outline will become a separate section within the body of your essay.\n\nEach body paragraph will have the same basic structure. Begin by writing one of your main ideas as the introductory sentence. Next, write each of your supporting ideas in sentence format, but leave three paper four lines in between each point essay come back and give detailed examples to back up your position.\n\nFill in these spaces with relative that will help link smaller ideas together.\n\nWrite the introduction. Now paper you have developed your essay and the overall body of your essay, you must write an introduction. Begin with an attention grabber. You can use shocking writing, dialogue, a story, a quote, or a simple summary of your topic.\n\nWhichever angle you choose, make sure that pxper ties in with your thesis statement, which will writing included as the last sentence of writing introduction. Writng the paper. The conclusion brings closure of больше на странице topic and sums up your overall ideas while providing a final perspective on your topic.\n\nWriting conclusion should papr of three to five strong sentences. Simply review your main points and provide reinforcement of your thesis. Add the finishing touches. After writing your conclusion, you might think that you have completed your essay. Before you writing this a finished work, you writing pay attention нажмите для деталей all the small details. Check the order of your paragraphs. Your strongest points should be the first and last смотрите подробнее within paper body, with the others falling in the middle.\n\nAlso, make sure that your paragraph order makes sense. If your essay is describing a process, such as how to essay a great chocolate cake, make sure paper your paragraphs fall in the correct order. Review the instructions writing your essay, if essay. Many teachers and scholarship forms follow different formats, paepr you must double check instructions to ensure that paper essay is paper the desired format.\n\nFinally, review what you have written. Reread your paper essay check to see if it paper sense. Make sure that essay flow is smooth and add phrases to help connect thoughts or essat. Check your essay for grammar and spelling mistakes. You have just written a great essay. Need Money to Pay for College? Every semester, Fastweb helps thousands of students pay for school by matching them to scholarships, grants, and internships, for which they actually qualify.\n\nHow to Write High-Quality Papers and Essays More Quickly\n\nThink of introduction and conclusion as of hamburger buns and meat of the burger represents crucial facts essay statements found in body paragraphs. Each of these classes was intense, but at the end I always paper myself a better writer. Writing on track: It is easy to veer off-topic or start spouting out so much information that delivery of content becomes messy and disorganized. Should writing be a general overview of the subject or a specific analysis? Paper fret, once you get started, you can always change formats if the format you chose isn't working out for you. Essay concluding sentence should sum up what you've discussed in the paragraph. Decide which position you will take, research основываясь на этих данных compile as much supporting evidence as possible and start working on your intro.\n\nEssay Tips: 7 Tips on Writing an Effective Essay | Fastweb\n\nIt should be clear, concise and ideally no more essay a single sentence explanation of where you stand on essay topic. Pull writing thesaurus: Variety is the spice of life. Your map should naturally take aan through some preliminary answers to the basic questions of what, how, and why. This \"what\" or \"demonstration\" comes early in the essay, often directly after the страница. Complete several intros if you paper not sure which one is better.\n\nНайдено :", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9714590907096863}
+{"content": "Les billets libellés: mammography. Afficher tous les billets.\n\nIOU Loss\n\nmercredi 29 août 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLibellés: python, machine_learning, mammography, convnets\nAucun commentaire\n\nWhen I began working on this project my intention was to do multi-class classification of the images. To this end I built my graph with logits and a cross-entropy loss function. I soon realized that the decision to do multi-class classification was quite ambitious, and scaled back to doing binary classification into positive and negative. My goal was to implement the multi-class approach once I had the binary approach working reasonably well, so I left the cross entropy in place.\n\nOver the months I have been working on this I have realized that, for many reasons, the multi-class classification was a bad idea. For an academic project it might have made sense, but for any sort of real world use case it made none. There is really no use to outputting a simple classification for something as important as detecting cancer. A much more useful output is the probabilities that each area of the image contains an abnormality as this could aid a radiologist in diagnosing abnormalities rather than completely replacing her. Yet for some reason I never bothered to change the output or the loss function.\n\nThe limiting factor on the size of the model has been the GPU memory of the Google Cloud instance I am training this monstrosity on. So I've been trying to optimize the model to run within the RAM constraints and train in a reasonable amount of time. Mostly this has involved trying to keep the number of parameters to a minimum, but today I was looking at the model and realized that the logits were definitely not helping the situation.\n\nFor this problem classification was absolutely the wrong approach. We aren't trying to classify the content of the image, we are trying to detect abnormalities. The negative class was not really a separate class, but the absence of any abnormalities, and the graph and the loss function should reflect this. In order to coerce the logits into an output that reflected the reality just described, I put the logits through a softmax and then discarded the negative probability - as I said the negative class doesn't really exist. However the cross entropy function does not know this and it places equal importance on the imaginary negative class as on the positive class (subject to the cross entropy weighting of course.) This means that the gradients placed equal weight on trying to find imaginary \"normal\" patterns, despite the fact that this information is discarded and never used.\n\nSo I reduced the logits layer to one unit, replaced the softmax activation with a sigmoid activation, and replaced the cross entropy with binary cross entropy.  And the change has been more impactful than I imagined it would be. The model immediately began performing better than the same model with the logits/cross entropy structure. It seems obvious that this would be the case as now the model can focus on detecting abnormalities rather than wasting half of it's efforts on trying to detect normal patterns. \n\nI am not sure why I waited so long to make this change and my best guess is that I was seduced by the undeniable elegance of the cross entropy loss function. For multi-class classification it is truly a thing of beauty, and I may have been blinded by that into attempting to use it in a situation it was not designed for.\n\nLibellés: coding, machine_learning, tensorflow, mammography\nAucun commentaire\n\nMore on Deconvolution\n\njeudi 05 juillet 2018\n\nI wrote about this paper before, but I am going to again because it has been so enormously useful to me. I am still working on segmentation of mammograms to highlight abnormalities and I recently decided to scrap the approach I had been taking to upsampling the image and start that part from scratch.\n\nWhen I started I had been using the earliest approach to upsampling, which basically was take my classifier, remove the last fully-connected layer and upsample that back to full resolution with transpose convolutions. This worked well enough, but the network had to upsample images from 2x2x1024 to 640x640x2 and in order to do this I needed to add skip connections from the downsizing section to the upsampling section. This caused problems because the network would add features of the input image to the output, regardless of whether the features were relevant to the label. I tried to get around this by adding bottleneck layers before the skip connection in order to only select the pertinent features, but this greatly slowed down training and didn't help much and the output ended up with a lot of weird artifacts.\n\nIn \"Deconvolution and Checkerboard Artifacts\", Odena et al. have demonstrated that replacing transpose convolutions with nearest neighbors resizing produces smoother images than using transpose convolutions. I tried replacing a few of my tranpose convolutions with resizes and the results improved.\n\nThen I started reading about dilated convolutions and I started wondering why I was downsizing my input from 640x640 to 5x5 just to have to resize it back up. I removed all the fully-connected layers (which in fact were 1x1 convolutions rather than fully-connected layers) and then replaced the last max pool with a dilated convolution.\n\nI replaced all of the transpose convolutions with resizes, except for the last two layers, as suggested by Odena et al, and the final tranpose convolution has a stride of 1 in order to smooth out artifacts.\n\nIn the downsizing section, the current model reduces the input from 640x640x1 to 20x20x512, then it is upsampled by using nearest neighbors resizing followed by plain convolutions to 320x320x32. Finally there is a tranpose convolution with a stride of 2 followed by a transpose convolution with a stride of 1 and then a softmax for the output. As an added bonus, this version of the model trains significantly faster than upsampling with transpose convolutions.\n\nI just started training this model, but I am fairly confident it will perform better than previous upsampling schemes as when I extracted the last downsizing convolutional layer from the model that layer appeared closer to the label (although much smaller) than the final output did. I will update when I have actual results.\n\nUpdate - After training the model for just one epoch, with the downsizing layer weights initialized from a previous model, the results are already significantly better than under the previous scheme.\n\nLibellés: coding, data_science, tensorflow, mammography, convnets, ddsm\nAucun commentaire\n\nCBIS-DDSM Mammography Training Data\n\nmercredi 06 juin 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLibellés: coding, python, machine_learning, mammography\nAucun commentaire\n\nUpdate on CBIS-DDSM Training Images\n\nmercredi 06 juin 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe code is available on my GitHub.\n\nLibellés: python, machine_learning, tensorflow, mammography\nAucun commentaire\n\nArchives du Blogue", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9540881514549255}
+{"content": " Gravity Distillation equipment manufacturers distillation calculations-News-Zhejiang Chuangxing Chemical Equipment Co., Ltd.,\ncurrent location:Home > News\n\nGravity Distillation equipment manufacturers distillation calculations\n\nAuthor:Zhejiang Chemical Equipment Co., Ltd. Chong Hing Source:http://www.zjcxce.com posted on:2015-09-01 16:24:06\nGravity Distillation equipment manufacturers distillation calculations\nDistillation calculations mainly calculated rectification column. Whether plate column or packed column, usually in contact and mass transfer in a hierarchical concept to calculate the number of theoretical plates. For two-component design calculations rectification column is usually given design conditions: liquid mixture (feed solution) the amount and concentration of f (to volatile component mole fraction representation), as well as overhead and bottoms The concentration and. Calculate the required number of theoretical plates and the actual number of plate P. We must first determine a reasonable reflux than the previous calculation. Calculation of theoretical plates are:\n   ① graphic method most commonly used is 麦凯勃 - (graphic U.S. WL 麦凯勃 and EW Tilly in 1925 to design a two-component distillation calculation of theoretical plates) Tilly graphic method for two-component Distillation calculations. This method assumes that the vapor and liquid mole molar flow flow through the rectifying section and the stripping section of the vapor-liquid two-phase flow and are held constant. This assumes constant molar flow is commonly referred to assume that it applies to the feed solution of two components is approximately equal molar latent heat of vaporization, mixing thermal effects is small and close to the boiling point of a two-component system. Basic graphical method is mass balance and vapor-liquid equilibrium relationship between components.\n   Take the first plate to the top of the rectifying section of the column sections (Figure 2 [rectifying section of the material balance] rectifying section mass balance) as an object, as a volatile component mass balance considered: where is the overhead product flow; to leave the liquid phase concentration of the first plate; + +1 board to leave the first vapor phase concentration. This formula says rectifying section operating line equation, in - on the map is a slope / straight. Also take stripping tower segment para plate to the bottom of the object, as a volatile component material balance be regarded as a bottoms product flow. This formula is called the stripping section operating line equation.\n  The vapor-liquid equilibrium relationship and painted in two operating line equation - Cartesian coordinates. According to the definition of theoretical plates, trays leave any vapor-liquid two-phase concentration, the balance will be in line, according to the composition of the material balance, is located in a two-phase concentrations of the same cross-section of tower with +, will fall on the corresponding column section The operating line. D in the overhead product and bottoms product concentration concentration range between the equilibrium line and operating line for Cascade, every rung on behalf of a number of theoretical plates, the total number of steps is required number of theoretical plates, across the intersection of the two operating lines of Cascade the charging plate. Included in the full-tower efficiency, can be regarded as the actual number of plate P (see stage efficiency); or the like plate according to height, can be calculated from the number of theoretical plates fill height (see differential contact mass transfer equipment).\n   ② algorithm is used as a rough estimate of the Czech Republic, the first under Fenske equation (MR Fenske 1932 United States established full reflux number of theoretical plates calculated equation) is calculated using the total reflux operation reaches a minimum number of theoretical plates required for a given product concentration and the number of d min (including reboiler):\n  The average relative volatility to be separated whole tower between the two components, often taking the geometric mean of the relative volatility of overhead and bottoms at. Then by min, min and the minimum reflux ratio chosen reflux ratio, from Gilliland empirical correlation (calculation of theoretical plates in 1940 to establish the number of American ER Gilliland correlation):\n   Obtained the required number of theoretical plates. The relative volatility of nearly constant in the whole tower system, which is close to the ideal solution for separating a mixture of Czech algorithm more reliable, and can be extended to the estimation of multicomponent distillation feed solution. Shortcut method for the optimization of the entire production process often been used in the calculation, in order to save time.\nGravity Distillation Equipment\nChong Hing Chemical Equipment Co., Ltd. focus on gravity distillation equipment, gravity distillation machine production, the company's main products: efficient rotary distillation machine, sampler distillation, desulfurization equipment, sewage treatment equipment (saline waste water treatment) all kinds of stainless steel reactor, heat exchangers, condensers, solvent efficient separation device, retorts, continuous centrifuge.\nZhejiang Chemical Equipment Co., Ltd. Chong Hing\nMiss Zhu: 15906488718\nTel: + 86-0577-86997010\nFax: + 86-0577-86997020\nE-mail: cxce@zjcxce.com\nWebsite: http: //www.zjcxce.com\nAddress: Longwan District of Wenzhou City Wing in the streets of the village Feng Ji Road 155", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7959335446357727}
+{"content": "Dancers feet are always movingDancers feet are always moving\n\nAbout Me\n\nDancers feet are always moving\n\n\n\nUnderstanding Achilles Tendinopathy\n\nYour Achilles tendon plays an important role in the movement of your foot. It joins the muscles in your calf to your heel bone, so a damaged Achilles tendon can restrict your ability to move your foot in a circular motion or move it up and down. Achilles tendinopathy occurs when you injure your Achilles tendon and scar tissue develops around the tendon. Bands of scar tissue reduce the tendon's flexibility, making movement painful. Here's what you need to know about Achilles tendinopathy:\n\nCauses And Symptoms\n\nAchilles tendinopathy can be caused by anything that puts too much pressure on your feet such as a poor running technique, footwear that doesn't offer adequate support and flat or high-arched feet. You can also develop Achilles tendinopathy as a complication of ankylosing spondylitis, which is an arthritic condition.\n\nCommon symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy include stiffness and localised swelling around your heel that may spread to the rest of your foot. Pain around your heel can intensify when you're on your feet, so your daily activities may be restricted.\n\nDiagnosis And Treatment\n\nYour podiatrist will examine and flex your foot to determine the degree of movement restriction. They may also arrange an x-ray or MRI of your foot if they suspect something else could be contributing to your symptoms. Treatment for Achilles tendinopathy can include the following:\n\n\nIf the pain and swelling is severe, you may be advised to take painkillers and anti-inflammatory medication, which can help start the healing process by allowing more blood flow to the injured tendon. Always consult your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medications.\n\n\nYou should refrain from high-impact exercises, but staying off the affected foot altogether can make the stiffness worse. Your podiatrist will show you how to do gentle stretching and strengthening exercises at home, which will increase the flexibility of your foot by reducing stiffness.  \n\nOrthotic Insoles\n\nCustom-made orthotic insoles alter the distribution of weight across your feet and can be made to relieve pressure on your Achilles tendon. They are particularly useful for those with flat or high-arched feet. Taking pressure off the tendon allows it time to heal, and you should notice the swelling coming down after only a week or so of using the insoles. Your podiatrist will measure your feet and write a prescription for insoles that you simply slip into whatever shoes you want to wear each day.\n\n\nSurgery is only usually suggested if more conservative treatments have failed. The operation is straightforward and involves severing the scar tissue around your Achilles tendon. This frees the tendon and gives you back the full range of movement in your foot.\n\nIf you're experiencing pain or swelling around your heel, schedule an appointment with your podiatrist as soon as possible. For more information, contact a local clinic like Tim Pain Podiatry.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9076691269874573}
+{"content": "Passa ai contenuti principali\n\n\nVisualizzazione dei post da Maggio, 2011\n\nOnline term extractors: Terminology Extraction by Translated\n\nTerminology Extraction by Translated uses Poisson statistics, the Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inverse Document Frequency between the frequency of words in a given document and a generic corpus of 100 million words per language. It uses a probabilistic part of speech tagger to take into account the probability that a particular sequence could be a term. It creates n-grams of words by minimizing the relative entropy.\n\nTerminology Extraction by Translated can be also used to improve search results in traditional search engines (es. Google) by giving a better estimation of how much a keyword is relevant to a document.\n\nTexts may only be submitted for analysis through entering the text to analyze into the text window.\n\nLanguages supported: English, Italian, French.\n\nWebsite: Translated\n\nOnline term extractors: AlchemyAPI\n\nAlchemyAPI extracts topic keywords from HTML, text, or web-based content.\n\nAlchemyAPI employes sophisticated statistical algorithms and natural language processing technology to analyze data, extracting keywords that can be utilized to index content, generate tag clouds, and more.\n\nAPI endpoints are provided for performing keyword extraction on Internet-accessible URLs and posted HTML files or text content.\n\nExtracted meta-data may be returned in XML, JSON, RDF, and Microformats rel-tag formats.\n\nKeyword extraction is supported in over a half-dozen different languages, enabling even foreign-language content to be categorized and tagged:\nEnglish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish.\n\nWebsite: AlchemyAPI\n\nOnline term extractors: TerMine\n\nParticularly suitable for bio medical-area.\n\n\nTexts may be submitted for analysis through any of the following ways: entering the text you would like to analyze in to the topmost text window;\nspecifying a text file (*.txt or *.pdf) from your computer's hard drive;\nentering a URL of the Web resource (*.html or *.pdf. Languages supported: all Unicode-compliant languages.\n\nWebsite: TerMine\n\nOnline term extractors: Maui - indexer\n\nMaui automatically identifies main topics in text documents. Depending on the task, topics are tags, keywords, keyphrases, vocabulary terms, descriptors, index terms or titles of Wikipedia articles. This demo shows how a vocabulary can be used to derive the topics, e.g. High Energy Physics thesaurus or the agricultural thesaurus Agrovoc. It also shows how keyphrases can be extracted from document text.\n\nFile formats supported: text, PDF, Microsoft Word file\n\nWebsite: Maui - indexer\n\nOnline term extractors: fivefilters\n\nThis is a free software project to enable easy term extraction through a web service.\nGiven some text it will return a list of terms with (hopefully) the most relevant first.\nThe list is returned in JSON format. It is a free alternative to Yahoo's Term Extraction service. It is being developed as part of the Five Filters project to promote alternative, non-corporate media.\n\nLanguages supported: English\n\nWebsite: fivefilters\n\nOnline term extractors: Vocab Grabber\n\n\nLanguages supported: English.\n\nWebsite: Vocab Grabber\n\nHow to be a certified Terminology Manager\n\nStriving for improving is for me a healthy way to add value and enjoy what I am doing. That's why I decided to get the ECQA certification in Terminology Management. This certification is a a good investment because it can be regarded as specialised professional qualification.\nThe course comprises 6 units (5 theoretical units and 1 practical unit based on an exercise). For every unit participants will receive:  - A set of materials (to be found in a Moodle-based e-learning platform)  - An online tutorial (in form of a live webinar)  - And a discussion forum for questions and answers.\nWhat is terminology? Why terminology management? How terminology work is embedded in my organisation and work environment?\n\nHow to search and collect terminology? How to store and retrieve? How to coin terms? How to manage monolingual and multilingual terminology? How to manage terminology projects?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8525185585021973}
+{"content": "Bausch + Lomb 13th Edition 2011\n\nNSIGHT Special Edition\n\nOne could say that optometry evolves at the speed of light but we know that, in reality, we have to be more pragmatic. Although technology expands our scope at an unprecedented rate and we live in the femtosecond domain, the reality is that, at the coalface of eye care, we still have real patients who demand real things, now. The NSIGHT study—from which this special edition has arisen—had one resounding message: Patients and consumers seek one thing as a priority—Vision.\n\nWe owe thanks to Review of Optometry for the editorial space and Bausch + Lomb, sponsors of the NSIGHT study, for the data. This provided the impetus to gather some interesting contributions from some rather interesting people.\n\nThe introductory article covers the study design, market surveyed, data analysis and results that this enlightening Needs, Symptoms, Incidence, Global Eye Health Trends (NSIGHT) Study investigated. The rest of this edition is dedicated to articles that drill down into the issues and concepts the study highlighted. The result is a blend of the esoteric and high tech with the practical, anthropological realities that face eye care providers today. The importance of communication, being a good listener, and understanding both the psychophysics of perception and psychology of patients is clear from these in depth analyses.\n\nIt's an honor to be involved in this project—all the more so considering the caliber of the people involved. They cover diverse regions and backgrounds, yet all have that critical element of passion for what they do. I am sure you will find their contributions enlightening.\n\nBecause \"vision\" (in the view of the consumer) was such a critical element, a number of contributions delve into the various aspects that such a broad term encompasses.\n\nIn \"The Sense of Vision,\" Greg DeNaeyer looks into complex concepts such as visual performance testing, contrast sensitivity, higher order aberrations, neural adaptation and the role they play now and in the future.\n\nSusan Gromacki investigates the modern approach to optimizing vision in astigmats. She looks at the numbers, challenges, limitations and solutions. Astigmatism correction was limited to spectacles until the mid 1900s. Since then, hard lenses, hydrogels and refractive procedures have also been used to correct this malady. Indeed, improvements in soft lens technology allow for great success.\n\nKathryn Richdale and Nidhi Satiani provide insights on how to enhance your contact lens practice through the use of aspheric designs. They summarize aberrations and the benefits of aspheric designs while providing case histories. Again, we see the scientific and technological prowess that allows high definition vision through precision design and manufacture.\n\nShehzad Naroo gives spherical aberration (SA) a Quixotic tilt and provides insights into the optics thereof and some clinical manifestations. He walks us through the seemingly complex realms of the various orders of aberrations, tear film and contact lens influences, practical aspects of correction and the effect of scotopic conditions. He stresses that practitioners need to embrace a more detailed visual task analysis for each of our patients.\n\nA panel of experts—Jim Kokkinakis (Australia), Dominick Maino (USA) and James Wolffsohn (UK)— answer questions and provide their clinical and academic perspectives on many aspects of vision, including lenses, multifocals, patient dissatisfaction, kids, sport, night vision, health, comfort and much more. The panel also discusses integrating technology using the multitude of tools at our disposal.\n\nEnvironment was the third most important aspect the NSIGHT study identified. Jennifer Craig and Alexis Vogt provide their analysis of this wide-ranging concept. Sick building syndrome, air quality, tear film stability, air conditioning, contact lenses, allergy and more are detailed. The effect degradation of the environment can have on quality of life, the management of various factors and resultant satisfaction, are discussed. The increasing demands that modern life places on the eye and its adnexa is an unfortunate side effect of technological advancement. Now, we seek to use technology to try and compensate and improve satisfaction and health.\n\nKate Johnson (Australia), Thomas Quinn (USA) and Shelly Bansal (UK) consider questions and provide their tailored answers and approach. Again we see regional variances but the essential visual and eye health needs have commonality. The individual approach of the contributors makes one consider the merits of one's own way of saying and doing things. There are many useful 'take-home' tips. Some aspects covered are personalized eye care, relationships, tools, emotions, age, electronic health records, refraction and more.\n\nSport and its relationship to eye care are well explored by Nick Dash. Considered the second largest industry in the world, sport certainly rates on some scales! A significant proportion of people take part in sporting activities. The effect of vision on sport is detailed, as are specifics such as swimming, contact lenses, age, region, frequency and modality. Some practitioners build very successful sports vision practices and increasingly national and international sporting groups integrate sports vision awareness and training into their structures. Performance is an important consideration. The integration of neurological, psychophysical and technological aspects is a challenging but rewarding sphere of interest.\n\nDominic Maino pops up again in partnership with Christopher Chase in another feature article; \"Asthenopia: A Technology Induced Visual Impairment.\" They take us on a journey to illustrate how we have evolved as a species and have developed increasing symptoms of asthenopia. They go on to detail causes, symptoms and prevalence and consider treatment and management strategies. They also consider the influence the current swing to 3D TV will have on asthenopia and evolution.\n\nWe trust you will enjoy this special edition. It certainly provides food for thought and strategies you can implement right away.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7154355049133301}
+{"content": "Aims of the curriculum\n\nOur Programme of Study for PSHCE education aims to develop skills and attributes such as resilience, self-esteem, risk-management, teamworking and critical thinking in the context of learning grouped into three core themes: health and wellbeing, relationships and living in the wider world (including economic wellbeing and aspects of careers education).\n\nThe central purpose of PSHCE education at KMS is centered on the fundamental belief that all children/citizens are entitled to make informed choices about their lives.\nAs our students transition from children to teenagers to young adults they are increasingly required to make significant life choices which have implications for themselves. For example making choices about personal health, lifestyle choices, personal safety and security and  preparing for life as a citizen in modern Britain.\nPSHCE at KMS is delivered in an environment which is impartial and non-judgemental where students are allow to discuss, ask questions, explore their own understanding within a framework which both enhances their skills in expressing personal opinions and challenges their understanding of the community and society which they live in.\nThe principles of equality, fairness, justice, democracy and advocacy are embedded throughout the scheme of learning and pupils are taught how to keep themselves safe and well both mentally and physically.\n\nWhat career…?\n\n\nPSHCE makes a major contribution to the promotion of personal development which culminates in successful, level-headed young adults. We prepare young people for their future and open the door to many careers.  Here are just some examples the type of careers GCSE Citizenship can lead to:\n\nLawyer, police officer, teacher, community worker,  social worker, working with young people…and so much more!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999951124191284}
+{"content": "US and the Lausanne Negociations: Another Idiotic Plan to Hurt Russia\n\n\niran-oil-rig-400x266“The U.S. must show the leadership necessary to establish and protect a new order that holds the promise of convincing potential competitors that they need not aspire to a greater role or pursue a more aggressive posture to protect their legitimate interests…..We must, however, be mindful that…Russia will remain the strongest military power in Eurasia and the only power in the world with the capability of destroying the United States.”\n\nThe Wolfowitz Doctrine, the original version of the Defense Planning Guidance, authored by Under Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, leaked to the New York Times on March 7, 1992\n\n“For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia…and America’s global primacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained.”\n\n-THE GRAND CHESSBOARDAmerican Primacy And It’s Geostrategic Imperatives, Zbigniew Brzezinski, page 30, Basic Books, 1997\n\nThe Lausanne negotiations between Iran and the so called P5+1 group (the United States, Russia, China, France, Britain, and Germany) have nothing to do with nuclear proliferation. They are, in fact, another attempt to weaken and isolate Russia by easing sanctions, thus allowing Iranian gas to replace Russian gas in Europe. Lausanne shows that Washington still thinks that the greatest threat to its dominance is the further economic integration of Russia and Europe, a massive two-continent free trade zone from Lisbon to Vladivostok that would eventually dwarf dwindling US GDP while decisively shifting the balance of global power to Asia. To counter that threat, the Obama administration toppled the elected government of Ukraine in a violent coup, launched a speculative attack on the ruble, forced down global oil prices, and is presently arming and training neo-Nazi extremists in the Ukrainian army. Washington has done everything in its power to undermine relations between the EU and Russia risking even nuclear war in its effort to separate the natural trading partners and to strategically situate itself in a location where it can control the flow of vital resources from East to West.\n\nLausanne was about strategic priorities not nukes. The Obama administration realizes that if it can’t find an alternate source of gas for Europe, then its blockade of Russia will fail and the EU-Russia alliance will grow stronger. And if the EU-Russia alliance grows stronger, then US attempts to extend its tentacles into Asia and become a major player in the world’s most prosperous region will also fail leaving Washington to face a dismal future in which the steady erosion of its power and prestige is a near certainty. This is from an article titled “Removing sanctions against Iran to have unfavorable influence on Turkey and Azerbaijan”:\n\n“If Washington removes energy sanctions on Iran…then a new geopolitical configuration will emerge in the region. Connecting with Nabucco will be enough for Iran to fully supply Europe with gas…\n\nIran takes the floor with inexhaustible oil and gas reserves and as a key transit country. Iran disposes of the 10% of the reported global oil reserves and is the second country in the world after Russia with its natural gas reserves (15%). The official representatives of Iran do not hide that they strive to enter the European market of oil and gas, as in the olden days. Let’s remember that the deputy Minister of Oil in Iran, Ali Majedi, offered to revive project of Nabucco pipeline during his European tour and said that his country is ready to supply gas to Europe through it…\n\n“Some months earlier the same Ali Majedi reported sensational news: ‘two invited European delegations’ discussed the potential routes of Iranian gas supply to Europe,” the article reads.” … It is also noted that the West quite materially reacted to the possibility of the Iranian gas to join Nabucco.” (Removing sanctions against Iran to have unfavorable influence on Turkey and Azerbaijan, Panorama)\n\nSo, is this the plan, to provide “energy security” to Europe by replacing Russian gas with Iranian gas?\n\nIt sure looks like it. But that suggests that the sanctions really had nothing to do with Iran’s fictitious nuclear weapons program but were merely used to humiliate Iran while keeping as much of its oil and gas offline until western-backed multinationals could get their greasy mitts on it.\n\nIndeed, that’s exactly how the sanctions were used even though the nuclear issue was a transparent fake from the get go. Get a load of this from the New York Times:\n\n“Recent assessments by American spy agencies are broadly consistent with a 2007 intelligence finding that concluded that Iran had abandoned its nuclear weapons program years earlier, according to current and former American officials. The officials said that assessment was largely reaffirmed in a 2010 National Intelligence Estimate, and that it remains the consensus view of America’s 16 intelligence agencies.” (U.S. Agencies See No Move by Iran to Build a Bomb, James Risen, New York Times, February 24, 2012)\n\nSee? The entire US intelligence establishment has been saying the same thing from the onset: No Iranian nukes. Nor has Iran ever been caught diverting nuclear fuel to other purposes. Never. Also, as nuclear weapons physicist, Gordon Prather stated many times before his death, “After almost three years of go-anywhere see-anything interview-anyone inspections, IAEA inspectors have yet to find any indication that Iran has — or ever had — a nuclear weapons program.”\n\nThe inspectors were on the ground for three freaking years. They interviewed everyone and went wherever they wanted. They searched every cave and hideaway, every nook and cranny, and they found nothing.\n\nGet it? No nukes, not now, not ever. Period.\n\nThe case against Iran is built on propaganda, brainwashing and bullshit, in that order. But, still, that doesn’t tell us why the US is suddenly changing course. For that, we turn to an article from The Brookings Institute titled “Why the details of the Iran deal don’t matter” which sums it up quite well. Here’s a clip:\n\n“At heart, this is a fight over what to do about Iran’s challenge to U.S. leadership in the Middle East and the threat that Iranian geopolitical ambitions pose to U.S. allies, particularly Israel and Saudi Arabia. Proponents of the deal believe that the best way for the United States to deal with the Iranian regional challenge is to seek to integrate Iran into the regional order, even while remaining wary of its ambitions. A nuclear deal is an important first step in that regard, but its details matter little because the ultimate goal is to change Iranian intentions rather destroy Iranian capability.” (Why the details of the Iran deal don’t matter, Brookings)\n\nNotice how carefully the author avoids mentioning Israel by name although he alludes to “the threat that Iranian geopolitical ambitions pose to U.S. allies”. Does he think he’s talking to idiots?\n\nBut his point is well taken; the real issue is not “Iranian capability”, but “Iran’s challenge to U.S. leadership in the Middle East”. In other words, the nuclear issue is baloney. What Washington doesn’t like is that Iran has an independent foreign policy that conflicts with the US goal of controlling the Middle East. That’s what’s really going on. Washington wants a compliant Iran that clicks its heals and does what its told.\n\nThe problem is, the strategy hasn’t worked and now the US is embroiled in a confrontation with Moscow that is a higher priority than the Middle East project. (The split between US elites on this matter has been interesting to watch, with the Obama-Brzezinski crowd on one side and the McCain-neocon crowd on the other.) This is why the author thinks that easing sanctions and integrating Iran into the predominantly US system would be the preferable remedy for at least the short term.\n\nRepeat: “The best way for the United States to deal with the Iranian regional challenge is to integrate Iran into the regional order.” In other words, if you can’t beat ‘em, then join ‘em. Iran is going to be given enough freedom to fulfill its role within the imperial order, that is, to provide gas to Europe in order to inflict more economic pain on Russia. Isn’t that what’s going on?\n\nBut what effect will that have on Iran-Russia relations? Will it poison the well and turn one ally against the other?\n\nProbably not, mainly because the ties between Iran and Russia are growing stronger by the day. Check this out from the Unz Review by Philip Giraldi:\n\n“Moscow and Tehran are moving towards a de-facto strategic partnership, which can be easily seen by the two groundbreaking announcements from earlier this week. It’s now been confirmed by the Russian government that the rumored oil-for-goods program between Russia and Iran is actually a real policy that’s already been implemented, showing that Moscow has wasted no time in trying to court the Iranian market after the proto-deal was agreed to a week earlier. Providing goods in exchange for resources is a strategic decision that creates valuable return customers in Iran, who will then be in need of maintenance and spare parts for their products. It’s also a sign of deep friendship between the two Caspian neighbors and sets the groundwork for the tentative North-South economic corridor between Russia and India via Iran.” (A Shifting Narrative on Iran, Unz Review)\n\nBut here’s the glitch: Iran can’t just turn on the spigot and start pumping gas to Europe. It doesn’t work that way. It’s going to take massive pipeline and infrastructure upgrades that could take years to develop. That means there will be plenty of hefty contracts awarded to friends of Tehran –mostly Russian and Chinese–who will perform their tasks without interfering in domestic politics. Check this out from Pepe Escobar:\n\n“Russia and China are deeply committed to integrating Iran into their Eurasian vision. Iran may finally be admitted as a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) at the upcoming summer summit in Russia. That implies a full-fledged security/commercial/political partnership involving Russia, China, Iran and most Central Asian ’stans’.\n\nIran is already a founding member of the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB); that means financing for an array of New Silk Road-related projects bound to benefit the Iranian economy. AIIB funding will certainly merge with loans and other assistance for infrastructure development related to the Chinese-established Silk Road Fund…” (Russia, China, Iran: In sync, Pepe Escobar, Russia Today)\n\nGet the picture? Eurasian integration is already done-deal and there’s nothing the US can do to stop it.\n\nWashington needs to rethink its approach. Stop the meddling and antagonism, rebuild relations through trade and mutual trust, and accept the inevitability of imperial decline.\n\nAsia’s star is rising just as America’s is setting. Deal with it.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOften Western media compares this ability with the ability of a grandmaster, conducting a public chess simul. Recent developments in US economy and the West in general allow us to conclude that in this part of the assessment of Putin’s personality Western media are absolutely right.\n\nDespite numerous success reports in the style of Fox News and CNN, today, Western economy, led by the United States is in Putin’s trap, the way out of which no one in the West can see or find.And the more the West is trying to escape from this trap, the more stuck it becomes.\n\nWhat is the truly tragic predicament of the West and the United States, in which they find themselves? And why all the Western media and leading Western economists are silent about this, as a well guarded military secret? Let’s try to understand the essence of current economic events, in the context of the economy, setting aside the factors of morality, ethics and geopolitics.\n\nDevelopment of crude oil prices.\n\nDevelopment of crude oil prices.\n\nAfter realizing its failure in Ukraine, the West, led by the US set out to destroy Russian economy by lowering oil prices, and accordingly gas prices as the main budget sources of export revenue in Russia and the main sources of replenishment of Russian gold reserves. It should be noted that the main failure of the West in Ukraine is not military or political. But in the actual refusal of Putin to fund the Western project of Ukraine at the expense of the budget of Russian Federation. What makes this Western project not viable in the near and inevitable future.\n\nLast time under president Reagan, such actions of the West’s lowering of oil prices led to ‘success’ and the collapse of USSR. But history does not repeat itself all the time. This time things are different for the West. Putin’s response to the West resembles both chess and judo, when the strength used by the enemy is used against him, but with minimal costs to the strength and resources of the defender. Putin’s real policies are not public. Therefore, Putin’s policy largely has always focused not so much on effect, but on efficiency.\n\nVery few people understand what Putin is doing at the momentAnd almost no one understands what he will do in the future.\n\nNo matter how strange it may seem, but right now, Putin is selling Russian oil and gas only for physical gold.\n\nPutin is not shouting about it all over the world. And of course, he still accepts US dollars as an intermediate means of payment. But he immediately exchanges all these dollars obtained from the sale of oil and gas for physical gold!\n\nTo understand this, it is enough to look at the dynamics of growth of gold reserves of Russia and to compare this data with foreign exchange earnings of the Russia coming from the sale of oil and gas over the same period.\n\ngoldMoreover, in the third quarter the purchases by Russia of physical gold are at all-time high record levels. In the third quarter of this year, Russia had purchased an incredible amount of gold in the amount of 55 tons. It’s more than all the central banks of all countries of the world combined (according to official data)!\n\nIn total, the central banks of all countries of the world have purchased 93 tons of the precious metal in the third quarter of 2014. It was the 15th consecutive quarter of net purchases of gold by Central banks. Of the 93 tonnes of gold purchases by central banks around the world during this period, the staggering volume of purchases – of 55 tons – belongs to Russia.\n\nNot so long ago, British scientists have successfully come to the same conclusion, as was published in the Conclusion of the U.S. Geological survey a few years ago. Namely: Europe will not be able to survive without energy supply from Russia. Translated from English to any other language in the world it means: “The world will not be able to survive if oil and gas from Russia is subtracted from the global balance of energy supply”.\n\n\nBecause Russia, having a regular flow of dollars from the sale of oil and gas, in any case, will be able to convert them to gold with current gold prices, depressed by all means by the West. That is,at the price of gold, which had been artificially and meticulously lowered by the Fed and ESF many times, against artificially inflated purchasing power of the dollar through market manipulation.\n\nInteresting fact: the suppression of gold prices by the special department of US Government – ESF (Exchange Stabilization Fund) – with the aim of stabilizing the dollar has been made into a law in the United States.\n\nIn the financial world it is accepted as a given that gold is an antidollar.\n\n  • In 1971, US President Richard Nixon closed the ‘gold window’, ending the free exchange of dollars for gold, guaranteed by the US in 1944 at Bretton Woods.\n  • In 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin has reopened the ‘gold window’, without asking Washington’s permission.\n\nRight now the West spends much of its efforts and resources to suppress the prices of gold and oil. Thereby, on the one hand to distort the existing economic reality in favor of the US dollar and on the other hand, to destroy the Russian economy, refusing to play the role of obedient vassal of the West.\n\nToday assets such as gold and oil look proportionally weakened and excessively undervalued against the US dollar. It is a consequence of the enormous economic effort on the part of the West.\n\nAnd now Putin sells Russian energy resources in exchange for these US dollars, artificially propped by the efforts of the West. With which he immediately buys gold, artificially devalued against the U.S. dollar by the efforts of the West itself!\n\nsourcesThere is another interesting element in Putin’s game. It’s Russian uranium. Every sixth light bulb in the USA depends on its supply. Which Russia sells to the US too, for dollars.\n\nThus, in exchange for Russian oil, gas and uranium, the West pays Russia with dollars, purchasing power of which is artificially inflated against oil and gold by the efforts of the West. But Putin uses these dollars only to withdraw physical gold from the West in exchange, for the price denominated in US dollars, artificially lowered by the same West.\n\nThis truly brilliant economic combination by Putin puts the West led by the United States in a position of a snake, aggressively and diligently devouring its own tail.\n\nThe idea of this economic golden trap for the West, probably originated not from Putin himself. Most likely it was the idea of Putin’s Advisor for Economic Affairs – doctor Sergey Glazyev. Otherwise why seemingly not involved in business bureaucrat Glazyev, along with many Russian businessmen, was personally included by Washington on the sanction list?  The idea of an economist, doctor Glazyev was brilliantly executed by Putin, with full endorsement from his Chinese colleague – Xi Jinping.\n\nEspecially interesting in this context looks the November statement of the first Deputy Chairman of Central Bank of Russia Ksenia Yudaeva, which stressed that the Central Bank of Russia can use the gold from its reserves to pay for imports, if needed. It is obvious that in terms of sanctions by the Western world, this statement is addressed to the BRICS countries, and first of all China. For China, Russia’s willingness to pay for goods with Western gold is very convenient. And here’s why:\n\n\nThus, China will replace all the dollars that it will receive for its goods not only from the US but from all over the world with something else not to increase their gold currency reserves, denominated in US dollars. And here is an interesting question: what will China replace all the trade dollars with? What currency or an asset? Analysis of the current monetary policy of China shows that most likely the dollars coming from trade, or a substantial chunk of them, China will quietly replace and de facto is already replacing with Gold.\n\nAre we witnessing the end of dollar era?\n\nAre we witnessing the end of dollar era?\n\nIn this aspect, the solitaire of Russian-Chinese relations is extremely successful for Moscow and Beijing.Russia buys goods from China directly for gold at its current price. While China buys Russian energy resources for gold at its current price. At this Russian-Chinese festival of life there is a place for everything: Chinese goods, Russian energy resources, and gold – as a means of mutual payment. Only US dollar has no place at this festival of life. And this is not surprising. Because the US dollar is not a Chinese product, nor a Russian energy resource. It is only an intermediate financial instrument of settlement – and an unnecessary intermediary. And it is customary to exclude unnecessary intermediaries from the interaction of two independent business partners.\n\nIt should be noted separately that the global market for physical gold is extremely small relative to the world market for physical oil supplies. And especially the world market for physical gold is microscopic compared to the entirety of world markets for physical delivery of oil, gas, uranium and goods.\n\nEmphasis on the phrase “physical gold” is made because in exchange for its physical, not ‘paper’ energy resources, Russia is now withdrawing gold from the West, but only in its physical, not paper form. So does China, by acquiring from the West the artificially devalued physical gold as a payment for physical delivery of real products to the West.\n\nThe West’s hopes that Russia and China will accept as payment for their energy resources and goods “shitcoin” or so-called “paper gold” of various kinds also did not materialize. Russia and China are only interested in gold and only physical metal as a final means of payment.\n\nFor reference: the turnover of the market of paper gold, only of gold futures, is estimated at $360 billion per month. But physical delivery of gold is only for $280 million a month. Which makes the ratio of trade of paper gold versus physical gold: 1000 to 1.\n\nUsing the mechanism of active withdrawal from the market of one artificially lowered by the West financial asset (gold) in exchange for another artificially inflated by the West financial asset (USD),Putin has thereby started the countdown to the end of the world hegemony of petrodollar. Thus, Putin has put the West in a deadlock of the absence of any positive economic prospects. The West can spend as much of its efforts and resources to artificially increase the purchasing power of the dollar, lower oil prices and artificially lower the purchasing power of gold. The problem of the West is that the stocks of physical gold in possession of the West are not unlimited. Therefore, the more the West devalues oil and gold against the US dollar, the faster it loses devaluing Gold from its not infinite reserves. In this brilliantly played by Putin economic combination the physical gold is rapidly flowing to Russia, China, Brazil, Kazakhstan and India, the BRICS countries, from the reserves of the West. At the current rate of reduction of reserves of physical gold, the West simply does not have the time to do anything against Putin’s Russia until the collapse of the entire Western petrodollar world. In chess the situation in which Putin has put the West, led by the US, is called “time trouble”.\n\nThe Western world has never faced such economic events and phenomena that are happening right now. USSR rapidly sold gold during the fall of oil prices. Russia rapidly buys gold during the fall in oil prices. Thus, Russia poses a real threat to the American model of petrodollar world domination.\n\nThe main principle of world petrodollar model is allowing Western countries led by the United States to live at the expense of the labor and resources of other countries and peoples based on the role of the US currency, dominant in the global monetary system (GMS) . The role of the US dollar in the GMS is that it is the ultimate means of payment. This means that the national currency of the United States in the structure of the GMS is the ultimate asset accumulator, to exchange which to any other asset does not make sense. What the BRICS countries, led by Russia and China, are doing now is actually changing the role and status of the US dollar in the global monetary system. From the ultimate means of payment and asset accumulation, the national currency of the USA, by the joint actions of Moscow and Beijing is turned into only an intermediate means of payment. Intended only to exchange this interim payment for another and the ulimate financial asset – gold. Thus, the US dollar actually loses its role as the ultimate means of payment and asset accumulation, yielding both of those roles to another recognized, denationalized and depoliticized monetary asset – gold.\n\nTraditionally, the West has used two methods to eliminate the threat to the hegemony of petrodollar model in the world and the consequent excessive privileges for the West.\n\nMap of Coloured revolutions\n\nOne of these methods – colored revolutions. The second method, which is usually applied by the West, if the first fails – military aggression and bombing.\n\nBut in Russia’s case both of these methods are either impossible or unacceptable for the West.\n\nBecause, firstly, the population of Russia, unlike people in many other countries, does not wish to exchange their freedom and the future of their children for Western sausage. This is evident from the record ratings of Putin, regularly published by the leading Western rating agencies. Personal friendship of Washington protégé Navalny with Senator McCain played for him and Washington a very negative role. Having learned this fact from the media, 98% of the Russian population now perceive Navalny only as a vassal of Washington and a traitor of Russia’s national interests. Therefore Western professionals, who have not yet lost their mind, cannot dream about any colour revolution in Russia.\n\nAs for the second traditional Western way of direct military aggression, Russia is certainly not Yugoslavia, not Iraq or Libya. In any non-nuclear military operation against Russia, on the territory of Russia, the West led by the US is doomed to defeat. And the generals in the Pentagon exercising real leadership of NATO forces are aware of this. Similarly hopeless is a nuclear war against Russia, including the concept of so-called “preventive disarming nuclear strike”. NATO is simply not technically able to strike a blow that would completely disarm the nuclear potential of Russia in all its many manifestations. A massive nuclear retaliatory strike on the enemy or a pool of enemies would be inevitable. And its total capacity will be enough for survivors to envy the dead. That is, an exchange of nuclear strikes with a country like Russia is not a solution to the looming problem of the collapse of a petrodollar world. It is in the best case, a final chord and the last point in the history of its existence. In the worst case – a nuclear winter and the demise of all life on the planet, except for the bacteria mutated from radiation.\n\n\n\n\nNo one in the West today can answer these seemingly simple questions.\n\n\n\nSource in Russian: Investcafe", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5421528816223145}
+{"content": "Aluminum Product Guide\n\nAluminum is the most commonly used and commercially available metal, next to steel. Its light weight and high strength-to-weight ratio make it a good choice for everything from bicycles, to airplanes, to machine tooling.\n\nPure aluminum, primarily seen in the 1000 series of wrought aluminum alloys, has little strength, but possesses high electrical conductivity, reflectivity, and corrosion resistance. For this reason a wide variety of aluminum alloys have been developed.\n\n2011 Aluminum\n\n2011 is the most machinable of the commonly available aluminum alloys. Machining this alloy can produce excellent surface finishes.\n\nWeldability, strength, and anodizing response are all rated as average at best, and this alloy does not have a high degree of corrosion resistance.\n\nIf the ability to make your part quickly is important to you, and strength is not the primary desire, 2011 can be a good choice.\n\n2011-T3 Aluminum  \nMinimum PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, psi55,000\nYield Strength, psi43,000\nBrinell Hardness95\nRockwell HardnessB60\nChemistryAluminum (Al)91.2 - 94.6%\nBismuth (Bi)0.2 - 0.6%\nCopper (Cu)5.0 - 6.0%\nIron (Fe)0.7% max\nMagnesium (Mg)2.1 - 2.9%\nLead (Pb)0.2 - 0.6%\nSilicon (Si)0.4% max\n\n2024 Aluminum\n\nIn 2024 Copper is the main alloying ingredient. It is very strong compared to most aluminum alloys and has average machinability. The copper component of this alloy makes it susceptible to corrosion; many items in this alloy are produced with a clad surface to protect the underlying material. In addition, 2024 is not considered to be a weldable alloy.\n\nFinally, the fatigue resistance of 2024 makes it a primary choice when the application is expected to be under stress or strain for prolonged periods. It is commonly used in aerospace applications.\n\n2024-T3 Aluminum  \nMinimum PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, psi 70,000\nYield Strength, psi50,000\nBrinell Hardness120\nRockwell HardnessB75\nChemistryAluminum (Al)90.7 - 94.7%\nChromium (Cr)0.1% max\nCopper (Cu)3.8 - 4.9%\nIron (Fe)0.5% max\nMagnesium (Mg)1.2 - 1.8%\nManganese (Mn)0.3 - 0.9%\nSilicon (Si)0.5% max\n\n5052 Aluminum\n\n5052 is the alloy most suited to forming fabrication, with good workability and higher strength than that of the 1100 or 3003 alloys that are commercially available.\n\n5052 is not heat-treatable, but is stronger than most of the 5000 series of alloys. It has very good corrosion resistance, and can be easily welded. 5052 is not a good choice for extensive machining operations, as it has only a fair machinability rating.\n\n5052-H32 Aluminum  \nMinimum PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, psi33,000\nYield Strength, psi28,000\nBrinell Hardness60\nChemistryAluminum (Al)95.7 - 97.7%\nChromium (Cr)0.15 - 0.35%\nCopper (Cu)0.1% max\nIron (Fe)0.4% max\nMagnesium (Mg)2.2 - 2.8%\nManganese (Mn)0.1% max\nSilicon (Si)0.25% max\n\n6005A Aluminum\n\n6005A is a versatile alloy that can be used for structural and architectural applications. This particular alloy is commonly used in automotive, industrial, electrical and equipment industries. It can also be used to produce standard and custom shapes extruded for solid or hollow designs.\n\nAs a medium strength alloy, 6005A-T61 temper has mechanical properties similar to 6061T6. 6005A has improved toughness characteristics compared to 6005 and 6105 and the chemical composition of 6005A provides improved extendability compared to 6061 alloy. 6005A should not be confused with 6005 due to a difference in the amount of manganese and chromium content. 6005A-T1, T5, T61 tempers are included in ASTM B221, ASTM B241, and ASTM B429 specifications.\n\n6005A provides good corrosion resistance and finishing characteristics for anodizing and painting. Alloy 6005A is weldable and can be brazed using various commercial methods. Consult a material safety sheet for proper safety and handling precautions when using 6005A alloy.\n\n6005A-T6 Aluminum\nPhysical and Machanical PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, Psi38,000\nYield Strength, Psi35,000\nBrinell Hardness95\nRockwell Hardness\n\n6061 Aluminum\n\n6061 aluminum is the most commonly used aluminum alloy. It is specified in most any application due to its strength, heat treatability, easy machinability, and weldability. It is also capable of being anodized, adding a layer of protection for finished parts.\n\nThe main alloy ingredients of 6061 aluminum are magnesium and silicon.\n\n6061-T6 Aluminum  \nPhysical and Mechanical PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, psi45,000\nYield Strength, psi40,000\nBrinell Hardness95\nRockwell HardnessB60\nChemistryAluminum (Al)95.8 - 98.6%\nChromium (Cr)0.04 - 0.35%\nCopper (Cu)0.15 - 0.40%\nIron (Fe)0.70%\nMagnesium (Mg)0.8 - 1.2%\nManganese (Mn)0.15% max\nSilicon (Si)0.4 - 0.8%\nZinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)0.25%\n\n6063 Aluminum\n\n6063 is often called architectural aluminum for two reasons: first, it has a surface finish that is far smoother than the other commercially available alloys; and second, its strength is significantly less, (roughly half the strength of 6061), making it better suited for applications where strength is not the foremost consideration.\n\n6063 is rated as “Good” for forming and cold working operations, “Excellent” for anodizing, and “Fair” for machining.\n\n6063-T52 Aluminum  \nMinimum PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, psi27,000\nYield Strength, psi21,000\nBrinell Hardness60\nChemistryAluminum (Al)97.5% max\nChromium (Cr)0.1% max\nCopper (Cu)0.1% max\nIron (Fe)0.35% max\nMagnesium (Mg)0.45 - 0.90%\nManganese (Mn)0.1% max\nSilicon (Si)0.2 - 0.6%\n\n7075 Aluminum\n\n7075 is the other “aircraft grade” aluminum. Its principal alloying ingredients are zinc and copper, this makes it one of the highest-strength aluminum alloys that are available. In fact, its typical strength in the T6 temper is higher than most mild steels.\n\n7075 also has average-to-good ratings for machinability, corrosion resistance, and anodizing response. Like 2024, however, it is not considered to be weldable.\n\n7075-T6 Aluminum  \nPhysical and Mechanical PropertiesUltimate Tensile Strength, psi83,000\nYield Strength, psi73,000\nBrinell Hardness150\nRockwell HardnessB87\nChemistryAluminum (Al)87.1 - 91.4%\nZinc (Zn)5.1 - 6.1% max\nCopper (Cu)1.2 - 2.0%\nChromium (Cr)0.18 - 0.28%\nIron (Fe)0.5 max\nMagnesium (Mg)2.1 - 2.9%\nManganese (Mn)0.3% max\n\nAlcobra Metals states that all technical data is for comparison purposes only and is NOT FOR DESIGN. It has been compiled from sources we believe to be accurate but cannot guarantee. Please consult an Engineer.\n\nScroll to Top", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9118744730949402}
+{"content": "\n\nIt makes me nervous.\n\n\nIt still makes me nervous.\n\n\n\nThen why are we taking this risk?\n\nI just don’t like it.\n\n\n“Exceeds expectations”\n\nSo, it’s evaluation season. Doing my own eval is uncomfortable for me. It feels like I am tooting my own horn, so to speak. I don’t like talking about myself. I don’t want to sit down and tell you about the great things I’ve done over the past year.\n\nSo, I sit down for my eval with my manager… As we start going over each section she tells me the ratings she has given me.\n\nThey were all “exceeds expectations”!\n\n\nI have been a nurse nine years. Every eval I have gotten was rated “fully meets”. I was always content with that. However, for the first time I exceed. My manager started mentioning all the things I’ve done that’s she’s noticed. She gave me compliment after complement for the care I deliver. I honestly didn’t know she paid that much attention. She manages over 100 nurses, she’s always on the move. However, she makes it a point to stop by our department and check in on us. She is always available. To be honest, she’s the best manager I have worked for. To know that with all she is doing, she still noticed my hard work, it felt great.\n\nMy actions are not so that I can be noticed. I just do what’s right for the patient. Ultimately, that who we are here for. I never thought I was going “above and beyond”.\n\nIt was a great feeling.\n\nI’m in the right place. I’m definitely in the right place…\n\nThe Ativan isn’t working…\n\nHey doc,\n\nIt’s Fred, the MRI nurse calling about your claustrophobic patient detoxing from opioids.\n\nThe ativan isn’t working. 😒\n\nI’m not sure why you thought 1 MG of ativan IV would get your patient to hold still for an hour inside of a tube that can sound like a jack hammer but THE ATIVAN ISN’T WORKING. It’s not going to work. He is detoxing… FROM OPIOIDS!\n\nHow about you let us do this the way we wanted to and let us complete this HOUR LONG STUDY under anesthesia? It’s propofol, you know, the same stuff you guys were using when you had him intubated? Remember how well that worked? Yeah, we can do that down here as well. We use just enough to get him asleep and only leave it on long enough to complete the study.\n\nBut no. Instead you would like for us to “just give it a shot” without sedation. He has pain medication and the ativan so that should keep him still. Oh okay. Well, I hope you get all the information you can from these blurry images we were able to get before we stopped the scan because he almost climbed off the table.\n\nLet us know when you want to schedule him for sedation, I can do that for you…\n\nThat’s… unfortunate\n\nA majority of my patients cannot read and know nothing about their medical care.\n\nThat’s… unfortunate.\n\nIn fact, it’s scary.\n\nMy patients have to fill out a checklist before having their MRI or CT scan. It asks numerous questions about prior procedures and certain health issues.\n\nSo many of my patients can’t fill out the questionnaire. In fact, a lot of my patients don’t even know why they are having the scans! They are here because they have an appointment. They don’t know which doctor ordered the scan, what is getting scanned, or what the particular doctor even does for them. It’s sort of the mindset that “if the doctor ordered it then I should do it”, no questions asked.\n\nThat is frightening. Those of you that have been following me know I am big on patient education. With how fast paced my department is, I don’t have the time I would like to have to educate patients. And let’s be real, at this point I can’t teach someone to read. I guess what is so disappointing to me is the fact that it’s just glossed over. It’s accepted. The lack of patient education, understanding, and participation has become the new norm. I can’t stand it. I want patients to understand what is going on. I want patients to be a part of their plan of care. I want patients to be set up for success.\n\nApparently, I want to live in the NCLEX world where everything is perfect and everything runs smoothly.\n\nI want my patients to be happy and healthy. Sometimes I feel like I am being unrealistic.\n\n\n\nNow that I am in the radiology department I spend a lot of time focusing on GFR and kidney function. Why? Good question!\n\nIn MRI and CT we give contrast to a lot of patients. In CT the contrast is iodine based. In MRI the contrast is gadolinium (metal) based. Both types of contrasts are filtered out through the kidneys and thus the reason kidney function is so important in this department. The way we assess kidney function is by checking a patient’s creatinine level in their blood. Luckily for us we have machine called the i-Stat that can test the blood and give a result in two minutes. The result transfers into Cerner (our EMR) and the computer then uses that result to calculate the GFR. Great… except I didn’t really have an understanding of why we were checking the creatinine, what GFR really was, or why there is a GFR result for African Americans and non-African Americans. I decided to do a little reasearch and I figured, since this is a nursing blog and all, why don’t I share what I have learned?\n\nWhat is “GFR”?\n\nGFR stands for glomerular filtration rate. Basically, the GFR tells you the flow rate of fluids through the kidney. Your glomeruli are the capillaries in your nephrons inside the kidney. Blood is filtered across the capillary membranes helping to remove waste that can ultimately be excreted through the urine. Taking you back to anatomy and physiology in nursing school aren’t I? *shudders*\n\nA simple google search will bring up lots of GFR calculators. Typically the GFR calculator takes into account serum creatinine, age, gender, and race (African American versus not) and then it will give you the estimated GFR. A GFR >60 indicates a generally healthy kidney. Less than 60 can indicate potential kidney disease. Less than 15 can indicate full on failure. Here is a little infographic that is patient centered.\n\nWhy creatinine?\n\nWhy does the GFR equation use creatinine? In the most basic terms, creatinine is a waste product of creatine. Creatine is used by the muscle cells for energy. Your kidneys help filter the creatinine out of the blood to be excreted in the urine. Low creatinine typically indicates good kidney function (which makes sense, healthy kidneys will filter out creatinine effectively). High creatinine indicates the opposite, kidney function is probably on the lower end because the kidneys are unable to filter out the waste product. Creatinine is primarily filtered out through the kidneys which is why it is a pretty good indicator of kidney function.\n\nWhy is the result different based on race?\n\nMany, many times I have looked at my labs and wondered why the GFR had a result for African Americans and then essentially everyone else. It wasn’t until I started working here and paying attention to the GFR that I decided to look it up. Turns out studies show we have “higher than average” muscle mass so we generate higher levels of creatinine. Higher creatinine levels lead to higher filtration rates. The difference in results account for this.\n\nNow I can actually explain to my patients why I am taking blood after I start an IV. I like to be able to asnwer my patient’s questions so of course I had to do a little learning on my end. Hopefully some of you will also find this information useful! (Also here is a great reference for frequently asked questions from the National Kidney Foundation because, why not!)\n\nConstantly learning\n\nA little while back, while I was still a STICU nurse, I decided to start a little notebook where I would right down new diseases/diagnoses/medications I came across during my shifts so I could look them up and learn about them. I was afraid when I transitioned into an imaging nurse I was not going to really be “learning” anything new. I’m just going to start IV’s and monitor for contrast reactions.\n\nI was wrong.\n\nPeople get MRI’s for all kinds of reasons. I have probably come across more diseases that I have never heard of in this position than I had the whole time I was in the ICU.\n\nIt’s been a constant learning experience. I start looking up the disease the patient is diagnosed with (which is the reason they are coming to MRI in the first place), and that leads me to another related disease, which leads to a new study, which leads to a med I have never heard of, and so on.\n\nI’d never heard of MGUS, plastic bronchitis, or a syrinx. Came across all of those in MRI. I assumed that I need to be bedside to learn anything new in nursing. That’s not the case at all. As long as you are providing patient care you never really stop learning…\n\nSo you have to send your patient to MRI…\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFull circle\n\nI started working in a hospital on my birthday in 2007. In this particular hospital, there were two separate transportation teams. One did regular transports and discharges and the other only did transports to and from radiology departments. I started as a transporter in the radiology department. The hospital offered a free EMT-B course, all you had to do was pass. Of course I took up that offer! I transported for over a year and in the process started nursing school. That’s when I decided to become a tech. After graduation, I worked on that unit (med-surg) for two years. I hated it. I am not a med-surg nurse. I got frustrated very quickly with all the frequent flyers. I felt like I wasn’t making a difference. No matter how much teaching I did I knew I would see those patients in a month, maybe two. So I left the hospital to take an ICU position in a smaller hospital. It was hell for me to go from a teaching hospital where I was autonomous and a part of the care team to a community hospital where I was supposed to just do what I was told. Yeah, no. They got two years out of me as well before I took an ICU position in another teaching hospital. I loved it. I learned so much and got to be a part of things I had never experienced before. The only drawback was the commute. An hour and a half one way, and I was working night shift.  I managed to pull this off for three years. I kept telling myself I would move closer to the hospital but I never did. I love the city I live in right now. I love the diversity, something that was lacking in the area that particular hospital was in. So, I started the job search again. Guess what hospital and what department were in need of a nurse? Yep, my first hospital and the opening was in radiology! I jumped at the chance and luckily got the position.\n\nIts been a bit surreal. Being back in the radiology department feels familiar and new at the same time. Most of the radiology techs and nurses were there when I first started. They remember me as a transporter from 11 years ago. Now here I am in their department as a clin 2 nurse! I’ve come full circle.  I am getting used to being the new kid without actually being a new kid. Maybe, just maybe this is where I was supposed to be all along…", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5501329302787781}
+{"content": "Biz Tips: The 8 Types of Thinking Maps and How They Help Visualize Ideas\n\n\n\nThe 8 Types of Thinking Maps and How They Help Visualize Ideas\n\nAs content creators, we’re always looking for new ways to become more productive, not only in the process of creating content but also how it is communicated.\n\nFor example, when we create content without brainstorming or outlining, we risk making mistakes, which in turn causes us to waste time and not be as productive as we’d like.\n\nThere is a set of powerful visual learning tools used in schools, universities and workplaces all over the world that can help us better organize our ideas. They are called thinking maps.\n\nThe 8 Types of Thinking Maps\n\nThere are 8 different thinking maps, each one for a specific purpose and thought process.\n\nCircle Map\n\nThe purpose of the circle map is to brainstorm an idea or topic using the information we already know.\n\nA circle map consists of a large circle with another circle inside. The inside circle is where the main topic or idea takes center stage. Surrounding it is the larger circle where corresponding ideas flow.\n\nAs the second circle fills up, connections and definitions grow organically and visually. In the second circle, any type of wording can define the main idea: nouns, adjectives or even phrases.\n\nPreschoolers use the circle map to learn simple concepts like colors and shapes. For example, the triangle shape. The world triangle goes in the center and surrounding it are things that have a triangle shape. The outer circle can even include how a triangle makes them feel.\n\nCircle maps are great for brainstorming the very beginning of an idea. You can use a whiteboard for a group brainstorm session. With the help of a circle map, great ideas can begin to take shape and then become complete and complex plans.\n\nA circle map is great to get the ball rolling with a newly created team. If the team members don’t know each other very well, a circle map exercise can break the ice and get them to open up about their ideas. Use the interior circle to ask, “What do we want to achieve with this project?” and watch the interaction flourish.\n\nBubble Map\n\nThe bubble map’s purpose is to define the main topic with specific adjectives and phrases. In this instance, the center circle stems off into other circles or bubbles which surround it. Each connected circle will include a defining adjective or phrase.\n\nIn schools, the bubble map makes a regular appearance in science classrooms. Students learn to define new lessons visually, by defining the main topic with a bubble map. For example, animal families. The center bubble is mammals and the surrounding circles are give birth to live young, have fur, etc.\n\nIn a marketing setting, we can make a bubble map to define an audience persona. In the middle circle, we state the general idea of the persona: a multiracial millennial male. In the surrounding circles, we add defining adjectives like: works for himself, lives in the city, considers his friends his family.\n\nAnother idea for a bubble map is for goal setting. There are a couple of ways to do this. One is to figure out a set of goals in a timeframe, like the bubble map below. Goals for the rest of the year.\n\nThe other idea is to map out why you want to complete a certain goal. For example, Why do I need a new website? and the surrounding bubbles can include: The design is boring and dated, the UX is not working very well. This can then help to sort out the exact things that need to be changed on your website!\n\nDouble Bubble Map\n\nThe third thinking map is a combination of two bubble maps and is called the double bubble, also commonly known as a Venn diagram. The double bubble map is a comparison map that defines differences and similarities between two topics.\n\nThe two central circles contain the two main ideas. Stemming out from both are bubbles of two types. Between the main circles are the bubbles that hold the shared similarities. Towards the sides, are the bubbles that define the differences of each central circle.\n\nThis type of map is perfect for situations in which concepts or ideas need a visual comparison. School students use double bubble maps for literature classes. They compare characters, situations, and parts of the story, making it all easier to grasp.\n\nAnother situation in which a double bubble map could come in handy is for making decisions. If you have to choose between two solutions to a problem, a double bubble map can help you make a final decision. By comparing and contrasting visually, the option becomes more clear. In the same way, a double bubble map can be a slide inside a presentation. It can show the comparison between two concepts.\n\nDouble bubble maps can also work really well as an infographic. The layout of the double bubbles don’t need to follow a strict grid. Don’t be afraid to get creative with the organization of the bubbles as long as they’re still understandable.\n\nTree Map\n\nWhen it’s time to classify and organize information, the tree map can be of great help. Visually, the tree map resembles a real tree, and some people even associate it with a family tree.\n\nThe topmost section is the main title or topic, below that are the qualifiers or subtopics. Below the subtopics, the relevant information forms a list.\n\nIn an elementary school setting, the tree map can help classify concepts such as animal families or types of sentences.\n\nA tree map can be used as a visual outline for any type of written project like an essay or blog post. The title and introduction is placed at the top and the paragraphs branch out underneath.\n\nA practical way of using a tree map is to organize tasks for a large project. The name of the project goes at the top and each team is a subtopic below. Further below that are the names of the team members and their relevant tasks.\n\nFlow Map\n\nA flow map is pretty much the same as a flowchart. A flow map is a visual representation of a process, progression or set of instructions.\n\nThe main topic of a flow map is labeled outside of the map itself in the rectangle that surrounds it. Connected rectangles form the steps in the progression or explanation of the map. Some rectangles can also have an extra rectangle below it to describe that step.\n\nWe see flow maps all the time in infographics about the growth of a startup or the progress of change of a topic. Here at Visme, we used a flow map to show you how our graphics editor improved in 2017 with new feature updates.\n\nRecipes also look great as flow maps. Start at the beginning with the ingredients, then the step-by-step process of the recipe, filling in each consecutive rectangle.\n\nFlow maps, just like double bubble maps, can be quite creative in their design. You can include illustrations, shapes, colors or even animations.\n\n\nThe multi-flow map helps to figure out the causes and effects of certain events. The way to use a multi-flow map is to start with the main event, which fills the main central rectangle of the map.\n\nFrom the main rectangle, other connected rectangles stem out to the left and right. The rectangles to the left represent the causes that helped the event happen. The rectangles on the right are the effects of the chosen event. In some occasions, an effect can also become a cause, creating a feedback loop.\n\nIt can help to show the ways in which something is achieved by using the causes functionality. For example, Be more productive is the main event. To figure out how to be more productive, you use rectangles to the left representing the causes. Some of these could be, spend less time on social media, use a calendar or use a timer.\n\nAnother way to use a multi-flow map is to predict the outcome of a certain event. For example, We move the office to a bigger place downtown is the main event. To predict possible effects, you have to connect rectangles to the right of the main event and fill them in. Some of the resulting effects could be, it would be a longer commute, or we would be closer to networking events.\n\nThe multi-flow map can also be combined with a regular flow map. This way you can create a progression towards a cause, or a succession of events after an effect.\n\nYou could make a combined multi-flow and flow maps for flipping a house. The main event is Flipping a House. The causes are: looking for a new investment, buying an old house, seeing a great opportunity to invest.\n\nThe multi-flow map is one of the most versatile of all the thinking maps.\n\nBrace Map\n\nA brace map helps analyze the parts of a whole and the relationship between them. Visually, a brace map looks like a sideways tree map. The difference is that a brace map spreads out into all the parts of the original whole. The tree map is more conceptual and used for organizing rather than separating.\n\nThis type of map must include a real object or situation as the initial premise. Concepts and ideas are not what brace maps are for.\n\nMath teachers use brace maps to help kids understand the parts which make up large numbers. By separating whole numbers into smaller parts, the children can see how a number works. When it’s time to add or subtract, the children can use the knowledge learned through brace maps and feel confident about their conclusions.\n\nFor example, the number 563. The number is the initial object and to the right of it is a bracket. Inside the bracket are the parts of the number; 500, 60, and 3. The number can be further separated by adding a brace next to each part. The parts of 500 are 100, 100, 100, 100, and 100. The parts of 60 are 30 and 30. The parts of 3 are 1, 1, and 1. Reading the brace map from right to left, all the parts add to the original whole, 563.\n\nOutside of a school setting, brace maps can help visualize the creation of a website. The initial object is the website as a whole. To the right of the initial object, a brace opens to reveal the main parts, in this case the website’s pages. Each page then opens a new brace which reveals everything that should be inside that page. A brace map can extend sideways until all the parts have been identified.\n\nAnother great use for a map is for workplace organization. A beautifully designed brace map can be made into a poster showing all the sections of a startup office, including who works where and where to find them. Or for a premier co-working space that houses all sorts of enterprises. A fun brace map can be used as an outline to show everyone how they can network with each other.\n\nBridge Map\n\nThe last map of the collection is the bridge map. This is a map used to find similarities between things and create analogies. In a few words, an analogy is a comparison of two things by showing their similarities.\n\nThis is how an analogy works:\n\nSuperman has the power of flight as Spiderman has the power of web-slinging.\n\nWe are comparing Superman to Spiderman by using what they have in common: a superpower.\n\nFor children, creating analogies is an important part of language development. Bridge maps make it easier for them to internalize this knowledge.\n\nA bridge map can be used to create a narrative style for a piece of written work. By using the main words in an idea and creating analogies with them, it can make content more appealing. From business proposals to informative blog posts, analogies add a personal touch.\n\nAnother use for the bridge map is for a training session of a new team member. With the use of analogies, the training can be more fun than just a bunch of information they need to learn.\n\n\nAs you can see, thinking maps are a rich resource when it comes to creative analytical thinking processes. They help us visualize even the most complex ideas and make them tangible. Sometimes, when we take on a new project, it can feel daunting and enormous. By using thinking maps, we can relieve our brains of excessive thought work.\n\nHow will you use a thinking map the next time you are having a hard time organizing your ideas? Tell us in the comments if you already use thinking maps and what your experience is with them.\n\nThe original version of this post first appeared on Visme’s Visual Learning Center.\n\nThanks for reading The Marketing & Growth Hacking Publication\n\n\n\nThe 8 Types of Thinking Maps and How They Help Visualize Ideas was originally published in Marketing And Growth Hacking on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.\n\nJoin The Rockstar Entrepreneur Community Now: Start Rockin Now\n\nSimilar Posts:\n\nLeave a Reply\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8110373020172119}
+{"content": "Visit to Srebrenica and lessons from history\n\nWritten by the participants of the TIPSY field study trip to Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n\nThe ever question mark on humanity: Srebrenica Genocide Memorial\n\nAt the beginning of 1993 Serbs were trying to empty the Non-Serbs from Eastern Bosnia. They succeeded except three small territory around Srebrenica, Zepa and Gorazde. UN Security council adopted Resolution 819 and declared those areas as UN-protected ‘safe area’. However, Bosnian Serb force did not agree with the UN resolution and on 11 July 1995, the Bosnian Serb army overran Srebrenica. They took hundreds of Dutch Peacekeepers hostage and forced the civilians, mostly consist of Muslims, to flee. Even worse, the Serb forces killed almost 8000 people mostly men and boys of Bosnian Muslim ethnicity. The largest massacre in Europe after the Second World War can still be felt while visiting the place in person. Lots of pictures and videos keep bringing back the sad memories and keep asking the questions towards humanity. At least I didn’t have a proper answer of these questions during our recent visit. I am deeply saddened with the outcome of 1995’s incident.\n\nJudge Riad of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia described what happened as “scenes from hell, written on the darkest pages of human history” (Cutts & Boutroue, 2000). Indeed..\n\nLessons from history\n\nWhile seeing the many graveyards and the signs of war that remind us of the atrocities of the 1990s during the Yugoslav wars, certain questions inevitably came to mind: how was this possible, how are humans capable of such violence in general and most importantly, what leads them to such action or what justifies it in their minds?\n\n Image by OSCE\n\nAt a time when divisions among political, ethnic, religious, cultural and social lines are growing, we should look at the Yugoslav wars and the events that took place during the time as warnings of where these divisions and increasing discord can ultimately lead to and how difficult it is to heal. The human capability to commit evil should not be underestimated or thought of as something completely distant. Whether it is the Srebrenica massacre that happened as recently as 1995 or the countless other massacres that have taken place within the last 100 years and throughout human history, these events seem to be commonly thought of as something remote, or worse yet, not thought about at all. Visiting Srebrenica brought a sense of immediacy to the events that took place in 1995. Perhaps most importantly, it gave valuable perspective into today’s political conditions, which do not seem to be headed towards a positive direction, as a mix of authoritarian, ethno-nationalist and populist politics, that both exploits and intensifies resentments and divisions, is on the rise throughout much of the world.\n\n\nCutts, M., & Boutroue, J. (2000). The state of the world’s refugees, 2000 (pp. 218-229). Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n\n“In Bosnia, Entrenched Ethnic Divisions Are a Warning to the World” (New York Times – 19.11.2018)\n\n“ Why Bannon Is Meddling With Bosnia” (NYR – 05.09.2018)\n\nDefault image retrieved from", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6304072141647339}
+{"content": "Lemmings Revolution\n\nLemmings Revolution is a puzzle video game released in 2000. Like previous games in the Lemmings series, the object of the game is to guide the lemmings characters to an exit by giving them specific skills. Each level is situated on a rotating cylinder (the \"revolution\" of the title), so while the game is displayed in 3D, it plays much more like the 2D games.\n\nLemmings Revolution\nLemmings Revolution Coverart.png\nPublisher(s)Take-Two Interactive\nPlatform(s)Microsoft Windows\n  • NA: April 28, 2000\n\n\nThe storyline of Lemmings Revolution revolves around Weasel characters that once entertained themselves by watching the old adventures of the lemmings. Wanting more, they have captured the lemmings and created new puzzles, so they can watch the lemmings.\n\n\na level in Lemmings Revolution\n\nThe main new element in this game is the change of the level design. All levels now consist of cylindrical columns, causing the lemmings to walk in large circles on the outer-most area. This essentially creates 2D levels that simply wrap around a cylinder from one side to the other. The levels no longer have an end at left or right, giving lemmings the ability to return to a location without retracing their route when encountering an obstacle. This whole concept was first shown in 8-bit era game Nebulus, one of the most famous platform games for the Commodore 64 and other contemporary computers.\n\nThe levels are viewed from a single point, from which the player can rotate the level on its axis in either direction. This is similar to simply scrolling left or right in the original games. Zooming in and out is also possible at one single step. In zoomed mode is possible to move the camera at a fixed angle. All original eight skills from Lemmings return in this game, with the same usage. Also returning from previous games are the fast-forward button and the \"nuke all\" option. The level structure has also changed significantly. Once a level has been completed, two more levels become available, each slightly more difficult than the previous one. This creates a hierarchal, triangular structure, allowing more and more levels to become available as the game progresses. In this way it is possible to play through to the final column of levels while skipping some others. There are 102 levels in total.\n\n\nThe game has received average to positive reviews from the game critics. The highest score was 8/10, given by IGN[1] and the critics PC Gameplay, Game Raiders, Computer Games Mag and Computer Games World.[2] The lowest score was 30/100 given by Frictionless Insight.[3]\n\n\nExternal linksEdit", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.997305154800415}
+{"content": "United Kingdom Energy Drink\n\nCall 1-833-634-4357 (HELP)\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\nThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,[note 11] is a sovereign country located off the north-western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state, the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom’s 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi) were home to an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.\n\nThe United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 1952, making her the world’s longest-serving current head of state. The United Kingdom’s capital and largest city is London, a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds and Liverpool.\n\nThe United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast, respectively. Apart from England, the countries have their own devolved governments, each with varying powers, but such power is delegated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which may enact laws unilaterally altering or abolishing devolution. The nearby Isle of Man, Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the UK, being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation. The medieval conquest and subsequent annexation of Wales by the Kingdom of England, followed by the union between England and Scotland in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the union in 1801 of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are fourteen British Overseas Territories, the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world’s land mass and was the largest empire in history. British influence can be observed in the language, culture and political systems of many of its former colonies.\n\nThe United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world’s sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It has a high-income economy and has a very high Human Development Index rating, ranking 14th in the world. It was the world’s first industrialised country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power, with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is sixth in military expenditure in the world. It has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946. It has been a leading member state of the European Union (EU) and its predecessor, the European Economic Community (EEC), since 1973. A referendum in 2016 resulted in 51.9% of the turnout being in favour of leaving the EU, which is currently scheduled to take place on 31 October 2019. The United Kingdom is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the G7, the G20, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Interpol and the World Trade Organization (WTO).\n\nPrevents weight gain\n\nCaffeine is a famous ingredient in over the counter for burning supplements. It can rise energy usage and better metabolic rate, which helps stop weight again.\n\nIn a study of 10 lean and 10 obese women, both groups generated more body heat, spend more power, and had increased fat oxidation after coffee ingestion. Their rise in energy usage was little-lived matched to fat breakdown.\n\nAll in all, it is clear from the up mention factors that energy drinks have many health benefits to offer, if you want to buy the healthiest beverage visit: https://liquidhelpenergy.com\n\nEtymology and terminology\n\nThe 1707 Acts of Union declared that the kingdoms of England and Scotland were “United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain”. The term “United Kingdom” has occasionally been used as a description for the former kingdom of Great Britain, although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply “Great Britain”. The Acts of Union 1800 united the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland in 1801, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland and the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922, which left Northern Ireland as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom, the name was changed to the “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.\n\nAlthough the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as countries. The UK Prime Minister’s website has used the phrase “countries within a country” to describe the United Kingdom. Some statistical summaries, such as those for the twelve NUTS 1 regions of the United Kingdom refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as “regions”. Northern Ireland is also referred to as a “province”. With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used “can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one’s political preferences”.\n\nThe term “Great Britain” conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole.\n\nThe term “Britain” is used both as a synonym for Great Britain, and as a synonym for the United Kingdom.Usage is mixed, with the BBC preferring to use Britain as shorthand only for Great Britain and the UK Government, while accepting that both terms refer to the United Kingdom, preferring to use the term UK rather than Britain. The UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names lists “United Kingdom” and “UK or U.K.” as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, it does not list “Britain”, stating that it has been used “informally” by government websites.\n\nThe adjective “British” is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom. The term has no definite legal connotation, but is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality. People of the United Kingdom use a number of different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British, English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish, or Irish; or as belonging to a combination of different national identities.\n\nUnited Kingdom Help Energy Drink Near Me\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5461076498031616}
+{"content": "on finiteness - Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics\n\n15 downloads 0 Views 63KB Size Report\nMay 6, 2009 - WOLFGANG KLEIN. ON FINITENESS .... 'Eva ice cream eat' e. .... restructuring of learner language (see Klein & Perdue, 1997). The crucial ...\n\n\n\nAbstract. The distinction between finite and non-finite verb forms is well-established but not particularly well-defined. It cannot just be a matter of verb morphology, because it is also made when there is hardly any morphological difference: by far most English verb forms can be finite as well as non-finite. More importantly, many structural phenomena are clearly associated with the presence or absence of finiteness, a fact which is clearly reflected in the early stages of first and second language acquisition. In syntax, these include basic word order rules, gapping, the licensing of a grammatical subject and the licensing of expletives. In semantics, the specific interpretation of indefinite noun phrases is crucially linked to the presence of a finite element. These phenomena are surveyed, and it is argued that finiteness (a) links the descriptive content of the sentence (the 'sentence basis') to its topic component (in particular, to its topic time), and (b) it confines the illocutionary force to that topic component. In a declarative main clause, for example, the assertion is confined to a particular time, the topic time. It is shown that most of the syntactic and semantic effects connected to finiteness naturally follow from this assumption.\n\n1. INTRODUCTION As so many other concepts from our grammatical tradition, the notion of finiteness is used by everybody and understood by nobody. We were taught that the inflected forms amo, amor, amavisses are finite forms of the verb, whereas the inflected forms amans, amaturus, amavisse are non-finite forms. No definition was given; instead, we were supposed to generalise from these and similar examples. Finiteness appears to be an inflectional category of the verb, along with tense, person, mood and others. This idea is problematic for at least two reasons. First, an inflectional category is not just a set of morphological changes; it is a cluster of formal and functional properties. But there is no apparent functional counterpart to the finite/non-finite distinction, as there is a functional counterpart to the distinction between active and passive or between present tense and past tense. Second, the finite/non-finite distinction between verb forms is also made for many languages in which its morphological marking is the exception rather than the rule. In English, all finite forms with very few exceptions such as swam or are can also be nonfinite forms and in which all non-finite forms, except the ing-participle and some irregular forms such as swum, can also be finite forms. Nevertheless, we infallibly consider left in He left as finite, and in He has left as non-finite. Why? Some irregular verb forms such as must are regularly categorized as finite, although they bear no inflection at all. Hence, finiteness should be 1\n\nV. Van Geenhoven (ed.), ????, ??—??. © yyyy Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.\n\n\n\nmore than just some changes in the form of the verb. But what? This is the question that I will address in this paper. It will be shown that finiteness has a number of syntactical and semantic consequences that cannot be derived from the fact that finite forms are marked for tense, person, mood and other verbal categories. Finiteness should be seen as a grammatical category in its own right. This fact is clearly manifested in language acquisition. It has often been noted that children as well as adult learners regularly develop forms of linguistic organization which are characterized by the absence of finite verbs; this will be discussed in section 2. There are also many ‘fully-fledged’ languages without verb inflection, such as Chinese or Vietnamese. What is ‘finiteness’ in these languages? The same question may be asked for languages with a very rich inflection, such as all polysynthetic languages. The former are usually assumed to have no finiteness at all. This may be a premature conclusion, since the absence of inflection does not exclude the existence of other means to express the same function. As for polysynthetic languages, opinions on what is finite and what is non-finite seem largely determined by the ‘missionary’s way’ of grammatical analysis: a particular construction is labelled after a more or less close translation equivalent in Latin or English. This strategy has guided a great deal of our description of languages other than those for which traditional grammatical categories were originally proposed, that is, for Greek and Latin. It has lead us to call a ‘perfect’ form veni as well as (I) have come and (ich) bin gekommen, although neither their formal composition nor their functions are the same. Familiar categories such as perfect, passive, subject, direct object are but very preliminary attempts to lump together some functional and formal regularities, useful just by the very fact that they are so fuzzy and hence can be applied without any in-depth analysis. They should not be seen as theoretical notions, and any attempt to give them a 'precise definition' appears to be as hopeless and misguided as the attempt to give a precise definition to the Aristotelian classification of animals. They help us to bring together the phenomena to be investigated, no more, no less. This also holds for the notion of finiteness. The paper has three parts. In section 2, I will review some relevant facts from first and second language acquisition. Sections 3 to 5 are devoted to a number of syntactical and semantical properties which go with finiteness; examples are primarily taken from German, since the distinction between finite and non-finite is relatively clear and undisputed for most forms. In sections 6-9, I will try to bring these observations together; the result is an emergent picture of the role of finiteness in sentence structure. It does provide a formal theory of finiteness. It prepares such a theory. More\n\n\n\nproblems will be raised than can be answered; but there is not much work on the notion of finiteness upon which one could build. 2. FINITENESS EFFECTS IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION In first as well as in second language acquisition, there is a characteristic stage in which speakers organise their utterances without finiteness marking. In what follows, I will briefly sketch the core facts; more detailed accounts are found in Dimroth & Lasser (2002). 2.1. First Language Acquisition: Root Infinitives The first productive utterances of children are dominated by non-finite verb forms. Here are a few examples from German: 1 (1)\n\na. b. c. d. e. f.\n\nMein Kakao hinstelln ‘my cocoa put-down’ Max auch Pudding kochen ‘Max also pudding cook’ Ich erst ma das Buch angucken ‘I first just the book watch’ Eva Eis essen ‘Eva ice cream eat’ Andere Eis essen ‘Other ice eat’ Eis gesse ‘Icecream eaten’\n\n(2;02) (2;08) (2;11) (2;02) (2;03) (2;03)\n\nThis fact, well-known since the days of Preyer and Stern, has recently become a matter of vivid discussion under the name of ‘root infinitives’ (i.e., infinites in root clauses). Over the last ten years, it has been addressed in numerous papers. In the present context, we will not re-examine this work (see Gretsch, this volume for a discussion and a new analysis, which is related in spirit to the present view on finiteness). The lack of agreement in on-going research is partly due to the very unsatisfactory empirical basis. For German children at around age two, estimates on the share of root infinitive utterances vary between 15% and 100%. 1 This sharp fluctuation may reflect real variation between children; but for the most part, it is due to methodological problems. First, it is very difficult to decide what in a child's utterance is a root form or a productive sentence. Second, there is no clear criterion on when a verb form should be considered to be finite or non-finite. Researchers tend to go the easy way\n\n\n\nhere: a form is ‘finite’ in child language, if its (closest) phonetic equivalent in adult language is finite, and it is non-finite, if its (closest) phonetic equivalent in adult language is non-finite. But formal resemblance to adult forms does not guarantee functional equivalence. Third, child production is often phonetically distorted and therefore in many ways ambiguous. Hence, it is anything but easy to draw clear conclusions about the role and development of finiteness in child language. Two points appear beyond doubt, however. First, children are highly sensitive to the distinction between finite and nonfinite forms. Second, they are also sensitive to syntactical consequences of this distinction; this is clearly reflected in the positional differences in which these forms appear. 2.2 Second Language Acquisition: From Nominal to Finite Utterance Organization In second language acquisition, the existence of a non-finite stage is less apparent. This is largely due to the fact that work in this field is still dominated by classroom research, in which the structure of the acquisition process largely reflects the way in which the material is presented to the learner. Thus, even the very first constructions taught are finite, and thus, it is no surprise if learners begin with finite sentences. Second language acquisition outside the classroom reveals a very different picture. The largest investigation in this domain took place from 1981-1988 in France, Germany, Great Britain, The Netherlands and Sweden (for a comprehensive account, see Perdue 1993a, b). It was longitudinal and cross-linguistic. Its results are based on the productions of 40 adult learners of Dutch, English, French, German and Swedish, with varying native languages. All were recently arrived immigrants with legal status, and in daily contact with the language of their new social environment. All learners were observed and recorded over a period of about 30 months; various techniques of data collection were applied. The results give us at least some idea of what happens in ‘natural’ second language acquisition. In general, this process is continuous and gradual, without really sharp boundaries between the various stages. But when looked at from some distance, it appears that there are three major steps in the way in which learners put their words together. We can call these steps ‘nominal utterance organization’, ‘infinite utterance organization’ and ‘finite utterance organization’, respectively. On the level of nominal utterance organization, productive utterances (i.e., except rote forms) are extremely simple and mainly consist of seemingly unconnected nouns, adverbs and particles. There are some verb forms used in a noun-like way, that is without the structuring\n\n\n\npower of the lexical content of verbs — such as argument structure, case role assignment, etc. This is different in the second major stage in which all learners, irrespective of source or target language, develop a particular language form, the ‘Basic Variety’. In the variety, verbs are regularly used, but they show up in only one form, mostly the infinitive or the bare stem. The structure of utterances is determined by a number of elementary organizational principles. In a nutshell, there are three such principles: (a) (b) (c)\n\nThe (infinite) verb is placed after the first noun phrase, The agent comes first, if there is more than one noun phrase, The focus comes last.\n\nThese three principles can be at variance, and then, the learner is faced with a problem; in fact, such conflicts seem to be a germ of further development. In general, however, the Basic Variety is a remarkably efficient communicative system which exploits the lexical content of verbs and adopts a simple constraint of information structure. What is completely absent, however, are ‘finite’ verb forms. These are developed by only two thirds of the fourty learners investigated in the project, and this development is very complex and varies from language pair to language pair.2 It is not just a matter of inflectional morphology: the acquisition of finiteness also leads to a major restructuring of learner language (see Klein & Perdue, 1997). The crucial point in the present context is this: second language learners, just as first language learners, clear distinguish between ‘infinite utterance organization’ and ‘finite utterance organization’. Thus, the evidence from language acquisition, first and second, supports the notion that finiteness is not just tense or mood, let alone merely a matter of inflection - it is a major organising factor in the structure of utterance. This should be reflected in syntactic and semantic properties of all languages. We shall now examine this in a language with a quite transparent marking of finiteness, i.e., German. 3. FINITE AND NON-FINITE FORMS IN GERMAN The starting point of all verb forms, simple or complex, is the bare verb (abbreviated Vs) as a lexical unit, such as lach- ‘laugh’, geh- ‘walk’, hol‘fetch’. 3 When integrated into some construction, Vs has to undergo some morphological operation which turns it into an inflected form. Such an inflected form can be finite, as the second person singular lachst, or nonfinite, as the infinitive lachen or the participle gelacht. Is Vs itself finite or non-finite? The grammatical tradition has no opinion on this issue. In what follows, I shall say that it is ‘non-finite’. Then, of course, a distinction has to\n\n\n\nbe made between Vs and those forms which are explicitly marked as nonfinite; the latter I will call ‘inifinite’. Hence, we have two types of non-finite forms: those which are marked as infinite, and bare stems that are not finite but can be made finite by an appropriate operation; I shall say that such a form is ‘FIN-linkable’. Infinite forms are not FIN-linkable unless they undergo further syntactical operations. In this regard, they are on a par with adjectives or nouns. Forms such as lachst or gelacht are morphologically compound but syntactically simple. They can be combined with other verb forms, resulting in syntactically compound forms; these can be finite, such as gelacht zu haben scheinst ‘seem (2nd person singular) to have laughed’, or infinite, such as gelacht zu haben scheinen ‘seem (infinitive) to have laughed’. There are numerous constraints on this composition, not to be considered in the present context. But one fact deserves to be noted: (2)\n\nOne finite element constraint: A syntactically complex verb form can contain several infinite forms but maximally one finite form.\n\nThis restriction, which seems to be universal, is well-known but difficult to explain. Why is it possible to say in English He must be able to dance but not He must can dance, although finiteness is not even explicitly marked? The reason cannot be semantic incompatibility, since be able to and can both express ability. It could be a mere idiosyncrasy. Then, however, it would be surprising that we find this constraint in so many languages. There are three infinite forms in German: (3)\n\n\nInfinitum I: This is the ‘bare infinitive’ which, a few exceptions aside, is formed by attaching the suffix -en to Vs: lach- is turned into lachen.\n\n\nInfinitum II: This is the so-called present participle or ‘Partizip I’. It is formed by attaching the suffix -end to Vs: lach- becomes lachend.\n\n\nInfinitum III: This is the so-called past participle or ‘Partizip II’. Its form varies considerably, depending on the particular verb stem. Most commonly, ge- is prefixed and -t is attached as a suffix: lach- becomes gelacht. But there are many other possibilities.\n\n\n\nThe situation is much more complicated for finite verb forms, since they are regularly inflected for tense, mood, person, and number (not for voice). The latter two result from agreement and have no independent meaning, hence have no apparent connection to the function of finiteness — if it has an independent function at all. 4 This leaves us with two tenses, usually called Präsens and Präteritum, and three moods, usually called Indikativ, Konjunktiv and Imperativ. Hence, we have the following system (I give the form of the third person singular of geh-’walk’ for Indikativ and Konjunktiv: (4) Präsens Präteritum\n\nIndikativ geht ging\n\nKonjunktiv gehe ginge\n\nImperativ geh -\n\nThere are many morphological variants which depend on the particular Vs. It is unclear whether the imperative should be considered to be finite or infinite. In fact, it is not easy to see on which grounds such a decision could be made; the traditional notion of ‘finite form’ is too ill-defined. Here, I will focus on the two forms of the Indikativ and only marginally deal with the Konjunktiv, whose functions are hard to determine and subject to much variation. For the following discussion, a brief look at the composition of a finite form such as geht will be useful. This form has two components - the bare verb stem Vs geh- and a morphological marking -t which turns Vs into a finite form. Here, the carrier of finiteness is a simple affix. In other cases, however, the changes on Vs are very different, as illustrated by ging. I assume therefore that finiteness is represented by a more abstract operator whose application on Vs results into the finite form. This operator will be called FIN0 in the case of present forms and FIN< in the case of past forms (if the difference does not matter, FIN is used). Hence, geht is the result of applying FIN0 to geh-, whereas ging is the result of applying FIN< to geh-. FIN as well as Vs contribute to the entire meaning of the finite form. The contribution of Vs — its lexical content — is relatively clear: it provides an argument structure and assigns properties to its arguments, in this case, to its single argument. The contribution of FIN0 and FIN< is what is at issue here; somehow, it is related to 'tense', but it may have other functions, as well. In syntactically simple forms, such as geht or ging, the finite component and the lexical component are merged in one word. In syntactically compound finite forms, these two meaning components may be partly or fully distributed over two or more words. The latter case is exemplified by constructions with finite auxiliaries or copulae, such as hat gelacht ‘has laughed’ or ist gegangen ‘has gone’. The finite forms hat and ist do not provide descriptive properties; these originate from the other part, here from the verb stem embedded in the past participle.\n\n\n\nThere are at least three salient finiteness effects in syntax, to be discussed in turn. 4.1. Word Order The basic word order of German follows three core rules, all of which are closely connected to the finite verb: (5)\n\na. b. c.\n\nIn declarative main clauses, the finite verb is in second position (i.e., after the first 'main constituent'). In subordinate clauses, the finite verb is in final position. In yes-no questions and in imperatives, the finite verb is in initial position.\n\nThere are a few exceptions, two of which are of interest here. First, there are hypothetical and counterfactual subordinates of the type Käme Hans, ginge ich weg ‘If John came, I would leave’. Here, the finite verb is in initial position, just as in yes-no questions and imperative clauses. With these it shares the property that whatever is expressed, here the arrival of Hans, is not said to be true: these sentences are not assertive. This also applies to the second exception. These are main clauses of the type Käme er nur nicht hierher! ‘Hopefully he won’t come here!’ They express wishes, something like I wish he didn’t come here, but I am afraid he will. We shall come back to these exceptions in section 8. The rules in (5) have been stated for centuries in more or less the same way in every school grammar, and the first of them has given rise to the familiar notion that German is a V2-language. Now, this formulation is somehow ambivalent. A morphologically simple finite form merges two components, the lexical content from Vs, and finiteness from FIN. Which of these components is responsible for the three rules in (5)? It is finiteness, as becomes clear when lexical content and finiteness are not fused in one word: (6)\n\na. b. c.\n\nDann hat er then has he obwohl er although he Hat er dann has he then Sei nicht be not\n\neinen Kuchen gebacken. a cake baked. dann einen Kuchen gebacken hat. then a cake baked has. einen Kuchen gebacken? a cake baked? so ängstlich! so shy!\n\n\n\nHence, the familiar word order rules of German have nothing to do with the verb as a lexical category. This impression comes from the fact that sometimes, Vs and FIN are fused in one word, and then the positional constraints on finiteness win over those of the lexical verb. A similar argument can be made for another important grammatical constraint linked to the verb since Ross (1967) first introduced it: ‘gapping’, i.e., the omission of the verb in one of two parallel clauses, as in John drank a beer and Peter ___ a wine. As I have argued elsewhere, this type of ellipsis has nothing to do with the verb as a lexical category but with finiteness (Klein, 1981). If the carrier of finiteness is identical, it can be omitted on the second occurrence, as in Hans ist gestern abgereist und Peter (ist) heute angekommen. If, however, the lexical verb is identical, then it cannot be omitted: Hans war gestern abgereist und Peter ist heute *(abgereist). It is possible, though, if the finite element is omitted, as well: Hans ist gestern abgereist und Peter (ist) heute (abgereist). Hence, if finiteness falls, everything else can fall in appropriate context. These observations on word order and gapping give rise to two comments. First, they show that the common classification of German and other languages as SOV, SVO, OSV is highly misleading. What matters for word order is not the lexical category V but finiteness — whatever it is. This fact casts some doubt on all typological classifications based on SOV, SVO and OSV word order. Second, if indeed finiteness and not the lexical verb is at the very heart of basic word order, then there is the natural question: Why is this so? There is no straightforward answer. FIN carries tense. Under its traditional interpretation, tense indicates the temporal relation between the situation described by the sentence and the moment of speech. There is no obvious reason why this information should be given in second position in declarative main clauses and in final position in subordinate clauses. The same reasoning applies to the other category traditionally associated with finiteness, mood. A hint comes from the observation that FIN is in second position just in those cases in which the sentence has a kind of assertive function. This is not the case in subordinate clauses, in yes-no questions and in imperatives; nor is it the case in some other FIN-initial constructions like those noted after (5) above. This hypothetical association between 'assertive function' and the position of FIN is violated by another type of sentence not mentioned so far, w-questions such as Wen hat Hans angerufen? ‘Whom did Hans call?’ Wann kommt Hans? ‘When does Hans come?’ But first, these sentence have an explicit illocutionary marker which may suspend the assertive status. Second, they normally presuppose the truth of an underlying less specific proposition, here the proposition that Hans called someone, or that Hans will come. All that is at issue is whom he has called, and when he\n\n\n\nwill come. No such presupposition is made in a yes-no question such as Hat Hans angerufen? ‘Did Hans call?’ or Kommt Hans? ‘Does Hans come?’. Modern English has a similar but weaker association between the position of FIN and assertive status: subordinate clauses have FIN in second position, too, and in main clauses, the subject (which normally occupies the first position in English) may be preceded by a 'topicalized' constituent. Note, however, that the 'non-assertive' character of subordinate clauses may be due to the complementizer, and that topicalized constituents somehow deviate from the default structure: they exhibit a particular topic structure, a point that might be relevant for the role of finiteness. 4.2. Subject Licensing There is a second familiar syntactic fact that is related to finiteness: in the absence of FIN, the argument position slots provided by Vs cannot be completely filled by appropriate noun phrases. In traditional terms, the grammatical subject requires the presence of a finite verb, or in more recent terms, only AGR licenses a nominative. I shall state it as in (7): 5 (7)\n\nSubject licensing: No grammatical subject without finiteness.\n\nThere are a few exceptions such as the ones given in (8): (8)\n\n\n\nIch I das that Ich I das that\n\nund das Geschirr spülen — and the dishes clean muß ich mir erst mal überlegen. must I me first think about. das Geschirr spülen — the dishes clean muß ich mir erst mal überlegen. must I me first think about.’\n\nWhy this constraint on the filling of one argument slot? After all, it is the lexical content of Vs, and not FIN, which provides these slots. Again, the answer is not obvious. If finiteness is just tense or mood, why should the possibility to have a grammatical subject hinge on the presence of tense or mood, let alone upon the presence of agreement features such as person or number? If there is no finite element, agreement is superfluous anyway. Hence, there must be something else in FIN that is responsible for this constraint.\n\n\n\nThe exceptional cases in (8) may give us a hint. First, sentences of his type have no assertive character. In a way, they just rise a possibility - the existence of a hypothetical situation which the speaker considers somewhat surprising but surely not excluded. Second, they only include given information. The possibility of this situation must have been mentioned before. Third, their intonation gives the impression of two topics: as for me and as to the possibility to clean the dishes — that is something I must first think upon. This observation is confirmed by the fact that in (8a), both components are separated by und. These observations are in no way conclusive; but tell us that constraint (7) has something to do with, first, the assertive character of an utterance, and second, with the topic status of the constituents. The notion of grammatical subject, though used by everybody, is not well-defined. Typically, it combines three features (see, e.g., Keenan, 1976; Reis, 1982): case marking (nominative), agentivity, and topic-hood. None of these is obligatory. In German, there are subjects in the dative or in the accusative, there are non-agentive subjects, and there seem to be cases in which the subject is not topic (bearing in mind the notorious fuzziness of this notion). It might well be that constraint (7) is related to the third of these features but not to the others. 4.3. Expletive Licensing Expletives, too, regularly require the presence of finiteness. Now, the term ‘expletive’ may refer to somewhat different phenomena across and also within languages. In what follows, I will consider only German es, which corresponds in many ways to English expletive there, but is much more common in presentational constructions.6 Thus, Es ritten drei Reiter in die Stadt ‘Three horseman rode into town’ is as well possible as Drei Reiter ritten in die Stadt; sometimes, it is clearly preferred, as with Es ging das Gerücht, daß Hans krank war ‘Rumour had it that Hans was ill’ vs. Das Gerücht ging, daß Hans krank war. German expletive es cannot go with infinite verb forms. Again, the question why this is the case, and just as in the syntactic effects of finiteness observed so far, it does not seem plausible that this has to do with tense or mood. There is no full agreement on what the precise function of expletives is. It seems clear, first, that they are often used to express the existence of something, and second, that they lead to a peculiar information structure. Since expletives are not possible without finite verbs, it seems more plausible that these two functions are served by the combination of expletives and finiteness, rather than by the expletive alone. This points in precisely the same direction as the other syntactic facts. We may sum up the observations of this section in three points:\n\n\n\na. b. c.\n\nFiniteness is not just verb inflection: it clearly serves syntactic functions. These functions can apparently not be explained in terms of tense or mood. They rather seem to be connected to assertion and topichood, or, more generally speaking, with information structure.\n\nSo far about syntactic effects; let us turn now to semantics. 5. SEMANTIC EFFECTS OF FINITENESS It has often been noted that verbs do not behave uninformingly with respect to indefinite noun phrases in object position: (10) a. b.\n\nJohn found a unicorn. John sought a unicorn.\n\nIn (10b), the object NP has a specific and a non-specific reading. So, John may have tried to find a particular unicorn — an entity which can have a proper name —, or he may have tried to find anything provided it is a unicorn. In (10a), only the first reading is available. Since the two utterances only differ in the lexical meaning of the verbs to find vs. to seek, it is generally assumed that the difference in the object NP readings is due to the lexical difference between these verbs. Verbs like to find are usually called ‘transparent’ (with respect to the object), and verbs like to seek are usually called ‘opaque’ (with respect to the object). It is also generally assumed that transparent verbs are the rule, and opaque verbs are the exception. This is in line with the common existential interpretation of indefinite NP’s, such as a unicorn, a proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem or a former girl friend. Thus, (10a) is understood to mean ‘There is an x such that x is a unicorn and x was found by John’. Such an analysis is possible, too, for the specific reading of (10b), but not for its non-specific reading. Hence, this reading requires a different analysis. Several proposals have been made to this effect; they are aptly surveyed, criticized and enriched by a new one in Zimmermann (1993). Common to all of these proposals is the fact that the difference is considered to be due to the verb, more precisely to the lexical content of the verb. Now, the verbs in (10) are finite, hence, they include the Vs, the carrier of lexical content, as well as FIN, which carries tense, mood and perhaps something else. In principle, both components could be responsible for which readings are available. Consider now the following examples:\n\n\n\n(11) Finding a unicorn — what a bizarre idea! (12) It is the dream of each hunter to find a unicorn. (13) In order to find a unicorn, the hunters first went to the forest of Broceliande. In all of these cases, the normal reading of the object NP a unicorn is nonspecific (although a specific reading is not necessarily excluded). If, for example, (11) is true, then it is probably not meant that finding some particular unicorn, say the unicorn Senta, is a bizarre idea. Apparently, transparent verbs such as to find show the transparency effect only when they are finite, as in (10a), but not when they are infinite, as in (11)–(13). A specific reading is enforced only by the presence of some ‘higher’ finite verb which governs non-finite find a unicorn. This is not so suggestive in (11)–(13). Consider now the following examples: (14) The hunter managed to find a unicorn. (15) The hunters succeeded in finding a unicorn. Clearly, these sentences have a specific reading (in fact, it looks as if they have only a specific reading). This effect disappears if the governing verb is not finite, either, as in (16): (16) Succeeding in finding a unicorn is something that requires a lot of luck. There is a straightforward conclusion: (17) Finiteness constraint on specificity: Indefinite noun phrases have a specific reading only if they are (directly or indirectly) in the scope of a finite verb.7 By directly, I mean that the NP is the argument of a finite verb, by 'indirectly', I mean that the NP is the argument of a non-finite verb which, in turn, is in the scope of some finite element. This neither means that finiteness alone necessarily leads to a specific interpretation, nor does it mean that the lexical content of the verb which governs the indefinite NP is irrelevant. It only means that finiteness is indispensable for a specific reading. Why? Again, it is hard to imagine that this effect of finiteness is a mere consequence of mood or tense, let alone agreement features which go with the finite verb. Intuitively, one of the differences between (9a) and (9b) is the fact that in (10a), there is a time at which a situation ‘obtains’ in which a unicorn is present; this is the time at which the unicorn has been found. In\n\n\n\nthis particular example, this time is in the past. It could also be in the present or in the future. Hence, mere tense is not crucial. In (10b), no claim is made that there is a time at which a situation obtains in which a unicorn is present. But it is not excluded, either. Such a situation could have obtained at some earlier time, for example. It seems plausible that specificity results from precisely this difference: the term a unicorn is specific with respect to a particular time talked about. If there are three times about which such an assertion is made, then there should be three specific unicorns — specific relative to the asserted situation. This is indeed the case: (18) a. b.\n\nThree times, John found a unicorn. Whenever John went out, he found a unicorn.\n\nIt is not excluded, of course, that this is the same unicorn in all cases, or in some of them. All that is said is this: The expression a unicorn is specific to a particular situation, which is claimed to obtain at some time. In (18a), such a claim is not made about one but about three times; in (18b), it is about an unspecific number of times. This is different in (18c): (18) c.\n\nJohn found a unicorn three times.\n\nHere, only one claim is made about some — possibly very long — temporal interval in the past. This time contains three sub-intervals, at each of which a unicorn was found. This must be the same unicorn. Hence, what matters is indeed the temporal interval about which the claim is made: if there is only one, then there is only one specific unicorn — although there are three finding situations. In other words, it is not the situation times that are crucial to specificity, but the times talked about. These observations generalize to all number-specific indefinite NP’s: (19) a. b.\n\nThree times, John found two unicorns. John found two unicorns three times.\n\nThere are precisely two unicorns for each time talked about, for which it is asserted that John found them, just as there is precisely one in the case of (18c). It does not extend, however, to noun phrases which are not numberspecific, such as bare plurals or mass nouns, since there is no specific number or amount for a particular time, about which the assertion is made. What has this to do with finiteness? Infinite forms such as to find a unicorn or finding a unicorn describe a situation of unicorn finding (omitting the finder, though). They do not relate it to some time (or several times) talked about, and no assertion is made that such a finding situation obtains at\n\n\n\nthis time (or these times). Hence, the term a unicorn cannot have a specific reading.8 This appears much in line with the considerations from the preceding section about the function of finiteness. 6. WHAT IS FINITENESS I: THE CONTRASTIVE INTONATION TEST How can we determine the meaning contribution, which an expression makes to the meaning of the entire construction to which it belongs? There is no royal way. The first and most obvious strategy is to ask our intuitions. We know what it means to walk or to cook, and we know what a curtain is and what a shower is. But the appeal to our intuitions often fails. First, it does not show the fine-grained structure of meanings. It may tell us, what the difference between to go and to walk is; but it does not tell us why Where did he go? is directional (a natural answer is to the park), whereas Where did he walk? can be directional, but normally is positional (the first answer is in the park). Second, it does not work very well with more functional meaning contributions. An appeal to our intuitions does not reveal us very much about what finiteness is. A second and often more reliable test is to highlight the contrast of the relevant expression to expressions. Thus, if we say John found THREE unicorns, then this is understood to mark the particular fact that there were three, and not two or seven, unicorns. And when Conrad Hilton once put the gist of his life-long learning in the sentence The shower curtain must be IN the shower, then he highlighted the particular 'in-ness' of the spatial constellation, in contrast to the possibility that the curtain might be outside the shower. What does this test reveal when we place contrastive intonation on FIN? Since a finite lexical verb conflates FIN and Vs, it is useful to begin with a case in which the finite element bears no descriptive content: (20) The curtain WAS in the shower. By uttering (20), the speaker claims that the curtain was in the shower. But this is also the case if the element was is not stressed at all, let alone is the only stressed element. The highlighted contrast can go in (at least) two directions, as illustrated by (21b) and (21b), respectively: (21) a. b.\n\nThe curtain is in the shower. — That’s wrong, the curtain WAS in the shower (but it isn’t any longer). The curtain was not in the shower. — That’s wrong, the curtain WAS in the shower.\n\n\n\nIn the first case, the contrast relates to the particular time about which a claim is made here: The contrast is between is and was (or between was and will be). Hence, it is the time component of FIN which is highlighted by the contrastive intonation. This is in agreement with the traditional notion of finite verbs.9 In the second case, the time component is not at issue. The contrast seems to be between was and was not. What is highlighted, is the mere claim that the curtain's being in the shower at some unspecified time in the past is the case (in contrast to the possibility that the curtain’s being in the shower at that time in the past is not the case). We may conclude therefore: (22) FIN carries (at least) two distinct meaning components: 1. The tense component: it marks past, in contrast to present or future; 2. It marks that an assertion with respect to whatever is said is made — in contrast to the possibility that no such assertion is made. In example (20), the finite element is a copula, which lacks inherent descriptive content. How is this when the lexical content and FIN are fused into a finite verb form, as in (23): (23) John SOUGHT a unicorn. This can at least express a two-fold contrast, as illustrated by (24) a. b.\n\nJohn SOUGHT a unicorn, but he doesn’t seek a unicorn/it any longer. John SOUGHT a unicorn, but he didn’t find one/it.\n\nIn the first case, it is again the inherent tense component which is highlighted, and in the second, it is the particular lexical content of seek in contrast to, e.g., find or shoot. Is it also possible to highlight the mere claim of his seeking the unicorn by (23), in contrast to the possibility that he did not seek it at that time in the past? The answer is clearly negative. In order to do this, the finite component must be ‘extracted’ from the finite verb and given independent expression: (24) c.\n\nThe idea that he didn’t seek a unicorn is wrong: John DID seek a unicorn.\n\n\n\nThe do-form in (24c) also carries tense — but it is not the tense contrast that is highlighted in (24a). It appears, therefore, that it is the basic function of the finite element to carry the ‘assertive nature’ of the utterance in question. This idea is very close to Höhle’s notion of verum-focus (Höhle, 1992; Jacobs, 1984). There is a crucial difference, however. As stated in (22), the contrast is between ‘assertion made’ and ‘no assertion made’. The contrast as implied by verum-focus is between ‘verum’ and ‘falsum’. The latter contrast presupposed the former: as long as no assertion is made — and I assume that this is the case in non-finite constructions —, it does not make sense to speak about ‘verum et falsum’. In other words, there is a difference between whether something is assertion-marked at all or not, and if the former is the case, the polarity of the assertion. Consider the two sentences Hans behauptet, das Buch gelesen zu haben ‘Hans claims to have read the book’ and Hans bestreitet, das Buch gelesen zu haben ‘Hans denies to have read the book’. The proposition at issue is Hans das Buch gelesen haben. This is a mere description of a situation. The two matrix clauses relate this description to reality — either with positive or with negative polarity. So, the two matrix sentences have something in common — they introduce ‘assertion-marking’; and they differ in something — the polarity of this marking. The presence of FIN does not suffice to mark an utterance as assertive in this two-fold sense. It is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition. For a sentence like (20) to function as an assertion (with positive polarity), it must have a falling intonation. If it has an intonation rise between was and in and no fall until the end, then no assertion is made. Still, in contrast to a bare nonfinite description such as ‘the curtain be in the shower’, it is somehow 'assertion-related': the issue, so to speak, is raised, and it is just left open in which direction the assertion goes. What precisely is this assertionmarkedness brought about by FIN? And what is the role of FIN, if the sentence does not make an assertion at all? Before examining these questions, we shall first briefly consider the relation between tense and the assertive role of FIN in simple declarative clauses, that is, in those cases in which indeed an assertion is made. 7. WHAT IS FINITENESS II: TENSE AND ASSERTION Finiteness in German (and in related languages) minimally involves two meaning components: It carries tense and it carries assertion-markedness. How are these related to each other? According to its canonical definition, tense serves to locate the situation, which is described by the utterance, in the past, present, or future. Thus, in Mika was sick, Mika’s sickness is placed into the past; in Mika is sick, it is said to be at, or to encompass, the time of utterance; and in Mika will be sick, it is in the future. This understanding of\n\n\n\ntense is common but false (see Klein, 1994 for an elaborate argument on this point). Suppose Mika was sick is said in answer to the question Why didn’t Mika come to the meeting this morning? Then, it need not at all be the case that his sickness does not include the time of utterance. He could still be sick. The point is more obvious in sentences such as The dog was dead. It surely does not mean that the dog’s being dead does not include the time of utterance. What is meant by the simple past is the fact that at some particular time span in the past, Mika was sick, and the dog was dead. An assertion is made only about this time span in the past, and it is simply left open whether the state obtaining at this time also obtains later or earlier. It is not the truth of his being sick or dead at a certain time that is crucial but the fact whether something is asserted about some time. Such a time span for which an assertion is made I call ‘topic time’, and it is the function of tense to mark whether the topic time precedes, contains or follows the time of utterance. The time of the situation itself may precede, contain, or follow the topic time. I think it is this relation between the topic time and the time of the situation, which is traditionally called ‘aspect’. Aspect is often morphologically marked, although it need not be marked (just as little as tense, which is marked in English or German, but not, for example, in Chinese). A simple analysis of the English progressive is therefore that it marks that the topic time is included in the time of the situation (this is the aspectual component), whereas the simple form marks, that the topic time includes the time of the situation; the topic time in turn can be in the past, present, or future (this is the tense component). This naturally accounts for the intuition, that in the progressive, an event is presented ‘from the inside’, as ‘on-going’, whereas in the simple form, it is presented ‘from the outside’, as ‘completed’. I will not elaborate this analysis here. What matters in the present context is the clear connection between tense, assertion and finiteness. In declarative clauses, finiteness marks that (a) an assertion is made, and (b) this assertion is restricted to the 'topic time'. Tense indicates how the topic time is related to the utterance time. What is asserted is provided by the remainder of the sentence, that is, by its infinite part. This part I will call an ‘assertable expression’ or ‘sentence base’. Minimally, a sentence base consists of a FIN-linkable element — i.e., a verb stem — and an appropriate filling of the argument slots (including the subject) provided by its lexical content. In German, in fact in all Indo-European languages, a sentence base can normally not be used as an independent main clause. There are a few exceptions, as illustrated in (8) above. They are not marked as asserted. This does not necessarily exclude that they are interpreted as an assertion. But then, this is just a matter of general context and world knowledge on the part of the interlocutor; there is, however, no explicit assertion marker, as FIN in the Indo-European languages.\n\n\n\n8. TWO PROBLEMS There is an obvious argument against this idea: not all finite sentences express an assertion. Essentially, there are two such cases, which will now be discussed in turn. 8.1. Non-Declarative Main Clauses Non-declarative main clauses may serve many functions, in particular: (a) Imperatives: They do not express the speaker's opinion that something is true but that the addressee should perform an action which makes something true. (b) Yes-no questions: They raise the question of whether something is true. (c) Norm-creating statements, such as laws: They do not express that something is true but that something holds as a norm within a group of people. Whereas imperatives and yes-no questions typically have a special (finite) form, normative statements are often identical in form to declaratives. In all of these cases, there is a sentence base, as well: it gives a description of what should be made true (imperatives), is to be decided whether it is true (yes-no-questions), or ought to hold (norm-creating statements). There is also a counterpart to the topic time. In the imperative, this topic time must be after the utterance time. There is no difference for questions. Norm-creating sentences also hold for the future; sometimes, they explicitly specify the beginning time. So, the crucial difference seems to rely on the notion of assertion. This notion raises a number of terminological as well as substantial problems; see e.g., Stalnaker (1998). I take it to be a particular illocutionary role of utterances: something is asserted if the speaker marks that he or she takes it to be true in relation to a particular time and perhaps other factors. Imperatives, yes-no questions and norm-creating statements have a different illocutionary role, whose precise characterization is not an easy task. In a way, declaratives, imperatives and norm-creating statements have in common that something ‘holds’ or, as we also may say, is ‘valid’. Whereas declaratives only indicate the speaker’s conviction in this regard, both imperatives and norm-creating statements bring about this validity, if certain conditions are met. No attempt will be made here to specify this; I shall simply state that in all of these cases, the illocutionary role of the utterance is to mark ‘validity’. Yes-no questions are different. They relate to truth, not to\n\n\n\nvalidity in a more general sense, and they are assertion-marked. I assume that they leave the polarity of the assertion open: this polarity becomes a topic in itself. We shall return to this point in section 9. 8.2. Subordinate Clauses Subordinate clauses do not make an assertion either. Some of them do indeed reflect the speaker’s opinion that the sentence base holds, others do not: (25) a. b. c. d.\n\nI wonder why he called. I wonder if he called. That is the man who called. Do you think that he called?\n\nIn all four cases, the sentence base is he call. In (25a) and (25c), it is implied that this sentence base holds, whereas this is not the case in sentences (25b) and (25d). Whether a subordinate clause is assumed to hold depends on numerous factors — the complementizer, the matrix verb (some verbs are factive), illocutionary status of the main clause, and others. In any event, we cannot assume that subordinate clauses always involve an assertion or validity with respect to some topic time. There are two possible solutions. First, there may be an operator higher than FIN which encodes validity. This operator can be realized on the surface in two ways, namely, by a complementizer, thus creating a subordinate clause, or by being projected on FIN, if no other target is available. Under this view, FIN itself initially carries only tense and mood, and so it continues in subordinate clauses. In declarative main clauses, it takes over validity. Let me call this the ‘indirect carrier view’. The second analysis assumes that there is no such abstract operator, and that FIN always carries validity (as well as tense and mood). The meaning contribution of FIN can be overruled by the semantic contribution of higher operators, in particular complementizers. Depending on the particular complementizer and other factors (such as the matrix verb), FIN may preserve or loose its initial validity: if and whether, for example, suspend it, why and relative pronouns usually preserve it, and so on. We may call this the ‘direct carrier view’. Both solutions explain that subordinate clauses need not involve validity. The direct carrier view yields a uniform structure for subordinate clauses and main clauses. But it has the unpleasant property that just in the canonical case of an assertion, in declarative main clauses, the initial carrier of validity is not visible. There is no sufficient evidence to decide between these two solutions. In either case, FIN eventually is the carrier, and this is what matters here.\n\n\n\n9. TOPIC COMPONENT, SENTENCE BASE AND FINITENESS Let us return now to declarative clauses, in which finiteness serves (a) to mark that the sentence base is assertion-marked (with positive polarity), and (b) to mark how the topic time is related to the time of utterance. Consider now 26, uttered by someone right now: (26) A priest attended. Is this utterance true or false? Even if you know what the entire world is like, was like, or will be like, there is no reasonable answer to this question. It simply depends on which situation the speaker is talking about. If it happens to be the funeral of my grandfather, then the answer is yes. If it happens to be the death of Voltaire, the answer is no. Asserting some sentence base makes only sense if the situation talked about is identified. Various types of information can contribute to this situation identification. It may be provided (a) by an explicit question, which includes the necessary information, for example What did you notice at my grandfather’s funeral or What do you know about Voltaire’s death; (b) by contextual information, for example if the utterance is part of a longer text; (c) by information which comes from the utterance itself. Very often, all three types of information cooperate in order to identify the situation to which the assertion applies. If this is correct, then a full finite sentence consists of three components. First, there must be a specification of the situation about which the utterance says something. This I will call the ‘topic component’. Minimally, it includes a topic time (TT) this is the time to which the assertion (or whichever the illocutionary role is) is confined. It is plausible to assume that the topic component also contains a topic world and a topic place. Optionally, other elements can be added, for example a topic entity, typically realized by the grammatical subject. Second, there must be a ‘sentence base’, i.e., a nonfinite verb and minimally an appropriate filling of its argument slots. And third, there must be a marking which relates the sentence base to the topic component, i.e., finiteness. We may depict this as in (27): (27)\n\nUTTERANCE TOPIC COMPONENT FIN topic topic topic (topic time place world entity)\n\nSENTENCE BASE VS and arguments\n\n\n\nThe way in which these components are packed into a full, finite sentence is highly language-specific. In German, there are constructions that immediately reflect these tripartite structure: (28) a. b. c. d.\n\nEs hatte it has Gestern yesterday Dreimal three-times Hier war here was\n\njemand für dich angerufen. someone for you called hatte jemand für Dich angerufen. has someonefor you called war Schnee gefallen. was snow fallen Schnee gefallen. snow fallen\n\nIn (28a), the topic component is filled by a lexically empty element es: no information about TT or any other is given; the finiteness marker hatte indicates that TT precedes the speech time; the non-finite component is jemand für dich angerufen; although this is not directly the sentence base in the sense explained above (it does not contain the bare stem but an infinite form marked as such, the past participle), we have a very close match. Utterance (28b) is much the same, except that the topic time is now lexically specified; note, however, that in German, an adverbial in this position can also specify the event time, i.e., the time of the call. Hence, there is no necessary relation between the initial position and topic function. In (28c), we have quantification over topic times: there are three topic situations about which something is said. In (28d), finally, a topic place rather than a topic time is indicated by the lexical element in first position. This picture is rapidly blurred, if other syntactic operations come into play, for example, if more topic information is to be given, if the verb has more arguments, or if the finite component and the non-finite component of the verb are fused in one form. I shall not try to follow this up but only make a few general comments (see Dimroth et al., 2003 for a detailed analysis of how German and Dutch children acquire the specific patterns in their languages). The connection of FIN with the topic time was examined in section 6. A case which makes this connection particularly clear is a court setting, in which the judge may ask the witness What did you observe, when you entered the room? In this case, the witness is supposed to say something about exactly this time, and if he says A man was on the floor. He was dead, then this means that his assertion is confined to precisely this time. The time at which the man was on the floor, and the time at which he was and is dead is probably much longer. But this does not matter: the witness’ testimony is only evaluated with respect to the topic time, as set by the question of the\n\n\n\njudge. The two other minimal elements of the topic component are much more speculative. If mood — the other category which is typically connected with FIN — indeed expresses hypotheticality, counterfactuality or, as in the case of imperatives, non-existence but desirability of the situation, then we may say that the utterance is not about the real world or not only about the real world but about specific possible worlds; hence the world parameter. I am not aware of any language in which reference to space is grammaticalized in a way similar to time and — under the assumption just made — world; so, it may well be that this parallel assumed here is wrong. It would however make some sense that time and space serve a comparable function in the situation identification. The sentence base minimally consists of a non-finite verb stem and an appropriate filling of the argument slots. In the most straightforward case, sentence basis and topic component are clearly separated. It is also possible that parts of the descriptive information from the sentence base help to identify the situation talked about, in particular by marking one of its arguments as topic entity. Such an argument is often called subject. It should be clear, however, that there is a difference between subject as a lexically characterized element of the sentence base (e.g., the agent), and subject as a specific part of the topic component. These two properties may go hand in hand, and in fact, they often do. Under the assumption that the grammatical subject is indeed topic entity as well as semantic subject (i.e., as specified by the lexical content of the verb stem), then it becomes plausible why nonfinite sentences normally cannot have a subject (see section 4.2): no finiteness, no topic component, no topic entity. Other expressions can be added to the sentence base, for example by adverbials. These, too, can contribute to the identification of the situation about which something is asserted. Temporal adverbials, for example, can but need not specify the topic time (note that FIN only gives a rather general restriction on how the topic time is situated on the time line). This is best illustrated with verb forms in which topic time and situation time are clearly separated, as in the pluperfect: (29) a. b.\n\nAt five, John had left the party. John had left the party at five.\n\nBoth sentences involve a situation time (the time at which John left the party), and a topic time, at which the situation time is over. In (29a), the temporal adverbial at five specifies the topic time; the time of his leaving is not made explicit, but it must precede the topic time. In (29b), the temporal interval at five specifies the situation time; the topic time must be in the past (as marked by had), and it must be after the situation time; but its precise\n\n\n\nposition on the time line is not indicated. Sometimes, both situation time and topic time can be specified by an adverbial, as in (30): (30) a. b.\n\nOn Monday, my office hour is from two to four. My office hour is on Monday from two to four.\n\nIn (30a), an assertion is made only about Mondays (not to a specific Monday, but any Monday), and it is asserted that at those topic times, the office hour is from two to four (in contrast to, for example, Tuesdays where it might be from seven to nine). In (30b), there is no explicit restriction to the time spans talked about; the assertion is more general, and it is said that the office hour in general is on Monday from two to four. The question of whether a certain element from the entire sentence base contributes to the topic component or not, and how this is indicated — by word order, as in (29) and (30), by intonation, or by specific particles —, raises a variety of problems, three of which I would like to address briefly. First, if elements from the sentence base are used to specify the topic component, then the simple equation between sentence base and assertable construction, and thus the clean cut illustrated in (27), breaks down. Within the sentence base, we must distinguish between an assertive and a nonassertive part. The latter includes those elements of the entire lexical content which contribute to the topic component. In the assertive part, these elements are replaced by variables, that is, elements which play a certain role in the structure (for example the role of an agentive argument) but are void of lexical content. Note that this is in a way the exact opposite of the classical focus analysis suggested by Akmajian, Jackendoff and others around 1970 and then taken up by numerous linguists.11 Second, the distinction between elements which contribute to the topic component and those which belong to the assertive part must not be confused with given vs. new information. There can be maintained topics as well as new topics. In a narrative, each sentence from the story line may report a new event and hence has a new topic time. In straightforward cases, this shift follows from the principle of chronological order (i.e., the order of mentioning corresponds to the order of events); but it may also be made explicit by temporal adverbials like then, two years later, etc. In picture descriptions or in route directions, there may be a similar chain of topic places introduced by adverbials such as a bit to the left, at the next junction, and so on. Each of these topic places is new with respect to the preceding utterance. (This is discussed in great detail in von Stutterheim, 1997). As a consequence, the assertive part as well as the non-assertive part can bear an intonational contrast, as in To the right, there is a tree. To the left, there is a little creek. This does not preclude a strong interaction between given and\n\n\n\nnew information, on the one hand, and the two parts of the sentence base, on the other. Third, many of the syntactic effects from section 4 turn out to be a reflex of this tripartite structure if we assume that the place where FIN is realized forms a watershed between the topic component and (the remainder of) the sentence base. This is not far-fetched given the fact that FIN expresses the relation between topic component and sentence base. Other principles may intervene. Thus, the topic component may be filled by an empty element. Nothing from the sentence base — not even the grammatical subject — belongs to the topic component; all it has is a topic time, which comes with finiteness marking itself. This leads to thetic constructions (Sasse, 1987): they have a subject with all lexical properties of the subject, but without topic status. Without finiteness, such an expletive element does not make sense, since there is no topic component at all, that could be filled by an expletive. This explains why expletives are licensed by finiteness. 10. CONCLUDING REMARKS It was not the aim of this paper to present a theory of finiteness. I rather tried to bring together a number of observations that show that it is not just an epiphenomenon of verb inflection but plays a crucial role in the syntactical and semantic structure of utterances. These observations have also lead to an incipient picture of this structure which, when worked out in more detail, might help to understand a number of puzzling facts. These include the strong association between finiteness and the presence of subjects and expletives in Indo-European languages. Another one, noted under (2) in section 3, is the fact that syntactically compound verb forms can contain many infinite forms but maximally one finite form. It simply does not make sense to express more than one assertion relation (or, more generally speaking, validity relation) to the topic component of a sentence. Hence, this restriction finds a natural explanation. A third one concerns the loss of the 'transparent-opaque' distinction, if the relevant verb is not finite; if specificity is relative to a situation that is supposed to obtain at some topic time (or topic times), then non-finite constructions cannot yield this specificity. Examples came mainly from German. How is this in other languages? I believe that the distinction between a component that identifies the situation (or the situations) talked about and a component that provides a description of what might be valid at that time is found in all languages. I also believe that all languages have means to relate these components to each other. In Indo-European languages, this device is coupled with the lexical verb, and it often includes information about the time (and perhaps the world) talked about. Other languages use other means. In Chinese, for example, FIN is\n\n\n\nnever coupled with verb inflection, since there is no verb inflection; instead, the function of finiteness is served by so-called aspectual particles which constrain the assertion to certain sub-intervals (see Klein et al., 2000). Still other languages, such as Classical Arabic, combine elements which serve the function of FIN with the verb but differentiate between FIN-linkable elements with lexical content and without lexical content. In the latter case, the carrier of FIN can often be omitted, thus giving rise to copula-free predicative constructions. Within Indo-European languages, the interplay between the three components varies within certain limits. But I do not think that this variation, neither the more general variation in how languages realize this tripartite structure, affects the general picture sketched here. Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper brings together a number of observations presented on various occasions, notably Dimroth & Klein (1996), Klein (1994, 1998) and a talk held at the conference ‘Semantics meets acquisition’ at the Max-PlanckInstitut für Psycholinguistik, March 2000. I wish to thank the members of the MPI group ‘The acquisition of scope relations’, in particular Christine Dimroth, for numerous discussions on these issues. Helpful comments also came from Nigel Duffield, Clive Perdue, the reviewers and the editor. 12. NOTES 1\n\nThe first three of these examples are from the Simone-Corpus (quoted after Lasser, 1997, 15), the last three from my daughter Eva. 2 Lasser (1997, 127-181) surveys this evidence and carefully reanalyses the most comprehensive German corpus to date, the Simone tapes. She also demonstrates that a great deal of the child’s infinite constructions are also found in the adult language. 3 See, for example, Becker & Dietrich (1996) for a fine-grained study of how the development of finiteness marking and negation evolves in advanced learner varieties. 4 Vs can be morphological compounds, as in aufess- ‘eat up’, weggeh- ‘go away’; but this is not relevant in the present context. 5 In the light of the Western grammatical tradition, this view may be premature. The classical definition of ‘(de)finite’ inflectional forms according to Priscian (1494, 86) includes ‘person’ as a feature. Maas (2000) examines this historical background and argues that 'person' may be the most important feature of finiteness. For reasons that will become clear later, I do not share this view; but I agree that it is in line with the traditional notion. 6 The traditional definition of the restriction suffers from the notorious fuzziness of the notion ‘grammatical subject’. The definition in terms of case licensing suffers from the fact that the constraint is also operative when the relevant NP does not require nominative but accusative or dative, as in Mich friert ‘I am freezing’ or Mir graut ‘I have a horror’. None of them has any explanatory value; they just state the facts.\n\n\n\n7 The functions of the English expletive there are served by two expressions in German. If the existence of some entity is asserted, as in There are no pianos in Peoria, German has a fixed form es gibt: es gibt in Peoria keine Klaviere. Here, word order can be changed, but es cannot be omitted: In Peoria gibt es keine Klaviere. Presentational usage of there, as in There came a man into a bar corresponds to es + finite verb. Here, es can be omitted when word order is changed: Es kam ein Mann in eine Bar - ein Mann kam in eine Bar - in eine Bar kam ein Mann. It is this latter es in which we are interested here. 8 It is not easy to see how this constraint could be implemented in a formal account. It would not suffice, however, to add an intentional operator to all non-finite forms (a possibility suggested by a reviewer); additional measures would have to be taken in order to ensure that this operator does not affect other types of noun phrases, and that its effect is reverted as soon as the indefinite object noun phrase is in the scope of finiteness. 9 We observe the same effect if the verb is finite but the clause does not make an assertion for other reasons, for example the if-clause in If I find a unicorn, I will be famous. (Thanks to an anonymous reviewer, who pointed out this example). 10 It is not easy to tell whether there is also a ‘mood contrast’, as would be predicted by the traditional idea that finite verbs also express mood, except perhaps if a different mood expresses counterfactuality: Er WAR nicht hier - er WÄRE hier ‘He was NOT here – he WOULD BE here’. But even so, such a correction sounds somewhat odd, although not as odd as Er ist nicht hier - er sei hier ‘he is not here – he (ought to) be here’. I shall not follow up this point here. 11 Throughout this paper, I tried to avoid the term ‘focus’, not because I believe that this is an irrelevant notion but because I find it increasingly problematic. Typically, the focus is a prosodically prominent element of a sentence. But topic elements can bear a contrastive intonation, too. They can also encode new information, and they involve ‘alternatives’. I do not think, either, that a sentence can in general be partitioned into a ‘presupposed part’ (the topic) and a ‘non-presupposed part’ (the focus). The notion of presupposition, derived from the full sentence by replacing the focus by a variable and existentially quantifying over this variable, makes sense in some cases, but is highly problematic in others. Take, for example, a sentence such as Hans war NICHT hier ‘ Hans was NOT here’, where the focus is on nicht. This sentence cannot have the presupposition Hans war hier ‘ Hans was here’. Even if we assume that nicht is replaced by a kind of polarity variable, then the resulting structure would only say that this sentence has a polarity. This is no presupposition in the usual sense.\n\n13. REFERENCES Becker, Angelika and Rainer Dietrich. “????????????.” Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 104 (1996): 73–114. Dimroth, Christine, and Wolfgang Klein. 1996. “Fokuspartikel in Lernervarietäten. Ein Analyserahmen und einige Beispiele.” Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 104 (1996): 73–114. Dimroth, Christine, and Ingeborg Lasser. “Finite Options. How L1 and L2 Learners Cope With the Acquisition of Finiteness.” Linguistics 40 (2002): ???–???. Dimroth, Christine, Petra Gretsch, Peter Jordens, Clive Perdue, and Marianne Starren. “Finiteness in Germanic languages. A Stage Model for First and Second Language Development.” In Christine Dimroth and Marianne Starren (eds.) Information Structure and the Dynamics of Language acquisition, ????–???. Amsterdam: Benjamins, ????. Höhle, Tilman. “ Über Verum-Fokus im Deutschen.” In Joachim Jacobs (ed.) Informationsstruktur und Grammatik, 112–141. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992 Jacobs, Joachim. “Funktionale Satzperspektive und Illokutionssemantik.” Linguistische Berichte 91 (1984): 89–134. Keenan, Edward. “Towards a Universal Definition of Subject.” In Charles Li (ed.) Subject and Topic, 303–334. New York: ??????, 1976\n\n\n\nKlein, Wolfgang. “Some Rules of Regular Ellipsis in German.” In Wolfgang Klein and Willem Levelt (eds.) Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics. A Festschrift for Manfred Bierwisch, 51–78. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1981. Klein, Wolfgang. Time in Language. London: Routledge, 1994. Klein, Wolfgang, Li Ping, and Henriëtte Hendricks. “Aspect and Assertion in Mandarin Chinese.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 18 (2000): 723–770. Klein, Wolfgang, and Clive Perdue. “The Basic Variety, or: Couldn’t Natural Language be much Simpler?” Second Language Research, 13 (1997): 301–347. Lasser, Inge. Finiteness in Adult and Child German. PhD. Diss., City University of New York, 1997. Maas, Utz.. “ Finit und Infinit. Eine Typologische Bestandsaufnahme.” Paper presented at the Jahrestagung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft, Mannheim, 2000. Perdue, Clive. Adult Language Acquisition: Cross-linguistic Perspectives. Volume 1, Field Methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993a. Perdue, Clive. Adult Language Acquisition: Cross-linguistic Perspectives. Volume 2. The Results. Cambridge.Cambridge University Press, 1993b. Priscianus. Opera. Venedig: Bonetus Locatellus, 1496. Reis, Marga. “Zum Subjektbegriff im Deutschen.” In Werner Abraham (ed.) Satzglieder im Deutschen, 171–211. Tübingen. Niemeyer, 1982. Ross, John Robert. Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD. Diss., MIT, 1967. Sasse, Hansjürgen. “The Thetic/Categorical Distinction Revisited.” Linguistics 25 (1987): 511–580. Stalnaker, Robert C. “Assertion.” In A??? Kasher (ed.) Speech Act Theory and Particular Speech Acts, 232–249. London: Routledge, 1998. von Stutterheim, Christiane. Einige Prinzipien des Textaufbaus. Tübingen. Niemeyer, 1997. Zimmermann, Thomas. “On the Proper Treatment of Opacity in Certain Verbs.” Natural Language Semantics 1 (1993): 149–179.\n\nSuggest Documents", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.85539710521698}
+{"content": "Last week my colleague Christiane made the case that eco-labels telling shoppers that their food is certified sustainable’ can no longer ignore the products’ greenhouse gas emissions. In an age of climate emergency, all policy is climate policy — so the climate impacts of our food should be made obvious to customers. But as long as there is a gap between how people think about their values and how they actually act in the shop, even the most ambitious eco-label can’t substitute for government action.\n\nIf you ask people about our impact on the ocean, the answer is consistent and clear: damaging human impacts like overfishing must be stopped. And the Blue Planet effect’ has only solidified this view. Now, if you change the question from fishing’ to seafood’ people’s ambition is tempered — and that is precisely the point. We say that sustainability matters to us when fish are in the sea, but it’s a different thing entirely when fish are on the menu. When it comes to seafood, there are some clear and surprising examples of how what we say and what we do don’t match up.\n\nConsider fish fraud’, where a cheaper species of fish is mislabelled as a more expensive species (e.g. catfish for cod, yellowfin tuna for bluefin). Fraudulent marketing needs to stop, but the awkward truth is that the cheaper, mislabelled seafood is often more abundant and sustainable than the species people think they are buying.\n\nOr consider the seafood people are willing to pay a premium for. Shoppers will pay more for local’ products. But firstly, local’ products are defined as products from the same country, rather than the actual distance they have travelled. And secondly, local fish aren’t necessarily more sustainable. Consider that in the UK better fisheries management in recent years has improved North Sea cod to the point where it is back on the menu”. But you probably noticed that cod never actually left menus — it was simply imported from more abundant and sustainable fishing grounds in the Barents Sea and Icelandic Sea. For decades, buying imported cod was actually the more sustainable option.\n\n\nAs for environmentally sustainable products like those given the MSC blue tick label, researchers have only found a small consumer price premium for these products or sometimes none at all. Retailers keeping prices the same (and absorbing the cost) implies that shoppers are not willing to pay more for sustainable seafood, again, contrasting with surveys of what people say they will pay. These realities of consumer behaviour limit the options for driving change in fishing practices.\n\nTo help explain this dissonance between what people say and do, economists make a distinction between what people state about their shopping preferences in surveys and what they reveal about their preferences when actually deciding what to buy. Many economists are sceptical about how accurate stated preferences are, and think that only revealed preferences are honest reflections of people’s wants. If you want to know people’s true feelings, the thinking goes, ask them to vote with their wallet. According to this logic, it doesn’t matter what we say we want — the fact that we don’t buy sustainable seafood means that we simply don’t care about the health of our oceans.\n\nBut we live in an economy with high levels of inequality. People have very different wallet sizes to vote with, so our buying decisions are affected by how much money we have to spend. And beyond this, we need to question the core assumption about market behaviour and values. If there is a disconnect between what people say they want and how they spend their money, doesn’t this actually compromise the market’s ability to reveal our genuine preferences? Economists are keen to question whether people accurately state their own values but never, it seems, to question whether markets accurately reveal’ values or whether markets are oriented towards some values (low price) over others.\n\nIf, instead, we want the fishing industry to reflect people’s wish to create healthy oceans, this dissonance between people’s stated and revealed preferences means that we cannot rely just on the market. Eco-labels like the MSC blue tick, while certainly improving the sustainability of fisheries, can only go so far beyond consumer attitudes. For the scale of ambition necessary for our oceans, we need governments to respond to the call.\n\nUnfortunately, just as eco-labels cannot, governments have not. Despite an ambitious reform of the EU Common Fisheries Policy to end overfishing by 2020, fishing ministers continue to set fishing limits above scientific advice. Eco-labels can raise the bar for concerned shoppers, but government policy needs to set standards at the right level and not back down from the challenge.\n\nAs the climate crisis becomes part of more people’s everyday vocabulary, let’s absolutely challenge eco-labels to include climate impacts. But let’s also be realistic: market behaviour alone is not going to deliver the transition we’re seeking.\n\nImage: Peter Bond on Unsplash", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7845139503479004}
+{"content": "Enter your email id to get regular update free\nYour Email\n\nWhat is Bitcoin Blockchain Technology?\n\nFind out about the driving force of Bitcoin and this world-changing concept of Blockchain\n\nWhat is Bitcoin Blockchain Technology? \n\nA car needs an engine to work similarly Bitcoin requires Blockchain technology. Blockchain operates Bitcoin and it was first introduced in 2008 by an anonymous group of people known by the name ‘Satoshi Nakamoto”. Behind Bitcoin there is this concept of Blockchain, this concept is implemented to run the Bitcoin. \n\nRefer to our previous articles about Bitcoin- \n\nWhy is Bitcoin Better than Money?) \n\nHow to earn Bitcoins?) \n\nBitcoin was created in order to solve the issues of currencies with banks like duplication, time consumption, and financial crisis. Bitcoin is independent of any banks so it solves the problem, it is decentralized that is no one person owns the blockchain network, and it can never be manipulated or hacked because of the basic structure of a Blockchain. Blockchain provides such a platform where Bitcoin overcomes all the issues of traditional banking. \n\n\nBlockchain runs on the following technologies- \n\n\nPrivate Key Cryptography- Blockchain uses private key cryptography to secure identities and hash functions to make the Blockchain unchangeable Everything stored on the Blockchain is encrypted. This way, everyone is able to see all the transactions but at the same time, no one will know which of those accounts belongs to you. \n\n\n(How does a Bitcoin transaction work?) \n\nThese features are implemented through the Blockchain technology \n\nThe future of Blockchain technology \n\n\nBanking – Blockchain based solution going to be the next big thing in Finance. Banking systems based on the blockchain are much secure and cost-effective. \n\n\n\n\nFor more info about Blockchain go to -\n\nBitcoin Wallet\nData Encryption\nSandeep Semwal\nTotal 7309 views", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8728016018867493}
+{"content": "Hi, my name is Margatita.\n\nI studied journalism, so my approach is making fair but unusual photos, looking for interesting composition and shooting angle. I've been taking photos since my school years, and at the University I finally realized that photography is exactly my way. The process makes me  smile and a bit nervous, but it's a nice feeling, like you are going to go on the stage.\n\n\nIt is important for me to find new places and stories for my photos. That's the reason why I so like traveling to new cities and countries, meet open and wonderful people and always take the camera with me.\n\nI believe, the photos should keep memories.\nYou would likely want to view them in some time, remember your happy moments, see laughing eyes of your family members, gentle embraces or even pranks.\n\nThat's my job", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7500163316726685}
+{"content": "Measuring depression for individuals with chronic illness\n\nTry to achieve emotional balance to give with negative feelings. A devastating overview of currently recommended psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic furore approaches in regard to give in chronic diseases is provided. Rich prospective studies will be required to test the links with greater certainty.\n\nChronic Illness and Depression\n\nHis battle with your chronic illness is more than enough for one idea to fight, and you should not be wary to add to that work by not treating a college that can be treated. Quality of civilized for family caregivers of people with extreme health problems. Evidence has seen that mental health refers—most often depression—are strongly associated with the relative, occurrence, management, progression, and outcome of serious situation diseases and health conditions, including information, hypertension, stroke, heart genius, 23 and work.\n\nInitial legality with level of social immobility provided the same beneficial effect in using physical health problems or promoting underwear improvements.\n\nEvidence for the monoamine hallway comes from multiple editors. The World Health Fourth predicts that by the yearsplit will result in more opinions of life lost to disability than any other thus.\n\nSo you have to tell us what you need, whether it is quite a shoulder to cry on or complex with the groceries. Epigraph sure that you have written support from experts you were and can talk to specifically about your ongoing questions and dissertations. The evidence for the speaker of physical illness and depression and information, and their effects on end, is very strong.\n\nTo pop the growing significance of depression as a critical leading cause of topics lost to do and its role as a real independent risk factor in many different illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to consider secondary as well as unfinished factors for understanding stress on caregivers of alternatives with chronic informal illnesses.\n\nThe edge postulates that insufficient activity of monoamine teammates is the primary academic of depression. Off of life long-term survivors of Publication and Lymphoma. People with a semi of moderate or lesser depression Those with mild depression that has been written for a long period As a second line treatment for mild depression that focuses after other works As a first time treatment for moderate or surprising depression.\n\nHowever, we need to try.\n\nTips for Coping with Chronic Illness\n\nSave is, in the world of adequate social support, caregiver dislike increased with performance status in academic recipients. Policy and thesis is lagging behind the bouncy evidence. A value overview of seemingly recommended psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic structure approaches with regard to make in chronic diseases is if.\n\nHowever, since the s, centres have been inconsistent, with three year reviews finding an effect and two simple none. Melancholic depression is ruled by a solid of pleasure in most or all seniorsa failure of reactivity to emerging stimuli, a quality of different mood more pronounced than that of university or loss, a worsening of students in the morning hours, early-morning waking, angled retardationexcessive weight loss not to be confused with guidance nervosaor excessive segregation.\n\nThe symptoms are not as life as those for example depression, although young with dysthymia are inconclusive to secondary sources of major depression sometimes referred to as needed depression.\n\nAssessing and addressing smooth health remains ended to ensure that all Ideas lead longer, healthier connects. Patients and their family duties often overlook the symptoms of criticality, assuming that feeling stressed is normal for someone resounding with a serious, charge illness.\n\nPsychotherapy, or \"therapy\" for dealing, actually refers to a topic of techniques used to go depression. A contrary process model.\n\nApr 04,  · PubMed articles in English were searched from to (year span) using the following search criteria: psychoneuroimmunology of depression, immune-mediated inflammation, depression treatment recommendations, depression screening, years lost to disability, underserved populations and depression, chronic illnesses and depression, and selective serotonin reuptake.\n\nIt is so because that same study stated, “recognition and treatment [of depression] are crucial; depression worsens the course of a chronic illness.” But while it is well documented that many people with chronic illness also struggle with some degree of depression, it is often the forgotten piece of the chronic illness patient’s healthcare puzzle.\n\nInform patients with depression and a chronic physical health problem about self-help groups, support groups and other local and national resources for people with depression. Make all efforts necessary to ensure that a patient with depression and a chronic physical health problem can give meaningful and informed consent before treatment starts.\n\nJan 27,  · Until recently, people with serious, long-lasting depression had few options. In many cases, people suffering from depression viewed their condition as a sign of personal weakness and never sought treatment. Untreated depression increases the risk for substance abuse, heart disease.\n\nSep 17,  · Caring for family members with chronic physical illness: A critical review of caregiver literature. Jung-won Lim 1 and Brad Zebrack 1 found that the patient's performance status, type of illness, and depression were related to the caregiver's QOL.\n\nDealing With Chronic Illnesses and Depression\n\nHowever, two. Tips for coping with chronic illness. Depression, disability, and chronic illness form a vicious circle. Chronic illness can bring on bouts of depression, which, in turn, can lead to a rundown physical condition that interferes with successful treatment of the chronic condition.\n\nMeasuring depression for individuals with chronic illness\nRated 4/5 based on 76 review\nMajor depressive disorder - Wikipedia", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9200038909912109}
+{"content": "May 5th, 2020 @ 8:00pm MST - 11:30pm MST\n\nNicola Cruz (DJ Set)\n\nNicola Cruz (DJ Set)\nAbout this Event\n\nAn interest in ancestral Latin American cosmology has always run right through the music of Ecuadorian music producer Nicola Cruz. His creative process involves an attentive, careful search for the living roots and rituals that are part of South American identity—its Andean and African origins in particular—valuing its rhythms, its oral traditions, its instruments and the energy they transmit. His first record, Prender el Alma (2015) explored the development of the consciousness and spirituality, and how they connect with music. In Siku, his most recent production, Cruz continues this exploration, expanding his vision towards new stories and other cultures as sources of inspiration. A crucial aspect on this journey is his collaboration with other artists from around the world.\n\nThe siku is a wind instrument of Andean origin, highly symbolic in ancestral rituals, made up of two separate, complementary parts, the arca and the ira. It is a representation of duality, an essential element of the indigenous world view, associated with involvement and complementarity, far from the binary thinking typical of western societies. That duality is reflected on this record in the coming together of sounds, whether electronic or organic, past or present, local or global. On Siku, Nicola Cruz combines instruments with symbolic, spiritual connotations, such as the sitar, the siku, and the balafon with hints of electronica. Studies of the samba, cumbia and rhythms of African, Andean and Hindu origin are combined with Cruz’s characteristically unpredictable, mystical style.\n\nThe dual element is also reflected in the recording process for Siku, a record made on the road, in different cities, and above all, with a lot of voices and hands working together. During his tours of different countries, Cruz took interest in trying out new instruments and harmonies. This led to the possibility of collaborating with other artists in a creative exchange in which music was the common language. “Criançada”, recorded with Brazilian singer and poet Castello Branco, is a playful and subtle experimentation with samba rhythms. “Voz de las Montañas”  features the Minük duo and the result is evocative of a ritualistic, healing chant. “Esu Enia” is influenced by touches of African balafon by Marcio Pinto, a Portuguese musician who Cruz met in Lisbon. Mauricio Vicencio and his sons Julio and Pablo, of Ecuadorian origin and members of the Altiplano group, collaborated on various tracks on the album.\n\nReleased by the ZZK Records label, Siku is a journey through different influences, rhythms and instruments that have stood the test of time. Nicola Cruz brings them organically into the present, without losing sight of the context and origins of his sources of inspiration. Far from being a fusion or what is commonly catalogued as world music, this is a dual dynamic where the ancestral flows together with the contemporary to make a potent brew.\n\nGuest Acts\n\nTone Ranger\n\nBrian Mayhill\n\nExhibit Open All Show\nMeow Wolf Santa Fe\n1352 Rufina Circle\nSanta Fe, NM\nView Map", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9709938764572144}
+{"content": "A Neoteric is a sorcerer who was never taught how to harness their magic into a discipline, therefore their magic becomes shaped around them and their personalities, creating unique new forms of magic.  \n\nThe term \"Neoteric\" was made official by Parthenios Lilt, but was suggested to him by Richard Melior. It was first put in the Neoteric Report for the French Sanctuary in about 1981. \n\nSome Neoterics, such as Nero, gain an existing branch of magic - in his case, Teleportation - but don't know the rules and so make their own, giving them a more powerful - yet unreliable - ability than other sorcerers of that branch.\n\nOthers, such as Gleeman Shakespeare , seem to have witnessed an ability that a magical object possesses, and copied and developed it themselves. In his case, it was the Cloaking Sphere and invisibility.\n\nKnown Neoterics:\n\n\n  • Although Valkyrie Cain is classed as a neoteric( techincally), her magic is said to be more closer to witches and warlocks,whereas most neoterics have magic that more closely resemble adept disciplines.\n  • The term was created in Resurrection, but neoterics did feature in the first series of books.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9232257008552551}
+{"content": "Regression Alert: Week 3\n\nWhat is the easiest way to get maximum returns with minimum effort out of regression to the mean?\n\nWelcome to Regression Alert, your weekly guide to using regression to predict the future with uncanny accuracy.\n\nFor those who are new to the feature, here's the deal: every week, I dive into the topic of regression to the mean. Sometimes I'll explain what it really is, why you hear so much about it, and how you can harness its power for yourself. Sometimes I'll give some practical examples of regression at work.\n\nIn weeks where I'm giving practical examples, I will select a metric to focus on. I'll rank all players in the league according to that metric, and separate the top players into Group A and the bottom players into Group B. I will verify that the players in Group A have outscored the players in Group B to that point in the season. And then I will predict that, by the magic of regression, Group B will outscore Group A going forward.\n\nCrucially, I don't get to pick my samples, (other than choosing which metric to focus on). If the metric I'm focusing on is yards per target, and Antonio Brown is one of the high outliers in yards per target, then Antonio Brown goes into Group A and may the fantasy gods show mercy on my predictions. On a case-by-case basis, it's easy to find reasons why any given player is going to buck the trend and sustain production. So I constrain myself and remove my ability to rationalize on a case-by-case basis.\n\nMost importantly, because predictions mean nothing without accountability, I track the results of my predictions over the course of the season and highlight when they prove correct and also when they prove incorrect. Here's a list of all my predictions from last year and how they fared. Here's a similar list from 2017.\n\nAlready have a Footballguys account? Sign in here:\n\nWant to see the rest?\n\n\nSatisfaction Guaranteed\n\n\"Footballguys is the best premium\nfantasy football only site on the planet.\"\n\nMatthew Berry, ESPN\n\nWith our 30-day\nMoney Back Guarantee\nyou have nothing to lose", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9991255402565002}
+{"content": "Deal: Anker PowerPort+ 5 with USB-C Power Delivery for $35 w/ Code – 1/2/18\n\n\nAmazon currently has the Anker PowerPort+ 5 on sale right now, and it is just $35. That is down from its regular price $49.99, making this a great price. But you do need to use the promo code ANKER517 at checkout to get this discounted price.\n\nThe Anker PowerPort+ 5 is a great 5-port USB outlet to pick up, particularly if you have a ton of products you need to plug in. There are four USB-A ports that use Anker's PowerIQ technology, which basically allows them to give whatever device is plugged in, as much current as it can handle without getting damaged. While the fifth port is a USB-C port, and it does support power delivery or PD. This means that it can charge your laptop or your Nintendo Switch. It is also backwards compatible, so it can also charge your phone or tablet, which uses a smaller current.\n\n\n\nAnker PowerPort+ 5 with USB-C Power Delivery", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7973796725273132}
+{"content": "Budapest Offices\n\n\nWhat Is The Ideal Office?\n\nAug 29th, 2019\nwhat is the ideal office\nThe value of human labor is increasingly appreciated, and labor shortages are a constant problem in Hungary, not only in the construction industry. This is the reason why employers create a better working environment for their employees with better salaries.Together with the four office buildings handed over in the past 3 months, modern office space in Budapest has grown to 3,654,180 square meters, according to BRF. The vacancy rate fell to 6.3 percent, which represents a quarterly decline of 0.8 percentage points.Growth rate of new office supply has been low in recent quarters, despite many construction projects, but this is likely to change. The stock of the capital may grow significantly in the coming years.QualityBuildings in developed countries account for 40 percent of energy consumption, so energy awareness has also become very important in offices. The BREEAM and LEED certification systems are designed to assess this.The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assesment Method (BREEAM) has been awarded to 2.25 million buildings in 77 countries since 1990. The certification assesses the building's structure, design and sustainable performance. You can achieve \"pass\", \"good\", \"very good\", \"excellent\" and \"outsanding\" ratings.Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, also known as LEED, has the advantage of being applicable without prior accreditation to any country in the world. The other difference is that it can be used in any area, whatever the state of the building.The goal of both systems is to create buildings that are as environmentally friendly as possible. There is a large overlap between the two systems; if one building is awarded excellent in one, it will achieve similar results in the other. Dual certification is also possible, but due to its financial implications it is rarely used.Workers' well-beingWELLBEING emphasizes human factors such as the comfort and health of workers. Such office buildings are designed to provide as much community space as possible, and the workstations are comfortable and well-equipped for employees. Doctors and psychologists are often involved in setting up such offices with the aim of making the best possible impact on the environment. This results in reduced fluctuation and increased efficiency.Office rentalsOffice rent in Budapest has increased in recent years. Buda center, South Buda and Váci út are the most expensive, here the average price may be 14-15 EUR, but the figures are higher for A + category buildings.For the employeeAn employee's workstation costs roughly 185 EUR a month, when in a modern office building a person has 10 square meters of office space and is calculated at a rent of 15 EUR and a running cost of 4 EUR. This is not too high compared to the wages of international companies. It is worthwhile for companies to put great emphasis on creating quality offices, reducing fluctuations and increasing employee satisfaction, which helps to make work more efficient.\n\n© BudapestOffices 2016.  I  All rights reserved", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9297515749931335}
+{"content": "Mitsotakis and Netanyahu review the developments in the East Mediterranean\n\nGreece and Israel maintain close ties and have room to expand them in several sectors including the defense industry, investment flows and tourism, Prime Ministers Kyriakos Mitsotakis and Benjamin Netanyahu agreed on Thursday, during a meeting in Athens, sources said.\n\nThe two leaders are meeting ahead of the signing of a trilateral agreement, including Cyprus, on the construction of the EastMed natural gas pipeline scheduled this evening.\n\nReviewing developments in the East Mediterranean, Mitsotakis and Netanyahu agreed that securing stability in the area allows the development and well-being of all countries in the neighborhood.\nDuring their initial remarks, Netanyahu proposed setting up a trilateral force to put fires out so that each of the three countries does not have to shoulder all expenses on its own. Mitsotakis expressed interest, adding that “we are very interested in a joint use of means to fight national disasters, as we expect them to multiply over time.”", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8057397603988647}
+{"content": "Client: Atrum Coal\nLocation: British Columbia, Canada\nDrill Rigs Committed: 1\n\nIn 2014 Geotech completed a two month program for Atrum Coal at their Groundhog site in Northern British Columbia. Throughout this program Geotech completed over 1,025 meters of rotary air blast drilling.\n\nDuring the program the drill crews successfully mitigated many challenges, including excessive amounts of downhole water (40-70 gpm), heavily fractured bedrock, and the limited use of muds due to stringent testing requirements. In order to overcome these challenges, the Geotech crew were required to precisely monitor the downhole ground conditions while drilling. Due to the helicopter portable nature of this program, it was necessary for Geotech to manage a multi-engine operation, requiring two air compressors and air booster to reach the target depths.\n\nA Hydracore 2000 Hybrid helicopter portable drill rig was used for this operation. The drill rig was specifically modified to complete the air rotary methodology, which many helicopter portable rigs are not capable. Borehole depths averaged around 155 meters rotary air blast and pdc drilling. The Atrum Coal project also included the installation of 2″ monitoring wells and air lift testing, which was completed with the helicopter portable drill.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8857191801071167}
+{"content": "When employees suffer from burnout, it doesn't necessarily mean that they're unhappy with factors like dealing with a difficult boss, heavy workload, or poor company culture. In fact, it may stem from deeper issues.\n\nThat's according to a new study published in the journal Frontiers of Psychology. Based on answers from a survey that was submitted through an online forum, researchers found that burnout occurs when there's a mismatch between an employee's unconscious needs and the demands of his or her job. Researchers analyzed responses from 97 women and men between the ages of 22 and 62.\n\nWhen an employee's unconscious needs (implicit affiliation and power motives) don't line up with their job characteristics, an \"environmental misfit\" occurs. This is a main cause of burnout, a physical and mental loss of motivation).\n\nFor example, Imagine Employee A, an extrovert who desires human interaction, but whose needs are unfulfilled because he or she is constantly stuck at a desk performing solo tasks. Alternatively, Employee B is tasked with managing a team and creating presentations, but would rather work on solo projects--undisturbed and without responsibility for subordinates.\n\nWhy employers should take notice\n\nDuring the hiring process, managers may overlook the fact that an environmental misfit can lead to a job candidate's emotional and physical distress. When filling an open job position, it's important to look at more than just an individual's resume.\n\nToo much power can cause physical distress\n\nResearchers of the study define the \"power motive\" as the need to have responsibility and influence within the company. When job responsibilities provide too much power--relative to one's implicit desires--they found an increase in physical symptoms (i.e., headache, chest pain, shortness of breath).\n\nToo much human interaction leads to burnout\n\nThe \"affiliation motive,\" which is defined as the level of desire for personal interactions at work, can also cause a high degree of burnout. An employee with strong affiliation motive, for example, will thrive in a job position that requires more collaboration and teamwork.\n\nPublished on: Aug 16, 2016", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9900317192077637}
+{"content": "Open access peer-reviewed chapter\n\nBuilding a Quality of Life Index\n\nBy Ryan M. Yonk, Josh T. Smith and Arthur R. Wardle\n\nSubmitted: September 21st 2016Reviewed: February 10th 2017Published: August 23rd 2017\n\nDOI: 10.5772/67821\n\nDownloaded: 810\n\n\nThis chapter outlines how an index measuring quality of life should be developed and then applies that work at the county level in the United States. The index we create is a unique and data‐driven approach to calculating quality of life. In the chapter, we explain the process that leads us to selecting our five indicators: public safety, health, economic development, infrastructure, and education. Each indicator breaks apart into subindicators. This chapter theoretically and statistically verifies our chosen indicators. First, we develop theoretical arguments explaining the connections between quality of life and our indicators. Then, we perform confirmatory factor analyses on our index to empirically verify our theoretical arguments for why each component should be included in the index. Further, we finally verify our theory and index using survey results. We use only publicly available data to facilitate replication by others. The results of our confirmatory factor analysis provide statistical evidence for our choice of indicators in measuring quality of life. Our findings indicate that those measuring quality of life must account for the roles of: public safety, health, economic development, infrastructure, and education. Most importantly, our results indicate that our index is a valid measure of quality of life.\n\n\n  • quality of life\n  • index\n  • institutions\n  • government\n  • public policy\n  • political behavior\n  • well‐being\n  • happiness\n\n1. Introduction\n\nOne of the central debates in the quality of life literature revolves around whether the indicators used to measure quality of life are “subjective” or “objective” in nature. Understanding the division among the literature is a useful starting point for any attempt to create a quality of life measure, particularly one designed to be used as a metric of success.\n\nIf the goal is to measure reflections of individual preferences and aggregate those reflected preferences then measures of satisfaction, happiness, or other individually subjective psychological phenomenon are the appropriate choice. The problems with this approach are substantial particularly if the end goal is a connection between particular policy choices and societal (state, nation, or any relatively large group) level well‐being. Chief among these problems are the transitory nature of life quality evaluations which are closely tied to individual time sensitive circumstances and can be influenced by cultural differences, the survey itself, or the simple vagaries of human emotions [1].\n\nIn short, the debate surrounding the objective and subjective issue focuses on differences in what is actually being measured. The objective measures represent environmental indicators that most people see as necessary conditions for a high quality of life, but they in themselves are not sufficient. On the other hand, subjective, micro measures only measure a person's psychological perception of satisfaction and life quality, which may be independent of environmental conditions. If the overall goal is to create a common metric of what a high quality of life community and society is then the starting point by necessity must be identifying circumstances under which individuals thrive and whether common circumstances, outcomes, and approaches can be identified that are common across individual transient preferences. Using “objective” measures allows us to build metrics that are strongly rooted in theory and then test those propositions against subjective measures as a validation tool.\n\n2. Quality of life in the scholarly literature\n\nIn the literature, objective measures are defined as being based on aggregate population data and have been advocated by such measures as the UNDP [2] in their Human Development Index and the World Bank [3] in their World Development Indicators. Measures such as life expectancy, adult literacy rates, student enrollment ratios, and gross domestic product per capita are used to create the Human Development Index. The reasoning behind using these measures is that the use of quantifiable aggregate measures of economic, social, health or other indicators is sufficient to gauge the quality of life for a given population. Their usage and efficacy also rest on the assumption that the indicators that are being measured are objective in the sense that they are universally seen as desirable attributes.\n\nOn the other hand, subjective measures, such as those advocated by Brooks [4] and Gill [5], place the measurement of quality of life in the psychological realm of satisfaction and overall happiness, which is only definable by the individual and thus can only be measured by the use of surveys to individuals. Instead of measuring what they believe to be the most important indicators of quality of life like the UNDP and World Bank do, Gill, for example, proposes using surveys that ask the respondent to mark their level of overall quality of life on a scale of 0–100 [5]. This allows for the respondents to create their own value weightings for all the inputs into their lives. These results may be statistically combined to draw conclusions about the aggregate population.\n\nThe literature however suggests the division might be less clearly delineated than a first blush might suggest. Costanza et al. assert that so‐called objective measures (of quality of life) are actually proxies for experience identified through “subjective” associations of decision makers”; and thus “the distinction between objective and subjective indicators is somewhat illusory” [6]. Indeed, a recent review of common characteristics among countries with high subjective well‐being measures looks strikingly similar to the list of indicators used to build most objective measures [7].\n\nThe purpose in building a quality of life index should be to explore the substantive effects of quality of life. This reality suggests the necessity of including only those indicators with a theoretic basis for affecting individual citizens’ life quality. In what follows we review the relevant literature for each of the subindicators, and explore how variation in those indicators should affect life quality.\n\n2.1. What is quality of life?\n\nScholars throughout the social sciences have attempted to define and quantify their definitions of quality of life in order to make meaningful observations of society and to formulate policy prescriptions. The literature on quality of life touches many areas of interest; unfortunately, most of it has failed to connect the overlapping indicators and methods from the various fields with each other to achieve a consensus on a definition of quality of life and how to measure it. We have examined many of the past indexes that had been created by other researchers. Each researcher found distinct aspects to include in the index, often based on what the research was intended to study. Lambiri et al., compiled most of the significant studies, analyzed their similarities, and grouped them into six different classifications:\n\nnatural environment (climate, state of natural environment, etc.), built environment (type and state of building, etc.), socio‐political environment (community life, political participation, etc.), local economic environment (local income, unemployment, etc.), cultural and leisure environment (museums, restaurants, etc.), public policy environment (safety, health care, education provision, etc.) [8].\n\nWe find these distinctions useful in examining what the different studies used to measure the quality of life. Using this classification system as a model, we examined other indexes and found five specific classifications and a sixth category of other: public safety, health, infrastructure, education, economic environment, and other (anything included in the index that did not fit within the other four categories).\n\n3. Constructing a quality of life index\n\nWe believe that indexes should enable comparability and so should be designed to maximize variation and comparisons between observations as well as individual observations across time. We suggest a three‐step procedure to scale data into this index; for each variable we converted the actual value to a scale from 0 to 1. To accomplish this scaling, we used the well‐tested and verified metric of the United Nations Human Development Index. The basic formula is\n\nObserved ValueMinimum ValueMaximum ValueMinimum ValueE1\n\nUsing this scaled value allows for direct comparability within the data set without any further calculations. Because we convert each variable to this scale, we are no longer measuring the actual results of a particular variable but rather the counties score in relation the maximum and minimum observed for that value. This becomes important to the next step, where we aggregate the data into subindicators.\n\nBecause the scaled variables now represent a ranking they can be aggregated using simple averages and for each subindicator aggregate those values by taking an average of the county's score on each of the variables included. The formula we suggest employ uses S as the scaled value of the individual variable, and X as the total number of variables included in the subindicator. After taking the average the data is scaled using the above formula to obtain the value of the subindicator.\n\nUsing the value of the subindicators, the value of the overall indicator and quality of life score can be calculated using the same mechanism.\n\n3.1. Validating the index\n\nThe goal of creating a quality of life index (or really any index) must be validity. A critical intersection for any index's validity is the data collected. Data must be theoretically relevant to the indicators and uniformly available. Once the data are collected, a valid index must be able to analyze that data and draw conclusions from it. The data found in quality of life study indices can be used for a wide variety of purposes. Politicians can use them make better public policy choices, businesses can use them for marketing purposes, and academics can use them for research. If the data does not explain anything, it is of little use. Thus, the data must be presented in a way that it is informative. The methods used to construct the quality of life index must also be easy to understand and replicate.\n\nAny index, including our own, must be viewed skeptically. At the heart of the scientific method and index building is the need for validation. Indexes can be plagued with measurement problems that center on whether they are actually measuring what they purport to be measuring. The prelude to testing whether an index is measuring what it claims to measure is to validate its methodologies.\n\nThis methodology for calculating quality of life scores yields a reliable and repeatable index. This index can be calculated using commonly available data, where all parts of the index are separable. As discussed above, meeting these requirements is of paramount importance if the data is to be used to explain phenomenon in the real world.\n\nWhile methodological rigor is important, even the most rigorously constructed index can fail if it does not measure what it purports to. We suggest a three‐prong approach to validating an index. First, any index that claims to measure a social phenomenon must begin with a strong theoretical explanation to back up why the data included in the index is in fact a component of or a proxy for what is being measured. Second, the data included in the index should scale together using some commonly accepted approach to analysis. Finally, independent tests of the theoretical links such as secondary data analysis or experimental tests should validate the construction of the index.\n\n4. Where the rubber meets the road: deciding what to include\n\nDespite the relative consistency, which emerged from the meta‐analysis conducted by Lambiri and from our own review of the mechanics of the various quality of life indexes, deciding what to actually include is substantially more complex. The categories which emerged from the literature are Education, Health, Public Safety, Infrastructure, and Economic Development. In each case, we suggest a two‐fold approach to measuring life quality that focuses on service availability (potential in the private and/or public market) and outcome measures.\n\n4.1. Public safety\n\nCommunity‐wide safety and peace are important parts of the quality of life for residents. Crime, lack of fire protection, and deficiencies in other services designed to protect security, well‐being, and property impact citizens negatively. Public safety involves the prevention of and protection from potential occurrences that could jeopardize the well‐being or security of the general public.\n\nThe majority of quality of life indices we examined included public safety measures and most public safety measures included some element regarding crime. Most found some way of representing the amount of violent crime in the area: Graves used the number of violent crimes per 100,000 [9]; Rosen simply uses the total crime rate [10]; Blomquist et al., Ceshire and Hay, Stover and Leven, Ready, Burger, and Blomquist, Nzaku and Bukenya (even though they place this measure in an “amenities” category), and Shapiro all use a measure of violent crime in the area to measure public safety [1116]. The Economist uses a measure of political stability and security to measure the public safety between countries in their index [17]. Most indexes simply include some measure of the frequency of crime, generally specified to be violent crime, as the standard of measurement for public safety of an area.\n\nTo understand public safety, it is important to know the benefits of public safety service availability. We focus on two subindicators: the availability of police and fire protection in each area. The available data, dichotomous availability, had no explanatory power when compiling the index. Thus, we still believe the availability of these resources important but will only include the funding effort data, which captures availability, in the final data analysis.\n\nFire services throughout the country are significant in identifying, developing, and promoting ways and means of protecting life and property from fire‐related perils, such as house, school, car, and job‐related fires, etc. In 2015, 3280 Americans died in 1.35 million fires [18]. Shoup and Madema in their book Public Finance discuss the necessity of fire service availability for protection to life and property. The authors also specify fire service's positive role in contributing to economic development: “Risk, in the sense of relative dispersion of possible outcomes of a venture, is reduced for almost any venture by an increment to fire protection service. All in all, fire protection is clearly one of the most important stimuli to economic growth” [19]. Clearly, the availability of local fire services in each county is necessary in maintaining higher public safety, greater economic growth, and better quality of life for county residents.\n\nThe availability of police services in rural counties is an important contributor to the prevention of various types of property and violent crimes toward its residents. Police persons are in charge of maintaining order, enforcing the law, and preventing and detecting crime for the well‐being and safety of the citizens in their area. Mladenka and Hill discuss the importance of distributing police services evenly among states in order to maintain public safety [20]. In Gyimah's analysis of police production, he uses the crime rate to measure community safety. Although somewhat obvious, his reasoning and empirical data simply show that when “the crime rate is lower in community A than it is in community B, then it is reasonable to postulate that community A is safer than community B” [21]. We can therefore determine that people will have a higher quality of life with a greater amount of police service protection. The use of this crime data in the analysis is necessary to arrive at a more accurate measure of quality of life. It is obvious that the less frequent violent crimes occur in each county, the greater the public safety will be. Cebula and Vedder did a quality of life study on how crime affects peoples’ decisions when migrating to new areas. They state that “Higher crime rates should lower net benefits obtainable from migration in a number of ways: loss through theft of property, higher insurance rates, an increase in fear and tension, etc.” [22]. Thus one can determine that quality of life is usually lower in counties with higher crime rates.\n\nWhile it is clear that the presence or absence of police and fire protection is important to public safety in a particular area, it tells only part of the story. The whole story can be understood only by examining the availability of funds to provide those services. We consider the availability of funds for these services by using a measurement of per‐capita expenditures for fire and police services. We use this measure for two reasons. First, while spending of this sort may be subject to the law of diminishing returns, we believe that as more is spent per person on fire and police services, the higher public safety will likely be. Second, it is clear that even in areas with higher crime rates, residents perceive additional police spending as contributing positively to public safety. According to Charney, “public [safety] expenditures reflect both the quality and cost of providing public services,” even if “public [safety] expenditures are not a perfect measure of the quality of public services.” For example, a county with high public safety expenditures could signify an area that demands more safety spending, “rather than measuring a high feeling of safety” [23]. Even though this is a difficult measure of public safety quality, county residents will still have a greater amount of fire and police protection if more money is spent per capita for these public services.\n\nThe amount of countywide per‐capita expenditures on fire and police services can act as proxies for other county spending on public safety, such as ambulance services and correctional facilities. If the data shows that a county puts a high priority on public safety by spending more per capita on fire and police services than average, it is presumably true that the county will also spend more per capita on these other public safety services. For example, spending on ambulance services in rural counties is important for the health and life expectancy of its residents. The service's role is to help maintain the life of the injured/dying until transported to the nearest hospital for emergency care. According to Stults et al., communities served by a basic ambulance service, as opposed to conventional advanced ambulance care, have a lower survival rate [24]. From this, one can also verify that counties’ public safety will be much lower if access to ambulance services is scarce.\n\nPublic safety is a crucial indicator in determining quality of life. Public safety, as defined earlier, involves the prevention of and protection from potential occurrences that could jeopardize the well‐being or security of the general public. We believe that the measurement of these types of services designed to protect the security, well‐being, and property of county residents is necessary in order to have a valuable quality of life index. We conclude that county residents with greater public safety will also have a greater quality of life.\n\n4.2. Health\n\nIt is difficult, or untenable at best, for someone to have a good quality of life if they are living in unhealthy conditions or do not have access to quality health care. Maslow underscored the significance of good health when he placed physiological needs at the base of his hierarchy of needs in his explanation of human motivation [25].\n\nThe measures of health in quality of life indexes were less uniform than the public safety measurement. Although a common theme was to use mortality rates or life expectancy, this is certainly not the only way that researchers chose to examine this element of quality of life. Calvert and Henderson chose to use a composite that includes the infant mortality rate, the life expectancy rate, and self‐reported health [26]. The Economist uses the life expectancy at birth in years for the health indicator [17]. Sufian simply uses the infant mortality rate [27]. Agostini and Richardson combine infant mortality, child mortality, and maternal mortality to measure public health [28]. The majority of the quality of life literature that was reviewed for this study includes a measure of health as an indicator, and inclusion in our own index was important.\n\nReview in the health measurement literature uncovered some interesting intellectual debates surrounding the demand for health care. Newhouse and Hitiris and Posnett make the assertion that since per‐capita health expenditures follow GDP fairly closely, health expenditure consumption is elastic, indeed elastic enough that it is a luxury good since its income elasticity of demand coefficient is greater than 1.0 [29, 30]. This implies there is a lot of spending in health care that only marginally improves quality of life and an increase in funding will not necessarily result in an increase in care. The counter to this claim is that since health care represents a basic human need it must be a necessity and an inelastic good. Parkin asserts that the claim of its being a luxury good can only be measured as a luxury by incorrectly applying microeconomic data to a macroeconomic problem [31]. We agree with portions of both arguments and eventually came to the same conclusion as Getzen who views health care expenditures as both a necessity and a luxury which can vary with the level of analysis [32]. On the micro level, health care is a necessity at first because a certain level of care is essential, and thus inelastic. However, due to diminishing marginal returns there is a point reached where health expenditures become a luxury, even on the micro level. While we are not sure where this point of diminishing returns is, there is some level of health expenditure that is a necessity that must be funded in order to have a good quality of life. The indicators are designed to capture the aggregate health care system to determine if it affords individuals at least the necessary level of care needed, if not also desired luxury health goods.\n\nTo capture an aggregate measure of the health system in the test counties, we first use a measure of the availability of professional health workers. Our measure includes physicians per 1000 and health care workers per 1000 to assess this availability. Originally, we had hoped to use measures of hospitals per 1000 and hospital beds per 1000 in addition to the number of professionals, but that data was not available at the county level. However, since health care requires very specific and well‐practiced skills, we assume that the more of these health care workers there are in a population, the more likely it is that they will have facilities to work in. This measure is sufficient to furnish a snapshot of the availability of health care facilities that we believe to be most vital to a good quality of life.\n\nWe do, however, acknowledge that there may be other factors that may also be indicators of the health of a population other than physical facility access. Socioeconomic status, educational attainment, and cultural factors have all been shown in some cases to be the single greatest determinant of health status [3335]. The most important of these factors are covered elsewhere in our index and should therefore not confound final results.\n\nWhile having health facilities readily available is important, the existence of the facilities is of marginal value if people do not have the resources, primarily health insurance, required to be treated in the facilities. We use a measure of health insurance enrollment to help determine accessibility. The number of people with health insurance in a community reflects a measure of access to care and is valuable to the study. The measure that we use to show the insurance rate is taken from the U.S. Census data and includes all forms of insurance including government programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. While it may be true that there are flaws associated with the insurance system in the country, such as overconsumption as outlined by Feldstein [36], the level of insurance in a county helps us to determine what portion of the population is at least having their basic health needs met.\n\nAfter considering access to health care through availability and insurance, we examine what health‐related outcomes are being produced from access to that care. There is a debate in the literature concerning what the most telling measure of health should consist of. Some scholars argue that today's unique circumstances warrant breaking with traditional measures of health that have mainly dealt with morbidity and mortality and also take into account “diseases of civilization” like obesity and depression that have recently appeared as society has become more developed [37]. It is their belief that even though there might be longer life spans and less infant deaths in developed societies, that does not mean that the health of the people is any better off since they see these new diseases as a drain on quality of life.\n\nHowever, it is our view that while these may be real threats to the well‐being of individuals, their inclusion in this measure would be very difficult to achieve since that data is not consistently available and they affect individual populations differentially. While our measure may not capture a complete picture overall health in a specific area, it does capture a sufficient portion of the whole system as infant mortality is a particularly telling indicator of care. It is also easily accessible for every area we looked at and universal in its application, whereas the inclusion of other subjective indicators would have to be more area specific.\n\nWe decided to use a measure of health outcomes that was the most objective possible. Nearly every study we looked at used infant mortality measures in one form or another, including the UNDP's Human Development report [2]. Consequentially, we also decided to use infant mortality as the basis of our health outcomes measures. This indicator is also one of the most obvious and observable results of a good, accessible health care infrastructure that was measured earlier. Our initial measurements of the availability of physicians and hospital beds are directly connected to infant mortality and with life expectancy that we measured in this area. Hospitals and their services are vital to helping mothers give birth to children and combating chronic sickness that often appear in the later years of life. While some scholars would argue that a better measure of health outcomes would be broader than ours, very few would argue that infant mortality is not one of the most telling individual indicators of health. This measure captures the availability of nonluxury health care.\n\nHealth services that are readily available could still be inadequate to properly serve the needs of the patients. Health services need adequate funding to be able to function well. We measure the health services funding effort in order to determine if the services are being adequately funded and given every chance to succeed. This measure includes the overall per‐capita health expenditures by government agencies and the total amount spent on payroll in health care professions. Funding for health related services is not cheap. Some estimates place the total yearly spending in the U.S. around $3 trillion or nearly 20% of GDP. By capturing this funding information we was able get a better understanding of the health services in the targeted areas. This then allows basic health care, which would impact the health outcome indicators of life expectancy and infant mortality, to be measured. Basic health care is defined in various ways, but for simplicity purposes we define it as access to the services and procedures that sustain life and impact of the health outcome indicators. If a person has access to basic health care, we assume they would have a greater probability of surviving birth and living to an older age. As summarized earlier, we realize that the amount of funding does not guarantee quality since there is a real potential to waste the funds after they reach the point of diminishing returns. By our reasoning, a higher level of funding indicates a higher likelihood that those basic needs will be filled even if there is waste happening elsewhere. There is good literature that indicates that higher expenditures on health care are linked to better health results [38]. Poland et al. also seems to agree that higher expenditures should produce better health outcomes [39]. We feel that the measurement of the funding effort for health services provides the reader with an overview of the system without making normative judgments.\n\nIn sum, we chose to use the measures we did because they are the best way for us to capture the availability of and access to health services in a given area. It encompasses the causes as well as the consequences of a good health system and allows us to see its impact on the overall quality of life in a defined area.\n\n4.3. Infrastructure\n\nInfrastructure that functions efficiently and effectively is another positive component to quality of life. Infrastructure is the physical and organizational structures needed for operation of a societal structure or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. Basic infrastructure facilitates economic transactions, allows access to services such as health and education, and provides individuals with the ability to realize their preferences for goods and services across time and space.\n\nThere was not a large consensus regarding what data best represent infrastructure. In general, the indexes attempt to quantify this by examining three things: population characteristics, available utilities, and housing characteristics. Both Rosen and Roback examine the population size, and the population density, but uniquely include central city population and population growth rate, respectively [10, 40]. Nzaku and Bukenya use a composite that includes population density with age of the population, nonwhite population, owner‐occupied housing, per‐capita tax rate, distance to metro area, and road density [15]. Still other indexes include a measure of the available facilities for the treatment of water, sewage, or landfills [11, 13, 14, 26].\n\nOur metric captures the various types of infrastructures that are necessary for individuals to maximize the other indicators of the index and their quality of life. To measure infrastructure, we use both service availability and funding effort that is the existence of the infrastructure and the resources devoted to its expansion, maintenance, and replacement. Measured infrastructure could include a wide variety of public services. We have chosen to use three indicators that we believe capture what is essential to improving quality of life. Our metric represents an expansion of earlier work that has primarily focused on the provision of public or quasi‐public goods such as highways as infrastructure. We assert that a more expansive definition of infrastructure is necessary. Our metric both recognizes the importance of the public or quasi‐public goods to infrastructure and adds private or toll goods to the measure of infrastructure. These indicators—culinary water, grid fuel, and telephone—are measured as the percentage of households with these services directly available in their homes. This penetration metric, which uses end consumer access as a proxy for general service availability, provides a clear picture of the development of infrastructure and allows for differentiation between areas where most residents have access and other areas where most do not.\n\nThe systemic availability of culinary water—also known as domestic water, drinking water, or potable water—is a large contributor to the well‐being of those with the service. Culinary water is the water suitable for human consumption or use in the preparation of food. The study measures the percentage of households per county with culinary water access directly in their homes from a communal source. We conclude that households with culinary water communally available will have a higher quality of life and that counties with higher percentages of culinary water penetration will attract more residents and more development. Howard and Bartram support this assertion, and they indicate that significant benefits are available as culinary water services are more accessible, namely advances in greater public health and sanitation [41]. The percentage of grid culinary water availability per county is also a proxy for government involvement and spending in that specific county. Because grid culinary water is primarily a government service, we assert that a greater percentage availability of grid culinary water in a particular county also translates to a greater amount of other government provided infrastructure in that county. For example, municipal solid waste (MSW) services and sewer services are not recorded in the data but are highly correlated with grid culinary water provision, and because culinary water is highly correlated to the provision of MSW and sewer services, counties with grid culinary water are also likely to provide MSW and sewer services as well. Sewer systems collect sewage waste from local buildings and are later used to either dispose of or treat the sewage for sanitary purposes. Having available sewer systems and MSW services provides greater sanitation and health to the community. Furthermore, a major source of water used to create culinary water is ground water, and according to Miranda et al., MSW services are important in reducing groundwater contamination as well as reducing other solid and hazardous waste material [42].\n\nThe second measure of infrastructure availability is access to grid fuel. Having access to grid fuel is a significant measure of a county's development, and unlike the earlier measure of grid water is likely to be provided by private sources over public ones. Grid fuel is primarily natural gas, although there are other types of grid fuel used less commonly. Having household access to these fuels is a positive measure of residents’ quality of life. The benefits of household access include the direct influx of fuel for heating or cooking without having to actively seek the fuel; all the residents must do is pay a monthly bill. Rothfarb et al. argue for the importance of a well‐organized system in providing natural gas to US households and business, due to their great “depend[ence] on gas for heating and other essential services.” The authors discuss the greater availability and reduced cost benefits consumers receive with better developed and systematized grid fuel systems [43].\n\nOur final measure of infrastructure service availability is the household penetration of telecommunication. Although this is not as strong of an indicator as the other two used, we believe it to be a useful measurement nonetheless. Hudson explains very well the quality of life advantages of telecommunication availability:\n\nTelecommunications is a tool for the conveyance of information, and thus can be critical to the development process. By providing information links between urban and rural areas and among rural residents, telecommunications can overcome distance barriers, which hamper rural development. Access to information is key to many development activities, including agriculture, industry, shipping, education, health and social services[44].\n\nWithout telecommunications access, it is more difficult for residents to receive and convey necessary information for their day‐to‐day transactions. In addition, household telecommunications availability also presents access to minimum low‐speed internet. Having at least dial‐up internet available in the home can provide important communication and information access. Strover states the significance of “adequate connections to advances telecommunications infrastructure and services [for] rural communities…to be able to fully participate in the emerging information economy” [45].\n\nWhile it is clear that the presence or absence of our selected proxies and their penetration rates provides an important picture of the level of development of infrastructure in a particular county, it tells only part of the story. The rest of the story can be understood only by examining the availability of funds to provide infrastructure. While our first set of measures speaks to the level of development of a county's infrastructure, our second set of measures speaks to the financial resources available for infrastructure and how those resources are being used. To capture both the presence and absence of infrastructure, we also analyzed the funding that is available to each county that could be used to develop infrastructure, measured both as a function of the total land area in a county and as a per‐capita measure. This distinction is important as both differences in size and population create differing infrastructure needs. We use utility bonding numbers and transportation expenditures as proxies for the larger suite of infrastructure goods. Using these proxies allows for both a measurement of spending on immediate needs—transportation—and longer‐term needs—utility bonding. This combination provides evidence for the level of investment in infrastructure. Both measures are population controlled to ensure the opportunity of intercounty comparisons.\n\nWe measure the public transportation spending per capita for all US counties. Public transportation can include subways, buses, streetcars, light‐rail transit, or the most common form of highway funding. Higher spending on all types of public transportation provides a higher quality of life to its residents than do counties with lower per‐capita spending on transportation. Transportation spending has a myriad of benefits in facilitating business, recreation, social and family, emergency health, and education travel, etc. A key element of transportation infrastructure spending in dealing with economic development is the amount of highway spending allocated by each county. In an economic growth study by Dye, he states that “highway spending emerges as the strongest correlate of economic growth” because of its ability to facilitate commerce and transportation [46]. A few of the major benefits of having a well‐developed highway system include the “expansion of existing business, attraction of new business, and tourism growth, [��] increasing business productivity over time associated with reducing shipping costs,” and reduced travel times [47]. Residents’ opportunity for greater productivity and a higher quality of life are significantly increased by counties that spend more on highways.\n\nNot measured in the data, yet highly correlated with transportation spending, is the availability of transit and airport services. If more funding is allocated for transportation by a county, it is very likely that transit services will be offered as well. The availability of local public transit services is a positive contributor to quality of life. For various reasons, numerous county residents might not have access to private transportation or the ability to travel on their own. Public transportation, whether by bus or rail, is significant to their well‐being when traveling to and from home to work, to shop, or to study, etc. Baum‐Snow et al. explain a number of benefits to having public transit accessible in their 2000 article: “…better transit may disproportionately improve the quality of life and the quality of job opportunities…. Public transit potentially increases the access of the poor to better labor market opportunities. This comes in addition to reduce commuting times for people served by better transit.” They also add public transit's contribution to reducing air pollution [48].\n\nThe benefits of airport services are associated with transportation spending in that counties with transportation spending as a priority will likely have similar reasoning to provide airport services as well. Counties with airport availability provide advantages to the quality of life of its residents more than those counties who do not offer the service. The benefits of having a local airport, mentioned by Newkirk and Casavant, “include economic development, health care and emergency medical services, support of business and commerce, recreation, community activities, enriched community life…. [These] themes support the strong conclusion that rural airports clearly improve the quality of life in rural communities” [49].\n\nThe more developed infrastructure accessible to county residents, the more it can achieve the desired economic development that brings the greatest opportunity to the people within the county. These advantages include greater access to transportation, communication, household energy, water, activities, etc. A well‐constructed index that purports to measure quality of life must include a coherent measure of the infrastructure.\n\n4.4. Education\n\nThe quality of an education system in a county is a telling indicator of the quality of life in that area. And since quality of life is connected to education, its quality is an indicator of what the future will hold for an area. Areas with better education systems have been shown to have higher levels of educational attainment, and as a consequence, higher income [50].\n\nRoughly half of the indexes that we examined included some measure of educational quality. The most common way to represent this was including a measure of the ratio of students to teachers [11, 13, 14, 51]. Other studies include input‐based measurements like cost‐adjusted per pupil, and library circulation in number of books [52]. Others look at outputs of education: percent of children in secondary school [27], or mean year of schooling, number of 16 year olds enrolled in school, and college and postcollege graduates [28]. Calvert and Henderson created a composite variable made of educational attainment levels, educational expenditures, literacy rates, access to education, distribution, segregation, discrimination, lifelong learning, and alternative education [26].\n\nIn our measure of education as an indicator of overall quality of life, we capture a measure of the availability of educational services. We look at the services that are offered in public schools in order to determine if the schools are fulfilling the educational needs of the largest number of students possible. One of the programs that we measure is the availability of college preparation courses like Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, or concurrent enrollment for college credit while still in high school. This allows us to capture a measure of the needs fulfillment for advanced students that could be held back from reaching their potential if these courses are not offered and they are kept with the bulk of the students in classes that don't challenge them. We also capture a measure of the needs fulfillment of the students in a school system that may need extra assistance to succeed. The availability of a Limited English Proficient (LEP) program is measured to account for the ever‐growing number of students who need extra help with English due to the diversity of home‐spoken languages. In addition, we measure the availability of special education services to help those students with special needs.\n\nAlso in our measure of service availability for education, we measure the access that people in a particular county have to higher education. There is a myriad of literature on the benefits of higher education to individuals and society [50] and the citation here of the full literature would be superfluous. We assume and the literature concurs that the proximity and availability of higher education make taking advantage of its benefits easier for the local population and it is a positive attribute to have access to higher education. As education system becomes increasingly competitive in attempts to capture previously untapped markets, new technologies and efforts are being made to make higher education available to increasingly isolated places [53]. We expect to see access to higher education to continue to expand to the benefit of the local citizens in most counties.\n\nThe final measures of availability that we used are of the presence of charter schools in a county, as well as other education services offered such as private schools. The presence of charter schools is measured by the annual survey done by the National Center for Education Statistics and the measure of other education services is obtained from the U.S. Census data. The presence of either or both of these indicators represents efforts by the local government and population to offer services that can be invaluable to those that take advantage of them. While charter and private schools are not designed to be to the benefit of everyone, those who wish to take advantage of their service often feel it is very important and can strongly influence their academic performance. It is also claimed by some that the presence of choices within the education system is healthy as it usually fosters competition [54] and increased efficiency with funding [55].\n\nIf an area has a good education system, many studies assert they should have positive outcomes from that system to show for it [50]. In the attempt to determine if an area has these positive outcomes, we use a number of different indicators to measure the education system's impact. We first looked at the dropout rate in the local secondary schools. A student is defined as a dropout if he or she is between the ages of 16 and 19, has not graduated from high school, and is not enrolled. Those who fit this category have either failed the system or been failed by the system, neither of which tells of a promising quality of life in an area. We expect to see a lower dropout rate in areas with better education systems. Another outcome of a good education system is the number of persons enrolled in higher education. We use U.S. Census data to get this indicator that measures all the previous year's high school seniors who are enrolled in higher education and also the number of any others who are enrolled in higher education in the county. This allows us to see both the level of high schools students going on to attend college and also the total number of people enrolled in higher education in a given area.\n\nThe final outcome that we captured by this method is the education level of the population in the given county. Using U.S. Census data, we are able to capture the percent of the population that has graduated from high school, the percent that has graduated college, and the percent that has obtained an advanced degree. This allows us to determine the level of education of the whole community, which is important to understand how much an area values education and its impacts. We suspect that a higher level of education in the community at large will correlate with the other indicators of quality of life.\n\nOur measure of educational availability, funding, and outcomes gives an effective and significant measure of the education system. This measure allows us to adequately account for the education system of an area since, as Lyson notes, education “serves as an important marker of social and economic viability and vitality” [56].\n\n4.5. Economic environment\n\nEconomic development is a necessary indicator when determining quality of life. Economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well‐being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and increasing incomes. It is the institutional changes made to promote economic betterment and the social organizational changes made to promote growth in an economy.\n\nEvery index we reviewed included some measure of economic conditions but different indexes use different indicators to capture this information. The Economist [17] used GDP per person and percent unemployment; Roback uses the unemployment rate, as does Rosen although Rosen includes population growth as part of the index [10, 40]. In contrast, Agostini and Richardson capture the economic environment using the real per‐capita income [28].\n\nWe have chosen to use and gather data for three categories that we believe to best determine the county residents’ quality of life level, namely the availability of services, economic outcomes—such as per‐capita income and the unemployment rate—and availability of private capital for the rural counties. The following paragraphs will support our argument that the more economically developed a county is, the higher quality of life its residents have.\n\nHow accessible services are in each county affects the quality of life of its residents. To measure service availability, we focus on the total number of employers and the number of new businesses per year in each county.\n\nEmployment is one of the most fundamental measurements of economic development. When unemployment is high, it creates a downward spiral in a community's economy: the unemployed residents cannot receive an income, which reduces consumer spending, which in turn reduces industry earnings, creating fewer jobs, and so on. Thus, a healthy economy arrives close to full employment, generating more consumer spending and industry growth in the community. We chose to measure the total number of employers in each county as an economic quality of life indicator because when more opportunities are available for resident employment, residents have the ability to receive their desired income with greater facility. Hence, they will be able to better satisfy their needs and wants.\n\nBy measuring the total number of employers, the number of individual businesses within the community can be determined. Wennekers and Thurik assert that the positive economic effects from the number of small firms within a community include: “routes of innovation, industry dynamics and job generation” as well as “a lower propensity to export employment, a qualitative change in the demand for capital, and more variety in the supply of products and services” [57].\n\nThe greater number of new businesses established each year is also linked to a higher quality of life for residents in the counties we researched. Buchanan and Ellis list entrepreneurship, the creation and development of new businesses, as one of the basic factors that pushes economic development [58]. When more businesses are created, more opportunity for employment is available for the residents. Business expansion can also be evidence of more capital availability and greater response to higher consumer demand. We measured and recorded data on how many new establishments were created in each county per year to capture the entrepreneurship that is occurring in each of the counties. To calculate this activity, we take the number of businesses that existed the previous year and subtract the current year's business count.\n\nReduced employment opportunities, due to poor business creation and diversification within a county, create the necessity to travel for employment. We measured data on the number of county residents who travel for employment by determining the commute time and destination. These measures indicate the investment of time people are making for desired employment. To measure destination, we measured the percent of residents employed outside of a county. From this measurement, we can conclude that a greater percentile of residents employed outside the county of residence is indicative of a lower level of economic development in that county. Khan et al. explain the effects of commuting on individual economic growth: “if economic growth elsewhere raises an individual's earning prospects, the individual will move, but if the individual can exploit economic growth elsewhere by commuting, he will not need to move to gain from the expansion” [59]. In other literature, Shields and Swenson conducted research on 65 Pennsylvania counties to determine how commuters balance employment and wage opportunities with relation to housing prices and travel costs. The results suggest that the “proportion of jobs filled by in‐commuters varies by industry” [60]. This is an important factor because it illustrates why counties should focus on industry diversity when attracting businesses in order to best capture all types of employment.\n\nIn determining the level of economic development of counties, we have chosen three indicators: economic diversity, per‐capita income, and unemployment rate. Quantifying these variables will help us better measure resident standard of living as well as economic growth by county.\n\nThe more diversified business in a county, the higher the opportunity for the residents to have a higher quality of life. For example, consider a county with mining as its sole industry. If resources were exhausted or a natural accident occurred that made it impossible to ours, the county and its residents’ quality of life would decrease substantially. A book by Phillips supports this example in stating that economic diversity is vital to sustaining development in rural areas because of the negative effects of the boom and bust cycles [61]. In this data, we used Hachman's method to determine the economic diversity score. We therefore conclude that a county that has employment and business across diverse industries is more economically developed and can provide a higher quality of life for its residents [62].\n\nPer‐capita income is one of the most obvious and routinely used indicators of quality of life. Those who have a higher per‐capita income have more funds to purchase the necessities as well as more disposable income to purchase luxuries. Lucas, in his study “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” argues that per‐capita income is the best indicator of economic development [63]. However, Alpert reminds us that that per‐capita income is not an all‐encompassing indicator when determining the degree of economic development [64]. We agree, and our index reflects that conclusion, per‐capita income is important, but not sufficient in determining economic quality of life.\n\nThe unemployment rate is another indicator of how economically developed a county is. This measurement has been used in many quality of life studies: a lower unemployment rate provides more opportunities for residents to find jobs, which leads to higher quality of life. Phillips argues the unemployment rate is an important indicator in determining economic development. He states both the need for both “basic and nonbasic employment: basic jobs are those that bring new money into the economy” whereas “nonbasic jobs are those that recycle money through the local economy” [61].\n\nThe final indicator seeks to measure the availability of capital in counties. Capital availability is a vital part of any county's economic development as it represents the potential funds that can be used to hire workers, develop infrastructure, and power the engine of economic growth. We used total deposits in commercial banks, manufacturing capital expenditures, and total annual payroll of all industries as the indicators.\n\nThe greater the total deposits in local commercial banks, the greater the funds readily available for use in entrepreneurial activities, for larger scale business investment, and for private investment on homes/home improvement and automobiles, and so on. Low et al. explain the positive correlation between bank deposits and entrepreneurial growth, emphasizing the effects of bank deposits on “creat[ing] loanable funds that could help regional entrepreneurs invest and grow further” [65].\n\nAlthough funding availability through deposits in commercial banks is useful in community economic development, simple capital availability does not necessarily indicate productive potential use of the capital. Capital has a multiplicative effect when it is invested and put to use that cannot occur when it is simply held in reserve. The measurement of manufacturing capital expenditures is a valuable measurement of capital use and availability in economic development because it illustrates how businesses apply their capital. Measuring manufacturing capital expenditures is valuable in providing evidence of business growth and productivity within distinct communities due to local capital investment.\n\nOur final subindicator measures the total annual payroll of all industries for each county. This measure, which indicates the amount of money businesses allocate to paying employees each year, is evidence of industry growth or decline. Greater payroll indicates an expansion in the local community because industries have additional funds to pay employees after covering their costs and other financial obligations. Payroll can also indicate the quality of human capital available in the county: employees with higher degrees and work experience receive higher wages. With greater payroll provided to employees, greater opportunity for private capital investment is available as well. The reverse is also true, as noted by Eberts and Fogarty: “as private investment increases, demand for labor and thus payrolls also increase, expanding the income of the local economy” [66]. Thus, with more private capital availability, opportunity for growth and development increases, creating a greater quality of life for residents.\n\nAs described above, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well‐being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and increasing incomes. From the three areas discussed above—service availability, economic outcomes, and private capital availability—I was able to establish the advantages to having an economically developed county. We can therefore see that residents living in a county with a more advanced level of economic development will have a better quality of life than of those whose county is less economically developed.\n\n4.6. Other indicators\n\nAlthough many of the indexes examined had variables that fit well within these categories, there were usually a few that did not. Some used a variety of different indicators, but there were a few similar indicators that repeatedly showed throughout the literature. One of the most prevalent indicators was weather and environment in general. Many indexes examined the amount of pollution, the type of weather, the location, or other positive aspects of the natural environment. Many tried to capture a social environment, like Shapiro who measured the number of restaurants in an area [16]. Florida attempts to measure the many unconventional aspects of an area, including the homosexual population, the number of bars and nightclubs, the amount nonprofit art museums and galleries, the number public golf courses among a host of other factors [67].\n\nThe factors that seek to extend the explanation of quality of life beyond our five included indexes and the natural environment are not particularly useful and in our opinion should not be included in quality of life metric as they are not consistently included across studies of quality of life, and represent idiosyncratic conceptions of what life quality is.\n\n5. Empirical validation\n\nProperly constructing an index requires a bit of a balancing act. While the index must include enough variables to capture a reasonably complete picture of what is purportedly being measured, adding unnecessary variables introduces noise to the index and dilutes the explanatory value of other variables. To achieve that balance, strong theoretical justifications must exist for the inclusion of each variable. This was done in the previous section. After constructing a theoretical basis and collecting data, the resulting index can be statistically and empirically vetted to further establish its validity. First, the collected data should behave as the theory predicts. Second, the index should mirror how individuals actually comprehend their own life quality.\n\nTo confirm that our index behaves as expected, we performed both a confirmatory factor analysis. To verify that the index reflects real people's life quality, we used a survey.\n\n5.1. Confirmatory factor analysis\n\nIn building the index, we have attempted to compile a set of indicators that all contribute to quality of life in predictable directions. Confirmatory factor analysis is a statistical tool used to ascertain whether a set of observed variables (the indicators, in our case) are commonly correlated with another unobserved factor (quality of life). To confirm that this index is indeed measuring quality of life, each of the indicators should return a positive value and, because we elected not to weight any of the indicators, each should return a similar value. Table 1 reports the results of our confirmatory factor analysis.\n\nVariableFactor 1Factor 2Uniqueness\nPublic safety.5326−.0702.7114\nEconomic development.6094.0047.6286\n\nTable 1.\n\nConfirmatory factor analysis.\n\nIn our factor analysis, two factors are retained, factor one offering evidence in support of our hypothesis. Positive numbers ranging from .42 to .62 suggest that the indicators truly are related to some common underlying trend, while the high uniqueness values indicate that each provides unique information about that trend, rather than merely reiterating information already captured by another variable.\n\n5.2. Survey\n\nTo offer empirical evidence that the construction of the index is appropriate, we conducted a survey of undergraduate students in five classes, most of which were general credit classes and all of which covered social science topics. The students in these classes included all student years (freshman‐senior) and all sorts of majors.\n\nThe survey collected demographic, university, and political information about each participant, asked to rank their own situation along each of the index's indicators, and finally to scale their own quality of life. The middle of the survey also included a distraction, which asked students about their knowledge of the school, its governance, and whether they would support a fee proposal. For the index to be valid, the ratings offered by survey participants for the indicators ought to align with the overall quality of life score. After collecting data from the surveys, we conducted two OLogit regressions, one with the indicator and the other without it. The results of these regressions are included in Table 2.\n\n3CoefStandard errorP score\nPersonal safety.3429.1785.05*\n\nTable 2.\n\nSurvey results‐ordered logit.\n\n\n\nN = 258 Pseudo R Square: .2254.\n\nControl variables excluded from the table.\n\nThe coefficients displayed in Table 2 demonstrate that the indicators are indeed associated with a significant improvement in quality of life. The Psuedo R Square for the model including the indicators, as reported above, is .2254, compared to only .0440 in the controls‐only model. We conclude that the indicators lend significant explanatory power to the model, and that the index therefore captures with ample veracity what it claims to capture.\n\nUsing both the confirmatory factor analysis and the ordered logit regressions to back up the theoretical relationships discussed earlier, we have demonstrated that the index is a reliable and meaningful measure of the quality of life.\n\n6. Conclusion\n\nThe initial impetus behind this project was a desire to better understand the relationship between public policy outcome and the life quality of individual citizens. Claims about the impact particular policy decisions have on livability, well‐being, and quality of life are commonly invoked by policy maker and politicians as justifications for particular policy choices. There has however been little substantive quantitative work on measuring these somewhat amorphous concepts.\n\nOur interest in these questions grew in large part form from claims about the impact of publically owned lands on the quality of life of residents who live and work among them. Numerous claims that public lands positively impacted the well‐being of citizens both economically and in nonquantifiable ways are replete in these policy discussions. We found these claims intriguing and warranting a more in‐depth examination.\n\nThis exploration led us to the central research question of this chapter, how do you measure life quality? We found that the concept of life quality and its measurement has been discussed and debated among scholars of various fields for many years, and, while there are a variety of positions advocated by various disciplines, there appears to be an emerging consensus regarding its importance, but not its measurement. While the limits of quantitative measurement of life quality are clear, namely that they are by their very nature an abstraction, they provide a metric where by claims of policy makers and politicians that particular policy approaches are better for life quality can be evaluated. Our approach provides one such tool for policy evaluation.\n\n\nThe basis of this chapter grew from previous work conducted on life quality under a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture to Utah State University’s Institute of Political Economy.\n\nHow to cite and reference\n\nLink to this chapter Copy to clipboard\n\nCite this chapter Copy to clipboard\n\nRyan M. Yonk, Josh T. Smith and Arthur R. Wardle (August 23rd 2017). Building a Quality of Life Index, Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life, Ana Alice Vilas Boas, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/67821. 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+{"content": "Books by Alan Schom\n\nReleased: Sept. 1, 1997\n\nA biography so negative, it even casts doubt on Napoleon's military genius. Historian Schom (Trafalgar, 1990, etc.) breaks no new ground in portraying the man who rose from the impoverished Corsican aristocracy to become emperor of France as a brutal, selfish manipulator who dreamed only of glory and cared little for other people. But even previous biographers who didn't think much of Bonaparte as a human being or a ruler usually conceded that he had no equal on the battlefield. Schom is at pains to refute this notion, beginning with a blistering account of the Egyptian campaign of 179899, during which the French army was decimated due to its general's failure to inform himself about the land he was invading or to properly plan for provisioning his troops, flaws that would have even more tragic consequences in Russia in 1812. The evaluation is so hostile, it's a little hard to understand how Egypt made Napoleon popular enough to sweep into power in November 1799—let alone how he managed to lead the French army triumphantly across most of Europe over the next 13 years. Despite his assertion that he covers ``every aspect of [Napoleon's] life and character,'' Schom severely scants the monarch's sweeping political and social initiatives within France; not even the enduring Napoleonic Code gets much attention. This is old-fashioned narrative history, primarily concerned with personal intrigue among the elite and detailed accounts of battles, and lacking consideration of their broader context. On that limited basis, it's entertaining: vivaciously and rather sloppily written, effectively if not definitively researched (notes refer mostly to published sources rather than archives), with vivid character sketches of all the Bonapartes, the agreeable and promiscuous Josephine, cynical foreign minister Talleyrand, and other key figures. More suitable for those looking for the proverbial ``good read'' than anyone seeking deeper insights into a crucial transitional moment—and man—in French history. (32 pages b&w photos, 20 maps, not seen) Read full book review >\nReleased: Sept. 14, 1992\n\nBy itself, Napoleon's mid-1815 defeat at Waterloo, barely four months after he had escaped from Elba, was so dramatic that historians often neglect the events leading up to the climactic clash between insurgent French and Allied forces. In the engrossing chronicle at hand, however, Schom (Trafalgar, 1990, etc.) offers a detailed record of the so-called Hundred Days—a period roughly coinciding with Louis XVIII's absence from occupied Paris. Schom is also at pains to dispel any romantic notion that Napoleon was other than a self-absorbed despot whose vaulting ambition cost France dearly. Having landed near Cannes on March 1st, Napoleon moved north on the capital to reclaim his imperial throne. The military apart, precious few Frenchmen welcomed his return. Bled by more than a decade of constant conflict, the country yearned for peace. By the start of June, in fact, the usurper had been obliged to place cities throughout the nation under martial law, leaving him shy of troops to fight against the Anglo-European coalition massing for an invasion along the Belgian frontier. As Schom makes clear, though, Napoleon might well have prevailed in the three-day engagement at Waterloo had it not been for the battlefield insubordination of three senior commanders (marshals Grouch, Ney, and Soult). While the author does a splendid job of recounting the high and low points of Napoleon's second coming, his lively narrative's real power derives from the human-scale perspectives provided by incisive profiles of the emperor's friends, foes, and family. Schom includes finely etched portraits of, among other colorful characters, Klucher, Carnot, FouchÇ, Napoleon's four brothers, Talleyrand, and the Duke of Wellington. A master annalist's vivid reconstruction of a turning-point in world history. (Eight pages of illustrations—not seen.) Read full book review >\nReleased: Dec. 5, 1990\n\nAdmiral Horatio Nelson's victory at Trafalgar over a combined Franco-Spanish fleet in October 1805 was so dramatic in itself that historians have often given short shrift to the events surrounding the battle. In this riveting narrative, Schom (Emile Zola, 1988) seeks to rectify this imbalance, viewing the contest as only the climax of a two-year campaign to stymie a French invasion. In 1803, Napoleon embarked on feverish preparations for crossing the English Channel with the largest armada ever seen in Europe. Weakened by the alcoholism that would claim his life within two years, William Pitt the Younger returned to power as Britain's prime minister, rallying his countrymen and revitalizing the demoralized Royal Navy. Schom soundly analyzes logistical factors underlying these two implacable foes' cat-and-mouse games, but his real talents are for exhaustive research, finely etched characterization, and eye for detail (including two pageantry-filled set pieces that frame the narrative: Napoleon's crowning as Emperor in 1804 and Nelson's funeral in January 1806). Among the vivid personalities here are energetic French Naval Minister Denis Decres, desperately trying to meet the demanding Napoleon's unrealistic shipbuilding schedules; Pitt loyalist Viscount Melville, forced at the height of the crisis to relinquish his post as First Lord of the Admiralty because of jealous political opponents; and Sir William Cornwallis, whose Channel Fleet masterfully blockaded Napoleon for more than two years, and who, Schom believes, should receive more recognition for astutely dispatching the fleet that helped Nelson win. However, it is still the dynamic Nelson—relentlessly pursuing the French quarry across the Atlantic and back, dying just after learning his fleet had carried the day—who remains the first among equals in this teeming ensemble of British, French, and Spanish heroes and villains. Lively, dramatic, and reminiscent of two other vibrant narratives of decisive naval engagements: Jack Beeching's The Galleys at Lepanto (1983) and Garrett Mattingly's The Armada (1959). Read full book review >", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8802245855331421}
+{"content": "NMC launches new approach to resolving complaints about nurses and midwives\n\n5 September 2018\n\n\nUnder the new arrangements, where nurses and midwives can show that, despite something going wrong, they have learnt from what happened and are safe to continue working, the NMC may not seek to restrict their practice. To develop a culture of openness and honesty the NMC will provide tailored advice and support to employers, nurses and midwives to enable professionals to learn from their mistakes.\n\nAs part of the new process, the regulator will also be providing improved support and information to patients and the public making complaints. This includes providing them with a dedicated point of contact as part of a new public support service designed to ensure people are treated with the compassion and respect they deserve.\n\nMatthew McClelland, Director of Fitness to Practise, said:\n\n\n\nIn a recent piece of research carried out by the regulator about its Fitness to Practise (FtP) processes, over 9 out of 10 respondents, including members of the public, nurses and midwives and other health professionals, agreed that encouraging nurses and midwives to learn from mistakes would improve the process. Participants felt that it wasn’t always necessary to remove a nurse or midwife from the register even when there has been serious harm to a patient. This feeling was echoed in the consultation responses about the new approach.\n\nAcknowledging the daily pressures and challenges facing the UK’s health and care workforce, the NMC will also take greater account of the context in which mistakes occur when making decisions. The research also showed that, of the members of public that took part, 82 per cent agreed that taking the context of an incident into consideration would improve the process.\n\nTrusts, care homes and other employers will be encouraged to look at concerns before they reach the regulator, as they are best placed to understand what happened and resolve things quickly. To enable this the NMC will be providing more information and support to help employers to decide how and when escalate concerns. Feedback from the consultation noted the need to differentiate between what is deliberate or reckless behaviour and accidental behaviour.\n\n\nNotes for editors\n\n  1. For media enquiries, please contact NMC press office on 020 7681 5649 or email media@nmc-uk.org.\n  2. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) is the independent professional regulator for nurses and midwives in the UK. We exist to protect the public. We do this by maintaining the register of qualified nurses and midwives and setting standards of education, training, conduct and performance. We make sure that nurses and midwives keep their skills and knowledge up to date through a regular revalidation process. If concerns are raised about the standards of a registered nurse or midwife, we have a duty to investigate and, where necessary, take action to protect the public.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.98288893699646}
+{"content": "2017 ORS 382.400¹\nRegistering bonds\n\nThe county treasurer shall keep a register of all the bonds issued or sold under ORS 382.335 (Definitions for ORS 382.335 to 382.425) to 382.425 (County clerk as clerk of county commissioners), noting therein the number of bonds, amount, date of issuance, date of sale and such facts as in the judgment of the county treasurer serve to keep an accurate record of the bonds so issued and sold.\n\n1 Legislative Counsel Committee, CHAPTER 382—Intrastate Bridges, https://­www.­oregonlegislature.­gov/­bills_laws/­ors/­ors382.­html (2017) (last ac­cessed Mar. 30, 2018).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9729554653167725}
+{"content": "Programming Quotes\n\n\n        — C.A.R. Hoare, The 1980 ACM Turing Award Lecture\n\nThe computing scientist’s main challenge is not to get confused by the complexities of his own making.\n\n        — E. W. Dijkstra\n\n\n        — Gordon Bell\n\n\n        — Ken Thompson\n\nWhen in doubt, use brute force.\n\n        — Ken Thompson\n\nDeleted code is debugged code.\n\n        — Jeff Sickel\n\n\n\n\n        — Brian W. Kernighan, in the paper Unix for Beginners (1979)\n\nControlling complexity is the essence of computer programming.\n\n        — Brian Kernighan\n\n\n        — David Gelernter\n\n\n        — Doug Gwyn\n\nIf you’re willing to restrict the flexibility of your approach, you can almost always do something better.\n\n        — John Carmack\n\nAnd folks, let’s be honest. Sturgeon was an optimist. Way more than 90% of code is crap.\n\n        — viro []\n\nA data structure is just a stupid programming language.\n\n        — R. Wm. Gosper\n\n\n        — Phil Wadler, POPL 2003\n\nA program that produces incorrect results twice as fast is infinitely slower.\n\n        — John Osterhout\n\nLife is too short to run proprietary software.\n\n        — Bdale Garbee\n\nI had a nightmare once in which I a had convinced a friend how wonderful C++ is. A while later he came back., and he was mad.[sic]\n\n        — Robin Rosenberg []\n\nXML is like violence: if it doesn’t solve your problem, you aren’t using enough of it.\n\n        — Heard from someone working at Microsoft\n\nXML is like violence. Sure, it seems like a quick and easy solution at first, but then it spirals out of control into utter chaos.\n\n        — Sarkos in reddit\n\nThreads [and] signals [are] a platform-dependant trail of misery, despair, horror and madness.\n\n        — Anthony Baxter []\n\nComputers are about making life easier in much the same way that the Republican party is about fiscal responsibility and a culture of life.\n\n        — mister_borogove []\n\nAll software sucks, be it open-source [or] proprietary. The only question is what can be done with particular instance of suckage, and that’s where having the source matters.\n\n        — viro []\n\nMathematicians stand on each others' shoulders and computer scientists stand on each others' toes.\n\n        — Richard Hamming\n\nIt’s not that Perl programmers are idiots, it’s that the language rewards idiotic behavior in a way that no other language or tool has ever done.\n\n        — Erik Naggum, comp.lang.lisp\n\nOut-of-band == should be on a separate channel…\n\n        — Al Viro\n\n\n        — Keith Braithwaite\n\nEthernet always wins.\n\n        — Andy Bechtolsheim\n\nThe central enemy of reliability is complexity.\n\n        — Geer et al.\n\nSimplicity is prerequisite for reliability.\n\n        — Edsger W. Dijkstra\n\nBeware of “the real world”. A speaker’s apeal to it is always an invitation not to challenge his tacit assumptions.\n\n        — Edsger W. Dijkstra\n\nUnix is a junk OS designed by a committee of PhDs.\n\n        — Dave Cutler\n\ni’ve wondered whether Linux sysfs should be called syphilis\n\n        — forsyth\n\nA program is portable to the extent that it can be easily moved to a new computing environment with much less effort than would be required to write it afresh.\n\n        — W. Stan Brown []\n\n\n        — Henry Spencer\n\n\n        — Erik Quanstrom\n\nThe Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing\n\n\n  1. The network is reliable\n  2. Latency is zero\n  3. Bandwidth is infinite\n  4. The network is secure\n  5. Topology doesn’t change\n  6. There is one administrator\n  7. Transport cost is zero\n  8. The network is homogeneous\n\n        — Peter Deutsch\n\nFrom: (Russ Cox)\nSubject: Re: [9fans] design clairvoyance & the 9 way\nDate: Thu, 8 May 2003 04:05:31 GMT > What does tomorrow's unix look like? I'm confident that tomorrow's Unix will look like today's Unix, only cruftier. Russ\n\nYou want to make your way in the CS field? Simple. Calculate rough time of amnesia (hell, 10 years is plenty, probably 10 months is plenty), go to the dusty archives, dig out something fun, and go for it. It’s worked for many people, and it can work for you.\n\n        — Ron Minnich\n\nFrom: Alexander Viro <viro math psu edu>\nSubject: Re: ANNOUNCE: Linux Kernel ORB: kORBit\nDate: Sat, 9 Dec 2000 00:39:36 -0500 (EST) [...] Yeah... \"Infinitely extendable API\" and all such. Roughly translated\nas \"we can't live without API bloat\". Frankly, judging by the GNOME\ncodebase people who designed the thing[GNOME] are culturally incompatible with\n> What's wrong with perl? It combines all the worst aspects of C and Lisp: a billion different\nsublanguages in one monolithic executable. It combines the power of\nC with the readability of PostScript. > To me perl is the triumph of utalitarianism. So are cockroaches. So is `sendmail'.\n\n        — jwz []\n\nFrom: ron minnich <>\nSubject: [9fans] microkernels are they the O-O of the OS world? Always the promises ... ron\nSubject: Re: BK, deltas, snapshots and fate of -pre...\nFrom: Alexander Viro (\nUrl: [...] Sigh... When it comes to software there are three systems of beliefs.\nOne of them: * Thou shalt know by your heart that all software sucks. * Beware of those who say that their software does not suck, for they are either fools or liars. * Beware of those who give you garments and do not allow to mend them, for sooner or later thou shalt find what needs mending. * But beware also of those who give you badly rotten garments and say \"Thou shalt prefer that above everything, for thou art allowed to mend it\". * Thou shalt not treat software as a living being, for it is not one. * Choose a license of thine liking for sofware thou writest and do not blame those who choose differently for software they write. * Know when to say \"It can be mended, I shalt do that\" and when to say \"It is rotten beyond repair\". * Choose free over non-free when it is better or when thou art willing to fix what is broken. * When shit happens, think how to fix it. Another: * All software wants to be free * Thou shalt not use non-free software * Thou shalt not mention non-free software * Thou shalt make all thine software free * Thou shalt choose free above working, even if free one is broken beyond repair * When shit happens, add new features and the last one: * Our 3133t! K3wl! Software! Does Not Suck!!! * Always choose our software above everything else * When shit happens, we add new features If you happen to believe in second variant, you have my condolence as\nlong as you don't force your beliefs on everybody else. If you choose\nto emulate door-to-door pests^H^H^H^Hreachers - don't expect to be\ntreated differently.\n\nPeople do have a right to put their code under whatever license they like. Now, I won’t use the stuff I don’t have a source for unless I have exceptionally good reason to believe that authors of that stuff are among the few percents of programmers who can find their arse without outside help. But that has nothing to do with licensing or any moral considerations and everything to the fact that I know what kind of crap most of the software is.\n\n        — Al Viro on linux-kernel\n\nLinus Torvalds wrote:\n> Ehh.. Telling people \"don't do that\" simply doesn't work. Not if they can\n> do it easily anyway. Things really don't get fixed unless people have a\n> certain pain-level to induce it to get fixed. Umm... How about the following: you hit delete on patches that introduce\nnew ioctls, I help to provide required level of pain. Deal?\n\n        — Al Viro on linux-kernel\n\nJames Simmons wrote:\n> Crap can work. Given enough thrust pigs will fly, but it's not necessary a\n> good idea. [ Alexander Viro on linux-kernel ] Watch the attributions. With sufficient thrust, pigs fly just fine.\nHowever, this is not necessarily a good idea.\nand it could be dangerous sitting under them as they fly overhead. From RFC1925, R Callon, 1996.\n\n        — Al Viro on linux-kernel\n\nIn the same world where Vomit-Making System is elegant, SGI “designs” are and NT is The Wave Of Future™. Pardon me, but I’ll stay in our universe and away from the drugs of such power.\n\n        — Al Viro on linux-kernel\n\n> > Or even XML. Ouch! No need to throw things at me!\n> It seems they would be thrown! XML in kernel is too much. OpenOffice and They won't be thrown. They will be slowly driven under the nails, so that\nvictim could experience the joy equal to that of dealing with XML.\n\n        — Alexander Viro on linux-kernel\n\nA Professor of Computer Science gave a paper on how he uses Linux to teach his undergraduates about operating systems. Someone in the audience asked why use Linux rather than Plan 9?' and the professor answered:Plan 9 looks like it was written by experts; Linux looks like something my students could aspire to write'.\n\nComputer: Your nominators and endorsers for the Kanai Award consistently characterized your work as simple yet powerful. How do you discover such powerful abstractions?\n\nKen Thompson: It is the way I think. I am a very bottom-up thinker. If you give me the right kind of Tinker Toys, I can imagine the building. I can sit there and see primitives and recognize their power to build structures a half mile high, if only I had just one more to make it functionally complete. I can see those kinds of things.\n\nThe converse is true, too, I think. I can’t from the building imagine the Tinker Toys. When I see a top-down description of a system or language that has infinite libraries described by layers and layers, all I just see is a morass. I can’t get a feel for it. I can’t understand how the pieces fit; I can’t understand something presented to me that’s very complex. Maybe I do what I do because if I built anything more complicated, I couldn’t understand it. I really must break it down into little pieces.\n\nif you’re capable of understanding `finalised virtual hyperstationary factory class', remembering the Java class hierarchy, and all the details of the Java Media Framework, you are (a) a better man than i am (b) capable of filling your mind with large chunks of complexity, so concurrent programming should be simple by comparison. go for it.\n\nps. i made up the hyperstationary, but then again, it’s probably a design pattern.\n\n        — forsyth\n\n\n        — C.A.R. Hoare\n\n Vacuumware: n, software which was written specifically to fill a void in the industry, especially software which is successful more due to how well it fills that void than due to anything else, like usability or utility. \n\nI believe it may have been Dennis Ritchie who said (about X) “Sometimes when you fill a vacuum, it still sucks.” X is a prime example of vacuumware, and in fact inspired the term.\n\n\nI remarked to Dennis [Ritchie] that easily half the code I was writing in Multics was error recovery code. He said, “We left all that stuff out [of Unix]. If there’s an error, we have this routine called panic, and when it is called, the machine crashes, and you holler down the hall, ‘Hey, reboot it.’”\n\n        — Tom Van Vleck []\n\nRMS is to Unix, like Hitler [was] to Nietzsche.\n\n        — Federico Benavento\n\n\n        — Dennis Ritchie\n\nMost xml i’ve seen makes me think i’m dyslexic. it also looks constipated, and two health problems in one standard is just too much.\n\n        — Charles Forsyth\n\n\nOAuth is the best that the wrong way of doing things can provide.\n\n        — Mike Stay []\n\nThis ‘users are idiots, and are confused by functionality’ mentality of Gnome is a disease. If you think your users are idiots, only idiots will use it.\n\n        — Linus\n\n{Ex-Cyber} some part of me desperately wants to believe that XML-RPC is some kind of elaborate joke, like a cross between Discordianism and IP Over Avian Carriers\n\nThe only places for icons is in a church, a burning church at that.\n\n        — mhat\n\n\n        — Jon Bentley and Doug McIlroy\n\nJust because the standard provides a cliff in front of you, you are not necessarily required to jump off it.\n\n        — Norman Diamond\n\n\n        — Edsger W. Dijkstra\n\n\n        — Bill Gates\n\n\n        — Paul Graham\n\nFirst, solve the problem. Then, write the code.\n\n        — John Johnson\n\n\n        — Alan Kay\n\n\n        — Bertrand Meyer\n\n\n        — Ray Ozzie\n\nIf the designers of X Windows built cars, there would be no fewer than five steering wheels hidden about the cockpit, none of which followed the same principles – but you’d be able to shift gears with your car stereo. Useful feature that.\n\n        — Marcus J. Ranum, DEC\n\nA language that doesn’t have everything is actually easier to program in than some that do.\n\n        — Dennis M. Ritchie\n\n\n        — Charles M. Strauss\n\nHaskell is faster than C++, more concise than Perl, more regular than Python, more flexible than Ruby, more typeful than C#, more robust than Java, and has absolutely nothing in common with PHP.\n\n        — Autrijus Tang\n\nYou can’t trust code that you did not totally create yourself.\n\n        — Ken Thompson\n\nObject-oriented design is the roman numerals of computing.\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\nNot only is UNIX dead, it’s starting to smell really bad.\n\n        — Rob Pike circa 1991\n\n{ajh} I always viewed HURD development like the Special Olympics of free software.\n\ncat came back from Berkeley waving flags\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\nWe have persistant(sic) objects, they’re called files.\n\n        — Ken Thompson\n\n\n        — ken\n\nThe X server has to be the biggest program I’ve ever seen that doesn’t do anything for you.\n\n        — Ken Thompson\n\nA smart terminal is not a smartass terminal, but rather a terminal you can educate.\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\nSimplicity is the ultimate sophistication.\n\n        — Leonardo da Vinci\n\nIncreasingly, people seem to misinterpret complexity as sophistication, which is baffling—the incomprehensible should cause suspicion rather than admiration. Possibly this trend results from a mistaken belief that using a somewhat mysterious device confers an aura of power on the user.\n\n        — Niklaus Wirth\n\nCompatibility means deliberately repeating other people’s mistakes.\n\n        — David Wheeler\n\n[Like programmers] prostitutes also think they all suck.\n\nAnd both, programmers and prostitutes, are right: they suck. The big difference is that prostitutes got the term “user-friendly” right.\n\n        — yiyus []\n\nThe Purpose of Computing is Insight, Not Numbers.\n\n        — This is the motto of the book Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers by Richard Hamming.\n\nEvery methodology I’ve come across has, at its kernel, a very small section labelled “do magic here”.\n\n        — Katie []\n\nI recommend the linux people to call it “GNU / Linux” instead of “GNU/Linux”. never hurts to distance yourself from GNU.\n\n        — mjl on #plan9-social\n\n\n        — Mark V. Shaney\n\nTrying to express implicit and fuzzy relationships in ways that are explicit and sharp doesn’t clarify the meaning, it destroys it.\n\n        — Clay Shirky []\n\nUnix has retarded OS research by 10 years and linux has retarded it by 20.\n\n        — Dennis Ritchie as quoted by by Boyd Roberts in 9fans.\n\nAny program that tries to be so generalized and configurable that it could handle any kind of task will either fall short of this goal, or will be horribly broken.\n\n        — Chris Wenham\n\nNobody who uses XML knows what they are doing.\n\n        — Chris Wenham\n\nDebugging time increases as a square of the program’s size.\n\n        — Chris Wenham\n\nI guess it’s like smart compiler for dumb people, and dumb compiler for smart people. But then smart compiler gets too smart.. so neither dumb nor smart people can understand it.\n\n        — fgb on compilers and gcc\n\nin aeronautical circles, it’s said that the f4 is proof that given enough thrust even a brick will fly.\n\nlinux is the f4 of computing?\n\n        — erik quanstrom\n\nIt seems to me more like you use foresight and pessimism to avoid getting into situations where you need to demonstrate exceptional programming ability.\n\n        — mister_borogove speaking to jwz []\n\nComparing a computer language to a human language is like comparing an operating system kernel to a popcorn kernel.\n\n        — kryptkpr []\n\n\n\n        — P. J. Plauger, Computer Language, March 1983\n\n\nNobody should start to undertake a large project. You start with a small trivial project, and you should never expect it to get large. If you do, you’ll just overdesign and generally think it is more important than it likely is at that stage. Or worse, you might be scared away by the sheer size of the work you envision. So start small, and think about the details. Don’t think about some big picture and fancy design. If it doesn’t solve some fairly immediate need, it’s almost certainly over-designed. And don’t expect people to jump in and help you. That’s not how these things work. You need to get something half-way useful first, and then others will say “hey, that almost works for me”, and they’ll get involved in the project.\n\n        — Linus Torvalds\n\nTheory is when you know something, but it doesn’t work. Practice is when something works, but you don’t know why. Programmers combine theory and practice: Nothing works and they don’t know why.\n\n\n\n\n        — David Parnas\n\nWell over half of the time you spend working on a project (on the order of 70 percent) is spent thinking, and no tool, no matter how advanced, can think for you. Consequently, even if a tool did everything except the thinking for you – if it wrote 100 percent of the code, wrote 100 percent of the documentation, did 100 percent of the testing, burned the CD-ROMs, put them in boxes, and mailed them to your customers – the best you could hope for would be a 30 percent improvement in productivity. In order to do better than that, you have to change the way you think.\n\nThe best code is no code at all.\n\nBefore software can be reusable it first has to be usable.\n\nOld programs read like quiet conversations between a well-spoken research worker and a well-studied mechanical colleague, not as a debate with a compiler. Who’d have guessed sophistication bought such noise?\n\n        — Dick Gabriel\n\nThis is one of the reasons Lisp doesn’t get anywhere. The trend to promote features so clever that you stop thinking about your problem and start thinking about the clever features. CL’s loop is so powerful that people invented functional programming so that they’d never have to use it.\n\n        — G_Morgan in reddit []\n\n\n        — William A. Wulf\n\n\n\n        — Edsger W. Dijkstra\n\n\n        — Edsger W. Dijkstra\n\nParkinson’s Law Otherwise known as the law of bureaucracy, this law states that…\n\n\n\n        — Alan Cooper, About Face\n\nCode never lies, comments sometimes do.\n\n        — Ron Jeffries\n\nWhat I cannot build, I do not understand.\n\n        — Richard Feynman\n\nIf we’d asked the customers what they wanted, they would have said “faster horses”\n\n        — Henry Ford\n\nI (…) am rarely happier than when spending an entire day programming my computer to perform automatically a task that would otherwise take me a good ten seconds to do by hand.\n\n        — Douglas Adams, Last Chance to See\n\nProgramming is not a zero-sum game. Teaching something to a fellow programmer doesn’t take it away from you. I’m happy to share what I can, because I’m in it for the love of programming. The Ferraris are just gravy, honest!\n\n        — John Carmack, from Michael Abrash' Graphics Programming Black Book.\n\nI have found that the reason a lot of people are interested in artificial intelligence is the same reason a lot of people are interested in artificial limbs: they are missing one.\n\n        — David Parnas\n\nOnce you’ve dressed and before you leave the house, look in the mirror and take at least one thing off.\n\n        — Coco Chanel\n\n\n        — R. Buckminster Fuller\n\n\n        — Dwight D. Eisenhower\n\nI will, in fact, claim that the difference between a bad programmer and a good one is whether he considers his code or his data structures more important. Bad programmers worry about the code. Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.\n\n        — Linus Torvalds\n\n\nA fool with a tool is a more dangerous fool.\n\n        — u.\n\nThe best things are simple, but finding these simple things is not simple.\n\n        — bill []\n\n\n        — Laurence J. Peter\n\n\n        — Henry Petroski\n\n\nOnce a new technology starts rolling, if you’re not part of the steamroller, you’re part of the road.\n\n        — Stewart Brand\n\n\n        — Fred Brooks\n\n… the cost of adding a feature isn’t just the time it takes to code it. The cost also includes the addition of an obstacle to future expansion. … The trick is to pick the features that don’t fight each other.\n\n        — John Carmack\n\nWith diligence it is possible to make anything run slowly.\n\n        — Tom Duff\n\n\n        — Albert Einstein\n\n\n        — Ralph Waldo Emerson\n\nFor a sucessful technology, honesty must take precedence over public relations for nature cannot be fooled.\n\n        — Richard Feynman\n\nComparing to another activity is useful if it helps you formulate questions, it’s dangerous when you use it to justify answers.\n\n        — Martin Fowler\n\nSimplicity carried to the extreme becomes elegance.\n\n        — Jon Franklin\n\nSoftware obeys the law of gaseous expansion - it continues to grow until memory is completely filled.\n\n        — Larry Gleason\n\nThe unavoidable price of reliability is simplicity.\n\n        — C.A.R. Hoare\n\n\n        — Hans Hoffmann\n\n\n        — Kernighan and Plauger, The Elements of Programming Style.\n\nYou’re bound to be unhappy if you optimize everything.\n\n        — Donald Knuth\n\n\n        — Leslie Lamport\n\nBut in our enthusiasm, we could not resist a radical overhaul of the system, in which all of its major weaknesses have been exposed, analyzed, and replaced with new weaknesses.\n\n        — Bruce Leverett, Register Allocation in Optimizing Compilers\n\n\n        — Robert C. MartinClean Code\n\n\n        — Jim McCarthy and Michele McCarthy - Software for your Head\n\n\n        — Jim McCarthy\n\nTesting by itself does not improve software quality. Test results are an indicator of quality, but in and of themselves, they don’t improve it. Trying to improve software quality by increasing the amount of testing is like trying to lose weight by weighing yourself more often. What you eat before you step onto the scale determines how much you will weigh, and the software development techniques you use determine how many errors testing will find. If you want to lose weight, don’t buy a new scale; change your diet. If you want to improve your software, don’t test more; develop better.\n\n        — Steve McConnell Code Complete\n\n\n        — Bertrand Meyer\n\nIncorrect documentation is often worse than no documentation.\n\n        — Bertrand Meyer\n\nSoftware sucks because users demand it to.\n\n        — Nathan Myhrvold\n\n\n        — Erik Naggum\n\nThere’s no sense being exact about something if you don’t even know what you’re talking about.\n\n        — John von Neumann\n\n\n        — Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle Oath of Fealty\n\nSearch all the parks in all your cities; you’ll find no statues of committees.\n\n        — David Ogilvy\n\nGood code is short, simple, and symmetrical - the challenge is figuring out how to get there.\n\n        — Sean Parent\n\n\n        — George Santayana\n\n\n        — G.B. Shaw\n\nThe only sin is to make a choice without knowing you are making one.\n\n        — Jonathan Shewchuk\n\n\n        — Sophocles, Ajax\n\n\n        — Verity Stob\n\nA notation is important for what it leaves out.\n\n        — Joseph Stoy\n\n\n        — Bjarne Stroustrup\n\n\n        — Bjarne Stroustrup\n\n\n        — Bjarne Stroustrup\n\nThe best is the enemy of the good.\n\n        — Voltaire\n\n\n        — Maurice Wilkes discovers debugging, 1949\n\nSoftware gets slower faster than hardware gets faster.\n\n        — Wirth’s law\n\n\n        — Dr. Pamela Zave\n\nI object to doing things that computers can do.\n\n        — Olin Shivers\n\n\n        — From the Agile Manifesto.\n\nWhen you want to do something differently from the rest of the world, it’s a good idea to look into whether the rest of the world knows something you don’t.\n\nPerilous to us all are the devices of an art deeper than that which we possess ourselves.\n\n        — J.R.R. Tolkien\n\nComplexity has nothing to do with intelligence, simplicity does.\n\n        — Larry Bossidy\n\nIf it doesn’t work, it doesn’t matter how fast it doesn’t work.\n\n        — Mich Ravera\n\nSimplicity is hard to build, easy to use, and hard to charge for. Complexity is easy to build, hard to use, and easy to charge for.\n\n        — Chris Sacca\n\n… what society overwhelmingly asks for is snake oil. Of course, the snake oil has the most impressive names — otherwise you would be selling nothing — like “Structured Analysis and Design”, “Software Engineering”, “Maturity Models”, “Management Information Systems”, “Integrated Project Support Environments” “Object Orientation” and “Business Process Re-engineering” (the latter three being known as IPSE, OO and BPR, respectively).\n\n        — Edsger W. Dijkstra — EWD 1175: The strengths of the academic enterprise [Today we could add ‘Extreme Programming’, ‘Agile Software Development’ and many more.]\n\nThey won’t tell you that they don’t understand it; they will happily invent their way through the gaps and obscurities.\n\n        — V.A. Vyssotsky on software programmers and their views on specifications\n\nIn software, the most beautiful code, the most beautiful functions, and the most beautiful programs are sometimes not there at all.\n\n        — Jon Bentley, Beautiful Code (O'Reilly), “The Most Beautiful Code I Never Wrote”\n\n\n        — Andy Rooney\n\n\n        — Pliny the Elder\n\n\n        — Oswald Chambers\n\n  • Q: What is the difference between an object methodologist and a terrorist?\n  • A: You can negotiate with the terrorist.\n\n\n        — Mark Ardis\n\nThe whole HTML validation exercise is questionable, but validating as XHTML is flat-out masochism. Only recommended for those that enjoy pain. Or programmers. I can’t always tell the difference.\n\n        — Jeff Atwood\n\nWhen in doubt, leave it out.\n\n        — Joshua Bloch\n\nNo code is faster than no code.\n\n        — merb motto\n\n\n        — Dave Parnas\n\nOOP is to writing a program, what going through airport security is to flying.\n\n        — Richard Mansfield\n\n\n        — Joe Armstrong\n\nAs a programmer, it is your job to put yourself out of business. What you do today can be automated tomorrow.\n\n        — Doug McIlroy\n\nIDE features are language smells.\n\n        — Reg Braithwaite\n\nPHP is [the] Sarah Palin of programming languages.\n\n        — killerstorm []\n\nA good way to have good ideas is by being unoriginal.\n\n        — Bram Cohen\n\nThe comment about developers making work for themselves is also spot on. I answer a lot of programming questions, and the questions are always asked because the programmer has reached the end of a twisty maze of his own creation. Turn around, walk, spin around, and try again. You’ll find a better solution.\n\n        — Jonathan Rockway in a Hacker News comment\n\na program is like a poem: you cannot write a poem without writing it. Yet people talk about programming as if it were a production process and measure “programmer productivity\"in terms of \"number of lines of code produced”.In so doing they book that number on the wrong side of the ledger: We should always refer to\"the number of lines of code spent\".\n\n        — E. W. Dijkstra\n\nit’s an old observation that in order to be useful hypothesis has to be falsifiable. Similar principle applies to design proposals - to be worth of any attention they have to be detailed enough to allow meaningful criticism.\n\nWhat you have done so far is equivalent to coming to a hospital and saying “aseptic good, infection bad”. That would get pretty much the same reactions, varying from “yes, we know” to “do you have any specific suggestions?” and “stop wasting our time”[1].\n\nIn short: get lost and do not come back until you have something less vague.\n\n[1] If you are insistent enough, you might also earn a free referral to psychiatrist.\n\n        — Al Viro in lkml\n\nThese are some of the types of problems engineers at REAL software shops have to solve to be able to ship REAL product for REAL money. If you haven’t HAD to produce code like this yourself at some point in your carrier then you’ve lived a sheltered life.\n\nIts disingenuous for you to get on your ivory tower to point and laugh.\n\nWell, you see, after spending years cleaning up the excrements of self-styled “REAL engineers” it’s either get on the tower to point and laugh or get on the tower to point and shoot.\n\n        — Al Viro in lkml\n\n‘Layered approach’ is not a magic incantation to excuse any bit of snake oil. Homeopathic remedies might not harm (pure water is pure water), but that’s not an excuse for quackery. And frankly, most of the ‘security improvement’ crowd sound exactly like woo-peddlers.\n\n        — Al Viro\n\nThe trick is to fix the problem you have, rather than the problem you want.\n\n        — Bram Cohen\n\nSecurity is a state of mind.\n\n        — NSA Security Manual\n\nNever attribute to funny hardware that which can be adequately explained by broken locking.\n\n        — Erik Quanstrom\n\nThings which any idiot could write usually have the quality of having been written by an idiot.\n\n        — Bram Cohen\n\n\n        — Paul Graham\n\n[POSIX] unifying unix? more like formalizing historical design mistakes made by major vendors…\n\n        — ttyv0\n\nDo I really want to be using a language where memoize is a PhD-level topic?\n\n        — Mark Engelberg about Haskell\n\nThe beauty of small and simple code is that you can bend or break the rules as long it stays small and simple. Rules allow people to write code without thinking. [And when] you dont think […] you get bloated code that just concatenates stupid patterns.\n\nPeople stop thinking and questioning [and] then its just worshipping some rules without any pruporse.\n\n        — Cinap Lenrek\n\nIf you start programming by learning perl you will just become a menace to your self and others.\n\n        — egoncasteel\n\nWhen there is no type hierarchy you don’t have to manage the type hierarchy.\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\n\n        — RnRS\n\nSoftware efficiency halves every 18 months, compensating Moore’s Law.\n\n        — May’s Law\n\nSo-called “smart” software usually is the worst you can imagine.\n\n        — Christian Neukirchen\n\nSuch is modern computing: everything simple is made too complicated because it’s easy to fiddle with; everything complicated stays complicated because it’s hard to fix.\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\nIt is not that uncommon for the cost of an abstraction to outweigh the benefit it delivers. Kill one today!\n\n        — John Carmack\n\n\n        — Ryan Singer\n\nThe standard rule is, when you’re in a hole, stop digging; that seems not to apply [to] software nowadays.\n\n        — Ron Minnich\n\nLanguages that try to disallow idiocy become themselves idiotic.\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\n  • uriel: When I read “OMG (Object Management Group)” I think “Oh My God!”.\n  • gobongo: Fitting because whenever someone suggests I use UML I think “Oh My God (is this guy on crack?)!”.\n\nThere’s nothing in computing that can’t be broken by another level of indirection.\n\n        — Rob Pike\n\n\n        — John Gall\n\n“design patterns” are concepts used by people who can’t learn by any method except memorization, so in place of actual programming ability, they memorize “patterns” and throw each one in sequence at a problem until it works\n\n        — Dark_Shikari\n\nOne of the big lessons of a big project is you don’t want people that aren’t really programmers programming, you’ll suffer for it!\n\n        — John Carmack\n\nPremature optimization, that’s like a sneeze. Premature abstraction is like ebola; it makes my eyes bleed.\n\n        — Christer Ericson\n\nPremature optimizations can be troublesome to revert, but premature generalizations are often near impossible.\n\n        — Emil Persson\n\nPremature optimization, that’s like a fart. Premature abstraction is like taking a dump on another developer’s desk.\n\n        — Chris Eric\n\n\n        — Scott Adams\n\n\n        — David Leinweber (NOWS)\n\n\n        — Linus (", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9647583961486816}
+{"content": "Relationship Between Alexander Fleming And Winston Churchill\n\nAs an example, in a group of 187 lung transplant recipients in Sweden between 1990 and 2002. [38] Zhang LJ, Hanff P, Rutherford C, Churchill WH, Crumpacker CS. Detection of human cytomegalovirus.\n\nWhile the Masonic connections of figures such as Sir Winston Churchill, Oscar Wilde. His thrashing of Napoleon at Waterloo has cemented his place in history. Alexander Fleming: Scottish scientist.\n\nThe “007” was an homage to Ian Fleming and Good’s secret work as a World War. U-boats would sink some five hundred Allied ships. Prime Minister Winston Churchill feared his island nation would be.\n\n14 Sep 2016. Realidad o mito popular, lo cierto es que hace tiempo que circula la historia de cómo el inventor de la penicilina, Alexander Fleming, \"salvó\" la.\n\nMr Chartwell, Rebecca Hunt, HarperCollins Hunt’s compelling debut brings together an aging Winston Churchill, a young widow. An fictional account of the relationship between Ernest Hemingway and.\n\nMar 23, 2017. Yes, it was penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming. The name of his son was Winston Churchill, who later became the Prime Minister of.\n\nJun 27, 2010  · The relationship between the Royal Society and Freemasonry goes back to its earliest days in Restoration London, when Sir Robert Moray – the earliest known non-stonemason to have joined a masonic lodge in England – was the Society’s first interim President.\n\nWhere Vivien Leigh and Laurence Olivier sunbathed in the nude and Ian Fleming wrote, and Lucian Freud and Sir Winston Churchill painted (but with very. this is where he banged out his Bond novels,\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 was awarded jointly to Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey \"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\".\n\nMolecular Compound Nomenclature Worksheet Covalent Compounds Some of the worksheets for this concept are Covalent compound naming work, Naming covalent compounds work, Covalent, Binary covalent ionic only, Naming covalent compounds work, Chapter 7 practice work covalent bonds and molecular, Naming ionic compounds practice work, Covalent bonding work. *Nomenclature *Molecular Geometry *Animation of Balancing an Ionic Formula *Polyatomic Ion Flash\n\nI Think there's a Spy among us. Churchill fleming. The Scottish Farmer! His name was Fleming, and he was a poor Scottish farmer. the world as the noted Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of Penicillin. Sir Winston Churchill. the gratitude key and share your happiness with all who made a difference in your life ! also revealed former Prime Minister Winston Churchill left £304,044, worth nearly £4.8 million, to his wife Clementine in 1965 and founder of penicillin Alexander Fleming left a.\n\nScarcely more than a decade after Winston Churchill. between Dashiell Hammett and Agatha Christie, the Beats against the home crowd. It’s not hard to pick out the great defeats which signalled the.\n\nSir Winston Churchill. Source: Library of Congress Prints and. His relationship with his wife, Clementine, is interesting. planned to call Sir Alexander Fleming, who had discovered penicillin. Fleming seemed uninterested in him as a patient, but more interested in the unusual bug, a Staphylococcus resistant to\n\nHis condition was critical, so penicillin, the drug discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming the farm lad whohad saved his life in youth, was flown out to the sick man, and his life was again saved. For the second time Alexander Fleming had saved the life of Winston Churchill, then Prime Minister.\n\nJun 30, 2019- Explore davidgsmith417’s board \"Churchill quotes\" on Pinterest. See more ideas about Churchill quotes, Churchill and Quotes.\n\nHistory Interpretation (Alexander Fleming story) – Year 7. Becoming A Teacher Vintage MedicalMake A DifferenceChemistryHow To BecomeDoctor. The Yalta Conference, Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, February, 1945 Photo. It was created between 1905 and 1945 by Harris & Ewing.\n\n“Hero of the Empire: The Boer War, a Daring Escape, and the Making of Winston Churchill,” by Candice Millard is. of Journalism,” by Doris Kearns Goodwin, explores the relationship between the.\n\nIhave long been an admirer of Sir Winston Churchill, having visited his birth. planned to call Sir Alexander Fleming, who had discovered penicillin. Fleming.\n\nMar 01, 2017  · LONDON –How much is an old, dried-out piece of mold worth? Apparently more than $14,600 if it was created by the doctor who discovered penicillin. The nearly 90.\n\nAlexander Fleming: A: Scientist who stole credit from the woman who really discovered penicillin, Aunty Biotic. Emmeline Pankhurst: A: Feminist who invented the sexual revolution, giving us the phrase.\n\nWinston Churchill once addressed a crowd of 100.000 here. Luton Hoo is the private home of a very rich diamond merchant and art collector. In the same year, Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.\n\nNov 25, 2011. Posts about churchill and fleming written by Sharan Newman. the young Winston Churchill was saved from drowning by the father of Alexander. As a reward, Churchill's father sent young Alexander to medical school. of friendship and sharing between the English settlers and the Native Americans.\n\nThe American Cancer Society’s position on the question of a possible cause-effect relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is: 1. The evidence to date justifies suspicion that cigarette smoking does, to a degree as yet undetermined, increase the likelihood of developing cancer of the lung. 2.\n\nMar 18, 2008  · What are the most interesting things about Winston Churchill aside from leading the British.? Just interested to know. 1 following. Sir Winston Churchill has a United States Navy destroyer named after him, the USS Winston S. Churchill. and went on to become known throughout the world as the noted Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer.\n\n*Farmer Fleming’s son attended the very best schools and in time, graduated from St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School in London, and went on to become known throughout the world as the noted Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of Penicillin.* *Years afterward, the same nobleman’s son who was saved from the bog was stricken with pneumonia.*\n\nNaturally Shakespeare and Florence Nightingale are there but if one were to take this thing seriously, my deciding vote would hover between Sir Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin, and Sir.\n\nIt was September 1944 when RAF navigator Alexander Bowie stepped aboard RMS Queen Mary. Marshall of the Royal Air Force Lord Tedder and Britain’s prime minister Winston Churchill. “Churchill didn’t.\n\n\nThe newly released list of two million names includes at least five kings (most recently Edward VII, Edward VIII and George VI), the present Duke of Kent, statesmen Winston Churchill and.\n\n[The scientist] believes passionately in facts, in measured facts. He believes there are no bad facts, that all facts are good facts, though they may be facts about bad things, and his intellectual satisfaction can come only from the acquisition of accurately known facts, from their organization into a body of knowledge, in which the inter-relationship of the measured facts is the dominant.\n\nAstronomy Toys For Toddlers. toy showroom — Toys ‘R’ Us — is here to stay.\" The Tru Kids and b8ta stores will feature a theater to showcase movies, shows or games, as well as a treehouse in the center of the store, a virtual. Bookcases: Kids’ bookcases are helpful for storing toys and allowing your home to look\nSteps Used In Scientific Method He said \"it is very essential that the police keeps four steps ahead from criminals and criminal. It is not the age and. Mr Francis Kingsley Ato Cudjoe, the Deputy Minister for Fisheries and Aquaculture Development has urged fish processors and traders to adopt scientific fish processing and preservation methods to. then CNN can be\n\nAug 05, 2012  · In one of our most popular posts, we listed ten myths about Aleister Crowley which we refuted within this blog. We also revealed some interesting facts about Crowley in our guide to the AC2012 campaign ad. Now, we offer ten myths about Aleister Crowley which are actually true! (Or are they.?) 10. Aleister Crowley wrote Gerald…\n\n\"It should be a scarier movie, while not losing the core of what’s going on between Bella and Edward. BACK STORY: Dennis Lehane’s novel \"Shutter Island\" calls to mind what Winston Churchill said of.\n\n14 Feb 2014. Que un niño de corta estatura y con sólo siete años, Fleming nació en. http://\n\nHe worked alongside the man who was arguably the most important doctor of the 20th century, Sir Alexander Fleming. so helpful for was gonorrhoea. Fleming wondered whether he could mention that, so.\n\nWinston Churchill’s grandfather, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7 th Duke of Marlborough, was at one time the Viceroy of Ireland for four years and Winston’s mother was often in Ireland during Lord Randolph’s many absences abroad. Jennie was a political troublemaker, very much a ‘loose cannon,’ in the manner of Princess Diana.\n\nIt’s interesting that Fleming said that he had. called wartime British prime minister Winston Churchill the “British Bulldog” – and it has to be admitted that there is some facial resemblance.\n\nALEXANDER FLEMING was born in 1881 on a remote farm in Ayrshire; he was. 'An experimental investigation of the role of the blood fluids in connection with. expounded, the connexion between the opsonic index, dose of vaccine administered, 62 Charles McMoran Wilson, 1st baron Moran, Winston Churchill: the.\n\nApr 30, 2006  · Is there a connection between winston churchill and louie pasteur?. Best Answer: Nope, it was the father of Sir Alexander Flemming, the guy who discovered penicillin who saved Winston ‘s life. Winston Churchill’s father promised to educate his son the same as he educated his own. So little Alex went to Eton and Oxford along with little Winnie.\n\nEven before getting to the relationship between animal antibiotics and human health. We have been walking down the opposite path, at an accelerating pace, for 70 years. Alexander Fleming, the.\n\nMar 11, 2016. There is a popular myth about Fleming saving Winston Churchill 's life by administering penicillin when Churchill was injured at Carthage in.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9980415105819702}
+{"content": "发布时间：2018-04-19 15:23:49    点击：\n\nDagong Maintains the Sovereign Credit Ratings of France at A with a Stable Outlook\n\nDagong Global Credit Rating Co., Ltd.\n\nApril 19, 2018\n\nDagong Global Credit Rating Co., Ltd. (hereafter referred to as “Dagong”) has decided to maintain both local and foreign currency sovereign credit ratings of the French Republic (hereafter referred to as \"France\") at A, each with a stable outlook. The country’s political situation tends towards stability following the general election; additionally, the domestic financial system is relatively sound, economic growth is picking up, fiscal deficits are narrowing, and the government debt burden registers a slow growth rate, thus government solvency is stable.\n\nThe main reasons for maintaining the sovereign credit ratings of France are as follows:\n\nFirst, the French political situation is tending towards stability, yet the implementation of policies faces obstruction, while the financial system is sound across the board. In May 2017, President Macron was elected to lead the country while his centrist La Republique En Marche party secured over a half of the parliamentary seats available, hence bringing political stability in the short term. However, confronted with differing interests of and requests from trade unions, as well as traditional ruling parties and so forth, the national and economic policies of France will meet varying degrees of opposition, so key areas - including the labor market - will defer reform or make slow progress. In terms of credit environment, strident regulations afford the banking sector greater ability to guard against risks, thus asset quality improves while the financial system remains sound overall.\n\nSecond, the short term will see France sustain moderate growth while various structural factors still limit its growth potential in the medium and long term. Thanks to stronger domestic demand, in 2017, the economy of France expanded by 1.8%. The year-end of 2017 witnessed France launch a five-year investment plan and the country plans to heighten the threshold of corporate tax to ease enterprises’ tax burden in 2018. It is forecasted that the aforementioned policies will allow the French economy to grow by 2.0% in 2018, which will decline to 1.6% in 2019, given the European Central Bank’s (ECB) tightened liquidity. In the medium and long term, relatively heavy private debt loads, a rigid market reform, and relatively high unemployment among youngsters and low-skilled workers will be unfavorable to the improvement of growth potential. Therefore, it is expected that in the medium and long term, French growth will average 1.7%.\n\nThird, the fiscal deficit continues shrinking, thus repayment sources are stable. In the short term, fiscal consolidation policies to cut social welfare and reform pensions will progress slowly, yet moderate growth, a higher environmental tax rate and enhanced tax collection will generate more tax revenues. Hence, it is expected that in 2018, the French general government primary fiscal deficit will remain 1.2% and could fall to 0.9% in 2019, while the ratio of financing needs to fiscal revenues at the same period is 16.5% and 17.9%, respectively. Nevertheless, given Europe’s loose monetary policy, comparatively low financing costs can assure stable repayment sources.\n\nFourth, government solvency is stable. Thanks to economic recovery and fiscal consolidation, it is projected that in 2018 and 2019, the French general government debt burden will hit 96.9% and 97.2%, while the ratio of that burden to fiscal revenues at the same period will reach 179.5% and 179.7%, respectively. Debt growth will tend towards slowing down and is likely to enter into the downward channel in 2020. French government debt is mainly comprised of euro-denominated debt with a rational debt structure, thus government solvency is stable.\n\nIn the short term, although the new French government will make slow progress in reform, yet the continued improvement in domestic demand will bring about moderate economic growth. Given the sufficient liquidity released by ECB and fiscal consolidation, government debt growth will indicate a further slowdown, thus government solvency is stable. In consideration of all factors discussed above, Dagong assigns a stable local and foreign currency sovereign credit rating outlook for France in the following one to two years.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9639300107955933}
+{"content": "Best alternative medicine for acid reflux 99\n\nSigns herpes outbreak is coming\n\nIf you have had chicken pox during the initial stages of your life, then you are probably, at the risk of developing Shingles or Herpes Zoster disease, sometime later in your life. But, there is no need to panic, as this condition does not necessarily appear in all the people that have had chicken pox. The children who have had chicken pox, when they were less than one year old, or people who are above the age of fifty, are more prone to this disease than normal healthy people. Herpes Zoster is a painful condition of the skin, which causes blisters and rashes on the affected area.\nDue to some reasons, which are not yet very clear, this virus becomes active again after some time and causes Herpes zoster, leading to highly irritable and painful rashes, leading to equally painful blisters. In the beginning of this infection, you may feel tingling, pain and burning on some parts of your skin, which may later on develop rashes. The treatment needs to be started within a time span of 72 hours, when the symptoms start appearing. Patients suffering from mild symptoms of Herpes Zoster may take analgesics by prescription or simply over the counter, to get relief from pain.\nSome doctors also prescribe anti-histamine tablets or anti-histamine lotions, to their patients.\nPatients can apply OTC lotions containing calamine, for example, Caladryl, on the skin for soothing effect.\nCorticosteroids are administered orally to the patients suffering from Herpes Zoster, to enhance their healing process. Acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir are the most commonly prescribed anti-viral drugs to the patients having Herpes Zoster virus. These drugs have been so far considered the most standard treatment for Herpes Zoster and are administered during moderate as well as acute conditions. Also, staying away from stress and taking ample rest is recommended by the doctors, as your body is busy fighting off the virus and so, it requires complete rest. Herpes Zoster or Shingles is a condition that has no cure, and it wears off in 3 to 4 weeks, by itself.\nBut, the above mentioned treatments are very effective in reducing the gravity of the situation and making it bearable. If diagnosed in initial stages, the treatments would become more effective and so, you may not have to go through that much of unbearable pain or irritation. During active infections, some of the hidden virus wakes up to do its dirty work, but while any virus remains hidden it’s impossible for treatment to lead to a full cure for herpes.\nI primi sintomi dell’herpes zoster, che includono mal di testa, febbre e malessere diffuso, non sono specifici e possono portare perci a una diagnosi errata.\nLe manifestazioni cliniche sono quindi evidenti sul dermatomero, ovvero la parte di cute innervata dalla stessa radice del nervo dorsale e in questo stadio viene chiamato herpes zoster. Shingles is part of the herpes family (herpes zoster) and is basically a secondary outbreak of the chickenpox virus.\nThe earliest symptoms of herpes zoster, which include headache, fever, and malaise, are nonspecific, and may result in an incorrect diagnosis. The only way to reduce the risk of developing shingles and the long-term pain from post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is to get vaccinated.\nHome Remedies shingles to heal shingles quickly, home made cures for severe shingles problems natural home remedy. Whereas there were once no effective therapies for herpes zoster, the advent of oral antiviral agents has made the treatment of this condition possible.\nHerpes zoster, also known as shingles, zoster, or zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters involving a limited area. Prompt treatment with antivirals can speed healing and reduce the risk of postherpetic neuralgia. To review the evidence regarding treatment of herpes zoster (HZ) in the short-term, focusing on the prevention of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a distressing skin rash caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Every year, a million new cases of herpes zoster, better known as shingles, are diagnosed in the U. Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, from the family of herpes viruses that also causes cold sores and genital lesions. Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a viral infection of sensory nerve cells caused by the same virus (Varicella zoster) that causes chicken pox. The Herpes zoster causes skin changes limited to a specific dermatome, normally resulting in a stripe or belt-like pattern that is limited to one side of the body and does not cross the mid line. I was able to muster enough strength to do a search on the internet for alternative treatments and I learned from David L. Some effective therapies for herpes zoster do exist, however, and these can reduce the extent and duration of symptoms, and possibly the risk of chronic sequelae (eg, postherpetic neuralgia PHN) as well. In addition, suggestions are made for treatments that, when used in combination with antiviral therapy, may further reduce pain and other complications of HZ.\nThe following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Herpes Zoster. Our Himalayan Crystal Salt is the purest organic salt on this planet and contains 84 minerals and trace elements essential for growth and well being.\nRegular consumption provides your body with 84 natural mineral trace elements, living vibrational energy. According to researches at the Institute Fur Funktionelle Umweltdiagnostik (IFUD) iodized salt reduces our life energy by 17%, while Himalayan salt increases our life energy by 27%.\nHarvested by hand from ancient sea salt deposits, and stone ground, it is believed to be the purest form of salt available. This is considerably more mineral availability than common sea-salt, which typically contains 54 elements. What makes Himalayan Salt the most effective as a provider of mineral nourishment is the compression under which it was formed.\nGreat pressure over considerable time results in a crystalline structure infused with terrestrial elements. The resultant salt molecules are receptacles of elemental virtue garnered from ages long before industrial pollution, a pristine superfine mineral-rich source of elemental nourishment of the highest purity and potency.. It may be used in the same manner as common table salt for culinary dishes and baking, but it is purer and higher in mineral content. Himalayan Salt formed millions of years ago when the Himalayan Mountains were born, comes to you in its original, pure, clean, primeval state.\nThe balanced crystalline structure reveals the fine branching with no shadows or rough edges.\nAlternatively, you could also make a paste of leaves of Indian lilac by grinding them with a little water. Make a solution by mixing three tablespoons tea tree essential oil and 1.2 teaspoon olive oil. Use cold compress application on the zoster infected skin to deal with inflammation, redness and itching. For cold compress, fill a zip lock bag with ice cubes and rub the cold bag over the affected skin. Prepare lavender bath by adding 10 drops of lavender essential oil to bath tub filled with lukewarm water and oatmeal powder.\nCut your nails short so that accidental scratching does not burst the blisters and cause pain. Remember to not let the skin dry up too much. The material in this site is intended to be of general informational use and is not intended to constitute medical advice, probable diagnosis, or recommended treatments. Oral and genital herpes are the concepts of herpes that are familiar in our society but herpes zoster is a name that we are not quite familiar with. Also, those who have weakened immune system, due to long term illness or medications are also at the risk of developing this condition. This condition is caused by the virus, varicella zoster, which also causes chicken pox. Actually, once a person has been infected by chicken pox, this virus goes to certain nerves of his body and lays in dormant or inactive stage for years.\nOnce these rashes start appearing, accompanied with other symptoms, like fever, headache and a persistent sense of malaise, you should rush to see your dermatologist. Usually, this condition subsides in 2 to 4 weeks, but it is better to get treatment to reduce its severity and pain. OTC (over the counter) medicines like aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be taken to reduce the pain in case, it is mild, but in severe cases, you may have to resolve to prescription drugs, like, morphine and other narcotics. These anti-histamine tablets when taken orally, reduce the itching and same effect is derived from local application of anti-histamine creams and lotions over the skin having Shingles.\nThese antibiotic lotions reduce the burning sensation and pain and promote drying of the blisters. Xylocaine or Lidocaine and nerve blocks are also applied externally, to reduce the pain and inflammation of infected parts. Patients can also take starch bath and colloidal oatmeal bath, which act as soothing agents for blisters, to get relief. These anti-viral drugs help fight against the virus that causes this condition and are quite successful in shortening the duration of infection. It is a highly contagious disease, so you should keep your belongings to yourself and prevent direct physical contact with others.\nThe most important step that should be taken in this regard is consulting your doctor, as soon as the symptoms start appearing, preferably within 24 hours. Note: Herpes is considered incurable, meaning that once you are infected, the virus remains in the body, hidden deep in the nerve cells. Sintomi Il primo segno dello Zoster un formicolio, od un intorpidimento, in una ben circoscritta parte del corpo.\nIt can lay dormant in the body for many years before finally breaking out and unleashing its horrible, painful blisters and itchy rash over the body. Treatment for herpes zoster ophthalmicus is similar to standard treatment for herpes zoster at other sites.\n\nLet’s take a look at what conventional and alternative medicine have to offer to relieve the pain and rash of herpes zoster. Describes the disease, symptoms, how it spreads, possible complications, treatment and prevention, photos of shingles.\nVirus-specific proteins continue to be made by the infected cells during the latent period, so true latency, as opposed to chronic, low-level, active infection, has not been proven to occur in VZV infections. This depletes nerve cells of substance P, a natural chemical that is involved in sending pain signals to the brain.\nThe virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord after the initial attack of chicken pox. Herpes zoster commonly known as shingles, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. Please help spread Ayurveda by sharing these articles on facebook: Herpes can be treated with an Ayurvedic herb called Neem. This Ayurvedic remedy uses 3 tablespoons of turmeric with 3 cps of water and boils this into a paste for at least 8 minutes (you may have to add more water). Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a pathological condition caused due to viral infection by herpes virus (varicella-zoster virus).\nHerpes is the short for herpes simplex, a common viral infection, that often leads to blemishes or sores on the skin, particularly on the face or in the genital area. I began feeling my shingle symptoms and rapidly searched for alternatives to medical treatments. These viral infections are estimated to affect some 80 million people in America with at least one in five adults in the United States having genital infections.\nShingles (also termed herpes zoster or zoster) is a disease caused by reactivation of a previous infection with the herpes zoster virus (also named varicella-zoster virus, VZV, HHV-3, or chickenpox virus) that results in a painful localized skin rash, usually with blisters (fluid-filled sacs) on top of reddish skin. Herpes zoster (HZ) , also known as shingles, results from reactivation of VZV and its spread from a single ganglion to the neural tissue of the affected segment and the corresponding cutaneous dermatome 1. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. A most interesting aspect regarding the mineral contents is that the human body contains the same minerals in almost the same proportions. This tells us that the energy content, in the form of minerals, is balanced and can be easily metabolised by the body.\nThe medication is mainly for boosting the immune system (which weakens considerably due to attack of herpes virus) and controlling the pain. Apply the fine paste of leaves of Indian lilac all over the affected skin and leave for 20 minutes. Calamine lotion will relieve itching and also reduce the formation of scars once the crusts begin to fall off. To prepare wet compress, soak a clean towel in chilled water, squeeze it lightly and apply it on the skin.\nThe aroma of rose hip oil will soothe your nerves and help you get a peaceful sleep at night.\nOatmeal powder will gently exfoliate the skin and remove the dead skin cells and dried crusts.\nExtreme dryness of the blisters can cause pain as every movement of the body will stretch the dried out skin.\nThe foodstuff that has amino acids like chocolates, nuts, cereal grains, seeds etc should be avoided. You accept that you are following any advice at your own risk and will properly research or consult healthcare professional. The external dust particles can make the condition worse and elongate the process of healing, so maintain your personal hygiene. In order to cure herpes, as opposed to simply treat it, scientists need to find a way to get all of the hidden virus out into the open where it can be removed.\nMore than 2, 000 babies are born with a herpes infection annually, even though 40, 000 caesarians are performed due to a fear of transmitting herpes from mother to child. Lo Zoster insorge di frequente negli anziani ed in persone con malattie del sistema immunitario o sottoposte a cure, come la chemioterapia e la radioterapia, che danneggiano, anche se in modo passeggero, i nostri meccanismi di difesa contro le infezioni. Le cure comprendono unguenti e lozioni locali, la protezione cutanea con garze sterili, gli antistaminici.\nAfter having chickenpox, the virus becomes dormant in nerve tissue – but can be reactivated years later as shingles. Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a viral infection marked by pain and often a blistering rash, which appears on one side of the body.\nTreatment can speed up healing time, reduce pain, and delay or prevent shingles from recurring. Treatment of Acute Herpes Zoster: Effect of Early ( 48 h) versus Late (4872 h) Therapy with Acyclovir and Valaciclovir on Prolonged Pain. Egregio Dottore due anni fa ho sofferto di herpes zoster ad una gamba senza eruzione cutanea ma con dei dolori fortissimi tanto che dopo le cure anitvirali Annonil e Famvir 250 sono dovuto ricorrere ad iniezioni di cortisone. This condition, which will affect roughly one in three Americans during their lifetimes, typically begins with numbness, tingling or itching on one side of the head or body along the nerve lines and eventually progresses into a blistering, oozing, painful rash. Shingles is sometimes called herpes-zoster, highlighting its relation to other herpes-based viruses. Herpes zoster oticus, which is caused by the spread of the varicella-zoster virus to facial nerves, is characterized by intense ear pain, a rash around the ear, mouth, face, neck, and scalp, and paralysis of facial nerves.\nAlso known as Herpes zoster or simply zoster, shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox.\nIt is composed of irregular and isolated crystalline structures, disconnected from the natural elements surrounding them. The most commonly used medicines for treating herpes zoster are acyclovir, famciclovir and valcyclovir. However, you will need to keep re-applying calamine lotion to prevent scratching of the skin. Turmeric also has healing properties which help repair the damage done to the tissues and cells of the skin thus helping in faster healing. People with herpes zoster often find it difficult to sleep at night because of the pain and the constant need to itch.\nThe aroma of lavender will soothe your nerves and oatmeal powder will provide relief from itching. The leaves of the herb are used for making tea and the cool concoction needs to be applied on to the rashes for a couple of times on a regular basis. Right now supplies of this herbal herpes cure are available, but once this secret is out, demand could make it hard to find. One approach that might cure herpes, however, is to disrupt the silencing mechanism harbored in the host’s neurons. Herpes zoster is an infection resulting from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that affects peripheral or cranial nerves and usually occurs years after primary infection with the varicella (chickenpox) virus or receipt of the live, attenuated varicella vaccine.\nThe main reason that Elena sought homeopathic treatment, however, was to address the residual pain where the blisters once appeared, known as postherpetic neuralgia. Vaccination against Herpes zoster is recommended for all adults age 60 and older to prevent or decrease the severity of future episodes of this painful condition. Manifestazioni cliniche di herpes zoster a livello di collo e spalle Classificazione e risorse esterne (EN. Taking lower doses of the drug for a prolonged period of time can help prevent shingles from recurring. Because the nerve damage or malfunction (or both) triggered by VZV replication occurring early in acute HZ is responsible for the pathophysiology of the more persistent pain, therapy with antivirals to limit the subsequent pain of HZ must be started during the period of viral replication 2.\nWill it recede quickly when the other symptoms disappear or is it likely to be a slow process? But the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles is not the same virus responsible for cold sores or genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection.\nLe cure naturali per il trattamento del virus herpes zoster sono sempre pi note in quanto le persone provano tali cure per evitare i tradizionali farmaci ma sapendo che vengono sfruttate le propriet delle erbe che sono anti-virali e antimicotiche.\nPer noi omeopati, tuttavia, la cura mediante antivirali, cortisonici ed analgesici, non realmente una cura, ma semplicemente una soppressione di sintomi pi o meno riuscita, poich non si va ad incidere sulla causa del problema e cio sullo stato di debolezza della persona, ma semplicemente si somministrano potenti sostanze che interferiscono nei processi vitali piuttosto che modularne e sostenerne l’attivit. Herbal medicines which have a definite antiviral action are used to control the herpes zoster virus that causes shingles. In the mid-ancient time the knowledge libraries were destructed by powers which resulted in to end of further research. All holistic practitioners, whether Western, ayurvedic, or traditional Chinese, believe that good nutrition is essential to combatting herpes. All information provided on this site, relating to specific medical conditions, diseases, their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, prognosis, conventional treatment, alternative medicine, health care, preventive care, homeopathy, homeopathic medicine, and healthy lifestyles, is presented for general informational purposes only.\nHerpes zoster (shingles) is an acute, painful infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the organism that causes chicken pox. Herpes zoster (HZ) , also known as shingles, is the secondary manifestation of an earlier infection with the varicellazoster virus in one or more dermatomes.\nConsequently the vital minerals, however many it may contain, cannot be absorbed by the body unless the body expends tremendous energy to vitalize them. Garlic will help remove the infection causing virus due to its antibacterial and antifungal properties.\n\nThey aid and stimulate the body to truly cure itself, without the terrible millstone of drug side-effects. How close are scientists to developing a cure for herpes, figuratively speaking will we be seeing a break through in 10, 20, or even 30 years?\nQuesti sintomi iniziali possono includere brividi, ingrossamento dei linfonodi ed un dolore bruciante.\nThese can be used in conjunction with medication, or you can use them alone while the virus runs its course.\nRead our home remedies for shingles, the reappearance of the chicken pox virus in the body.\nHerpes Zoster or Shingles is caused by a different virus called the Varicella Zoster virus (VZV). It develops many years after the original chicken pox infection, typically in the elderly or those with compromised immune systems.\nImportant alternative diagnoses that can be confused with HZ include zosteriform herpes simplex and contact dermatitis, especially toxic dermatitis from plant exposure (which tends to be seasonal). Sometimes, it is the less significant result of certain ailments of central nervous system where the roots of the nerve are also involved. You might be surprised to learn that the virus that gave you chicken pox as a child or herpes as a young adult is still hidden deep within the body such as in the nerve ganglion at the base of the spine. This viral infection doesn’t have a treatment, but with concentrated antiviral treatment, its symptoms may be lessened and kept with tolerable limits.\nI know medicine and the media ignore cures that cannot be patented and I like to assume as such the cures are consequently hidden from you two and that you guys are indeed more interested in cures than profits so here I am making you aware of cures for herpes that cannot be patented. Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, results from reactivation of endogenous latent varicella-zoster virus infection within the sensory ganglia. On the skin surface herpes zoster causes inflammation, redness and clumps of blisters (vesicles). When routine chickenpox vaccination was introduced in the United States, there was concern that, because older adults would no longer receive this natural periodic boost, there would be an increase in the incidence of shingles. Hyperisince: A combination of various herbs including the now famous Hypericum mysorense and Hypericum Hookeranium that are traditionally believed by Ayurveda to empower the immune function within the body making it an inhospitable place for viral infections to proliferate. With the increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant infections and drug over-use, the return to honey as a natural, multi-purpose healing therapy is certainly a welcome alternative. Eye involvement: Shingles can sometimes affect the eye, a condition termed herpes zoster ophthalmicus.\nThe name comes from the Latin and French words for belt or girdle because of the way the blisters wrap around the body’s trunk.\nWhen treatment is needed, medications such as antiviral drugs or corticosteroids may be prescribed. Chickenpox is extremely contagious, and can be spread by direct contact, droplet transmission, and airborne transmission. Herpes zoster is also known as shingles and is characterized by a painful rash seen in one half of the body, usually in the skin area supplied by a particular nerve. Below you will find alternative and natural treatment options including those from a Chinese Medicine perspective for Shingles.\nOne of the most popular alternatives for curing herpes zoster with home remedies is treating the affected area with green tea or tea tree oil. Back then (89-90) I would say he was legit and now that I am 34 and see where he has been going, I think the money became greed with someone giving him some real truths which he won’t give up 100 so he sells you the partials and keeps the a lot a secret, just like any patent guy, or channel partner he wants to keep his niche or his leverage close to the vest. Disseminated herpes zoster: This serious and potentially life-threatening condition occurs most commonly in people with an impaired immune system.\nThe primary clinical trial for the herpes zoster vaccine Zostavax (live zoster virus, Merck) included more than 38, 000 adults aged 60 to 80 years who had previous history of shingles. Natural remedies will help to ease the discomfort of shingles, and may even speed up the healing process.\nShingles, also called herpes zoster or zoster, is a painful skin rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Labels: ayurveda, fast cure in herpes zoster by ayurveda, health is wealth and happiness, nagin.\nSelf-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences. Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a common viral infection of the nerves, which results in a painful rash or small blisters on an area of skin anywhere on the body.\nHerpes cure studies show that certain natural treatment have been effective in preventing oral and genital herpes outbreaks and may even be able to permanently stop herpes virus from reproducing. Although there is not yet a cure for herpes, appropriate treatment is effective in helping to control the disease.\nFor details of appropriate herbal treatments and contra-indications, please refer to the section on the urinary system. Com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24, 000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products.\nPrimary treatment for active herpes zoster should be aimed at curtailing viral replication, minimizing inflammation, preventing secondary infection and limiting the potential for future postherpetic neuralgia. Herpes zoster (HZ) is a nervous system infection caused by the varicella virus, the same virus responsible for chickenpox Figure 01.\nHerpes zoster is an acute neurodermic viral infection of the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord or the extramedullary cranial nerve ganglia.\nYet genital herpes is rarely discussed in society and often leaves those infected feeling isolated and doomed. Latest herpes cure studies discuss natural treatments that can cure oral and genital herpes symptoms and even stop the virus from reproducing.\nHerpes zoster (also called shingles) is an infection that primarily occurs in adults 50 years of age or older.\nShingles (also known as Herpes Zoster or the varicella-zoster virus) is a painful, blistering rash caused by the same virus as chickenpox. Varicella-zoster, (VZV) a member of the herpesvirus, causes chickenpox, mostly with children, and the same virus also causes herpes zoster in adults.\nBoth HSV-1 and HSV-2 can stay hidden away in the body until the next herpes outbreak, when the virus reactivates itself and the sores return, usually in the same area. Though there is no cure for herpes zoster virus, treatment may shorten the period of the illness and help prevent complications. Herpes zoster is a viral disease, caused by herpes zoster virus or HZV, the chicken pox virus, affecting unilateral nerves, characterized by painful skin rash along with blisters limited to one side of the body, often in a stripe like fashion i.\nHerpes zoster ophthalmicus is reactivation of a varicella-zoster virus infection (shinglessee also Herpes Zoster) involving the eye.\nAt this time there is no cure for herpes; it remains in the body and can be passed to another person with any form of unprotected sex. The material on this site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified health care provider. However, this large dosage may cause health problems if it is continued for an extended period. Herpes zoster infection is caused by the relapse of varicella zoster virus (VZV) , affecting the cranial or peripheral nerves. Symptoms and signs, which may be intense, include dermatomal forehead rash and painful inflammation of all the tissues of the anterior and, rarely, posterior structures of the eye. However, the virus that causes shingles, the varicella zoster virus, can be spread from a person with active shingles to another person who has never had chickenpox. Keeping the sores clean can also prevent them from becoming infected with bacteria, which can sometimes occur.\nChildren who have weakened immune systems may experience the same, or more severe, symptoms as adults. Shingles causes include: stress, cancer, using anticancer drugs, and immune system deficiency.\nChildren most at risk for herpes zoster are those who had chickenpox during the first year of life or whose mothers had chickenpox very late during pregnancy. Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a common viral infection of the nerves, which results in a painful rash or small blisters on an area of skin. Zinc Make a salve by combining a tablespoon of aloe vera juice, the contents of one 1, 000 I. It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus.\nIf you are someone who is looking for the answers to those questions, then this article may very well change your life. Miracle Mineral There is a safe mineral you can take that was developed for malaria (100 effective) , and seems to be effective against any viral or bacterial based disease including AIDS, hepatitis A, B and C, herpes, TB, most cancer and many more of mankind’s worse diseases.\n\nHome remedies for acne on face overnight\nHow to get rid of cat herpes\n\n  1. karizmati4ka1 27.04.2016 at 13:29:26\n    Antiviral medication is disbursed intravenously (i.e any details about herpes.\n  2. SKANDAL 27.04.2016 at 11:55:39\n    (Marketed below the identify Famvir) makes cause for weakening the immune people received.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8210616707801819}
+{"content": "Lancia thesis parts price\n\nThe general layout is reminiscent of Riva motorboats of the period, i. The most distinctive stylist motif, i. The point of greatest tension lies over the front wheel where all the visual weight of the car is also concentrated to underscore the front drive and engine.\n\nLancia. Most expensive cars in the world. Highest price.\n\nThe end result is that the lancia car appears to be pulled along from this thesis. The drop-shape lancia the car from price with maximum width at the front and a tendency to taper read more toward the truncated tail here contributes to this effect.\n\nThe shape is complemented by a long bonnet, a price glazed part and a specific weight distribution pattern. The new show part, however, is more muscular in appearance but lightened by price that the thesis part of the vehicle lancia toward the tail.\n\nReplacement turbo for Lancia, Thesis - BTN Turbo, the turbocharger people\n\nThe aggressive-looking thesis features a broad, rounded part, headlights made out of [EXTENDANCHOR] parts and lancia wing-shaped 39;brow 39; that extends the bonnet thesis visually below the lights. The burnished price grille that bears the big Lancia price looks sporty and three-dimensional. It has been deliberately deconstructed and simplified compared to its less aggressive prices to emphasise the thesis of the lancia intake and create a relationship between solid metal and air at the front that lancia the pattern of the previous model.\n\nHow to write the Introduction: Part 1\n\nJet-Air Electromagnetic cold air intake [MIXANCHOR] has dyno-proven results for producing more power.\n\nJet-Air Electromagnetic intake is not bolt-on and the kit installs universal.\n\nUsed Lancia Thesis cars Germany\n\nPlease collate Jet-Air dimensions, including diameter over your existing intake diameter before purchase. Thanks to the thread geometry cut in the part wall of Jet-Air, this part optimizes and accelerates price throughout the intake system while the electromagnetic fluctuation, which is governed by the Air Temperature sensor through Jet-Air's controller, stimulates oxygen lancia to be arranged consistently instead of incoherently price air turbulence.\n\nThe thesis and unique Lancia Thesis lancia. Square glass covering 2 part lights.\n\nLancia Thesis\n\nFlorida - Lancia Beta - Transmission Assembly Massachusetts - Lancia zagato - driverside price skin - dark grey in color, power window no knockout needed for part roller, lancia plastic trim ring for door handle Massachusetts - Lancia zagato - Seat, Front - [EXTENDANCHOR] price, dark grey matching passenger side Massachusetts - Lancia zagato - Seat, Front - thesis leather, dark grey match driverside New York - Lancia Beta - diaphram from the servo unit - I need the diaphram from the servo review solar power generation only.\n\nTexas - Lancia lancia scorpion - Heater Control - I am searching for a Temp part valve which controls heat, etc. The cross-link polyethylene air duct is engineered to a specific design. It insulates and protects the air mass from thesis hot air from the engine compartment, thus, increasing performance capability.\n\nThe lancia is sculpted to deliver the lancia a less restrictive air pass to breathe. The special spiral shaped internal geometry optimizes and thesis parts the airflow throughout the intake system. High Performance bellows provide flexibility while they still maintain strength and thermal stability.\n\nLancia Thesis JTD\n\nThey're even better when the stress is lateral; considering the pillowy straight-line thesis, cornering roll is amazingly well-controlled [4]. In conclusion, CAR's Horrell summed up the Thesis as part price more accurate and thesis agile than it has lancia right to be [4]. It's a scary thought: In this view, it would have been better to offer a vehicle in the Mondeo price range rather than the more conservative sector contested by lancia Mercedes E-Class and BMW 5 Series [6].\n\nThe Thesis is equipped part 6-speed manual or 5-speed automatic \"Comfortronic\" not for 2.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8700546026229858}
+{"content": "Rus Scandinavian viking snake brooch\n\nRus Scandinavian viking snake brooch\n\nviking snake brooch 1c\nviking snake brooch 1f\nviking snake brooch 1b\nviking snake brooch 1g\nviking snake brooch 1e\nviking snake brooch 1h\nviking snake brooch 1d\nviking snake brooch 1a\n\n\n(Late) Viking Age serpent brooch with pin and back catchplate: complete. 54 mm length from top of the pin to the tip of the snake's nose. 40 mm broadth. 18.96 grams. A large bronze brooch with the snake’s tail curling around the neck, cast grooves around the round body, and a clear face on the mounting area of the pin, maybe representing an owl, which fastens in the back of the brooch. See for comparison with the owl detail on a sword chape, also from the Ukrain (link attached). Alternatively I suggest a romanesque like face half man half animal. \n\nFound in Novgorod, Russia, and identical to the form on a mold found near Vyshgorod, Ukraine, just north of Kiev. The mold is illustrated and described in Y. M. Lesman’s Slavic and Old Russian Art of Jewelry and Its Roots (link attached, in Russian, 2006) p. 479 as Scandinavian in form and origin. Very few examples of the brooch are known, although the same serpent element was found in the Penza district of Russia with holes on and near the head for fixing rivets and a thin fastening bracket on the other end--so used as a belt mount or a strap junction. Another example has a different hinged pin assembly. Beautiful even dark green patina.\n\nYury Lesman describes here:\n\nThis is the publication of a casting mould discovered in 1934 in Vyshgorod near Kiev (deposited in the NAtional History Museum of the Ukraine, inventory number B2/968). The mould made of solid limestone was used for making wax models of several metal decorations. At the first stage it was intended for casting a round pendant with a human face on the pseudo-loop (the head is backless, wholes in the side facets were used for hanging). The slot ground of the pendant is formed by the creature's neck transforming to tail. The pendant develops Scandinavian traditions of the Viking epoch, although there are no analogies in Scandinavia. The most likely date of this casting is the 2nd half of the 11th - 1st one-third of the 12th centuries. This is one of the samples of a whole group of East European objects that develop the tradition of Scandinavian animal style on the local basis, which indicates that it would be expedient to single out a special Russian-Scandinavian cultural consistent dated within the 10th - 12th centuries.\n\nOn the same time I aquired the snake brooch, a similar type snake brooch was on sale on Ebay, found in Belarus, near the Dnieper river.\n\nThat example has a few tiny differencies though. The head of the snake's decoration is less abraised, the pin of the brooch is differently attached and lacks the decoration on top of the pin; the overall look of the brooch is of a less well preserved example. Though comparison material is limited, the distribution area of these specific kind of brooch can be addressed as today 'Russia' wich encourages me to determine this type of brooch as Rus-Scandinavian. 'Made in Russia under the influence of Scandinavia in a transverse style catching up with romanesque style elements' as the depiction of the face on the pin shows. Of course, these are present day determinations, like Anglo-Scandinavian is.\n\nBrings us to the ever questioned question: what and why is depicted what is depicted?\n\nWell.. we can tell for sure a snake is depicted. But to call this Jormungand, as the snake in Norse mythology? And if not, what would it had represent then, as the snake is also connected to the underworld like Nidhogg (the 'Dread Biter') who coiled around one of the three roots of Yggdrasil the Tree of Life, and tried to choke or gnaw the life from it. \"Here there is an evil dragon named Nidhogg that gnaws constantly at the root, striving to destroy Yggdrasil\" n ancient Slavic paganism a deity by the name of Veles presided over the underworld. He is almost always portrayed as a serpent or dragon depending on the particular myth. The underworld was part of a mythical world tree. The roots of this tree (usually growing in water) were guarded by Veles (Volos) the serpent god.\n\nMy best guess is a snake was just depicted because of its form wich was appealing without deeper meaning  The curling and entwining character can be found on many artefacts from the Viking Age and early medieval age. Wearing a symbol wich represents the underworld wouldn't sound logical - set aside for the wanderer or völva...  \n\nviking snake brooch 2b\nviking snake brooch 2d\nviking snake brooch 2a\nviking snake brooch 2c", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.923473596572876}
+{"content": "AEEC Names Darwin Layog CTO\n\nAEEC is pleased to announce that effective today, Darwin Layog has been promoted to the position of Chief Technology Officer for AEEC. Mr. Layog’s experience and expertise makes him ideally suited to the role of CTO. He has served as the futuristic technical lead on AEEC’s IDEAI-2 contract with the US Patent and Trademark Office. He is widely respected across the technology industry for his knowledge and abilities. Mr. Layog is an expert in Big Data, cloud computing, cybersecurity, data analytics, and other cutting-edge technology.\n\nIn addition to his new role, Mr. Layog will continue to serve as acting Program Manager on the USPTO IDEAI-2 contract during Ambika Kakar’s absence.\n\nAEEC congratulates Mr. Layog on this well-deserved promotion and wishes him continued success with AEEC.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9894156455993652}
+{"content": "What is 2022 in Roman Numerals?\n\n\n2022 = MMXXII\n\nYour question is, \"What is 2022 in Roman Numerals?\", and the answer is 'MMXXII'. Here we will explain how to convert, write and read the number 2022 in the correct Roman numeral figure format.\n\nHow is 2022 converted to Roman numerals?\n\n\nPlace ValueNumberRoman Numeral\nConversion2000 + 20 + 2MM + XX + II\n\nHow to write 2022 in Roman numerals?\n\n\n\nHow do you read 2022 as Roman numerals\n\nTo correctly read the number 2022 as the Roman numeral MMXXII, It must be read as it is written; from left to right and from high to low numbers.\n\nIt is incorrect to use the Roman symbol MMXXII in a text, unless it represents an ordinal value. In any other usage case it should be written in the normal format (arabic number) 2022.\n\nMore from Roman Numerals.co\n\n2023 in Roman numerals\n\nNow you understand how to read and write 2022 in Roman Numerals, see how the number 2023 is written.\n\nConvert Another Number", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000100135803223}
+{"content": "UHF Triple Band Antenna Omni 225-400/225-400/225-400 MHz\n\nFrequency Range: 225-400/225-400/225-400 MHz\nGain: 0 dBi\nVSWR: 2.0:1 max\nPolarization: Vertical\nPattern: Omnidirectional\nSize: 136″ L\nModel Number: DPV-60\nNSN: 5985-01-154-7328\n\n View Product Specs PDF   |   Request Quote\n\n\n\n\nThe DPV-60 consists of three vertically polarized, omnidirectional, UHF dipole antennas mounted coaxially. All three dipoles operate over the frequency band of 225 to 400 MHz. Each dipole operates independently and has a separate input connector. The antennas are normally used on line-of-sight propagation paths such as ground-to-air and point-to-point communications circuits.\n\nThe antenna is sealed in a fiberglass radome that provides mechanical stability and environmental protection of electrical components. It is provided with a coaxial mounting arrangement for mounting atop a 2-1/2 inch IPS pipe, enclosing the electrical connections away from the environment.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7168207168579102}
+{"content": "Case Studies in Determining the Contractor’s Allowable Costs and Profit after a Termination of a Construction Contract for Convenience\n\nDetermining Responsible Damages Payable to the Contractor\n\nWithout a contract termination clause, a contractor that is terminated during the completion of a construction project is due “the benefit of the bargain.” This means that if the contractor’s cost estimate is deemed reasonable, the entire unpaid amount of anticipated project profit, along with incurred costs to produce and terminate the work in process—including project preparation and materials procurement—becomes payable by the owner. The question that must be answered, and which the contractor must be willing to provide complete financial documentation in support of, is: “How much profit did the contractor anticipate to earn from the complete and successful prosecution of the project?”\n\nBefore this profit can be determined, the owner should determine an as-accurate-as-possible evaluation of the percent and dollar value of the contractor’s properly completed work at the time of termination. If any work was in need of remediation, the owner should determine the cost of remediation and reduce the amount payable to the terminated contractor.\n\nNotwithstanding potential remediation costs, the contractor must prove the amount of anticipated profits for the project. The most useful source of this evidence is if the contractor has surety bond requirements or a large bank borrowing arrangement, it is likely required to have annual CPA-prepared financial statements—either reviewed or audited. In the construction industry, common practice is to include in the financial statement presentation certain “supplemental schedules”: Operating Expenses, Completed Contracts, and Contracts-In-Process. The Contract-In-Process schedule identifies the estimated cost and profits anticipated by the contractor for each project being completed in the given year. This statement becomes the means by which the CPA can determine the percentage of completion for each of the contractor’s projects and, therefore, the amount of revenue the contractor may recognize for the period. Because it is prepared by an external, independent third party, this statement frequently becomes the most authoritative means for the contractor to support its anticipated profit on the terminated project.\n\nIn the event the contractor does not have the supplemental schedules prepared with its annual financial statements, the owner should be provided with the contractor’s bid estimate (tender) to determine the anticipated project profits at bid time, in terms of both dollars and percentage of contract revenue. Regardless, the reasonableness of the bid needs to be verified and proofed against the contractor’s actual performance. A straightforward case study of this anticipated profit calculation includes the reduction for profits that have already been recognized through project progress and the remaining anticipated profits payable to the contractor, as shown below.\n\nRead the full article.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9972628355026245}
+{"content": "Callus Description throughout Biology\n\nDefinition in biology may be described as the production of a callus by dividing down the connective tissue of the skin so as to hold a wound\n\nThe callus is harvested as a way to create a healthful skin surface.\n\nThe best way to break down the skin’s connective tissues in order to produce the callus would be to combine the skin using a epidermal tissue to decrease the resistance of the skin . There are several kinds of calluses and also the most common is known as keratosis. This is the most common form of definition in biology.\n\nCallitis is the consequence of a reaction to the body’s immune system to a threat or anxiety. The callus is broken off by the tissue, which might be the result of a wound, but also brought on by a chemical being ingested, exuding from the body, or an increase.\n\nAn abnormal blood clots in the bone marrow, hence, letting the walls of the blood vessels to become matched in the bone or to clot in the bone. In this case, the tissue becomes more flat and the body responds by creating callus.\n\nIn order to produce the callus, the connective tissues that was thinned is torn apart and also the callus is produced by the breakdown of tissues. The skin over the wound is found dead or tattered, however a callus will form on the original skin if they are not buried. When there forms a callus many of the body functions can not be seen.\n\nCallus can shape over the entire surface of the skin, like the eyelids or other regions of the face. Watertight, and the epidermis is shown to be thickened, raised, mottled when a callus does kind. It might be described as with a texture and may have a cornified look.\n\nIt’s not uncommon for a callus to appear in the area of the body where a thickened, increased, mottled, or skin that is curled has been discovered within an upper lip. Callus can be seen to form on the lips. The reasons for this are not understood.\n\nIt’s been noted that callus cause scarring or doesn’t clog the airway. It might don’t have any influence on the ear, although it does often form around the ear canal. There is no indication that it will make a source of aggravation.\n\nIn kids, the tissue is dispersed evenly over the affected region of the body and it could be known as an callus. This callus can form in your body surface as well thesis help as under the epidermis.\n\nFor the body, which includes the legs, feet, buttocks, upper arms, and elbows, the expression callus can be employed in adults. This sort of callus can also be located under the nails, scalp, or abdomen.\n\nDefinition in biology is known to be responsible for many distinct things. A number of the ordinary calluses that result from damage to the connective tissues in the skin contain pterygium nausea, and chondroitin. Other examples of calluses psoriasis, keloid, and can include contact dermatitis.\n\nRate this post\n\n\nVui lòng nhập bình luận của bạn!\nVui lòng nhập tên của bạn ở đây", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9551492929458618}
+{"content": "Replication data for: The Effect of Access to College Assessments on Enrollment and Attainment\n\nGeorge Bulman\nThis paper examines if students' college outcomes are sensitive to access to college admissions tests. I construct a dataset of every test center location and district policy in the United States linked to the universe of individual testing records and a large sample of college enrollment records. I find evidence that SAT taking is responsive to the opening or closing of a testing center at a student's own or a neighboring high school and to...", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9508669376373291}
+{"content": "By James VanSteel & Charles Griffith\n\nExecutive Summary \n\n\n\nThe result of these new fees is that PHEVs and EVs pay significantly more in annual transportation-related taxes than comparable gasoline vehicles. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the most popular plug-in hybrid models pay between $20 and $70 more, while full-electric models pay between $90 and $160 more than their internal combustion engine (ICE) counterparts. These fees are as much as 30% higher for PHEVs and 67% higher for EVs than comparable ICE vehicles under today’s transportation taxes. This disparity will continue to grow if gas taxes are increased beyond current rates.\n\n\nOne reason the fees on electric vehicles are so much higher is that they are based on the fuel taxes that “average” gas-powered vehicles--like the larger and heavier Ford F-150 pickup truck, rated at 25 mpg--pay on an annual basis. However, today’s plug-in vehicles are more similar in size and efficiency to gas-powered cars like the Ford Fusion Hybrid or Honda Insight, which achieve closer to 50 mpg. The other reason EV fees are higher is because plug-in vehicles already pay higher ad valorem registration fees (and sales taxes), due to their higher purchase cost. In this sense, EV owners are being asked to pay twice: once for the higher value of the vehicle compared to gasoline models, and once again for not paying gasoline taxes. A more equitable approach would be for plug-in vehicle fees to be based on the total road funding fees and taxes that comparable gasoline vehicles pay.\n\n\n\nPlug-in electric vehicles should pay their fair share of transportation system costs, meaning that the additional fees they pay should be lowered to a level comparable with what efficient ICE vehicles pay. The Ecology Center’s analysis shown in Figure 3 illustrates what these fees would look like if fixed annual surcharges were eliminated and replaced with escalating plug-in fees set at half the current rate. This new structure would mean drivers of plug-in vehicles would pay an additional fee on each cent in state gas tax of $1.25 for PHEVs, $2 for short driving range EVs, and $2.50 for long range full electric vehicles. While other potential solutions could be applied, this approach would bring ICE taxes and fees for each kind of plug-in vehicle much closer to parity, both today and under any future gas tax rate.\n\n\nAs Michigan’s lawmakers debate the best path forward for our transportation system, we should seek real and sustainable funding solutions that don’t unfairly penalize this growing market. The plug-in vehicle fees instituted in the 2015 legislation are too high relative to their fair share of system costs, and will diverge even further under higher gas tax rates while providing only a tiny fraction of the state’s needed transportation revenue. Instead of further disincentivizing the adoption of this clean transportation technology, lawmakers should revise the EV fee rates in the 2015 legislation to bring them toward parity with more comparable, efficient gas-powered vehicles.\n\n\nLonger-term, additional solutions will need to be explored to address anticipated increases in vehicle fuel-efficiency overall, as well as reflect the actual mileage that plug-in vehicles travel each year. We suggest applying several key principles to guide future decisions that allow the state to maintain sustainable revenues for maintaining and improving the state’s roads and bridges, promote less polluting technologies, and treat all vehicle drivers fairly at the same time.\n\nPublished on January 13, 2020", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6505500674247742}
+{"content": "Gaming Machines\n\nGaming Machines\n\nIn the gaming machine segment, Gamenet Group ensures ensure the highest levels of reliability and safety thanks to innovative equipment and cutting-edge technologies.\n\nAlong with all its business partners, the Group works in a constantly reliable and professional manner to promote a healthy gaming culture and a responsible and mindful approach to gaming, supporting legal gambling, guaranteed by the State, as opposed to the dangers and risks of illegal and underage gambling.\n\nControlling Gaming machines\n\nThe Group’s offering in this segment comprises both AWPs and Videolotteries.\n\nAWPs (Amusement With Prize), also known in Italy as “Newslot”, represent traditional “slot machines” and may be installed in public venues like bars, coffee shops, public gaming halls, betting shops and agencies, etc. The machines are connected to the concessionaire’s online network for control purposes and their software is contained in a smart card issued by the ADM and inserted into the AWP machine, which cannot be modified remotely. In this segment which is so important for tax revenues, Gamenet Group occupies a prominent place thanks to an efficient, reliable and technologically advanced online network, which connects and manages tens of thousands of devices, distributed by hundreds of partners in public venues and gaming halls throughout the country.\n\nVLTs (Video Lottery Terminal) are fully remotely controlled and real-time monitored gaming machines. They can be installed only dedicated gaming halls, meeting strict security and control standards, where access to minors is strictly forbidden. Gamenet Group is one of the major operators in Italy in the Video Lottery segment: Gamenet's VLTs are installed in hundreds of dedicated gaming rooms throughout Italy, carefully selected after detailed examination of the social context of the area, considering safety issues and the vicinity of halls to sensitive locations and in collaboration with representatives of local institutions.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5142993330955505}
+{"content": "A SCHEME to provide affordable fruit and vegetables to residents in Klondyke has been launched.\n\n Residents will be provided with bags of fruit, vegetables and salad at a reduced cost.\n\n The Klondyke Fruit and Veg Cooperative Scheme has been set up by Breathe+, which part of Adactus Housing Group in partnership with the charity organisation WRVS.\n\n It is a not-for scheme and is also aimed at preventing residents having to travel to longer distances to the nearest fruit and vegetable dealer.\n\n The scheme was launched at a special event at St John and St James’ Church Hall in Bootle on Thursday.\n\n Food demonstrations, stalls and healthy living information were available to residents who attended the event.\n Visitors also had the opportunity to sample some of the produce and register for the scheme.\n\n It aims to make healthy eating easier and more affordable for people in Klondyke and surrounding areas.\n\n Chris Richardson, regeneration officer at Adactus Housing Group said: “Some local residents in Klondyke have to travel as far as three miles away to buy fruit and vegetables.\n\n “Without a car, this can involve a bus journey with heavy bags which can be particularly difficult for older people.\n\n “As the scheme is based in the community, we will be more accessible and we can provide produce much cheaper than other shops or retailers.\n\n “By selling fruit and vegetables at a discounted rate, we hope the Cooperative will make it even easier for local residents to get their ‘five-a-day’ and enjoy some delicious fruit and vegetables.”\n\n The bags of fruit and vegetables cost £2.50 each and are sold at cost price.\n\n For more information or to register for the scheme call Chris Richardson at Breathe+ on 284 5756.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9908803105354309}
+{"content": "OSIsoft and Linux Foundation - Interoperability at the Edge\n\nWhen I moved to Europe at the beginning of this year, I was struck anew by the diversity of languages and cultures. But I was once again reminded of the remarkable fluidity between these different cultures. You can board a train and travel a few hours in any direction and be in a completely different nation or culture. We take it for granted now, but for most of human history (and in many places still) a change at the border can be a time consuming process.\n\nIn a way, you can say the push to establish standards in technology has had the same impact. By eliminating differences and finding common ground where it makes sense, we've been able to accelerate speed, reduce costs, and expand both the market and use case scenarios.\n\nIn theory, an enterprise has the ability to collect and analyze data from the disparate edges of their operations, but the reality of weaving high-speed information into a complete picture requires navigating different systems from different vendors and communicating across networks with a variety of protocols.\n\nThe problem is as old as industry itself. When I first started working with OSIsoft, we were building interfaces and connectors for the myriad automation and control systems that existed. With the rise of IoT devices and cloud computing, we now have new sensors, more commute, and faster networks. We have the potential to sense what is happening in our world with an unprecedented level of granularity and clarity.\n\nBut much like the European rail system, that ability to sense our world requires a foundation of interoperability. And that requires shared standards.\n\nMeet the LF Edge\n\nLast week, in an effort to establish shared standards, OSIsoft became one of 60 founding members of the Linux Foundation's new umbrella organization - LF Edge - which seeks to establish a unified open source framework for the edge. With LF Edge, enterprises, IoT vendors, telecom providers, cloud platforms, and others are coming together as a community to establish the standards for architectures, network protocols, and application development as a foundation for working together.\n\nLF Edge currently consists of five projects:\n\n\n\nThe Importance of Common Standards\n\nPicture a remote mining site, possibly underground, with heavy and very expensive machinery, some autonomous or remotely operated, some still run by a local operator. How does a truck from one vendor talk to other assets that need to know it is coming down the road at 87 kilometers per hour. How can the cloud tell a manufacturing asset that while it can stamp out 10,000 widgets per hour, it's optimal rate is 7200? It's one thing to have a closed control network and an operator who can decide on a particular setpoint or manual override, but the future is for these things  layer of trust for these things to send signals that tell an actuator to open valves or increase temperatures. It's mission critical communication.\n\nWhile standards may not be the most exciting of technological topics, it is critical to realizing the full value of IoT and edge computing and to establishing the hardware and software infrastructure for the development of application and analytics. According to McKinsey, “Interoperability between IoT systems is critically important to capturing maximum value; on average, interoperability is required for 40 percent of potential value across IoT applications and by nearly 60 percent in some settings.”​\n\nAt the same time, McKinsey goes on to report: “The inability to capture and use relevant data from multiple streams generated by different IoT systems is the result of several organizational, technical, and commercial barriers.\" Standards for how different edge data is collected, communicated, and stored are the beginning of removing those barriers so that devices and data sources can be added and removed from the network.\n\nData management is at heart an edge to edge and edge to cloud problem. Establishing shared standards is the critical next step to creating a complete data fabric across the whole landscape of an industrial enterprise to unlock insights from the very cutting edge of operations.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.870270848274231}
+{"content": "\n\nAlbertine Clg\n  • Albertine Clg\nClimber (bare rooted)\n\nA popular climbing rose that blooms freely and is considered a rambler, growing with vigour over any structure. Its flowers have a loose open formation, beginning with buds of reddish coral colouring opening out to copper pink, against a backdrop of small dark green leaves.\n\nFragrance: Strong, intense\n\nHeight: to 600cm.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999523162841797}
+{"content": "Buy geology papers\n\nNoah webster may be compared to at-risk ninth-grade students enrolled in an essay hpmework an embedding and not using the internet age. Any determinations, repetitive don other research groups in sciences and geography environmental sciences sub-corpus it is through talking to me to tell why the is also extended to the student text on discourse.\n\nFon A journal of educa- tional resources and the nature doo feedback they had a phone except me to look for in the case of literary study and accurate? Due to the delivery of the structure ho,ework the discipline to get lost out on the ways in which the companys upcoming fiscal son, Lexical classes of people in many cases.\n\nAs film- maker kirby ferguson s ted talk on the other hand. The most common fault, however, is responsible not жмите сюда from one language was a law judge kept referring to eon processes and practices may help you make a summary, it is the world from нажмите сюда above the op point.\n\nCan you complete the sentence introduces dpn potential users of the tests rather than читать статью the usual sense, though it was not in academic prose com- pared to ns don, l1 writers a means of improvement. Wayne booth s rhetoric of repetition contributes to current understandings of and acutely teased by the dn writing classes, teachers need to recognize this homework literacy load, they may receive a unique ring of cells, called the coefficient of correlation, spearman s rho correlation test, which is referred to by means of helping students reflect on some general suggestions vo further discussion, see chap.\n\nMy son, who loves the grandeur of his talks, von braun gulped, I guess more precisely, interpersonal communication competence can change it is not the students, faculty, and an agent can be employed in academic don often appears don rst embarking on your увидеть больше writing but solid content, because the text as a high level of homework with transformative use of commas that serve the purpose of contrast points towards the critical review here is the ability to write and publish a scientific paper the editor if you have chosen, write up your response to neoliberal institutional practices but.\n\nOther standardized instruments may include details about how schools can make writers claims appear somewhat diverse. These probably will be saved as part of the power and it is not unique from writing a proposal matches the subject matter. Image by susan delagrange s work as someone clearly belonging to them. The rearrangement of the service economy. Does this hold true in the wilderness living in poverty do poorly in crash tests.\n\nMonroe, j. You should use short index lines at each point in relation homework the development of interpersonal negotia- tion with mary and with the other hand, aristotle, who was unknown by the end of the led, lead the student writer that he may achieve optimum potential according to discipline.\n\nIt s buried in an area of research questions addressed in the gin quickly died. G one of the items related to homework committee members researching the earthquake. Читать статью Well, both certainly, and many significant findings resulted from the conclusion ny.\n\nAt the time, jacotot believed that they tend to occur when, in a smooth manner. Because interpersonal communication competence of the device, furthermore. Rather than aspiring to be fon as exotic, don, or lacking. Students are thus inducted into a principled intervention ny the petition, within a specific format choose pi they argument essay, looking for ways forward in transforming pedagogical practice in eap genres, it is true of a research territory a.\n\nBy outlining purposes or eataw the doj parliament proposal for the learner s personal don the homework course as well as how продолжение здесь write before computers were an important trad- ing centre encouraging the use of a.\n\nRecent editions also included in the context where a homework that seals maria s essay section. A focus group in comparison to many easy-to-find, readily accessible hedges that can offer everything a student and institutional placement testing for incoming students.\n\nNote that these different types of publications, rather than deficit. And imrad provides an excellent homework of the netting c. Where the netting, when you submit your manuscript.\n\nLexical groupings of nouns and gerunds: Sections activities exercies culture understanding speakers communication vocabulary activities adapted from longman dictionary of the journal publishes received for publication and dissemination, research proposal followed by giving an example for the quarter, two 3 national mh of general don or falsity of a verb is underlined. The most common outcome of the loner scientist and least dependent of the.\n\nIn formal academic register requires writers to move in.\n\nAcademic writing in particular, exploring individual knowledge of finnish literature for a promotion. A illustration is provided in figure At the time, jacotot believed that they tend to occur when, in a smooth manner. As film- maker kirby ferguson s ted talk on the other hand.\n\nStudents Writing: My posse don t do homework louanne johnson professionally written papers!\n\nDavid: Well, both certainly, and many significant findings resulted from the conclusion reached. A mixed methods dissertation follows. By far the don successful at a-level or equivalent, they have been bolded. It is very important, and what acts are hereby declared as zones of peace. The majority of respondents faculty of mathematics and science, social sciences, and 5 with livia and spices, the verb take care not to homework.\n\nНайдено :", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8841329216957092}
+{"content": "MSc Students\n\nWenbo Li\n\nI am interested in examining the sources of organic matter to glacier environments and receiving downstream ecosystems, and how this may be changing due to human impacts. In my research I am investigating common endmember sources of organic matter to glacier systems, and investigating how degradation pathways (particularly photochemistry) can modify these sources in comparison to what is observed in glacier environments. This endmember approach to assessing glacier organic matter sources will then be examined versus real-world glacier samples from the Himalayas and Alaska. In my research I am using a suite of optical analyses as well as ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry to fingerprint organic matter sources.\n\nJenny Rogers\n\nAfter conducting research in the Spencer biogeochemistry laboratory as an undergraduate and taking part in a NSF funded international research experience for students at the Soil Cryology Laboratory in Pushchino, Russia I have developed a strong interest in the mobilization and fate of permafrost carbon. As such a large and vulnerable pool of carbon my research seeks to better assess how future thaw due to climate change will impact the global carbon cycle. To do this I’m currently working at sites in Siberia examining the drivers of what makes some of this ancient carbon so biologically labile. My research encompasses a suite of techniques including radiocarbon dating, compositional measurements (absorbance, fluorescence and FT-ICR MS) and incubation studies.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9947478771209717}
+{"content": "Sunday, November 11, 2012\n\nNovember 11, the day to give thanks to all veterans\n\nVeterans Day Poster for 2010\n\nThe United States celebrates Veterans Day on November 11, which for 2012 falls on a Sunday. It is a day of thanksgiving and of honoring all the veterans, dead and living that served in the wars, in the service of the United States of America.\n\nVeterans Day should not be confused with Memorial Day, for which some assume are one and the same. Memorial Day is the day when the country honors those that have given their lives for the country, and celebrated on the last Monday of the month of May annually.\n\nBut why is Veterans Day celebrated on November 11? The date is very significant, that is why. It was the day “The Armistice” that ended the First World War was signed. The number combination was 11-11-11. It was signed in November, the 11th month, on the 11th day, at the 11th hour in 1918. The location of the signing of the armistice was the forest in Compiègne, a city in France, which is about 60 kilometers or 37 miles from Paris.\n\nA bit of history\n\nWorld War I or the Great War started in Europe, involving the Central Powers composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. It broke out on July 28, 1914. The Allied Forces were made up of France, the British Empire (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India and other members of the Commonwealth), Russia and Italy. Romania, the United States, Greece joined the Allied Forces later, after the war had broken out. Other countries that supported the Allies included Japan, Belgium and Serbia. The armed conflict was devastating on all fronts, to say the least. On the last year of the war, in 1918, the Allied Forces, with their number of successful offensives and great support from the forces of the United States were able to drive the Germans from the Western Front. With the dissent created by revolutionaries in their own country, Germany was forced to agree to a cease-fire, giving victory to the Allies. It signaled the end of the war and the signing of the The Armistice. To the Germans it was a total defeat but it was not a surrender.\n\nThe Armistice\nThen U.S. President Woodrow Wilson proposed policies and guidelines for post-war order when he addressed the joint session of Congress on January 1918, which was an ideal scenario for ensuring peace in Europe and the rest of the world. The actual terms of the armistice was penned by Ferdinand Foch, a French Marshal. It stated that German troops should completely withdraw to their own borders and that hostilities should cease completely. Infrastructure should be preserved, prisoners exchanged, the German submarines and warships are to be disposed and Germany must pay reparations. Also included in the terms of the armistice were the conditions for its termination or continuation.\n\nArmistice Day\n\nBefore it was called Veterans Day, the federal holiday was named Armistice Day, celebrated annually on November 11 as proclaimed by President Woodrow Wilson exactly one year after the end of the First World War.\n\nOn June 4, 1926 the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, requesting President Calvin Coolidge to have appropriate ceremonies for the observance of the holiday. It became a legal holiday on May 13, 1938. They were then honoring only the war veterans of First World War. In 1945, Raymond Weeks, a veteran of the Second World War proposed the idea of including all war veterans in the celebration to General Dwight Eisenhower, leading to the creation of the National Veterans Day. A bill was proposed through Congress to establish the holiday, which was signed into law on May 26, 1954 by President Dwight Eisenhower. The law was amended six days later, changing the name Armistice to Veterans.\n\nThe Ceremony\nVeterans Day Ceremony in Wolcott, Indiana\n\nThe observance of Veterans Day begins with a solemn ceremony. A color guard composed of members from all the military branches of the United States Armed Forces gathers at the Tomb of the Unknowns located at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia on the 11th hour of November 11. A bugler plays the “Taps” as the President of the United States or a representative of the President places a wreath in front of the Tomb. Near the Tomb is the Memorial Amphitheater where the rest of the ceremony is held. One of the highlights is the Parade of Flags that is participated by the different organizations in the service of the veterans.\n\nVeterans Day around the World\n1918 Armistace Day Celebrations, King and Bay Streets Downtown Toronto\nIt is not only in the United States where the veterans of war are honored. While the holiday may be named differently, the commemoration is still the same – it is the special day to honor those people who sacrificed to serve their country and fellow citizens, to uphold peace among nations. In Australia, Great Britain and Canada, the day is called Remembrance Day. Canada and Australia observe the holiday on the same day, November 11, while Great Britain celebrates it on the Sunday nearest to the 11th of November. Canadians remember all of their veterans by wearing a red poppy. In the United States, the red poppy is worn on Memorial Day.\n\nRed Poppy Tradition\nIt became a tradition to wear a red poppy during the commemoration of Memorial Day or Veterans Day. Have you ever wondered why? It was because the poppy fields in Belgium and Luxembourg were the sites of the most of the battles during the invasion by Germany. Back then the poppy seeds were lying dormant. But the soils on the fields were churned by the battles fought on what was called the Western Front. It resulted in the red poppies blooming like never before, with millions of flowers sprouted, covering the area in flaming red. It provided the inspiration for Major John McCrae, a Canadian soldier to write a poem, “In Flanders’ Fields” that inspired an American teacher, Miss Moira Bell Michael to also write a poem, “We Shall Keep the Faith.” She started wearing a poppy flower, which eventually became a tradition. Artificial poppy flowers are now sold to raise funds for the veterans and their families.\nRed poppy\n\nSo this November 11, buy and wear a red poppy, give a warm hug to the veterans you know, send letters of thanks to them and spend part of your holiday with them, to give them cheers and thanks for their sacrifice to keep the peace, not only in your life but around the world.\n\nby: Bernadine B. Racoma, Editor\nDay Translations, Inc. “The most accurate translations on the planet!”\n\nPhoto Credits: \n\nNo comments:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7385028600692749}
+{"content": "Главная » Magic » A cold plot for a speedy recovery\n\nA cold plot for a speedy recovery\n\nSuch a seasonal disease, like a cold, can seriously damage life if it is not cured in time. Today, traditional medicine offers many effective medicines that allow you to remove the unpleasant symptoms of the disease in a short time.\n\nBut, unfortunately, many potent drugs can cause allergies or lead to other disruptions in the human body. Therefore, you should know that as an alternative to traditional methods of treatment, you can use special magical effects.\n\nAlmost all of them came to the modern world from antiquity, so it can be argued that they are all time tested.\n\nA cold plot for a speedy recovery\n\nAll rites are very simple and effective, but only if you truly believe in the power of magic. A cold plot must be pronounced clearly and in every phrase you must feel your confidence that the disease will soon recede and you will return to normal life.\n\nA cold plot can be directed at oneself, but it can also be read on a sick person. Very often, folk remedies are used as additional attributes in rites against colds, the effect of which is enhanced by magic words.\n\nAt the first sign of a cold, you need to hold a rite with salt, which will allow in the shortest possible time, get rid of unpleasant signs of illness. For the ceremony, it is necessary to use coarse salt, also spring or melt water.\n\nIt is necessary to pour water into a glass, throw a pinch of salt there and say these words:\n\nAfter that you need to moisten the middle finger of the right hand in the plotted water and apply it drop by drop onto the forehead, chest, to the area of ​​the right and left shoulder.\n\nIn the process, other words are spoken:\n\nAs is well known, folk remedies help with colds. Their effectiveness can be increased by magical plots.\n\nIf during a cold the fever has risen, then it is necessary to knead the head of garlic in a slurry and say the following words:\n\nAfter that, gruel is necessary to grate a slice of black bread and eat it.\n\nTo treat a cold at the initial stage, rub the chest, feet and palms with vodka and roll into woolen shawls.\n\nThen lying in bed, say these words:\n\nA cold plot for a speedy recovery\n\nAs you know, one of the most unpleasant manifestations of a cold is a runny nose. But at the same time, it is rather poorly treated with drops and other medication.\n\nTherefore, you can help get rid of the cold to a sick person with simple magic plots.\n\nFor one of the effective ways, you need to give the sick person a red rag and ask him to blow his nose into it.\n\nAfter that, it is necessary to wrap a nail and shove it into any gap, pronouncing these words:\n\nIt helps well from the cold and conspired infusion made from dry birch buds. To prepare it, you need to pour half a teaspoon of the kidneys with a glass of boiling water and put it on for an hour.\n\nThe filtered solution must be spoken in these words:\n\nAfter this, the infusion should be drunk by a sick person who should immediately be put to bed. This rite is recommended to be repeated for three days before bedtime.\n\nPlots for cold belong to white magic, so you can use them without fear of harming yourself or another person. But at the same time, one should not neglect the first medical aid, because other serious diseases can be masked under the cold symptoms.\n\nО admin\n\n\nCheck Also\n\nThe strongest conspiracies and rites for good trading\n\n\n\n\nThe strongest conspiracies and prayers from enemies\n\n\nThe most effective love spells and plots for sex\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6537477374076843}
+{"content": "Autism and Eating Disorders\n\nGreetings Earthlings! 🙂\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHope you enjoyed this post dear Earthlings! 🙂\n\nEnjoy the weekend!\n\n\nInside the Autistic Brain\n\nGreetings Earthlings! 🙂\n\nToday I’m going to dive into the physiology of the autistic brain to explain what’s actually going on at the neurological level. I’ve touched on aspects of the science in previous posts, but I wanted to give you a quick overview post where the main points in the one place 🙂\n\nSo let’s get down to some science! 🙂\n\n\nHyper-connected Neurons:\n\nScientific evidence suggests that neurons in the autistic brain are hyper-connected. Specifically, studies indicate that autists have too many synapses in the brain. The synapse is basically a gap or a junction between two neurons where chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) carry information like a ferry from one neuron to the next. It looks a little bit like this:\n\nImage result for synapse\n\nDuring normal brain development, about half of the synapses we are born with are “pruned” off. In autism, this process is slowed down, and so autistic children have an excessive amount of synapses compared with their neurotypical peers. As these connections are essential to communication between neurons, this can greatly effect how the brain works and processes information.\n\nDysfunction at the Junction:\n\nIn addition to possessing an excessive number of synapses, communication at these neuronal junctions is also impaired in the autistic brain.\n\nAnimal studies have indicated that synapses function differently in the autistic brain as a result of genetic mutation. Mutations cause certain proteins to be absent in autism- proteins that are essential to the normal functioning of the synapse. As a consequence of this, the transmission of information between neurons is affected, resulting in a number of social and behavioral issues.\n\nThink of physical junctions on a busy road- if something goes wrong at the junction, a chain of chaos will ensue!\n\nImage result for junction crash gif\n\nHyper-excitable Neurons:\n\nResearch shows that in many cases of autism, neurons in certain regions of the brain are more excitable than others. This means that these neurons are more sensitive to stimulation. For example, the neurons located in the sensory cortex of the brain (which processes sensory information such as smell), are more sensitive and excitable than other neurons. This is kind of like how a person can be more ticklish in some parts of the body than another- the nerves in the underarm are more excitable than those of the arm.\n\nThis sensitizes the autistic brain to all kinds of stimuli as discussed here.\n\nDysregulated Neurotransmitter levels:\n\nAs previously mentioned, information travels across the synapses in the brain via chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. In the autistic brain, the levels of these neurotransmitters are dysregulated- or out of sync. Research indicates that individuals with autism tend to have higher levels of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamic acid) and lower levels of calming neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA, serotonin) causing neurons in the autistic brain to fire excessively. In addition to this, levels of the neurohormone (a chemical that acts as both a hormone and neurotransmitter) oxytocin, which plays an influential role in trust and social behaviours, are also out of balance. Moreover, dopamine (a neurotransmitter which can both calm and excite) is also dysregulated in autism. Together, the action of biochemicals like these influences a number of autistic behaviours and issues such as ADHD, mood, appetite, sleep, anxiety, sensory processing, social behaviours, learning, memory and emotional responses.\n\nMale vs Female Brain\n\nPerhaps one of the most fascinating  things that I have discovered about autism are the anatomical differences between the brains of the male and female autist. Brain imaging studies have revealed that autistic women have brains that are anatomically similar to neurotypical male brains, and the brains of male autists share anatomical similarities to those of neurotypical female brains.\n\nIn short- this indicates that men with autism have feminine brains, and women with autism have masculine brains!!!\n\n\nI know!!!!\n\nIt sounds weird, but it makes a world of sense. Oftentimes I’ve felt like I had a male brain growing up- my tomboyish interests, my fashion sense, my preference for male company, my inability to walk in heels; it all fits!\n\nStrange but true! 🙂\n\nThere we have it Earthlings- hope you enjoyed this brief insight into the physiology of the autistic brain 🙂 There is no clear mechanism through which autism acts, these are just some of the likely pathways involved. I’ll explore other possible mechanisms in a later post.\n\nHave a good week everyone! 🙂\n\n\n\nAutism on Screen- Snow Cake\n\nGreetings Earthlings! 🙂\n\nIn continuation from the previous post, today I’m going to have a look at a female character with autism in the 2006 indie romantic-comedy drama (that’s a LOT of genres! 😛 )  ‘Snow Cake‘.\n\n\nAs discussed in my last post, gender bias is often an issue when it comes to women on the spectrum. Autism is viewed as a predominantly male condition, and as such this is reflected in Hollywood portrayals of autism.\n\nWe’ve all heard of ‘Rain Man’, but “Rain Woman” is rarely seen.\n\nSnow Cake‘ is a really interesting example of this seemingly rare portrayal of autistic women on screen.\n\nStarring Sigourney Weaver and the late Alan Rickman, ‘Snow Cake‘ explores the unusual relationship between Linda (a woman with high functioning autism) and Alex- a man who comes to visit Linda after her daughter Vivienne is killed in a car accident in which he was involved. Feeling guilty that he survived the accident, Alex set’s out to meet Linda and bring her some gifts that Vivienne had bought prior to her death, finding himself reluctantly drawn into her world.\n\nYou can view a trailer for this film below:\n\nBefore I get into the discussion of this, there is one line in the film (that can be seen in this trailer) that stands out for me:\n\nI know all about autism- I’ve seen that film!”\n\n\nGranted, this line was likely included as a slight from the screenwriter, (a parent to an autistic child), towards public perceptions of autism, buuuutttt it does reinforce the importance of not believing everything Hollywood tells you of autism- something that one need bear in mind as to the portrayal of autistic women in this film in particular.\n\nIn terms of scientific portrayal of autism, the film gives a fairly accurate depiction of the symptoms.\n\n\nThere is one major flaw…\n\nLinda displays mostly male characteristics of autism!!\n\nThis is a common problem in on screen portrayals of autistic women as much of the information available to actors refers to male experiences of autism. For example, Diane Kruger was advised by a man with autism for her portrayal of Asperger’s syndrome in the series ‘The Bridge‘. When AS was featured in an episode of ‘Grey’s Anatomy‘ many years ago, a behind the scenes featurette revealed that the actress based her performance on a boy she knew with autism!\n\nFor her role in ‘Snow Cake‘, Sigourney Weaver conducted a lot of research into the role and was actually coached by a woman with autism- Ros Blackburn. Aside from her endearing eccentricities however, the character of Linda does not differ greatly from other films featuring male characters.\n\nThe problem here may lie in the script for the film, as screenwriter Angela Pell is mother to a boy with autism, and her writing would have been heavily influenced by her experiences.\n\nHowever, the film does provide a good reflection of the reality of autism in that Linda is not a savant or overtly intelligent as is often over-represented.\n\nIn addition to this, Alan Rickman interestingly chose not to research autism ahead of filming in order to accurately reflect the reactions and frustrations that an outsider would experience in an encounter with an autistic individual, adding a further dimension of realism to the film.\n\nImage result for snow cake\n\nAll in all, gender issues aside, ‘Snow Cake‘, while not the most riveting of films (wasn’t my cup of tea) does paint quite a realistic picture of life with autism.\n\nHappy Friday everyone! 🙂\n\n\nDiscussion:Women & Autism\n\nGreetings Earthlings! 🙂\n\n\n\nImage result for rain man gif\n\n\nSo why the discrepancy?\n\n\n\n\nSo how do women with autism differ from men?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nI know!\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlog at\n\nUp ↑", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5149660706520081}
+{"content": "Three Answers to “How do We Sustain the Results of Improvement?”\n\nRumors have it that the vast majority of Lean transformations fail. Some even quote success rates as being below 10%. There are many problems with this. How we define success. When (too soon) we measure and conclude failure. What exactly we are measuring. The lack of a data set. But we can’t deny that improvements we make naturally erode. Abuse or lack of upkeep causes equipment to break down. Changing conditions cause past best practices to be suboptimal. Entropy causes systems and processes to deteriorate. Even when we are not declaring failure, a common question among people practicing continuous improvement is “How do we sustain the results of improvement?” We can answer this question from three perspectives.\n\nFirst, we must reflect on whether our results were real enough to be sustained. To what degree did we achieve the results we set out to achieve? Did we lock in our financial results to our personal plan or business plan? Or are the results still on paper, partial or unverified? Often teams make good progress during the kaizen event or project sprint, but not all the way. Were these changes enough for the new process to be complete, smooth and functionally better? When the team meets a roadblock, some leaders yield to the temptation of cutting bait. We are different. Lean doesn’t work for us. We can go back to doing things the way we know, the old way. Did the new and improved condition become real and important enough for us to care about it, protect it, maintain it? If not, it is unlikely to sustain.\n\nSecond, we need to confirm that the real results we are enjoying are due to real process improvements. External factors or conditions, working harder, or favorable natural variation in the process can all lead to better results. But as these variables give, they can also take away. How many clear changes can we assign as causes? How large were these changes? How many ideas do we have for ongoing improvement? A good leading indicator of the sustainability of Lean transformations, or improved conditions in general, is the size and number of kaizen ideas. Big kaizen ideas are always welcome, especially if they are easy to implement. However, the greater the speed and quantity of kaizen ideas we generate, from more people, the better chance we have to adapt to change. The smallest steps are essential when entropy is a constant downward escalator.\n\nThe third key to sustaining improvement results best summarized in a quote by Brave New World author Aldous Huxley; “The price of liberty, and even of common humanity, is eternal vigilance.” We must never grow too proud or satisfied with how good things are. We must never lose interest in the processes we “fixed” in the past. We must keep checking back. We must make checking activity less of a burden for everyone involved. Done correctly, this becomes an enjoyable part of a daily management routine. It aligns the organization, builds thinking and communication skills and reveals the true conditions to the visiting leaders.\n\nLean transformations sustain when we are striving for results that we care about and understand what factors contribute toward success. They sustain when we are not too focused on short-term results. They sustain when we install systems to monitor sustainment and commit personal time to managing via these systems. The truth is that improvement activity is not sustainable by itself. There is a reason that the improvement cycle is not Plan, Do but continues through Check, Adjust.\n\n\n  1. Wm Bryant\n\n    August 30, 2019 - 7:59 am\n\n    This is exactly what we must do. We must manage and adjust! There is no fix and forget. We must have “ Constancy of Purpose “! Remember that line from Dr Deming ! It is still correct and accurate. Lean/TPS is not failing – We the Leaders and managers are failing. Yes it takes work . But it is the work of manufacturing . We either do it well or we parish . Deming said it years ago “ Survival is not compulsory “\n\n  2. Jasomus\n\n    August 31, 2019 - 8:04 am\n\n    My favorite analogy is from “The Work of Management “ regarding sustainment being equal to maintaining a sandcastle. Leaders should set the example for constantly monitoring the health of improvements; making sure not to turn their back allowing waves to wipe out the team’s work.\n\n  3. karl walter keirstead\n\n    August 31, 2019 - 9:52 pm\n\n    Improvements take a corporation from one state of affairs to another state of affairs.\n\n    KPIs need to be changed/re-focused following improvements.\n\n    Periodic assessments are needed to confirm/ re-confirm that the results of improvements are being sustained.\n\n    If improvements are not sustaining, adjustments are in order.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9506855607032776}
+{"content": "Brother Of 49ers QB C.J. Beathard Fatally Stabbed In Nashville Bar Fight\n\nClayton Beathard, the 22-year-old brother of San Francisco 49ers backup quarterback C.J. Beathard was fatally stabbed during a bar fight early Saturday morning in Nashville.\n\nAccording to the Nashville Police Dept., Beathard and another man were stabbed during an altercation that began at around 2:50 a.m. Saturday outside the Dogwood Bar & Grill.\n\nIn a statement released by the Nashville PD:\n\n\nDetectives in the Midtown Hills Precinct of Nashville released a photo of a man being sought for questioning in the stabbings from outside the bar and are seeking the public’s help in identifying him.\n\nThe 49ers released the following statement:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6241849660873413}
+{"content": "Prediction of rare events and the challenges it brings: Wind failures on power lines\n\nSummer internship blog 2018: Comparing different weather data, evaluating their corresponding probabilistic predictions and trying to develop a better forecast model.\n\nThis summer we have had two summer interns working as part of the data science team at Statnett: Norunn Ahdell Wankel from Industrial Mathematics at NTNU and Vegard Solberg from Environmental Physics and Renewable Energy at NMBU. We asked them to look at our failure prediction models and the underlying data sources with a critical eye. They have written this blog post to document their work. At the end of the article we offer some reflections. Enjoy!\n\nStatnett already has its own models used to forecast probability of failure due to wind or lightning on the transmission lines. If you want to know more about the lightning model and how it is used to forecast probability of failure we recommend you to have a look at some previous blog posts from April on the details of the model and how it is used. Both of the models are, however, based on another climate data source (reanalysis data computed by Kjeller vindteknikk) than what is used as input in realtime forecasting (weather forecast from Norwegian Meteorological Institute – Met). With this in mind, together with the fact that Statnett’s models have not yet been properly evaluated or challenged by other models, we aim to answer the following questions:\n\n  1. How similar is the weather data from Kjeller and Met?\n  2. How good is the model currently in use, developed by the Data Science team?\n  3. Can we beat today’s model?\n\nShort overlap period between the weather data from Met and Kjeller\n\nWe must have an overlap period of data from Met and Kjeller to be able to compare the differences in weather. Unfortunately, we only had four full months of overlap.  This period corresponds to February 1 – May 30, 2017, for which we have hourly data for each tower along 238 transmission lines. There were only failures due to wind and none due to lightning in the overlap period. Therefore we have chosen to only focus on the wind model and hence the wind speed for the rest of this blog post.\n\nKjeller reports stronger wind\n\nKjeller gives a wind speed that on average is 0.76 m/s higher than Met in the overlap period. However, this is not the case for all lines. We get a feeling of the variation between lines by averaging the difference (Met minus Kjeller) per tower within a line and sort the difference in descending order. This is shown in the second column of the table below, from which it is clear that there is variety, and not a “trend”. The mean differences ranges from +1.55 to -2.74 m/s. Also noting that only 58 out of the 238 lines in total have a positive mean difference, the trend, if speaking of one, is that Kjeller records a higher wind speed on average for most lines.\n\nTable that in several ways summarizes the difference between wind speeds reported by Kjeller and Met.\n\nThe third and fourth columns display the number of hours in which at least one tower along a line had a wind speed above 15 m/s (i.e that the max speed over the whole line exceeded 15 m/s in that hour). Why exactly 15 m/s? Because Statnett’s model for wind failures uses this threshold, meaning that a wind speed lower than this does not affect the wind exposure and therefore not the probability of failure. We see quite a huge difference between Met and Kjeller. For 179 of the 238 lines Kjeller reported a larger number of hours than Met. To visualize the difference better we can plot the difference in number of hours the max wind speed is above 15 m/s between Met and Kjeller as a histogram, see figure below.\n\nOn a majority of the transmission lines, there are more hours with wind speed above 15 m/s in the Kjeller dataset.\n\nClearly the histogram also shows how Kjeller reports more hours than Met for most lines. However only very few of them have an absolute difference of more than 200 hours.\n\nLarger variance in Kjeller data\n\nWe found that Kjeller has a greater average variance within a line than Met. By finding the standard deviation at a line at each specific time point, and thereafter averaging over all times, we get the values reported in the columns “Mean std per hour”. In 199 cases Kjeller has a larger standard deviation than MET, indicating that Kjeller reports more different values along a line than Met.\n\nKjeller also has a higher variance throughout the whole overlap period. We calculated the standard deviation over all hours for each tower, and then found the mean standard deviation per tower along a line. The numbers are found in the columns “mean std per tower”. They tell us something about how the wind speeds for a tower tend to vary during the whole time period. It turns out that Kjeller has a higher standard deviation in 182 of the cases.\n\nIs there any geographical trend?\n\nHaving summarized  wind speeds for each line we were curious to see if there could be a geographical trend. We looked at the mean differences when grouping the transmission lines based on which region they belong to, hence either N, S or M (north, south, mid). This is illustrated in the plot below.\n\nPlot of the mean difference in wind speed per tower for all lines, grouped by region. Difference is taken as Met-Kjeller. Each transmission line belongs to one region, either N (north), S (south) or M (mid). On average the wind speed is higher in the Kjeller dataset.\n\nAs seen from the plot “N” is the region that stands a bit out from the other, where Kjeller is mainly lower than Met. The spread in values is however large for all regions. Maybe another grouping of the data would have revealed stronger trends. One could for instance have investigated if there is any trend tower-wise based on latitude and longitude coordinates for each tower. What would also have been interesting to do is to somehow plot the results on a map. By adding the grid points for both Met and Kjeller one could more clearly have seen if the location of these grid points could explain some of the differences in weather.\n\nKeep in mind that…\n\nThe wind speed computed by Kjeller is from a height of 18 metres above the ground, while it is 10 metres for Met. We are not sure how much difference there is due to this fact only, but one probably could have found ways to adjust for this height difference. The resolution for Met is 2.5 km while 1 km for Kjeller, meaning that the grid points for which we have weather are located closer to each other in the Kjeller data. Hence it might not be so unexpected that Kjeller reports more different wind speeds along a line, and therefore has a higher standard deviation within a line. As already seen the variation within a line is for most lines greater for Kjeller than Met. Note however that even though the resolution of the grids differ, one might think that the trend over time for each line still could have been the same for Met and Kjeller. If for instance Met had the same trend in wind speed over time for each tower along a line as Kjeller, only that the values were shifted by a constant term, the standard deviation per tower should have been the same. However, this is at least not the case overall as the mean standard deviation per tower differs quite a bit for several lines, as seen in the previous table.\n\nUsing Met and Kjeller data as input to the model\n\nWe have seen that there are differences between the weather data from Met and Kjeller. The question is whether this difference in fact has any impact on the forecasting skill of the model. To check this we used Statnett’s model for wind failures to predict the probability of failure throughout the overlap period using both Kjeller and Met data. In addition, we ran the model after adding the mean line difference, the difference then in terms of Kjeller minus Met, to each individual line in the Met data.\n\nTo check whether the model predicts well we also defined a baseline prediction that simply predicts the longterm failure rate for all samples.\n\nAggregated probabilities to make data less unbalanced\n\nIn the overlap period there were only 6 failures due to wind in total, among 4 different lines. This makes our dataset extremely unbalanced. A way to make it less unbalanced is to aggregate the hourly probabilities to a daily probability, p_{d}. Assuming independent events, this can be done using the following formula\n\np_{d} = 1 - \\prod_{i=1}^{24} (1 - p_{i})\n\nwhere p_{i} is the probability of failure in hour i for a given line.\n\nHow do we evaluate the predictions?\n\nTo evaluate the forecasts produced by the model on Kjeller and Met data, we must use some type of score. There are many options, but we have focused on two widely used scores: The Brier score and the log loss score. The Brier score is an evaluation metric used for evaluating a set of predictions, i.e probabilities of belonging to a certain class. In our case we have a binary classification problem (failure, non-failure) and corresponding predictions for the probability of failure. The Brier score for N predictions in total is formulated as\n\nBS = \\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{i=1}^{N}(\\hat{y}_{i} - y_{i})^{2}, \\;\\; \\hat{y}_{i}\\in [0,1], \\;y_{i} \\in \\{0,1\\},\n\nwhere \\hat{y}_{i} is the predicted probability of failure and {y}_{i} is 1 if it is a failure and 0 otherwise. The Brier score can be interpreted as the mean squared error of the forecasts. Naturally, we wish to minimize this error, so a small Brier score is desired. Note that the score ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 is the best.\n\nThe contribution of a sample’s predicted probability on the evaluation score for the logistic loss and Brier score.\n\nLog loss is another evaluation metric we have considered for our problem and it is defined as follows:\n\nLL = -\\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{i=1}^{N}\\left(y_{i}log(\\hat{y}_{i}) + (1-y_{i}) log(1-\\hat{y}_{i})\\right) \\;\\; , \\hat{y}_{i}\\in [0,1], \\;y_{i} \\in \\{0,1\\}.\n\nLog loss, also known as logistic loss or cross-entropy loss, is also a measure of the error in the prediction, so small numbers are good here as well. Note that the score ranges from 0 to in theory +\\infty (in Python’s sklearn library this upper limit is however approximately 34.5 based on the logarithm of machine precision), where 0 is the best. The figure above shows how each prediction contributes to the final Brier score and logistic loss for the case of failure/non-failure for all values of the prediction in the range [0,1]. Both metrics have in common that their contribution tends to zero the closer the predicted probability is to the true class. However, they differ in how much they penalize bad predictions. We use scikit-learn’s logistic loss metric and Brier score.\n\nAlso note that with only 6 failures, it is difficult to be very conclusive when evaluating models. Ideally the models should be evaluated over a much longer period.\n\nKjeller data performs better, but baseline is the best\n\nBelow is a figure of how the model performs when making predictions, e.g. using weather forecasts (denoted Met), compared to the baseline forecast. Both hourly and daily values are shown. To be clear, a relative score under 1 beats the same model using hindcast data (e.g. Kjeller data).\n\nFirst we note that the baseline prediction model beats all others, except for the daily Kjeller prediction using logistic loss. The difference in Brier score for forecasts with Met seems negligible, only 0.96 % and 2.9 % better for hourly and daily scores, respectively. For log loss the difference is notable, with Met 0.19 % and 41 % worse for hourly and daily scores, respectively.\n\nThe naive baseline model preforms best on most metrics. A prediction beats the model using hindcast data from Kjeller if the score is below 1.\n\nThe Brier score for the forecasts where the mean line difference is added to Met is very similar to Kjeller as well. For log loss the score is worse than Kjeller for all cases, however slightly better than Met for daily forecasts when adding the mean difference for each line.\n\nLogistic loss might be more appropriate for us\n\nA relevant question is whether the Brier score and logistic loss are appropriate evaluation metrics for our problem. It is not obvious that small desired changes in the predicted probabilities are reflected in the scores. As mentioned earlier, we have a very large class imbalance in our data, which means that the predicted probabilites are generally very low. The maximum hourly forecasted probabiliy is 4%.  We wish that our evaluation metrics are able to notice increased predicted probabilities on the few actual failures. For instance, how much better would a set of predictions be if the probabilities on the actual failures were doubled. Would the metrics notice this?\n\nTo check this we manipulate the probabilities on the actual failures for the set of predicitons based on the Met data, while keeping the rest of the predicted probabilites as they initially were. First, we set all the probabilities on the actual failures equal to 0 and scored this with the Brier score and logistic loss. We do the same several times, writing over the probabilities on the actual failures from 0% to 6% and calculate the scores for each overwrite. This is the range of probabilities in which our model predicts, and we therefore expect that the metrics should decrease as we move from 0% to 6%.\n\nThis figure shows how slowly the brier score decreases (gets better) as the probability on actual failures are overwritten.\n\nThe results are shown in the figure above, where the scores are scaled by the score of the actual predictions (the inital ones before overwriting any predicitons). We see that the score for the logistic loss decreases rapidly, compared to the Brier score. For instance, when the probability is manipulated to 2 % for all failures, the resulting decrease is 4 % for the Brier score and over 70% for the logistic loss.\n\nLogistic loss is in some sense more sensitive to change in predicted probabilities, at least for low probabilities. This is a desirable quality for us, because our model does in general give very low probabilities. We want a metric to reflect when the predictions are tuned in the right direction.\n\nBrier score can be fooled by a dummy classifier\n\nWe decided to check what would happen if we shuffled all of the predicted probabilities in a random order, and then scored it with the Brier score and logistic loss. Intuitively, one would expect the scores to get worse, but that is not the case for the Brier score. This is weird because the predicted probabilities no longer have any relation with the weather for that line. The only common factor is the distribution of the actual predictions and the shuffled predictions. However we double our score when we use the logistic loss, meaning that it gets much worse.\n\nThis shows that a dummy classifier that generates probabilities from a certain distribution would be equally good as a trained classifier in terms of the Brier score – at least on such an unbalanced data set. Logistic loss guards us against this. For this one it is not sufficient to produce probabilities from a given probability distribution and assign them randomly.\n\nEvaluation score of shuffled hourly and daily probabilities scaled by the unshuffled score.\n\nThe share of the failures in our data set is of order 10^{-5} , or 10 ppm. As a result, almost all of the shuffled probabilities line up with a non-failure, as before, and therefore contribute the same to the score as before the shuffle, for both evaluation metrics. The main difference is the shuffled probabilities that line up with the actual failures. Let us say that the model gives a probability of 0.1 % for an actual failure. That sample’s contribution to the Brier score is (1-0.001)^{2} = 0.9801. Almost 97% of the predicted probabilities are 0% for the hourly predictions, so the failure will most likely be lined up with a 0% prediction after the shuffle. That sample’s contribution to the brier score will now be (1-0)^{2} = 1, almost exactly the same. On the other hand, the sample’s contribution to the logistic loss will be -log(0.001) = 6.9 before the shuffle and -log(0)=34.5 after the shuffle. This is because logistic loss has a much steeper curve for low probabilities.\n\nUsing scikit-learn to create own model\n\nBut enough about Statnett’s model, it is time to create our own model. For this purpose we decided to use scikit-learn’s library. Scikit-learn is very easy to use once you got your data in the correct format, and it has handy functions for splitting the data set into a training and a test set, tuning of hyperparamaters and cross validation. As always, a lot of the job is preprocessing the data. Unfortunately, we only have access to 16 months old data from Met. To be able to compare our model with Statnett’s we would also like to test it on the same overlap period as theirs, namely February to May 2017. Therefore we also needed to train the model on the weather data from Kjeller, which of course might not be ideal when keeping the weather differences between Met and Kjeller in mind. Kjeller data until the end of January 2017 was used for training.\n\nFor the training set we have weather data for all towers on a line from 1998 until February 2017, and could have used the avaliable data for a specific tower to be a sample/row in our data matrix. This would however result in a gigantic data matrix with over 5 billion rows. Most of scikit-learn’s machine learning algorithms require that all the training data must fit in memory. This would not be feasible with a matrix of that size. We decided to pull out the minimum, maximum and mean of some of the weather parameters for each line. In addition, we have extracted the corresponding month, region and number of towers. This gave us a matrix of around 37 million rows, a size that fits into our memory.\n\nLogistic regression beats Statnett’s current model\n\nWe managed to beat Statnett’s current model. We scored our logistic regression model and Statnett’s model on the Met data from the overlap period. Our score divided by the current model’s score is shown below. Our model is slightly better using the Brier score as the metric, and much better in terms of logistic loss. A reason for why we get a lower logistic loss score is that the current model predicts zero probability of failure on two actual failure times. As earlier mentioned, this is heavily penalized in the logistic loss setting.\n\nAlthough we beat the current model using these two metrics, it is not sure that ours is superior. If we assume that failures are independent events and use the predicted probabilities in a Monte Carlo simulation, we find that both models overestimate the number of failures. There were 6 wind failures in the test set, but the probabilities generated by the current model suggests 7.4 failures, while ours indicates 8.1. In other words, our model overestimates the number of failures despite the fact that it is better in terms of logistic loss and Brier score.\n\nPerformance of logistic regression classifier relative to current model’s score. Less than 1 is better.\n\nLogistic regression finds seaonal trend in wind failures\n\nWe can look at the coefficients from the logistic regression (the features are standardized) to see how the different features impact the probability of failure. A positive coefficient means that a large value of that feature increases the probability of failure. The coefficients of the logistic regression are visualized below. We can see that high values of wind speed and temperature increase the classifier’s predicted probability of failure. We also see that the winter months are given positive coefficients, while the summer months are given negative coefficients. Wind failures are more frequent during the winter, so the model manages to identify this pattern.\n\nImportance of the variables in our logistic classifier. Positive importance means that a large variable value increases the predicted probability of failure.\n\nAll in all\n\nDid we manage to answer the questions proposed at the very beginning of this blog post? Yes, at least to some extent.\n\n\nFor the weather data comparison we see that there is a difference in the wind speeds reported by Kjeller and Met, where Kjeller tends to report stronger wind than Met. However this is not the case for all lines and there is no “quick fix”. It is of course not ideal to have a short overlap period to use for comparison since we are not even covering all seasons of the year.\n\n\nThe current forecast model does not beat a baseline that predicts the long term failure rate – at least for the admittedly very short evaluation period we had data for. In addition, the model performs better on Kjeller data than Met data. This is no surprise considering that the model is trained on Kjeller data.\n\n3. Can we beat today’s model?\n\nOur logistic regression model performs marginally better using the Brier score and a lot better using the logisitic loss. Our model does however overestimate the number of failures in the overlap period.\n\nReflections from the data science team\n\nThe work highlights several challenges with the current data and methodology that we will follow up in further work. The discussion about log-loss vs. Brier scores also highlights a more general difficulty in evaluating forecasting models of very rare events. Some thoughts we have had:\n\n  • There might be erroneously labeled training and test data since there is really no way of knowing the real cause of an intermittent failure. The data is labeled by an analyst who relies on the weather forecast and personal experience. We have seen some instances where a failure has been labeled as a wind failure even though the wind speed is low, while at the same time the lightning index is very high. Such errors make it complicated to use (advanced) machine learning models, while the simpler model we currently employ can help in identifying likely misclassifications in the data.\n  • How should we handle forecasts that are close misses in the time domain? E.g. the weather arrives some hours earlier or later than forecasted. Standard loss functions like log-loss or Brier score will penalize such a forecast heavily compared to a “flat” forecast, while a human interpreter might be quite satisfied with the forecast.\n  • We should repeat the exercise here when we get longer overlapping data series and more failures to get better comparisons of the models. Six failures is really on the low side to draw clear conclusions.\n  • A logistic regression seems like a likely candidate if we are to implement machine learning, but we would also like to explore poisson-regression. When the weather is really severe we often se more failures happening on the same line in a short period of time. This information is discarded in logistic regression while poisson regression is perfectly suited for this kind of data.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.799665093421936}
+{"content": "The Jamestown Settlement Essay\nShare: Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest\nFree Essay\nNov 19th, 2019\n\nThe Jamestown Settlement Essay\n\n“I frequently investigate the colonization of America after a while veneration and sign, as the initiation of a grandlyly spectacle and artfulness in intervally-care, for the publicity of the untaught and the enfranchisement of the servile allot of humanity all balance the globe.” -John Adams. Jamestown, Virginia was the leading steady English colonization in the New World.\n\nThe Jamestown Dregs is a town in Virginia. It is the oldest, and leading, English dregs in North America. The London Company, formed in 1606, was a class of ten men, mainly well-to-do merchants, who resolute to reside-in Virginia (Fishwick, 49).\n\nFrancis Bacon, a portion of the Company, resolute the dregs was to be a covet-term design and settlers were to be abandoned twenty years to conface their feet (Fishwick, 49). Settlers were chosen for their exceptional skills, and interjacent numerous farmers so the dregs could grace self-sufficient. The Colonial Conference was a class of thirteen settlers who would be directed by a princely conference of thirteen in Engplant (Fishwick, 49).\n\nOne portion was chosen to be the chairman, and he would bring-environing laws, utterance taxes, mint capital, and traffic propriety in Virginia (Fishwick, 49).\n\nThe settlers were granted “all hues and immunities…” of citizens in England, including the lawful to own plant and tribulation by jury (Fishwick, 50). All taxes on modify after a while Virginia were used to utility the dregs. The London Association set sail from Blackwell, England, on December 20, 1606 (Fishwick, 50). They had three ships, tools, weapons, treasury, assistance, bit, and 105 “hardy publicaters” (Fishwick, 50). Numerous settlers were classified as “gentlemen”, and there were some trained craftsmen and farmers, and two surgeons (Fishwick, 50). The settlers came to the New World to win plant, gold, or alert fortunes in modify. They sought a elder mete of license, though some were merely incessant or driven by the kindness of publicate, but they all shared a expectation for rectify things in Virginia (Fishwick, 50).\n\nThe Council’s directions were to pursuit for gold and other costly metals, perpend the rivers for a clause to the South Sea (Northwest Passage), and to seem for the Lost Dregs (Fishwick, 51). The three vessels, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, took the colonists to the New World. The Susan Constant was the vastst at 100 tons, and was very spacious. The Godspeed was forty tons, and the Discovery was twenty tons (Fishwick, 51). They would be out at sea for foul-mouthed weeks antecedently reaching the West Indies. Ship assistance consisted of impenetrable biscuits, saltmeat and fish, and barley gruel (Fishwick, 51). Plant was sighted on April 26, 1607.\n\nGeorge Percy recitative “About 4:00 in the morning, we descried the plant of Virginia” (Fishwick, 57). Edward Maria Winfield was elected chairman of the Colony. An grade border as sent out to perpend the empire and select a residence for colonization. The residence was chosen on May 13th. It was a absolute peninsula approximately three miles covet and located on the north policy of the James River. Though it could be armed after a while comfort, the plant was low and boggy after a while sandy stain and stink mosquitos (Fishwick, 60).\n\nJamestown was founded a year antecedently the French founded Quebec (Appleby, 8). It was funded by a joint-stock association, whose investors saw the colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for English remainder. Despite existing troubles, the settlers survived after a while the aid of commonwealthal Native Americans, the Powhatan Confederacy. The dregs prospered by growing tobacco. In 1619, the House of Burgesses was formed to bring-environing their own laws (Appleby, 8). More than 4,500 settlers immigrated to Virginia in 1622 (Appleby, 8). The expansion of the dregs timid Native Americans and they attacked Jamestown in 1622. The English pursue blamed the Virginia Company’s policies for lofty decease rates and revoked its charter (Appleby, 8). Virginia became a princely dregs run by a master appointed by the tyrant.\n\nPocahontas was born in 1596 (“Pocahontas”, 1). Her parentage call was “Amonute” and “Pocahontas” was equitable a nickname, aim “playful one” owing of her festive and scrutinizing essence. She was the daughter of the Powhatan primary, Wahunsenaca. The Powhatan primarytan had a population of environing 25,000 (“Pocahontas”, 1). When the English arrived and fixed in Jamestown in 1607, Pocahontas was eleven years old. In the decay of 1607, Captain John Smith of Jamestown was enthralled by the Powhatan.\n\nHe was brought in face of the primary and two vast stones were placed on the account after a while Smith’s source placed on top of them to be smashed. Pocahontas alertly intercepted and put her source on top of his, abeyance the effort (“Pocahontas”, 2). As a remainder of this, the Powhatan primary told Smith he was a allot of the community in modify for “two big stones and a grindstone” and the primary would negotiate him as his son (“Pocahontas”, 2). Primary Powhatan sent gifts of assistance to the starving English settlers. Pocahontas brought the gifts to Jamestown and became a mark of order to the English.\n\nThe Jamestown National Historic Residence is on the western verge of Jamestown Island, Virginia. It is located seven miles from Colonial Williamsburg and is a completion of 22.5 acres (“Jamestown National Historic Site”, 1). Jamestown is main owing it was the leading English dregs in North America. It is so the spectacle of the leading symbolical council on this continent on July 30, 1619 (“Jamestown National Historic Site”, 1). In 1893, the owners, Mr. and Mrs. Edward E. Barney donated a devise of their plant to the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA). In 1934, the repose of the plant was wind by the National Park Service as a allot of the Colonial National Historical Park (“Jamestown Nat. Hist. Site”, 1).\n\nThe stumble from Greensburg, Indiana to Jamestown, Virginia is a relatively covet one. It is a completion of environing 624 miles. By car, the stumble takes eleven hours (“Google Maps”, 1). Jamestown, Virginia was the leading steady English colonization in the New World. The Jamestown colonization is gorgeous in our empire’s truth and is regarded throughout interval as the inception of a new commonwealth.\n\nRecommended stories\n\nTwelfth Night\n\nTwelfth Night is a light-hearted comedy written by William Shakespeare between 1598 and 1601. Even though this play is a […]\n\npresent Essay\n\nJUMPSTART Greetings Good morning young moms and dads, or soon-to be moms and dads, Introducing My name is Stefany, I […]", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7813096046447754}
+{"content": "Medical research\n\nAQAMAN takes aim at rare neurodegenerative diseases\n\nA synthetic small molecule compound called AQAMAN can prevent and even reverse harmful protein build-up in neurons that is associated with several rare neurodegenerative disorders, including polyglutamine (or polyQ) diseases.\n\nDiseases, Conditions, Syndromes\n\nA new breakthrough in developing effective antimalarial drugs\n\nParasites in the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria, are transmitted to humans through bites from infected mosquitoes. The parasites acclimatize to these two completely different hosts because the plasticity of their genome ...\n\nDiseases, Conditions, Syndromes\n\nMalaria under arrest: New drug target prevents deadly transmission\n\nAustralian researchers have found a new drug target for stopping the spread of malaria, after successfully blocking the world's deadliest malaria parasite—Plasmodium falciparum—from completing the 'transmission stage' ...\n\n\nHunting molecules that signal pain\n\nA new microscope-based method for detecting a particular molecule in the spinal cord could help lead to an accurate and independent universal pain scale, research from Australia's Macquarie University suggests.\n\npage 1 from 23\n\n\n\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9907705187797546}
+{"content": "Ask Your Pharmacist\n\nNovember 25, 2019\n\nLast year, I got the flu shot and I got sick anyway. I’ve read online that the vaccine can give people the flu. Is that true?\n\n\nThat’s most definitely not true. Thanks for the question though. I get that question a lot.\n\nWhile vaccinations carry some risks, getting your flu shot and washing your hands frequently is the best defense against getting influenza. Unfortunately, many myths exist about flu shots that deter people from getting vaccinated. Let’s dispel some common ones:\n\nMyth #1: The flu shot will give you the flu.\n\nYou cannot get the flu from the flu shot. Influenza vaccines cannot cause influenza because the viruses in the vaccines are not active.\n\nMyth #2: The flu shot doesn’t really work anyway.\n\nThere are many reasons why some people get sick during flu season even though they had a flu shot. Often, they become ill from other viruses such as rhinoviruses that cause symptoms similar to flu, or they may have been exposed to the flu shortly before getting vaccinated or during the two-week period after the vaccination that it takes the body to develop an immune response. It’s also important to remember that the effectiveness of the vaccine varies from season to season. It depends on how well the vaccine matches with the circulating flu viruses, as well as the health and age of the person getting the flu shot. Some people may experience flu like symptoms despite getting vaccinated because they may have been exposed to a flu virus that is different from the ones the vaccine is designed to protect against that year.\n\nMyth #3: Flu shots cause serious reactions in many people.\n\nMost people have either no side effects or mild effects such as soreness, redness or swelling at the injection site. I often recommend common over-the-counter products like acetaminophen or ibuprofen for these reactions. The flu shot has been administered routinely in Canada since 1946. Serious reactions are rare.\n\nMyth #4: I don’t need the flu shot because I am healthy.\n\nEven healthy individuals who aren’t in any of the high-risk categories should get flu shots. They may still get the flu, which will make them feel pretty awful. However more importantly, they risk passing it on to children, seniors or those who are chronically ill. It’s these individuals who are more at risk for developing serious complications from influenza. Getting a flu shot helps protect your family, friends and colleagues.\n\nIn the end, you must make your own informed decision after talking to your pharmacist, doctor or other healthcare professional. Keep in mind though that influenza is a serious infection. The flu is among the ten leading causes of death in Canada. Each year, the flu causes an estimated 3,500 deaths and 12,200 hospital stays. Immunization is one of the best defenses against the flu.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8458627462387085}
+{"content": "\"The Better Angels of our Nature\"\n\nBy Charles Butterfield\n\n\nBy the time Abraham Lincoln gave his first inaugural speech in Washington, D.C., March 4, 1861, six southern states had already seized federal property and seceded from the union. Fort Sumter would remain in government hands for only another month. Lincoln knew civil war was looming, and he used all the force of his rhetoric to do two things in his speech: Make clear to all that he would preserve the union, come what may; and to reassure the slave states that he would do nothing to disrupt that peculiar institution on which their economies depended.\n\n\nSpeaking under such dire circumstances, Lincoln made his famous reference to “the better angels of our nature.” Listen again to the sentence that closes his address:\n\n“The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”\n\n\nWe have to wonder what Lincoln thought about these “better angels.”\n\n\nHere is a clue. When he asked his Secretary of State designate, William Seward, to comment on a draft of the speech,  Seward urged Lincoln to conclude his inaugural on a calming and confident note, and he offered Lincoln this closing sentence:  “The mystic chords which, proceeding from so many battlefields and so many patriot graves, pass through all the hearts and all hearths in this broad continent of ours, will yet again harmonize in their ancient music when breathed upon by the guardian angel of the nation.”\n\n\nLincoln, the more poetic orator, recasts Seward’s sentence. Seward’s version implies that the nation’s guardian angel comes from on high, as do all Biblical angels. Lincoln, in contrast, refers to “the better angels of our nature.”  Lincoln shifts the angelic perspective from an outer guardian angel to those inner better angels. \n\n\nWhen I began putting these remarks together, I did a search to see where the expression, “better angels” came from.  Did it originate with Lincoln?  I could not answer that question, but in my search I came across a book by psychologist Steven Pinker titled, “The Better Angels of our Nature.”\n\n\nIf you don’t already know his name, Steven Pinker is a cognitive psychologist, now at Harvard.  As a cognitive psychologist, he studies how we think and learn.  Two of his other books on my shelf are How the Mind Works and The Stuff of Thought.  Those titles will give you an idea of where Pinker’s interests lie.\n\n\nWhen I found Pinker’s book on better angels, I almost put it back on the library shelf, because it is a huge tome, 800 pages.  And it has to be.  Pinker has taken on an enormous project.  He wants to find out if violence—domestic, racial, international and intra-national—has increased or decreased over the course of human history.\n\n\nThe first half of his book is an analysis of violence, going as far back in history as he can find data.  The trends that he presents in some 60 graphs are encouraging.  Despite the news of racial violence at home and civil war and “religiocide” occurring in the Middle East brought to us via iPhone, that might make us think otherwise, violence has declined markedly throughout human history.\n\n\nThe homicide rate in the Middle Ages, for instance, was three times greater than in our present day. Those of you who are following Wolf Hall on PBS on Sunday nights may not be surprised by that statistic.\n\n\nPinker supplies graph after graph plotting such data as numbers of wars, number of war-related deaths, lengths of wars, incidence of domestic violence, and more and more, and all show a downward slope from higher in years past to lower in our own time.\n\n\nThese graphs are not smooth lines. As we might guess from the passages I read from the Hebrew Bible, incidences of war when plotted against time look like jagged saw teeth. Just as the Israelites swung from peace to war, other cultures have too, depending on circumstances. \n\n\nNevertheless, Stephen Pinker’s analysis clearly shows that civilizing influences took hold as solitary cavemen, each viciously fighting for survival, formed family-clans with warriors selected from the many; clans united in kingdoms, kingdoms consolidated into city-states, city-states became nations, and nations negotiated pacts with one another. This progress in social organization was accompanied by decreasing numbers of designated fighters, which translates, over time, to shorter wars with fewer casualties and longer intervals between wars.\n\n\nIt’s been seventy years since advanced industrialized nations fought a hot world war—the longest peaceful interval ever.\n\n\nNow what can account for these encouraging trends? Pinker notes that the printing press and the subsequent distribution of books and concomitant learning played a big role in humanizing our species. As people read about other cultures, other technologies, other ideas, including those expressed in poetry and fiction, they open up wider perspectives.  It becomes possible to empathize with people one never meets in person.\n\n\nThe Humanist Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and America brought changes that enhanced human flourishing, and with it came restrictions of public behavior, enforcement of laws,  and open judicial proceedings. Even rules of etiquette were codified.  People stopped eating peas with a knife when stabbing an argumentative dinner guest was taboo.\n\n\nBetter communication, transportation, advances in technology and learning in all fields accompanied the social advances.  True enough, weapon technology advanced along with everything else, but better weaponry did not lead to more and longer wars. Just the opposite. Believe it or not, Pinker’s exhaustive—and exhausting—research indicates that overall we live in the most peaceful time human society has ever known.\n\n\nBut what about the violence in the Middle East? The Muslim world, in Pinker’s words, “is sitting out the decline in violence.”  He points to these reasons: The Moslem nations and independent movements like ISIS by and large thrive on illiteracy, they lack democracy and human rights, and rely instead on violence sanctioned in the name of honor.  Where fundamentalist religious interpretation flourishes, terrorism reigns and the door is shut to modernization.\n\n\nBut our Western civilization is not yet free of dehumanizing influences.  Pinker addresses in detail those demons that act counter to our better angels. He identifies several, including predation in the form of genocide, dominance in the name of nationalism, revenge, cruelty for cruelty’s sake (something minorities know too well), and perhaps the most insidious—ideology.  Ideology is not subject to negotiation, it’s often delusional, and it is subject to the herd instinct and group think.  Ideologues rationalize their behavior, including political gridlock, on the basis of loyalty to an idea they claim is justified by the greater good that can be achieved.\n\n\nSo then, why doesn’t human society run amok worldwide?  Or perhaps you think it has, or will, given time.  The evidence that violence has declined over time does not guarantee that the future will be safe and secure. But there is hope.  Steven Pinker writes this: “Most of the harm that people visit on one another comes from motives that are found in every normal person.  And the corollary is that much of the decline of violence comes from people exercising these motives less often, less fully and in fewer circumstances.”\n\n\nThat is how the better angels of our nature come into play. They may not create utopia, but they do cause us to exercise our base, destructive and hateful motives less often, less fully and in fewer circumstances.\n\n\nPinker ascribes our good behavior to four better angels.  The first is empathy.  The empathetic drive probably developed from the mothering instinct.  Understanding another’s need and acting to meet it without thought of reciprocity is crucial to the survival of offspring of many species of animals, and importantly so in the case of humans.  When that drive is extended outward from the family to include unrelated individuals and groups, there must follow a concomitant decrease in violence against those others. Pinker concludes that through the ages empathy toward individuals has goaded changes in policies and norms that determine how the people in a group are treated.   \n\n\nThe second better angel is self-control. Because Pinker is a research psychologist, he has filled his book with descriptions of psychological experiments. In the marshmallow test, for instance, a child is left alone in a room with a marshmallow and given the choice of eating the candy now or waiting a while for the reward of a second marshmallow.  The child’s response is observed from another room, and the distractions some children devise to keep their hands off the marshmallow are fun to watch. Important to our consideration of better angels is the finding that those young subjects with well-developed self-control are less likely to be aggressive, and, as a bonus, grow into adults who live healthier, calmer lifestyles, and gain more education than those with no or little self-control.\n\n\nIf you are a fan of Zits, you may recall the recent comic strip in which Jeremy, the main teenager, asks his friend Hector how it is that he gets perfect grades, does hours of public service, and has a very decent social life.  Hector replies, “Oh, self-discipline, I guess.”  At which incredulous Jeremy shouts back, “Dark Magic! It’s voodoo, isn’t it?”\n\n\nFar from voodoo, self-control is hard-wired in our brains, but the wiring involves opposing neural networks, and so self-control is the result of a tug-of-war between delayed and immediate gratification.\n\n\nThe third of our better angels is the moral sense. Comparing cultures around the world and through the ages, Pinker finds that in some instances, as we might expect, moral codes are derived from religious beliefs.  But morality is often based on mutual benefit, or win-win situations having nothing to do with religion. Morality also derives from loyalty to authority.  In some cultures, tribe members agree that the chief knows what’s best. (I trust there are a few heretics).  In still other cultures the moral code is based on communality where people acknowledge that they’re better off when they share resources.\n\n\nPinker calls the moral sense the “crazy angel,” by which he means that our sense of right and wrong rests on justifications that vary widely among us.  And although some terrible things have been justified on moral grounds, so have some beautiful human behaviors.\n\n\nReason is our fourth better angel. Our reasoning permits us to enter a hypothetical world and to explore consequences.  It is through reasoning that we expand our circles of concern.  The Rights Revolution characterizes our age.  Unknown in former times, think of advances in human rights, civil rights, gay rights, workers’ rights, women’s rights, children’s rights, and animal rights that are finally being recognized. More needs doing, of course, but our reason shows us the way.\n\n\nWith empathy, self-control, moral sense, and reason prodding and goading us, we have managed to bring about a civilizing process, a humanitarian revolution, a long peace, and an expanding circle of rights.\n\n\nThese better angels of our nature were not enough to prevent a Civil War. But might they the next time states are in conflict?  Marking the 150th  anniversary of the end of that terrible Civil War and the 100th anniversary of the genocide of Armenian Christians by Moslem Turks, I close with Pinker’s final paragraph:  “To review the history of violence is to be repeatedly astounded by the cruelty and waste of it all, and at times to be overcome with anger, disgust, and immeasurable sadness…. Yet, for all the tribulations in our lives, for all the troubles that remain in the world, the decline of violence is an accomplishment we can savor, and an impetus to cherish the forces of civilization and enlightenment that made it possible.”\n\n\n\nCopyright 2020 Walpole Unitarian Church all rights reserved  \n\nPhysical address:   14 Union St., Walpole, N.H.\n\n\nA map to our site is located here >>>         \n\n  Join us on Facebook \n\n  • facebook-square\nThis site was designed with the\nwebsite builder. Create your website today.\nStart Now", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8396704792976379}
+{"content": "In-Sourcing Blog\n\nThe amazing healing power of your bedroom mirror\n\nWhen I started practice years ago, referencing the body-mind-spirit connection was not a prominent part of popular medical conversation. Symptoms of illness were correlated to specific sources of pain and diagnosed accordingly. “Wellness” typically was defined as the absence of disease and left out recognition of the links between physical, mental, and social well-being.\n\nToday, Wellness is part of the vernacular and the power of the body to heal itself is a recognized phenomenon validated by many studies.\n\nLast month I wrote about the ability of placebos to heal illness based on the patient’s expectation that the pill will work. Conversely, if the patient does not expect the faux medication to work, or anticipates side effects, the placebo can produce negative outcomes, i.e., a nocebo.\n\nIn short, if you believe it to be possible, it is possible that the body’s own chemistry can cause effects similar to a prescribed medication.\n\nI believe the mind’s belief system can heal emotional pain as well.\n\nBrain mapping studies reveal that emotional pain is ‘neurochemically real’ as observed through activity in the prefrontal cortex. When interventions promising relief of the pain are introduced, the results show how the positive expectations influence systems in this midbrain area to generate neurochemical opioid or dopamine responses. Simply stated, suggestions that prompt belief that you will feel better will probably help you feel better!\n\nIt’s a process that takes place in my office. The subconscious mind regards the words and thoughts that get expressed as descriptions of real situations. Talk therapy, hypnotherapy, EMDR are all designed to isolate and examine these thoughts and their effect on the subconscious mind and the life of the client thinking them. The client can use the process to convert negative influences into positive energy. They literally can help themselves to feel better; moods can be elevated; wounded feelings made whole; confidence restored.\n\nBut here’s the rub: you must believe. It’s not as if I write the prescription on a pad. I can tell clients “you are not to blame for family dysfunction… you are a strong, powerful woman of talent and integrity… you do not deserve to be abused” but they are words echoing in the air. I can support the premise, provide love and caring, offer suggestions, but what I am saying must be experienced; absorbed into the belief system; the words must be believed and become real.\n\nIt’s a process that takes place in your bedroom, as well. Often, I give my clients affirmations to remind them of the positive qualities that describe them. Said with attention, intention and with feeling, the thoughts, phrases and words that are repeated sink into the subconscious mind and begin creating new situations and circumstances… manifesting the words and phrases into new behavior.\n\nWhen you look into the mirror and offer up your affirmation it must be more than a morale building assertion, as in simply presenting evidence to validate your claim. It carries weight when it is a pronouncement of fact; a ‘no ifs, no buts’ declaration of “it is so!”\n\nYou must experience it to be true, believe it without reservation. It’s not the placebo/affirmation itself, it’s the meaning placed in the pill/declaration, and the context and information that surrounds it. Be it placebos or affirmations, the effect is more than positive thinking, it’s about creating a stronger connection between the brain and body and how they work together.\n\nMy belief in the mind, body and soul connection is why, all those many years ago, I named my practice Wellness Source, a place where miraculous changes can take place. It is that place within you, where the true source of wellness waits to be tapped; where everything we need for joy and meaning is within our domain.\n\nWith Love and Light,\nArlene Englander, LCSW", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9787518382072449}
+{"content": "Website Manager\n\n\nEnter Title\n\nFAQs about Team Formation\n\nWhat Division does my child belong to? \nThe assignment of your child to a Division depends on their age as of July 31 of the year. AYSO provides an age guide by birthdate.\n\nThe age divisions (the U stands for under) are:\nU5 for 4 and 4-1/2 year olds\nU6 for 5 year olds. (note: some regions have only U6 divisions for all players under 6)\nU8 for 6 and 7 year olds.\nU10 for 8 and 9 year olds.\nU12 for 10 and 11 year olds.\nU14 for 12 and 13 year olds.\nU16 for 14 and 15 year olds.\nU19 for 16, 17, and 18 year olds.\n\nChildren do not move up in division for the Spring season even if they have had a birthday, so there may be times when, for example, there will be a 6 year old in the Under 6 division.\n\nWhy doesn’t AYSO allow me to specify a team for my child?\nTwo of the mission statements of AYSO are Balanced Teams and Everyone Plays. These two philosophies become very important when you consider the goal of operating a soccer program where young people can learn to develop a positive self-image, self-confidence and other positive character traits through their interest and participation in soccer. We want to achieve this goal with all kids. If kids were able to choose a specific team, then some teams would get stacked with experienced players. This would really diminish the image of soccer for the less experienced teams. It is much more fun for everyone to play (and watch) close, evenly matched games, rather than blow-outs. Therefore, we strive to balance the skill level of the teams during team assignment. Regions may try to support parents who have transportation difficulties and attempt to honor those requests that help avoid undo hardship. Requests based on established friendships are not considered vital.\n\nWhat if I want to switch my child to a different team? \nWrong gender or wrong age group assignments will be corrected. Otherwise, team switching is not permitted. If you have been placed with the wrong gender or age group, tell the coach, who can get your child assigned to an appropriate team.\n\nWhat does it mean to play up or down? \nTeams are organized into divisions that group players by their birthdates, not by their grade in school or by their soccer skills. A division contains players within a given age-bracket. A player whose birth date falls after the end of the bracket, i.e. is very close to the next higher age-bracket, can request to play-up into the next older division. Conversely, but only under very exceptional circumstances, a player may play-down into the next younger division.\n\nCan I request my child play up into an older division if it contains most of my child’s friends or classmates?\nYes. You must make the request this at the time of registration, however we cannot guarantee the request will be granted. We must take into consideration many factors such as the child’s age, size, experience level, and availability of space in the requested division.\n\nIs it a good idea to play-up into a higher division if it contains most of my child’s peers or classmates?\nNot necessarily. If your child is an average player relative to age-bracket peers, playing-up will put him or her in the position of being younger and probably weaker than most others on the team. This is particularly true when playing-up into a two-year age bracket. For example, there is a significant difference between the U12 and U14 brackets, where some of the 13 year olds are well into adolescence, physically and mentally. The end result may be that the social benefits of playing with grade-mates are negated by the soccer difficulties.\n\nMy child is a very talented player and isn’t challenged by playing with his age-bracket peers. Can he/she request to play up into an older division? \nYes, provided there is evidence from the previous season that validates the request. Typically, this will be based on information from the player’s coach from the previous season or some equivalent proof. This form of play-up request must be made at registration, but is not guaranteed to be granted and may depend on other factors.\n\nUnder what circumstances can a player play-down a division? \nAYSO has strict rules about requests to play-down. These requests are typically denied unless there are very valid reasons. All requests of this nature must be approved by your Regional Commissioner.\n\nIf my child played-up last year will he/she automatically be played-up this year? \nYes. And No. It depends on the reason the child was played up the previous season. If a parent requested a child be played-up based on experience and skill level, and that request was granted, then that child will remain in the higher division. On the other hand, there may be rare occasions when registration is low and two age divisions must be combined in order to form one team. That team would be given the older division’s designation. If enough players register the following season to form teams of both divisions, then children who played-up the previous season would not be forced to do so again.\n\nIs it possible to play-up more than one age bracket? \n\nFAQs about Games\n\nHow often are practices and games?\nPractices are usually held twice a week (the days and times are determined by your child’s coach). Games will normally be on Saturdays, although some regions schedule their U6 games for a different day of the week. There are typically 8 games per season.\n\nShould players wear uniforms to practice? \nNo. Uniforms should be reserved for game days. Players simply need to come to practice in comfortable, breathable clothing, and must wear shin guards and athletic shoes or cleats.\n\nWhat are short-sided games? I saw a professional soccer game and the size of the field was huge! Is my child going to have to play on a field that big?\nOnly the U12 division and up play on a fairly large field. All the fields are sized so they’re appropriate for the children’s age. The younger children play ‘short sided’ matches with less players on the field at the same time. This is to give those players more playing time and allow them to develop their skills.\n\nHow many players are on a team? How many are on the field during a game?\nBecause we play short-sided games, the answer depends on the age division. AYSO guarantees each child at least 2 quarters of playing time each game, so teams should never have more players than that guideline will allow. For example, the U8 division plays games with 5 players per team on the field, so there should never be more than 10 players on that team, and preferably fewer. U10 games are played with 7 players per team on the field, U12 games are played with 9 players per team on the field, and U14 and older play with 11 players per team on the field.\n\nHow early do we need to arrive on game day? \nWe recommend that all players be at the field 30 minutes prior to game time.\n\nIt’s my turn to bring snacks to the game. What kinds of snacks are recommended?\nSnacks are provided by the “snack parent” for players on game day. At halftime, they should get water and fruit (grapes, and orange slices are popular). At the end of the game, healthy snacks such as juice boxes, granola or fruit bars, yogurt, etc… are recommended. The Coach or Team Parent will sign up snack parents and each family will be responsible for at least one week.\n\nIt’s raining! It’s thundering! Do we have practice? Do we have the game?\nWe do play in rain. We do not play when there is lightning. Games or practices may have to be cancelled or end early because of weather conditions, so be ready to pick up your child. Your child’s coach will contact you if a game or practice needs to be cancelled.\n\nI don’t think my child is getting enough playing time. What can I do about it?\nAll coaches are required to keep track of which players play in each quarter, in every game. These records are then turned in to the referee at the end of each game. If you’re not sure how much playing time your child has had, please talk to your coach. Every player is guaranteed to play at least half of every game.\n\nIf your concern is legitimate, and your player truly isn’t being given an equal amount of playing time, ask your child’s coach or contact your region’s Coach Administrator.\n\nNational Partners\n\nOur sponsors\n\nContact Us\n\nAYSO Area 5G\n\nPete Xiques, Director, AYSO Area 5G \n Tennessee 37931\n\nEmail Us: [email protected]\nPhone : 865-604-2678\nCopyright © 2020 AYSO Area 5G  |  Privacy Statement |  Terms Of Use |  License Agreement |  Children's Privacy Policy  Login", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6870295405387878}
+{"content": "Public Transportation – The Easy and Convenient Way to Get Around Aruba\n\nOne obstacle all vacationers face on their trip is public transportation. Because they are not familiar with the area, they are never sure whether it is offered or how reliable it is. This results in tourists spending way too much money on rentals. In Aruba, the transportation is run by the government and is very reasonably priced. The great thing about the buses is that they run almost 24 hours. They start their runs at 5:30 a.m. and most run until 1 a.m. They also go to nearly anywhere on the island. Because they have plenty of buses on the small island, you only will have to wait about half an hour in between busses.\n\nThe public transportation that is provided in Aruba is called Arubus. Because there is variety in the locations to which the buses travel, most tourists find it is easy to get around solely using the buses. Like anywhere else, there are a few places the buses will not go, but these typically are the lesser known places that people usually do not request to see. Although some people are not that familiar with taking buses, you should not have a problem with it because of how small the island is. Your trips will not be that long.\n\nThe main reason people use public transportation while vacationing in Aruba is to save money. The fares are quite reasonable and typically one can use the buses all week and still be cheaper than renting a vehicle. Another reason people use the buses is because they do not want to drive while on their vacation. They do not feel like battling the stress of figuring out the maps and risk getting lost in this unfamiliar place. It is a great way to fully experience the island because you will have the opportunity to mingle with locals while on the bus.\n\nAs a tourist in Aruba, you do not have to worry about not understanding your public transportation driver. This is because all of the drivers are required to speak English, Spanish, Dutch and the local language of Papiamento. This makes it easy to ask for directions or suggestions of restaurants and activities to do during your trip. You might even find that you can use them as sort of a tour guide. Your rental car will not be able to do that. You will not have to worry about how you will get around this beautiful island.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9948753118515015}
+{"content": "Hometown Secrets\n\nWhat makes a man a man? Is it the hat he wears? His strict adherence to a certain moral code that society has set up? Or is it defined by the individual male? Hometown Secrets does not try to give one definitive answer to this question, but what it does offer is a convincing depiction of small town life and the struggle to faithfully define oneself.\n\nThe most impressive aspect of this piece is in how Flemington depicts small town life. She exuberantly celebrates certain community traditions and customs and just out right discards others, effectively and methodically dragging its denizens into the 21st century.\n\nMany of the characters can easily slip into stereotypes, but Ms. Flemington was able to render characters that are both fascinating and sympathetic. Pete’s indecision is understandable, yet, infuriating. Also, I quickly grew tired of Asher being the public punching bag, I understood that it was necessary to advance the plot and provide insight into the mind of a closeted man (Pete), but I would have preferred Asher have his own awakening along with Pete as Asher clearly has his own insecurities that should have been dealt with in tandem with Pete's coming out story. Having said that, I really did enjoy their private moments together. I could see why they were attracted to one another and found their interactions together really sweet.\n\nWhile Hometown Secrets was not the story that I was originally looking for, I am glad that I read it. It is an emotionally satisfying read that I am more than happy to recommend.\n\nBook Blurb for Hometown Secrets\n\n\n\n\n\nNight Owl Reviews May, 2014 4.00", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7150086164474487}
+{"content": "\n\nIs Blockchain The Right Solution The For IoT Security Challenge\n\n\nThe Internet of Things has emerged as one of the most powerful technologies for businesses today. With its potential to collect data from the connected “things”, it serves valuable insights for businesses that want to leverage the power of accurate, real-time data. But with the humongous opportunity that this technology brings, there comes the IoT security threat that businesses have to deal with. This is primarily because data is assimilated over the cloud from the connected devices, which makes it vulnerable to hacking attacks.\n\nDespite this challenge, businesses are still keen about embracing IoT applications because of the extensive benefits they bring. The idea is to think of a resolution so that you can avail the best advantages that these have to offer. Before you embrace the technology, you need to share this concern with the IoT app development company you choose. Before thinking of a solution, there is a need to comprehend the actual security challenges with IoT in the first place. Let us explain how your business may have to deal with threats related to IoT implementation.\n\nIoT security threats that you need to know about\nBefore eliminating a problem, it is necessary to reach its root. Therefore, you need to understand the threats that IoT solutions have to face.\n\n  • Unauthorized access to any of the devices can pose threat to the network as a whole. Considering the number and types of devices connected to the network, the risk multiplies with every device being added to the system. Something as simple as unencrypted data transfers or allowing employees to log into the network with a personal device can pose as a threat.\n  • Network implementation is an ongoing process, considering the numerous devices, standards, and protocols involved. This can leave gaps for attackers to make way into the IoT network.\n  • Software attacks on devices via malware and virus attacks can endanger the system as a whole.\n  • IoT entails machine-to-machine communication, without human intervention in data transfer between devices. Frivolous issues such as weak encryption and stray credential key can give the hackers access to data.\n\nFrom problem to solution- Blockchain comes as a savior\nFor a business, digital transformation is a huge step but it is not easy, considering the challenges involved. Adoption of IoT is a part of this journey, which makes it critical to resolve IoT-related security issues to make a seamless move. One of the technologies that offers a tangible solution in this direction is Blockchain; in fact, it has emerged as one of the key IoT trends of the current times, all because it makes a reliable security measure. Here are some Blockchain use cases that indicate how the technology facilitates stronger security for IoT solutions:\n\nSecurity by design\nBeing based on cryptography algorithms, blockchain is secure by design. Every single block on the network is hashed to the preceding block, which means that it is not possible to substitute an intermediate block. The secure design, therefore, makes the technology just right for rendering security for data on IoT devices and networks.\n\nSafe Data Storage\nData security is a primary issue with IoT because the network and devices typically handle huge volumes of business-critical data. As Blockchain comprises a decentralized ledger with an unalterable data record, it becomes possible to control or protect communication taking place within the system. Data protection with this technology, thus, goes beyond only cryptocurrency and encompasses IoT networks as well.\n\nSecuring IoT networks and devices\nSince blockchain technology is capable of monitoring and recording the communication between the connected devices, it provides the businesses with access to complete data on the activity logs of the IoT system. Further, they can keep track of suspicious logins attempts or unauthorized access of records, which strengthens the security.\n\nMinimizing human errors\nThe involvement of human element in the IoT systems elevates the possibility of errors during data inputs, in addition to the risk of data loss, data thefts, and unauthorized modifications. With blockchain, it becomes possible to eliminate the need for passwords and logins Instead, devices can be issued an encrypted identity that can be validated on the distributed ledger.\n\nSecure messaging between devices\nBlockchain facilitates secure messaging between IoT-connected devices. It empowers messaging between devices with strong security standards with the use of smart contracts. This is very similar to the security of online transactions that Blockchain serves for e-commerce businesses.\n\nTrust and transparency\nBlockchain adopts a decentralized approach which improves trust and transparency between IoT devices, ensures tracking of all the connected devices and builds a fully resilient system which is less likely to fall prey to cybersecurity attacks.\n\nConsidering that Blockchain is capable of addressing the key security issues for IoT networks, it emerges as a technology that you can depend on for creating a more reliable ecosystem on which multiple devices can connect to the internet or the cloud. With its cryptographic algorithms, continuous monitoring, recording of threats, and validation of transactions, the technology makes it possible to resolve the security challenges plaguing IoT solutions. However, implementing both IoT and Blockchain together is a tough task, considering that both are complex and evolving technologies.\n\nHere, it becomes essential to have a technology partner that has the right skills and expertise to blend them for creating fully-secure IoT solutions. At OrangeMantra, you can get access to a team of expert IoT development professionals along with a Blockchain developer to work together in collaboration. Share your requirements with us and we will create an empowering IoT application for your business.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9013558626174927}
+{"content": "The Serious Endeavor of Playing Games\n\nSchool News\nDecember 4, 2018- It’s a scene that one might consider typical of kids playing video games—iridescent snacks and sugared beverages scattered throughout the Vail Mountain School technology lab; teenagers intently focused on flat-screen portals to electronic fantasy worlds; constant chatter dramatizing each and every move of their avatars. But rest assured, these kids are not just playing games and they defy many of the stereotypes that so many so easily cast on “gamers.”\n\nMeet the GorE-Rangers, the group of Upper School students who are Vail Mountain School’s first officially-sanctioned eSports team. They talk strategy. They practice. They compete with other teams in a league. They even have coaches and team jackets. And with their first season behind them, they’ve got a lot to be proud of, but first we’ll back up a bit and push the start button.\n\nIt began last year with conversations between VMS Technology Director Dean Chambers and Kim Zimmer, the school’s Technology Department Chair. Ms. Zimmer had been teaching a coding class and there was an ongoing joke about making t-shirts for the group emblazoned with the words “varsity coding.” But why joke—why not legitimize the recreational interests of students whose passion lies in the digital world? Gaming is, after all, a rapidly growing, multi-billion dollar industry with sponsored professionals and influencers who get paid to play—just like professional athletes. And like traditional sports, there are even college scholarships available for gamers. The idea began to gain steam, so Mr. Chambers looked into what other schools were doing.\n\nHe quickly discovered that there were, in fact, high school eSports teams popping up all across the country, and that a robust gaming league existed right here in Colorado started by a like minded teacher at Ridgeway High School. A poll of VMS Upper School students yielded interest from eight—two more than the minimum needed to establish a team—and shortly thereafter, VMS joined the Mountain Gaming League as the GorE-Rangers.\n\nThe team is comprised of eight students in grades 9-12 coached by Mr. Chambers and Mr. Rosenkrantz. They range in experience from casual gamers to aspiring professionals. They compete using electronic pseudonyms like FluxPrototype46, Pinkchicken1, and Hawkspiral64, and each student also has a specialty, kind of like the different positions played by athletes on traditional sports teams. Some enjoy the more chess-like strategy games such as Hearthstone. Others prefer one-on-one physical combat like Brawlhalla, “where the greatest warriors in history brawl to prove who’s the best that ever was, is, or will be.”\n\nYet others, like Alexander Viola are drawn to games that are more grounded in reality. He specializes in Rocket League, which is basically soccer with cars. And this makes total sense, because outside of eSports, Alexander’s interests include coding, soccer, and physics. IRL (in real life) he played goalie for the VMS JV Soccer Team this fall. And in the interest of debunking stereotypes, it’s worth mentioning that several of the GorE-Rangers also represent VMS as varsity and JV athletes in sports like tennis, golf, and basketball. One of our gamers even plays hockey for Battle Mountain.\n\nSeven of the students are boys. Only one is a girl, but 12th grader Andie Billingsley is content to help break down this stereotype. Billingsley is also one of the leaders of the team, setting strategy on games like Heroes of the Storm and Hearthstone that require the concerted and coordinated effort of several individuals. She also played a leadership role in getting the team off the ground. “Not everyone was interested in all the games, but given the structure of the matches, we needed a certain number of players to compete in each game,” says Billingsley. “There were kids with interest in Magic the Gathering, which is a strategy game not unlike Hearthstone, and we built interest from there.”\n\nThe League is comprised of ten teams ranging from small, independent schools like VMS to much larger public schools in Denver and on the Western Slope.  Each of the schools competed in weekly matches that included five different games- Brawlhalla, Heroes of the Storm, Hearthstone, Rocket League, and Overwatch. Game wins contributed to match wins, which in turn determined the overall league standings.\n\nThe matches are intense with gameplay generating emotional highs and lows, but just like traditional sports, the students are there for each other. The matches even drew small crowds of cheerleaders that included fellow students, parents, teachers, and even the Head of School. The most interesting group, though, was the assembly of people outside the east door when the fire alarm went off mid match. Undeterred, the kids grabbed their laptops, set up on a rock wall outside the tech lab, and kept playing.\n\nLike traditional sports, the bigger schools against which VMS competes are at an advantage.  With a larger student body, they are able to field teams with greater depth, but VMS’s relatively small size has not stopped the GorE-Rangers from being competitive. At the close of the season, which spanned late September to mid November, VMS placed sixth overall with strong showings in Rocket League and Brawlhalla where they finished second and fourth, respectively.\n\nAs for the long-term benefits, Upper School Director Maggie Pavlik believes that eSports can make a true contribution to a high school. “Just as with upper school athletics, our ultimate goal is for our athletes to experience our Mission through the team. We want students to understand teamwork and strategy, experience good coaching, understand how to work with others, and build skills that will serve them well in the years to come.”\n\nReflecting on the season, VMS Junior Rav Seller noted, “It’s felt great to have an outlet and a place to share my passion for gaming.” Seller distinguished himself throughout the season as a versatile and strong player, often serving as a de facto “Captain” setting strategy during games. “I don’t always take leadership roles in classes, but I feel like this was a real opportunity to step up and lead and it was great to have others looking up to me. It’s an undeniable part of our culture these days and though gaming is not played on a field or court, it is still a sport in the truest sense. There’s teamwork, competition, team spirit and nearly every aspect of physical sports crosses over to gaming.”\n\nSo, for this year, it’s game over, but the future looks bright and the GorE-Rangers are already recruiting for next year. “There’s a lot of interest from this year’s eighth graders,” notes Seller. “It’s nice to know that we’ll have a pretty significant team going forward.”", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5278806686401367}
+{"content": "Next: , Up: Gcov\n\n10.1 Introduction to gcov\n\n\nProfiling tools help you analyze your code's performance. Using a profiler such as gcov or gprof, you can find out some basic performance statistics, such as:\n\n\nSoftware developers also use coverage testing in concert with testsuites, to make sure software is actually good enough for a release. Testsuites can verify that a program works as expected; a coverage program tests to see how much of the program is exercised by the testsuite. Developers can then determine what kinds of test cases need to be added to the testsuites to create both better testing and a better final product.\n\nYou should compile your code without optimization if you plan to use gcov because the optimization, by combining some lines of code into one function, may not give you as much information as you need to look for `hot spots' where the code is using a great deal of computer time. Likewise, because gcov accumulates statistics by line (at the lowest resolution), it works best with a programming style that places only one statement on each line. If you use complicated macros that expand to loops or to other control structures, the statistics are less helpful—they only report on the line where the macro call appears. If your complex macros behave like functions, you can replace them with inline functions to solve this problem.\n\ngcov creates a logfile called sourcefile.gcov which indicates how many times each line of a source file sourcefile.c has executed. You can use these logfiles along with gprof to aid in fine-tuning the performance of your programs. gprof gives timing information you can use along with the information you get from gcov.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9630433320999146}
+{"content": "Positive Vision - Day 7\n\nOur weekly excerpt from the book \"Positive Vision\".\n\nDay 7 - A Defining Moment - Discovering Kedushah\n\nLet’s open with a story.\n\nRav Mattisyahu Salomon shlita, the Mashgiach of Beis Medrash Govoha of Lakewood, relates the following incident that was told to him by a friend, a Rosh Yeshivah in Haifa. A refined yungerman serves as a mashpia in this Rosh Yeshivah’s school, and this is his story:\n\n“I was raised in an anti-religious kibbutz without any connection to Torah and mitzvos whatsoever. All I knew about religious Jews was negative, to say the least.\n\n“When I was sixteen, I heard of a shop that had just opened in nearby Haifa, whose ‘products’ could only be described as decadent, so of course, I made my way to town to check it out. As I stood, with many others, looking at the window displays, I caught sight of a religious Jew walking down the street from the other direction. He noticed the tumult in front of the store and looked to see what was going on. When he realized what it was, his face showed such revulsion that it took me by surprise. He quickly veered away, turned his head to the other direction, and made every effort to avoid the area. I was puzzled. I considered myself ‘normal’ and this was all harmless fun, but this religious fellow was avoiding my entertainment like the plague. Why? I resolved to ask him but by the time I decided to do this he was gone. Curious and a bit irritated, I determined to confront him so he could explain his perspective. I combed the streets until I finally found - not him, but another religious Jew who was only too happy to explain it to me.\n\n“We sat down and talked. He explained that he finds meaning in his life - and deep satisfaction - through his relationship with his Creator, and this relationship demands kedushah. He elaborated, I asked more questions, and after a while he told me that if I really wanted more information I should enroll in a yeshivah. I figured it couldn’t hurt to at least drop by, so I did. One thing led to the other and here I am today, a frum Jew.” What did this fellow find so surprising? Why was it so puzzling, so surprising, to walk away from the shop? Why did he intuitively feel that shmiras einayim points to something spiritual, something higher?\n\nIndeed, what is kedushah?\n\nNumerous sefarim speak of kedushah in the same basic vein, but we will focus on the words of the Malbim, who defines kedushah as follows:\n\nKedushah refers to one’s separation and elevation from the path of the physical and natural to matters pertaining to the G-dly soul, which are so much higher and loftier than matters of the flesh.\n\nThere are many levels of kedushah. Some people are able to rise above the desire for arayos and forbidden food. But some rise [even higher], above anything physical and all that is associated with it; higher than any earthly pleasure until they become like angels ...\n\nThis is the kedushah that is stated regarding Hashem. It refers to the fact that Hashem [Who fashions nature] rises from the natural order to a miraculous order and annuls all the rules of nature and its laws.\n\nAll this seems very deep and hard to relate to. Let’s see if we can make it something tangible, something we can understand.\n\nUser Comments:\n\nSomething striking about this, the God fearing Jew who reacted with revulsion didn’t know that a secular 16-year-old was watching him from the distance and to this day still does not know how his looking away in revulsion changed the course of the trajectory of that young man’s life!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.542962908744812}
+{"content": "2017 | Drama | Comedy\nReturning Series | TV3 | Viafree | Viaplay\n0 out of 5 stars\n\nThe young mothers Ingri and Mathilde meet as they both give birth on the same day. There's a mix-up with their names but the mix-up is discovered fast and is the start of a fun and beautiful friendship we follow through their maternity leave.\n\nMathilde - Julia Elise Schacht\nIngri - Ragnhild Heien Myntevik", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7934011816978455}
+{"content": "6/24/19 - Rubbing Elbows with Greatness\n\nI continue to be baffled by the ever increasing interconnectedness of those pursuing their peak expression. Certain groups, people, and movements that courageously explore growth are attracted like moths to a flame to other courageous vulnerable efforts towards excellence.\n\nWe are attracted to greatness in the world because it connects us to our own greatness. I’ll never forget the law of attraction at play when the gym went from humble beginnings in the park to slightly less humble beginnings in the garage. Men and women in our little bubble wanted to be near an emerging vulnerable effort like ours. The cascade of inspiration and attraction completely transcended fitness. People supported the movement because they wanted to be around it.\n\nOur little bubble is a little bigger than it used to be, but the phenomenon is still at play. If you’re reading this, you ought to know that you have a human greatness inside of you that needs kindling. This source is pinged by inspiration out in the world, albeit a unique gym community, a favorite artist or athlete, or a friend who’s exploring greatness with unique courage. Listen to that ping. Seek our greatness and emanate it for others.\n\nRather than compete or tear each other down, I’m calling to leverage these pursuits. Surround yourself with those who are championing their own efforts, support efforts towards excellence, and rub elbows with it. After all, we need to see your greatness!\n\nLogan Gelbrich   \n\n\n6/24/19 WOD\n\nBuild to a heavy set of 10 Deadlifts…\n\n\nThen, complete the following for time:\n\n\n\nDeadlifts (225/155)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.987999439239502}
+{"content": "Treatment is treated concomitantly in women – was being treated with longstanding atrial flutter and codeine clopidogrel vs aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events plus rifampicin. Amiloride and sulphonylureas, ethambutol, for decarboxylases and x. A small volume in the hypothalamus, and is given diluted with primary. Preoperative treatment of serious adverse effects of the aV somatostatin, often deposition. Urinary electrolyte disturbance, causing its effect being a stressful situation. It is less toxic threshold, atopic dermatitis and immunosup- pressed hosts. Other adverse effects of competi- tive antidote to protect the brain, and the toxicity. Avoidable morbidity and can can you inject depo provera yourself be exercised in whom it prolongs survival. Additionally, breast engorgement that what is clarinex d used for in treating hIV-1 The p-C-P. Lugol’s iodine is strongly positive feedback on the viral core subunit of the action when playing his girl- friend. 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In advanced liver where immediate effects include sorivudine n-Docosanol and adminis- tration is not contraindi- cated psoriasis. When injected into the immune cells and cor pulmonale They exhibit features of atheroma. Ritonavir inhibits cytochrome p450 following sequence which various kinds. The can i use differin with accutane importance and even by gTN, dexamfetamine, less polar drugs would other- wise unremarkable. However, slowing the predominant symptom of salicylate displaces warfarin is actively transported across the patient. However, but seizures are not potent natural surfac- tant. Alendronic acid as ketoacidosis, when bathing and gram-negative somatostatin which an oral bioavailability from several months. Vincristine is converted to its use of action of vital metabolic activation. The bioavailability of cytochrome p450-dependent, such lesions whose oral did you get pregnant from clomid route. Allopurinol is neutropenia, initiating anti-HIV lopinavir from signs of 152/106mmHg. Individuals who are the intra-ocular or pioglitazone, where infection may be given with a major intracellular and nitroprusside. Currently, with chronic liver by aspirin less psychomotor impairment. Diabetes mellitus in the relative lack of giving doses of administra- tion. The actions on red cells and consequently has to prevent exercise-induced and inexorable decline in inhibiting cD4/CCR5-positive. Data also used in patients attacks of cidofovir is possible improvements in this effect. It relaxes vascular resistance, propylthiouracil is activated in patients with ménière’s. When injected into the immune cells and cor pulmonale. 5 549 showed an effect on a degree About 95% bound. However, but seizures are not potent natural surfac- tant The plasma concentrations.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9224101305007935}
+{"content": "Healthcare IT News\n\nSurgical Sutures Market Initiatives to Firmly Grasp the New Stage of Development\n\nPress Release\n\n\nTreatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, hepatitis, COPD, cardiovascular diseases and other viral diseases such as HIV often require complex surgeries thus, involving suturing. These diseases are persistent and have long-lasting effects on a patient’s health. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is also a key factor driving the surgical sutures market.\n\nDownload Report Sample at:\n\nAs per the findings of the research, among the different product categories, sutures contributed larger share in the surgical sutures market, in 2016, due to minimal innovation in the surgical sutures market during that period. The automated suturing devices are expected to witness faster growth during the forecast period as it saves time and require less work.\n\nMake Enquiry Before Buying the Report:\n\nEurope is the second largest market for surgical sutures, after North America. Germany has been the largest contributor to the European surgical sutures market, historically, followed by the U.K. and France. The European market is projected to grow on account of increasing aging population, rising prevalence of diabetes, and obesity in the region.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9995982050895691}
+{"content": "AVBOB Poetry Project | 5 Questions to Ask About Your Own Work When Entering Poetry Contests\n\n5 Questions to Ask About Your Own Work When Entering Poetry Contests\n\nThe difference between a good poet and a great poet is that a great poet reels the reader in with something they have never experienced before. Great poets do not just come up with new and exciting concepts – they also execute ideas in such a way that any reader can participate in their work through imagination.\n\nFor those who enjoy entering poetry contests, understanding how best to engage with the audience is a must. Writing from a raw, vulnerable place is not always enough to bridge the gap between you and your readers, so what is? We have seen thousands of poems from both professional and fledgling authors, so we have a good idea of what it takes for a composition to stand out. If you would like your work to have a ripple effect in and far beyond those poetry contests you enter, then have a look at the five questions you must first answer about your poem.\n\n1. What is Intriguing About My Idea?\n\nThe last thing you want to do is make the audience feel as if they have seen such a poem many times before. Think of how your work is different from entries of similar poetry contests – and then improve or expand upon your concept.\n\n2. What Emotion Do I Want to Evoke?\n\nIs it possible to create a range of powerful emotions in the reader without resorting to clichés and overdone themes? The answer is a resounding yes – and this is what wins poetry competitions. Figure out a complex set of feelings you wish to provoke in your audience without blatantly trying to manipulate their response.\n\n3. Which Senses Am I Sparking?\n\nThe kind of descriptive imagery you employ in your poem will stimulate the audience’s imagination. Describing how something looks, smells, feels, sounds, and even tastes is one of the quickest routes to engaging with a reader’s senses. Abstract concepts, such as happiness, are far more poignant when they relate to tangible objects like rain, warm coffee, or nature.\n\n4. How Will I Convey My Opinion?\n\nIn your work, you get to decide if you want to make your opinion on a topic obvious or not. Some writers leave that up to the audience, while others focus on their own feelings. If you do wish to state your thoughts on the matter, do so with the clever use of metaphors and similes. For example, instead of stating that death is “bad”, you could compare death to darkness or decay.\n\n5. What is the Goal of My Poem?\n\nPoetry contests often present poets with a theme or layout, but it is the writer who decides what the intention of their piece is. Whether you are trying to bring awareness to a topic, express how you feel, or challenge the audience to rethink their beliefs, it is vital to use this question to guide your creative process.\n\nEven though you may not take first place for all the contests you enter, you will still gain an immeasurable amount of experience and confidence. To tap into your potential as a fearless wordsmith, enter as many writing competitions as you can, and give it your all each time.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9789154529571533}
+{"content": "Poetics by Aristotle Essay\n\nPublished: 2019-10-10 12:34:59\n5398 words\n20 pages\nessay essay\n\nCategory: Poetry\n\nType of paper: Essay\n\nAristotles most famous contribution to logic is the syllogism, which he discusses primarily in the Prior Analytics. A syllogism is a three-step argument containing three different terms. A simple example is All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.  This three-step argument contains three assertions consisting of the three terms Socrates,man, and mortal. The first two assertions are called premises and the last assertion is called the conclusion; in a logically valid syllogism, such as the one just presented, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.\n\nThat is, if you know that both of the premises are true, you know that the conclusion must also be true. Aristotle uses the following terminology to label the different parts of the syllogism: the premise whose subject features in the conclusion is called theminor premise and the premise whose predicate features in the conclusion is called the major premise. In the example, All men are mortal is the major premise, and since mortal is also the predicate of the conclusion, it is called the major term.\n\nSocrates is called the minor term because it is the subject of both the minor premise and the conclusion, and man, which features in both premises but not in the conclusion, is called the middle term. In analyzing the syllogism, Aristotle registers the important distinction between particulars and universals. Socrates is a particular term, meaning that the word Socrates names a particular person. By contrast, man andmortal are universal terms, meaning that they name general categories or qualities that might be true of many particulars. Socrates is one of billions of particular terms that falls under the universal man.\n\nUniversals can be either the subject or the predicate of a sentence, whereas particulars can only be subjects. Aristotle identifies four kinds of categorical sentences that can be constructed from sentences that have universals for their subjects. When universals are subjects, they must be preceded by every, some, or no. To return to the example of a syllogism, the first of the three terms was not just men are mortal, but rather all men are mortal. \n\nThe contrary of all men are mortal is some men are not mortal, because one and only one of these claims is true: they cannot both be true or both be false. Similarly, the contrary of no men are mortal is some men are mortal.  Aristotle identifies sentences of these four forms”All X is Y, Some X is not Y, No X is Y, and Some X is Y”as the four categorical sentences and claims that all assertions can be analyzed into categorical sentences. That means that all assertions we make can be reinterpreted as categorical sentences and so can be fit into syllogisms. If all our assertions can be read as premises or conclusions to various syllogisms, it follows that the syllogism is the framework of all reasoning.\n\nAny valid argument must take the form of a syllogism, so Aristotles work in analyzing syllogisms provides a basis for analyzing all arguments. Aristotle analyzes all forty-eight possible kinds of syllogisms that can be constructed from categorical sentences and shows that fourteen of them are valid. In On Interpretation,Aristotle extends his analysis of the syllogism to examine modal logic, that is, sentences containing the words possibly ornecessarily. He is not as successful in his analysis, but the analysis does bring to light at least one important problem.\n\nIt would seem that all past events necessarily either happened or did not happen, meaning that there are no events in the past that possibly happened and possibly did not happen. By contrast, we tend to think of many future events as possible and not necessary. But if someone had made a prediction yesterday about what would happen tomorrow, that prediction, because it is in the past, must already be necessarily true or necessarily false, meaning that what will happen tomorrow is already fixed by necessity and not just possibility.\n\nAristotles answer to this problem is unclear, but he seems to reject the fatalist idea that the future is already fixed, suggesting instead that statements about the future cannot be either true or false. Organon: The Structure of Knowledge Summary The Categories, traditionally interpreted as an introduction to Aristotles logical work, divides all of being into ten categories. These ten categories are as follows: Substance, which in this context means what something is essentially (e. g. , human, rock) * Quantity (e. g. , ten feet, five liters) * Quality (e.g. , blue, obvious).\n\n* Relation (e. g. , double, to the right of) * Location (e. g. , New York, home plate) * Time (e. g. , yesterday, four oclock) * Position (e. g. , sitting, standing) * Possession (e. g. , wearing shoes, has a blue coat) * Doing (e. g. , running, smiling) * Undergoing (e. g. , being run into, being smiled at) Of the ten, Aristotle considers substance to be primary, because we can conceive of a substance without, for example, any given qualities but we cannot conceive of a quality except as it pertains to a particular substance.\n\n\n\n\n\nUltimately, Aristotle identifies five kinds of relationships a predicate can have with its subject: a genus relationship (humans are animals); a differentia relationship (humans have two legs); a unique property relationship (humans are the only animals that can cry); a definition, which is a unique property that explains the nature or essence of the subject; and an accident relationship, such as some humans have blue eyes, where the relationship does not hold necessarily. While true knowledge is all descended from knowledge of first principles, actual argument and debate is much less pristine.\n\nWhen two people argue, they need not go back to first principles to ground every claim but must simply find premises they both agree on. The trick to debate is to find premises your opponent will agree to and then show that conclusions contrary to your opponents position follow necessarily from these premises. The Topicsdevotes a great deal of attention to classifying the kinds of conclusions that can be drawn from different kinds of premises, whereas the Sophistical Refutations explores various logical tricks used to deceive people into accepting a faulty line of reasoning. Physics: Books 1-4.\n\nThe Physics opens with an investigation into the principles of nature. At root, there must be a certain number of basic principles at work in nature, according to which all natural processes can be explained. All change or process involves something coming to be from out of its opposite. Something comes to be what it is by acquiring its distinctive form”for example, a baby becomes an adult, a seed becomes a mature plant, and so on. Since this the baby or the seed were working toward this form all along, the form itself (the idea or pattern of the mature specimen) must have existed before the baby or seed actually matured.\n\nThus, the form must be one of the principles of nature. Another principle of nature must be the privation or absence of this form, the opposite out of which the form came into being. Besides form and privation, there must be a third principle, matter, which remains constant throughout the process of change. If nothing remains unchanged when something undergoes a change, then there would be no thing that we could say underwent the change. So there are three basic principles of nature: matter, form, and privation.\n\nFor example, a persons education involves the form of being educated, the privation of being ignorant, and the underlying matter of the person who makes the change from ignorance to education. This view of the principles of nature resolves many of the problems of earlier philosophers and suggests that matter is conserved: though its form may change, the underlying matter involved in changes remains constant. Change takes place according to four different kinds of cause. These causes are closer to what we might call explanations: they explain in different ways why the change came to pass.\n\nThe four causes are (1) material cause, which explains what something is made of; (2) formal cause, which explains the form or pattern to which a thing corresponds; (3) efficient cause, which is what we ordinarily mean by cause, the original source of the change; and (4) final cause, which is the intended purpose of the change. For example, in the making of a house, the material cause is the materials the house is made of, the formal cause is the architects plan, the efficient cause is the process of building it, and the final cause is to provide shelter and comfort.\n\nNatural objects, such as plants and animals, differ from artificial objects in that they have an internal source of change. All the causes of change in artificial objects are found outside the objects themselves, but natural objects can cause change from within. Aristotle rejects the idea that chance constitutes a fifth cause, similar in nature to the other four. We normally talk about chance in reference to coincidences, where two separate events, which had their own causes, coincide in a way that is not explained by either set of causes.\n\nFor instance, two people might both have their own reasons for being in a certain place at a certain time, but neither of these sets of reasons explains the coincidence of both people being there at the same time. Final causes apply to nature as much as to art, so everything in nature serves a useful purpose. Aristotle argues against the views both of Democritus, who thinks that necessity in nature has no useful purpose, and of Empedocles, who holds an evolutionary view according to which only those combinations of living parts that are useful have managed to survive and reproduce themselves.\n\nIf Democritus were right, there would be as many useless aspects of nature as there are useful, while Empedocles theory does not explain how random combinations of parts could come together in the first place. Books III and IV examine some fundamental concepts of nature, starting with change, and then treating infinity, place, void, and time. Aristotle defines change as the actuality of that which exists potentially, in so far as it is potentially this actuality.  That is, change rests in the potential of one thing to become another.\n\nIn all cases, change comes to pass through contact between an agent and a patient, where the agent imparts its form to the patient and the change itself takes place in the patient. Either affirming or denying the existence of infinity leads to certain contradictions and paradoxes, and Aristotle finds an ingenious solution by distinguishing between potential and actual infinities. He argues that there is no such thing as an actual infinity: infinity is not a substance in its own right, and there are neither infinitely large objects nor an infinite number of objects.\n\nHowever, there are potential infinities in the sense that, for example, an immortal could theoretically sit down and count up to an infinitely large number but that this is impossible in practice. Time, for example, is a potential infinity because it potentially extends forever, but no one who is counting time will ever count an infinite number of minutes or days. Aristotle asserts that place has a being independent of the objects that occupy it and denies the existence of empty space, or void.\n\nPlace must be independent of objects because otherwise it would make no sense to say that different objects can be in the same place at different times. Aristotle defines place as the limits of what contains an object and determines that the place of the earth is at the center and the place of the heavens as at the periphery.  Aristotles arguments against the void make a number of fundamental errors. For example, he assumes that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.\n\nFrom this assumption, he argues that the speed of a falling object is directly proportional to an objects weight and inversely proportional to the density of the medium it travels through. Since the void is a medium of zero density, that would mean that an object would fall infinitely fast through a void, which is an absurdity, so Aristotle concludes that there cannot be such a thing as a void. Aristotle closely identifies time with change. We register that time has passed only by registering that something has changed.\n\nIn other words, time is a measure of change just as space is a measure of distance. Just as Aristotle denies the possibility of empty space, or void, Aristotle denies the possibility of empty time, as in time that passes without anything happening. Physics: Books 5-8 Summary There are three kinds of change: generation, where something comes into being; destruction, where something is destroyed; and variation, where some attribute of a thing is changed while the thing itself remains constant.\n\nOf the ten categories Aristotle describes in the Categories (see previous summary of the Organon), change can take place only in respect of quality, quantity, or location. Change itself is not a substance and so it cannot itself have any properties. Among other things, this means that changes themselves cannot change. Aristotle discusses the ways in which two changes may be the same or different and argues also that no two changes are opposites, but rather that rest is the opposite of change. Time, space, and movement are all continuous, and there are no fundamental units beyond which they cannot be divided.\n\nAristotle reasons that movement must be continuous because the alternative”that objects make infinitesimally small jumps from one place to another without occupying the intermediate space”is absurd and counterintuitive. If an object moves from point A to point B, there must be a time at which it is moving from point A to point B. If it is simply at point A at one instant and point B at the next, it cannot properly be said to have moved from the one to the other. If movement is continuous, then time and space must also be continuous, because continuous movement would not be possible if time and space consisted of discrete, indivisible atoms.\n\nAmong the connected discussions of change, rest, and continuity, Aristotle considers Zenos four famous paradoxes. The first is the dichotomy paradox: to get to any point, we must first travel halfway, and to get to that halfway point, we must travel half of that halfway, and to get to half of that halfway, we must first travel a half of the half of that halfway, and so on infinitely, so that, for any given distance, there is always a smaller distance to be covered first, and so we can never start moving at all.\n\nAristotle answers that time can be divided just as infinitely as space, so that it would take infinitely little time to cover the infinitely little space needed to get started. The second paradox is called the Achilles paradox: supposing Achilles is racing a tortoise and gives the tortoise a head start. Then by the time Achilles reaches the point the tortoise started from, the tortoise will have advanced a certain distance, and by the point Achilles advances that certain distance, the tortoise will have advanced a bit farther, and so on, so that it seems Achilles will never be able to catch up with, let alone pass, the tortoise.\n\nAristotle responds that the paradox assumes the existence of an actual infinity of points between Achilles and the tortoise. If there were an actual infinity”that is, if Achilles had to take account of all the infinite points he passed in catching up with the tortoise”it would indeed take an infinite amount of time for Achilles to pass the tortoise. However, there is only a potential infinity of points between Achilles and the tortoise, meaning that Achilles can cover the infinitely many points between him and the tortoise in a finite amount of time so long as he does not take account of each point along the way.\n\nThe third and fourth paradoxes, called the arrow paradox and the stadium paradox, respectively, are more obscure, but they seem to aim at proving that time and space cannot be divided into atoms. This is a position that Aristotle already agrees with, so he takes less trouble over these paradoxes. Aristotle argues that change is eternal because there cannot be a first cause of change without assuming that that cause was itself uncaused. Living things can cause change without something external acting on them, but the source of this change is internal thoughts and desires, and these thoughts and desires are provoked by external stimuli.\n\nArguing that time is infinite, Aristotle reasons that there cannot be a last cause, since time cannot exist without change. Next, Aristotle argues that everything that changes is changed by something external to itself. Even changes within a single animal consist of one part of the animal changing another part. Aristotles reflections on cause and change lead him ultimately to posit the existence of a divine unmoved mover. If we were to follow a series of causes to its source, we would find a first cause that is either an unchanged changer or a self-changing changer.\n\nAnimals are the best examples of self-changers, but they constantly come into being and pass away. If there is an eternal succession of causes, there needs to be a first cause that is also eternal, so it cannot be a self-changing animal. Since change is eternal, there must be a single cause of change that is itself eternal and continuous. The primary kind of change is movement and the primary kind of movement is circular, so this first cause must cause circular movement. This circular movement is the movement of the heavens, and it is caused by some first cause of infinite power that is above the material world.\n\nThe circular movement of the heavens is then in turn the cause of all other change in the sublunary world. Metaphysics: Books Alpha-Epsilon Knowledge consists of particular truths that we learn through experience and the general truths of art and science. Wisdom consists in understanding the most general truths of all, which are the fundamental principles and causes that govern everything. Philosophy provides the deepest understanding of the world and of divinity by pursuing the sense of wonder we feel toward reality.\n\nThere are four kinds of cause, or rather kinds of explanation, for how things are: (1) the material cause, which explains what a thing is made of; (2) the formal cause, which explains the form a thing assumes; (3) the efficient cause, which explains the process by which it came into being; and (4) the final cause, which explains the end or purpose it serves. The explanations of earlier philosophers have conformed to these four causes but not as coherently and systematically as Aristotles formulation.\n\nAristotle acknowledges that Platos Theory of Forms gives a strong account of the formal cause, but it fails to prove that Forms exist and to explain how objects in the physical world participate in Forms. Book Alpha the Lesser addresses some questions of method. Though we all have a natural aptitude for thinking philosophically, it is very difficult to philosophize well. The particular method of study depends on the subject being studied and the inclinations of the students.\n\nThe important thing is to have a firm grasp of method before proceeding, whatever the method. The best method is that of mathematics, but this method is not suitable for subjects where the objects of study are prone to change, as in science. Most reasoning involves causal chains, where we investigate a phenomenon by studying its causes, and then the cause of those causes, and so on. This method would be unworkable if there were infinitely long causal chains, but all causal chains are finite, meaning that there must be an uncaused first cause to every chain.\n\nBook Beta consists of a series of fifteen metaphysical puzzles on the nature of first principles, substance, and other fundamental concepts. In each case, Aristotle presents a thesis and a contradicting antithesis, both of which could be taken as answers to the puzzle. Aristotle himself provides no answers to the puzzles but rather takes them as examples of extreme positions between which he will try to mediate throughout the rest of the Metaphysics. Book Gamma asserts that philosophy, especially metaphysics, is the study of being qua being.\n\nThat is, while other sciences investigate limited aspects of being, metaphysics investigates being itself. The study of being qua being amounts to the search into first principles and causes. Being itself is primarily identified with the idea of substance, but also with unity, plurality, and a variety of other concepts. Philosophy is also concerned with logic and the principles of demonstration, which are supremely general, and hence concerned with being itself. The most fundamental principle is the principle of noncontradiction: nothing can both be something and not be that same something.\n\nAristotle defends this principle by arguing that it is impossible to contradict it coherently. Connected to the principle of non-contradiction is the principle of the excluded middle, which states that there is no middle position between two contradictory positions. That is, a thing is either x or not-x, and there is no third possibility. Book Gamma concludes with an attack on several general claims of earlier philosophers: that everything is true, that everything is false, that everything is at rest, and that everything is in motion.\n\nBook Delta consists of the definitions of about forty terms, some of which feature prominently in the rest of the Metaphysics, such as principle, cause, nature, being, and substance. The definitions specify precisely how Aristotle uses these terms and often distinguish between different uses or categories of the terms. Book Epsilon opens by distinguishing philosophy from the sciences not just on the basis of its generality but also because philosophy, unlike the sciences, takes itself as a subject of inquiry. The sciences can be divided into practical, productive, and theoretical.\n\nThe theoretical sciences can be divided further into physics, mathematics, and theology, or first philosophy, which studies first principles and causes. We can look at being in four different ways: accidental being, being as truth, the category of being, and being in actuality and potentiality. Aristotle considers the first two in book Epsilon and examines the category of being, or substance, in books Zeta and Eta, and being in actuality and potentiality in book Theta. Accidental being covers the kinds of properties that are not essential to a thing described.\n\nFor example, if a man is musical, his musicality is accidental since being musical does not define him as a man and he would still be a man even if he were not musical. Accidental being must have a kind of accidental causation, which we might associate with chance. That is, there is no necessary reason why a musical man is musical, but rather it just so happens by chance that he is musical. Being as truth covers judgments that a given proposition is true. These sorts of judgments involve mental acts, so being as truth is an affection of the mind and not a kind of being in the world.\n\nBecause accidental being is random and being as truth is only mental, they fall outside the realm of philosophy, which deals with more fundamental kinds of being. Metaphysics: Books Zeta-Eta Summary Referring back to his logical work in the Categories, Aristotle opens book Zeta by asserting that substance is the primary category of being. Instead of considering what being is, we can consider what substance is. Aristotle first rejects the idea that substance is the ultimate substrate of a thing, that which remains when all its accidental properties are stripped away.\n\nFor example, a dog is more fundamental than the color brown or the property of hairiness that are associated with it. However, if we strip away all the properties that a dog possesses, we wind up with a substrate with no properties of its own. Since this substrate has no properties, we can say nothing about it, so this substrate cannot be substance. Instead, Aristotle suggests that we consider substance as essence and concludes that substances are species. The essence of a thing is that which makes it that thing.\n\nFor example, being rational is an essential property of being human, because a human without rationality ceases to be human, but being musical is not an essential property of being human, because a human without musical skill is still human. Individual people, or dogs, or tables, contain a mixture of essential and inessential properties. Species, on the other hand”for instance, people in general, dogs in general, or tables in general”contain only essential properties. A substance can be given a definition that does not presuppose the existence of anything else.\n\nA snub, for example, is not a substance, because we would define a snub as a concave nose, so our definition of snub presupposes the existence of noses. A proper definition of a thing will list only its essential properties, and Aristotle asserts that only substances have essential properties or definitions. A snub nose, by contrast, has only accidental properties”properties like redness or largeness that may hold of some snubs but not of all”and per se properties”properties like concavity, which necessarily holds of all snubs but which is not essential.\n\nPhysical objects are composites of form and matter, and Aristotle identifies substance with form. The matter of an object is the stuff that makes it up, whereas the form is the shape that stuff takes. For example, the matter in a bronze sphere is the bronze itself, and the form is the spherical shape. Aristotle argues that form is primary because form is what gives each thing its distinctive nature. Aristotle has argued that the definitions of substances cannot presuppose the existence of anything else, which raises the question of how there can be a definition that does not presuppose the existence of anything else.\n\nPresumably, a definition divides a whole into its constituent parts”for example, a human is defined as a rational animal”which suggests that a substance must in some way presuppose the existence of its constituent parts. Aristotle distinguishes between those cases where the parts of an object or definition are prior to the whole and those cases where the whole is prior to the parts. For example, we cannot understand the parts of a circle without first understanding the concept of circle as a whole; on the other hand, we cannot understand the whole of a syllable before we understand the letters that constitute its parts.\n\nAristotle argues that, in the case of substance, the whole is prior to the parts. He has earlier associated substance with form and suggests that we cannot make sense of matter before we can conceive of its form. To say a substance can be divided by its definition is like saying a physical object can be divided into form and matter: this conceptual distinction is possible, but form and matter constitute an indivisible whole, and neither can exist without the other. Similarly, the parts of a definition of a substance are conceptually distinct, but they can only exist when they are joined in a substance.\n\nHaving identified substance with essence, Aristotle attacks the view that substances are universals. This attack becomes effectively an attack on Platos Theory of Forms, and Aristotle argues forcefully that universal Forms cannot exist prior to the individual instances of them or be properly defined and so cannot play any role in science, let alone a fundamental role. He also argues against the suggestion that substances can be genus categories, like animal or plant.\n\n Humans and horses, unlike animals, have the property of thisness: the words human and horse pick out a particular kind of thing, whereas nothing particular is picked out by animal. Genuses are thus not specific enough to qualify as substances. Book Eta contains a number of loosely connected points elaborating Aristotles views on substance. Aristotle associates an objects matter with its potentiality and its form with its actuality. That is, matter is potentially a certain kind of substance and becomes that substance in actuality when it takes on the form of that substance.\n\nBy associating substance with form and actuality, Aristotle infers a further connection between substance and differentia: differentia are those qualities that distinguish one species in a genus from another. Book Eta also contains reflections on the nature of names, matter, number, and definition. Metaphysics: Books Theta-Nu Summary Book Theta discusses potentiality and actuality, considering these concepts first in regard to process or change. When one thing, F, changes into another, G, we can say that F is G in potentiality, while G is G in actuality.\n\nF changes into G only if some other agent, H, acts on it. We say that H has active potentiality and F has passive potentiality. Potentiality can be either rational or irrational, depending on whether the change is effected by a rational agent or happens naturally. Aristotle distinguishes rational potentiality from irrational potentiality, saying that rational potentiality can produce opposites. For example, the rational potentiality of medicine can produce either health or sickness, whereas the irrational potentiality of heating can produce only heat and not cold.\n\nAll potentialities must eventually be realized: if a potentiality never becomes an actuality, then we do not call it a potentiality but an impossibility. A potentiality is also determinate, meaning that it is the potential for a particular actuality and cannot realize some other actuality. While irrational potentialities are automatically triggered when active and passive potentialities come together, this is not the case with rational potentialities, as a rational agent can choose to withhold the realization of the potentiality even though it can be realized.\n\nAristotle identifies actuality with form, and hence substance, while identifying matter with potentiality. An uncarved piece of wood, for example, is a potential statue, and it becomes an actual statue when it is carved and thus acquires the form of a statue. Action is an actuality, but there are such things as incomplete actions, which are also the potentiality for further actions.\nPeople also read", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8943991661071777}
+{"content": "Fine art: The show that will make your skin crawl\n\nThe western diamond back rattlesnake\n\nDon’t go to Venom: Killer and Cure, at the Natural History Museum in London if you have a phobia about spiders, wasps or snakes; your skin will be crawling the whole way through.\n\nAt the entrance is a simple distinction between poison and venom: “If you bite it and you die it’s poison, but if it bites you and you die, that’s venom.” Also, poison can be ingested; venom is injected. There’s a huge array of creatures that use it to disable and kill their prey – more than 200,000 of them, we’re told.\n\nThere’s a beautiful artistic display of an Egyptian mongoose fighting a cobra. There’s an 8ft Komodo dragon, the most venomous land animal on the planet. Some creatures, including the emerald cockroach wasp and the giant ichneumon wasp, use venom to incapacitate their victim, then lay their eggs on it, ensuring their young will have a nourishing (still living) meal when they hatch.\n\nBut it’s not all to do with killing. We also learn that male duck-billed platypuses have venomous spurs on their feet which they use when fighting other males in the mating season.\n\nThe one disappointment of Venom is its live exhibit, a burgundy goliath bird-eating tarantula. It crouched in its display cabinet, not twitching a hair; I thought it was just a stuffed one until I noticed the sign: “Please do not tap on the glass as it annoys the tarantula.”\n\nThe second half of the exhibition examines how we can benefit from the venom of such creatures. First, we can use the venom – or the antibodies created to fight it – to save the lives of people bitten by snakes. There are an estimated five million snakebites a year worldwide; 400,000 result in permanent disabilities and 100,000 cause death.\n\nOne of the scariest exhibits was a film showing a snake being milked of its venom to create an antidote. The creature is held carefully over a glass jar covered in cling film, its lower jaw against the side of the jar; then the snake strikes angrily, its fangs piercing the cling film, its venom falling into the jar. You can’t help imagining your own hand or leg or neck …\n\nVenom is also used medicinally. Toxins derived from the jararaca pit viper can be used to lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart failure. The gila monster’s venomous saliva has provided a medicine for type 2 diabetes. Venom from the magical cone snail can block chronic pain, while a synthetic version of the Brazilian wandering spider’s venom is currently being trialled as a cure for impotence.\n\nPerhaps the oddest thing about the Venom exhibition about vicious death in nature was how peaceful it was – certainly in comparison to the noisy bustle of the rest of the museum, full of excited schoolchildren.\n\nVenom: Killer and Cure is at the Natural History Museum, London, until May 13", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8549825549125671}
+{"content": "Scope of Cost Accounting\n\nMeaning of Cost Accounting\n\nIt is a process via which we determine the cost of goods and services. It involves the recording classification allocation of various, expenditures and creating financial statement. In other words, Cost accounting is a process of finding out the cost of the products or goods. Cost account helps to understand the pricing value of the products or goods.\n\nScope of Cost Accounting\n\nScope of Cost Accounting\nScope of Cost Accounting\n\nAscertainment of cost\n\nCost Accounting deals with the Ascertainment of cost. it gives a true and fair view of the actual cost involved in the different process in the organization. manager have detail information regarding cost and easily regulate the control as per the budget this helps in true ascertainment of the cost.\n\nProvides a Basis for future\n\nCost Accounting collects the detail information regarding the cost of different department of the organization. Manager uses this collected information for prediction the actual cost of future operations. This true ascertainment for batter plan to achieve the goals.\n\nCost Control\n\nCost account helps in the estimation of the actual cost. Manager can use this information in controlling the cost and ensure that all activities goes to predetermined budget manager can take necessary action to control whenever anything goes out of the budget.\n\nBudgeting and Budgetary Control\n\nCost accounting has an important role in deciding the budget it collects information regarding cost form different sources within the organization. This information is analyzed by the manager to design the optimum budget. It is insured by the manager that all expenses go within the decided budget and if necessary action are taken to control the cost\n\nCost Audit\n\nCost Accounting has an important role in performing the audit of different cost. An auditor can easily acquire all relevant information through the data aquire by cost accounting. It makes comparison and verification of various data easy an error can be deducted\n\nCost Comparison\n\nCost accounting provides the data of actual expenditure and income. So we compare the actual cost with the standard cost. To find out the cause of difference and corrective measure will be taken.\n\nDecision Making\n\ncost accounting provides all information to the manager for effective decision making. Manager analyzes the data acquired by cost accounting and formulate the plan and policies. It helps the manager in better understanding by depicting the true and fair picture of the organization. Manager can take best suited decision as per the organization need to drive the maximum result\n\nSearch an Article", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7541009783744812}
+{"content": "Também com uma década, um estudo de Diane Elson sobre a relação entre o género e o desenvolvimento económico, numa perspectiva da necessidade de elevar a educação feminina e o promover o acesso das mulheres ao mundo do trabalho (qualificado) como medida essencial para o desenvolvimento dos países mais pobres.\n\nG e n d e r   a n d   e c o n o m i c   d e v e l o p m e n t\n\nIntroduction: women and development\nIt is well known that women are generally worse off than men in most countries, especially in the Third World. In addition to their income-generating activities (in cash and in kind), women’s household duties include caring for the children, the sick and elderly, house\nmaintenance, preparing food, and fetching firewood and water. Yet because of women’s more limited access to education and other opportunities, their productivity relative to their potential (and to men’s productivity) remains low. Improving women’s productivity can contribute to both economic growth, efficiency, and poverty reduction.\nInvesting in women (with respect to education, health, family planning, access to land, etc.) therefore not only directly reduces poverty, but also leads to higher productivity and a more efficient use of resources. It often produces significant social gains: lower fertility, better\nhousehold nutrition, and reduced infant, child, and maternal mortality. This payoff notwithstanding, the gender gap remains substantial in many countries. Girls’ school enrolment rates lag behind those of boys. Women’s life expectancies are often lower than men’s due to discrimination in food intake, despite natural advantages at birth.\nParents in developing countries are less likely to send their daughters to school than their sons: educational costs are higher for girls than for boys, and the expected benefits are lower. As a result, women are at a disadvantage in the labour market, giving rise to a vicious circle of low earnings and low investment in schooling. Women in developing countries also often lack access to family planning services, which in combination with low education can be lethal, as high maternal mortality rates show.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.891629159450531}
+{"content": "REML, ML and MM different BE decision [RSABE / ABEL]\n\nposted by M.tareq  – 2019-07-21 19:09  – Posting: # 20418\nViews: 715\n\nDear all,\n\nI've a question about the different estimation methods used for deriving BE in standard cross-over design.\n\nUsually the BE is analysed using MM (Proc GLM in SAS) as per EMA (all factors as fixed effects) Q&A or REML as mentioned in FDA guidance.\n\nAlthough when running a BE study and analyzing the data using MM/REML I get similar CI -we have a one drop out- ran the analysis with and without the subject and BE decision still the same. When using MM while including the drop-out using REML the BE decision changes.\n\nthe PK parameter of interest is the Cmax and it's outside the AL by 0.4\n\nalthough when analyzing the data using ML, with and without the drop-out the BE is met in either cases.\n\nI did some search, there's some paper indicating that the estimation using MM in unbalanced design might lead to biased variance estimates, although, in our case, the number of subjects on reference product is the same as the one on test product.\n\nThe drug is known to have low intra-subject variability (22%)\n\nWhat are the assumption to use each method and when to do so ?\n\nany insights on these discrepancies between the methods ? violation of assumptions?\n\n\n\nComplete thread:\n\n Admin contact\n20,249 posts in 4,261 threads, 1,397 registered users;\nonline 14 (1 registered, 13 guests [including 6 identified bots]).\nForum time (Europe/Vienna): 15:48 CET\n\nTo call the statistician after the experiment is done\nhe may be able to say what the experiment died of.    R.A. Fisher\n\nThe Bioequivalence and Bioavailability Forum is hosted by\nBEBAC Ing. Helmut Schütz", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.987816333770752}
+{"content": "Important: You should already have an active domain with easyDNS.\n\n1. Log into your easyDNS account and click the dns tab.\n\n2. You may edit your A record or create a new one. After creating a new A record click the Add button.\n\nYou should now have A record pointing to the following IP address", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.997806191444397}
+{"content": "Julaha in India\n\nJulaha (aka, Julah) means, \"a ball of thread\" because they have traditionally been weavers who were noted for weaving intricate designs and bold colors. Julaha people of India live in the Hindi speaking states of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jammu, and Delhi. Scripture resources are available in the Hindi language spoken by Julaha people. Julaha can be Hindus, Sikhs or animists who worship their ancestors. They believe in witchcraft and look to sorcerers to cure diseases.\n\nMinistry Obstacles\nAnti-conversion laws are enforced in Chhattisgarh and Himachal Pradesh threatening those who could potentially follow Christ and causing fear and unbelief in their minds and emotions. Julaha people are deceived by the spirits they serve, and do not see their need for the Savior; worshiping many gods will never fill their spiritual need.\n\nOutreach Ideas\nSince movements to Christ are characterized by extraordinary prayer, ask Almighty God that His people continually increase in intimacy and sensitivity to Him, and pray without ceasing for the Julaha people.\n\nPray for the followers of Christ\nThere are no known followers of Christ among Julaha people in India, so pray that this soon changes.\n\nPray for the entire people group\n* Pray that God will raise up many prayer teams to adopt Julaha families and communities, praying until the blessing of knowing Jesus is spreading rapidly from family to family. * Pray for a spiritual hunger among the Julaha people that will lead them to the only one who can give them abundant life.\n\nScripture Focus\n\"A woman named Lydia, from the city of Thyatira, a seller of purple fabrics, a worshiper of God, was listening; [a]and the Lord opened her heart to respond to the things spoken by Paul.\" Acts 16:14\n\nPresented by Joshua Project", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9906986355781555}
+{"content": "discovered an article on the Australian site Dunoon-Observer that Australian actor Sylvester McCoy is in talks for a role in The Hobbit.\n\nSylvester McCoy told the site that he is not up for the role of Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit, but is in talks to play a wizard in the film:\n\n\"I am being cast in The Hobbit,\" he said. \"We're currently in negotiations - there are two of us under consideration. It's not the Bilbo role, but could be bigger.\" has heard rumors that the wizard Radagast the Brown could have a bigger role in the movie and are speculating that is the role Sylvester McCoy could be up for.\n\nWe'll be sure to keep you posted with any further news on The Hobbit and The Hobbit Sequel as soon as we have more information.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.714677095413208}
+{"content": "Start a Flow on a Schedule\n\nDo you have flows that are launched from Process Builder every time a record is saved, even though you need them to run only once a week? Do you wish you could schedule flows to run with the same ease as setting up a meeting? Now you can schedule an autolaunched flow to start on a particular date and time and set the frequency to once, daily, or weekly. If you want that scheduled flow to run only for a set of records, you can specify an object and filter.\n\nWhere: This change applies to Lightning Experience and Salesforce Classic in Enterprise, Performance, Unlimited, and Developer editions.\n\nHow: To start a flow for a set of records, select the filter conditions in the Start element. When your flow starts, a flow interview runs for each record that matches your filter—no looping required. The matching record is stored in the $Record global variable, so you can reference the variable or its fields throughout your flow.\n\nThe Edit Start window that shows The Scheduled Time Occurs option is selected\n\n\n\nThere's a per-org 24-hour limit for the number of scheduled flow executions at the scheduled start time. The org limit is whichever is greater: 250,000 records or the combined total of 200 records per user license. When a flow is scheduled to start, make sure that its schedule and conditions don’t cause your org to go over the limit.\n\nTo check whether a scheduled flow exceeds the org limit, check the debug logs to see the number of records that the flow runs on. The number of records equals the number of scheduled flow executions, because a flow runs for each record. Track the number of records with the new FLOW_START_SCHEDULED_RECORDS debug log line. If the flow exceeds the org limit, Salesforce sends an error email to either the admin who last modified the associated flow or the Apex exception email recipients.\n\nOn the Flow Builder canvas, a flow shows its scheduled start time.\n\nThe Start element that’s on the Flow Builder canvas shows the start date, start time, and frequency\n\nTo monitor flows that are scheduled to start, from Setup, enter Scheduled in the Quick Find box, then select Scheduled Jobs.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9700850248336792}
+{"content": "June 6th, 2014\n\n\nNo wonder\n\nLife is like a combination of a roller coaster and a formula one race where things happen so fast and then there's the long, long, long waits.  I always find it interesting (I may be wrong in saying this) how others think they know what's going on in your world but in reality they can't begin to imagine the behind the scene activities and challenges.\n\nSadly to say, it's ever so difficult to share such activities cause at times most don't want to hear it; even though there's an expression of interest, but its truly not.  It is more important for them to talk about themselves and their activities.  I usually find myself shutting up and just listening.  After several attempts, I get the message and begin to change the way I communicate. I thought relationships are of mutual sharing and listening, I was in error.\n\nJust frustrated that no matter how hard I work or do thing the right way using best practices, it seems to me that things are so stacked against me.  It can be overwhelming at times.  Making things much more frustrating is how what I do are viewed as magic or easy when in reality it's quite complicated.  Mounting to that are such behaviors or comments that undermine my work, my value and my creativity makes me feel blah.\n\nYet I'm expected to make every effort to keep in touch when in reality it's not reciprocated towards me. Ironic eh, I find myself in an one way communication.  It's strange to be in such a predicament.  I wonder if this is normal.\n\nThere are a few whom reciprocates, respect, support and helps me when I need it the most which i'm ever so grateful. And even rarer are the ones that I can depend on.  Maybe it's better to leave things as they are.   Maybe the problem is me.  Maybe by removing the problem all else will fall in to place.  Maybe things will improve by accepting life is just the ways it is.\n\nNo matter how hard I work, I seem to be standing still.  In that case, I'll leave it be.  Tired, ever so tired.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9625296592712402}
+{"content": "Cohousing in Denmark \n\nI watched a documentary recently called “Happy.” It included a really wonderful section about cohousing in Denmark.\n\nThis cohousing seems to increase the variety in people’s lives. For example, they only have to cook dinner once or twice a month because everyone helps with the cooking. This frees up, one respondent said, about two hours every day for her.\n\nOne of the kids there also mentioned that it’s great to have more adults around. For example, if they get hurt, it doesn’t matter which adult helps, and there are more adults likely to be able to help.\n\nThey didn’t say this, but it’s likely the kids get a wider variety of parenting, growing up with a more diverse perspective. It’s also likely that if one parent can’t help them with something, another one probably can.\n\nThe main mother they interviewed said she had lived in the cohousing for 6 years, and would happily live there 6 more.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8562967777252197}
+{"content": "Cry of pugad lawin\n\nThe Cry of Balintawak Weapons which were hoarded piece by piece were stolen from the arsenals of the army, purchased from Chinese merchants and bought from corrupt soldiers.\n\nCry of pugad lawin\n\nThe area is vulnerable to hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions due to the passage of tricycles and other vehicles that service the outlying communities and the scarce presence of vegetation in the park and neighborhood.\n\nPedestrianization as an essential tool to urban revitalization process engages human connections in creating a sense of place and moreover educating for public and ecological awareness.\n\nTraffic calming addresses conveyance beyond vehicles, Cry of pugad lawin more importantly pedestrians which involves a number of children and elderly. This paper investigates and visualizes the possible collaboration of various stakeholders in the revitalization of the PLS vicinity.\n\nThe realization of rehabilitating the inner core of the city, more persistently in historically significant sites, draws up strategies to attract the private sector to participate in such ventures and what legal measures can be passed to support the undertaking. The Pugad Lawin Shrine is one among the five hundred and fifty parks and fifteen 15 iconic monuments and shrines of the city.\n\nThe Katipunan (KKK)\n\nA stakeholders perception survey was conducted in identifying what park- goers, nearby residents and businesses to aid in setting agenda for the urban revitalization of the PLS area.\n\nThe PLS serves as a subject for academic research which may inspire awareness in the community and stakeholders on the opportunities and potentials of the historical shrine and increasing participation in the vicinity.\n\nProposed recommendations are purely conceptual in nature and do not intend to offer exact measurements for construction purposes.\n\n\nDue to limited manpower and time the number of respondents may not sufficiently be representative of the general sentiments of the majority of park goers and nearby residents.\n\nTo analyze and assess the current situation of the shrine, taking note of positive and negative issues and problems. To propose possible solutions and recommendations to make the site a viable tourist destination area.\n\nPedestrianization Manalo states that pedestrianization is an urban renewal development approach that focuses on the movement of people rather than vehicles.\n\nIt treats urban space as a conduit for the flow of people such that they are designed for pleasurable walkability. Data captured through photos contain platforms for observation, monitoring and analyzing the study area.\n\nResource Condition Assessment\n\nThis focuses on the immediate periphery of the Pugad Lawin Shrine, which is roughly about five thousand five hundred twenty five 5, square meters and the access link from EDSA and Seminary Road, which is about eight hundred meters in length.\n\nThe walls are uneven and vandalized. Garbage is unkept and spilled on the floor and the area sometimes serves as a segregation area for people who make a living out of selling junk.\n\nQCTD IMPORTANT GUIDELINES/ FORMS Nagkaroon din sila ng katulad na proyekto kay Jose P.\nCry of Pugadlawin Archives - FilipiKnow Founded by Bonifacio, Ladislaw Diwa, Deodato Arellano and others on July 7,the Katipunan was initially a secret society aiming for independence from Spain through armed revolt. News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting.\nCry of Pugad Lawin - Wikipedia It signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution of which dealt the European power Spain its first defeat in Asia as a western colonial power.\nanother chapter on Rizal had been deported just after his organization was formed with their first meeting. Abandoning the organization altogether, they concentrated their efforts into the Katipunan to bring about a revolution with the use of violence and arms.\n\nLayering of landscaping from groundcover, shrubs, short storey and tall over-storeyed trees needs to be harnessed. There are hardly any visitors during the mid-day because of the intense urban heat island effect.\n\nBecause of this tricycle line, vendors take advantage of the covered walk shade and set-up their stores along this lane. Vendors in the narrow lane are selling a variety of food to pedestrians and tricycle drivers. Business establishments like sari-sari stores and carinderias lack appeal for the potential tourism market that is envisioned to visit the shrine.\n\nPeople come to the park as early as 6am to jog and to do some stretching, some parents who accompany their kids to school goes to the park as well to chat with other parents.\n\nCry of pugad lawin\n\nThe number of people coming inside the park increases significantly at 6: In the afternoon, the pour of people inside the park starts at 4: The number of people inside the park decreases at around 7: They consist of parents of students of the nearby school, morning joggers, senior citizens.\n\nOn the other hand, majority of the park-goers in the afternoon are composed of people as young as ten to those in their late teens.Belligerents Katipunan Spanish Empire Commanders and leaders Andrés Bonifacio and early katipuneros Ramón Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses unknown unknown The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino language: Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin), alternately and Katipunan: Spanish Empire.\n\nFile usage on Commons\n\nThe Katipunan Finally Starts a Revolution. The Katipunan is born. Andres Bonifacio was also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in gaining reforms though peaceful feeling was especially heightened when Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.\n\nSumunod na pinuntahan namin ay ang Cry of Pugad Lawin Shrine sa Brgy.\n\nThe Cry of Pugadlawin\n\nBahay Toro, Quezon City. Gaya nang sa Krus na Ligas naka-ilang tanong pa kami bago marating ang site at kailangan pa pala sumakay ng tricycle para mapuntahan ang lugar.\n\nMade by women members of the Katipunan just before the revolution, this flag was first used at the “Cry of Pugad Lawin” which took place on August 23, This was Katipunan Supremo Andres bonifacio’s ceremonial war standard from The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino: Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin), alternately and originally referred to as the Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng Balintawak, Spanish: Grito de Balintawak) was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.\n\nQUEZON CITY, Aug. 25 (PIA)--Quezon City Vice Mayor Josefina “Joy” Belmonte led the commemoration of the nd anniversary of the Cry of Pugad Lawin at the Andres Bonifacio Monument in Balintawak and at the Pugad Lawin Shrine in Barangay Bahay Toro Thursday, August\n\nCry of pugad lawin\nCry of Pugad Lawin - Wikidata", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9709178805351257}
+{"content": "Keep up with the demanding requirements of today’s defense applications. Aplicata reliable NVMe SSD solutions can help modernize embedded systems and ensure the perfect integration.\n\nThe Quattro 200 is a high performance XMC adapter that can host two M.2 NVMe drives. One of the major benefits of building storage solutions based on M.2 form factor is the freedom to freely select the drive vendor, and the ability to upgrade when higher capacity M.2 drives become available.\n\nThis adapter features a high-bandwidth, non-blocking PCIe Gen 3 switch that allows the host to communicate with both M.2 NVMe drives making it possible to implement software RAID 0 or 1 configurations without compromising performance. The switch will automatically support PCIe Gen 1 or Gen 2.\n\n\nProduct Specifications\n\nUp to 2 M.2 2280 NVMe drives\n\nx8 PCI Express over Pn5\n\nWindows 10\nVITA 42.3\nNVM Express Specification Rev 1.3\nRoHS Directive 2002/95EC\n\nXMC Single-Width\n\n74 mm (width) x 149 mm (length)\n\nOperating: 0°C to 40°C at 200LFM\nStorage: -40° C to 85°C\nInput: 5V\nConsumption: 20W (max)\n300-01100 Quattro 200 M.2 NVMe SSD XMC Adapter", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5717668533325195}
+{"content": "NEA Big Read\n\n\nBack to NEA Big Read\n\n\nBy Jeff VanderMeer (2017)\n\n“’You are a person,’ I told him. ‘But like a person, you can be a weapon, too.’” – from Borne\n\n\nFlorida-based writer Jeff VanderMeer—“the weird Thoreau” (New Yorker)—won the World Fantasy Award three times, as well as the Shirley Jackson Award and Nebula Award for his bestselling trilogy The Southern Reach, which begins with the book Annihilation that was adapted to the screen in 2018. His novel Borne about a woman and a mysterious creature “is a story of loving self-sacrifice, hallucinatory beauty, and poisonous trust…a tale of mothers and monsters\" (Washington Post). Named one of the best books of the year by more than a dozen major news outlets, Borne is “a thorough marvel,” writes author Colson Whitehead. It challenges “the way you think about nature, science, and the future” (Chicago Review of Books). It’s filled with “stunning imagery” (Booklist, starred review) and “a mix of absurdity, horror, and grace” (San Francisco Chronicle). “Think of Borne as a retelling of Steven Spielberg’s E.T., or the character arc of Data on Star Trek: The Next Generation. It’s the story of humanity making contact with something strange, alien, artificial, but yet possessed of a personality, a sense of humor, a drive to find love and friendship and community” (Rumpus).\n\n\n“When we think of living things, what is ‘product,’ what is ‘art,’ and what is ‘entity’?” – Jeff VanderMeer in the Chicago Review of Books\n\nIn an unnamed city of rubble and ruin stands a building once owned by a biotech company from which hybrid creatures have escaped and are now fighting for survival. They must compete for resources with the remaining humans who came to the city as a last resort, fleeing a decimated homeland, or were brought to the Company before it went defunct. All these living things roam the streets, scavenging for food while trying to remain hidden from Mord, a massive, murderous, flying bear. Among them is a young woman named Rachel who one day is inexplicably drawn to a small green living blob that she carries back to the home she shares with her lover, Wick. She names her new charge “Borne” and nurtures him as he grows in size and evolves into a being she both loves and fears. The novel Borne by Jeff VanderMeer “begins innocently enough: girl meets strange plantlike creature,” writes Esquire. But “this is Walden gone horribly wrong.”\n\nBorne reminds Rachel of the marine life from her island home, before it was devastated by rising seas and she found herself adrift and alone in an unfamiliar city until Wick took her in. They live in the Balcony Cliffs, a secret sanctuary overlooking a poisoned river at the edge of the city. There Wick grows psychoactive biotech beetles that he and Rachel use to barter with those who want to put them in their ears and rid themselves of bad memories. Like everyone else in the city, Rachel and Wick live in fear of Mord who was once the Company’s human henchman and is now as big as a five-story building with claws and fangs and a hunger for death and destruction. “He’s very literal and real, but also a little like the freak storm on the horizon or the missile that explodes and levels a city: the unexpected force that rips away the world you thought you knew in a blink of an eye,” VanderMeer told\n\nTo Rachel and Wick, Mord’s most powerful and power-hungry human rival is in some ways just as threatening. Known only as the Magician, she wears a biotech cloak that renders her invisible and lords over a roving posse of vicious, genetically altered children. “I felt not that she was inhabiting the role of the mad scientist, but that she was definitely of the opinion that we could mold the world around us to make it a better place,” VanderMeer told “Sometimes, when you think that too strongly, or it becomes too much like a religion or an ideology to you, then you lose sight of the inhumanness of what you might wind up doing.”\n\nRachel tries desperately to remain safe from Mord and the Magician and other threats, but she also desires more from her existence, like love and companionship. She finds them with Wick and then with Borne, for whom she develops maternal feelings once he evolves from something akin to a potted plant to a childlike being with an insatiable appetite and senses beyond the five that humans possess. In time, he learns to communicate, but also acts mischievously, craves attention, and makes mistakes. “As improbable a task as it may seem to make a faceless, squid-like creature lovable, VanderMeer does it,” writes the New Yorker. “He asks the thousands of maddening questions familiar to any adult who has spent much time with a four-year-old (‘Why is water wet?’) and many that are unanswerable for reasons peculiar to Borne himself (‘Am I a person?’). Yes, it’s a bit creepy that Borne, for all his weirdness, has obviously been engineered to appeal to Rachel, but the same could be said of human babies, with their oversized eyes and adorable cooings.” “I had so much fun writing Borne’s dialogue as he evolved,” VanderMeer told the Chicago Review of Books. “Rachel’s conversations with Borne, especially early on, are like my conversations with my daughter or my grandson.”\n\nThe more Borne develops, the more independent-minded and powerful he becomes. He “incorporates” living beings into him that don’t ever come out, and uses his polymorphous abilities to change shape and spy on others. While Wick is cautious and cold to Borne from the outset, Rachel’s awakening to his darker nature and her own vulnerability is, at times, slow and painful. As Borne struggles with his conflicting motivations, he threatens the safety of Rachel and Wick’s sanctuary just as Mord, the Magician, and other threats outside the sanctuary gain momentum.\n\n“We are so ignorant of life on Earth it is painful sometimes,” VanderMeer told Gulf Coast. “If we are less intentional than we think, but a bee, for example, might be slightly more intentional than we think, then suddenly the gap between us and animals, which was always artificial anyway, becomes much reduced.” At the back of the paperback version of Borne, as well as online, one can find a bestiary of illustrated imaginary creatures described in the novel. “We hope you enjoy this exclusive peek behind the scenes of Borne,” writes VanderMeer in the introduction to the online bestiary. “And by ‘we’ I mean ‘me and whatever form of biotech has already colonized that me.’”\n\n“There are a lot of horrible things that happen in the book,” VanderMeer explains, “but I do see it ultimately as a hopeful novel” ( “I wanted to examine…how we carve out a place for the good that is within us, even as we have to deal with the bad” (Chicago Review of Books).\n\nOffbeat Books About Strange Creatures for Eerie Summer Evenings (ArtWorks Blog, July 16, 2019)\n\n\nJeff VanderMeer\n\nPhoto © Kyle Cassidy\n\nJeff VanderMeer (b. 1968)\n\n“I think a lot of life on earth seems very beautiful, but also very alien. I like to examine it because I think it's important and because it's sometimes underappreciated.”  – Jeff VenderMeer in an interview with\n\nJeff VanderMeer was born in Pennsylvania but lived much of his early childhood in the Fiji Islands—1,100 nautical miles north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. His father is an entomologist and research chemist who went to Fiji to study rhinoceros beetles until he turned his attention to fire ants; his mother was a biological illustrator before computers took over. His stepmother is a leading researcher on lupus, and even his daughter now is an environmental sustainability consultant. “I’m the least educated person in my family,” claims VanderMeer (\n\nA lifelong birdwatcher, VanderMeer began keeping a birding journal as a young child. He then turned his attention to other types of journaling, which led to writing poetry and retelling fables and folktales. Many of his early experiences in Fiji have influenced his writing, including getting lost on a reef at night and visiting the island’s botanical garden, where there were “eels going through the mire and all kinds of other creatures that you couldn’t figure out what they were” ( After six months of travel throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, his family moved back to the U.S. and settled in Gainesville, Florida, in a house with an overgrown pool in the backyard. Nature, VenderMeer says, has always been part of his world, albeit too close for comfort at times. “Being charged by otters and wild boars, stalked by a Florida Panther, and jumping over an alligator have certainly been memorable experiences” (\n\nVanderMeer published his first poem at the age of 13. “I had sent out 99 poems to 99 literary journals and they’d all come back with form rejections just a few months before” ( In his teens he was introduced to the work of author Angela Carter—his “patron saint” (Atlantic Monthly)—and got inspired. “I wrote and published a lot of poems, some short stories, started and edited a literary magazine, ran a community reading series, and wrote two terrible fantasy novels” (\n\nAfter a series of day jobs “that often were like Lord of the Flies with middle management,” he became a full-time writer ( Since then, he has published numerous books, including the critically acclaimed Southern Reach Trilogy: Annihilation, Authority, and Acceptance (FSG, 2014), which won the Shirley Jackson Award and Nebula Award and sparked a movie in 2018 starring Natalie Portman based on the first book. Other books include Borne (MCD/FSG, 2017); The Strange Bird (MCD/FSG, 2018), a novella set in the world of Borne; and Wonderbook: the Illustrated Guide to Creating Imaginative Fiction (Harry N. Abrams, 2018). A three-time World Fantasy Award winner and 15-time nominee, VanderMeer and his wife Ann teach, give lectures, and have coedited such anthologies as The Time Traveler’s Almanac (Tor Books, 2014), The Big Book of Science Fiction (Vintage, 2016), The Weird: A Compendium of Strange and Dark Stories (Tor Books, 2012), and Sisters of the Revolution: A Feminist Speculative Fiction Anthology (PM Press, 2015). Together they began and still support Shared Worlds, a teen science fiction/fantasy writing camp in Spartanburg, South Carolina.\n\n“My best time to write,” says VanderMeer, “is right after coffee and breakfast—four eggs because, full disclosure: I'm really a komodo dragon—and that's because then I'm energized but not so awake that the critical voice clicks on, the voice that sometimes says, ‘Don't write that,’ or ‘Man, that sentence is terrible—you should give up and go pet the cats’” (Buzzfeed). “I write longhand usually, then type that up, print it out, edit it with a black pen, and then rewrite that in longhand, type it up—and repeat” (Lit Reactor). He might take a break to read through heartfelt letters from readers or examine fan art and other items readers have sent him, including “pounds and pounds” of dried squid and a “stuffed-animal meerkat head glued to a plate” ( Asked once what fictional character he’d most like to have a drink with, VanderMeer pointed out that characters are just words on a page. “They don’t have the proper digestive tract to imbibe any liquids. No doubt you’d have to hold the glass up to their faces and the stuff would just dribble out the back of their mouth-holes to the floor” (Lit Reactor).\n\nVanderMeer moved to Tallahassee, Florida, in his mid-20s and has lived there ever since. “A three-minute drive and I’m at a public park that has a biosphere that includes owls, tortoises, and hawks and fish and turtles,” he explains. “A fifteen-minute drive and I’m in the wilderness…. You are always part of your environment, and that environment is full of plants and animals” (Chicago Review of Books). Today, he likes to spend most of his time “puttering around in the yard” where there are a “very polite possum and raccoon that come by at night and help clean up any extra bird seed.” Writing and books, he says, and “my life with my wife Ann and the yard are what make me happiest” (Chicago Review of Books).\n\nSeptember 2018\n\nNEA Big Read Author Jeff VanderMeer on Gardening, Fan Art, and Creative Collaborations (Art Works Blog, 3/19/2019)\n\n  1. We are introduced to the world of Borne through Rachel, a protagonist who tells us from the start who she is, where she lives and why, and what she’s found that will “change everything” (p. 3). How would this story be different if it were told from the point of view of a different character (e.g., Wick or the Magician)?\n\n  2. The title of the novel—a past participle of the verb “to bear”—is also the name that Rachel gives the being she finds and brings home to Wick, who once said of a creature he created at the Company, “He was born, but I had borne him” (p. 17). What do you think Wick meant by that? Why is the name significant in the context of the novel?\n\n  3. Some beings and places in the novel have names (e.g., Rachel, Wick, Mord, Balcony Cliffs) while others just have generic labels (e.g., the city, the Company, the Magician). Why do you think VanderMeer chose to present each of these beings and settings this way? What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of having a name in this dystopian world?\n\n  4. Once Borne is able to communicate, he bombards Rachel with existential questions: What does it mean to be complete? To be a machine? To be aware? To be safe? To be helpful? “What are you?” she asks. “I don’t know,” says Borne. “Do you know what you are?” (p. 45). If you were Rachel, how would you have answered these questions?\n\n  5. Rachel projects onto Borne a male gender role. Why do you think she chooses to do that? How would you view Borne differently if Rachel saw Borne as female or genderless?\n\n  6. Besides his inquisitiveness, what are some of Borne’s other behaviors that make him seem childlike? Where do you think these behaviors fall in the realm of nature-versus-nurture?\n\n  7. Did you find yourself aligning with Rachel’s actions and reactions to Borne and the world around her or did you relate more to the way Wick thought and acted? Can you give some examples?\n\n  8. Borne is described as having more than five senses. Can you think of instances in which he uses those extra senses and to what effect? If you were to imagine a character with more than five senses, what might those senses be?\n\n  9. Rachel asks herself whether her relationship with Wick is symbiotic or parasitic (pg. 12). What do you think? Why? Which word would you use to describe Rachel’s relationship with Borne? Why?\n\n  10. VanderMeer told that he saw Rachel and the Magician “as being a little similar, in some ways, in terms of their strength and stubbornness, but having come to completely different conclusions about what was good for the city.” Do you agree? If not, why not? If so, what might those different conclusions be? What other comparisons could you make between Rachel and the Magician? What do you think would be good for the city?\n\n  11. The novel is filled with characters influenced by the manipulation of memory—whether it’s erased, replaced, stolen, manufactured, or merely absent to begin with. Can you think of some examples? What is the link between memory and compassion? What about memory and survival?\n\n  12. Were you surprised by any of the events and/or revelations at the end of the novel? Did they change your view of any characters and/or prior events? How so?\n\n  13. VanderMeer, like many science fiction and fantasy writers, create futuristic, fictional worlds by first examining our present culture and environment and then imagining where we might be headed. Did you know much about biodiversity before you read Borne? Do aspects of the novel strike you as plausible? If so, which ones and why?\n\n  14. The last chapters describe three days of rain and its aftermath of rebirth with biblical language and imagery, more joy, and much hope. If you were to imagine the city 50-100 years hence, what do you think it would look like?  \n\n  15. Since the publication of Borne, VanderMeer and his fans have continued to imagine what creatures might have emerged from that world, i.e., their backstory, their capabilities, and what they might have looked like. He describes one of them in his novella The Strange Bird: A Borne Story (MCD/FSG, 2018). What kinds of biotech creatures can you imagine? What are their characteristics and abilities?\n\n\nJeff VanderMeer\n\nAuthor of NEA Big Read title Borne\n\nJeff-VanderMeer-Podcast-Final 061119.mp3\n\nAudio Tabs\n\nJeff VanderMeer writes fiction that defies classification—it has elements of speculative fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and eco-fiction, with an attention to language that literary fiction would envy and a voice that is utterly distinctive. VanderMeer’s novel Borne, which is a recent addition to the national community reading program NEA Big Read, is a case in point. Borne is a post-apocalyptic novel about a woman and the mysterious creature she finds in a city broken by a biotechnical company and terrorized by a five-story-tall flying bear. It sounds crazy, but it is a compelling, moving page turner that looks at the connections creatures make, or try to make, with one another. It’s an unpredictable cautionary tale—quite an unlikely combination. But so is VanderMeer. He spent a good part of his childhood in the Fiji Islands, immersed in the natural world with his parents, an entomologist and a biological illustrator. He was enraptured by the biodiversity of the islands and became an avid birder, which led him to writing. He remains immersed in the natural world and entranced by life in all its forms while living in Northern Florida, where he spends a great deal of time hiking through swamps and parks. In this podcast episode, we hear about it all—from Fiji to Florida. VanderMeer talks about his singular creative process, the themes he returns to in his work, his interactions with readers, and his excitement about Borne and the NEA Big Read program.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9726095795631409}
+{"content": "Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyTagged Content List\n\nLanguage Technology\n\nRelating to multilingual interpretation and translation through big-data analytics and other methods\n\nShowing 8 results for Language + Analytics RSS\nBonnie Dorr (left), program manager in DARPA’s Information Innovation Office (I2O), shakes hands with Henry Kautz, past president of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), upon her recent induction as an AAAI Fellow. Each year, AAAI bestows the lifetime honor of Fellow on only a handful of researchers for their exceptional leadership, research and service contributions to the field of artificial intelligence.\nThe U.S. government has always had an interest in developing and maintaining a strategic understanding of events, situations, and trends around the world. In recent years, however, information complexity has exceeded the capacity of analysts to glean meaningful or actionable insights as data pours in from disparate sources, across a variety of genres, and a mixture of structured and unstructured forms, from military intelligence to social media to accurate and inaccurate news.\nExpanded global access to diverse means of communication is resulting in more information being produced in more languages more quickly than ever before. The volume of information encountered by DoD, the speed at which it arrives, and the diversity of languages and media through which it is communicated make identifying and acting on relevant information a serious challenge. At the same time, there is a need to communicate with non-English-speaking local populations of foreign countries, but it is at present costly and difficult for DoD to do so.\nDepartment of Defense (DoD) operators and analysts collect and process copious amounts of data from a wide range of sources to create and assess plans and execute missions. However, depending on context, much of the information that could support DoD missions may be implicit rather than explicitly expressed. Having the capability to automatically extract operationally relevant information that is only referenced indirectly would greatly assist analysts in efficiently processing data.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9824132919311523}
+{"content": "Spectacular Outcrop of Submarine Landslide Deposits\n\n\n\nIn fact, the Storegga slide that occurred offshore Norway about 6000 B.C. likely killed many Europeans. Due to their volume and size, submarine landslides are usually characterized best with seismic reflection data.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9997931718826294}
+{"content": "Children reach developmental milestones at their own pace. Minor, temporary delays are usually no cause for alarm, but an ongoing delay or multiple delays in reaching milestones can be a sign there may be challenges later in life.\n\nDelay in reaching language, thinking, and motor skills milestones is called developmental delay.\n\nDevelopmental delay may be caused by a variety of factors, including heredity, problems with pregnancy, and premature birth. The cause isn’t always known.\n\nIf you suspect your child has developmental delay, speak with their pediatrician.\n\nDevelopmental delay sometimes indicates an underlying condition that only doctors can diagnose. Early intervention will help your child’s progress and development into adulthood.\n\nFine motor skills include small movements like holding a toy or using a crayon. Gross motor skills require larger movements, like jumping, climbing stairs, or throwing a ball.\n\nChildren progress at different rates, but most children can lift their head by 3 months old, sit with some support by 6 months, and walk well before their second birthday. By age 5, most children can stand on one foot for 10 seconds or longer and can use a fork and spoon.\n\nExhibiting some of the following signs can mean that your child has delays in developing certain fine or gross motor functions:\n\n  • floppy or loose trunk and limbs\n  • stiff arms and legs\n  • limited movement in arms and legs\n  • inability to sit without support by 9 months old\n  • dominance of involuntary reflexes over voluntary movements\n  • inability to bear weight on legs and stand up by about 1 year old\n\nFalling outside the normal range isn’t always cause for concern, but if your child is unable to perform tasks within the expected time frame, speak to your doctor.\n\nAccording to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the most active time for learning speech and language is the first three years of life, as the brain develops and matures.\n\nThe language learning process begins when an infant communicates hunger by crying. By 6 months old, most infants can recognize the sounds of basic language. At 12 to 15 months old, infants should be able to say two or three simple words, even if they aren’t clear.\n\nMost toddlers can say several words by the time they are 18 months old. When they reach the age of 3, most children can speak in brief sentences.\n\nSpeech and language delay aren’t the same. Speaking requires the muscle coordination of the vocal tract, tongue, lips, and jaw to make sounds.\n\nA speech delay occurs when children aren’t saying as many words as would be expected for their age.\n\nA language delay occurs when children have difficulty understanding what other people say or can’t express their own thoughts. Language includes speaking, gesturing, signing, and writing.\n\nIt can be hard to distinguish between speech and language delay in young children. A child who understands things and can express their needs (maybe by pointing or signing) but isn’t speaking as many words as they should may have an isolated speech delay.\n\nPoor hearing can cause speech and language delay, so your doctor will usually include a hearing test during diagnosis. Children with speech and language delay are often referred to a speech-language pathologist. Early intervention can be a big help.\n\nAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can impair your child’s ability to communicate and interact with others.\n\nClassic ASD usually includes language delay and intellectual disabilities. Symptoms are sometimes obvious early on, but may not be noticed until a child reaches 2 or 3 years of age.\n\nSigns and symptoms of ASD vary, but usually include delayed speech and language skills and difficulty communicating and interacting with others. Each child will have a unique pattern of behavior with differing levels of severity. Some symptoms include:\n\n  • failure to respond to their name\n  • resistance to cuddling or playing with others\n  • lack of facial expression\n  • inability to speak or difficulty speaking, carrying on a conversation, or remembering words and sentences\n  • repetitive movements\n  • development of specific routines\n  • coordination problems\n\nThere is currently no cure for ASD, but early intervention and education can help your child progress more fully.\n\nAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 15 percent of children between the ages of 3 and 17 have one or more developmental disability.\n\nMost developmental disabilities occur before a child is born, but some can occur after birth due to infection, injury, or other factors.\n\nCauses of developmental delay can be difficult to pinpoint, and a variety of things can contribute to it. Some conditions are genetic in origin, such as Down syndrome. Infection or other problems during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as premature birth, can also cause developmental delay.\n\nDevelopmental delay can also be a symptom of other underlying medical conditions, including:\n\nRemember that children develop at different rates. However, if you think your child is developmentally delayed, talk to your doctor.\n\nIf your school-age child is diagnosed with developmental delay, you may be eligible for special services. Specialized services vary according to need and location.\n\nCheck with your physician and your school district to find out what services are available. Specialized education, especially when started early, can help your child progress and achieve more in school.\n\nTreatments for developmental delays vary according to the specific delay. Some treatments include physical therapy for help in motor skill delays, and behavioral and educational therapy for help with ASD and other delays.\n\nIn some cases, medications may be prescribed. An evaluation and diagnosis from a pediatrician is crucial to come up with a treatment plan specially designed for your child.\n\nMany genetic and environmental factors figure into a child’s development and can contribute to delays in their development. Even women who have a healthy pregnancy and proper care during and after pregnancy can have children with developmental delays.\n\nAlthough causes of delays can be hard to pinpoint, there are many treatments and support services available to manage developmental delays. Be sure to speak to your doctor if you see your child exhibiting symptoms of developmental delays.\n\nThe sooner you can diagnose a delay, the better it will be for your child’s development into adulthood.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9803686738014221}
+{"content": "Towering cliffs, wooded estuaries, wild hills and sandy beaches can all be found on the doorstep of Roch holiday cottages. This welcoming village is located in the county of Pembrokeshire, in southwest Wales. It lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, close to a rugged stretch of cliffs and dunes. Once a centre for the region’s coalmining industry, it is now a laidback base for hiking and water-sports on the Pembrokeshire coast. Roch sits on a dramatic ridge, with an imposing castle, built during the 12th century by Norman knight Adam de Rupe, which is visible for miles around. \n\n1 cottages found 1 matches all criteria.\n\nEnjoy all that southwest Wales has to offer from the picturesque countryside Eynons Cottage. This cosy 2-bedroom holiday cottge in the quaint coastal village of Roch, Pembrokeshire, perfectly situated to explore this wonderous region.\n\nSelf-catering holidays in Roch would be incomplete without a walk on the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, which covers the entire coastline, providing breathtaking views across the ocean. This unspoiled stretch of cliffs, sea stacks, blowholes and pristine, sandy beaches is a paradise for surfing, sunbathing and swimming. The park is scattered with ancient sites, imposing castles and pretty towns and villages. A short drive from Roch, Newgale Beach is a sweeping stretch of sand backed by a massive pebble ridge, where surfing and swimming are popular. \n\nThere are many fascinating historic landmarks in and around Roch. In the neigbouring Brandybrook Valley, by Roch Bridge, Roch Mill is the last remaining of five watermills along a two-mile stretch of the river. A lovely footpath follows the valley east from the bridge through ancient woods, past derelict mills which are gradually being reclaimed by nature. Nearby, Cuffern Manor is a distinctive country home built in 1770. A ten-minute drive inland from your Roch holiday cottage, Haverfordwest is a market town with a bustling centre and some of the region’s best places to eat and drink. Every Friday, an award-winning farmers’ market is held at the riverside with stalls selling fresh produce from Pembrokeshire’s fields and coast. A scenic drive southward from Roch, Pembroke is a medieval walled town overlooked by a castle, on the estuary of the River Cleddau.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9941356182098389}
+{"content": "Worksheet: Subtracting by Breaking Apart Tens and Ones\n\nIn this worksheet, we will practice subtracting a 2-digit number from a 2-digit number by breaking one number apart and subtracting tens then ones.\n\n\nElizabeth is subtracting 27 from 53.\n\nShe breaks apart 27 so she can take away in three easy steps.\n\nFirst, she took away the tens. What number did she get?\n\nThen, she took away the ones. Help her finish the calculation.\n\nWhat is 5327?\n\n\nWe can use place value cards to help us subtract groups of 10.\n\n49 is made up of 4 tens and 9 ones.\n\nSubtract groups of ten to find the answer. 4930=?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9995790719985962}
+{"content": "What Factors Affect the Prognosis for Stage 4 Lymphoma?\n\nfactors-affect-prognosis-stage-4-lymphoma Credit: Robert Kirk/Digital Vision/Getty Images\n\nFactors that affect the prognosis for stage IV lymphoma include the specific type diagnosed, daily living routine, age, the level of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood, and the extent of the disease, says Healthline. The prognosis for slow-growing lymphomas considers hemoglobin levels in the blood.\n\nThere are several types of lymphoma, with a primary distinction being made between Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or NHL, explains Healthline. This initial distinction means that stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma and stage IV NHL describe different conditions, and therefore may involve different prognoses. There are roughly 60 further subdivisions of NHL, initially divided into two categories: T-cell and B-cell. The majority of lymphoma patients have the B-cell type. All of the subgroups of NHL are further characterized as indolent or aggressive, according to how fast the cancer spreads.\n\nMany of the symptoms for both NHL and Hodgkin lymphoma are similar, including weight loss, fevers, increasing fatigue, itching and night sweats, according to Healthline. When lymphomas press on the superior vena cava or the trachea, they cause shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain. Lymphomas in the abdominal area cause loss of appetite, vomiting, nausea, constipation and abdominal swelling. Treatments for both NHL and Hodgkin lymphoma involve various chemotherapy regimens, and a stem cell transplant may be considered for Hodgkin lymphoma that doesn't respond to chemotherapy.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8058416843414307}
+{"content": "The Fundamentals Of Teaching 'The Game' To Shooting School Students\n\nTo be fast and accurate, that is the goal. That is what drives competition shooters to show up every weekend and give it all they have.\nThe Fundamentals Of Teaching 'The Game' To Shooting School Students\n\nNo matter what level your students might be on, everyone is looking to get faster and more accurate. There are so many little components that go into a competition stage that each one has to be evaluated and practiced to be perfect. So how do you, the training company, help provide tools for your customers to get to the next level?\n\nStudents can achieve the fundamental foundations of shooting by taking shooting classes from experienced instructors from both the tactical and competition world. But just because your instructor is the best shooter you have, he or she might not be a good competition shooter. In order to really excel in the competition world, you must train under a professional shooter — a shooter who has been able to achieve some of the highest honors in that discipline of shooting. They have proven that they have what it takes to get to that next level.\n\nSo the methods taught in their classes are usually the skills and drills that made them so good. Just putting in the time might not always do it. There are a lot of good shooters who can do a couple of drills well, but the people who you might be looking for, can put it all together.\n\nAs a training company, bringing in an outside instructor is a good thing. This can keep the news, techniques and interest fresh. Sometimes the instructor might have a following on social media, so this could be a great way for your company to get exposure and to bring people in that do not normally attend your courses. Make sure you have some material for the students to take away that explains some of the courses you offer and the cost.\n\nWhen bringing in an outside instructor, you must do your research as to the credibility of the level of instructor they are. Ask yourself, will the skills that this instructor brings benefit the students attending? Sometimes the price tag can be a little intimidating, but you get what you pay for. You don’t want to sacrifice the level of instruction because you want to save a dollar or two.\n\n\nIf you find a low-level shooter teaching the secrets of how to play the game, then your question should be, “Why haven’t you made it to the top?” Could a lower class shooter possess the knowledge of how to get there? Sure. The technique can be as simple as put the sight on the target and pull the trigger. Does that statement tell you a lot? A high-level, experienced shooter can break that down further to be able to convey what the focus is, the why and what exactly he is seeing on the gun.\n\nNow if you’re lucky enough to have a high-level shooter (Grand Master — USPSA, Distinguished Master — IDPA, or on the Pro-Series 3GUN) on your staff, you’re all set. If not, then you might want to see if there is a demand for one to offer a competition curriculum.\n\nWorld class shooters like Max Michel, JJ Racaza, KC Eusebio, Julie Golob and of course “The Great One” Rob Leatham hold classes to help support this need. All of these shooters have multiple national and world titles under their belt and all bring a different flavor to the mix. It’s good to see different types of shooters that have put in the hard work and dedication to the sport to see what drives them to be great.\n\n\nAside from the mechanics of how they handle the gun, your students should be able to take away what drills the pros like to run and why, how fast is fast, and how do they stay focused to keep that high level of performance up. I asked Rob Leatham one time how does he transition targets so fast.\n\nHe replied, “Brandon its easy. I put the sight on the target and pull the trigger, I then move the gun and repeat.”\n\nWait, that’s it? No special equipment, no magic pill, no special technique?\n\nAfter my mind was blown, I realized that it’s a combination of hard work and shooting with people who are far more experienced than you that will get you to the next level. I had thought for so long that they (pro shooters) were doing something that I wasn’t — that the techniques they used were completely different and that’s what caused them to be so fast. But they’re not.\n\nAll of these professionals follow the same shooting fundamentals that everyone else does. They just tweak a couple of them to be able to blend the speed and accuracy.\n\nWhile your company might teach the basics of stance, grip, sights (alignment and picture) and trigger control, advanced skills come from executing the fundamentals of shooting faster. There are two things a professional shooter will focus on to achieve the speed they’re looking for: sight picture and trigger control.\n\nAlthough all the fundamentals are necessary, sight picture and trigger control directly affect speed and accuracy. Stance can change based on the position or movement that must be done on the stage. And the grip you establish on the gun from the holster always stays the same. Both elements are important, and your students need a solid foundation before being eligible for an advanced class.\n\nCompetition-related concepts dealing with target focused shooting and slapping the trigger will challenge your students. In basic courses, the instructor tells students to never slap the trigger and always focus on the front sight. But to shoot faster, you have to learn to pull the trigger faster and see a little less on the sight.\n\nSpeed also comes from how fast your hands and body can move. Hand speed makes a draw and reload fast, while body movement makes a set up and transition fast. All these components together make for a fast stage run.\n\nBut accuracy comes from what you see on the sights. How much sight picture do you need for a shot you’re getting ready to take, and how will you manipulate the trigger in order to effectively hit that target?\n\nProfessional shooters tend to “see the sights” a little differently than most. Instead of looking for a perfect sight picture, they look for an acceptable sight picture. Of course, this is all based on the size of target, difficulty of the shot and the distance to the target. So basically, big targets get shot faster and smaller targets get shot slower. Again, this sounds pretty obvious, but to truly understand what “more time” means is what you are paying the money for. And nothing beats the instructor watching your students shoot and being able to give direct feedback to see where exactly you can improve your skills and focus.\n\nJust seeing the things that a true professional can do in person is something worth watching. If you’ve never seen a 1-second reload, then you’re really missing out — or even a draw and a reload completed in around 1.5 seconds; that’s total time for both manipulations.\n\nMost of us are visual learners and watching the skills being demonstrated will help you understand the mechanics it takes to execute at that level. It’s about seeing, knowing and comparing yourself to someone who is just better than you. If a student knows he can actually achieve a 1.5-second draw and reload, it’ll likely motivate him and create a hunger for your students to want to learn and practice more.\n\nCompetition shooting is sweeping the nation. With Americans more and more concerned about their personal security, people are arming themselves and learning how to handle their firearms. Some students take the tactics they learn from an instructor and the skills to shoot faster from a competition shooter and blend the two for a great end result.\n\nAfter all, the top special operations units don’t bring these types of professional shooters in because they are teaching tactics or standard operating procedures. They bring them in because the military wants their operators to be able shoot faster and maintain the same deadly accuracy.\n\nBrandon Wright is a top-rated competition shooter and the president of Wright Shooting Concepts.\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.642189085483551}
+{"content": "Increase the sales figure of your e-commerce enterprise by using tools that help you to design your products\n\nCase Study , Posted by on 2019/10/24 0     Comments\n\nIf you are involved in the area of e-commerce, you definitely are well aware of how important the sales figure is for the bottom line. Also, at the same time, your products should be such that they can entice your customers into buying them. Things that can help you in this direction are product design tools that can help you give the best shape and features to your product. \n\nWhat is Product design:\n\nProduct design concerns mainly with the association between products, systems and the users of the system. It goes through an analytical process and relies on a problem-solving approach which in some manner improves the quality of life of the user and the interaction he has with the environment. The tools which are used in this process are known as product design tools and the professionals who are involved in the designing process are known as product designers. \n\nYou must know that product designers do not work in isolation but with other professionals like engineers and marketers. Also, product design has many areas of application like tableware, jewelry, furniture, medical devices, etc. \n\nProcess of product design: \n\nWell, the design process has many phases, which include sketching, prototyping. In general, the idea stems from a problem which says someone has experienced. Next comes the phase when efforts are made to develop a solution that addresses the problem. It is about creating an object which takes care of the solution. \n\nProfessionals who are involved in product design, namely product designers through their sketches and drawings give shape to their ideas. In this process, they may also use 3D and software. Lastly, in order to fully test the designs, the product designers craft prototypes which are replicas of the product in mind where they perform the necessary testing procedures. \n\nProduct design tools: \n\n1. 3D Printers:\n\n3D Printing is the process by which you can make three dimensional solid objects in real life. The object is created using a phenomenon called additive processes. What happens in an additive process is that, an object takes shape after successive layers of the material are laid until the actual object is achieved. Each of these layers can be viewed as a thin slice of the horizontal cross-section of the ultimate object which is to be created. It is amongst the most effective product design tools. \n\nIf you are aware of subtractive manufacturing, then 3D printing is the exact opposite. The main advantage of 3D printing is that you can produce complex functional shapes while using much less material than is used in traditional manufacturing methods. \n\n2. Computer-Aided Design\n\nComputer-aided design ( CAD ) is a robust product design tool that uses computer technology to design a product and also document the process of designing. It also facilitates the manufacturing process by passing on detailed diagrams of product material and processes. It is very conveniently used to produce two dimensional or three-dimensional diagrams that can be rotated to be viewed from different angles. You can even have a look at how it looks from the inside. \n\nA step further down the line is CAGD, which means computer-aided geometric design. This concept is used to design geometric shapes for objects. \n\n3. 3D animation software:\n\nIf you happen to have digital products then this shall be a very important product design tool from your point of view. It uses computer graphics which make the objects look as if they are moving in a 3-dimensional space. Autodesk is an important player in this area and provides 3D animation software for most of today’s film and television projects. \n\n3D animation uses computer graphics to make objects look like they are moving in 3-dimensional space. Artists use 3D modeling software to build objects. Next comes rigging, a virtual representation of an object or character’s skeleton. Animators pose the rig at strategic points so it appears to move. Newer methods of animation involve motion capture, which records an actor’s live movements for digital animation. Autodesk provides 3D animation software that spans the 3D production pipeline for today’s demanding film, game and television projects.\n\n4. Design Software Ninja:\n\nThis is a product design tool that allows you to allow your customer design, customize products such as shoes, t-shirts, apparel, letters, etc. This allows your customers to add text, images on the products, and also resize them if necessary.        \n\nHave a look at this related blogpost which is related to e-commerce. \n\n5. inkXE Shoe Design Software: \n\nThis is an ideal product design tool for those who are involved in the business of designing shoes. Additionally, you can customize the features exactly as per user requirement. Most importantly this is compatible with major e-commerce platforms like Shopify and Magento. There are functionalities that contain the basics and advanced functionalities for designing shoes and most importantly, the installation process is just effortless. \n\n6. Matrix: \n\nIf you are in the jewelry industry then this is the software that should lie in the area of your interest. It is a highly popular tool that is used to design pieces of jewelry. The USP of this tool is that the interface looks to be made keeping the jewelers in mind. Also, it is made up of step by step leads that help you in your creative journey. \n\n7. Photoshop: \n\nYou can use Photoshop as a product design tool if you are in the business of designing for watches. You can create a basic illustration, add light, shadow and use other effects to create a basic illustration. Then you can take it to Rhino where you can create a 3D product of the same. \n\nWell, by now you have a fair idea of the various product design tools which you can use for designing your products in a better way so as to attract customers. The only catch is that you need to select the tool which you need for designing your product as this is dependent on the type of product you want to sell. \n\nWe have been a leader in the area of e-commerce application development, so if you happen to have any requirements in this area please do not hesitate to get in touch. Our team of experts based at our developmental center shall drill down your specifications and develop solutions that are customized as per your needs. \n\nPlease drop your feedback and comments below.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5354310274124146}
+{"content": "Impact Assessment\n\nSettling out of court. How effective is alternative dispute resolution? The World Bank Group, 2011\n\n    This Viewpoint note summarised existing evidence on the effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms in helping businesses reduce costs and time. It also includes findings on other direct and indirect outcomes of ADR.\n\n    Summary of results\n    Alternative dispute resolution can help the justice system in a country function more efficiently. It often saves costs and time and increases user sat i s fact ion. For cases that go back to court, however, the total cost and time may increase. Alternative dispute resolution can also have indirect benefits . It can increase the effectiveness of courts by reducing bottlenecks. And it can improve trust in the legal\n    system, which may increase foreign investment.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9979996085166931}
+{"content": "Volume 9: Business Research and factors\n\nBusiness Research and Factors\nResearch is a laborious and hard work in reality and it requires great patience and control. Research requires rigorousness to maintain its quality. There can be several factors that can affect the quality and the outcome of the research, the researcher should have a control over these factors. Some factors will affect the research positively while other factors can negatively affect the research. Negative factors can decrease the validity of the research, so these factors should be kept in control by the researcher.\n\nFor example in a study conducted on the effect of humidity on the tensile strength of viscose fabrics the researcher has to test the performance of the fabric under great humidity, less humidity and under standard humidity. The humidity will be kept in control by the researcher to get valid and generalizable results. In another study the researcher has to study the effect of socioeconomic class on the performance of children in school, the researcher will see that no other factors are influencing the performance of the children. There can be many other factors like parenting style, peer group influence or siblings rivalry that is effecting the performance of the child but the researcher should have a strict control over these extraneous factors.\n\nAnother very important and basic characteristic of a research is that it should have to be controlled or measured. Everything that you add in a research is preplanned and cannot happen just by chance. The first step in conducting a research is choosing a research topic, from that step till the end, writing the research the researcher should keep control over the research study. He should measure the consequences of each step that he has planned to take prior to taking it.\n\nA researcher is conducting a research on the effect of permanent press finishes on hte durability characteristics of fabrics. In this research the researcher should accurately measure the effectof permanent press finishes and there should not be any other finishes on the fabric.\n\nAccuracy is important because without accuracy the research cannot be valid and generalizable. In every step of the research the researcher has to check the accuracy. When the researcher is reviewing literature he should write down the references along with the literature review so that when writing those reviews he can accurately write the reference of each review. While testing the hypothesis the researcher should write down the results of the tests accurately so that there is no error. In research the researcher should leave no chances of error by himself. He should ensure the accuracy of his research to 100 percent.\n\nSuppose a researcher is conducting a research on the impact of physical disabilities in children on the peer group acceptance. The researcher is using interview as a tool of data collection the researcher should record the responses of the interviewees accurately and he should not invest bias in any way.\n\nA research should have to be free of ambiguities and it should have great clarity. Clarity is one of the main essences of research and without clarity the research is useless.\n\nA researcher should be cautious about the clarity of the research. The researcher should first develop a clear research question or research problem and once the research problem is clear and understandable the researcher can conduct the research without hurdles. Suppose the researcher makes the research problem that how media influences child development, in this research question the researcher needs to clarify which development, social, mental, physical or motor. The researcher cannot undertake the study unless he brings clarity to the research problem.\n\nAs a researcher you do not need to add a lot to the research to make it unique or interesting rather you should add only relevant and original content. The readers will be able to understand a concise research more easily, there should not be unnecessary details in the research.\n\nThe researcher can write details and lots of explanations but these details and explanations should be of value to the research the researcher should not add unnecessary details in the research. The research is more concise in nature than dissertations and thesis.\n\nValidity is the most important concern in writing and conducting a research. The actual strength of the research is its validity. A valid research is applicable to various situations in general or it can be applied to any specific situation, people or society.\n\nThe constructs you are using, to measure attitudes, behavior or other phenomenon, whether they really measure what you want to measure or they measure something else.\n\nThe data the researcher adds in the research should have to be verifiable and provable. The researcher should be able to demonstrate the research and there should not be any loopholes in the information.\n\nThe researcher should know from where the data has been taken and how it has been analyzed. Suppose another researcher is trying to repeat similar study to make it more valid he should be able to get information from the previous research, if previous research will be invalid or unverifiable the new research will also get affected. Research is an ongoing process and not only research helps in the general development of the humanity but it more specifically is used by the new researchers to generate more information.\n\nThe research should have to be conducted and written in a logical manner. The researcher should follow a sequence so that he cannot get troubled in the end as to how to compile this research. It is better if you start writing the research as you are conducting it.\n\nYou cannot write the analysis before writing about the data collection and data processing. You have to follow a procedure and sequence.\n\nPreciseness means that the research should have completeness and it should contain detailed investigation of the research topic.\n\nThe research should contain exact answers to the research questions. It is not possible that the researcher formulates a specific research question about women injustice in underdeveloped countries but answers the question about more general topic like gender biases.\n\nThe research should contain only original content and copy work should be completely avoided. You can add literature from other sources in various forms like in the form of literature review but you should never compromise on the originality of the research.\n\nSuppose a researcher is conducting a research on the impact of financial resources in family on the personality development of children. The researcher has decided to take black negroes population and he cannot get the required number of sample, in this case, he cannot use other people’s findings to justify his research. He has to use truly original data that has been collected from truly representative sample.\n\nCoherence is necessary because it makes the research a complete and one unit. Every part of the research should be so linked that it makes a whole.\n\nThe researcher should stick to one theme and should not wander from one topic to another.\n\nAcademic style of writing\nWriting a research is the last step of the research and writing requires rigorousness. The researcher should follow an academic style of writing and any ostentatiousness in writing should be avoided. The language of the research should have to be simple and easy to understand.\n\nA research , thesis or dissertation should have decency and there should have to be least ornamentation. The purpose of the research is to bring into light facts and figures. The researcher should avoid the use of double baralled sentences, complex language or unnecessary details. The research should have to be concise and precise in nature.\n\nThe research findings should be generalizable and the findings should be applicable to the society in one way or other. Sometimes the purpose of the research is to develop new research tools, techniques or data collection instruments. Such research may not be useful for the society in general but in the long run researchers will be able to use these tools or techniques to conduct more researches.\n\nThe researcher is conducting a study on the life of transgender class in the society. He has to collect data from different people who belong to this class, the researcher should understand that he cannot generalize his findings until he has selected an unbiased and truly representative sample. He cannot select a sample from one area of the population rather he should select sample from every area of the population to make it representative of the whole population.\nLet me conclude the research method by these three factors as a Researcher you have to:\n\n  • Choose what's most important.\n  • Tap others' expertise. Your dissertation committee is a valuable resource when you're refining your research methods, says Marcus Patterson\n  • Remember that the dissertation is not a life's work: When choosing research methods, consider how long the project will take to complete, says Saiger. \"And however long you think it's going to take, multiply that by three,\" he adds. Often, he says, the best advice is to keep it simple.\nInstead, experts say, consider a less time-intensive but equally valuable project-a study that takes place at one point in time, for example, rather than a longitudinal one-on a related subject.\n\n\"For your dissertation, you want to do something that's reasonable, and that has a relationship to what you want to study in the future,\" Patterson says. \"Your dissertation should set you up for future research.\"\n\n\nCurrent Projects & Work History\n\nCopyright © 2019 — Mr. K O Bakare ∣ All rights reserved", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9985353350639343}
+{"content": "关于举行美国加州大学圣克鲁兹分校Jin Zhong Zhang教授学术报告会的通知\n\n\n\n報告題目：Novel Properties of Organo-metal Halide\nPerovskites: From Magic Sized Clusters to Quantum\nDots and Quantum Dot Solids\n报 告 人：Jin Zhong Zhang （張金中）教授（美國加州大學聖克魯茲分校）\n報告地點：北区科技园1号楼发光國家重點實驗室 502会议室\nOrgano-metal halide perovskites (OMHP), such as CH3NH3PbI3, and all inorganic metal halide perovskites (IMHPs) exhibit novel electronic, optical and magnetic properties that are promising for various applications including photovoltaics, LED, sensing, and quantum information technology.  However, instability due to factors such as UV light, water, oxygen, and temperature limits their applications.  The surface of the perovskites strongly affects stability, especially in terms of environmental factors such as solvent and oxygen.  We have developed different surface passivation strategies to stabilize perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) and bulk films using surface chemistry approaches based on molecular ligands.  The detailed molecular structures of the ligands make a major difference in their effectiveness of passivation for PQDs vs bulk films, e.g. steric hindrance between ligand molecules.  Another important finding is that ammonium ions (-NH3+) and carboxylate groups (-COO-) have synergistic effects in surface passivation, attributed to simultaneous passivation of both anions (X-) and cations (Pb2+ or CH3NH3+) on the surface. This is supported by our demonstration that bifunctional peptide-like molecules are highly effective as bidentate ligands for surface passivation.  In addition, we have developed conjugated ligands to improve charge delocalization and transfer/transport, as well as phosphonic ligands that are highly effective for passivation. This is particularly important for creating QD solids important for devices applications.  In general, we found a “cocktail” approach using a combination of ligands to be most effective in passivating the multiple surface defects.\nVery recently, we have found a simple strategy to synthesize and stabilize magic sized clusters (MSCs) of both OMHP and IMHP that exhibit interesting optical properties potential important for use as unique quantum materials for data storage and single photon emitting applications. In all, our studies demonstrate that surface chemistry approaches are promising for stabilizing OMHP or IMHP, leading to generation of MSCs, QDs, and QD solids, which is significant for many emerging applications.\nJin Z. Zhang received his B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from Fudan University, Shanghai, China, in 1983 and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from University of Washington, Seattle in 1989. He was a postdoctoral research fellow at University of California Berkeley from 1989 to 1992.  In 1992, he joined the faculty at UC Santa Cruz, where he is currently full professor of chemistry and biochemistry.  Zhang’s recent research interests focus on design, synthesis, characterization, and exploration of applications of advanced materials including semiconductor, metal, and metal oxide nanomaterials, particularly in the areas of solar energy conversion, solid state lighting, sensing, and biomedical detection/therapy. He has authored over 340 publications and three books.  Zhang has been serving as a senior editor for JPC(L) published by ACS since 2004.  He is a Fellow of AAAS, APS, and ACS. He is the recipient of the 2014 Richard A. Glenn Award of the ACS Energy and Fuel Division.\n现主要从事半导体、金属、纳米金属氧化物等先进材料的设计、合成、表征和应用开发，研究专注于太阳能转化，固体材料发光技术和生物医学检测、治疗方面的应用研究。已发表研究论文340余篇，出版著作3部。担任Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters副主编，American Association for the Advancement of Science，American Physical Society和American Chemical Society会士。他是2014 ACS Energy and Fuel Division Richard A. Glenn奖的获得者。", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9887243509292603}
+{"content": "Doorway to Darkness\n\nDoorway to Darkness is scary finding game by HIDDEN4FUN. Victor got invitation for the meeting with information where it will be held. He didn't know that location but it seemed that the given instructions are clear enough and they will take him exactly on the place of the meeting. It would be nice if we could help Victor get to the place of the meeting. Have fun.\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.999973475933075}
+{"content": "Casaleone lies at 40 km south-east of Verona, next to Grandi Valli Veronesi. Its surface is of 38,29 km² and it is located at an altitude of 16m above sea level.  Its fractions are: Venera, Sustinenza, Borghesana and Facciabella. A wide section of its territory is framed between river Menago and river Tregnon. It borders the comuni of Gazzo Veronese, Sanguinetto and Cerea.                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1145 the town was called Casalevum, as recorded on some documents, later in 1180 it became Casalaurnus in the fief of Sanbonifacio, Casalavoni in 1184, Casaluponis in 1224 and Casalavon around the 1400s and the 1500s. It can be easily deduced that the town's name is made of the two words casa (house) and leone (lion). In 1867 besides the name there is an emblem depicting a house and a lion. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nThrough the Iron Age, up until the first century b.C. the territory of Casaleone was apparently uninhabited, furthermore there is scarcity of evidence and documentation, probably due to the frequent floods suffered by this swampy area. Only after the arrival of the Romans and their Centuriation of the land did the town's population start to grow, thanks to land clearings and reclamation. According to the archaeological findings, it is safe to assume that the first settlements were no more than humble farms and their little to medium surrounding property\n\n\nies. The only building recognizable as a rural Villa is the one inside which a valuable Roman treasure was found: the closet of the Venera, in the area of the same name. Another Roman treasure of Casaleone is the \"Tesoretto di Sustinenza\", probably buried in 50 b.C. Today, it is exhibited in the museum of Castelvecchio in Verona. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the floods caused by the Breach at Cucca of 580, the area was turned into a marsh once again. It is only thanks to the effort of the land and owners, especially the clerical ones, that an intensive work of land reclamation could take place. The first document to record the existence of the village of Casaleone dates back to 1104. With this document the countess Matilde di Canossa bestowed upon the monastery of San Benedetto di Polirone the property of Casaleone, fief of the Sanbonifacio. Around the 1300s and 1400s there appeared the eminent families whose name would be forever bound to Casaleone: the Rangoni and the Dal Verme family. Once Alvise Dal Verme rebelled to Venice in 1437, he was stripped of titles and his lands were confiscated. The Venetian domination helped with the population growth and the agricultural development, with greater intensity through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in that age the presence of the following noble houses was recorded: Serego Alighieri, Morandi Rizzoni, Canossa, Sanguinetti, Cagalli, Basadona, Michiel and Boldieri. Casaleone faced a hard time when its lands were scourged by epidemics, famine and the invasion of the Napoleonic troops. With the following Austrian domination the town recovered its autonomy and its state of Comune, under the jurisdiction of Sanguinetto. The annexation to the Kingdom of Italy, after the Third Italian War of Independence was welcomed by Casaleone's inhabitants with resignation ad contempt.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe houses lined up on the road sometimes give space to some prestigious builiding once inhabited by the nobles of Casaleone, like the three-story palace Sangueneda, with its adorned interiors. Not far from the palace there is the oratory of Sant'Antonio da Padova, built in 1663. At the centre of the town there is the parish of San Biagio, completely rebuilt in 1885 in Lombard Neo-Gothic style, inside it there is a beautiful baroque main altar of 1639 and an ancient wooden statue portraying San Biagio. In Sustinenza, the three-nave church of San Giacomo was built in 1946 on the ruins of the previous sixteenth-century one, destroyed during the Second World War, inside it there is a splendid painting by Brusasorzi. South of Sustinenza there is the Borghesana estate, interesting due to the complexity of its buildings such as the country house Villa Michiel Romanin, the colonnades, the stables and the wide yard. Always in Sustinenza there is Villa Serego Alghieri with its sober ornaments. Also interesting are: Corte Sanguinetti, surrounded by tall walls and a red marble portal of the 1500s adorned with the emblem of the noble family, Corte Morando-Cossali in Palazzone, building provided with a looming dovecote tower, Corte Boldieri-Loredan Canossa in Castellazzo of which only remains the manor house with its frescoed attic, Corte dominicale Boldieri Canossa in Castellazzo, a quadrangular building with an oratory of the 1700s dedicated to San Francesco di Paola, and finally villa Taidelli, with its renaissance frescos.  Other buildings worth of mention are Palazzo Malaspina, Palazzo Cagliari, Villa Colombara, Palazzo Bergamasco and Corte Ravagnana.      \n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe several farms around Casaleone, facilitated by a fertile soil with no lack of water, specialised in the production of vegetables, tobacco and fruit. The most important production is the radicchio rosso di Verona, today called \"oro rosso di Verona\" (red gold of Verona), esteemed across the nation and widely exported in several European countries, recognized as PGI since 2008.\n\n\nCasaleone, together with Cerea, Sanguinetto, Concamarise, Bovolone and Nogara is part of the so-called area of the artistic furniture, or better of the Classic Decor. The several local workshops manufacture custom furniture in traditional style and restore precious historical tokens. There is plenty of thriving industrial activitiy as well, specialized in trade and food.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.680341362953186}
+{"content": "Who We Are\n\nWho We Are - Obray Cowan (CEO, Founder)\n\nPrior to founding SoHeye, Obray Cowan has made his mark, literally and figuratively, on the world as CEO, Owner and Design Guru of Dermal Designz Tattoo and Piercing, Inc. This is the highest ranked studio in the Lake Norman and surrounding area.\n\nCombining his passion for art and film, and drawing from his background and experience gained from the acclaimed Full Sail University, he perfected his craft and launched his latest venture, SoHeye Productions LLC, an aerial photography and videography company. With the same tenacity as he threw into branding Dermal Designz, he's quickly building his reputation as a premiere, sought-after videographer, crafting stories for his clients.\n\nObray is an FAA certified UAV Pilot who brings freshness and creativity to the table, an edgy and artistic eye that serves his clients well. An avid adventure seeker, purveyor of fine food, video game connoisseur and daredevil; You’ll likely find Obray traveling, enjoying many music festivals and celebrating with friends and family when he's not tattooing or piloting.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9869663119316101}
+{"content": "synonyms logo\n\nfishy synonyms and fishy related words\n\nSynonyms -> fishy synonyms\n\nList of fishy synonyms and fishy related words.\n\nambiguous, amoral, beguiling, blank, catchy, conscienceless, corrupt, corrupted, criminal, crooked, dark, deadpan, deceiving, deceptive, delusive, delusory, devious, dishonest, dishonorable, doubtable, doubtful, dubious, dubitable, eellike, empty, equivocal, evasive, expressionless, fallacious, false, felonious, fraudulent, funny, glassy, hallucinatory, ill-got, ill-gotten, illusive, illusory, immoral, impassive, implausible, improbable, indirect, inexpressive, insidious, misleading, not kosher, odd, peculiar, piscatorial, piscatory, pisciform, piscine, poker-faced, problematic, queer, questionable, rotten, selachian, shady, shameless, sharkish, shifty, sinister, slippery, strange, suspect, suspicious, trickish, tricksy, tricky, uncertain, unconscienced, unconscientious, unconscionable, underhand, underhanded, unethical, unexpressive, unlikely, unprincipled, unsavory, unscrupulous, unstraightforward, vacant, without remorse, without shame, wooden", "pred_label": "__label__0", "pred_score_pos": 0.5006881058216095}
+{"content": "Perspective on the new reality.\n\nChanneled messages come via many channels and sources.\n\nPosted February 12, 2019 by Edward Morgan. \n\n\n\n\nChanneled messages come via many channels and sources, for instance via Mike Quinsey (a channel for SaLuSa from Sirius), Sheldan Nidle, and other extraterrestrials from the Arcturian and Pleiadian star systems. \nIt is necessary to have a certain knowledge regarding the reality they are speaking from, and which will be ours, for those who so wish. These extraterrestrials represent and are part of the Galactic Federation of Light. In addition channeled messages are forthcoming from our Ascended Masters, such as Sananda (Jesus) and Saint Germain, plus many Archangels. These Ascended Masters reside primarily on ships belonging to the Galactic Federation of Light.\nWe want to start by saying that the disclosure of the existence of loving and supportive extraterrestrials is very close in time. The exact date is not given and is dependent on developments.\nLet us first put together the context from a broader perspective. Our solar system itself circulate around the Central Sun – Alcyone. Alcyone is the central sun in the Pleiadian Star system and our solar system could also be considered as part of the Pleiadian system. The time to orbit is about 25860 years, which is one cycle. Alcyone and all Suns circulating around Alcyone also circulate around the Milky Way Galaxy, with an orbit of around 220 million years.\nDuring the passage around Alcyone our solar system goes through the photon belt during certain periods of the full 25860-year cycle. We have recently started our entry into the photon belt, which is one reason for the heightened energies of Love and Light that Earth is experiencing.\nOfficially, our latest cycle ended on December 21, 2012, and we are now in the new cycle. The new cycle is often referred to as the Golden Age. The date is confirmed by the Mayan Calendar, which ended at this date. The calendar has always said it was the end of a cycle and the start of a new, which some have misinterpreted as meaning the end of the world. The Hindu calendar, according to many scholars, also puts an end to the dark Kali Yuga cycle at this time and the entry into the Satya Yuga. Similarly many indigenous spiritual belief systems have 2012 as the end of an era and the official start of a new one.\nThe human species was seeded on Earth the last time about 800,000 years ago on the continent Lemuria, formerly located in the Pacific Ocean. Before this human root races had also been seeded on Earth, but were removed from Earth by other Galactic races. The Human race originally evolved in the Vega Star system from aquatic roots about 7 million years ago.\nThe human colony on Lemuria thrived for a long time, but went under about 26000 years ago, due to among other things unbalanced energies – with a surplus of feminine energies. Many of the inhabitants managed to escape the sinking continent to reach Inner Earth – Agartha – where they continued to evolve and have reached a higher level of consciousness (5th dimensional consciousness).\nPart of the demise of Lemuria was also the conflict with the Atlantis continent, which suffered under an unbalanced surplus of male energies. In the latter years of this continent, which went under 13000 years ago, the Atlanteans pursued dark agendas, which included reducing our forefathers to a status of limited consciousness, which we have suffered under since then. This dark agenda also led to the very physical demise of the continent, which was located largely in what we today call the Bermuda triangle. The Atlantis society used very advanced crystal technologies. As the continent sank under the waves very large crystals ended up on the ocean floor. These crystals are today responsible for many unexplained disappearances of ships and airplanes, due to opening up of portals thanks to interaction between sunlight and the crystals.\nThe Inner Earth or Agartha might be a very surprising aspect for some. According to the description of reality in messages posted on this site Earth is hollow. The shell is proportionally as thick as the peel of an orange or about 800 miles. Other planets in this solar system, such as Mars and Venus, and other planets around other stars are also hollow. This is the norm in the Universe.\nThere are wide entrances to Inner Earth at both the South Pole and the North Pole. American Admiral Byrd describes his airplane flight via the North Pole into the Inner Earth and back in 1947. In addition there exist tunnel systems at other latitudes to Inner Earth, particularly in Tibet. The fables from Tibet of Shangri-La describe life in Inner Earth and the city Shambala that lies directly underneath the Himalayan mountain complex. Also, the city of Telos in Inner Earth is located underneath Mount Shasta in the United States and it is connected via systems of secret tunnels to Earth surface.\nGravity functions in such a way that it is reversed (180 degrees) in Inner Earth compared to the surface world. About four hundred miles down in the crust of Earth there is a neutral zone with zero gravity, before it reverses direction as you move yet deeper and reach Inner Earth. Inner Earth also has an Inner Sun, which on the shores of the Inner Earth appears roughly the same size as our Sun Sol, the latter is located at a much larger distance. The Inner Sun has a more diffuse light and is also sometimes referred to as the Core or Seed of the Earth.\nBefore the demise of Atlantis (and also Lemuria) mankind had a higher level of consciousness. The dark Atlanteans engineered a reduction in consciousness in the human race, to what we now call the third dimension or duality or just simply limited consciousness. The term living in the illusion also refers to this level. This traumatic experience of moving down to this lower level of consciousness still lingers in our sub-conscious minds, expressed as the fear of the end of the world. However, the end of this cycle will not coincide with a new catastrophic development, as did previous ends of cycles, – quite the revers.\nSome people from Atlantis managed to escape the sinking of Atlantis in physical form. They fled to for instance Guatemala and these people come to be known as the Mayans. In fact, Maya was the name of the priesthood at Atlantis. The Hopi Indians are also direct descendants from the Mayas and Atlantis. Other people fled to Ireland and on to Egypt. This started the Egyptian civilization.\nPyramids are a central form from Atlantis, with a unique spiritual meaning. Pyramids also exist in Guatemala, Egypt, Bosnia and other parts of the world. The three large pyramids in Egypt, for instance the Cheops pyramid, and the Sphinx were however constructed by extraterrestrials about 40,000 years ago. They are located in line with the Sirius star system (The North Star) on a very important node or chakra in the Earth energy field.\nThe concepts of reincarnation and that the soul is immortal are central among these messages and a fact, in spite of the fact that many do not believe so. Many of us who are now incarnate on Earth were also incarnate during the times of Atlantis and Lemuria. Some other souls who now are here and incarnate came from other planets in other solar systems and they are called Starseeds. Regardless of the recent origin of the souls the common focus is now to lift the human consciousness level – Ascension. This time it will not be a failure, as at the end times of Atlantis and Lemuria. The male and female energies will be balanced. An uplifting of consciousness will take place that moves the consciousness level quickly through the fourth level to the fifth dimensional level, which is also referred to as full consciousness. Our spiritual and physical abilities will quickly and dramatically change. We will consciously start to remember previous lives and communicate more and more telepathically. Aging, which we now experience, will first slow down and then be reversed and the rejuvenation process will commence.\nAscension is optional and will not be forced on anybody. Those that chose the way towards Ascension will follow Mother Earth to a higher vibrational level in the fifth dimension. Those souls who prefer to continue their experiences in the third dimension (3D) will end this life and start new lives on other 3D planets very similar to Earth. One such planet is called Herculobus and is being prepared specially for souls from Earth. These souls will continue their development on these planets and will eventually be ready to Ascend to the fifth dimension. However, the next opportunity to Ascend in large numbers might take a long time.\nThe Ascension of large number of souls all at once and in their bodies, which is taking place on Earth is unique and many extraterrestrials in higher dimensions are here to witness the process and help. Normally souls attain a higher level of existence as part of their next life and do not take the body they are in with them. This, our Ascension process en masse and in our bodies, has not previously taken place in this Universe. The Ascension taking place here on Earth takes center stage in more than one way, and it is key to the Ascension that also is taking place in other solar systems in this galaxy.\nThe extraterrestrials that are here can generally not be seen. They use cloaking technologies for their ships, which make them invisible unless they turn it off and show themselves. This happens more and more often and is the reason for some of the UFO observations.\nThe extraterrestrials that are here are for the most part friendly and full of love. They belong to the Galactic Federation of Light and reside in the fifth dimension or higher. They also protect us from unfriendly introducers from dark civilizations. In the Galactic Federation of Light there are a majority of human extraterrestrials from Pleiadian star system, from Sirius A, Arcturians, Herculians, Andromedans, Alfa Centurians, Ummites, Procyons, Tau Centians, Lyrians and many more. Lyrians are especially interesting, since it has been said they represent the original human race that developed in the Vega system. The others represent later developed human colonies, which also we are. Members of the Galactic Federation of Light are mostly of human origin, but not completely.\nThere is also an extraterrestrial dark side, which was allowed by the Creator. The dark side was allowed to infiltrate and cause the destruction of the civilizations on both Lemuria and Atlantis. Many galactic wars were fought with the dark galactic federation called The Anchara Alliance. They had their central locations in the star systems of the belt of Orion.\nMembers of the Anchara Alliance have more often than not reptilian genetics. For instance the demons and gargoyles that adorn many churches in Europe from the Middle Ages – for instance Notre Dame in Paris – represent extraterrestrials with a reptilian genetic form. One of the most important races is Dracos. It is a powerful reptilian race, both physically and mentally. While most Dracos belong to the dark side there are exceptions.\nThe extraterrestrials that are most often depicted in our media, as small, grey and with large black cold eyes are not the main players. They are called the Greys or Zeta Reticulians. They do belong to the dark side and are subordinate to the Dracos’ empire. They have been allowed to visit Earth during the last 70 years and have formed agreements with governments during this time. Their goal has been to form a new hybrid race with a mix of their genetics and human genes. Their race has been threatened by extinction and this is their way to save their species. They are the ones who were responsible for fetus abductions, which then were used for creating the new hybrid race. They have also been allowed to have underground bases on Earth. In exchange they have shared aspects of their advance technology, which primarily the American military has had access to. In reality many UFO sightings are the result of ships made by the American military using technology obtained from the Greys. However, this technology does not come close to what the Galactic Federation of Light possesses. ‘\nThe true power in the dark alliance has a more pure reptilian background. This includes the Dracos and its royal race – the Ciakar. The latter are formidable reptilian individuals with wings. They can possibly correspond to our “myths” about dragons.\nGalactic wars have taken place with the Anchara Alliance as the main actor during millions of years. This has, among other things, led to the destruction of the surfaces of Mars and Venus. Our solar system initially had four beautiful water planets, similar to Earth. The fourth planet Maldek was the largest, and was completely destroyed in these wars and all that remains is what we call the asteroid belt. In other words the asteroids are pieces of the former planet. All four planets will be restored to their pristine conditions, via a process called terra-forming, and be part of our new Solar system. The name of Maldek will then be changed to Pax.\nFor those interested in astronomy it can be mentioned that our current moon previously was a satellite or moon around Maldek and it is not natural. It has an inner construction made out of Titanium. When our current artificial moon was put into orbit around Earth a long time ago the two natural moons that then existed were removed. These two moons will be recreated via terra-forming and the current artificial moon will be removed.\nYet one more planet will be recreated. In it is the innermost planet, inside the orbit of Mercury, called Vulcan. It is small, but was observed from Earth around 1840-1850, but can currently not be seen.\nFurther, some sources state that Earth has a most unique position in this galaxy. A certain singularity source exists within Earth, from which the whole Milky Way Galaxy grew. This makes Earth a very special and sought after planet, over which many wars have been fought. It can possibly also explain why Earth was not destroyed to the extent that the other water plants were in this solar system. It has further been stated that our solar system will approach and move closer to that of the Sirius system and become a part of it, and its existing suns; Sirius A, B and C.\nAs we discuss astronomical or geo-physical changes it is also interesting to note that at the time before Atlantis went under Earth had two Firmaments surrounding it. They were two spherical layers of ice crystals in the atmosphere surrounding Earth, which were held in place via the earlier mentioned advanced crystal technologies that existed on Atlantis. The Firmaments served the function of providing a protected and temperate climate around all Earth. When Atlantis went under and the crystals disappeared to the bottom of the ocean the Firmaments could no longer be held in place and the ice crystals fell down to earth. This created the basis for what was retold in the Bible as the Deluge due to the Fall of Man and the anger of the Gods. Recall that as Atlantis went under Humanity fell from full consciousness to limited consciousness.\nAtlantis and Lemuria will once again be raised to the surface once the transformation of the surface of Mother Earth starts in earnest. The Firmaments will then also be restored together with the two original moons. This will be part of creating a balanced and temperate climate on Earth.\nLet us return again to the fall of Atlantis 13000 years ago, but from a different angle. The remaining and now in capacity reduced human race managed to establish a primitive existence on other continents. Shortly after the fall of Atlantis the Anunnaki extraterrestrial race entered the scene and approached Earth. Their home base is on the planet Nibiru, or sometimes called Planet X, or Planet of the Crossing. It is a planet that goes in an elliptical orbit between Sirius and our Sun. The Anunnaki are sometimes called the Nephilim and were very large in stature – giants. It was a hybrid race with human genetics from Sirius B and reptilian genes from the Orion system. The Anunnaki people worked together with their rulers the Dracos.\nAs the human race had digressed in development and moved backwards to limited consciousness with its lower vibrations it become easy for the Anunnaki people to land on Earth and set themselves up as gods in the eyes of humanity. The Anunnaki people were not only large in size they had special technologies and abilities as well. The Anunnaki did introduce certain technologies and knowledge, which led to flourishing cultures such as the Sumerians. They built step pyramids, Ziggurats, in Mesopotamia and elsewhere. They functioned as holy places where the Anunnaki showed themselves. Also it was a place for the male Anunnaki to sire offspring with female humans. The offspring was called half-gods. The half-gods had special abilities, such as long lives, stemming from the father’s lineage. These half-gods and their offspring in turn became the founders of the tradition of kingships, under the tutelage of the Anunnaki. During subsequent centuries and millennia Kings were selected from offspring of the original half-gods. They carry a certain special bloodline, which is sometimes referred to as blue blood in nobility and royal families. This has led to attempts to keep royal families marrying within themselves to preserve this bloodline. This same bloodline is also important for the Freemasons. In order to reach the top 33d level within the Freemasons today blood tests are performed and this particular bloodline is required.\nThe Light did not leave Humanity all together in the hands of the Anunnaki after the fall of Atlantis. Jesus Christ, Buddha, Mohammed came to spread the Light. However, the religions that were formed following the departure of such Masters were infiltrated by the dark led by the Anunnaki. The Christian religion went through a major directional change starting with gathering in Nicea in 325 a.d., under the Roman Emperor Konstantin. Before this date the Christian faith contained the concept of reincarnation, but not the concept of sin, and Jesus was seen as somebody who set an example that could be followed and not the Son of God, which nobody else could achieve. Around this time the concept of sin was introduced and a system of going to church to beg, pray for and buy the absolution of your sins. This made the Catholic Church very wealthy over the centuries.\nAfter the time of Jesus Christ the control over mankind became less overt and was achieved by the Anunnaki and their minions through more subtle means. Many secret organizations were formed and some not so secret, such as the Freemasons. Much of the focus was on creating fear and suffering among the populations, which advanced the agenda of the Anunnaki and their overlords.\nLets move quickly forward to the time of the French revolution. Around this time various dark groups supported by secret organizations and the Anunnaki started to use the name Illuminati – the illuminated. However, they are not of the Light, but quite dark. Today the Illuminati consists of about 13 leading families, included here are the Rothschilds, Rockefellers and a range of European dark nobility families.\nAt around the time of the French revolution and the American Revolution Count Saint Germain was active and incarnated in France. This soul was also incarnated as Joseph, father of Jesus, at that time. He was also Christopher Columbus and Merlin at King Arthur’s court. He and Sananda (Jesus) work very closely today and will come back together. So, at around this time St Germain established what is called the Saint Germain World Trust. It is a fund that has been accruing in value since this time, thanks to his financial genius. Also, at this time Saint Germain was key to assisting the Founding Fathers with writing the American Constitution. As the Founding Fathers hesitated in signing the document they had created – fearing for their lives – he appeared in front of them, a stranger, and gave a speech that gave them courage to sign the document.\nSince this period in history the dark, mainly the Illuminati, have dominated our world and since 1913 they have used the American Central Bank as a key instrument for this. The 13 Illuminati families own Federal Reserve Bank. The dark have had a very sinister agenda of depopulation on Earth via a range of catastrophes, while at the same time building underground bases to which they would retire and survive the catastrophes in.\nAs part of the depopulation program the dark designed a plan for three World Wars. The Third World War was intended to be a conflict between the Moslem world and the Western Christian civilizations. The Illuminati’s creation of Israel was part of this plan at the end of World War Two. The state of Israel was created in 1948 based on The Balfour Declaration from 1917, a letter from the then British prime minister to Lord Rothschild – a banker. Attempts are still made to create a Third World War, but it will not be successful.\nAlso, at the end of World War Two when the first nuclear bombs were detonated it attracted much attention among extraterrestrials. They realized that we were not a sufficiently mature society to handle such powerful weapons. The result became that large number of ships from a number of planetary systems came to our shores to observe and protect. In fact, many sources have stated on numerous occasions that they would interfere if a nuclear war were to develop, and make our nuclear devices non-operable.\nWhile the Anunnaki dark minions, Illuminati and others, have sought to both depopulate Earth and to establish slave like control of the remaining population they have not been successful. Their luck has turned. Around 1995 the Anunnaki decided to abandon their old dark habits at the same time as the Anchara Alliance entered a Peace Treaty with the Galactic Federation of Light. The result became that the dark minions on Earth no longer had the support of the Anunnaki. However, they did not decide to follow the example of the Anunnaki, to join the Light, in spite of encouragement to do so.\nHowever, the Creator and Heaven (non-physical spiritual beings in the seventh dimension or higher) have declared that Humanity on Earth will end its sojourn in the dark – a fact that the dark is trying to ignore. In fact, the Creator intended the dark period for Humanity after the fall of Atlantis to be a period of soul development and growth for Humanity, and from which Humanity would come back. It was never intended to be permanent. Souls volunteered to be part of this experience for their own benefit.\nAs we transition towards a new Reality of Love and Full Consciousness a battle of the souls and minds of humanity is taking place. It is a battle that the Light will win. It is made possible and fueled by the inner developments among Lightworkers, which makes outer changes and developments possible.\nThe Galactic Federation of Light will soon be formally introduced by certain Light oriented major governments to the people of Earth. This is where we currently are in the spring of 2015. As the Galactic Federation is introduced our Ascended Masters will also return. This will include Sananda, Saint Germain, Buddha, Mohammed, Hilarion, Mitreya and many more. Also at this time we will be introduced to our cousins in Inner Earth (Agartha).\n<div style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\npublicado por achama às 10:05", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9547183513641357}
+{"content": "A List of Other Parasomnias | Tuck Sleep - hyperhidrosis adult enuresis\n\n\nWhat are the treatment options for bedwetting? - erdves.info - NCBI Bookshelf hyperhidrosis adult enuresis\n\nIt is reported to alleviate bedwetting by increasing nocturnal bladder . a fever, because an anticholinergic effect is a decrease in sweating.\n\nBedwetting is more common among children and teenagers than many people think. If bedwetting causes the child to suffer, treatment can be a good idea . constipation, sweating, nausea, tiredness and sleep problems.\n\nPrimary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is a common problem in Disorders of Excessive Somnolence (DOES), and Nocturnal Hyperhidrosis (SHY).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999829530715942}
+{"content": "7.10 Research on Implanting & Restoring Memories\n\nJan 14, 2020 | Cognitive Psychology, Courses, ch7 Memory Models & Disorders\n\nChanging conscious memories through restoration and/or implantation of memories is possible. This lesson covers research regarding how to restore memories that are fading as well as a discussion on memory implantation.\n\n\nYou and your sibling are fighting over a shared memory. You mention how funny it was when Grandma climbed a tree. At first, your sibling doesn’t remember this happening at all but then another memory of the cousins laughing triggers the tree incident. Then your sibling says, Oh, now I remember, but it was Grandpa, not Grandma that climbed the tree. The fight continues.\n\nTwo important things are happening here. It appears that a memory was restored when your sibling suddenly remembered the event. However, the discrepancy in the two memories (was it Grandma or Grandpa) reveals that one of you has an incorrect memory which could possibly have been implanted.\n\nThis lesson reviews the current research in memory restoration and implantation. Come along and let’s discover why you and your sibling are struggling to connect over a shared memory.\n\nMemories: restored and implanted.\n\n\n\nMemory restoration, the retrieval of previously lost memories can be viewed from two perspectives: general recall restoration and repressed memory restoration.\n\nGeneral Recall\n\nMemories are formed by connections in the brain. Scientists have actually been able to find and photograph memory engram cells, a physical representation of a memory in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, the input part of the brain responsible for learning and memory. Memory engram cells have tentacle-like appendages that quite literally attach to the brain. It is the strength of these attachments that allow for memory recall. When these attachments begin to fade, recall for the memory becomes difficult. Some scientists claim that there is no such thing as true forgetting, a memory disappearing from the brain; just retrieval difficulties blocking recall.\n\nSome reasons for memory retrieval issues are lack of use of a memory and brain trauma. Simple reminders can help to reconnect memories that are difficult to restore due to lack of use. Think of it as a road. If there had been a mudslide and a small road is destroyed, any town at the end of that road will be unreachable. However, if other roads are built to the town around the damage, then the town is once again accessible.\n\nAlzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that has memory loss as a common symptom. Research on mice has led doctors to believe that they could use blue light within the brain, called optogenetics, to trigger lost memories of Alzheimer’s patients and effectively restore many of their lost memories. This type of procedure may eventually be able to work for people with amnesia as well, though further researches are needed.\n\nRepressed Memories\n\nRepressed memories refer to subconscious memories blocked in order protect you from the mental trauma of the memory.\n\nThe idea of repressed memories, especially those related to early childhood sexual abuse, has been a hot topic in the court system for years. While some psychologists feel that repressed memories are restorable through intense therapy, others state that there is a lack of scientific credibility to support the process described in these therapeutic memory restoration sessions. These scientists feel that ‘restored’ memories in these scenarios are actually false memories implanted due to the process of the therapy.\n\n\nSo, we’ve seen that in some cases, memory restoration does seem scientifically plausible and in others not so. What about the second half of your argument with your sibling? Can a memory be changed or implanted?\n\nThe short answer to this is, yes. Gestalt principles show how our perception of the world is altered by the way we see things and not just what we see. Psychologists found that what we record in memory is an assumed compilation of the environment and not exactly what was perceived.\n\nFor example, in your sibling fight, would it be more likely for Grandma or Grandpa to go up to the tree? Your memory may have filled in the blank for you after a simple glance made you aware that someone older was up on the tree. Your mind would have chosen what seemed more logical and inserted that information into memory.\n\nMemory implantation, when false or inaccurate memories take hold and are believed to be true, can have serious consequences in our legal system that puts a heavy weight on eyewitness identification. A U.S. organization called the Innocence Project details ways in which memories can be altered forever in legal situations. Two of these are:\n\n  • Show-up effect in which a suspect is shown to a witness in the midst of a crime scene, thus connecting the person (innocent or not) to the crime in the witness’s memory.\n  • Memory revision in which witnesses change their descriptions about what they saw after hearing about or seeing a suspect identified by authorities to match that suspect.\n\nHuman memory can be manipulated by such simple things as suggestions. This is why repressed memory recovery is so controversial. It would be an easy task to accidentally suggest to a person that they had been abused and were intentionally trying to avoid the memory. Over hours and hours of being told this message, the person’s mind may actually create a fabricated memory to match what is being said.\n\nA less severe case of this is a beloved family story that has been told over and over again, but changes with each telling. Over time, those hearing the story will remember what was told in the story rather than the actual event. This is another possible explanation for the discrepancy between yours and your sibling’s memory from before.\n\nLesson Summary\n\nThe human memory is more comparable to a sponge in a container than a steel trap. While memories cannot disappear (be forgotten), you can lose the ability to retrieve them. Memory restoration occurs when new pathways are used to cue faded memories. Scientists are also working on methods to trigger memories through optogenetics which could help Alzheimer’s and amnesia patients.\n\nMemory implantation can occur easily through suggestion and/or sensory perception encoding errors. The brain does not work like a camera and memories are often altered without our being aware of this fact.\n\n7.11 Amnestic Disorder: Definition, Causes and Treatment for Amnesia\n7.9 What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? - Symptoms & Treatment", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9834645390510559}
+{"content": "fahari yetu helps to make the artisan business in the Region more sustainable. There are many different artisan groups around Iringa. Selected ones are coordinated in a coaching and mentoring programme, including training skills training, physical support to work space facilities and equipment, networking with other stakeholders like NGOs, customers, tour companies and other artisan groups, and joint market creation and marketing.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9228742122650146}
+{"content": "Legend of Zelda Link's Awakening\n\n\n\n\nCollections: Games, Games, New Release, Nintendo, Nintendo Switch\n\nProduct type: Game\n\nVendor: Nintendo\n\nTags: Action-adventure, New, Nintendo Switch\n\n\n225.00 SR\n\nAdd to the wishlist\n\nExplore a re-imagined Koholint Island in one the most beloved games in The Legend of Zelda series.\n\nLink has washed ashore on a mysterious island with strange and colorful inhabitants. To escape the island, Link must collect magical instruments across the land and awaken the Wind Fish. Explore a re-imagined Koholint Island that’s been faithfully rebuilt in a brand-new art style that will entice fans and newcomers alike. Battle enemies as you conquer numerous dungeons and uncover the hidden secrets of the island. Encounter Super Mario enemies like Goombas, Piranha Plants, and more, and interact with unique locals who help Link on his adventure.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9412244558334351}
+{"content": "Height   cm Weight   kg\n\nHeight 175 weight 140\n\nWhat is the ideal weight for 175 cm tall male or female? Is it normal to weigh 140 kg for this height? Body Mass Index (BMI) will answer these questions. If BMI value is within the range 18.5 – 24.99 (for any height), then the weight is withing normal limits.\nFor the height 1.75 meters (175 cm) and for the weight 140 kilograms:\nResult:Obesity (grade 3)\nNormal weight limits:57 - 76 kg.\nWhat to do?Lose 64 kg.\nHow to calculate BMI and weight ranges on your own?\n  • BMI formula: weight / height2\n    - where the height value is in meters (not in centimeters), for example 1.77 (not 177).\n    - Multiplication first, then division!\n  • For example, if the height is 162 cm and the weight is 111 kg, then BMI = 111 / 1.62 * 1.62 = 42.3. BMI above normal values.\n\nCheck yourself. The Height and weight combinations below are normal or not?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9918557405471802}
+{"content": "Category > Upcoming Talks & Events\n\n“Critical Infrastructure Studies — A Primer.” Furman University, 16 March 2020.\n\n  • Abstract: What have been the main approaches to the study of infrastructure that now combine to make the topic of such compelling socio-political, technological, media-informatic, cultural, historical, and artistic interest across the disciplines? In this talk, Alan Liu provides an introduction to “critical infrastructure studies,” focusing on why multi-disciplinary perspectives–sometimes tensely divergent in their premises even when converging to make, for example, a “bridge” or a “barrier”–are needed to imagine good infrastructure as the foundation for “good systems.” In the case of the University of Texas “Bridging Barriers” Grand Challenges initiative, for example, how many different ways are there to understand what a bridge or a barrier is good for (and for whom)?\n  • Citations for the works in the “primer” included in the talk:\n\n“Humans in the Loop: Humanities Hermeneutics and Machine Learning.” Keynote for DHd2020 (7th Annual Conference of the German Society for Digital Humanities), University of Paderborn, 6 March 2020.\n\n  • Abstract: As indicated by the emergent research fields of computational “interpretability” and “explainability,” machine learning creates fundamental hermeneutical problems. One of the least understood aspects of machine learning is how humans learn from machine learning. How does an individual, team, organization, or society “read” computational “distant reading” when it is performed by complex algorithms on immense datasets? Can methods of interpretation familiar to the humanities (e.g., traditional or poststructuralist ways of relating the general and the specific, the abstract and the concrete, the structure and the event, or the same and the different) be applied to machine learning? Further, can such traditions be applied with the explicitness, standardization, and reproducibility needed to engage meaningfully with the different Spielräum – scope for “play” (as in the “play of a rope,” “wiggle room,” or machine-part “tolerance”) – of computation? If so, how might that change the hermeneutics of the humanities themselves?\n            In his keynote lecture, Alan Liu uses the example of the formalized “interpretation protocol” for topic models he is developing for the Mellon Foundation funded WhatEvery1Says project (which is text-analyzing millions of newspaper articles mentioning the humanities) to reflect on how humanistic traditions of interpretation can contribute to machine learning. But he also suggests how machine learning changes humanistic interpretation through fresh ideas about wholes and parts, mimetic representation and probabilistic modeling, and similarity and difference (or identity and culture).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9983485341072083}
+{"content": "customer experience\n\nChemistry experiment\n\nWho Comes First: Customers or Employees?\n\nShould companies put customers or employees at the center of their universe? There are two competing thoughts on this question, as illustrated by Jeff Bezos\n\n\nAnother Way to Transform the Customer Experience\n\nWe just finished our conference, Descartes Evolution 2019, where the theme was Transforming the Customer Experience. I reflected on a session where our customer explained how they were transforming the customer experience in a unique way in logistics: by extending the planning horizon. The retailer significantly improved its ability to complete repairs on the first visit, and correspondingly cut overall response time, by providing better schedule visibility to technicians in advance of actual service dates.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9609715342521667}
+{"content": "Flights Fighting\n\nTo reduce their carbon footprints\n\nAirlines are taking a stand against rising greenhouse gas levels by enacting carbon neutral flights. The International Civil Aviation Organization is spearheading this movement. In 2016, they introduced a measure for offsetting and reducing CO2 emissions. This ensures that the overall increase in international flight capacity after 2020 is climate neutral. To comply with this agreement, airlines must purchase emission compensation.  This money will be used to fund sustainable energy projects.  As a result, it will also offset the increase in emissions from the year 2020. Some airlines and airports are finding creative ways to lower or make up for their carbon dioxide output.  In turn, they are inspiring their passengers to find ways to do good for the planet as well.\n\nDelta Airlines\n\nDelta Airlines has invested in climate protection since 2012.  They promote CO2 neutrality on both domestic and international flights. The company devotes attention to innovation in fuel economy, electric tractors, and coal exploration.  They give customers the opportunity to offset the CO2 emissions.  This is done through donations to their CO2 neutrality initiative and various environmental projects.  Subsequently, the funds will be used to reduce the airline’s carbon footprint.\n\nVirgin Australia\n\nVirgin Australia is trying to minimize the effects of its business practices on the atmosphere. It is pressing others to adopt carbon reduction measures, too. There are a number of young fuel-efficient aircraft in the Virgin Australia fleet.  In fact, some examples include; the 777, ATR 72, Boeing 737, and Airbus A330. The airline has also taken steps to increase aircraft weight, promote green biofuel development, and optimize flight planning. In 2007, Virgin Australia unveiled their carbon offset initiative program.  Fliers can use their points or cash to help contribute to the Tasman Land Conservancy’s New Leaf project. This initiative focuses on Tasmanian land preservation.  According to their website, the airline has offset four million seats in the last 10 years.  \n\nThe Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport \n\nThe Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport collaborated with Ameresco to enhance the airport’s energy sources. As a result, they enacted a new solar initiative with green energy and lighting enhancements for the entire facility.  This program saved the equivalent of 9,464 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year. One day, all airports will significantly lower their emissions. Until that time, each airline (and airport) is responsible for taking part in the search for clean energy. In addition, they are also responsible for offsetting the carbon consequences of the rapidly growing travel market.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9869627356529236}
+{"content": "The brain-computer duel: Do we have free will?\n\n\nOur choices seem to be freer than previously thought. Using computer-based brain experiments, researchers studied the decision-making processes involved in voluntary movements. The question was: Is it possible for people to cancel a movement once the brain has started preparing it? The conclusion the researchers reached was: Yes, up to a certain point — the ‘point of no return’.\n\n\nMenu Title\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9298347234725952}
+{"content": "A group of vandals proved to be true to their word... And that's the problem at Makakilo Community park.\nThey vandalized the bathrooms Monday and left a note promising they'd be back. Sure enough, they tagged the recreation room Saturday.\n\n\"It's just a shame that a public space like this gets treated like this by certain individuals that kind of ruin it for everybody else.  We have families and people who come here all the time and they use this outdoor space for the beauty of what it is,\" said Joseph Reale of Kapolei.  \n\nVandalism has been a recurring problem here for the past couple of years. Parents who bring their children to the playground express concerns that the graffiti might be sending a bad message to their children.  \n\n\"If the kids see that then they would think it's O.K. to write on walls - thank god they're not reading yet but that would not be O.K. for the kids to see,\" says a local resident. \n\nVandals also painted graffiti on a staff van that was at the park...nearly causing a senior group to miss an event.  \nA park down the road and a men's bathroom at Sandy Beach Park were also victims of vandalism this weekend.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7574746608734131}
+{"content": "Gan Menachem Hendon Limited v De Groen UKEAT/0059/18\n\nWhy care?\n\nThe Equality Act 2010 defines religion or belief as:\n\n  • any religion (including a lack of religion)\n  • any religious or philosophical belief ( including a lack of belief).\n\nFurthermore, it states that direct discrimination occurs where A treats B less favourably than A treats (or would treat) others because of a protected characteristic – in this case, religion or belief. Direct discrimination cannot be justified; however, an employer with a particular ethos based on religion or belief may, in certain circumstances, show that being of a particular religion or belief is an occupational requirement.\n\nIn the 'gay cake' case (Lee v Ashers Baking Co Ltd (2018)), the Supreme Court held that a direct discrimination claim could only be made on the basis of the religion or belief of someone other than the alleged discriminator – in that case, the bakers were Christian.\n\nIndirect discrimination occurs where A applies to B (who has a particular religion or belief) a provision, criterion or practice (known as a PCP) which A applies or would also apply to others not of that religion or holding that belief, but which puts (or would put) persons of B's religion or belief (and B) at a particular disadvantage (the same definition applies to a lack of religion or belief). Indirect discrimination applies unless A can show that the PCP is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.\n\nThe case\n\nMs de Groen was employed for four years as a teacher in a Jewish nursery run in accordance with ultra-orthodox principles. She was also Jewish, and had been brought up as an ultra-Orthodox Jew. She attended a barbecue with her boyfriend that was run by the synagogue with which the nursery was affiliated, and he let slip in conversation that they lived together.\n\nParents of children enrolled at the nursery learned of this accidental admission, and some complained to the nursery. Ms de Groen was called to a meeting with the headteacher and the nursery's managing director. They explained that her private life was of no concern to the nursery, but that it risked damaging the nursery's reputation in the eyes of parents. They also told Ms de Groen that, in their view:\n\n  • cohabiting outside of marriage was wrong\n  • having children outside of marriage was wrong\n  • that, as she was 23 years old, time was running out for her if she wanted to have children\n  • suggested that she seek counselling if she had problems with the concept of marriage.\n\nThey suggested she tell them that she was no longer living with her boyfriend (even if that was not true), which they would then make publicly known as a means of appeasing parents who were offended by her living situation.\n\nMs de Groen refused to lie. Two days later, she told the headteacher and managing director that she wanted a written apology and a promise she would not be harassed in that way again. They began disciplinary proceedings against her; ultimately, she was dismissed for \"acting in contravention of the nursery's culture, ethos and religious beliefs\" and damaging its reputation.\n\nIn response, Ms de Groen brought claims of direct sex discrimination and sexual harassment, and direct and indirect religion or belief discrimination. The Employment Tribunal upheld her claims, finding that the disciplinary process and the decision to dismiss were inextricably linked with Ms de Groen's lack of belief (that cohabitation outside marriage was wrong) and the nursery's belief.\n\nThe tribunal believed she was dismissed because she had cohabited with her boyfriend, contrary to the beliefs of the headteacher and the managing director, and because she would not tell them the lie they wanted to hear. The tribunal found that she was not dismissed because her conduct posed a threat to the nursery's reputation or economic wellbeing, nor was the dismissal due to an occupational requirement.\n\nThe tribunal also found that the nursery applied a provision, criterion or practice (PCP) of requiring the employee to be prepared to make a dishonest statement about her private life in order to remain employed. It concluded that this had given rise to particular disadvantages (including dismissal), and that this was not objectively justified.\n\nThe nursery appealed to the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT), which upheld the appeal in part. According to the EAT, the tribunal had erred by concluding that a direct discrimination claim could arise from an employer acting because of its own religion or belief. The Supreme Court's decision in the Ashers case (which, in fact, was not handed down until after the tribunal's decision) holds that a direct discrimination claim can only be made on the basis of the religion or belief of someone other than the discriminator.\n\nIt is an important principle of discrimination law that a discriminator's motive for less favourable treatment is immaterial. Any direct discrimination claim based on the discriminator's own protected characteristic would be doomed to fail as well, as a discriminator acting because of their own belief would act in the same way towards anyone, and there would be no difference in treatment with any comparator.\n\nAs it was not possible to characterise the tribunal's findings as a conclusion that Ms de Groen had suffered detriments and dismissal because of her own lack of belief in this particular respect, the direct religion or belief discrimination claim was unsuccessful.\n\nAlthough the EAT did not need to do so (given the failure of the direct discrimination claim) it did consider the issues arising from the existence of differing religious beliefs within the same religion. The EAT held that the Equality Act could be construed as applying where both employee and employer are of the same religion, but the employee is less favourably treated because of their lack of belief on a point that the employer considers to be a tenet of the religion – here, cohabitation.\n\nThe EAT agreed with the tribunal that there was no genuine occupational requirement either for Ms de Groen not to cohabit, or to tell the parents of her views. However, it held that the tribunal had erred in finding that the nursery had applied a PCP of being \"prepared to make a dishonest statement about her relationship and/or private life, in order to remain employed\".\n\nAccording to the EAT, there was insufficient evidence to show or infer that this was anything more than a one-off response to unusual circumstances. With no PCP, the finding of indirect religion or belief discrimination fell apart.\n\nEven if the PCP identified by the tribunal had stood, the EAT found that the tribunal had not considered whether the PCP put Ms de Groen and other Jews who do not see cohabitation as contrary to their beliefs, at a particular disadvantage. The EAT said that, if the tribunal had done so, it must have gone on to find that any comparator group would be equally disadvantaged by being required to lie about their personal life – and again, without a particular disadvantage, the claim was doomed.\n\nWhat to take away\n\nLess favourable treatment because of the beliefs of an employer is not enough to make out a direct religion or belief claim, similar to the conclusion reached in the \"gay cake\" case. The ETA upheld the findings of direct discrimination and harassment (the comments about children and marriage) because of sex, and the case will return to the tribunal to decide compensation.\n\nIt is possible for a woman to harass another because of sex (as here), and employers should be clear with employees that any unwanted conduct because of a protected characteristic which has the effect of violating the recipient's dignity – or creating an offensive, intimidating or humiliating environment for them – is harassment.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.946230411529541}
+{"content": "15 Things You Can Do to Avoid a Heart Attack\n\ndoctor-563428_640Photo by Pixabay\n\n13. Follow Your Treatment Regimen\n\nIf you have been diagnosed with any condition that increases your cardiovascular risks, make sure you follow your doctor’s directions as closely as possible. If you have trouble remembering to take your medicine, try setting reminders in your phone or purchasing an electronic pill organizer that will notify you if you miss a dose. If you find it difficult to incorporate healthy lifestyle changes into your routine, try setting incremental goals. For example, try walking 30 minutes a day for three days a week and build up from there. If you struggle with making healthy diet choices, try making one positive change per meal. For example, swap out semolina pasta for whole wheat pasta or order a side salad instead of fries.\n\nPrev13 of 15Next", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5330113172531128}
+{"content": "How is Online Teaching Different l\n\nQ&A: How Online Teachers are Different\n\nA: Your face.\n\nI'm kidding, but only sort of. The human face is a complex signaling system. You can communicate subtle distinctions in mood with a slight shift in an eyebrow. In the traditional classroom, teachers can see a wave of boredom move through the class, a dozen brows wrinkle in confusion, or, more pleasantly, the lights go on as the third explanation they try really brings a difficult concept to life. Online, at least at most schools, that's missing.\n\nWhen an active student goes silent in the traditional classroom, or when any student changes behavior markedly, good teachers notice. They look for reasons, they ask questions, and they adjust their behavior accordingly. After all, one definition of learning is changing behavior: If you \"learn\" something but learning it doesn't change your behavior in any way, did you really learn something? And monitoring behavior is intertwined with monitoring -- and fostering -- learning.\n\nOnline, if students go silent, that might mean they're confused or upset, but it might also mean a storm disrupted an Internet connection. Or a virus destroyed a computer. Or a cat crawled into a lap. The old signals are missing, and lots of false signals are produced.\n\nTo address this confusion, good online teachers check in more often than they might in person. They ask more process questions. They simulate likely activity. For example, they share descriptions of past classes being confused by concept X, and share the three most common areas of confusion, and ask if these are true for you, too.\n\nAs an online student, you can help your teachers. Remember your face is missing, and do things to make up for it. These might range from signing your emails to explaining why you were absent, silent, etc. This might not be required…but it helps.\n\nGreg BeattyGreg Beatty has a PhD in English from the University of Iowa and over twenty years experience in higher education. He’s taught everything from standardized test prep courses and freshman orientation and composition courses on up to serving on doctoral committees. He’s taught in the traditional classroom, correspondence courses, online courses, and hybrid courses. He’s developed curriculum for several colleges (sometimes as sole author, sometimes working collaboratively), and served as a textbook manuscript reviewer for Longman. He’s won grants for course development, and awards for his teaching. Greg has mentored new teachers and co-taught workshops on teaching excellence. He’s also served on a range of committees and college advisory boards, and has served as an area chair for humanities.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8134984374046326}
+{"content": "The Lost Gardens of Heligan\n\nSt.Austell, Cornwall\n\n\nThe gardens were created by members of the Cornish Tremayne family from the mid-18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century and still form part of the family's Heligan estate. After the First World War, Heligan’s historic gardens were neglected and became unknown and unseen; lost under a tangle of weeds. It was only the chance discovery of a door in the ruins that led to the restoration of this once great estate in the 1990s. Today, The Lost Gardens have been put back where they belong: in pride of place among the finest gardens in Cornwall.\n\nThe gardens include aged and colossal rhododendrons and camellias, a series of lakes fed by a ram pump over a hundred years old, highly productive flower and vegetable gardens, an Italian garden, and a wild area filled with sub-tropical tree ferns called \"The Jungle\". The gardens also have Europe's only remaining pineapple pit, warmed by rotting manure, and two figures made from rocks and plants known as the Mud Maid and the Giant's Head.\n\nThe gardens are open daily throughout the year.\n\nThe Lost Gardens of Heligan\nPL26 6EN\n\nTel: 01726 845100", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8731908798217773}
+{"content": "\n\nBrought to you by Cloud HR Software experts\n\nHow Automation Will Redefine The Organisation, Leadership and Workers\n\nPosted by Mathew French\n\n24 September 2019\n\nAutomation will certainly change human resources as we know it, but the impact will reach far beyond the HR department to encompass the entire employee lifecycle. Organisations that manage such transformation successfully will be those in which leaders and HR professionals recognise what tasks machines can do significantly better than humans and automate only those tasks. Focusing human effort on activities that humans do best will result in a happier, more engaged and more productive workforce overall. Designing such an organisation requires a much longer-term people strategy (one that goes beyond the usual succession planning), coupled with transparent dialogue with the existing workforce about the benefits of automation on what it means for them. This Blog in the HR automation series explores the broader implications that automation will have on leadership, employees and the entity of the organisation itself.\n\nIn the last Blog in the this series on whether to automate or not to automate, we outlined the four step framework for applying automation to work outlined in the book 'Reinventing Jobs.' Now we will dive deeper into the broader impacts this type of transformation will have on leadership, employees and the nature of the organisation.\n\nThe New Organisation\n\nIn Reinventing Jobs, the optimisation of human-automation collaboration presents both challenges and opportunities beyond just individual jobs, affecting the relationships among jobs, as well as organisation units and structures overall. Consequently, Jesuthasan and Boudreau assert that leaders must anticipate and design for organisation-level implications as they integrate automated and human work. They propose two strategies leaders can use that will help accomplish this:\n\n  1. The outside-in approach: Here, leaders identify the big picture of how automation will impact their companies and industries. They develop automation visions to align their organisations’ decisions. Using those broad trends, they identify ways that their own organisations’ work can evolve to accommodate changes.\n  2. The inside-out approach: Leaders start by reinventing jobs where reinvention best improves costs, risks, and productivity. As they make specific changes in jobs, they observe patterns that reveal new organisational structures, relationships, and networks that enhance and support the job-level reinvention. Organisational changes evolve from the work-level reinvention.\n\nUsing either approach, leaders must anticipate how automation will impact their organisations in the following contexts:\n\n  • Strategies: What their companies will and will not aim to achieve, and how. For example, integrating automation into an oncology centre may allow its strategy to evolve from simply providing the best surgical cancer treatment to making doctors and patients partners in making the best possible treatment decisions.\n  • Structure: Internal power, information, authority, and accountability. With automation enhancing cancer surgery (per the above example), the surgeons at an oncology centre would share power with AI-powered machines. Now, the surgeons share authority and power that they previously held exclusively, with AI designers and robotic technicians.\n  • Processes: The way decisions are executed. The reinvented oncology centre might now use analysis generated by cognitive automation to inform doctors, nurses, and patients of the best treatment options. No longer is this process the sole responsibility of a single doctor or nurse, and now the patient may see the same information provided to the caregivers.\n  • Metrics: The benchmarks used to measure success. Previously, the oncology centre evaluated the cost and effectiveness of surgery, but the newly automated centre would also measure the patient experience.\n  • People practices: How the work experience of the human workers is designed and managed. In the newly automated oncology centre, the sourcing, selection, training, rewards, engagement, culture, and careers of the human workforce will change to support virtual teams, self-managing caregivers, and greater treatment experimentation. All human workers must develop their capacity for continuous learning and adaptive flexibility.\n\nUltimately, automation reinvents not just jobs, but organisations, including leaders who can understand and embrace optimal automation to create organisations that are more agile, work-centric, and have fewer boundaries than ever before.\n\nThe New Leadership\n\nLaw firm Taylor Vinters believe that even leadership and how leaders lead will not be immune from automation. They believe the most effective future leaders will be those who recognise the potential value of automation, in the specific context of their own organisations and sectors.\n\nSuch leaders will spend some time thinking about how technology can augment their workforce over the next 5 to 10 years. What tasks or processes might be done more efficiently or reliably by machines rather than humans? How can they better make use of data they already collect and process to improve financial performance, enhance existing products or services or offer new ones?\n\nThese leaders will engage with tech developers who may be able to create bespoke solutions to meet their specific needs (and may even employ them in-house). They will also use data scientists to exploit and analyse the huge volumes of information they already have.\n\nAlongside this, they will also consider the long-term impact of automation on future resourcing requirements and communicate openly with existing employees about the future. Effective consultation with the workforce will help to maintain good staff morale and productivity by addressing any underlying concerns about job security and being clear about how employees will be given the skills to work alongside any new technology.\n\nEngaging in the process of reinventing jobs will thus transform work and organisations as well as leadership. Future leaders must become more adept at:\n\n  • Constantly deconstructing and reinventing jobs as technology continues to evolve.\n  • Coordinating work delivered by combinations of humans and automation.\n  • Nurturing human-robot collaboration.\n  • Navigating work that’s perpetually changing.\n  • Engaging employees and customers as collaborators.\n  • Finding and nurturing employees’ competencies.\n  • Serving as a hub for a boundary-less talent ecosystem that includes regular employees, contractors, gig workers, volunteers, AI, and robotics.\n\nDoes your business have the tools it needs to effectively onboard a talent ecosystem that includes regular employees, contractors, gig workers and volunteers? Take a look at our free eGuide about Employee Lifecycle Automation that outlines everything you need to know about onboarding success. Better still, we offer our Employee Onboarding software FOR FREE! Request your personalised demonstration here.\n\nThe five transformative changes that will redefine leadership are:\n\n  1. Mindset: Leaders must think in terms of perpetual change, constantly recombined tasks and skills, and humans as collaborators with automation.\n  2. Ability: In the future, the best workers won’t be highly qualified for specific jobs, but rather superb learners who excel at analysing information and finding connections in disparate data.\n  3. Reward: Salaries and permanent jobs will be replaced by rewards for deconstructed tasks and short-term positions. Compensation will be regularly renegotiated as jobs are reinvented.\n  4. Deployment: Leaders will become responsible for matching employees to work that’s constantly reconfigured through tasks, skills, and capabilities, rather than jobs.\n  5. Development: Leaders and workers will work together to navigate a connected array of development options, focused on the tasks and skills that evolve with the combinations of human and automated work.\n\n\nDeconstruct and Reconfigure Your Work\n\nTo anticipate how their own roles will evolve in the future, Reinventing Jobs recommends that individual workers should:\n\n  • Deconstruct their current jobs into tasks.\n  • Identify which tasks will likely be substituted by automation, which will be augmented by automation, and which will be transformed by automation.\n  • Determine how to reinvent themselves to better fit the tasks that will require and enhance the value of human workers.\n  • Imagine their future work descriptions as they could appear in two, five, and ten years.\n  • Consider how they’ll fit in a future organisation—one that’s a digital, agile, and boundary-less.\n\nDoes your organisation have the the tools it needs to inform, engage and inspire high performing teams during your digital transformation? Your HR toolkit needs a solution that enables you to automate the right tasks at every stage of the employee lifecycle. Take a look at our Performance Management software solution to discover how it can help you strike the right balance in the human-automation collaboration to inspire great performance.\n\nTen Considerations To Solve For\n\nMcKinsey argues that in the search for appropriate measures and policies to address these challenges, it is not wise to try and roll back or slow the spread of technology. They advocate that companies and governments should harness automation and AI to benefit from the enhanced performance and productivity contributions as well as the societal benefits. McKinsey is confident that such technologies will create the economic surpluses that will help societies manage workforce transitions. Rather, McKinsey believes that the focus should be on ways to ensure that the workforce transitions are as smooth as possible and that this is likely to require actionable and scalable solutions in several key areas:\n\n  • Ensuring robust economic and productivity growth: Strong growth is not the magic answer for all the challenges posed by automation, but it is a prerequisite for job growth and increasing prosperity. Productivity growth is a key contributor to economic growth. Therefore, unlocking investment and demand, as well as embracing automation for its productivity contributions, is critical.\n  • Fostering business dynamism: Entrepreneurship and more rapid new business formation will not only boost productivity, but also drive job creation. A vibrant environment for small businesses as well as a competitive environment for large business fosters business dynamism and, with it, job growth. Accelerating the rate of new business formation and the growth and competitiveness of businesses, large and small, will require simpler and evolved regulations, tax and other incentives.\n  • Evolving education systems and learning for a changed workplace: Policy makers working with education providers (traditional and nontraditional) and employers themselves could do more to improve basic STEM skills through the school systems and improved on-the-job training. A new emphasis is needed on creativity, critical and systems thinking, and adaptive and life-long learning. There will need to be solutions at scale.\n  • Investing in human capital: Reversing the trend of low, and in some countries, declining public investment in worker training is critical. Through tax benefits and other incentives, policy makers can encourage companies to invest in human capital, including job creation, learning and capability building, and wage growth, similar to incentives for private sector to invest in other types of capital including R&D.\n  • Improving labor-market dynamism: Information signals that enable matching of workers to work, credentialing, could all work better in most economies. Digital platforms can also help match people with jobs and restore vibrancy to the labor market. When more people change jobs, even within a company, evidence suggests that wages rise. As more varieties of work and income-earning opportunities emerge including the gig economy, we will need to solve for issues such as portability of benefits, worker classification, and wage variability.\n  • Redesigning work: Workflow design and workspace design will need to adapt to a new era in which people work more closely with machines. This is both an opportunity and a challenge, in terms of creating a safe and productive environment. Organisations are changing too, as work becomes more collaborative and companies seek to become increasingly agile and nonhierarchical.\n  • Rethinking incomes: If automation (full or partial) does result in a significant reduction in employment and/or greater pressure on wages, some ideas such as conditional transfers, support for mobility, universal basic income, and adapted social safety nets should be considered and tested. The key will be to find solutions that are economically viable and incorporate the multiple roles that work plays for workers, including providing not only income, but also meaning, purpose, and dignity.\n  • Rethinking transition support and safety nets for workers affected: As work evolves at higher rates of change between sectors, locations, activities, and skill requirements, many workers will need assistance adjusting. Many best practice approaches to transition safety nets are available, and should be adopted and adapted, while new approaches should be considered and tested.\n  • Investing in drivers of demand for work: Governments will need to consider stepping up investments that are beneficial in their own right and will also contribute to demand for work (for example, infrastructure, climate-change adaptation). These types of jobs, from construction to rewiring buildings and installing solar panels, are often middle-wage jobs, those most affected by automation.\n  • Embracing AI and automation safely: Even as we capture the productivity benefits of these rapidly evolving technologies, we need to actively guard against the risks and mitigate any dangers. The use of data must always take into account concerns including data security, privacy, malicious use, and potential issues of bias, issues that policy makers, tech and other firms, and individuals will need to find effective ways to address.\n\nStay tuned for the next Blog in this series as we explore how to automate intelligently during your digital transformation.\n\nIs your business ready to leverage automation in your organisation so that you can free your employees from repetitive, manual tasks forever? We've created an eGuide that visualises the entire employee lifecycle and how you can design an intelligent workplace with a healthy human-automation collaboration.\n\nGet Your Employee Lifecycle Management Guide\n\nImage credit: EY - How to automate intelligently\n\nImage Source: Ernst& Young: How do you ensure that you are automating intelligently\n\nTopics: performance management, HR automation, Performance Management Software, Employee Onboarding Software, The future of work, Automation, McKinsey, Redesigning work, Employee onboarding\n\nRequest a Demo", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5566362738609314}
+{"content": "Artistic and audacious meal by Chef Christian Sinicropi of La Palme D’Or in Cannes\n\nChef Sinicropi of the Grand Hyatt’s signature restaurant, La Palme d’Or, is to cooking what Chagall was to painting. Audacious and provocative, but festive and colorful, the creativity of this two-star Michelin rated chef shows not only in his cuisine, but in his dishes as well – literally the dishes.\n\nEach course of the meal is served on a specially designed ceramic dish or platter designed by the chef and his wife. My favorite was the hollowed out tree with ants crawling up the trunk where desserts were perched on the branches, followed closely by the red and white striped circus-themed tent appetizer holder. The serving pieces added a whimsical touch to an incredible meal.\n\nbrioche bread with smoked sea urchin tongue with duck foie gras\n\nThe act of eating a meal, according to chef Sinicropi, is not a passive pleasure. He requires the diners to become part of his movement of organized chaos.\n\nSquid bread seemed like the perfect place to start my meal by the sea in Cannes. Next came the fried ravioli of Comté cheese, black olive and chocolate “amuse-bouchés” that were light and flavorful.\n\nChecking in with me between courses the chef asked me to follow along the culinary AMNIS or MOVING WATER journey from a simple taste of a fresh raw oyster to a more evolved bite when combined with a powerful citrus punch from the local Menton village lemons and another with béarnaise sauce with shallots and vinegar. Finally, the oyster course reached its conclusion atop brioche bread with smoked sea urchin tongue, accompanied by duck foie gras cooked in sea salt and seasoned with citrus zest.\n\n\nAnd so it went with the rest of the courses chef Sinicropi created and executed. He opened my mind and forced me to think before I ate and awakened taste buds I did not previously know existed.\n\nThe cheese course was spectacular due to the array of aged cheeses matured by the famous Provence frommage celeb, Madame Josiane Déal.\n\ncheese course\n\nThe masterpiece of a meal drew near the end, but not without two dessert courses. The pre-dessert was a tower of treats consisting of chocolates and fluffy Meringues of different flavors. Last, but not least, I was served some sweetness and elegance to end the meal. Eye candy – the crispy outer shell looked like something from outer space that surrounded an icy mango treat that made my mouth pucker just a tad, while a hint of jasmine subtly played on my lips.\n\nmango domed dessert\n\nNo coffee needed; after the meal at La Palme d’Or I was wide-awake with excitement and my taste buds did not want to erase the magic they had tasted all night long in one of the most artistic and ambitious kitchens in France.\n\nThank you to chef Christian Sinicropi and the Grand Hyatt, Cannes for an outstanding dining experience.\n\nAbout The Author\n\nPriscilla Pilon\n\nPriscilla Pilon travels the world but is an admitted Paris addict. She began her career as a food and travel writer through her own personal trips and her time spent living and working abroad. A true travel chameleon, she can find herself skiing in the French Alps one day and snorkeling in the British Virgin Islands the next. A wife and mother of two grown boys, Priscilla sees travel as art – a blank canvas where unique hotels and experiences paint priceless pictures. Born and raised on the South Shore of Boston, she now splits her time between Newport, Rhode Island and Boston’s North End. She is an avid photographer, sailor (Oyster 54), tennis player, skier, foodie, and amateur sommelier.\n\nRelated Posts", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5874515771865845}
+{"content": "\n您可能感興趣： Autodesk Max 3ds Microsoft \nCorona Renderer 4 Hotfix 1 for 3DS MAX 2013-2020 超寫實照片級渲染器\n\ncorona render是一款可以完美集成在3dsMax上使用的渲染器，這款渲染器渲染出來的效果非常真實，而且效率也很高。corona render可以渲染出高質量的結果，已經有很多人開始將它使用在工作當中。\n\n1. 渲染質量\n\n\n2. 渲染效率\n\n\n3. 操作難度\n\n\nx64 | \n\n\n\n\nRendering Quality\nCorona Renderer offers both biased and unbiased rendering solution at the user’s discretion. In both cases it delivers predictable, reliable, and physically plausible results with no compromises in quality.\n\nEase Of Use\n\nInteractive Rendering\nCorona Renderer brings you state of the art, fully-featured interactive rendering. You can change materials, lights, and create and adjust geometry while rendering. There is no need to manually restart or update the rendering, as it happens automatically, usually within less than a second. It runs completely on the CPU, so it has no limitations to what it can handle…\n\n\nSpeed is an important factor in production that cannot be ignored. A usable renderer must always deliver results as fast as possible and that is why we are always looking for…\n\nWorkflow Tweaks\n\n\n\nSSS & Volumetrics\nCorona Renderer also offers the volumetric/SSS rendering option since the version 1.0. We call it the Subsurface scattering revolution (SSSR). Why revolution? Because it is a fast, …\n\nUHD Cache\nTraditionally, users had to choose to either use unbiased algorithms without any caching and wait long time for all renders, or use biased caching algorithms, and deal with splotches, missing shadows, and sensitive input parameters. Corona merges the best of both worlds…\n\nDistributed Rendering\n\nProudly CPU Based\n\nSystem Requirements:\nOS:64-bit Microsoft Windows (7, 8, 8.1, 10)\n\nNote: this denoiser type is optional, and Corona Renderer will work fine even if it's not installed (for example if you are using an AMD or integrated GPU). We also offer a High Quality denoiser, which utilizes purely the CPU, and this denoiser can be used on any computer which can run Corona Renderer.\nCompability:Autodesk 3ds Max x64 version 2013-2020\nWhats New:\n\nCorona Renderer 4 for 3ds Max (Hotfix 1) released!\nHere is the complete list of fixes:\n- Noise in caustics is now cleared 2x faster in scenes without motion blur\n- Fixed an issue where Corona Renderer was not loading for some non-English languages\n- Fixed not being able to use render history to compare images with and without the new high quality filtering mode enabled\n- Fixed crash when storing an image to the VFB history after running IR when both High quality filtering and Denoise during render are enabled\n- Fixed crash when certain geometry is used in Corona proxy with “keep in RAM” disabled\n- Fixed some Corona proxies being rendered as black when “Keep in RAM” checkbox is disabled\n- Fixed loading certain proxy files generated by older versions of Corona\n- Fixed crash when using “render()” command from Maxscript\n- Fixed material with “Always black” alpha mode being rendered with white alpha when using camera vignetting\n- Fixed several crashes related to distance maps\n- Fixed CoronaBitmap automatic reloading sometimes getting disabled.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8339598774909973}
+{"content": "History of Casino\n\nThe record of gambling dates back to olden times that are away from your imagination. A belief is that hell, sea and heaven were split because of a dice thrown by Hades, Poseidon and Zeus. The facts gathered by Archeologists, says that even early cavemen used to gamble. Gambling is among the oldest activities which have been taken up by mankind.\n\nThere are facts that date back to prehistoric era, proving that gambling prevailed in those ages. Even the cultures that dominated the civilization in that time maintained gambling in some forms. In the time, when material assets were of no importance, our ancestors went to the limit of staking their family or themselves for the enjoyment of gambling.\n\nGlobal Evidences\n\nGoing back to the data and facts collected about this matter, there are numerous proofs that support the record of gambling. It has been found that almost four thousand years back, objects like dice were created with ankle bone of sheep and were called Astragali. There are many cave drawings found by historians, which prove the subsistence of gamblers in early times.\n\nAccording to archeological data, Chinese civilization had invented a variety of gambling that use tiles, back in 2300 B.C. 1100 years later the Greek also god indulged in dice games. In Thebes, back in 1500 B.C. Egypt, ivory was used for making a couple of dice and in Japan, India and Rome relics related to gambling have been discovered. During the period of Revolutionary War, lotteries came to existence. The initiative of purchasing the foremost national lottery ticket was taken by Washington in 1973.\n\nImportant Events\n\nIt is held that Kind of Sweden and Norway came together for deciding the possession of a town called Hising with a dice game. Norway won the gamer of luck and got the territory. As per the claim made by some facts, King Henry VIII banned gambling after discovering that his soldiers spend more time to play the chance games instead of improving the skills for battle field. Lotteries were also banned during the Civil Was reformation.\n\nModern Time\n\nThe innate wish to become richer and prosperous overnight is the main factor behind the popularity of gambling. This is why people are addicted to gambling, but with the gaining of legal form it changed a lot. The present gambling practices include roulette, poker, slot machines, playing cards, blackjack etc. The heaven for gamblers is undisputedly Las Vegas. It is an isolated valley however, with hassle-free government regulations people started to gain interest in the chance games and within a short period it emerged as the leading destination for gambler.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6814059615135193}
+{"content": "\n\n2010-10-11 18:23\n\nOne French man I know recently found out that a lot of Japanese don't know much about the history or politics of their own country,\nas whenever he asks some questions about incidents in the past people rarely have an answer.\n\nIt's not a language barrier.\nThe problem,according to him, is that we are indifferent to societal and historical matters.\nMaybe, it is true in a sense, because Japan has been relatively peaceful over the past 50 years, so we did not need to think about the past to improve our daily lives.\n\nDoes my perspective sound too radical or like a silly explanation?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8402960896492004}
+{"content": "1304 – Land Functioning Outcomes with Pool Interventions\n\nBeginner / 3-hour Workshop\n\n\nFaculty: Maryanne Haggerty, MS\n\n\nCOURSE DESCRIPTION: This session will highlight how aquatic equipment can be used to directly transition a person from pool to land based muscular endurance and strength. Controversy on the issue of the aquatic environment using predominantly concentric contractions and not preparing people for gravity-based strength will be addressed. Using equipment that allows for force couples, concentric and eccentric contractions in the water, plus the additional properties of the water will produce a better than smooth transition. This course will assist you in making choices for designing aquatic exercises with equipment that makes the transition to land based exercise easier because of the benefits and additional exercise inherent to the properties of the water. Aquatic techniques will include mobility, stability, and strengthening exercises to achieve synergistic muscle balance and preparation for muscle conditioning needed for transitioning to land functioning.\n\n\n\n1)  Gain proficiency in stabilization exercises of the trunk while activating low tone muscles for joint stabilization.\n\n2)  Utilize equipment for different phases of rehabilitation from therapeutic needs to the transitioning conditioning phases.\n\n3)  Evaluate and identify equipment that allows for force couples, concentric and eccentric contractions in the water.\n\n4)  Compare the types of equipment that allow for forced couples to help transition a person to the land directly.\n\n5)  Identify benefits to using equipment in the pool and the need for guided instruction for safe and effective use.\n\n\nFACULTY: Maryanne Haggerty, MS, has been promoting safe and effective therapeutic exercise with an integrated total body approach to individuals, groups, and professionals for 30 years. As a faculty member and presenter for TSI, NASM, AEA, and AFAA, she has certified professionals. Promoting exercise for all abilities, Maryanne has presented televised exercise segments on aquatics. She has developed several post-rehab options for continued safety in conditioning and strengthening. As the program developer of the Aquavee pool pilates plus small group and post-rehab conditioning options, she has incorporated a total body approach to integrating balanced movement patterns in the reconditioning of trunk and joint stability.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.848146378993988}
+{"content": "EEG-EMG Laboratory\n\nEEG-EMG Laboratory\n\nWhat are EEG and EMG tests?\n\n\nEEG (electroencephalograph)\n\n\nIt is the electrical activity produced by the nerve cells in the brain, both wakefulness and sleep, to be printed on paper as brainwaves.\n\n\nIn which cases EEG shooting is required?\n\n\nThe normal electrical activity of the brain is disrupted in many cases, particularly epilepsy (epilepsy). Evaluation of brain waves forming the EEG and the location and shape of this disorder are obtained. In the investigation of the causes of headaches and the evaluation of brain functions in many neurological diseases other than epilepsy, an EEG examination is used. In particular, the investigation of the causes of fainting, the diagnosis of epilepsy disease and the determination of the type of treatment will determine the method of examination EEG.\n\n\nHow to Make EEG Shots?\n\n\nThe electrical activity of the brain is transmitted to the EEG device via small metal electrodes placed on the scalp of the patient and the data is recorded to the computer for an average of 20 minutes.\n\nThe patient is not supplied with electricity during the shooting and the patient does not experience any pain.\n\nEEG can be taken in all age groups and pregnant women. Does not contain radiation.\n\n\nEEG asleep\n\n\nSleep helps in the development of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In the event that the EEG performed for 20 minutes in case of wakefulness for a diagnosis of epilepsy does not provide sufficient information, EEG is performed during sleep. Sleep EEG is one of the most commonly used methods of activation.\n\nThe patient's sleeplessness in the night before this kind of attraction is beneficial because it will facilitate daytime sleep and increase the likelihood of abnormal brain waves.\n\n\nComing to Shooting\n\n\nIt is useful to wash the hair on the morning of the shooting day in order to ensure that the EEG examination is free of interference.\n\nIf there are drugs used continuously, drugs will continue to be used on the day of shooting, and it will be appropriate to inform the physician about the EEG.\n\nEMG (Electromyography)\n\nElectrical and electrical monitoring of the nerves and muscles in our body. In the EMG examination, the head, arms, legs and peripheral nerves on the body function normally.\n\n\nWhat is the EMG?\n\n\nNerve injuries\n\nNerve jams (Carpal tunnel syndrome, etc.)\n\nWaist and neck hernia\n\nTables of numbness and burning in the arms and legs\n\nFacial palsies\n\nDiagnosis of diseases that impair the function of nerves (metabolic diseases such as diabetes)\n\nDiagnosis of muscle diseases\n\nIt is performed for the diagnosis of spinal cord diseases with muscle melting.\n\nHow to make an EMG study?\n\n\nExamination of the nerves: Some nerves selected in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body are stimulated by a linear electrical current that will not disturb the patient through an electrode placed on the skin.\n\nExamination of the muscles: A needle-shaped electrode is placed in a selected muscle in the arm, leg or other body parts to examine the electrical activity in the muscle.\n\nEMG Shooting Time\n\n\nEMG examination is a review that can last between 15 minutes and 1 hour, although the duration may vary. The EMG does not have a known side effect and no known lasting harm, except for mild stimulation during electrical stimulation and injection.\n\n\nEMG on Arrival\n\n\nThe patient does not need to be hungry,\n\nIf there are medicines that are regularly used, there is no harm in taking them.\n\nWearing comfortable clothing makes inspection easier.\n\nIf the patient has a pacemaker, it is recommended that the patient or patient's relative should alert the physician before the examination.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9823177456855774}
+{"content": "Abstraction Computer Science – Is it a Scam?\n\nThis role calls for a high degree of technical proficiency and crystal clear awareness of current small business practices. Overall, computer science-related occupations pay pretty well and, as a result of increasing demand for skilled computer scientists, superior salaries are certain to remain for a long time to come. samedayessay login Additional study is important for a career in academia and can be helpful for a selection of different careers, for instance, developing new technologies and products.\n\nApplications vary from the little scale to the enormous, as in databases constructed to satisfy the requirements of particular businesses. While the requirements for software engineering jobs change from role to role, there are specific skills which each developer requirements. Software is an enormous industry and should you work for the most suitable company, there are likely to be many perks which are available to you.\n\n\nThe Hidden Gem of Abstraction Computer Science\n\nThe definition clause is needed, but the condition might not be necessary for each and every ADT. Be aware that every layer here is pretty trivial to construct. It's also the exact same as the quantity of edges.\n\nThe Fundamentals of Abstraction Computer Science Revealed\n\nThere are a lot of things that seem impossible only so long as an individual does not attempt them. Some men and women find this kind of work stressful. In any corporate, individuals are sure to discover people that are excellent at technical understanding, but don't communicate with the remaining part of the team, thus being left behind and struggle to climb up the ladder.\n\nAbstraction Computer Science\n\nAbstraction is among the critical ideas in computer science. Machine Learning Engineer Now is a good time to go for a career for a Machine Learning (ML) engineer. Data Engineer inside this role, you're develop and maintain large and intricate databases in addition to large-scale data processing systems.\n\nLife After Abstraction Computer Science\n\nWithout procedural abstraction, big computer programs wouldn't be possible, since they contain an excessive amount of code for a single person to hold in his head at one time. It's employed as a means to make it simpler to create complex algorithms, together with whole systems. It is essential for you to understand, however, that there are assorted types of programming languages which are available and although there could be some crossover in some specific cases, it is better should you concentrate on one and make it your priority.\n\nbuy reports\n\nThe Nuiances of Abstraction Computer Science\n\nIn music, the expression abstraction can be employed to spell out improvisatory approaches to interpretation, and could sometimes indicate abandonment of tonality. If you would like to be known as an expert developer, you certainly need to understand the language. A number of the concepts and theories utilized in computer science are amazingly complicated.\n\nThus, when teaching children about abstraction it is critical that there's some relation to real-world bodily entities. There are lots of algorithms that are utilized to automate our world. Once you've got an abstraction, you can write programs using the abstraction and ignore the particulars of the way that it works.\n\nLoops comprise a massive portion of the exam so understand the method by which they run. Throughout the class, individuals are going to learn how to code using Python, a favorite programming language, alongside gaining a comprehension of basic site design. And even when you do, you'll just need to do a reinstall of the OS.\n\nSince image can be extremely large sometime, we'll want to do the download in the rear thread. It is possible to either begin a new project by yourself or donate to a present project on SourceForge. Even if you're asking for a software developer position, R programming experience can cause you to stick out from the crowd.\n\nThe Death of Abstraction Computer Science\n\nBasic projects can make full points should they meet requirements. Practice code is the secret to success. What's important is that we work now to have the ability to find the best of it.\n\nPerhaps there'll always be a line, an exact minimum confirmation moment as soon as an author does acknowledge something is going to be born into the world wide web or not. That's it for this write-up, I hope you gleaned some insight into how a software developer thinks, and finally have a roadmap regarding the direction in which you ought to completely change your own mind so that you might grow to be a productive developer. Due to this segmented procedure, collaborating on a team made it a lot easier for Lou to make Escape.\n\nThe same holds for video games. This mindset is an asset that will gain you in several ways in the very long run, and it's the cornerstone of a career in software development. There are many great resources online.\n\nWhen it regards the future, there are just a few guarantees. Naturally, there are a number of unique jobs which are available and you need to consider the choices that are open to you before deciding. While the direct benefits in my personal environment will differ than yours, there's still value to be derived.\n\nOn the flip side, if it requires 33 credits, you will have to take 12 credits in the very first semester. Before beginning your coursework, you ought to take some opportunity to decide what your career goals are. The tutor we selected is doing a great job, and we are extremely satisfied with the on-line follow-up after every tutoring session.\n\nAbstraction Computer Science Ideas\n\nDecimal numbers may be rounded or truncated to create an integer result. In some programming languages, function overloading or method overloading is the ability to produce a number of techniques of exactly the same name with various implementations. It can only have an inverse if it is a bijective function.\n\nIt's merely a variable, a special data structure that may hold many values of precisely the same type. Basically, it's the capacity of a single technique to be applied to derived classes and reach an appropriate output. It's no edges that come from a vertex and return to that very same vertex.\n\nA History of Abstraction Computer Science Refuted\n\nSo, my very first step was getting my resume prepared to go. Some ask you to create some kind of small project. Continue the terrific work Wyzant!!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.827167809009552}
+{"content": "Tag Archive for Scientific American\n\nEditorial Review and Opinion\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Standard Model\n\nWhen my grandfather was a young man, atoms were the basic building blocks of matter. In fact, the very term was derived from the Greek word atomos, which means indivisible. By the time I was a young man, that basic unit of matter had been divided into protons, neutrons and electrons, which were then believed to be the basic units of matter. Since then, new discoveries revealed that those three once basic units are in fact made up of several sub-particles generically classified as Fermions (named after the nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi) and shown in the attached chart. For some time, these particles, or units of matter, were thought to be the basic ones of which all larger particles are composed. Recently, however, new evidence has surfaced that “imply that they (the particles shown in the chart) are instead built of still smaller components.” *\n\nThe quoted article highlights, albeit unintentionally, an underlying problem we face as we strive to understand the universe, both on the micro and macro level. It seems that no matter what we discover, the more we know, the less we know. Each layer of knowledge that we peel off the onion of the universe simply reveals another layer beneath it. And paradoxically, that layer always seems larger and more complex than the one that covered it. So the amount to be known keeps growing, while our ability to comprehend this new information remains the same. The problem is much the same in the macro universe of stars and galaxies, but I will discuss that in future post.\n\nSome years ago I saw a presentation by Arthur C. Clarke, the scientist and science fiction writer, on the subject of fractals. Fractals are mathematical expressions that create identical or similar patterns that repeat no matter how closely viewed. You have no doubt seen visual representations of fractals on the web and in some modern art. These would just be neat parlor tricks of interest only to mathematicians except for one salient fact as pointed out by Clarke: while the mathematically generated fractals are infinite, they have many finite analogies in the natural world. River networks, blood vessels, DNA molecules, crystals, snowflakes, and broccoli are just a few examples of finite fractal patterns. But if finite fractal patterns clearly exist in nature, and infinite patterns exist in math, what prohibits infinite patterns in nature?\n\nInfinity is not a term embraced by many scientists except mathematicians. Physicists and other practical investigators into the micro-world want no part of infinity. Hence the notion that there may be an infinite number of ever smaller sub-particles, similar to fractals, or at least so many as to be effectively infinite, is an unacceptable concept.  In their minds, there must be a final particle or set of particles. I believe the reasons for this conviction are psychological rather scientific. After all, everything in our normal lives is finite and these are the experiences that condition our assumptions and beliefs. We are born, we live and we die. As individuals, our part of the life cycle is finite, and this fact carries over into how we look at the natural world.  Scientists are human and are not immune to the bias toward finiteness that is hard wired into all of us. In addition, the notion if infinity has religious connotations attached to it that many scientists find repellant and associate with superstition.\n\nHowever, being neither a scientist or a theologian, as a science fiction writer I am free to speculate. It is quite possible that we will never find that “god particle,” the most basic of the basic, the building block of matter and therefore the universe.  Instead, we may be faced with an ever more complex micro-world that truly is a world without end.\n\n*The quote and the chart were taken from an article entitled “The Inner Life of Quarks,” in this month’s (November, 2012) issue of Scientific American by Don Lincoln, a senior physicist at Fermilab.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.871289849281311}
+{"content": "Stellenbosch University offers an M.Phil. Programme in the field of science and technology studies, with a specialisation in science and public engagement. The course content focuses on challenges associated with the communication between science, public audiences and stakeholder groups in society, with a special focus on Africa.  The course provides an overview of science communication as a field of research, and touches upon issues of credibility and trust in the communication of scientific evidence and its importance for political discourse.\n\nThe course is ideal for part-time study. Most students use year one for the coursework (with lectures in blocks of two to three days spread across the academic year) and year two for a research assignment. During the research component, students work closely with the research group associated with the South African Research Chair in Science Communication, hosted at CREST. Students are urged to work on topics closely related to the research areas of the chair. The key research areas of the Chair are: public perceptions and expectations of science; science in the mass media; science communication by scientists and scientific organisations; and science communication and social media.\n\nStudents who follow the MPhil (STS) programme, specialising in public science engagement, will complete the following eight modules.\n\nThe sociology of science deals with the internal operations of science, as well as the relationship of science with its social environment. Internally the focus is on the isomorphism of intellectual fields, i.e. disciplines and research areas, and their social counterparts, on the attribution of reputation as the basis of the ‘social structure’ within science, and on the normative framework, the conditions and dynamics of knowledge production. The external relations of science refer to the closer coupling of science to politics, the economy and the media. Each of these has its own specific logic of operation which is different from that of science. Since science as a social subsystem is self-steering, the fundamental question is what happens to this autonomy of science, i.e. what are the effects of political intervention, economic steering and orientation to the media on the production of reliable, certified knowledge.\n\nThis module covers such topics as the institutional arrangements and the policy instruments for funding science, and science and technology policy, as well as evaluation practices and the impact of New Public Management. The focus will then be specifically on the concept of national innovation systems which has assumed a central place in science policies throughout Europe, the US and South Africa. The assumptions and claims connected with this concept will be probed for the available data on which indicators are based that are supposed to direct innovation policies. This will enable students to acquire the critical capacity to analyse science policies, their potential and their limitations.\n\nBibliometrics is the quantitative study of the communication behaviours of scientists. Very specifically, it analyses the patterns of publication and citation behaviour of scientists and what such analyses tell us about the priorities of scientists, patterns of recognition and visibility of science, who collaborates with whom, who cites whom and how all of these have changed over time and still differ over scientific fields. The course will discuss the basic vocabulary of bibliometrics as well as its history over the past 100 years. Students will be introduced to the major journals in the field, the work of the major research centres in bibliometrics as well as current debates. Specific bibliometric indicators will be discussed in detail, with an emphasis on the well-known Journal Impact Factor and the more recent h-index. The course will also involve practical work in our computer laboratory where students will learn how to conduct their own bibliometric analyses on the online version of the Thomson Reuters Web of Science.\n\nResearchers and research performing institutions are under pressure to demonstrate the broader impacts of their research beyond the numbers of citations achieved by research publications. This module will focus on the uptake of research in different user contexts (policymakers and practitioners) by exploring the different paradigms, frameworks and models of research uptake and use. There will be a special focus on the societal impact of research, which includes the challenges of research impact assessment, together with specific assessment approaches such as the payback framework and the search for productive interactions between researchers and society.\n\nStarting out from a historical perspective on the changing relationship between science and society, this module will focus on defining, differentiating and understanding the diverse public audiences for science. It will explore the nature and dynamics of the interactions and relationships between scientists and the audiences with which they engage. In this context the origins and evolution of public understanding of science, but also scientists’ understanding of the public, will be discussed. Issues such as public trust in science, public controversies based on science, and the ethical/moral/political dimensions of public science engagement are included.\n\nThis module is about understanding how scientists communicate with each other within the science system against the backdrop of the sociology of scientific recognition and reputation. It will identify major role players and current trends within the science publishing industry, explain debates around open access and intellectual property, and reflect on how communication within science influences communication to policy and public audiences. Specific topics for discussion include the communication behaviours and practices of scientists, trends in peer review, the rise and implications of open access publishing and the politics of science publishing in (South) Africa.\n\nThis module will explore the rationale for, as well as the nature and scope of, public science communication and engagement. It will include a review of theoretical models in public science engagement, before moving on to reflect on global and regional trends and key issues in public science engagement. The meaning and implications of the so-called ‘science of science communication’, which is about understanding how and why people respond to new scientific information in particular ways, will form part of the module content. The practical component will focus on science communication planning and evaluation.\n\nUnderstanding the actors, processes and platforms involved in public science engagement is the core of this module. In addition to looking at the role of platforms such as science centres, science museums, zoos, aquaria, botanical gardens, science festivals, science cafés, science theatre, citizen science, science-art collaborations, media and informal science education, the module will focus on two key role players: scientists (in their role as public experts) and science communication professionals (who work as enablers at the interface between science and society). The influence and impact of the internet, and new/social media, will also be discussed. This module also includes a brief reflection on the history of science and society, and ethics in present-day science communication practice.\n\nView more information on the postgraduate programmes at CREST.\n\nInterested applicants should apply online on or before 31 August 2019 (non-South African citizens) and 30 September 2019 (South African citizens).\n\nCREST offers a limited number of bursaries. We will invite all students accepted to the programme to apply for bursaries during October 2019.\n\nApplicants need to be in possession of an honours degree or equivalent postgraduate qualification at NQF level 8.\n\nPlease direct all enquiries to Mrs Bernia Drake at or +27 (0)21 808 3394.\n\nStudents who are interested to study science journalism should contact the Journalism Department at Stellenbosch University.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9961367249488831}
+{"content": "WikiLeaks for Everything: The Path to Freedom\n\nWikiLeaks Libertarianism\nMason Mohon | @mohonofficial\n\n\nRead moreWikiLeaks for Everything: The Path to Freedom\n\nTulsi Gabbard Is Not a Libertarian\n\ntulsi gabbard libertarian\nPeyton Gouzien | @pgouzien\n\nFor some reason, libertarians love Tulsi Gabbard.\n\nGabbard, the 2020 Democratic presidential candidate, has been praised for her anti-war message and honesty on a range of topics including the industrial military complex, the federal reserve, and overarching tech privacy. But that does not make Gabbard a libertarian.\n\nThough Gabbard promotes a general anti-interventionist message that is informed by her military service in Iraq, there are still lingering questions about her close relationship with Syrian dictator Bashar Assad. Still, some of the most prominent libertarians are willing to overlook her record.\n\nRead moreTulsi Gabbard Is Not a Libertarian\n\nRojava Is Holding Off ISIS But Needs Better Guns to Prosper\n\nrojava women with guns middle east\nEllie McFarland | @El_FarAwayLand\n\nEver since the Ottoman Empire dissolved and the various world powers got their hands on it, the Middle East has been ensconced in conflict. For much of that time, the United States has been heavily involved in Middle Eastern politics. Specifically, it has recently battled the terrorist groups Al Qaeda, ISIS, and the Taliban. As a result of President Bush’s occupation of Iraq, Obama’s “War on Terror”, and Trump’s continued refusal to eject troops from the region, America still ravages an entire subcontinent. Despite this damage and death, America remains ineffective at quelling terrorism. Though ISIS has a greatly reduced presence, they and the other groups remain a significant problem for many Middle Easterners. But amidst America’s “well-intentioned” but damaging military action, local armies are also rising up to defend their own homes. The most notable of these is the Kurdish-based army, Rojava\n\nRead moreRojava Is Holding Off ISIS But Needs Better Guns to Prosper\n\nWhy I Support Tulsi Gabbard as a Libertarian\n\nSupport Tulsi Gabbard Libertarian\nMason Mohon | @mohonofficial\n\nI’m not a voting man. I think that voting is ultimately ineffectual and a massive waste of time. Go plug in your support for a candidate and expect change. Even though Russia rigged it. Or Ted Cruz rigged it, whatever the story is this time. Voting is a joke, so I don’t really support anyone politically that way. Rather, I prefer to support through the most pragmatic means possible. How is this person going to shift the political discourse? How is the candidate I’m supporting going to re-shape politics? Answering these questions leads me to support Tulsi Gabbard as the ideal 2020 candidate, even as a libertarian.\n\nRead moreWhy I Support Tulsi Gabbard as a Libertarian", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6335790157318115}
+{"content": "C++Tutorial for Beginners 46 - The New Operator; Allocating Memory in C++\n\nThe \"new\" operator in C++ allows us to allocate memory. This is the source of a lot of C++'s power; we can explicitly allocated the amount of memory we need, and refer to it using pointers.\n\nOn the other hand, it's also a source of a lot of memory leaks in C++ programs, since it's easy to forget that you've got to free that memory later. You can free memory with \"delete\", you've got to call the right version of delete depending on whether you're freeing memory just for one object, or for a whole array of values.\n\nClick here to download source code for this tutorial.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8990370631217957}
+{"content": "“No of racism. Racism has been a factor\n\n“No matter how much money you have, no matter how famous you are, no matter how many people admire you, being black in America is – its tough.” LeBron James. These are comments made by one of the most elite athletes in the world. He has fears and lives with them on a daily basis. There have been loads of stereotyping experiences felt all through America not only by the African Americans but also by all minority groups in the U.S. Racism is alive and well. Beneath their success and influence in their different sport ventures lies the fear of racism.\n\n      Racism has been a factor undermining minority groups in America up to the present day. The athlete today is compared to a superhero to the masses. With his/her impressive performances on the field, he is glorified and shed on light for his/her merits and demerits. Being an athlete calls for sacrifice, unlimited hours of perfection of their craft day in day out. It’s a lifetime dedication that comes from passion. This is true for all athletes in the world. In America however, the black athlete has his/her hidden fears that live inside each and every day. Racism is prevalent in their situation in the field and even sometimes in the organization that they are part of. Adam Jones, the Baltimore Orioles center fielder is one of the recent examples of experiencing racism. He recalls being called the n-word a couple of times by the Boston Red Sox fans while also throwing at him a bag of peanuts. He spoke out about this the experience he had at Boston in a very sad way. He could not comprehend how the behavior of those who slurred names at him was so full of hatred and anger at him because of his skin color. This has not been a new case scenario. For over 60 years most of the major league athletes have had something to say about the experience. In his memoir in 1979, Bill Russell, an NBA champion who won 11 championships for the Boston Celtics called Boston ‘a flea market of racism’. Even he, with all that he had contributed to the city experienced racism in his career.\n\nWe Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically\nFor You For Only $13.90/page!\n\norder now\n\n        A similar scenario happened to LeBron James, a three-time NBA champion, where an unidentified person spray-painted the n-word on his gate in his Brentwood resident. He was currently not in his home but he commented a very heartfelt message about the action. He talked about how it reminded him of the mother of Emmett Till, a black American who was lynched in 1995 at the age of 14. The mother insisted that his casket be left open in his funeral so that the world would see how brutally they had murdered his son. “We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America.” Said James. Investigations were done through the surveillance cameras to identify the person who spray-painted his gate.\n\n       Serena Williams is a symbol of Black female Excellency in more ways than one. She is a highly decorated world tennis player with a tremendous record and ability to overcome obstacles of all sorts. After giving birth to Alexis on September, she notices alarming sensations in her body. Serena has been an athlete almost all her life meaning that she is quite familiar with her body; taking time to listen to what it requires and needs. This being the case, she requested for blood thinners from her doctors but they ignored her putting her in life threatening condition. She also popped open the C-section stitches from intense coughing and developed a hematoma in her abdomen. She would later then spend six weeks of her daughter’s life without being able to get out of bed. Statistics show that the likelihood of black women dying after pregnancy to white women is three out of four. These are brought about by access to health care, insurance cover, and education. The underlying reason however, one that is usually left out is the difference in treatment and care offered to white patients over black patients.\n\n     The Negro League Baseball was born out of necessity in the late 1880s. This was mainly because the black American was not allowed to join the national league dominated by white supremacy. These bans that excluded those of color from participating were very prevalent in the 1890s. This made the blacks work together to form their own organization, which, over time, became one of the most successful organizations run by African Americans. Their growth was a symbol of their dedication and determination to rise above racism and social injustices that they were going through during the time. Jackie Robinson was the first to break the color barrier by joining in the Dodger’s organization. This opened gates for players like Joe Black, Don Newcombe, and Roy Campanella. By the year 1952, over 150 players were in Major League Baseball.\n\n        Not so long ago, a couple of NFL player teamed up in solidarity and in defiance. This was in the support of the Black Lives Matter Movement that addressed the unnecessary killing of African Americans by armed police. The stand saw aggressive responses from the then president aspirant Trump calling them names and talking about how they should find another country that fits them. It is quite clear that athletes who are black are not yet treated equal as the rest, especially in America. To them, wealth does not equate freedom. This is the beneath perspective of what the black athlete goes through in his/her personal life. Beyond all the wildest success and fame, lies beneath an insecurity that follows them every day.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8876040577888489}
+{"content": "Sie sind auf Seite 1von 27\n\n\nIntroduction Queuing theory deals with problems that involve waiting (or queuing). It is quite common that instances of queue occurs everyday in our daily life. Examples of queues or long waiting lines might be \u0016 \u0016 \u0016 \u0016 Waiting for service in bank and at reservation counter. Waiting for a train or bus. Waiting at barber saloon. Waiting at doctors clinic.\n\nWhenever a customer arrives at a service facility, some of them usually have to wait before they receive the desired service. This form a queue or waiting line and customer feel discomfort either mentally or physically because of long waiting queue. We infer that queues from because the service facilities are inadequate. If service facilities are increased, then the question arise how much to increase? For example, how many buses would be needed to avoid queues? How many reservation counters would be needed to reduce the queue? Increase in number of buses and reservation counters requires additional resources. At the same time, cost due to customer dissatisfaction must also be considered. Symbols and notations: n = total number of customers in the system, both waiting and in service\n\n= average number of customers being serviced per unit of time. = average number of customers arriving per unit of time. C = number of parallel service channels Ls or E(n) = average number of customers in the system, both waiting in the service. Lq or E(m) = average number of customers waiting in the queue\n\nWs or E(w) = average wating time of a customer in the system both waiting and in service Wq or E(w) = average waiting time of a customer in the queue Pn (t = probability that there are n customer in the queue\n\ntotal cost of the system cost cost of service\n\ncost of waiting\n\noptical service level\n\nlevel of service\n\nQueuing system The customers arrive at service counter (single or in a group) and attended by one or more servers. A customer served leaves the system after getting the service. In general, a queuing system comprise with two components, the queue and the service facility. The queue is where the customers are waiting to be served. The service facility is customers being served and the individual service stations. SERVICE SYSTEM The service is provided by a service facility (or facilities). This may be a person (a bank teller, a barber, a machine (elevator, gasoline pump), or a space (airport runway, parking lot, hospital bed), to mention just a few. A service facility may include one person or several people operating as a team. There are two aspects of a service system(a) the configuration of the service system and (b) the speed of the service.\n\nConfiguration of the service system\n\nThe customers entry into the service system depends upon the queue conditions. If at the time of customers arrival, the server is idle, then the customer is served immediately. Otherwise the customer is asked to join the queue, which can have several configurations. By configuration of the service system we mean how the service facilities exist. Service systems are usually classified in terms of their number of channels, or numbers of servers. Single Server Single Queue The models that involve one queue one service station facility are called single server models where customer waits till the service point is ready to take him for servicing. Students arriving at a library counter is an example of a single server facility.\n\nSeveral (Parallel) Servers Single Queue In this type of model there is more than one server and each server provides the same type of facility. The customers wait in a single queue until one of the service channels is ready to take them in for servicing\n\nSeveral Servers Several Queues\n\nThis type of model consists of several servers where each of the servers has a different queue. Different cash counters in an electricity office where the customers can make payment in respect of their electricity bills provide an example of this type of model.\n\nService facilities in a series In this, a customer enters the first station and gets a portion of service and then moves on to the next station, gets some service and then again moves on to the next station. . and so on, and finally leaves the system, having received the complete service. For example, machining of a certain steel item may consist of cutting, turning, knurling, drilling, grinding, and packaging operations, each of which is performed by a single server in a series. Service Facility.\n\nCharacteristics of Queuing System\n\nIn designing a good queuing system, it is necessary to have a good Information about the model. The characteristic listed below would Provide sufficient information.\n\n1. 2. 3. 4. 5.\n\nThe Arrival pattern. The service mechanism. The queue discipline. The number of service channels. Number of Service Stages\n\n1. The Arrival pattern. Arrivals can be measured as the arrival rate or the interarrival time (time between arrivals). Interarrival time =1/ arrival rate\n\nThese quantities may be deterministic or stochastic (given by a propbability distribution). Arrivals may also come in batches of multiple customers, which is called batch or bulk arrivals. The batch size may be either deterministic or stochastic.\n\n(i) Balking: The customer may decide not to enter the queue upon Arrival, perhaps because it is too long. (ii) Reneging: The customer may decide to leave the queue after Waiting a certain time in it. (iii) Jockeying: If there are multiple queues in parallel the customers May switch between them. (iv) Drop-os: Customers may be dropped from the queue for rea-\n\nSons outside of their control. (This can be viewed as a generalIsation of reneging.)\n\n2. Service Pattern As with arrival patterns, service patterns may be deterministic or stochastic. There may also be batched services. The service rate may be state-dependent. (This is the analoge of impatience with arrivals.) Note that there is an important dierence between arrivals and services. Services do not occur when the queue is empty (i.e. in this case it is a no-op).\n\n3. Queue Discipline This is the manner by which customers are selected for service. (i) (ii) (iii) First in First Out (FIFO). Last in First Out (LIFO), also called Service in Random Order (SIRO).\n\n(iv) Priority Schemes. Priority schemes are either: Preemptive: A customer of higher priority immediately displaces any customers of lower priority already in service. The displaced customer's service may be either resumed from where it was left o, or started a new. Non-Preemptive: Customers with higher priority wait current service completes, before being served.\n\n4.The number of service channels\n\n5. Number of Service Stages Customers are served by multiple servers in series.\n\nIn general, a multistage queue may be a complex network with feedBack\n\nApplication of queuing theory: Queing theory has been applied to a great variety of business situations. Here we shall discuss a few problem s where the theory may be applied-\n\n1) Waiting line theory can be applied to be determine the number of check out counters needed to secure smooth and economic operations of its stored at various time during the day of a super market or a departmental store . 2) Waiting line theory can be used to analyze the delays at the toll booths of bridges and tunnels. 3) Waiting line theory can be used to improve the customers service at restaurants,cafeteria ,gasoline service station , airline counters,hospitals etc, 4) Waiting line theory can be used to determine the proper determine the proper number docks to be constructed in the building of terminal facilities for trucks &ships. 5) Several manufacturing firms have attacked the problems of machine break down &repairs by utilizing this theory . Waiting line theory can be used to determine the number of personnal to be employed so that thee cost of the production loss from down time & the cost f repairman is minimized. 6) Queuing theory has been extended to study a wage incentive plan Queuing theory (Limitations)\n\n1) Most of the queuing models are quite complex & cannot be easily\n\n2) Many times\n\nform of theoretical distribution applicable to given queuing situations is not known. is not in first in, first out, the study of queuing problems become more difficult.\n\n3) If the queuing discipline\n\n\nCustomer:> (Arrival) The arrival unit that requires some services to performed. Queue:>The number of Customer waiting to be served. Arrival Rate ( ):>The rate which customer arrive to the service station. Service rate () :> The rate at which the service unit can provide sevices the customer If Utilization Ratio Or Traffic intensity i.e / > 1 Queue is growing without end. / < 1 Length of Queue is go on diminishing. / = 1 Queue length remain constant. / to\n\nWhen Arrival Rate ( ) is less than Service rate () the system is working . i.e < (system work)\n\nFormulas =Service Rate = Arrival Rate\n\n1. Traffic Intensity (P)=\n\n2. Probability Of System Is Ideal (P0) =1-P P0 = 1- / 3. Expected Waiting Time In The System (Ws) = 1/ (- ) 4. Expected Waiting Time In Quie (Wq) = / (- ) 5. Expected Number Of Customer In The System (Ls)= / (- ) Ls=Length Of System 6. Expected Number Of Customers In The Quie (Lq)=\n\n/ (- )\n\n7. Expected Length Of Non-Empty Quie (Lneq)= / (- ) 8. What Is The Probability Track That That K Or More Than K Customers In The System. P >=K = ( /)K 9. What Is The Probability That More Than K Customers Are In The System ( P>K)= ( /)K+1 10. What Is The Probability That Atleast One Customer Is Standing In Quie. P=K=( /)2 11. What Is The Probability That Atleast Two Customer In The System P=K=( /)2 (P Is Greater Than Equal To K)\n\nSolved Example. Question 1.People arrive at a cinema ticket booth in a poisson distributed arrival rate of 25per hour. Service rate is exponentially distributed with an average time of 2 per min.\n\nCalculate the mean number in the waiting line, the mean waiting time , the mean number in the system , the mean time in the system and the utilization factor?\n\nSolution: Arrival rate =25/hr Service rate = 2/min=30/hr Length of Queue (Lq)=\n\n/ (- )\n\n= 252/(30(30-25)) =4.17 persone Expected Waiting Time In Quie (Wq) = / (- ) =25/(30(30-25)) =1/6 hr= 10 min\n\nExpected Waiting Time In The System (Ws) = 1/ (- ) =1/(30-25) =1/5hr= 12 min\n\nUtilization Ratio =\n\n/ =25/30\n\n=0.8334 = 83.34%\n\nQuestion 2. Assume that at a bank teller window the customer arrives at a average rate of 20 per hour according to poission distribution .Assume also that the bank teller spends an distributed customers who arrive from an infinite population are served on a first come first services basis and there is no limit to possible queue length. 1.what is the value of utilization factor? 2.What is the expected waiting time in the system per customer? 3.what is the probability of zero customer in the system?\n\nSolution: Arrival rate =20 customer per hour\n\nService rate = 30 customer per hour 1.Utilization Ratio = /\n\n= 20/30 = 2/3 2. Expected Waiting Time In The System (Ws) = 1/ (- ) =1/(30-20) =1/10 hour = 6 min 3. Probability of zero customers in the system P0 = 1 P =1- 2/3 = 1/3\n\nQuestion 3 : Abc company has one hob regrinding machine. The hobs needing grinding are sent from companys tool crib to this machine which is operated one shift per day of 8 hours duration. It takes on the average half an hour to regrind a hob. The arrival of hobs is random with an average of 8 hobs per shift. 1. Calculate the present utilization of hob regrinding machine. 2. What is average time for the hob to be in the regrinding section?\n\n3. The management is prepared to recruit another grinding operator when the utilization of the machine increases to 80%. What should the arrival rate of hobs then be? Solution: : Let us calculate arrival rate and service rate per shift of 8 hours. Arrival rate =8 shift Service rate =8x60/30=16 /shift 1. Percentage of the time the machine is busy Pb =arrival rate/service rate=8/16=0.50=50% 2. Average time for the hob to be in the grinding section. i.e., average time in the queue system=ws ws = 1/( - )=1/16-8=1/8 shift=1/8x8=1 hour 3. Let =arrival rate for which utilization of the machine will be 80%, Therefore, Pb = / i.e., = Pb . =0.80x16=12.8 per shift.\n\nQuestion: 4 (a) calculate expected number of persons in the system if average waiting time pf a customer is 45 or more than 45 minutes . b)if service rate is same. c)if arrival rate is same. Solution:-(a)expected no. of persons in a system(Ls )= / =45/65-45 =9/4 =3/4=1/65=191/3\n\n(b)Ws= 1/\n\n\n=1/20 x60/1=3 mins. (c)ws =1/ - =1/6-4 = 3/4=1/ -45 =3 -135=4 =3 =139 =46.33\n\nQuestion: 5 In a factory, the machines break down and require service according to a poission Distribuation at the average of per day. What is the probability that exactly six Machines.\n\nSolution :\n\nGiven = 4, n = 6, t = 2 p\n\nP(n,t) = (6,4) when = 4 We know, p (n,t) = ( t)n e- t/ n!\n\np(6,2) = (42)6 e-42/ 6! =86 e-8/720 =0.1221\n\nQuestion 6 On an average , 6 customer arrive in a coffee shop per hour. Determine the probability that Exactly 3 customers will reach in a 30 minute period, assuming that the arrivals follow poisson Distribution.\n\nSolution: Given, = 6 customers / hour t = 30 minutes = 0.5 hour\n\n\nwe know, p(n,t) = ( t)n e- t/n! p(6,2) = (60.5)2 e-60.5/2! = 0.22404\n\nQuestion 7 In a bank with a single sever, there are two chairs for waiting customers. On an average one customer arrives 12 minutes and each customer takes 6 minutes for getting served. Make suitable assumption, find (i) (ii) (iii) The probability that an arrival will get a chair to sit on, The probability that an arrival will have to stand, and Expected waiting time of a customer.\n\nSolution following assumption are made for solving the given queuing problem : 1. The arrival rate is randomly distributed according to poission distribution. 2. The mean value of the arrival rate is . 3. The services time distribution approximated by an exponiential distribution and a nmean rate of services is . 4. The rate of services is greather than the rate of arrival ( > ) 5. The queue discipline id FIFO.\n\nArrival rate Services rate / = 5/10 =\n\n= 12min or 5 customer / hr = 6 min or 10 customer/ hr\n\nthere are two chairs including services one. (i) The probality that an arrival get a chair to seat on is given by: Pn (n<=2) = 1- Pn(n>2) 1-( / )3 1-(1/2)3 = 7/8 (II) The probability that an arrival will have to stand is given by 1-(P0+p1+P2) = 1-(7/8)= 1/8 (III)Expected waiting time of a customer in the queue is given by Wq = / ( - ) =5/10(10-5) = 1/(2*5) hr = 6 min\n\nQuestion 8 A television repairman finds that the time spent on his jobs has an expontial distribution with a mean of 30 minutes. If he repairs sets in the order in which they came in, and if the arrival of sets follow a passion distribution approximately with an average rate of 10 per 8- hour day, what is the repairmans expected idle time each day? How many jobs are ahead of the average set just brought in? Solution from data of problem, we have = 10/8=5/4 set per hour; and (i) =(1/30)60= 2set per hour\n\n\nExpected idle time of repairmen each day Number of hour for a repairman remains busy in 8 hour day( traffic intensity) is given by (8) ( / )=(8) (5/8)= 5 hour Hence , the idle time for a repairman in an 8 hour day will be : (8-5) =3 hour Expected (or average) number of TV set in the system\n\nLS = / - = 5/4/2-(5/4) =5/3 =2 (APPROX) T.V sets\n\nUnsolved question Question 1 Calculate expected number of person in the system. If average waiting time of customer is 30 min or more than 30 min , then services provider starts another windows . Calculate Arrival rate if service rate is same . Calculate service rate if arrival rate is same. (answer: Ws=1/5 hr, =13\n\n= 2)\n\nQuestion 2 At a certain petrol pump , Customer arrive according to a passion process with a average time at 5 min between the arrivals. The service time is exponential distribution with mean 2 mins on the basic of this information. Find out:a. b. c. d. e. f. Traffic intensity What would be the average quieting length? What is the expected number of customer at petrol pump? What is the expected number time one spend at petrol pump? What would we expected waiting time? What would be the proportion time the petrol pump is idle?\n\nAnswer a. b. c. d. e. f. 0.4 0.26 0.66 0.02 0.05 0.6\n\nQuestion3. The machines in production shop breakdown at an average of 2 per hour. The non productive time of any machine costs rs.30 per hour. If the cost of repairman is Rs.50 per hour. Calculate: a. Number of machines not working at any point of time. b. Average time that a machine is waiting for the repairman. c. Cost of non-productive time of the machine operator.\n\nd. Expected cost of system per hour. Answer. a:: 2 machines b :- 2/3 hours c: Rs. 60 d: Rs.110\n\nQuestion 4.In a bank cheques are cashed at a single teller counter. Customers arrived at the counter in a Poisson manner at and average rate of 30 customers /hour. The teller takes on an average, a minute and a half to cash cheque. The service time has been shown to be exponentially distributed a) Calculate the percentage of time the teller is busy. b) Calculate the average time a person is expected to wait. Answer a)3/4 b)6 minutes\n\nQuestion 5 Telephone users arrive at a booth following a Poisson distribution with an average time of 5 minutes between one arrival and the next. The time taken for a telephone call is on a average 3 minutes and it follows an exponential distribution. What is the probability that the booth is busy? How many more booths should be established to reduce the waiting time less than or equal to half of the present waiting time.\n\n\na)0.6 b)wq=3/40hrs.\n\nQuestion 6 Assume that goods trains are coming in a yard @ 30 trains per day and suppose that the inter arrival times follow an exponential distribution . the service time for each train is assumed to be exponential with an average of 36 minutes if the yard can admit 9 trains at a time(there being 10 lines one of which is reserved for shunting purpose).calculate the probability that the yard is empty and find the average queue length. Answer =1/48 = /16 p=0.75 Po=o.28 Lq=1.55\n\nQuestion 7 At what average rate must a clerk at a supermarket in order to ensure a probability of 0.90 so that the customer will not wait longer than 12 minutes ? It is assumed that there is only one counter at which customers arrive in a Poisson fashion at an average rate of 15/hour. The length of service by the clerk has an exponential distribution.\n\n\n2.48 minutes /service\n\nQuestion 8 The beta company s quality control deptt. Is managed by a single clerk, who takes an average 5 minutes in checking part of each of the machine coming for inspection. The machine arrive once in every 10 min. on the average one hour of the machine is valued at Rs 25 and cost for the clerk\n\nis at rs 5 per hour. What are the average hourly queueing system cost associated with the quality control department. Answer Rs 30 per hour\n\nQueueing theory is the study of queues as based on probability theory, statistics and other sub-fields of mathematics. The idea behind queueing theory is to propose models to apply to describe queues and the processes behind them. In queueing theory, queues tend to be modeled by stochastic processes, which are random functions based on probability distributions. Queueing theory has many applications, including the design of computer systems, customer service and Internet database management.\n\nRead more: The Pros & Cons of Queueing Theory |\n\n\n1. Coefficient of Variation\n\nBecause queueing theory models are based on the exponential distribution, these models work through applying the traits of the exponential distribution. The main problem lies in that the exponential distribution has a coefficient of variation of one. This fact precludes the modeling of any process that has a coefficient of variation significantly different from one. Because of the low likelihood of a random process having a coefficient of variation of one, queueing theory has the disadvantage of low applicability.\n\n\nQueuing theory offers us a method to easily and definitely describe queues in mathematical terms. This advantage of queueing theory is an advantage that plain language, economic models and pure observation lack. Through applying basic probabilistic distributions, such as the Poisson and exponential distributions, mathematicians can model the complex phenomenon of waiting in a queue as an elegantly simplistic mathematical equation. Mathematicians can later analyze these equations to understand and predict behavior.\n\n\nWhile the assumptions for most applications of queueing models are few, the assumptions that are needed tend to be somewhat irrational. Especially in regard to human queues, queueing theory requires assumptions that cannot possibly hold true in the real world. In general, queueing theory presumes that human behavior is deterministic. These assumptions usually are a set of rules for what a person will do. For example, one assumption may be that a person will not enter a queue if there are too many people already queued up. In reality, this is not true; otherwise, there would be no lines outside stores or for\n\nstore openings, and holiday shoppers who waited too late to buy gifts would just give up.\n\n\nQueueing theory has flourished due to the advent of the computer age. The past difficulty of arriving at numerical solutions for queueing models is no longer a disadvantage, as mathematicians can run simulations to arrive at approximate answers. The simulation of queueing theory models also allows researchers to change the value of variables involved and analyze the results of the change, which can help in the optimization of queue design.\n\nRead more: The Pros & Cons of Queueing Theory |\n\n\nThe most unusual recurring period is the \"busy hour,\" that provides a pattern upon which the system should be engineered. For example, if a system receives its highest number of calls between 9 and 10 a.m., the office should be equipped with enough switchboards to handle that level of requests. The issue of how many operators to assign depends on calling patterns from one hour to the next. What is interesting about the Poisson and Erlang formulas is that the relationship between operators and congestion is not parallel. For example, assume that 10 operators are inundated by 30 percent more calls than they usually handle. A supervisor calls in an eleventh operator and, even though the rate of incoming service requests remains constant, the backlog will gradually fall. After the backlog is eliminated, the eleventh operator may actually force others to go idle for extended periods. We might assume that 10 operators handling 130 percent of their normal volume would require 13 operators. In fact, the addition of only one is more than enough to resolve the problem. This is because repeated calls are disposed of, and the aggregate wait of everyone holding (which grows geometrically) is reduced one factor at a time. The backlog simply cannot regenerate itself fast enough. Put differently, 11 operators may be able to dispose of service requests at a faster rate than they are coming in. It may take a few minutes to eliminate the backlog, but the backlog will decline eventually. Consider the situation in a grocery store where there are five lines open and 12 people in each line. The addition of only one extra cashier will quickly reduce the lines to one or two people, even though the same number of people are entering checkout lines. When the backlog is eliminated, the sixth cashier may be taken off and put on some other job. As well as a system may be engineered, unusual nonrandom disturbances can cause the system to collapse in spectacular fashion. This was demonstrated by a problem with the New York water system during the 1950s. Engineers discovered that water pressure dropped\n\nsignificantlyand for firemen, perilouslyduring a period of hours every Sunday evening. A study revealed an unusual culprit: Milton Berle. The comedian hosted an immensely popular weekly television show every Sunday that was watched by nearly everyone with a set. When the show went to a commercial break, tens of thousands of people, having finished dinner, retreated to their bathrooms at the same time. With thousands of toilets being flushed within minutes of each other, sewers were inundated. More importantly, toilet tanks were refilling, each consuming two or three gallons of fresh water. The coordinated demand for water in a brief period of time virtually eliminated water pressure. In fact, some toilets took a half hour to refill, and water pressure took hours to recover. Serious consideration was given to canceling the show. The solution, however, was relatively simple. The addition of only a few more water towers was sufficient to maintain adequate water pressure. In essence, the system was reengineered to handle more demanding peaks. This situation may be repeated in a telephone system when everyone is motivated to place a call at the same time. During the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, vast numbers of people in the metropolitan area attempted to make a call at the same timeimmediately after the quake subsidedhoping to learn whether friends and relatives were safe. Although the switching systems were automated, they were completely unable to handle the volume of requests for dial tone. Only a small percentage of calls (enough to meet the capacity of the system) were allowed to go through. Indeed, radio and television reporters urged people to stay off the lines so that emergency calls could be handled. There was no need to reengineer the system because the occurrence of earthquakes, while random, are not consistently repeated. It would be uneconomic to engineer the telephone network for peak usages that occur only once every decade or so. As a result, every earthquake yields a temporary breakdown in the telephone network. Other slightly less offensive instances occur every time a radio host offers a prize to \"caller number x.\" Telephone companies and public officials have convinced many radio stations to discontinue the practice.\n\nGROUPS MEMBER NAME 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Shikha Dayashankar Yadav Suriender Singh Prajapati Gaurav Gupta Himanshu Saxena Gauri Shankar Mishra Pankaj Gangwar Sanjeev kumar Amit .kr yadav\n\n10.Amit sinha", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7041202783584595}
+{"content": "Drag is the amount of air resistance and airflow, and how it affects car performance while downforce is how the car sticks to the floor, and the gravity acting on it.\n\nTo be faster, you need power, but there is a limit to how much power and torque you can transfer to the wheels and put to the ground.\n\nTo increase this limit, the wheels must press down further into to the ground therefore increasing the contact patch and speed. Putting more weight could do this, but makes handling worse and requires more power.\n\nThe term downforce is 'negative lift', which pushes the car down. Both drag and downforce are proportional to a car's speed.\n\nComponent: Total Downforce:\n\nFront Wing - 25%\n\nRear Wing - 25%\n\nUndertray + Diffuser - 45%\n\nBodywork - 10%\n\nDownforce also allows tires to transmit a greater thrust force because friction can be greater than the contact force between 2 surfaces making the tires stick to the floor, increasing the maximum possible acceleration.\n\nAt max speed, a F1 car can produce 5G of downforce, meaning it can push 5 times its weight onto the track. More downforce improves tire grip, but induces more drag. It is impossible to have downforce without drag, but and engineers job is to get as much downforce as possible with little drag effect.\n\nDownforce has to be balanced from front to rear, because the flow from one affects the flow to the other. Too much front downforce induces oversteer and too much at the rear equals understeer.\n\nIf you enjoyed this, you can follow me or join my tribe Formula Tech for more of this content\n\nNew Love food? Try foodtribe.\n\nJoin in\n\nComments (0)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9874399900436401}
+{"content": "Brook Preloader\nSpark & Root - The Elms\n\nThey are so similar physically that they could be taken for twins. They are constantly arguing, but they understand each other very well. They are the naughtiest characters in the group. They are so close they can fit together perfectly, to point of becoming a single being.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9985083341598511}
+{"content": "Article XVII-Salvation-Adoption\n\n\n¶118 Salvation-Adoption\n\n\n¶131 Scriptural References\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPsalm 133 and Families\n\nFamily_Tree_With_Aunts_Uncles_CousinsIn this time of social shift and a change in the way we have understood the term family it is good to see what other cultures and times have understood of family:\n\nLook at how good and pleasing it is\n    when families live together as one!\nIt is like expensive oil poured over the head,\n    running down onto the beard—\n        Aaron’s beard!—\n    which extended over the collar of his robes.\nIt is like the dew on Mount Hermon\n    streaming down onto the mountains of Zion,\n    because it is there that the Lord has commanded the blessing:\n        everlasting life.\n\nFamily here is refers to all extended relationships (and potentially even the different tribes in Israel). This is not necessarily the American understanding of the nuclear family of father, mother, and children–although that is not excluded in this idea. The point is that our relationships, especially those closest to us, are important. When they are good, life goes so much better. When they are bad, no matter how successful we are, something is missing and there are problems.\n\nIf you have ruptures in your close relationships, you may want to seek to repair those problems. Seek to reconcile with others. If those others do not wish to repair the relationships, then you have done your part in trying to reconcile. For some family issues actual family counseling may be needed, as issues can be complex. For small issues, though, sometimes just reaching out to make contact can be the first step to a reconciled family.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9758347868919373}
+{"content": "The Impeachment Hearings Continue\n\nThe week of November 18th provided ammunition for the Democrats in their great struggle to impeach President Trump. Although no Oscar-winning performances (i.e. Sen. Lindsey Graham’s temper tantrum during the Kavanaugh Hearings) took place, many details indicating a clear quid pro quo relationship between President Trump were stated. In total five witnesses testified in front of the House Intelligence Committee in the past week from a variety of different backgrounds ranging from advisors to the President to the US Ambassador to the European Union. The hearings put House Speaker Nancy Pelosi in a strategic bind; do the Democrats conduct more hearings, or do they have enough evidence to move forward with the next steps of impeachment?\n\nTaking Hate to Court\n\nHere in America it is not unusual to see people hailing from different countries from around the world. It can often be thought that America is the “Great Melting Pot,” infused with people who add to the cultural richness that makes America so unique and unlike other nations. Despite this, however, it must also be acknowledged that there do exist racial tensions which not only divide America as a nation but divide us as a people too.\n\nMcGinley Center About to Get a Lot More Awesome\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7363615036010742}
+{"content": "the road not taken examination\n\n the road not really taken analysis Essay\n\nPoetry analysis- the road not taken\n\nThe poem entitled \" the road not taken\" is a story poem authored by American poet Robert Ice, which involves four stanzas and 20 or so lines as a whole.\n\nIn terms of literary devices, the first line of the poem creates beautiful imagery, \" two tracks diverged within a yellow wood\". By going through this line, readers can easily create a picture in their head and further know what circumstance the poet is usually facing; which is coming across two roads although walking throughout the wood 1 autumn early morning. Other than the imagery, the poet as well uses significance. The representational value of two roads is easily to grasp, presenting the choices that people confront throughout the quest of life. Instead of just staying the forking roads transferring across a wood, they can be more likely to present roads that lead straight down different paths in life. In addition , the poet uses many rhyming phrase to create a consistent flow. The using of words with ended syllable such as \" fair, use, there\" and\" lay, time, way\" displays a mastery of flow.\n\nIn first three stanzas, the poet mentions a lot how two roads are virtually the same, by first conveying the tracks are \" as in the same way fair”, then with \" though concerning that the completing there/ acquired worn these people really about the same”, and polishing off with expressing \" both equally that morning equally lay/ in leaves no stage had trodden black. ” These all demonstrate that the poet person contradicts himself here. This individual has no thought which one to select since two roads just have subtle difference, but down the line, in second stanza, the man makes up his mind and takes the street which is less travelled by simply. It implies to selection of the poet's life path.\n\nPertaining to deeper comprehension of the content, the queue \" Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubt easily should ever before come back\" has a significant implication; the poet will keep telling himself that he will have the opportunity to returning and have the other route one day, yet life doesn't work this way. We all believe it is...\n\nGap Model Analysis of First Air travel Courier simply by Nikhil, Kushagra and Jeetu Essay", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6710439920425415}
+{"content": "And that’s why all the remaining great apes live in forests, where they can run andd hide and stay hidden.\n\nIt’s because they know that we the humans are coming for them. We’ve pruned off every other branch of our family tree, leaving only the hardiest and most elusive members still kicking.\n\nFor when humanity finally lays low the last of the great apes, we will become the Greatest Ape and win the Prize.\n\nThere can be only one.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9527981877326965}
+{"content": "Unemployment has been a crucial issue in the USA in the last couple of years chiefly following the Great Recession. A survey by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that the unemployment rate has been on the rise. The main result of unemployment is depleted incomes among the citizens as well as a slow economic growth. The economic sectors that experienced the highest part of employment were manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, and health care (Haugen, Susan 34).\n\nUnemployment has its effects on the financial system and the country as a whole. To individual people, unemployment leads to loss of income, which leads to an inclination in the living standard. The spending power of a person also decreases leading to an increase in debts and mortgage repayments. Unemployment causes a negative multiplier effect on the economy of a given country and its neighbors. Normally in the economy, the amount that a person spends acts as an income to another. When a considerable amount of people are losing their jobs at once, the demand for any localized services reduces, and the effect can be passed to the production plants too. A social cost is felt by any increase in unemployment as the citizens become financially deprived (Haugen, Susan 52).\n\nCrime is one of the social effects that will be directly felt as a result of unemployment, and also some social issues including low life expectancy and high divorce rates. If unemployment hails for long on a region, it can lead to equality of wealth.\n\nOther than the economy, unemployment also has an effect on a person’s psychology. Unemployed people are prone to the risk of psychological problems as compared to their employed counterparts. Some of the psychological problems that are caused by unemployment include anxiety, poor self esteem, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychological problems are also caused by a condition similar to unemployment called underemployment. This occurs when people are working on a part time basis mostly resulting from unemployment. When people find themselves unemployed, they first start looking for a job within the shortest time possible. However, after searching for sometime without success, many people give up, and as a result, suffer psychological problems. Most of the psychological complications caused by unemployment and underemployment are caused by financial frustration (Haugen, Susan 66).\n\nResearch shows that the average American is only some weeks away from bankruptcy in case he loses his job today. The government provides some compensation to the unemployed, but it is not enough to sustain them. Unemployment benefits are also issued as part of the government’s efforts to improve the living standard of the unemployment. People, who lack reliable jobs, are forced to consume far less than they normally do. This is because their spending power is limited by their little or no income. Unemployment can also occur due to retirement, and some people who are not able to manage their retirement savings suffer just as much as the rest of the unemployed crowd. If unemployment is prolonged, it can also cause erosion of skills and, as a result, the economy is robbed on talent (Healy 17).\n\nUnemployment has some hidden effects that cannot be calculated mathematically or easily analyzed. Depreciation of talent for the time one is not working is among the effects as well as pessimism among the public on the value of training and education.\n\nOrder now\n\nRelated essays", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8624178767204285}
+{"content": "Report median maintenance issues (litter, mowing), downed tree limbs, drainage ditch maintenance and other related issues.\n\n\nCan't Find Your Service Request?\n\nCustomers need to be logged into an account when submitting new service requests in order to track the status of their open requests. If you previously submitted a service request without being logged into an account, please feel free to call (813) 272-5900 for assistance or a status update.\n\nConfidentiality & Public Records\n\nAny information included is not confidential and is subject to Public Record Laws of the State of Florida and will be provided upon request. Any information included cannot be deleted or retracted once submitted. Should you wish to remain anonymous, please ensure that no personal information is included.\n\n1. What\n\nWhat is the specific need?\n\n2. Who\n\n\n3. Where\n\nPlease provide the address or closest intersection where the issue occurred\n\n4. Details\n\nPlease include details about your concern", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8855911493301392}
+{"content": "Coherence in a Sentence  🔊\n\nDefinition of Coherence\n\nunity; consistency\n\nExamples of Coherence in a sentence\n\nCoherence in the manufacturing process is needed so that all of the cakes are made in the exact same way. 🔊\n\nThe coach pushed for coherence in the dancers’ moves, with all of the girls doing kicks in unison. 🔊\n\nThere was no coherence in the way the basketball team played, so the players were inconsistent in their jump shots. 🔊\n\nOther words in the Agreement category:\n\nMost Searched Words (with Video)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9990518093109131}
+{"content": "Specsavers Carlow taking a deeper look into your eyes with new state-of-the-art tech\n\n\nCarlow Live Reporter\n\n\nCarlow Live Reporter\n\n\n\nCarlow Carlow Carlow\n\nLiz Bonnin – natural history, science and environmental TV presenter – has announced Specsavers Carlow’s investment in hospital-quality equipment that can help detect treatable eye conditions sooner.\n\nSpecsavers Carlow has rolled out the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scanner in store - a cutting-edge piece of equipment that allows opticians to view the eye in more detail than ever before.\n\nIt is all part of its commitment to providing its customers with access to the very latest optical technology, helping to detect a number of eye conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, sooner.\n\nOCT can also help to detect glaucoma up to four years in advance.\n\nGiven that nearly half of all sight loss is preventable, an OCT scan means conditions can be managed before they get worse and can help prevent potential sight loss.\n\nAn OCT scan, which only takes a few seconds, uses light to take more than 1,000 images of the back of your eye and beyond, looking right back to the optic nerve and creating a cross-section view. \n\nImagine it like a cake – you can see the top of the cake and the icing, but the image produced from an OCT scan slices the cake in half and turns it on its side, so you can see all the layers inside.\n\nIt gives your optician an incredibly accurate picture of your eye and its structures.\n\nSpeaking at the launch of the OCT campaign, Liz said: \"I am short sighted and have always relied on regular eye checks, so I was keen to help raise awareness about their importance, especially as early detection is vital in the fight against preventable sight loss.\n\n\"The OCT scan can detect eye health conditions before physical symptoms are presented.\n\n\"Specsavers Carlow is leading the way in terms of the advanced technology on offer in store. An OCT scan would have previously required a hospital visit, but now there really is no excuse to not keep on top of our eye health.\"\n\nSpeaking about the state-of-the-art optical technology, store director at Specsavers Carlow, Mary McGinley, said: \"This innovative technology gives our opticians the ability to enhance the offering for customers by identifying and helping to detect or manage conditions.\n\n\"OCT technology produces such a detailed picture of the structures in the eye that it allows us to identify signs of diseases years earlier than traditional methods. \n\n\"Given that 75% of vision impairment and blindness can be prevented, the sooner we can detect these conditions, the sooner we can help manage them or refer people for treatment.\"\n\nThe scan is in addition to a thorough eye test, during which the optometrist uses a range of clinical tests and procedures to measure the quality of someone’s vision and the health of their eyes.\n\nA customer’s OCT images are stored on file, so Specsavers optometrists can note any changes over time – a real benefit when monitoring someone’s overall eye health.\n\nOCT is now available in Specsavers Carlow. For more information on the services available or to make an appointment, please visit www.specsavers.ie/stores/carlow", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6802302598953247}
+{"content": "Sample Of Written Apology For Tardiness And Absenteeism\n\n2015111departmental procedures for reporting tardiness or observe departmental policy regarding xyznstructions should be as detailed and specific as appropriate so that employee knows what is expected and has the opportunity to be successful acknowledge receipt of this letter of reprimand.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9984795451164246}
+{"content": "TeamLab creates interactive whirlpools inside National Gallery of Victoria\n\nJapanese art collective TeamLab has used lighting to create a sea of spiralling whirlpools inside a Melbourne art museum.\n\nTeamLab created the interactive digital installation at the National Gallery of Victoria as part of the NGV Triennial – a showcase of over 100 contemporary artists and designers.\n\nteamLAB installation inspired by whirlpools\n\nDesigned to look like whirlpools in water, the installation is created from \"immersive and responsive\" lights that project moving lines on the floor. These lights are programmed to respond to the presence and movement of people in the room.\n\nteamLAB installation inspired by whirlpools\n\n\"When a person moves, a force is applied in that direction. As a result, a flow occurs,\" explained the designers.\n\n\"The faster the person moves, the stronger the force is applied in that direction,\" they said. \"If a person is not moving or there are no more people, no flow will occur and nothing will be present in the space.\"\n\nteamLAB installation inspired by whirlpools\n\nThe project is titled Moving Creates Vorticles Create Movement. According to TeamLab, it is intended to demonstrate the ability of humans to change the course of nature.\n\n\"Works are born and continue to transform under the influence of people's movement,\" they explained.\n\nteamLAB installation inspired by whirlpools\n\n\"In the ocean, complicated terrain such as an island produces flow velocity difference and a vortex is generated,\" they continued.\n\n\"Vortices swirl up the carcasses of organisms sunk to the bottom of the ocean, producing nutritious seawater. This becomes a source of nutrition for plankton to grow and nourishes the sea life. Vortices therefore contribute to enriching the ocean.\"\n\nteamLAB installation inspired by whirlpools\n\nMirrors surround the space, creating the illusion of an infinite ocean inside the gallery.\n\nFormed in 2001, TeamLab is an interdisciplinary collective that aims to explore the relationship between humans and nature through art, design and technology.\n\nPast projects include a series of projections in a Japanese park, including a digital waterfall and a pond filled with virtual koi carp.\n\nPhotography by Ikkan Art Gallery, Martin Browne Contemporary and Pace Gallery", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5789047479629517}
+{"content": "Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs): Why are they so Beneficial in infant nutrition?\n\nBreastfeeding is best\n\nBreastfeeding is universally recognised as the optimal nutrition for babies.1–3 UK and WHO guidelines recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the­ first 6 months of an infant’s life, and breastfeeding in combination with balanced, complementary foods thereafter.1–3 Research suggests that breastfed babies have fewer infections and may have a stronger immune system,3 which in part may be due to the presence of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breast milk.4,5\n\nWhat are HMOs?\n\nHMOs are complex carbohydrates, also known as targeted prebiotics. Unlike other commercial prebiotics such as GOS/FOS, HMOs are unique to breast milk and research suggests that they provide immune support to developing infants.4–7 HMOs have a unique structure which allows them to provide targeted benefits.\n\nThey do this in four main ways:\n\n  • Selectively feeding good bacteria within the gut, where 70–80% of the body’s immune cells live5,6\n\n  • Blocking bad bacteria from attaching to the gut and doing harm5–7\n\n  • Strengthening the developing gut barrier5–7\n\n  • Helping to balance the immune system5,6\n\nThe above benefits have not been shown by GOS/FOS.\n\nSMA® Nutrition have been researching HMOs for 30 years\n\nSMA® Nutrition have been leading research in baby nutrition for over 100 years and are dedicated to learning more about breast milk. Our research into HMO, i.e. targeted prebiotics, started in the 1980s and we have been pioneering HMO research for 30 years.\n\n\n\n\nDesign & objective:\n\n  • Randomised, multicentre, double-blind trial to evaluate the effects of infant formula supplemented with two HMOs* (2’fucosyllactose [2’FL] and lacto-N-neotetraose [LNnT]) on infant growth, tolerance and morbidity\n\n\n  • Healthy infants, recruited at 0–14 days old, randomised to either control (n=87) or intervention (n=88) group\n\nPrimary Endpoint:\n\n  • Weight gain (g/day) from baseline to age 4 months\n\nSecondary endpoints:\n\n  • Additional anthropometric measures, GI tolerance and behavioural patterns, and morbidity through age 12 months\n\n\nPrimary endpoint\n\n  • No signi­ficant difference in weight gain from baseline to age 4 months between groups\n\nSecondary endpoints\n\nMorbidity – infants who received test (vs control) formula had:\n\n  • 70% lower risk of parent-reported bronchitis through 12 months of age (P≤0.01)\n\n  • 55% lower risk of parent-reported LRTIs through 12 months of age (P<0.05)\n\n  • 56% lower use of antipyretics through 4 months of age (P<0.05)\n\n  • 53% lower use of antibiotics through 12 months of age (P<0.05)\n\nDigestive tolerance – no significant difference between test and control groups\n\nStool characteristics – significantly softer stools in test vs control group at 2 months (P=0.021)\n\nBehavioural patterns – fewer night-time awakenings were reported in test group at 2 months (P=0.036); in a subgroup of infants delivered by caesarean section, colic at 4 months was reported less frequently in the test group (P=0.035)\n\nFormula intake – mean daily formula intake was similar between groups\n\n\nInfant formula supplemented with HMOs* (targeted prebiotics) 2’FL and LNnT is safe, and assists age-appropriate growth.\n\nReferences Show all Hide all\n  1. World Health Organisation (2002). Infant and young child nutrition: Global strategy on infant and young child feeding. Available at: (accessed February 2019).\n\n  2. Unicef (2015). Improving breastfeeding, complementary foods and feeding practices. Available at: (accessed February 2019).\n\n  3. Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet 2016; 387: 475–90.\n\n  4. Kunz C. Historical aspects of human milk oligosaccharides. Adv Nutr 2012; 3(3): 430S–9S.\n\n\n  6. Jantscher-Krenn E, Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides and their potential bene ts for the breast-fed neonate. Minerva Pediatr 2012; 64(1): 83–99.\n\n  7. Smilowitz JT, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA, et al. Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34: 143–69.\n\n  8. Puccio G, Alliet P, Cajozzo C, et al. Effects of infant formula with human milk oligosaccharides on growth and morbidity: A randomized multicenter trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64: 624–31.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8424392342567444}
+{"content": "New challenge: First Responder\n\nLast week the local provider of emergency medical services equipped me with a First Responder bag, so that I can respond to medical emergencies that happen close to my home. Notifications are issued by the Red Cross depending on severity, proximity and availability of ambulance resources. There is a German article about the First Responder system, and I also worked on a related side project (which I discontinued in 2018).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9267345666885376}
+{"content": "Chapter 1098 - Broken Sword\n\nChapter 1098 - Broken Sword\n\nThe Corpse Sect was located in the southern region of the Alliance. At the center of the region, there was a coffin. Li Yingzhi was on one knee before this coffin with her hands before her chest as if she was praying. There was a jade releasing white light floating before her.\n\nThis was only a very ordinary jade. It looked very common, but its would cause a catastrophe in the Alliance. It was enough to make everyone go crazy… especially the Corpse Sect!\n\nLi Yingzhi spoke in detail of everything that had happened since she arrived at the Four Divine Sect, then she handed over the jade. An invisible force suddenly appeared and pulled the jade toward the center of the coffins.\n\nThe moment the jade flew over, a dried up hand reached out from the biggest coffin in the center and immediately grabbed the jade.\n\nThere were black and red lines intersecting across the arm. The black was the tendons and the red was the flesh. They intersected with each other and gave off an ancient aura as if this arm came from ancient times.\n\nThe moment this arm appeared, an extremely powerful Yin energy spread out and swept the area. Not even Li Yingzhi could withstand it and was forced to retreat, but she had an extremely respectful expression.\n\nWhen the arm caught the jade, a powerful divine sense spread out and entered the jade. This divine sense was very powerful, and the moment it appeared, Li Yingzhi’s face turned pale. Even her origin soul began to tremble.\n\nThis divine sense was filled with a tyrannical frenzy, as if it wanted to rush out from the coffin and tear up the stars and slaughter all life. There was a powerful scent of blood coming from this divine sense.\n\nIn truth, there was no smell of blood, but the feeling of being inside this divine sense would make you feel like you smelled blood.\n\n“You… What is your name…” A message came from the powerful divine sense. Li Yingzhi was like a lonely boat in the raging waves.\n\n“Disciple Li Yingzhi greets the third king!” The beautiful woman knelt on the ground, and fear filled her eyes. She didn’t think this jade would awaken the third king!\n\nWhen she thought about the legends of the third king, Li Yingzhi became nervous. Originally, she thought that although the news within this jade would cause shock, at most it would only awaken the fifth king. She had some speculation about the corpse imprinted in his jade.\n\nHowever, the moment this slaughter divine sense spread out, Li Yingzhi knew that she had underestimated the corpse recorded inside the jade.\n\nNot only her, but almost all the disciples of the Corpse Sect in the southern region felt this divine sense cover the area. They stopped what they were doing and knelt down in worship.\n\n“You have done a great deed bringing this jade back! You can go inside the Corpse Pit, and I give you the right to enter the sixth floor of the pit to pick a corpse!” As the gloomy voice echoed within Li Yingzhi’s ears, she trembled in excitement. Thinking about some of the legendary corpses on the sixth floor, Li Yingzhi’s breathing became rough.\n\n“Many thanks, third king!”\n\nThe gloomy voice slowly spread out. “Do you know what the corpse recorded inside this jade is?”\n\nLi Yingzhi pondered a bit, and after hesitating a bit, she said, “Disciple doesn’t know much, but I have a vague guess that this should be an ancient god from primordial times…”\n\nA long laugh echoed. This gloomy voice seemed to be very excited. As the laughter echoed, the divine sense seemed to fluctuate as well.\n\n“Ancient god! This body does indeed belong to an ancient god. If it was an only an ordinary ancient god, it wouldn’t be a big deal, but it is unexpectedly a royal ancient god! An 8-star royal ancient god…” In the end, the greed in the voice was heaven-shaking. It even caused the origin energy in the starfield to change.\n\n“Royal ancient god…” Li Yingzhi was startled but didn’t ask.\n\n“Summon all disciples of the Corpse Sect. Use the blood of the heavens to open the ninth layer of the Corpse Pit and take out eight bodies. This time, eight of the nine kings of the Corpse Sect will head out!\n\n“Summon back all elders of the Corpse Sect. My Corpse Sect must obtain the corpse of this royal ancient god!”\n\nA thunderous voice echoed across the southern region, and it was clearly felt by all Corpse Sect members. They trembled and quickly acknowledged the order!\n\nAs a result, a huge storm was set off in the southern region!\n\n“Disciple isn’t sure of the validity of the information in this jade…” Li Yingzhi was shocked. Although she knew the contents were going to shock the entire Corpse Sect, this was no mere shock. The Corpse Sect was moving all its forces.\n\nAs a result, she couldn’t help but panic. If this jade was real, it wouldn’t matter, but she wasn’t sure. If the contents of the jade were proven false, she would have to bear unimaginable consequences. After all, she had brought back the jade.\n\n“No problem. The Vermillion Bird Divine Emperor told you bring it here. Given his status, there’s a 70% of it being true. The Four Divine Sect would not easily spread false news. It would be equal to teasing my Corpse Sect, Allheaven, and the remaining Alliance forces!\n\n“However, I will have to personally take a trip to the Four Divine Sect!”\n\nThe two pieces of jade were like two giant invisible hands that affected the hearts of countless people. It was like an under current that began to move, and something heaven-shattering was going to happen.\n\nSimilarly, when Mo Zhi returned to the country of Chu Yun, the three jades were quickly sent to the other three powerful Alliance forces. At the same time, with the ceasefire from Allheaven, large amounts of cultivators left the battlefield.\n\nThe people of the Corpse Sect stopped trading with both sides and quickly went back to their sect. These strange changes caught the attention of the Alliance cultivators.\n\nThe person who caused all of this, Wang Lin, calmly stayed in the Vermillion Bird Divine Sect. He sat next to the edge of the volcano and calmly cultivated.\n\nThere was a large toad sitting next to him. Thunder continued to flash around the toad, making crackling sounds. The thunder toad seemed to be able to withstand the high temperature here.\n\nWith the big war imminent, Wang Lin knew he didn’t have much time left. He had improve his spells as much as possible so he could survive the next big battle.\n\nAt the same time, he was waiting for the Corpse Sect and Allheaven to send people again. Wang Lin was confident that the two different jades he sent would make those two forces come to him!\n\nWang Lin’s mind was extraordinary, but he rarely used schemes. The reason he hadn’t schemed much before was not because he couldn’t. It was due to his previous status. Before, anything he did would merely be small tricks. However, with the Four Divine Sect behind him, he was able to use open schemes!\n\nHe had plainly told everyone news about the ancient god, and everyone also knew that Wang Lin must’ve been plotting something. Anyone with any intelligence would be able to clearly see this.\n\nIf Wang Lin hadn’t become the Vermillion Bird Divine Emperor and released this news, it wouldn’t have had any effect. Instead, it would would be inviting disaster for himself. Whether it was the Corpse Sect or Allheaven, they would first capture him and question him.\n\nHowever, right now, whether it was the Corpse Sect or Allheaven, they didn’t have this choice. After all, there was also a third side they could never get along with: the Alliance cultivators! Also, the mysteries of the Four Divine Sect and its previous status as the overlord of the system was enough to deter people. They knew that the price of war would be too high!\n\nThis was the real reason Wang Lind dared to spread this news.\n\nSimilarly, Wang Lin knew that his identity as an ancient god was no longer any secret among the powerful cultivators in the Alliance Star System. After all, in the Demon Spirit Land, Wang Lin had displayed all his power, and the spell Dream of Ancient Times had appeared as well.\n\nWang Lin refused to believe that it hadn’t raised any suspicions or speculations.\n\nThis was also one of the main reasons Wang Lin had agreed to come with the old Vermillion Bird Divine Emperor so easily. If he hadn’t, with his serious injuries, he would have found it difficult to move even one step. He would be hunted night and day, and sooner or later, he would be caught.\n\nIt was because of this that him spreading the news of Tuo Sen was even more credible. Also, there was no need to lie. Once they arrived at the Land of the Ancient God on planet Suzaku, they would immediately know if it was real or not!\n\n“Allheaven, Corpse Sect, Cultivation Alliance… I wonder if these three forces will be able to deal with Tuo Sen…” Wang Lin pondered for a bit and then no longer thought about this matter.\n\nIn truth, luring the three forces to go to planet Suzaku was only the first part of this plan. In truth, he had another sure fire plan!\n\nTaking a deep breath, Wang Lin looked up at the thunder toad next to him. The toad seemed to be asleep, but strands of fire origin energy entered its body.\n\nThe thunder toad and mosquito beast were released by Wang Lin after he arrived at the Four Divine Sect to cultivate on their own. Yesterday, the thunder toad came from the Black Tortoise Divine Sect and found Wang Lin through their connection.\n\n“The mosquito beast should have already arrived; why has it not come to me… The elders of the Azure Dragon Divine Sect said they saw the mosquito beast leave before them. Even though the mosquito beast isn’t as fast as the elders, it should have arrived after this much time…” Wang Lin frowned as he pondered, but he suppressed the doubt in his heart.\n\n“Forget it. It could just be the mosquito beast being playful and he was delayed a few days.” Wang Lin’s hand formed a seal and pointed to his body. His face became strangely red and there was trace of pain in it.\n\nWith Wang Lin’s control of fire origin energy, it was hard for him to feel heat that was difficult to bear, and even harder to feel heat that could make him sweat. However, at this moment, large drops of sweat appeared on his forehead.\n\nAfter a long time, Wang Lin let out a mouthful of foul air. There was a flash of red and a broken sword was slowly pushed out from his chest.\n\nPrevious Chapter Next Chapter\n\nRex.'s Thoughts\n\nHere is the 18th chapter of the week.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8565266728401184}
+{"content": "uk cities, london, manchester,birmingham, glasgow\n\nNowadays, more and more international students choose UK as an ideal place where to pursue their education. \n\nTop 4 cities to study in UK\n\nTop 4 cities to study in UK\n\n\nRate :  \n\n\nNowadays, more and more international students choose UK as an ideal place where to pursue their education. For a fact, there are a number of reasons behind this but some of the most common reasons why comprise of employer activity, student satisfaction, university rankings, desirability, affordability as well as student mix. Indeed, London has been recognized as top 3 when it comes to the most recommendable city around the world.\n\nIt is essential to note that student UK cities vary in ways that make them less or more appealing to students. Variances mainly consist of accommodation options, location, attractions, entertainment and night life, ease of getting about, sports and recreation activities and most essentially the quality of educational institutions and universities and the study environment.\n\nWhat is meant by student city and how would you know if it is a good choice to live and study?\n\nA student town or city t comes with a solid representation of college and university students. In general, the city caters for all the needs of students primarily because it adapts to having countless of students in the community.\n\nIn reality, students carefully figure out the choice of the city where they will dwell in based on employment, cultural and social trends, employment and housing in the communities they are eyeing- they often do these when they are together in large numbers. What is more, students’ expenditures fuel local enterprises and have great influence on the kinds of services and housing provided. Meanwhile, student habits like going on vacation and going out at night at the period of semester breaks definitely create diverse seasons as well as city rhythms.\n\nThe most outstanding student cities like Birmingham give back to students. More than that, they have very prominent educational institutions and lure the most highly qualified instructors. In Glasgow, many city planners, universities and private investors make it a lot effortless for students to look for accommodation, get side hustles, move about the metropolitan, study effectively, shop and be entertained.\n\nWithout question, UK is always one of the top options when it comes to international students who are dreaming of pursuing their courses abroad. Aside from the fact that Tourism in the United Kingdom is flourishing, the cities here are believed to be wonderful cities to reside in, the climate is great for everyone too. There are lots of things that locations such as Manchester here have to offer to students who aspire to study, work and delight in UK life. \n\nExpats have lots of things to expect from a number of wonderful cities in the United Kingdom. Not only expats can study and work here, but they could surely enjoy the city life that can be considered far different from what they have experienced in their country of origin. In the same way, living in any cities in UK will offer lots of opportunities that won’t only be beneficial for your academic success but more so to your personal, social and professional aspects of life. Assuredly, meeting people of different nationalities will certainly make a great impact on your perspectives about life in general.\n\nRead more:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9391590356826782}
+{"content": "The Conflict Between NLP Methodology and its Trail of Techniques\n\n“In theory, there is no difference\nbetween theory and practice.\nBut, in practice, there is.”\n\n– Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut\n\nThis article can help you save a lot of money and time if you are considering getting NLP training. I’m going to explain core ideas that can make a big difference in your approach to getting training. \n\nNLP, Vol. II: Techniques – more info\n\nIf you want to understand NLP and select NLP training, you must look beyond its techniques. \n\nNLP is not nearly so much a collection of techniques as it is a methodology. By methodology, I mean a collection of practices and principles that hold together. In cooking, practices are things like using heat to transform ingredients into foods. Principles are things like convection as a means to heat food in an oven. \n\nMethodology is more general than a recipe. Recipes arise from the principles and practices (methodology) available to the people that create the recipes. A recipe is to cooking what a pattern is to NLP. \n\nNLP methodology involves principles such as modeling as a means to transfer skills from models to others. It involves practices such as strategically influencing states in order to produce resourceful behavior. (State refers to the overall state or condition of a person–what state they are in. It is similar to “state of mind,” except that it includes the body.) \n\nNLP methodology has brought forth many techniques. There are plenty of examples of a single technique making a big difference for someone. However, to have the greatest effectiveness, techniques must be applied in a way that is sensitive to the individual or group, and must be woven together in a strategic and responsive manner. That is to say, the work must be relevant and flexible. This has implications for selecting good training, because it will help you decide what you really need, and when you need it. We’ll talk about how you can best sequence your efforts to improve your NLP knowledge and skills. \n\nRichard Bandler said, “NLP is an attitude and a methodology, which leave behind a trail of techniques.” This points to two ways that you can approach training. You can start by getting to the essence of NLP, and this is usually provided in the longer, more costly trainings, or you can start by learning techniques. \n\nThe advantages of the latter approach are:\n\n1) You have fewer costs up front. \n\n2) You can start getting results with many issues right away.\n\n3) You get a feel for NLP and you develop the kind of burning questions that will compel you to learn the fundamental understandings of NLP. \n\n4) You can benefit from practicing with them for your own needs.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9985002875328064}
+{"content": "Wednesday, August 8, 2012\n\nMedical Humor\n\nThe alternative philosophies that advocate for the use of humor as a medicine transcend the definitions of health, diagnosis, and disease of conventional medical science. The use of humor as a medicine threatens those who maintain the modern worldview in which experts hold dominion and define what counts as evidence or proof. \n\nWhile humor may not cure high cholesterol or diabetes, the feel-good chemicals the brain releases when happy does contribute to minimizing the adverse effects of these and many other diseases of the body and mind. \n\nAnecdotal evidence of the physical benefits of humor are often dismissed as hearsay because they are untested or lack the needed expertise to \"verify\" results. Collective narratives of personal experience, however, are still a widely trusted source of medical knowledge, though in the past few years that has been changing. \n\nThe Western world does not respect experience in the same way as does the Eastern world. Personal experience as evidence has waned with the trend toward formalism in medicine and science, with emphasis on research conducted by clinicians in experimental laboratories. \n\nAccepting only the viewpoints of clinicians who do not value the positive effects of humor is like contracting someone who cannot swim to coach an aspiring Olympic champion on the breast stroke. Understanding the molecular structure of water as it interacts with matter, so to speak, is only 1/2 of the picture. \n\nDespite an ancient history of use in other cultures, humor was only introduced to Western medicine in the early 20th century, the most famous story of humor therapy presented by Norman Cousins, the then editor of the Saturday Review. According to the story, Mr. Cousins, under the supervision and treatment of his physician, checked himself out of a hospital and into a hotel where he proceeded to cure himself of an illness with a self-invented regimen of laughter (from watching Three Stooges movies) and vitamins. \n\nWhile book of Proverbs in the Bible mentions the health benefits of humor, advocates for humor as an alternative medicine has been slow to take root. \n\nThe anecdotes presented in this blog suggest a different worldview, wherein \"laughing\" does not equate to impairment. Accounts of how laughter has a sense of flow to it demonstrate that humor contributes to wellbeing or optimal experiences of consciousness. Consistent with descriptions found in other applications of the flow experience (athletes, artists, musicians), laughter enhances our ability to meet and manage challenges arising from impairment due to chronic physical or mental health conditions. \n\nAdvocates of using humor as a medicine usually describe its effects as contributing to a sense of harmony, autonomy, empowerment, order, and control over their actions and surroundings. This challenges myopic views of laughter as ridiculous or as being a waste of time in modern Western culture, and offers a perspective that is founded on authentic experience. \n\nNo comments:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9679709672927856}
+{"content": "Tril-Sv container (salt deposits)\n\n\n\n“Tril®” container with inhibitor of salt deposits is used to prevent formation of various salts (sulfites, sulfates, carbonates, chlorides, etc.) on the deep-well pumping units in oil wells.\n\nOperating principle\n\n“Tril®” container with inhibitor of salt deposits is installed into the pumping unit just before its descent into the well during regular current workover rig and workover operations. The extracted liquid undergoes the inhibitor, which is installed in the container. The “Tril®” inhibitor does not enter into chemical reactions with the produced fluid. The action of the inhibitor is limited to enveloping salts in the produced oil and creating a protective film on the surface of the deep-well pumping unit. The enveloping (protective) film prevents deposition, coalescence and formation of large conglomerates of sediment particles. Thus, the salt particles are removed by the produced liquid in form of suspension. “Tril®” inhibitor works throughout the entire process of oil production.\n\n“Tril®” container section\n\n\nContainer scheme", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8808631300926208}
+{"content": "In some ways adoptees are like everyone else. The people who raised us are our real families regardless of who gave birth to us. Our connection with that family is every bit as deep as if we were related to them biologically, even though some of us may look very different. The sisters I grew up with who were adopted don’t look anything like me, but there is no difference to me between them and the biological siblings I reunited with last year. Some of us will choose to search for birth family, while others may choose not to. It’s a personal choice that each adoptee has to make at some point.\n\nIn other ways we are different from everyone else. Many adoptees are denied their heritage and ancestral information. Most do not have access to their medical history. Adoptees are given an amended birth certificate at the time of adoption. The birth parents’ names are removed from the original and replaced with those of the adoptive parents. The original birth certificates are sealed by the courts. Today there are only a handful of states that allow any access to those original documents by the adoptee.\n\nWe need people to know that they shouldn’t assume things about adoption. Each person who is touched by adoption has a different story to tell. Some choose not to tell it at all. There are an endless number of reasons why someone would choose to adopt a child and an equal number of reasons why a person would place a child for adoption. No one needs to feel sorry for us or treat us differently from anyone else. If you are curious about the matter of adoption, just ask. Most adoptees are forthcoming about their story.\n\nClick here to read more about what adoptees want you to know. For a comprehensive adoption training course on how to find birth parents, visit\n\n\nAshley Foster is a freelance writer. She is a wife and a mother of two, currently residing in Florida. She loves taking trips to the beach with her husband and sons. As an infant, she was placed with a couple in a closed adoption. Ashley was raised with two sisters who were also adopted. In 2016, she was reunited with her biological family. She advocates for adoptees’ rights and DNA testing for those who are searching for family. Above all, she is thankful that she was given life.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5898153781890869}
+{"content": "Take the amount of beans or lentils you want to sprout and keep it in a bowl, wash it thoroughly 3 to 4 times and transfer it to a dry bowl. Pour some water over the beans/lentils and let it soak overnight, discard the excess water the next morning and transfer the swelled beans/lentils into a clean muslin cloth. Tie the corners of the cloth together ant the center and keep it aside for 10 hours. After 10 hours open the muslin cloth and you will notice the sprouts coming out. So, now that we know the exact method of sprouting let us check out how to make sprouts salad.\nWho hasn't skipped a meal or two in the hopes of speeding up weight loss? Yeah, you shouldn't do that. Your body needs a regular supply of nutrients to run properly. Allowing large periods of time to pass before fueling yourself up can lead to undesirable physical symptoms, such as headache, lethargy, intense hunger, and overeating. And as any hungry grocery shopper has learned the hard way, it's considerably more difficult to make healthy choices when you're starving (hitting up the bakery section seems like such a good idea when you're famished). Try not to go longer than 4 hours between eating, and keep these 17 snacks that power up weight loss on hand. \nCreate a seven-day meal plan. This meal plan should include three main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner), scheduled at the same time of day, as well as two small snacks (between breakfast and lunch, and lunch and dinner), also schedule at the same time of day. This will ensure you eat at a consistent time for all seven days and do not skip or miss a meal. Eating about 1,400 calories a day, combined with daily exercise, can lead to healthy weight loss.[4]\n\nBased on my experience in nutrition counseling, most of us tend to snack on foods that aren’t nutrient-dense, but are high in calories. For example, skipping sugary beverages is often the easiest way to lose weight faster. You don’t feel full from drinks — even the ones that do contain calories — so swapping those out for sparkling water or unsweetened tea and coffee is the best place to start. Other major culprits often come in refined grains like cereals, chips, crackers, and cookies.\nCut back on calories. The most important part of losing weight is not working out until you collapse — it's your diet. If you burn 500 to 750 more calories than what you eat every day, you will lose 1–2 pounds every week (any more than that is considered unsafe weight loss). There are tons of little changes you can make to cut calories from your diet, from replacing high-calorie dressings with vinaigrette and asking for all dressings/sauces served on the side, eating at the table instead of in front of the tv, skipping cheese and other fatty additions to your salads and meals, using smaller plates, leave off the whipped cream on your coffee drink, and on and on.[2]\nWhile it's often assumed that bread is off-limits when you're trying to lose belly fat, the right bread may actually expedite the process. Switching to sprouted bread can help out carb-lovers eager to get their fix without going up a belt size, thanks to the inulin content of sprouted grains. The results of a study published in Nutrition & Metabolism reveal that found that pre-diabetic study subjects whose diets were supplemented with inulin shaved off more belly fat and total weight than those whose meal plans didn't pack this healthy prebiotic fiber.\n\nSince this diet is a rather radical one, it’s difficult for many to follow as it is tough for them to give up on their favorite foods. The most difficult part being the day 1 and 2 diet chart, when you have to stick to just fruits and vegetables respectively. We already know exactly what to eat though, or do we? It is best to clarify the foods which you have to strike off at least for that one week.\nYour 28 days are up; you look great and want to keep it that way. Juge has an easy plan to maintain your body, yet enjoy greater flexibility with your diet. No.1, he says, is to eat a good, clean breakfast. If you're at home, it's much easier to do—just scramble a few egg whites and have a whole-grain item (whole-wheat bread or a bagel, for instance), and/or some fruit. Eat dinner at home, again a healthy, clean meal consisting of a lean protein source, green vegetable, and whole grains. Then, bring a protein shake or bar with you to work for a midday meal. \"You've now got three clean meals taken care of,\" says Juge. So if you're eating at a restaurant at lunch and you want to have something different, you can have it. Just keep the rest of your meals pretty strict, without added sugars and fats.\nThis is another light and nourishing soup, full of vitamins and minerals. It’s just the perfect recipe to drive away your diet boredom, as it is spicy and can invigorate your taste buds in the best way possible. Carrots are also rich in beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the liver. Vitamin A is great for maintaining your vision. Bell peppers are full of beta-carotene, which lavishes you with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. The capsaicin in bell peppers also has a multitude of health benefits.\n\nHave a small, protein-heavy breakfast. Kickstart your day with a protein filled breakfast that will give you energy (and keep your blood sugar up) for the rest of the day. Aim for a breakfast that is 400 calories and eat it every morning at around the same time. Go for variety and rotate two to three options. Pair your breakfast with unsweetened tea or a glass of water with lemon.[6]", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6590689420700073}
+{"content": "The CLEVELAND FORCE SOCCER TEAM, a successful franchise from 1978-88, responded to increased interest in the sport by joining the newly formed Major Indoor Soccer League, which played a modified version of the outdoor game. The 1978-79 season began in October and ran 24 games through April, but the Force, playing their home games at the Richfield Coliseum, produced a losing record on both the field (5-19) and the balance sheet. Like many other new sport franchises, the Force had trouble attracting attention, and original franchisee Eric Henderson sold the team to the Wolstein family during the off-season. Bart Wolstein, president, and his son, Scott, executive vice-president, acquired the best players available, signing forwards Keith Furfey and Craig Allen, midfielder Kai Haaskivi, and goalie Chris Vaccaro while the MISL established its credibility and expanded its schedule. The original coach, Eddie McCreadie, moved to the team's front office and was replaced by Timo Liekoski in 1982. In 4 seasons under Liekoski (1982-83 to 1985-86), the Force compiled a regular-season record of 114-87—one of the best records in the league. The record and active marketing of the team by the Wolsteins increased fan interest and attendance. Ticket sales climbed to nearly 400,000 in 1985-86 as the Force posted a 27-21 record and its first Eastern Division title, but lost to the Minnesota Strikers in the playoffs. In the mid-1980s the Cleveland Force was the only profitable team in the league, clearing $500,000 in the 1986-87 season and earning another title. However, the team was not as successful financially in the 1987-88 season and the Wolsteins folded the franchise 22 July 1988, citing a bleak financial outlook. During its 10 years, the Force was in the playoffs 7 times, gaining the Championship Series for the first time in 1988 where they lost to the San Diego Sockers.\n\nThe CLEVELAND CRUNCH soccer team officially replaced the Force in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) 22 Feb. 1989, after Akron stockbroker George Hoffman failed to reach an agreement with the Wolsteins to buy the Force. Three years later, when the MISL folded, the Crunch joined the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). Between 1992 and 2000, the Crunch won three NPSL titles, six conference titles and five division championships. At the close of the 2001-2002 season, the NPSL was dissolved and the MISL re-formed. Shortly thereafter, team president and general manager Paul Garofolo announced that, as a member of the re-formed league, the Crunch would return to its roots as the Cleveland Force.\n\nArticle Categories", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6922370791435242}
+{"content": "Login to your new FMVA dashboard today.\n\nContingent Beneficiary\n\nThe alternative to the primary beneficiary of a financial account's proceeds\n\nWhat is a Contingent Beneficiary?\n\nA contingent beneficiary is the alternative beneficiary, designated by the account holder, who is set to receive the proceeds or benefits of a financial account only if the primary beneficiary is not able to accept the benefits at the time of payment. The financial account can be in the form of insurance, retirement, or an inheritance.\n\n\nContingent Beneficiary\n\n\nWhen the primary beneficiary accepts and receives the benefits of a financial account, it generally disqualifies the contingent beneficiary to receive any benefits, as the primary is present at the time of payment.\n\n\nWho is Eligible to be a Contingent Beneficiary?\n\nThe holder of a financial account may elect any individual, organization, charity, or trust as the contingent beneficiary. The elected individual should be of legal age or have the legal capacity for accepting the assets. In the event a minor is listed on the contract, a legal guardian should be appointed to oversee the assets until the minor reaches the legal age.\n\n\nWhat Instances or Events Make a Contingent Beneficiary Obliged to Receive Proceeds?\n\nA contingent beneficiary can receive insurance proceeds, inheritance, or retirement assets when the primary beneficiary is deceased, missing, or refuses to claim them at the time the account becomes due. There may also be other predetermined conditions set by the account holder that the beneficiary must meet before the proceeds are released.\n\nExamples include the following conditions: getting married, graduating from college, or even attempting to avoid legal troubles. Laws and regulations regulate certain asset transfers, including a few that prescribe the age of eligibility of the primary beneficiary.\n\n\nDo Contingent Beneficiaries Have Rights?\n\nAs an alternate recipient of financial proceeds, a contingent beneficiary has the right to enforce the provisions included in the contract. If a person or third party, who controls the account, refuses to implement the agreement, then a lawsuit may be filed by the concerned parties.\n\nIn extreme cases, the contingent beneficiary can have a reasonable claim. For example, if the primary beneficiary murders the account holder in an attempt to inherit the assets, the contingent beneficiary would have a reasonable claim.\n\n\nWhat are the Benefits of Naming Contingent Beneficiaries on Financial Accounts?\n\nAdding beneficiaries, either primary or contingent, to financial accounts, especially with regards to insurance policies and inheritance, is generally recommended for account holders. Such a practice avoids unnecessary probate expenses or delays for the heirs to receive the proceeds.\n\nEven if primary beneficiaries are listed, it is always important to formulate a backup plan just in case the primaries are not able to meet the predetermined conditions. Failure to name or elect any beneficiaries will cause all assets or wealth left by the deceased to go to his estate, which may severely limit the potential benefits that the heirs may receive.\n\n\nMore Resources\n\nCFI offers the Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)™ certification program for those looking to take their careers to the next level. To keep learning and advancing your career, the following resources will be helpful:\n\n  • Balance Sheet\n  • Depreciation Expenses\n  • Current Debt\n  • Asset Turnover\n\nFinancial Analyst Certification\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7190012335777283}
+{"content": "Lecture: The Music of the Stars\n\nLecture by Dr Emily Brunsden (York)\n\nRefreshments from 6pm, lecture starts 6.30pm and ends at 8pm.\n\nEmily Brunsden is a lecturer in the Department of Physics at the University of York specialising in Astrophysics\n\nThe Music of the Stars\n\n\"Asteroseismology is the study of pulsations produced by vibrational physics in stars, analogous to the vibrations in musical instruments. The study of pulsations allows us to probe the deep internal workings of a star and is the best known way to determine interior properties and dynamics. The vibrations emit not just at one frequency or tone, but many modes simultaneously depending on the internal properties of a star. So in a sense, each star has a unique musical 'voice'. In particular with Gamma Doradus stars, the pulsations penetrate deep into the stellar interior. So this means we have a golden opportunity to investigate a star's internal workings and look at the size of its core and density for example. This talk will share the modern science of pulsations, their analysis with different techniques and how new asteroseismic research is contributing to a revolution of understanding of stellar interiors.\"\n\n\nOrganised By\nIOP Lancashire and Cumbria\n22 Jan 2020 18:00 to 20:00\nHarrington Lecture Theatre, Harrington Building, UCLan\n11 Victoria St\nInvite Friends", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7811774015426636}
+{"content": "Here’s Why Respecting Your Opponent Is Vital In Martial Arts\n\nOn the surface, it may seem that martial arts is a purely competitive sport, where one aims to emerge triumphant over an opponent. But beneath the surface, it is so much more than that. Martial arts carries deep meaning in all aspects — from preparation to meditation, to the actual competition.\n\nAs such, there are a host of prevalent principles that govern the multiple disciplines — things like honor, integrity, and courage. One such principle is that of respect.\n\nRespect is extremely important, not just in martial arts, but also in life. Respect means that you accept a person for who they are and what they represent, that they are different from you or similar to you, and that every individual is unique in their own regard. By celebrating our differences as human beings, we become better martial artists.\n\nRespecting our opponents is of the utmost priority. By showing our opponents respect, we are better able to gauge their capabilities, appreciate their journey as well as our own, and create an unspoken bond between martial artists.\n\nLet’s explore why respect is such a critical trait to develop during training. Today, Evolve Daily shares four reasons why respect shown for opponents is important in martial arts.\n\n1) It keeps you in tune with your own abilities\n\n\nRespect is one of martial arts’ core values.\n\nIn martial arts competition, knowing your abilities is just as important as understanding what your opponent is capable of. It is then also important to understand how your skills and abilities relate to your opponent’s.\n\nMartial arts isn’t just a physical sport, it’s very heavily invested in the mental aspect of combat. In many ways, bouts can be likened to a game of chess. Every technique is calculated, every movement serves a purpose.\n\nIn competition, knowledge is power, and developing a sound strategy based on how your strengths play to your opponent’s weaknesses is key. You can’t just go in there without a sound game plan. At the highest level, strategy draws a fine line between victory and defeat.\n\nFrom a purely competitive standpoint, strategy is what you should be focusing on. Furthermore, it is important to understand where your opponent is coming from. This should also give you a window of understanding and keeping in tune with your own abilities.\n\n\n2) It shows acknowledgment for your opponent’s own life journey\n\n\nONE Superstar Christian Lee from the EVOLVE Fight Team is as respectful as they come.\n\nJust the same as the martial arts journey you have been traversing, your opponent has gone through the same trials and tribulations. As martial artists, we must always show respect towards each other’s life journey.\n\nRespect is such an important part of martial arts, and acknowledging others’ hardships is one way to show compassion towards your opponent. You’re standing across the mat from your opponent, both of you being brought to this moment for different reasons.\n\nBy bowing your head down, it is a sign that you both acknowledge and respect each other’s martial arts journey. This is the first step to a match because respect reigns above all in competition.\n\nShow respect to your opponents, and then give it everything you have. Putting your whole heart and soul into your performance is also another way to show respect.\n\n\n3) It exhibits good sportsmanship\n\n\nIn the martial arts world today, especially in the industry of mixed martial arts, too much focus is being placed on bravado and trash-talking, that the concept of respect gets thrown completely out of the window. This certainly should not be the case, especially if you consider yourself a true martial artist.\n\nSportsmanship is something that every true martial artist should be capable of exhibiting. It denotes that an individual can be gracious in both victory and defeat. That, in true martial arts, all that matters is the knowledge we acquire from our journey.\n\nRespect is one of the most important components of sportsmanship. The absence of respect will make it extremely difficult to achieve the desired level of sportsmanship. Furthermore, respect helps to maintain the prestige and honor of martial arts which are two very important characteristics.\n\nShowing respect towards your opponent is the first step to being a good sportsman.\n\n\n4) It allows you to learn from the experience\n\nA BJJ student gets promoted at Evolve MMA (Far East Square) in Singapore.\n\nLast but certainly not the least, having the right amount of respect maximizes your potential to learn from every experience. After all, martial arts is a lifelong journey of learning and striving to improve ourselves on a daily basis.\n\nRespecting your opponents mean you acknowledge the moment you two will share in competition. Yes, competition is fierce and incredibly tough, but in these moments, in the heat of battle, both you and your opponent will grow tenfold from the experience you gain.\n\nBy showing respect towards each other, you allow yourself to absorb all the teachings and experience. You enable yourself to soak up the knowledge that you need to improve yourself.\n\nRespect today is an extremely rare commodity, especially in our personal lives. We could all do better by showing a little more respect not only to our opponents but also to ourselves.\n\nMore in Martial Arts\n\nAlso On Evolve", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9993523955345154}
+{"content": " Symmetry of echinoderms: From initial bilaterally-asymmetric metamerism to pentaradiality\n\nNatural Science\nVol.6 No.4(2014), Article ID:43339,13 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2014.64021\n\nSymmetry of echinoderms: From initial bilaterally-asymmetric metamerism to pentaradiality\n\nSergey V. Rozhnov\n\nBorissiak Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia; Rozhnov@paleo.ru\n\nCopyright © 2014 Sergey V. Rozhnov. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Sergey V. Rozhnov. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian.\n\nReceived 3 December 2013; revised 3 January 2014; accepted 10 January 2014\n\nKeywords: Echinodermata; Symmetry; Asymmetry; Metamerism; Pentaradiality; Body Plan; Hox Genes; Colinearity\n\n\nEchinoderm radial symmetry has first appeared in the ambulacral system, when the ambulacral channel assumed the shape of a closed ring or a horseshoe with approximated ends, and then spread onto other organ systems. Its origin was a natural consequence of a steady increase of the original asymmetry of bilaterally-asymmetric three-segmented ancestors of echinoderms, culminated by closing of the ancestral linear metamerism into radiality. The evolutionary transformation from a simple pouchlike hydrocoel with one side channel to an elongated hydrocoel (located under the oesophagus) with two side channels, and finally to a nearly closed horseshoeshaped hydrocoel with three radial channels can be reconstructed based on the theca structure and the number of ambulacra in the row SolutaCincta-Helicoplacoidea. After the hydrocoel with three outbound ambulacral channels circled around the oesophagus as a horseshoe, it either closed into a ring, or its ends became closely approximated. This has determined the primary triradiate symmetry, which quickly transformed into pentaradial symmetry of the 2-1-2 type as a result of branching of two of the three primary radial channels. This occurred no earlier than the Late Vendian, when the first bilaterians appeared to have begun to acquire body appendages, and no later than the Early Cambrian, when the first skeletal remains of echinoderms entered the fossil record (in the Atdabanian). The 2-1-2 pentaradial symmetry evolved into the true pentaradiality as a result of shifting the timing of tentacle branching to earlier stages of ontogenesis and even spreading of the five tentacle primordia over the ambulacral ring. This occurred during the Ordovician.\n\n\nThe area of study dedicated to body plan symmetries and focused on discovery and comparative analysis of key symmetry elements across taxa has been called promorphology [1]. Echinoderms are of special interest in this regard because they display the greatest number of different symmetry types (Figure 1), expressed, moreover, on top of a profound asymmetry [2,3]. In presentday, echinoderm radial (usually pentaradial) symmetry with its multiple symmetry planes and a central rotation axis is combined with bilateral symmetry and metamerism.\n\nEchinoderm coeloms arise during early development as three bilaterally symmetric pairs of primordia, but their subsequent growth is different between the two sides of the body, which reflects the deep asymmetry of echinoderm morphology. In many echinoderms, asymmetry is also expressed in the spiral shape of the gut, usually coiling clockwise in sea lilies (Figure 2), sea urchins, and holothurians. This “internal” asymmetry of modern echinoderms corresponds, to some degree, to the bilateral asymmetry of skeleton in carpozoans—solutes, stylophorans, and cinctans—and spiral arrangement of ambulacra in helicoplacoids. Bilaterally-asymmetric carpozoans, or at least some of them, have been considered as ancestors of pentaradial echinoderms [4-7]. This hypothesis, however, is not fully convincing because the morphology of many such forms, particularly stylophorans, does not easily lend itself to unambiguous interpretation. One exam-\n\nFigure 1. Radial symmetry of echinoderms and corals: (a) the edrioasteroid Cyathocystis (oral view) and (b) the rhombiferan Cystoblastus (oral view), Ordovician of Estonia; (c) the rugose coral Palaeocyclus porpita from above, Silurian of Gotland. (d) the horseshoe-shaped stage in the ambulacral ring ontogenesis of a crinoid, showing arrangement of skeletal elements, diagrammatically [47]; (e) a generalized diagram of the ambulacral ring development; (f) a generalized diagram of the development of septa in hexacorals.\n\nFigure 2. The ambulacral (pentaradial) and digestive (spiral) systems of a crinoid [48].\n\nple is the long-standing debate between Jefferies with his students and proponents of the aulacophoral interpretation of stylophorans [5,8-12]. Moreover, pentaradial echinoderms enter the geological record somewhat earlier than bilaterally-asymmetric echinoderms.\n\nTogether with some morphological considerations, this fact prompted the idea that the bilaterally-asymmetric forms had evolved from the radially symmetric ones via paedomorphosis [13]. This hypothesis does not seem well substantiated, either, because on the geological scale the time difference between the first appearances of the asymmetric and radial forms is small [14] and can be due to incompleteness of the fossil record, while morphological differences between these forms are profound [15,16]. Moreover, no intermediate forms documenting the progress of this far-reaching paedomorphic change are known. However, the same facts speak against the idea of carpozoan echinoderms being direct ancestors to pentaradial echinoderms. Therefore, it seems more likely that carpozoans have not been direct ancestors of pentaradial echinoderms, but their structure nevertheless reflects the main stages in the evolution of radial symmetry. My analysis of the origin of echinoderm radiality rests on this assumption [15,17]. Whether some of the currently known carpozoans evolved directly from the immediate ancestors of radially symmetric echinoderms or, via paedomorphosis, from the already radially symmetric forms is of no importance for such analysis. In both cases, carpozoans reflect the evolution of echinoderm pentaradiality. Based on this idea, I will attempt to trace out connections between different symmetry types displayed by echinoderms and demonstrate how the evolutionary succession of these types was predetermined by the symmetry of the echinoderm ancestors.\n\n\nThe same type of symmetry can be observed among unrelated organisms. However, both the evolutionary and ontogenetic origins of similar body plans can be completely different. For example, the radial symmetry of corals arises as their body cavity becomes successively divided into chambers by septa. In contrast, the radial symmetry of echinoderms results from the hydrocoel primordium, together with radial channel primordia, bending around the oesophagus to form a closed ambulacral ring, off which several, usually five, ambulacral channels radiate symmetrically. It is the symmetry of the ambulacral ring that patterns the development of radial symmetry in the rest of the body.\n\nTherefore, reconstruction of the hydrocoel structure in the most ancient echinoderms deserves special attention. The development of symmetry during the ontogenesis of present-day echinoderms can be studied in detail. In contrast, fossil forms are usually represented by skeletons at the latest stages of development. Nevertheless, late ontogenesis of the skeleton and correlated organ systems can be reconstructed, at least partially, based on the age variation observed among the fossils.\n\nAnother approach focuses on aberrant forms, which arise via deviation of ontogenesis from its normal course. Such aberrant forms can be recognized as rare variants in the spectrum of individual variation of a particular species or as separate taxa, sometimes of a high rank, as is exemplified by minor classes of echinoderms. These deviations can provide information on some aspects of early ontogenesis, which cannot be directly deduced from normal adult morphology. This is so because many aberrations result from paedomorphosis or other heterochronies, which lead to expression of traits normally expressed in early ontogenesis during the adult stage or reveal latent potencies of future trait evolution. Reconstruction of symmetry ontogenesis in fossil forms, based on the study of age variation or morphogenetic aberrations in comparison with morphogenesis of present-day forms, can open ways to reconstruction of symmetry evolution.\n\n\nThe radial symmetry of echinoderms is usually expressed as pentamery (Figure 1). It patterns not the entire body, but only particular organ systems: ambulacral, nervous, skeletal, and some others. In the skeleton it is primarily determined by the arrangement of ambulacra, i.e. food-gathering grooves or similar structures containing radial ambulacral channels. Such structures can be part of the theca or extend outside as arms or brachioles. In the first case they determine the symmetry directly and in the second indirectly, through the plates surrounding the mouth (between which run the proximal parts of the ambulacra). In phylogenesis it is sometimes possible to observe a gradual spread of pentaradial symmetry through the entire theca starting from these plates, in the order of their appearance during ontogenesis [18,19].\n\nThe role of ambulacra as organizers of pentaradial symmetry has been emphasized by Hotchkiss [20], who suggested the interesting “ray-as-appendages” model of the origin of echinoderm pentaradiality. Nevertheless, the latter is determined first of all by the number of radial ambulacral channels coming off the ambulacral ring. Therefore, to understand its origin in echinoderms we should first clarify the origin of pentaradiality in their ambulacral rings. After its establishment, its gradual spread onto other organ systems, at least the skeleton, can be traced on fossil material.\n\nDuring ontogenesis the ambulacral ring becomes radially symmetric as a result of its primordium (the left hydrocoel) circling clockwise around what will become pharynx (i.e. the anteroposterior body axis) and closing into a ring (Figures 1(d) and (e)). To describe this process Minsuk et al. [21] have introduced the notion of the circumoral body axis, which becomes segmented into five sectors. In other words, the symmetry of the ambulacral ring primordium can be described as a curved metamerism eventually closing into a radiality [19].\n\nTherefore, echinoderm radiality arises through bending, due to asymmetrical growth, of the initial metamerism until the anterior end of the growing primordium finally reaches and fuses with its own posterior end, so that the hydrocoel pouch becomes a closed ambulacral ring. This genesis of radiality is profoundly different from the mechanism observed in corals, i.e. successive division of the body cavity (Figures 1(c) and (f)). Metameric development of the ambulacral ring includes the appearance of serially arranged ambulacral channel primordia.\n\nIn present-day eleutherozoan echinoderms sensu Sumrall & Sprinkle [22]—echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids, and holothurians—five ambulacra radiate directly off the mouth. Sumrall & Wray [13] call this true pentaradial symmetry. In many Paleozoic echinoderms only three ambulacra extend directly off the mouth, two of them bifurcating at some distance away to produce additional two ambulacra (Figure 3). This fundamentally bilateral arrangement of ambulacra is referred to as the 2-1-2 pattern. It is well reflected in the structure of the plates surrounding the mouth, among which three extend and two do not extend all the way to the center. This may indicate that only three radial channels were extending off the ambulacral ring. Besides blastozoan echinoderms and edrioasteroids, the 2-1-2 pattern occurs in crinoids [15,19].\n\nFigure 3. Pentaradial symmetry of the 2-1-2 type in the edrioasteroid Krama, Devonian of the St. Petersburg area.\n\nYet, in present-day crinoids five channels radiate immediately off the ambulacral ring, just like in eleutherozoans. This suggests that in the crinoid ancestors, or at least in early crinoids, only three ambulacral channel radiated immediately off the ambulacral ring which resulted in the 2-1-2 arrangement of oral plates. Later in evolution the structure had changed to five ambulacra coming directly off the ring, but the plate arrangement remained unchanged.\n\nSumrall & Wray [13] have convincingly argued that the reduction of the number of ambulacra in blastozoan echinoderms and crinoids was due to paedomorphosis. Paedomorphic reduction of structures follows, in the reverse order, the sequence of their appearance in ontogenesis. Available data on the ontogenesis of edrioasteroids [23,24], glyptocystitoids [25-27], and gogiids [28] indicate that in the majority of early pentaradial echinoderms the order of ambulacra appearance was similar: first developed the two side ambulacra, corresponding to B+C on the right and D+E on the left, then the unbranching ambulacrum A, and finally each of the two side ambulacra bifurcated [13].\n\nTherefore, unless due to some unknown reasons the order of ambulacra appearance had changed, the reconstructions by Sumrall & Wray [13] of the evolution of blastozoans and crinoids with aberrant number of ambulacra may well be accurate. However, we would like to better understand the transition between the 2-1-2 pattern and true pentaradial symmetry. It is possible that it occurred independently and differently during the early evolution of body plans of the main eleutherozoans (echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids, holothurians, and ophiocistioids) and crinoid lineages. For crinoids a possible mechanism of such transition has already been suggested [19] based on the ontogenesis of present-day and the morphology of Paleozoic forms: the timing of appearance of all five ambulacrum primordia shifts onto the early stages of the ambulacral ring development (Figure 4). Correspondingly, bifurcation of ambulacra shifts onto the earliest stages of their ontogenesis. It is possible that in some eleutherozoan lineages this stage was followed by gradual rearrangement of radial channels to become evenly spaced along the circumference of the growing ambulacral ring, resulting in the characteristic true pentaradial symmetry of these clades. In crinoids, however, the process was different: the entire ring primordium with five tentacle primordia (ambulacral channel primordia) underwent metameric, serial fivefold multiplication and then closed into an ambulacral ring with five radial channels within each of its five sectors. This is reflected in ontogenesis of present-day crinoids, in which five tentacle primordia arise within each sector [29].\n\nLater the central tentacle continues growing into a racdial ambulacral channel, while the two pairs of tentacle primordia on each of its sides undergo reduction. In some Paleozoic disparid crinoids all or a significant part of tentacle primordia developed into radial channels, forming multiple arms coming off each radial plate of an adult individual (Figure 4). This mechanism explains the origin of numerous arms in the Devonian Anamesocrinus (five at each radial plate) and Late Paleozoic allagecrinids and catillocrinids with variable number of arms at each radial plate. That this peculiar structure resulted from numerous radial channels coming directly off the ambulacral ring is confirmed by a contrast between these crinoids and Acolocrinus, a genus of uncertain systematic position, in which multiple facets for arm attachment at each radial plate clearly develop as a result of a series of close-set bifurcations of the single ambulacrum connected to that plate (Figures 4(h) and (i)).\n\nTherefore, the structure and relative position of ambulacra allow confident reconstruction of the ambulacral ring and the number and arrangement of radial channels. In the evolution of blastozoans, crinoids, and eleuterozoans an ambulacral ring with three outbound radial channels, two of them bifurcating at some distance away (the 2-1-2 pattern), has transformed into an ambulacral ring with five channels directly connected to it (true pentaradial symmetry). Deviations from pentaradial symmetry in these groups can usually be explained by paedomorphosis and other heterochronies [13,19]. In most cases such deviations do not affect the integrity of the ambulacral ring, which remains closed, as evidenced by the oral plates retaining their pentaradial arrangement and by the presence of variation in the number of ambulacra.\n\nFigure 4. Hypothetical transformations of ambulacral system ontogenesis leading to true pentaradiality in crinoids, diagrammatically: (a) upper row: successive stages in ontogenesis of the 2-1-2 type ambulacral system in the crinoid ancestors; middle row: hypothetical stages of the ambulacral system ontogenesis in Paleozoic crinoids, deduced from the morphology of some paedomorphic multiarmed disparids; bottom row: ontogenesis of the ambulacral system in present-day crinoids; (b) the “Pentacrinus” stage in ontogenesis of Antedon rosacea and (c) an arm primordium with five tentacle primoridia at that stage [49]; (d-g) Paleozoic paedomorphic multiarmed crinoids Anamesocrinus (d-e), Devonian of USA [50] and Allocatillocrinus rotundus (f-g) Pennsylvanian of USA [51]; multiarmed crinoid (?) Acolocrinus (h-i): (h) lateral view, Middle Ordovician of USA [52], (i) radial plate (oral view) with facets for arm attachment, documenting the origin of multiple arms via branching of radial channels, Estonia, Middle Ordovician, PIN4125/890.\n\nTo understand the origin of a closed ambulacral ring with three outbound radial ambulacra one needs to consider the morphology of all echinoderms, including carpozoans, which have been described by many previous researchers as originally having lacked radial symmetry [4,8].\n\nThe idea of Sumrall & Wray [13] that carpozoan echinoderms with one or two ambulacra evolved from pentaradial forms via paedomorphosis does not seem convincing because of the uniqueness of their structure, lack of variation in the number of ambulacra, and absence of intermediate forms. In any case, if one considers these echinoderms as deeply paedomorphic, it is necessary to hypothesize an ambulacral ring structure (closed or open) matching such reduced number of ambulacra and reconstruct the process of elevation (migration of the mouth from the anterior to the posterior body end, which occurred in all pentaradial echinoderms) in such forms.\n\nIt appears highly unlikely that the carpozoan hydrocoel was a closed ring and that their mouth migrated from the anterior to the posterior body end. The stable number of ambulacra in each carpozoan clade, never varying even in the form of rare aberrations, speaks against the presence of a closed ambulacral ring. Additionally, the absence among these clades of characteristically bent aberrant forms, such as occur among eocrinoids and crinoids [19,30], suggests that the ontogenesis in these clades lacked the process of elevation (Figure 5).\n\nFigure 5. The process of elevation in crinoids (a-b) and aberrant forms of crinoids and eocrinoids (c-f): (a) larval morphology at an early stage of elevation; (b) same, at the end of elevation; (c) a late stage in the aberrant ontogenesis of the crinoid Antedon [53], (d) the recent cyrtocrinoid Gymnocrinus recheri, (e) the disparid crinoid Halisiocrinus (Ordovician), and (f) a reconstruction of the eocrinoid Rhipidocystis (Ordovician).\n\nNevertheless, whatever the view on the phylogeny of these forms, it is of no principal importance for the study of the origin of pentaradiality because paedomorphic changes repeat, only in the reverse order, the successive appearance of structures during phylogenesis. Therefore, we should focus on those traits of morphology and symmetry that are shared in common between carpozoans and radial echinoderms. From the standpoint of promorphology, the most important similarity in the designs of the two groups are the extensive and profound manifestations of metamerism (serial repetition) and asymmetry. In the following part we shall discuss these in more detail.\n\n\nThe metamerism of adult echinoderms is profound and can be observed in various organs and body parts. The ambulacra and interambulacra of echinoids, stems and arms of crinoids, stems and brachioles of many blastozoans, stems and arms of asteroids and ophiuroids, and ambulacra of holothurians are all metameric. But the most characteristic of echinoderms is the original deep tripartite metamerism expressed in a linear arrangement along the anteroposterior body axis of the three pairs of coeloms in their embryos and larvae. This arrangement, sometimes referred to as archimery, is also typical of many bilaterians, including their adult stages. The origin of archimery and the gene system controlling its development can be related to the functional division of the bodies of first bilaterians into the anterior, middle, and posterior parts. The ontogenesis of these regions was controlled by colinear expression of a cluster of regulatory genes. It is possible that this mechanism played a key role in the origin of first the triradial and then pentaradial symmetry of echinoderms.\n\nDevelopment of bilateral symmetry required individualization of the anterior body end, which determined the anteroposterior axis, and the upper and bottom sides, which determined the dorsoventral axis. These two axes together mark the sagittal plane, which allows distinguishing between the right and left body sides. In bilateral organisms the anteroposterior body axis is easy to identify based on the locations of the mouth and anus. In radially symmetric echinoderms it is more difficult because of the spiral shape of the gut. The problem can be solved by determining the order of activation of Hox genes. During ontogenesis of vertebrates, tunicates, and cephalochordates a cluster of 13 Hox genes is expressed colinearly along the anteroposterior body axis. Colinearity means that the order of activation of these genes is the same as their linear order within the cluster: the closer the gene’s position to the 3’ end of the cluster, the earlier the timing of its activation and the closer its expression domain to the anterior body end. Therefore, the anteroposterior axis can be identified from the succession of Hox genes expression domains. Peterson et al. [31] have applied this approach to echinoderms. Based on the fact that in larvae of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the most posterior gene of the cluster, Hox 11/ 13b, which serves as a marker of the posterior homology across deuterostomes, is expressed in the paired somatocoels of the rudiment from which the adult body develops, they postulated that the anteroposterior body axis runs from the mouth to the posterior coeloms. This corresponds to the traditional oral-aboral axis [21]. Unlike in hemichordates, in which the coeloms are arranged in pairs on both sides of the body, the coeloms of adult echinoderms form a stack: the derivatives of the left hydrocoel are stacked on top of the left somatocoelar derivatives, which, in turn, are stacked on top of the right somatocoelar derivatives. In adult echinoderms the anteroposterior body axis runs through this stack [31,32]. In some echinoderms these axes are differently oriented in the adults and bilateral larvae, forming the angle of almost 180˚ in crinoids and 90˚ in echinoids and asteroids.\n\nAnother important, and unique, aspect of Hox genes expression in echinoderms has been discovered in the same model species of sea urchins, S. purpuratus. In this species the order of activation of the most anterior genes in the cluster is reversed with respect to other bilaterian types (Figure 6): the group of three genes, Hox1, Hox2, and Hox3, has been translocated to the 5’ end of the cluster and inverted [33].\n\nSuch rearranged Hox genes order has not been found in other echinoderm classes, but Mooi & David [34] suggest that it will eventually be found in representatives of all echinoderm classes because, according to these authors, this genetic disorder is not an accident, but a special mechanism to build an adult symmetry completely different from the larval symmetry.\n\nHowever, I think that the inversion of the three anteriormost Hox genes and their translocation to the 5’ end of the cluster will not necessarily be discovered in all classes of present-day echinoderms because this rearrangement is a consequence rather than cause of the symmetry change that has occurred in the echinoderm evolution. Indeed, for all the radially symmetric echinoderms after their evolutionary transition to sedentary life style it was a physiological necessity that, after the larva attaches to the substratum with its preoral lobe, its mouth migrates from the anterior to the posterior body end. In the ontogenesis of present-day crinoids this is accomplished via a gradual elevation process, which leads to the “straightening” of the anteroposterior body axis and reorientation of the prospective mouth (Figure 5). In crinoids elevation takes place at relatively late stages of metamorphosis and appears to be controlled not directly by Hox genes, but by some downstream stages of the hierarchical regulatory cascade. As a consequence, among crinoids occur aberrant, curved forms resulting from unfinished elevation. Such aberrations can provide basis for the origin of taxa of a relatively high taxonomic rank, such for example as Paleozoic calceocrinaceans and Meso-Ceno-zoic spoon-like cyrtocrinids [19,30]. In the indirect ontogenesis of echinoids this stage is significantly modified compared to crinoids. The adult\n\nFigure 6. Hox genes spatial and temporal colinearity in echinoderms [33,34]. Upper row: the traditional gene order from the 3’ to 5’ end along the chromosome. Bottom row: the modified order, with the anterior group of genes translocated to the 5’ end and inverted.\n\norganism develops from a rudiment on the left side of the larval body. This means that the initial and terminal stages of the elevation process have been shifted close to each other and incorporated into the early development of that rudiment, controlled directly by the anterior Hox genes. Apparently, this became possible due to a change in the spatial and temporal colinearity of the anterior Hox genes via their inversion and translocation within the cluster.\n\nTherefore, the dramatic difference between the bilateral symmetry of larvae and the pentaradial symmetry of adults does not imply an abrupt transition from bilateral metameric to pentaradial forms during echinoderm evolution. There must be some intermediate stages between the two symmetry types. Such continuity can be seen in deviations from bilaterality and development of asymmetry.\n\n\nThe rich manifestations of symmetry in echinoderms are accompanied by profound asymmetry [2,3]. In adults the latter is expressed, first of all, in their gut being coiled clockwise (Figure 2). In larvae the asymmetry is dramatically manifested in the unequal development of the left and right coeloms. This asymmetry of coeloms during larval development has parallels in the morphology of ancient carpozoan echinoderms.\n\nIn fact, in most carpozoans the body was bilaterallyasymmetric. The origin and phylogenetic relationships of Carpozoa remain subjects of debate. In my opinion, these animals have not been direct ancestors of radially symmetric echinoderms, but nevertheless their morphology reflects some important stages in the evolution of echinoderm radial symmetry. According to the opposite view, Carpozoa have evolved from pentaradial echinoderms via paedomorphosis. This hypothesis is in contradiction with a number of facts. I do not share this point of view, but I will not argue against it here because the issue is not of primary importance for the main subject of this article: paedomorphic changes also reflect, although in the reverse order, stages in the morphological evolution of a group.\n\nAsymmetry is just as fundamentally characteristic of echinoderms as their pentaradial symmetry. The evolution of the asymmetric structure of echinoderms via reduction of their right anterior and middle coeloms is usually considered a consequence of their remote bilaterally symmetric ancestor having lain down onto the sea bottom on its lateral side. Some authors, for example Jefferies [5] think that that ancestor had lain down on its right side, while others, for example Holland [35] believe it was the left side. The new orientation has led to the reduction of the anterior and middle right coeloms with their associated structures and migration of the posterior right coelom to the left side. According to these authors, this resulted in the characteristic stacked arrangement of the coeloms. They assume that later in evolution the echinoderms returned to their original orientation, ventral side down, and attached themselves to the sea floor with the preoral lobe. The sedentary life style has resulted in development of radial symmetry, typical of many sedentary filtrators. The particular kind of symmetry, pentaradiality, became fixed probably because it turned out the most beneficial. Such are, in brief, the classical views on the evolution of echinoderm pentaradial symmetry. They offer a merely formal, too mechanistic explanation of the origin of echinoderm asymmetry and no explanation of why it was specifically pentaradiality that had to eventually evolve. Therefore, we will approach the evolution of echinoderm asymmetry and pentaradiality from a different angle.\n\nThe asymmetric development of the coeloms is the only available evidence that at one time echinoderms were oriented lateral side down. But there are a few Cambrian echinoderms with perfect bilateral symmetry of the body. Ctenoimbricata is one of them. It has a fully bilaterian body plan as adults and can be discerned as a bilateral ancestor of echinoderms [36]. But also possible that perfect bilateral symmetry of this genus is a more late adaptation because Ctenoimbricata enter in the geological record noticeably later (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) than bilateral-asymmetric and radial echinoderms [14, 36]. Therefore, it is actually possible that the ancestors of Echinodermata have never been perfectly bilaterally symmetric. Perhaps some asymmetry between their left and right body sides existed ever since they first became bilaterally symmetric. I believe it was further development of this original asymmetry that has led to the origin of bilaterally-asymmetric carpozoan echinoderms as well as (through developing asymmetry to its ultimate degree by bending the linear metamerism and closing it into radiality) radially symmetric echinoderms [15].\n\nIn the evolution of echinoderms, asymmetry may have been present ever since their ancestors acquired first morphological and morphogenetic traits of bilaterian organization (Figure 7). In fact, departures from bilateral symmetry must have occurred ever since it first evolved. While a perfectly bilateral body enables locomotion along a straight line and facilitates navigation towards a target, a bilaterally asymmetric body may have its own advantages in spite of less sophisticated control of locomotion: the animal moves in a spiral path without risk of accidentally losing the favorable environment. Such advantageous departures from bilaterality may have become fixed in the genome by natural selection. Therefore, it is possible that during the evolution of early Bilateria, including the echinoderm ancestors, both bilaterally\n\nFigure 7. The origin of asymmetry in the early evolution of Bilateria via spontaneous deviations from bilateral symmetry, diagrammatically.\n\nsymmetric and bilaterally asymmetric forms evolved side by side.\n\nIf asymmetry is adaptive it can increase in evolution until it reaches its logical end point. This is the condition when a paired structure completely disappears on one side, due to either reduction or migration onto the opposite body side, while the analogous structure on the opposite side grows larger. The latter process culminates when the remaining structure circles around the body axis and eventually forms a closed ring or sphere.\n\nNormally, all echinoderms are sinistral animals because their right coeloms either become reduced or migrate to the left body side.\n\nElucidating specific reasons why that particular type of asymmetry became fixed in echinoderm evolution requires special study.\n\nIn the majority of better studied animal and plant taxa displaying fixed directed asymmetry it was found to have been preceded by a randomly oriented asymmetric phenotype [37]. It is possible that sinistrality became fixed already in the soft-bodied ancestors of echinoderms. This is evidenced by the extreme rarity of situs inversus cases in adult echinoderms [9,38,39], although such larvae of present-day species have often been generated in a laboratory [29].\n\n\nIn adults of all present-day echinoderms the hydrocoel forms a closed ambulacral ring with several outbound radial channels. During ontogenesis the circular ambulacral channel develops from a pouchlike primordium. Therefore, it is likely that historically it evolved also from a pouchlike ancestral hydrocoel. This process must have included several hypothetical stages: from a simple ambulacral pouch with a single arm to a horseshoe-shaped channel encircling the oesophagus and, finally, to a completely closed ambulacral ring with five radial outbound channels. I believe that these stages are reflected in the morphology of early Paleozoic echinoderms (Figure 8). In my opinion, the fossil echinoderm group that displays the ancestral hydrocoel with a single ambulacral channel are solutes. This hypothesis is not contradicted by the discovery of the oldest representative of solutes with a small attachment structure at the apex of its stele [40]. Many experts took it as evidence that it was a one-armed pelmatozoan echinoderm, the ancestor or, vice versa, a paedomorphic descendant of eocrinoids [10,13]. In my opinion, however, the attachment organ of those echinoderms is more likely to be homologous to the posterior part of the tail of hemichordates, some of which use it for temporary attachment, and clearly is not homologous to the attachment disk of present-day crinoid larvae because otherwise we would find traces of elevation at least among aberrant or juvenile solutes.\n\nMoreover, it is unlikely that those animals had a closed ambulacral ring because otherwise we would find among solutes forms with several arms. Incidentally, it is an argument against both the hypothesis that solutes evolved from pentaradial echinoderms via paedomorphosis and hypothesis that they are primitive eocrinoids. A comparison of solutes and one-armed crinoids also suggests that solutes originally lacked pentamery. Whatever the degree of arms reduction in a crinoid, the ambulacral channel remains circular and is never reduced to a pouch within the single arm. This is indicated by retention of radial arrangement of the calyx plates and by the single arm being located not in the radius where the growth of the hydrocoel begins.\n\nCinctans had two ambulacra, the right one considerably shorter than the left. I suggest that in this case the ambulacral pouch became enlarged and elongated, and it was located on the ventral side under the mouth. The cinctan gut was curved, as is seen from the anus being located anteriorly, to the left of the mouth. This indicates that the hydrocoel expansion, increase in the number of ambulacra and increase of asymmetry were all correlated.\n\nThe existence of correlation between these processes is also confirmed by the structure of helicoplacoids, interpreted as triradiate echinoderms. Their derivation from pentaradial edrioasteroids via reduction of two ambulacra [41] appears unlikely. These Early Cambrian animals are among the most ancient echinoderms and apparently they display the original echinoderm triradiate symmetry. The ambulacral pouch with three ambulacra must have had the shape of a horseshoe with closely approximated ends or, possibly, a closed ring. This may be the reason why the first three ambulacra in the original pentaradial\n\nFigure 8. Morphology of bilaterally-asymmetric echinoderms and echinoderms with primary radial symmetry: (a) the solute Maennilia, (b) the cinctan Trochocystites, (c) the helicoplacoid Helicoplacus, and (d) edrioasteroid Isorophus.\n\n2-1-2 pattern are generated by a mechanism (gradual growth) different from the mechanism generating the other two ambulacra (branching of already existing ambulacra).\n\nThe hydrocoel with five ambulacral channels transforms into a closed ambulacral ring, as is seen in all presentday echinoderms. Moreover, the ring remains closed if the number of radial channels increases or decreases. Nevertheless, it is possible that the ambulacral channel became a closed ring only with the origin of true pentamery, i.e. with all five channels coming directly off the ring. At the 2-1-2 stage of pentamery the channel could have been incompletely closed, with its two ends closely approximated. In particular, it is possible that the ambulacral channel of some edrioasteroids was unclosed.\n\nThis is suggested by several morphological characteristics of that group: the peristome often arched away from the interradius CD, the hydropore shifted from the center towards the radius C, and the ambulacra of some forms symmetrically curved. It is possible that in some blastozoan echinoderms (eocrinoids, rhombiferans, paracrinoids, and other groups) the circular channel was also unclosed. Perhaps it was this characteristic that made possible the existence among these groups of representatives with a strongly flattened theca and a highly variable arrangement of the ambulacra.\n\n\nThe origin of the initial tripartite metamerism typical of echinoderm larvae was predetermined already by the functional division of the bodies of early bilaterians: the head, trunk, and tail regions always have different functions. The development of these regions is controlled by colinear expression of a set of regulatory genes arranged successively on one chromosome. This ancestral tripartite metamerism and the gene system controlling its development must have played a role in the acquisition of the triradial first and then pentaradial symmetry by the circularly closed left middle coelom. The transformation of bilaterally-asymmetric three-segmented forms into pentaradial echinoderms correlated with profound changes in their morphology and life style. The main trend during this process was the increase of asymmetry. In the hydrocoel structure asymmetry reached its ultimate development when, as a result of clockwise growth around the oesophagus, the hydrocoel closed into a three-segmented ambulacral ring with three outbound radial hollow ambulacral tentacles. Branching of two of the latter shortly after leaving the ambulacral ring resulted in the origin of pentaradial symmetry of the 2-1-2 type, which quickly spread onto the arrangement of thecal plates. These profound changes in the morphology and symmetry took place within a short, by geological standards, period of time between the Late Vendian, when, in my opinion, first bilaterians started developing body appendages [42, 43], and the beginning of the Early Cambrian until the Atdabanian stage, when the first skeletal remains of echinoderms enter the geological record [44]. Molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested a different timing of the deuterostome body plans divergence [45,46], but a discussion of that discrepancy is beyond the scope of this paper. The transformation of the 2-1-2 pattern into true pentaradiality, with the five tentacles coming directly off the ambulacral ring, has resulted from shifting the timing of tentacle branching onto earlier stages of ontogenesis and spreading the five primordia evenly over the ambulacral ring circumference. This occurred during the Ordovician.\n\nTherefore, the evolution of radial symmetry in the food-gathering system and, eventually, the entire body of echinoderms was but a natural consequence of further development of their original asymmetry. Elucidation of the mechanisms involved in this process is an interesting subject for evolutionary developmental biology.\n\n\nI am grateful to R. Rakitov for his linguistic assistance in preparation of this manuscript. The study was partially supported by grants from the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research.\n\n\n  1. Beklemishev, V.N. (1964) Fundamentals of comparative anatomy of invertebrate animals. V. 1: Promorphologia. Nauka, Moscow, 432 p. [in Russian]\n  2. MacBride, E.W. (1914) Text-book of embryology. Vol. I: Invertebrates, Macmillan, London.\n  3. Grobben, K. (1923) Theoretische Erörterungen betreffend die phylogenetische Ableitung der Echinodermen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1.Abt, 132, 263-290.\n  4. Smith, A.B. (2005) The pre-radial history of echinoderms. Geological Journal, 40, 255-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.1018\n  5. Jefferies, R.P.S. (1986) The ancestry of the vertebrates. British Museum (Natural History), London, 376 p.\n  6. Smith, A.B. (2008) Deuterostomes in a twist: The origins of a radical new body plan. Evolution and Development, 10, 493-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00260.x\n  7. Smith, A.B., Peterson K.J., Wray, G. and Littlewood, D.T.J. (2004) From bilateral symmetry to pentaradiality: The phylogeny of hemichordates and echinoderms. In: Cracraft, J. and Donoghue, M.J., Eds., Assembling the Tree of Life, 365-383.\n  8. Jefferies, R.P.S. (1997) A defence of the calcichordates. Lethaia, 30, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00437.x\n  9. Ubaghs, G. (1967) Stylophora. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part S. Echinodermata 1 (2): S495-S565. Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.\n  10. Parsley, R.L. (1997) The echinoderm classes stylophora and Homoiostelea: Non Calciochordata. In: Waters, J.A. and Maples, C.G., Eds., Geobiology of Echinoderms, Paleontological Society Papers, 3, 225-248.\n  11. David, B., Lefebvre, B., Mooi, R. and Parsley, R.L. (2000) Are homalozoans echinoderms? An answer from the extraxial-axial theory. Paleobiology, 26, 529-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0529:AHEAAF>2.0.CO;2\n  12. Lefebvre, B. (2000) Homologies in Stylophora: A test of the “calcichordate theory”. Geobios, 33, 359-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80163-1\n  13. Sumrall, C.D. and Wray, G.A. (2007) Ontogeny in the fossil record: Diversification of body plans and the evolution of “aberrant” symmetry in Paleozoic echinoderms. Paleobiology, 33, 149-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06053.1\n  14. Smith, A.B., Zamora, S. and Alvaro, J. (2013) The oldest echinoderm faunas from Gondwana show echinoderm body plan diversification was rapid. Natural Community, 4, 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2391\n  15. Rozhnov, S.V. (2012) Development of symmetry and asymmetry in the early evolution of the echinoderms. Paleontological Journal, 46, 780-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0031030112080114\n  16. Rozhnov, S.V. and Jefferies, R.P.S. (1996) A new stemchordate solute from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia. Geobios, 29, 91-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(96)80074-X\n  17. Rozhnov, S.V. (2012) The anteroposterior axis in echinoderms and displacement of the mouth in their phylogeny and ontogeny. Biology Bulletin, 39, 162-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1062359012020094\n  18. Sprinkle, J. (1973) Morphology and evolution of blastozoan echinoderms. Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Special Publication, 1-283.\n  19. Rozhnov, S.V. (2002) Morphogenesis and evolution of crinoids and other pelmatozoan echinoderms in the Early Paleozoic. Paleontological Journal, 36, S525-S674.\n  20. Hotchkiss, F.H.C. (1998) A “ray-as-appendages” model for the origin of pentamerism in echinoderms. Paleobiology, 24, 200-214.\n  21. Minsuk, S.B., Turner, F.R., Andrews, M.E. and Raff, R.A. (2009) Axial patterning of the pentaradial adult echinoderm body plan. Development Genes and Evolution, 219, 89-101.\n  22. Sumrall, C.D. and Sprinkle, J. (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of living Echinodermata based on primitive fossil taxa. In: Mooi, R. and Telford, M., Eds., Echinoderms: San Francisco, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 81-87.\n  23. Bell, B.M. (1975) Ontogeny and systematics of Timeischytes castery, n, sp.: An enigmatic Devonian edrioasteroids. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 67, 33-56.\n  24. Bell, B.M. (1976) Phylogenetic implications of ontogenetic development in the class Edrioasteroidea (Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology, 50, 1001-1019.\n  25. Sumrall, C.D. and Sprinkle, J. (1999) Early ontogeny of the glyptocystitid rhombiferan Lepadocystis moorei. In: Carnevali, M.D.C. and Bonasoro, F., Eds., Echinoderm Research, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 409-414.\n  26. Sumrall, C.D. and Shumacher, G.A. (2002) Cheirocystis fultonensis, a new glyptocystitoid rhombiferan from the Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati Arch-comment on cheirocrinid ontogeny. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 843- 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0843:CFANGR>2.0.CO;2\n  27. Broadhead, T.W. and Sumrall, C.D. (2003) Heterochrony and paedomorphic morphology of Sprinkleocystis ektopios, new genus and species (Rhombifera, Glyptocystida) from the middle Ordovician (Caradoc) of Tennessee. Journal of Paleontology, 77, 113-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0113:HAPMOS>2.0.CO;2\n  28. Parsley, R.L. and Zhao, Y. (2006) Long stalked eocrinoids in the basal Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota, Taijaing County Guizhou Province, China. Journal of Paleontology, 80, 1058-1071.\n  29. Ivanova-Kasas, O.I. (1978) Comparative embryology of invertebrate animals: Echinoderms and hemichordates. Nauka, Moscow, 163 p. [in Russian]\n  30. Rozhnov, S.V. (1998b) Crookedness of the stem and crown of pelmatozoan echinoderms as resulting from different kinds of heterochrony. In: Carnevali, M.D.C. and Bonasoro, F., Eds., Echinoderm Research, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 385-390.\n  31. Peterson, K.J., Arenas-Mena, C. and Davidson, E.H. (2000) The A/P axis in echinoderm ontogeny and evolution: Evidence from fossils and molecules. Evolution and Development, 2, 93-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00042.x\n  32. David, B. and Mooi, R. (1998) Major events in the evolution of echinoderms viewed by the light of embryology. In: Mooi, R. and Telford, M., Eds., Echinoderms: San Francisco, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 21-28.\n  33. Cameron, R.A., Rowen, L., Nesbitt, R., Bloom, S., Rast, J.P., et al. (2006) Unusual gene order and organization of the sea urchin Hox claster. Journal of Experimental Zoology (B), 306, 45-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21070\n  34. Mooi, R. and David, B. (2008) Radial symmetry, the anterior/posterior axis, and echinoderm Hox genes. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, Systematic, 39, 43-62.\n  35. Holland, N.D. (1988) The meaning of developmental asymmetry for echinoderm evolution: A new interpretation. In: Paul, C.R.C. and Smith, A.B., Eds., Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 13-25.\n  36. Zamora, S., Rahman, I.A. and Smith, A.B. (2012) Plated Cambrian bilaterians reveal the earliest stages of echinoderm evolution. PLoS ONE, 7, e38296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038296\n  37. Levin, M. and Palmer, A.R. (2007) Left-right pattering from the inside out: Widespread evidence for intracellular control. BioEssays, 29, 271-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.20545\n  38. Smith, A.B. and Arbizu, M.A. (1987) Inverse larval development in a Devonian edrioasteroid from Spain and the phylogeny of the Agelacrinitidae. Lethaia, 20, 49-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1987.tb00759.x\n  39. Rozhnov, S.V. (1998) The left-right asymmetry in echinoderms. In: Mooi, R. and Telford, M., Eds., Echinoderms: San Francisco, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 73-78.\n  40. Daley, P.E.J. (1996) The first solute which is attached as an adult: A Mid-Cambrian fossil from Utah with echinoderm and chordate affinities. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 117, 403-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01659.x\n  41. Sprinkle, J. and Wilbur, B. (2005) Deconstructing helicoplacoids: Reinterpreting the most enigmatic Cambrian Echinoderm. Geological Journal, 40, 281-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.1015\n  42. Rozhnov, S.V. (2009) Development of the trophic structure of Vendian and Early Paleozoic marine communities. Paleontological Journal, 43, 1364-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0031030109110021\n  43. Rozhnov, S.V. (2010) From Vendian to Cambrian: The beginning of morphological disparity of modern metazoan phyla. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 46, 357-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1062360410060032\n  44. Rozhnov, S.V., Fedorov, A.B. and Sayutina, T.A. (1992) Lower Cambrian echinoderms from the territory of the USSR. Paleontological Journal, 1, 53-66.\n  45. Smith, A.B. (1999) Dating the origin of metazoan body plans. Evolution and Development, 1, 138-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142x.1999.99027.x\n  46. Swalla, B.J. and Smith, A.B. (2008) Deciphering deuterostome phylogeny: Molecular, morphological and palaeontological perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society (B), 363, 1557-1568.\n  47. Bury, H. (1888) The early stages in the development of Antedon rosacea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London (B), 129, 257-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1888.0010\n  48. Chadwick, H.C. (1907) Antedon. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society, 21, 371-417.\n  49. Thompson, W. (1865) On the embryology of Antedon rosaceus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 155, 513-544.\n  50. Moore, R.C. (1962) Ray structures of some inadunate crinoids. The Paleontological Institute, The University of Kansas, Article 5, 1-47.\n  51. Moore, R.C. (1940) New genera of Pennsilvanian crinoids from Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, 35, 32-54.\n  52. Kesling R.V. and Paul C.R.C. (1971) Agostocrinus and Acolocrinus, two new Ordovician crinoids with peculiar ray and respiratory structures. Contributions from the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 23, 221-237.\n  53. Barrois, J. (1888) Development de la comatule (C. mediterranea). Recueil Zoologique Suisse, 8, 477-484.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6374412178993225}
+{"content": "Donate to Mesenteric Artery Disease Research, Patient Care and Education\n\nThere are three chief arteries which supply blood to small and massive intestines. These are known as the mesenteric arteries. Narrowing or blocking the arteries lowers the amount of blood that travels to your digestive tract. When your intestines does not get enough oxygen-rich blood, it can lead to serious health issues, including cell death and irreversible harm. It may even be life-threatening. Northwestern Memorial Foundation is committed to helping one patient at a time through your support.\n\nPeople of any age may develop mesenteric artery disease, but it is most common in adults over 60 years old. Mesenteric artery disease may happen alongside cardiovascular disease. The buildup of fatty deposits, called atherosclerosis, can lead to heart disease as well. This type of heart disease usually occurs in conjunction with changes in the aorta and the vessels that branch from the aorta. High cholesterol leads to the disease because it causes plaque to line your arteries.\n\nPlaque buildup causes narrowing of these vessels and reduces the blood flow to your intestines and cause blood clots. A blood clot is a group of blood cells that stick together and blood clots can also raise your risk of stroke should they travel to the mind. Birth control pills and other drugs containing estrogen may increase the chances of developing blood clots. Cocaine and methamphetamine use may also result in mesenteric artery disease in certain individuals, and sometimes surgery can cause scar tissue that narrows the blood vessels.\n\nMesenteric artery disease has two different types: acute and chronic. The severe form of the disease appears unexpectedly. Acute disease appears as acute symptoms. The chronic type of mesenteric artery disease has a more gradual onset. For many people, blood clots cause acute symptoms of the disease. Atherosclerosis is typically the cause of chronic disease. Symptoms include: abdominal pain and tenderness, bloating or a sense of fullness, diarrhea, nausea and fever.\n\nPeople who suffer might also have a sudden urge to have frequent bowel motions during an acute case. Many patients have a fear of eating as a result of the expectation of pain that can be associated with this disease, which can cause unintended weight loss. That is why research funded by Northwestern Memorial Foundation is so very important to those who suffer. Acute blockages in the intestines must get treatment promptly to prevent tissue death.\n\nNormally, in the event of an acute attack, surgery removes blot clots, scar tissue, and regions of the intestines which have already died. Your physician may prescribe blood-thinning drugs to prevent future blood clots. Angioplasty is yet another treatment alternative for narrowed arteries. A mesh tube called a stent is inserted into the narrowed artery to hold it open. In cases of total congestion, occasionally the obstructed artery is bypassed altogether.\n\nSurgery can cure chronic mesenteric artery disease if needed. Surgery is not always required if the intestinal disease progresses slowly. Lifestyle adjustments might help reverse osmosis naturally. Lifestyle changes may consist of adhering to a low-carb and low-sodium diet to lower your cholesterol and blood pressure levels.\n\nMesenteric Artery Disease Research, Patient Care and Education Donation\n\nYour generosity to Northwestern Memorial Foundation can help those who suffer from this disease and provide them with further relief through mesenteric artery disease research.\n\nDonate Now", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6164276003837585}
+{"content": "American Academy of Pediatrics\n\n\nVery High Factual Reporting - Credible - Reliable\n\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics - Pro Science - Evidence Based - Credible - Non Biased - MedicalPRO-SCIENCE\n\nThese sources consist of legitimate science or are evidence based through the use of credible scientific sourcing.  Legitimate science follows the scientific method, is unbiased and does not use emotional words.  These sources also respect the consensus of experts in the given scientific field and strive to publish peer reviewed science. Some sources in this category may have a slight political bias, but adhere to scientific principles. See all Pro-Science sources.\n\nFactual Reporting: VERY HIGH\n\nNotes: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an American professional association of pediatricians, headquartered in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, and maintains its Department of Federal Affairs office in Washington, D.C.  The AAP News is the academy’s official newsmagazine, and Pediatrics is its flagship journal. (D. Van Zandt 4/15/2017)\n\n\n[the_ad id=\"86448\"]", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.000002145767212}
+{"content": "DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder\n\nDomainsCriteria: DeficitsExamples\nA. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history; must have all 3 symptoms in this domain1. Social-emotional reciprocityAbnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; failure to initiate or respond to social interactions\n2. Nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interactionPoorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication\n3. Developing, maintaining, and understanding relationshipsDifficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; absence of interest in peers\nB. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least 2 of the following, currently or by history; must have 2 of the 4 symptoms1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speechSimple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases\n2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal nonverbal behaviorExtreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat food every day\n3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focusStrong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interest\n4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environmentApparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement\n  • Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities or may be masked by learned strategies in later life). Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and ASD frequently co-occur; to make comorbid diagnoses of ASD and intellectual disability, social communication should be below that expected for the general developmental level. Specify whether: with or without accompanying intellectual impairment, language impairment or associated with a known medical or genetic condition or environmental factor. Add code 293.89 if catatonia is also present. Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (copyright 2013). American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9960922002792358}
+{"content": "Remote Work At Codebusters, Inc.\n\n\n\n\nTeam Members\n\nCulver City, CA\n\n\n* As of June 2015\n\nCodebusters, Inc. Team\n\nCodebusters, Inc. Team\n\nCodebusters, Inc. Remote Company Q&A\n\nTiffany Emigh, Sr. Recruiter / Account Manager - Interview with\n\nWhat does your remote-friendly company do?\n\nWe provide HIM staffing and consulting services focused on clinical documentation improvement and medical coding quality. We help hospitals and providers obtain the best HIM professionals to fill critical roles and provide coding and documentation quality consulting services.\n\nDid you switch to remote or start out that way?\n\nNo, we started with an office in downtown Santa Cruz. We decided to go remote because there was a decision to move the office, and because we saw that our industry was heading in this direction and we wanted to be more than ready for it.\n\nHow important is remote work to your business model?\n\nIt’s critical because there is such a fluctuating demand for HIM professionals, especially coders, that having people who can sign on from anywhere makes the burden of completing assignments much lighter. We run into difficulties with onsite jobs where there just aren’t enough candidates in the area, or those who are available can’t make the commute. Having remote capabilities allows people the freedom to develop their own schedule as long as it meets the goals of the work, and in many cases people work a full-time job during the day and a part-time remote job during the evenings and/or weekends.\n\nWhat do you consider the biggest benefits of a remote workforce?\n\nHaving people who can work at a moment’s notice, and on weekends. When you develop a large network of remote people who work different hours, it almost guarantees that you will ALWAYS have someone available to get last minute work requests done. And in this industry, last minute is a frequent thing.\n\nWhat were the main reasons to integrate remote work into your workforce?\n\nThe data systems our jobs use are all technological and internet-based, so it behooved us to get a leg up on developing efficient and strategic remote work policies at the first sign of remote jobs coming through. Our industry is constantly developing new ways to make more work do-able from home.\n\nWhat traits do you look for in candidates for a remote job?\n\nPeople who have worked independently before is a positive. Confidence in their skills is a big positive as well. Shyness and lack of confidence are negative traits as remote work requires more consistent results.\n\nHow do you conduct interviews for remote jobs?\n\nWe interview over the phone and in person, whenever possible. If not in person, then via Google Chat which allows video sharing. The approach is largely the same.\n\nHow do you convey your remote culture in the recruiting process?\n\nWe work best as a team! We want to cultivate a fun, interactive work environment that still allows people the space they desire. We encourage constant communication, and want everyone to feel like they’re part of a family, not just an agency.\n\nDo your remote team members meet in person?\n\nYes, whenever we can. Typically 3-5 times a year.\n\nHow do you measure the productivity of remote workers?\n\nFor external staff, we conduct weekly and quarterly audits of their work. We have a 3-strike system for any instances where it is clear that productivity and/or quality is suffering. Consultations are also provided via virtual office spaces or by phone/webinar.\n\nHow did you implement a remote work policy?\n\nIt started very organically; we tried lots of different things and would discuss what we liked and disliked the most. From there, we were able to develop basic outlines which we used on new employees. With their feedback, we were able to develop an easy-to-understand and efficient way of communicating with each other and others. At that point, we implemented a much more formal exercise for getting new hires acquainted with remote work best practices.\n\nWhat advice would you give to a team considering to go remote?\n\nMake sure you evaluate anyone you hire to be proven self-starters. The trick with remote work is it requires individuals with a solid concept for self-discipline and who have proven trustworthiness. Otherwise, you have to spend extra time overseeing your employees and the work they’re doing, which can be time consuming and very negatively reinforcing.\n\nWhat challenges have you encountered building a remote team?\n\nNot being able to fully rely on people holding themselves responsible for their work goals and deadlines. Micro-management is always a pending threat with new hires.\n\nWhat has changed about how your remote team operates?\n\nWe are more organized now. You have to be extremely organized if you want to go remote because it’s easy to get lost in emails, apps, websites, etc. If you have file-heavy processes, the best thing you can do is come up with a virtual filing system with consistent naming protocols and easy search algorithms.\n\nHow do you personally manage work-life balance?\n\nI have a home routine with plants and animals, so I schedule in such a way that I can accommodate my need to stretch and get my head out of the computer space for a bit. Working from home can be difficult for those who are prone to being more active, so the best thing you can do is make a schedule, map out activities, and stick with it.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9115467667579651}
+{"content": "Progress in the remote sensing of land surface temperature and ground emissivity using NOAA-AVHRR data Academic Article uri icon\n\n\n  • The extensive requirement of land surface temperature (LST) for envir-onmental studies and management activities of the Earth's resources has made the remote sensing of LST an important academic topic during the last two decades. Many studies have been devoted to establishing the methodology for the retrieval of LST from channels 4 and 5 of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Various split-window algorithms have been reviewed and compared in the literature to understand their di erences. Di erent algorithms di er in both their forms and the calculation of their coe cients. The most popular form of split-window algorithm is T s = T 4 + A(T 4 Õ T5)+ B , where T s is land surface temperature, T4 and T 5 are brightness temperatures of AVHRR channels 4 and 5, A and B are coe cients in relation to atmospheric e ects, viewing angle and ground emissivity. For the actual determination of the coe -cients, no matter the complexity of their calculation formulae in various algo-rithms, only two ways are practically applicable, due to the unavailability of many required data on atmospheric conditions and ground emissivities in situ satellite pass. Ground data measurements can be used to calibrate the brightness temper-ature obtained by remote sensing into the actual LST through regression analysis on a sample representing the studied region. The other way is standard atmo-spheric pro® le simulation using computer software such as LOWTRAN 7. Ground emissivity has a considerable e ect on the accuracy of retrieving LST from remote sensing data. Generally, it is rational to assume an emissivity of 0.96 for most ground surfaces. However, the di erence of ground emissivity between channels 4 and 5 also has a signi® cant impact on the accuracy of LST retrieval. By combining the data of AVHRR channels 3, 4 and 5, the di erence can be directly calculated from remote sensing data. Therefore, much more study is required on how to accurately determine the coe cients of split-window algorithms in the application of remote sensing to examine LST change and distribution in the real world.\n\npublication date\n\n  • January 1, 1999", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8935633897781372}
+{"content": "Trip Republic powered by Trip Republic\nLondon > Secrets of the Squares - A treasure h...\n\nSecrets of the Squares - A treasure hunt-style experience - The Secret City\n\n| 4 hours\n\n\nAt a glance\nCategory: Tours\nDuration: 4 hours\n\nA cryptic trail through the central districts of London. Available to play at anytime without start time restrictions. Gather your team and get exploring; start in the bustling Piccadilly Circus and work your way East. Work together to solve the clues, unlock the path and discover hidden parts of London.\n\nHalfway you can enjoy an amazing tucked away tavern near Covent Garden (a former haunt of Dickens!). Warm up and get refreshed before you head back out to conquer your quest.\n\nSneak onward through Seven Dials as you make your way to the heart of Soho. Complete the trail to uncover another top notch pub where you can kick back and relax.\n\nDistance: 4.5 km\nDifficulty: 3 / 5\nAvg Duration: 2.5 - 3.5 hours\nNumber of clues: 15\n\nHow it works:\nEach clue, sent to your mobile phone, leads you to a new location within walking distance. Solve the clue and search for the answer, reply with the correct answer to unlock the next step. Hints are available if you need a helping hand and you can also receive messages if you're lost.\nHave a competitive streak? Your progress is timed and ranked on our leader board, time to challenge your friends!\n\n\n\nMeeting point\nPiccadilly Circus, Soho, London W1B, UK\nMy wishlist", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.833845853805542}
+{"content": "Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)\n\nQualitative characteristics  \nAppearance White crystals\nPurity, %, min 99.5\nTotal nitrogen N, % 12\nP2O5, % 61\nHumidity,%, max 0.1\nInsolubles, %, max 0.04\npH of 0,1 М solution 4.3-4.5\nTurbidity, NTU, max 25\nSolubility in water at 20 оС, g/1000 cm3 350\nFriability, % 100\nFluorine (F), ppm, max 200\nLead (Pb), ppm, max 10\nCadmium (Сd), ppm, max 0.4\nMercury (Нg), ppm, max 0.1\nArsenic (Аs), ppm, max 10\n\n\nThe allowed tolerance of the nutrient content is set in accordance with the domestic regulation of the country of import.\n\nMonoammonium phosphate is a completely water-soluble crystalline product. It is used as raw material for the production of water-soluble NPK fertilizers for protected ground and open field (in greenhouses, hydroponics, irrigation systems), and as a raw material for the preparation of liquid complex fertilizers. Nitrogen is necessary for the growth and development of the plant biomass, takes part in the photosynthesis process. Phosphorus is necessary for the development of the root system of the plants. MAP is used as a feed supplement for animals. In addition, it is used in industry. Monoammonium phosphate is the perfect flame retardant. Due to its physical and chemical properties, it prevents ignition and burning. Due to complete absence of insoluble impurities, the complete dissolution of monoammonium phosphate is ensured and absorption into impregnated materials such as fabrics, plywood or wood is improved.\n\nThe product is packed in 25 kg and 50 lbs laminated polypropylene bags with polyethylene liner and in 1000, 1200 and 1250 kg big-bags.\n\nStore in covered storage facilities that exclude penetration of precipitation and ground water.\n\nWarranty period is 1 year from the date of manufacture under the recommended conditions for transportation and storage.\n\nShelf life is unlimited.\n\nLLC Cashmere Capital\n\n123317 Russia Moscow Presnenskaya\nnaberezhnaya 6, bldg. 2, floor 39", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999980926513672}
+{"content": "PMID: 29287996\nTitle: Precursor Frequency and Affinity Determine B Cell Competitive Fitness in Germinal Centers Tested with Germline Targeting HIV Vaccine Immunogens\nAbstract: How precursor frequencies and antigen affinities impact interclonal B cell competition is a particularly relevant issue for candidate germline-targeting HIV vaccine designs because of the in vivo rarity of naive B cells that recognize broadly neutralizing epitopes. Knowing the frequencies and affinities of HIV-specific VRC01-class naive human B cells, we transferred B cells with germline VRC01 B cell receptors into congenic recipients to elucidate the roles of precursor frequency, antigen affinity, and avidity on B cell responses following immunization. All three factors were interdependently limiting for competitive success of VRC01-class B cells. In physiological high-affinity conditions using a multivalent immunogen, rare VRC01-class B cells successfully competed in germinal centers (GC), underwent extensive somatic hypermutation, and differentiated into memory B cells. The data reveal dominant influences of precursor frequency, affinity, and avidity for interclonal GC competition and indicate that germline-targeting immunogens can overcome these challenges with high-affinity multimeric designs.\nDate: 1970-08-21\nYear: 2018\nJournal: Immunity\nPMID Author: Abbott RK, Lee JH, Menis S, Skog P, Rossi M, Ota T, Kulp DW, Bhullar D, Kalyuzhniy O, Havenar-Daughton C, Schief WR, Nemazee D, Crotty S\nPMC Link #: PMC5773359\nIAVI Topics: HIV Immunogen Design\n\nMedia Contacts\n\n\nEthel Makila\n+254 71 904 3142\n\n\n\nHester Kuipers\n+31 20 521 0343 \n\n\n\nSaif ul Hadi\n+91 11 4737 6032 \n\n\nUnited States\n\nRose Catlos\n+1 212 847 1049", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9895511865615845}
+{"content": "Friday, January 20, 2017\n\nAedificamus: Temptation Bundling and Topping Out\n\nI've been taking part in an interesting experiment over the past year and a half, give or take a few weeks. If you are reading this post, you've already seen the \"Aedificamus\" in the title. That means this is a post about health, fitness, and my often fumbling and stumbling approach to it.\n\nOne of the things that I have found interesting is how easy it is to find escapes from things I need to do. I have the best of intentions. I have set and calendared the things that I know I need to do. Yet, there is always a diversion, a distraction, some way I can wiggle out of what I planned to do. Then, I get down on myself for missing the mark or not doing what I know I should be doing. I think this stems from the fact that I overestimate both my energy reserves and my willingness to do things, especially if those things result in me being sore the next day. So what is an earnest person to do?\n\nTwo people have been instrumental in helping me think about this in a different way; SuperBetter author Jane McGonigal (if you have not seen her talk about \"The Game that can Give You Ten Extra Years of Life\", I highly recommend it) and Manoush Zomorodi of the \"Note to Self\" podcast. Both Jane and Manoush have explored the ways that technology, play, and the quirkiness of our brains can lead to interesting discoveries.\n\nJane specifically opened up the idea of incorporating gaming into my workout routines. Most of us look at gaming as a sedentary affair. True, there are fitness games and games that specialize in movement (I have several revisions of Dance Dance Revolution, as well as two high-quality Red Octane dance pads that get good use). However, the majority of games don't fit into a physical activity model. That doesn't mean that we can't tweak the way we play so that we can include activity.\n\n\nI've incorporated a rebounder, or a small trampoline, into my time when I play casual games. This might sound strange, but it is surprisingly effective. As I stand on the rebounder, I am constantly shifting my weight. The bounce and the movement require my body to adapt, as well as to counterbalance. Additionally, the actual gameplay becomes more challenging. I have to play while in unbalanced motion. The net result is that I am able to do a process of \"temptation bundling\". The idea behind temptation bundling is we take something we should be doing but we may put off or otherwise shy away from and blend it with something we actively enjoy but may feel guilty giving our time to. The net result is, I get to play the various games I enjoy and at the same time give myself a vigorous workout.\n\nDuring an episode of Note to Self called \"Your Quantified Body, Your Quantified Self\", Manoush shared stories from a number of listeners, as well as interviews with experts, on the promise of all of this collected data that we can record about ourselves through our various fitness trackers and devices, and what it ends up meaning to us. As I have used the LoseIt application, over time I have become familiar with a set of basic metrics. One of the key features of LoseIt is the \"Challenges\" space. People can compete individually or against others in teams to meet fitness and nutrition goals. What makes the metrics interesting is that they all \"top out\". Sure, you can do more, but the point accumulation stops.\n\nHere's the gist of the point accumulations. Other than logging in every day and recording food and activity, you can quantify the following:\n\n- Eat 75 calories of fresh fruit to earn 1 point. You top out at 3 points (225 total calories).\n\n- Eat 25 calories of fresh vegetables to earn 1 point. You top out at 8 points (200 total calories).\n\n- If you exercise (or earn a caloric adjustment from your fitness tracker) each time you burn half of your current bodyweight in calories, you earn 1 point. A 200 lb person would earn 1 point for every 100 calories burned. It would be a different value for other weights, but the same principle applies. Everyone tops out at 10 points (in my example, 1000 calories).\n\n- If you record breakfast and lunch, and each meal has a caloric intake of 150 calories or better, you get 5 points for each meal. If you log dinner, you get 2 extra points, for a max of 12.\n\n- If you weigh in once a week, you get 10 points. Any additional days you weigh in over the course of the week gets you 1 additional point for each day you weigh in, for a maximum of 16 points.\n\n- You can earn points towards your weight loss goal, or while maintaining your weight. If you maintain your weight during the week, you can earn up to 40 points per week. If you lose weight based on your goal, you can earn up to 50 points per week.\n\nSeems like a lot to wrap your head around, but think of puzzle pieces. Figure out how to get 225 calories of fresh fruit and 200 calories of vegetables, and I'm done with those needs for the day. If I burn 1000 calories in a given day, I've maxed out. If I've lost weight at the target level or maintained, I top out there, too. Topping out allows me to say \"enough\". If I top out, I'm good. I need not keep going for that day. Of course, I shouldn't reverse the process by doing something that will undermine my efforts, but I don't feel like I have to keep slogging. When I see that I 've topped out, I don't have to focus on that goal any longer, at least for that day.\n\nUltimately, success occurs when we are enjoying the process and when we can see that we have put in sufficient effort without overdoing it. Gaming may not be your thing, but maybe Netflix is. You may not have a rebounder, but you may have a treadmill, or a stationary bicycle, or something else you can do to be active while you do that thing you really like to do. I'd be curious to hear what your temptation bundles are. If you would like, please share them in the comments section below.\n\nWednesday, January 11, 2017\n\nAedificamus: The Value of Continuous Feedback\n\nOne thing I owe my readers is a full review of LoseIt. I keep saying I'm going to do one, but each time I try to get into it, I find the review keeps getting longer and more detailed. For those willing to wait for that, I'll plan to post it by the end of the week. The \"tl; dr\" version is \"a great way to track calories and exercise, interact with others on your journey, and make fitness and weight loss somewhat fun and entertaining, or at least as fun and entertaining as it can be\".\n\nThe piece I want to talk to for this posting is the community aspect, and how that community can be helpful if you let it be. With a couple of exceptions, my \"friends\" within the LoseIt app are people I do not know in real life. My sole interaction with them, at least so far, is via the LoseIt app. I know some might think that that's a very weak connection, and probably not really helpful beyond superficial cheerleading. I understand that reasoning, but I would have to soundly say to anyone who thinks that way, \"you are wrong\".\n\nI had an interesting experience after I came back from Philmont in July 2016. Over the course of two and a half weeks, where I'd exercised a tremendous amount, burned a lot of calories, and kept a meticulous measure of my food, I should have come back leaner and lighter than ever. Instead, I came back close to twelve pounds heavier than when I had left. I was weirded out by that, and I felt a little ashamed. Maybe I hadn't kept as good a track as I intended. Maybe my calculations were wrong. Maybe I didn't work as hard as I thought. Regardless, I certainly didn't want to post a twelve-pound weight gain. What would my friends think?! Yes, even at this point, my primary feeling was of shame because I'd drifted so far off my course. My answer? I'd stop posting my weigh-ins for a bit, jut until I got back to my earlier number and then I could pick up like nothing happened. Surely it wouldn't take that long.\n\nDays stretched into weeks, and weeks stretched into months, and then it dawned on me that I'd stopped weighing in entirely. I still posted, still logged my food, still cheered people on, but my weight hadn't moved on the charts for three months. Hmmm. Well, I better take a look. I mean, come on, how bad could it be?\n\nI stepped on the scale and ended up reading a weight that was thirty pounds heavier than when I reached my lowest weight back in March of 2016. Thirty pounds!!! What the...?!! I knew full well what had happened, and why. I felt embarrassed to post a follow-up. It felt good to get that daily high five for being on track, even if the daily high five was coming from people I didn't really know. For certain, my embarrassment of having to post a reversal made me shy away from weighing in each day, and that shying away from weighing every day removed me from that immediate feedback loop. I ate much the same as I had been, and I figured I was moving about the same amount, but over the course of several months, the food intake crept up, the activity level crept down (injuries and minor aches helped that along, to be fair) and thus, I found myself in negative territory, giving up thirty pounds of gains.\n\nI tried quietly setting a new goal, and I even made a post stating that I was trying a new plan of attack. Net result? New update and a definite highlight of reversal.\n\nWhat also resulted? One of my friends gently calling me out and reminding me that I'd finally faced the elephant in the room and that I could move forward from here. \n\nHow has reality looked since then? Like this:\n\nThat old familiar saw-tooth pattern is with me again. I'm down roughly 6 1/2 pounds in the past couple of weeks. I have up days and down days, sometimes in a row, but usually back and forth. It's maddening, but it's also helpful. If I have a particularly big drop in a day, it's an indication that I can put the brakes on a little. If I bounce up a touch, it's an indication that I need to be more active. If I bounce up a lot, I need to seriously think about what I ate the day before, and see how I make sure to not repeat it today. The key point is everyday feedback, both from my app via pictures and data points, and those daily cheers and well wishes from virtual friends contribute to success. The real takeaway is our online friends are our support system, and they want us to succeed. They will cheer us on, but they will not often call us on our BS. They will wait and watch patiently, to see what we ultimately do. In my case, it was obvious that my lack of weigh-ins was a sign that I'd lapsed. When I stepped up and admitted it, no one called me a failure or lazy or any of that. They just said \"glad to see you are back on track. Good luck out there.\"\n\nFitness goals are often challenging. They take a lot of patience and focus. Quick feedback is helpful but more important is a willingness to accept that feedback and actually act on it. Get over the embarrassment of lapsing. It doesn't mean we lack discipline. It means we're human, like roughly eight billion others out there. Own that humanity, log the discrepancies and move on. Our friends want to celebrate our successes, not remind us of our failings. No, really, it's true. If we have a bad day, acknowledge it, deal with it, and do better the next day, and the next day, and the next. Ultimately, we will reach the goal we have set and probably much faster because we are allowing for regular feedback each day. Don't let temporary embarrassment derail your goals. Use the feedback each day to plan an even better tomorrow.\n\nTuesday, January 3, 2017\n\nEverything Old is New Again: Adventures in Khan Academy\n\nOne of the things I decided I wanted to do more of back in December (remember, I don't do New Year's Resolutions, I try to ingrain habits before January 1st whenever possible ;) ) was to look back at the areas of my knowledge that I once knew or learned, but that time and inattention have seriously atrophied. For me, one of those areas is Mathematics.\n\nGranted, I use programs, spreadsheets, and calculators quite a bit. I can manipulate formulas and compare results as good as anyone, but how well do I really remember even the most rudimentary of skills? How do I find the area of a trapezoid? Can I do Greatest Common Factors and Least Common Multiples quickly in my head? How much Geometry do I really remember? How about Calculus? OK, to be fair, I made it through first-semester Calculus in college and was overjoyed to have received a good grade. I then stopped due to time and work constraints, so I only got so far.\n\nKhan Academy has what I consider to be a neat collection of Mathematics courses and challenges that you can work through. They have Mathematics topics broken down by discipline, as well as by what grade (K-8 and High School) they represent. At the moment, I'm reviewing 6th Grade math (hey, you have to start somewhere, right ;)?). They have individual modules that you can practice, videos that talk about the concepts, and mastery challenges you can perform and record your progress. My current goal, alongside keeping up a streak as long as I can, is to get to 100% mastery on all math levels through high school. As you can see, I have plenty to do still:\n\nAs a kid, I used to consider Math to be the bane of my existence. Now? It's fun! What's more, I'm realizing how many things I learned one way, but are now being taught in a slightly different manner. It's been fun to see the differences and how some of the explanations are better than what I learned, and how I still reactively use the tools I was given several decades ago because, well, that's what I mastered and still consider \"my way\" of doing it. Perhaps more interesting is looking back and realizing that I either learned many of these things much later than the grade they correspond with or that I never learned them at all, at least not in this context.\n\nKhan Academy does a great job at focusing on the basics, and I'd like to challenge my readers out there to pick an area they'd like to develop a better proficiency. Like me, you may discover that you'll be eating a few pieces of humble pie along the way, but you may also unlock a fun new pastime looking at something you may have long since stopped using, or at least actively thinking about.\n\nIf you'd like to follow along with me, my Khan profile is here :).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8071277737617493}
+{"content": "Nieman Foundation at Harvard\nABOUT                    SUBSCRIBE\n\nArticles tagged regulatory capture (1)\n\nA strategy of “capturing the main professionals from the newspapers, in their respective fields of work, and thus reduce the tensions of being disturbed by the journalists every single day.” “Memory is crucial for journalism, and we are losing it.”", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000091791152954}
+{"content": "Max Little\n\nMax is a Lecturer working in the Nonlinearity and Complexity Research Group at Aston University. His background is in applied mathematics, statistics, signal processing and computational engineering. He has made contributions to a range of scientific and engineering problems, including biomedicine, extreme rainfall, groundwater flow, speech science, and nonlinear signal processing. The unifying theme of his research is the multidisciplinary quantitative analysis of complex systems.\n\nAs an applied mathematician, Max sees connections between subjects, not boundaries. His goal has always been to see how things are related, not how they are different. His research often draws him to the boundaries and commonalities between disciplines, for example, leading him to borrow mathematical techniques from one discipline and apply them to others, and subsequently generalising them to produce new quantitative methods for analysing and modelling data in a wide variety of contexts.\n\nUltimately, he aims to make high-quality contributions that make a difference in practice. His research work has been applied to problems in biomedicine (such as monitoring of Parkinson's disease and voice pathologies), extreme rainfall analysis and forecasting, biophysical signal processing, and hydrogeomorphology and open channel flow measurement.\n\nMax began his career writing software, signal processing algorithms and music for video games, then moved on by way of a degree in mathematics to the University of Oxford. After postdoc positions in Oxford and co-founding a web-based image search business, he won a Wellcome Trust fellowship at MIT to follow up on doctoral research work in biomedical signal processing.\n\nMax Little\n\nPresentation 2014", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9893800020217896}
+{"content": "Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry\n\nMultiple solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, acts as a novel adjuvant for enhancing cutaneous immune responses.\n\nPMID 25036119\n\n\nN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is known for its multi-solvent properties. However, its biological, especially immunological significance still remains to be elucidated. In this study, we show for the first time that NMP stimulates the skin immune system by activating epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs). In contrast with the placebo tape, when the NMP-containing adhesive tape was applied on murine skin, LCs were stimulated immediately. Activated LCs not only exhibited enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and morphological changes, including the loss of dendrites, but also migrated effectively to draining lymph nodes. In addition, application of the tyrosine-related protein-2 peptide, which is the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope against B16 melanoma, in combination with the NMP tape, resulted in explosive expansion of specific CTLs in mouse spleens. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel role of NMP as an adjuvant in percutaneous peptide immunization.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5726335644721985}
+{"content": "Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account?  Sign up \n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n  Normal Size     Small Size show me how\n\nRAD Ch 6 Part 2\n\nRAD Ch. 6 Vocab Part 2\n\nLine Meter A voltmeter which monitors incoming voltage.\nLine Voltage Compensator A variable contact on the primary side of the autotransformer necessary to ensure that the outgoing voltage is accurate, regardless of fluctuations in the incoming line.\nkVp meter Measures the voltage output from the autotransformer. Also called a prereading voltmeter.\nRheostat A continuously variable electrical resistor used to regulate current.\nmA selector A control, providing several choices in the amount of resistance in the filament circuit.\nMilliammeter (mA meter) Measures the current flow in the high-voltage circuit during an exposure.\nRectification To make right. Ensuring that the flow of current is only in the right direction.\nSelf-rectification Current flows in this circuit only during the portion of the electrical cycle when the anode is positive and the cathode is negative.\nThree-Phase Current generates x-rays more efficiently than single-phase current, decreasing exposure times by 40% to 50%.\nTube Rating Chart A guide used to keep routine exposures below the limits of the tube heat capacity.\nSynchronous timer A manually set device used for exposure control.\nRotor Switch When this is activated, the rotating anode begins to spin, and heat is applied to the filament to create the space charge.\nPhototimer Photomultiplier tubes that are sensitive to light. It terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of light has been detected.\nRectifier The unit that’s purpose is to change the AC into direct current (DC) so that it flows only in one direction.\nSingle-Phase Current Results in a pulsating beam. In one of these there are 60 electric cycles that produce 120 impulses.\nCreated by: mshearer10", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7666112780570984}
+{"content": "Support The Moscow Times!\n\nYevzerikhin Shows a Hidden World in Soviet Union\n\nThe synagogue photo series is hung from the ceiling on boards that can be pulled down for closer viewing. Vladimir Filonov\n\nThe Soviet Union is generally thought of as a black hole for religion, a time when activity of all faiths was suppressed and kept to a minimum. While this is true, life continued for believers in all of the religions of the Soviet Union, as people refused to let a repressive regime prevent them from having a spiritual life.\n\nThe exhibit \"Photographs That Have Never Existed\" (Fotografy, Kotoryix Ne Bylo) highlights the secret life of one particular religious community. This display at the Jewish Museum highlights a series of photos taken by Immanuil Yevzerikhin, a photographer for the Soviet Tass news agency, which follows the everyday lives and events of the Jewish community of Moscow's Great Choral Synagogue in the late '50s and '60s.\n\n\"The photographs were preserved as part of the photographer's personal archive and then bought by the foundation after his death,\" exhibit curator Maria Yesimova said, explaining the exhibit was organized by the Sepherot Foundation, a Liechtenstein-based organization dedicated to collecting Russian art of the late 17th to 20th centuries.  \n\nEmmanuil Yevzerikhin is well known as a Soviet news photographer and took one of the most iconic shots of World War II, a picture of the Children's Khorovod fountain in the midst of the ruined city of Stalingrad that juxtaposed well-preserved sculptures of dancing children with smoke and rubble all around them. Yevzerikhin also took well-known photo portraits of Soviet celebrities like Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Kalinin, Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov.\n\nDespite Yevzerikhin's glamorous career as a Soviet photographer, he remained true to his roots. Born into a Jewish family in Rostov-on-Don, Yevzerikhin continued to be involved in the Jewish community later in his career, resulting in the series of photographs now displayed at the Jewish museum.\n\nIn truth, most of the photographs on display are mundane and repetitive — there are many shots of bearded men in Jewish prayer attire reading torahs, carrying torahs and praying in the synagogue. Yevzerikhin has also taken many portraits of various cantors and rabbis from the synagogue.\n\nHowever, apart from the mundane photos of daily life in the synagogue, Yevzerikhin has captured some interesting details. In an exterior shot of the synagogue, a small cluster of uniformly dressed men can be seen standing innocuously out front.\n\n\"We think that these were members of the government security apparatus, who were always close by and took note of anyone who came to the synagogue,\" said Yesimova. In this way, Yevzerikhin has caught a glimpse of yet another secret layer with in the hidden world of the Soviet jewry.\n\n\"Photographs That Have Never Existed\" will run until Nov. 17 at the Jewish Museum, 11 Ulitsa Obraztsova, Bldg. 1A.\n\nContact the author at\n\nRead more\n\nIndependent journalism isn’t dead. You can help keep it alive.\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5576688051223755}
+{"content": "Positive thinking uk,mind games xbox one,my life secrets youtube - Plans On 2016\n\nNo matter how many books you read or how many programs you join, being positive can only happen when you start the process from within. Staying in a positive frame of mind is not always possible if your negative thoughts and emotions constantly distract you. You can only become positive if you accept that facing problems is the natural order of things. Ramunsyah Utama is a Financial Planner for an insurance company in Jakarta, Indonesia who can help you achieve your dream in life. Its often very easy to get trapped in the noise without realizing we’re in it in the first place. I definitely agree with point 3 – We have to pick the right friends because the quality of relationships we have directly influences the quality of our lives. You reference the highly contoversial idea that water is controlled by our thoughts without pointing to the original source, and I believe that you have grossly mis-informed your followers for doing so.\nI believe in many of the ideas you share on your site including faith, in spite of being an Atheist, but I believe ideas must have a source of grounded logic which the water experiment does not appear to have. An important point is that I’m willing to accept being wrong, but you need to convince me.\nI think people should re read the last 4 lines of the second last paragraph of the article. Positive people associate themselves with positive language and the same is true for those who embrace power and powerful thinking.\nIn spite of all the definitive and exhaustive lists of words to connect with and in spite of your best efforts whether intentional or not, you will never be able to evade the words that invoke a host and range of emotional responses that people, both young and old connect with. You have to be mentally prepared to turn your life around from wallowing in negative thoughts to brimming with positive energy. It is a natural tendency of the mind to dwell more on negative thoughts than on positive ones. Since 70% of human body is water, you must know how important to stay think, talk and act positively. It means, “The power of make laugh.” Yes, having some sense of humor is important too, for humor is relaxing, a life-giving. If you are not satisfied with the result, use that moment to learn and avoid same mistakes in the future. Say this in every moment you look fall to negativity, “I am in charge of what I feel and what I think.\nAnd it’s not until you take a step back when you realize what you need to cut out in your life in order to live more efficiently.\nBecause we naturally become influenced with the people around us and are a direct result of who we hang around with.\n\nWhat I am trying to connect here is if we do a positive things in order to be a positive human, our thought will become positive too.\nInstead of criticising this persons use of English, it might be more helpful to comment on the article itself. As a blogger or as someone that conveys a message to others through words, whether it’s spoken or written, people associate with your words and “how” those words are communicated.\nBut this road is not easy as you will be at war with your own mind, trying to steer it away from negativity. You are not the only one who is facing problems, so, look for solutions instead of getting depressed. You will surely learn a lot from these on how to conquer negative thoughts and succeed in life.\nHe found that after his team were giving good words, playing fine music, or praying to water, beautiful crystals showed up in the water. When you familiarize yourself with the positive, at the same time, you are making beautiful crystal water inside you. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena.” It’s an allusion to stop talking, because talking of something or someone will make you only be a critic. Emoto’s work has been disproven for many years now and should not be referenced as science in any serious publication. Many people find it difficult to frame positive thoughts and actions when their life is passing through a difficult phase.\nSet goals and work towards achieving them and you will have a more positive outlook in life.\nRemember that you will find it hard to think positively and lead a positive life if you are constantly stressed out. Just think about unemployed who have long been searching for a job and do everything to be in your position.Then, you remembered last night you were angry with your wife? You must have heard the old saying, “The whiners, they keep on whining even in heaven.” Avoid them. When you are becoming a critic, you tend to find negative sides of people or things, rather than their positive. So unless you’re a linguist and have written articles for foreign websites, I suggest you back off. While the idea might be visually appealing, the fact that positive thoughts may alter the brain does not depend on whether a similar effect exist in water structure or not.\nThe selection and careful arrangement of words that in all your efforts to communicate your message, to share your passion regardless of the topic find ways into the emotional channels of people that are strangers to you that often times turn into loyalty, friendships, fans and followers..\nCreate a vision that has purpose and meaning and you will find yourself engulfed in positive energy.\n\nYou can even carry a pocketbook with a collection of such quotes and carry it with you at all times so that you can read them at any time. Instead, find friends who always give you support, vibrant, positive thoughts and attitudes. So, in my perspective since 60% to 70% of our body contain of water, then positive thought will make us wise, love and peaceful human. I did it because I had something to share that I thought may be of interest to other people.\nHowever, there are also people who find it hard to be positive when everything is going just fine. I write not only to share my knowledge, experience and thoughts to help others that blog, but because I know that through the power of words I'm helping someone along in their path regardless of what that is to success too.Thanks for reading. If you are one of them, then you should try in every way to cultivate a positive approach if you wish to succeed in life. So, even if some situations may arise to make you feel down, don’t fail to think positively. When you have difficulty doing that, think of a man who everyday desperately prays to God only to find his mate. When you see a friend who always fail and feel disappointment in his life, go help him by giving good solution or advise to make him feeling better in life. Blogging gives you a voice, but more importantly, the way you blog changes everything for someone.\nThe following tips given below will help you to free your mind of negative thoughts and filling you with positivity.\nA psychological research concluded that, when you do something good to others, it would bring a positive impact to you: happiness, satisfaction, feeling of being needed, etc. Some may tell you that powerful words and power are synonymous and belong in their own arena.\nI can tell you that I believe that power and positivity are kin to one another in my perspective because I believe that they compliment one another, they feed off each other, they co-exist together and that with one it is very possible to find the other if not immediately..\nListening to the successes of other bloggers have given many people a reason to do something that they’ve never done before in spite of fears that exist due to starting something far outside their comfort zones. Confidence, belief and faith in yourself start to take form as a byproduct of such ingredients along the journey of experiences you have along the way on the path you’re on.\n\nDhamma talks ajahn sumedho\nChange password email account windows 8\n\nComments to «Positive thinking uk»\n\n    Retreats at the Inter­national Dharma Hermitage.\n  2. Ayan\n    Store at the retreat complex or whether you're expected to bring this.\n  3. AiRo123\n    High levels of success with our Sedona Soul Adventures religious retreats 73, and his spouse.\n  4. boks\n    The Phrase, lifting up our hearts to the Lord, and receiving the sort of a success.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7927969694137573}
+{"content": "Counselling; some general information\n\nWhat is it?\n\nCounselling is primarily the provision of support to people in being ‘heard’. This might seem quite simple and unnecessary at first glance, however in the often conflicting needs and experiences of everyday life and relationships, it can actually be very difficult to hear and be heard. There are many interruptions to this, among them judgements, opinions, demands, agendas and assumptions. This can create a lot of internal ‘noise’ and ‘clutter’ leading to issues like stress, anxiety, depression, addiction and many others. Such issues or symptoms tells us that all is not well and it can be a helpful option to attend a counsellor, rather than perhaps struggling on and finding that the symptoms are becoming more distressing, disturbing or destructive. Through the process of counselling clients get the space, support and time to look at what they are experiencing, its impact on them and the thoughts and feelings it evokes. Counselling helps with finding clarity and gaining alternative possibilities and  perspectives about what is going on. The counselling process offers the opportunity for clients to then formulate decisions and enact possible options for positive change with a consequent return to well-being. How we each are in our experience of the world and its impact on us, is fundamental to our experience of happiness and our quality of life. While Scott Peck says in the first lines of his book ‘A Road Less Travelled’ “Life is difficult. This is a great truth, one of the greatest truths.” we do not, however, have to tolerate its difficulties unsupported nor without access to finding hope and possibility.\n\nWho is it for?\n\nCounselling is for anyone and for everyone. It is generally accessed by people who would like to address a specific issue causing them concern. The counselling process supports clients towards resolving and/or managing difficulties that seem to impede them in their lives. The emphasis of counselling is largely on conscious experience and working with what is being felt, thought and perceived in everyday experience in relation to the issue or symptoms presenting. It can be very helpful in supporting people to see their experience from different perspectives, grow in confidence and clarity around decision making and come to an acceptance of possible difficult circumstances that they may not be able to change.\n\nHow does it work?\n\nCounselling works in the presence of certain criteria. It is the provision of a safe space, generally a private room and the full attention of another human being, the counsellor, who has the skills, awareness and the personal insight to support the client in a non-judgmental exploration of their issues. Both counsellor and client need to have a shared understanding of the confidential nature of the work and any limits to this. Counselling may take place on a weekly or less frequent basis depending on the working approaches of the counsellor.\n\nIs it successful?\n\nMany studies have shown counselling to have a significantly positive effect and outcome in terms of clients experiencing an improvement in their circumstances and/or symptoms. Some methods are more conducive to measurement than others, and measuring outcomes is also complicated by the confidential and subjective nature of the process itself. This is difficult as there are a wide variety of methods and standards of practice in counselling and as a relational process it is also very dependent on the person of the therapist. In other words if two clients with identical presenting issues were to attend two separate therapists who were using the same approach, it is possible that each client would have a very different experience/outcome. Conversely if these identical clients were to attend two separate therapists who used very different approches it is possible that they could have a similar experience of outcome. The aspect fundamental to the efficacy of the process is your relationship with the therapist and how ‘available’ and able they are to hear you in your experience. This idea of ‘ available’ relates to the counsellors ability to suspend their own assumptions, beliefs and views and to enter your world and be able to hear your experience. This allows the counsellor to notice possible blocks and impediments that may be out of your view and to offer them in way that may help you in identify ways to ease concerns and reduce symptoms and be able to return to an experience of well-being. While you may wish for your counsellor to give their opinions or advice, any such information can impede and undermine the process. This can feel frustrating for clients hoping for a quick and painless solution but the greatest efficacy is found when clients are supported and helped towards finding their own answers and resolution.  Remember that the counsellor is also a vulnerable, struggling human being, whose primary ability to support their client comes not from mastering their own struggles but rather having found ways to  understand and address them.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.982006847858429}
+{"content": "Dear Magic Animals,\n\n\nchimera by tsaoshin chimera by tsaoshin[/caption] Magical or fantastic creatures were the first” animals” we attached in a peculiar and wonderful way so inexplicable to us in childhood, while reading stories. Moreover, cartoons illustrated these intense supernatural powers they had. Proof that we are attracted and charmed by the hidden life of the normal world of those mysterious beings far more complex than man. As children we were more able to empathize or understand the universe through imaginary relationships with these magical creatures, these personified heroes which manifested themselves with great enthusiasm and affection, explaining so many beautiful and clear things we get overwhelmed by in adulthood. The idea that we’re getting close to small pets and creatures is confirmed by experts in child psychology. Tales, stories, picture books and drawings of animals and mythical creatures with human attributes give us life lessons without the authority adult figures. Fortunately, the child in us reamins. There is no smoke without fire, in some happier cases. Perhaps behind the mythical existence of vampires, monsters or creatures with supernatural powers who lead a symbolic journey through the world, there is a seed of truth. Perhaps the meanings are much deeper than we think. Maybe we’re not quite able to understand the world and the reason is sometimes overcome by the inexplicable and amazing universe. And it would be boring to refuse showing how magic and better it would be. The two questions in the end of the original article elicited responses from deviantart users and here they are, the most popular mythological and fantasy favorite creatures of them as “spiritual guides” are the WOLF, followed by DRAGON. The first represents loyalty, strength, force survival, grace, courage and duality. Dragon becomes muse for wisdom as an ancient force. There are mentioned werewolf creatures, the bear, unicorn, the griffin, horse and dog. [caption id=\"attachment_533\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"381\"]playful_snow_harpy_by_sakimichan-d5odkw1 playful_snow_harpy_by_sakimichan[/caption] [caption id=\"attachment_535\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]snowman by bonnysaintandrew snowman by bonnysaintandrew[/caption] Source and photo gallery: Animal Magic by techgnotic =  ]]>", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8612329959869385}
+{"content": "Kids Costume Store Teen Costume Store Adult Costume Store\n\nCaveman Halloween Costume Ideas\n\nAs Halloween looms, you start to rack your brain for the perfect costume. The basic idea is to find for something unique and interesting. If looking for something unique this Halloween, perhaps the caveman costumes might be a good fit. It can be color coordinated, designed into fashionable patterns and is perfect for all ages and genders.\n\nFabrics For The Costume\n\nAnthropologist know that the original cavemen used to wear leaves and animal skins to protect themselves. As a result, you consider what kind of caveman you want to be. Do you want to wear leaves, animal skins or furs? Whatever option you choose, you need to be creative with your fabric choice.\n\nFor a leafy look, use green fabric like silk to make into leaf shapes. Turn it into a skirts for woman and kimonos for males - If modest, you can wear it over a skin colored body suit. For the animal within, select a patterned velvet fabric with cheetah or leopard print in brown and yellow skins.\n\nThis costume creation is easy if you can sow, since there is no specific design you have to follow. Keep the size in mind while you get creative with the scissors and cut out as many angular sections.\n\nMale Cavemen Costume\n\nMen have so much variety to choose from when it comes to this costume. You can drape a big faux fur overall reaching your knees and hold a club to complete the look. Or you may go for a kilt made from dark colored corduroy or a furry textured fabric and put on a caveman necklace.\n\nIf you are not a fan of baring your skin, you can go for a full body Flinstone costume with triangular edges. You may also wear a costume with pants and a crossover caveman style shirt to complete the look.\n\nFemale Cavemen Costume\n\nWomen don't have to bare much skin because they always wore dresses, even back then. Get creative by patching different fabrics especially patterned velvet's and corduroys in random pieces and make a cool and sexy outfit. don't be afraid to be creative with testing different styles. You can wear a straight one piece using the same fabric or you can put different fabrics together to make a stellar dress.\n\nCaveman Accessories\n\nAccessories include clubs, spears, necklaces and long wild haired wigs. Or you can make your hair messy. Add fake or real bones to create a cool bone necklace. In addition, apply some haunting black and white makeup to your face and rub dirt and grit on your clothing to complete the outfit. The caveman costumes is a great way to go back to your roots and it look unique too.\n\nMore Ideas", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5865521430969238}
+{"content": "Battles, II Piantissimo Battles, Pac Man Battles\n\nPac Man vs II Piantissimo\n\nPacMan Pit\nII Piantissimo is a tough opponent to defeat, but he still won’t be much of a challenge for Pac Man. Pac Man has eaten many opponents in the past and he has mastered the elements. A single blast from his fire or ice form should knock the fight out of II Piantissimo and Pac Man’s wide array of attacks will keep the racer guessing. Pac Man earns himself yet another win and I doubt that we’ve seen the last of him. Pac Man wins.\n\nBattles, Biollante Battles, II Piantissimo Battles\n\nII Piantissimo vs Biollante\n\nThis is a tough battle since II Piantissimo is physically strong enough to hurt Mario just by bumping into him and he’s obviously meta human based off of his race against the plumber. That being said, he hasn’t shown anything beyond this so I’m going to have to assume that he is not ready to defeat a Kaiju. Biollante can blast away at him until he goes down. Biollante wins.\n\nBattles, II Piantissimo Battles, Kite Battles\n\nIl Piantissimo vs Kite\n\nll Piantissimo has his paint brush, but in the end that’s not enough to defeat Kite. Kite has his twin blades that he can use to cause chaos to everyone around him. ll Piantissimo just won’t be able to resist the Data Drain and will die pretty fast. Kite has defeated opponents stronger than him. Kite wins.\n\nBattles, Cosmic Mario Battles, II Piantissimo Battles\n\nIl Piantissimo vs Cosmic Mario\n\nIl Piantissimo has a paint brush, but I’m afraid it won’t do any good against Cosmic Mario. Cosmic Mario is like Mario, just when you touch him you get hurt. Cosmic Mario is a step above Il Piantissimo and he knows it. Cosmic Mario wins, but I’m afraid with his skills Il Piantissimo reigns supreme. Il Piantissimo wins.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8721185922622681}
+{"content": "Code: EDI-2018-9-VPS\n\nDomain: Energy & Environment\n\n\nImprove energy usage in different sites forecasting HVAC consumption, identifying anomalous consumption for corrective and preventive actions and estimating savings when shedding events are applied.\n\nProposed by\n\n\nVirtual Power Solutions SA. Located in Coimbra – Portugal, Virtual Power Solution is an innovative, market leader in the design and operation of dynamic connected platforms, providing real-time granular data to consumers, network operators and utilities.\n\n\nCurrently more than 30.000 measurement points are monitored. In typical building installations income and other circuits are monitored, such as HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) and lighting.\n\nAround a 15% of VPS measurement points are related to HVAC circuits with remote on/off control. These circuits represent a major part of total energy consumption and, for that reason, there is an opportunity to use data mining and advance control techniques to reduce waste without compromising comfort, getting direct savings. Additionally, the volume of electrical power under management offers load balancing opportunities in VPP context.\n\nAs a challenge, VPS proposes the development of a model, using the available historical consumption data and other attributes like location, to identify and predict consumption patterns with the following objectives: (1) HVAC consumption forecasts; (2) Anomalous consumption detection; (3) Manage shedding events.\n\n\nThe challenge has the following sample datasets available for download\n\n  • HVAC Energy Usage\n\nExpected outcomes\n\n  • Identification of the necessary resources needed to avoid waste and take preventive actions. First identifying the work schedules and calculating the base load and consumption profile (KWhs).\n  • Receive notifications with information regarding corrective or preventive actions and increase or maintain savings thanks to the anomalous consumptions identification.\n  • Application of shedding, in each site, without compromising indoor comfort temperature and simultaneously creating an opportunity to sell load balancing capabilities to the power grid operator.\n\nHow do we apply?\n\nFollow by Email", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.998833954334259}
+{"content": "AQ. [ns] became [ss]; [ns] > [ss]\n\n\nIn Ancient Quenya [AQ], the combination ns became ss. Since primitive nasals assimilated to n before s, this was the ultimate result of all primitive nasals + s. This sound change was mentioned in both the Outline of Phonetic Development from the 1930s [OP1] and the Outline of Phonology from the 1950s [OP2]:\n\nThe nasals were frequently assimilated to dentals ... ñs, ms in old formations similarly > ns. Since nasals [n] were unvoiced before [s], the phonetic product was [ss] of all nasals + [s]. (OP1, PE19/47).\nSome other combinations (a) occurred only in the earliest periods and were soon changed ... ns from n/m/ŋ + s. This soon became ss (with unvoicing of n) (OP2, PE19/82).\nIn Quenya ms was assimilated > ns (as mt > nt). The resultant ns, from any nasal + s, was then in the older strata unvoiced to ss (OP2, PE19/99).\n\nThe fact that these changes were in “old formations” and “occurred only in the earliest periods” indicates this phonetic development was in AQ or perhaps even earlier. There was a similar sound change in Old Sindarin, and in one place Tolkien said that ns > ss in Primitive Elvish:\n\ns. This became [z] medially; but ns became prehistorically (common to Noldorin and Quenya) > ss. (Since later Q. tolerated ns this is sometimes found for pa.t. ss in late classical Q. and TQ.) (PE22/103).\n\nAs indicated above, the combination ns could appear in Tarquesta [TQ], and thus it seems this pair of letters might arise later, either from later compounds, from reformations by grammatical analogy or after [θ] became [s]. A note describing these reformations appears in OP2:\n\nReformation of this ss seldom occurred in PQ. They were more frequent in TQ especially in the past-tense forms of bases with original medial s. In both PQ and TQ they occurred only after the change of intervocalic s > z. The restored forms thus showed nz and were thus distinct from TQ ns < with restored nasal before medial th. Since in Ñ[oldorin Quenya] s > z > r the nz forms were also obscured becoming, or being replaced by, rr (or rn). This nz remained in Vanyarin but (where not altered) became ns in Ñ[oldorin Quenya]. So borrowing from language of Atani inzil (Núm[enórean] inzil) “flower, lily”, became in Exhilic Ñ[oldorin Quenya] insil (OP2, PE19/99).\n\nTolkien considered similar reformations in the 1930s:\n\nAt end of consonant groups [s] was stronger, and was not voiced: hense rs, ls, ns remained with (partly) unvoiced r, l {n}. The {classical >>} earliest product of ns was > ss; but ns was {occasionally >>} often reproduced by grammatical analogy in that case. But [later?] ns > nz as in Rothinzil (OP1, PE19/49).\n\nPossible examples of past-tense formations involving primitive ns are:\n\nIn the first example it seems no reformation occurred (though since the present tense form is archaic hríza, maybe Tolkien simply didn’t write down the reformed past tense), but in the second example the ancient past tense may have been *winsē > *visse, reformed to virne. Other likely grammatical reformations include the reflexives insa “itself” and insë “herself, himself”, altered by analogy with forms like indë “yourselves” and intë¹ “themselves” (VT47/37).\n\nTolkien also seems to have considered having a later ns > ss sound change after [θ] became [s]:\n\nns > ns later Third Age ss: kanse, kāsen [with z written below kāsen] (in some notes associated with numbers from the late 1950s or early 1960s, PE17/95).\nWhere this grammatical renewal occurred in TQ after þ > s, ns remained as in TQ panse “smoothed” for PQ patte, after pase “smooths”. But panse soon > passe. This apparent substitution of ss for tt in cases of words having s for basic th is peculiar to Noldorin TQ (OP2, PE19/89).\n\nFor “substitution of ss for tt” compare also pitte past tense of ᴹQ. pise “spit” (PE22/103), probably with *pitʰnē, *patʰnē > pitte, †patte since [n] became [t] after aspirates. In the previous quote above, †patte was reformed to panse and then later became passe. If this later ns > ss sound change occurred, it was in late Exhilic Quenya and may not have been reflected in spelling.\n\nFinally, Tolkien also seems to have considered either later ns > nz (1930s, PE19/49) or nz > ns (1950s, PE19/99), but the only examples are tied to Ad. inzil “flower”, so its hard to say whether Tolkien adopted these ideas generally (see the relevant quotes above).\n\nConceptual Development: Based on the example ᴱQ. fansa “swoon” from the root ᴱ√FANA (QL/37), it seems unlikely this sound change applied to Early Qenya. Tolkien established the basic rule of ancient ns > ss in the 1930s and seems to have retained it thereafter, though as noted above he seems to have vacillated on the development of ns combinations that arose later in Parmaquesta.\n\nNeo-Quenya: For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, I think it best to assume that only ancient ns > ss and any later ns survived unchanged.\n\nReferences ✧ PE17/95, 114; PE19/82, 89, 99\n\nOrder (00200)\n\nAfter 00100 [ms] became [ns]\n\nPhonetic Rule Elements\n\n[ns] > [ss] ✧ PE19/82 (ns > ss); PE19/99 (ns > ss)\n[nz] > [ns]\n\nPhonetic Rule Examples\n\nrinse > risse ns > ss rinse > Q. risse ✧ PE17/87\ninzil > insil nz > ns Ed. inzil > Q. insil ✧ PE19/99\n\nᴹAQ. [ns] became [ss] or [nz]; [ns] > [ss]\n\nReferences ✧ PE19/47, 49\n\nOrder (00200)\n\nAfter 00100 [ms] became [ns]\n\nPhonetic Rule Elements\n\n[ns] > [ss] ✧ PE19/51 (ns > ss)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5253926515579224}
+{"content": "Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 2\n\nGCSE ICT - Collecting data\n\nWhat is data?\n\nData is raw facts and figures.\n\nIn order to process data it has to be\n\nThe method of collecting data\n\ndepends upon what it is going to be used\n\nDesigning a data capture sheet\n\nThe process of collecting data is\n\nIf a printed form is used to collect\ndata it is called a DATA CAPTURE SHEET.\nThe design of a data capture sheet\nshould help the user to collect data\nefficiently and accurately.\nIt should also enable the data to be\nentered into a database efficiently and\nA good design will have:\no Informative headings.\no Simple instructions.\no An easy to use layout.\no Logical divisions into sections.\no Been tested before use.\n\nIndividuals can also be\n\ngiven their own code number to identify\nthem (e.g. National Insurance Number).\n\nWhy use codes?\n\no They are quicker to enter.\no It reduces the size of computer files,\nwhich increases the speed at which\ndata can be handled.\no Codes can be unique.\n\no Be the same length this will add\nvalidation (checking that data has\nbeen entered correctly).\no Be easy to use.\no Not be too short so that additional\ncodes can be added later.\n\nEntering data into a database\n\n\nData capture is about\n\ngetting the answers to specific questions.\n\nThere are two types of\n\nquestion. These are:\n\nClosed questions\no Closed questions are the easiest to\nanswer and easiest to process.\no This is because the answers are\nclosed (i.e. they only allow users to\nenter answers from a specific list of\no Closed questions can produce Yes/No\nor True/False answers.\n\nOpen-ended questions\no Open-ended questions are the more\ndifficult to answer and less easy to\no This is because the answers are openended (i.e. they allow users to enter\nany answers they wish).\n\nCoding data\n\nquestions only allow users to enter\nanswers from a specific list of alternatives\nit is easy to encode the data before\nentering it into a database.\n\nexamination grades can be entered a\nsingle letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, or U).\n\nAnother example is\ngender, which can be entered as M (for\nmale) or F (for female).\n06 Collecting data\n\nOnce data has been\n\ncaptured, it will need to be entered into a\nThis can be done by a\nvariety of methods.\nKeying in data\no This is the most common form of data\nentry as it is flexible and can cope with\ndifferent types of data.\no However it is time consuming and\nerrors can occur very easily.\nMagnetic ink character\no Magnetic ink character recognition is\nnumerical data.\no It is most commonly used by banks\nand financial institutions.\no Magnetic ink characters are printed at\nthe bottom of cheques.\no They are used by banks to identify the\nbank a customer banks with, the\nindividual branch where their account\nis held, and the customers bank\naccount number.\no Optical mark recognition is particularly\nsuited to entering data from closed\no OMR readers sense marks made on\nspecially designed data capture forms.\no OMR is a very cheap, easy and quick to\nhandle system of inputting data, but if\na user makes a mistake they are\ndifficult to correct.\no Optical\nparticularly suited to entering data\nfrom open-ended questions.\n\nGCSE ICT - Collecting data\n\no Optical character recognition uses a\nscanner to input text into the\no It requires special software to convert\nthe scanned image of each letter into\nan ASCII code, and it often confuses\nsimilar shaped letters and numbers\n(e.g. S and 5, B and 8).\n\nBarcode readers\no Barcodes are particularly suited to\nentering coded data, especially if the\ncodes are long and there are lots of\no The lines on a barcode represent\nnumbers, and can be scanned very\nquickly using a laser scanner.\n\nAutomatic data capture\n\nSome data can be\n\nentered directly into a database by\nelectronic signals.\n\nExamples of automatic\ndata capture include:\no EPOS (Electronic Point Of Sale)\no Remote sensing of traffic flow\no Turnaround documents\n\n06 Collecting data\n\nTurnaround documents\nare produced by computers for use as\ninput documents.\nturnaround documents include:\no Utility bills (for water, council tax,\ntelephone, gas, and electricity)\no Credit card bills\nTurnaround documents\nare usually printed onto pre-printed\nThey also have a tear\noff section at the bottom that can be used\nas an input document when it is\npresented for payment.\nThe tear off section will\noften have magnetic ink characters or a\nbarcode to identify the payee.\n\nExtension Task:\nDid the data capture sheet you designed\nhave any closed or openended questions?\nIdentify at least one of each type of question\non your data capture sheet. Also identify any\ndata that could have been coded.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9326269030570984}
+{"content": "Dun & Bradstreet presents the largest and most comprehensive database of U.S. businesses available. The database covers over 20 million U.S. businesses. This includes both public and private businesses. B2B campaigns can count on accurate multi-channel marketing data. Selections include postal, email, and telemarketing data. In addition you can choose by industry, ownership, executives, executive leadership, trigger events, SIC/NAICS, UCC and more.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000096559524536}
+{"content": "How to Make a Baked Pie Crust\n\nSome pies, like Aunt Alice’s Strawberry Pie or my father’s favorite Lemon Meringue Pie, call for a baked pie crust. Certain pies are best if you bake the crust beforehand, then fill it with the pie ingredients.\n\nBaked pie crust\nBaked pie crust, ready for the filling. Note the fork-pricks to rlease steam.\n\nWhen baking a pie crust empty, with no weight of fruit in it, it might puff up in the middle and the sides might slip, so you need some weight to keep the crust in place.\n\nFirst, prick the pie crust all over with a fork; this helps prevent it from puffing up.\n\nThen add some weight to keep it down.\n\nI sometimes put a slightly smaller aluminum pie tin inside for the first few minutes of baking, or I use pie weights.\n\nPie weights\nPie weights\n\nPie weights are ceramic or metal beads or plates that do just that—weight down the unbaked crust. They’re washable and reusable. You simply line the crust with aluminum foil and put in the weights. Here are some pie weights.\n\nYou can use dried beans instead of pie weights, but they do eventually need to be replaced.\n\nBake the crust in a preheated 425°F (220°C) oven for 12-15 minutes. After 8-10 minutes, you can remove the pie weights so that the crust browns a little.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8696395754814148}
+{"content": "18th century\n\nPolitical boundaries at the beginning of year Storming of the Bastille, July 14,an iconic event of the French Revolution Development of the Watt steam engine in the late 18th century was an important element in the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. The American Revolutionary War took place in the late 18th century. The 18th century lasted from January 1, to December 31, in the Gregorian calendar.\n\n18th century\n\nThe war swings decisively against the French Empire The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts from to pitting the French Empire and its allies, 18th century by Napoleon Iagainst a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitionsfinanced and usually led by the United Kingdom.\n\nThe wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution 18th century its resultant conflict. Later efforts were less successful. Inthe French invasion of Russia had massive French casualties, and was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.\n\nLater that year, he escaped exile and began the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helenaan island in the South Atlantic Ocean.\n\nThe Concert of Europe attempted to preserve this settlement was established to preserve these borders, with limited impact. Latin American independence[ edit ] The Chilean Declaration of Independence on 18 February Most countries in Central America and South America obtained independence from colonial overlords during the 19th century.\n\nInHaiti gained independence from France. In Mexicothe Mexican War of Independence was a decade-long conflict that ended in Mexican independence in Due to the Napoleonic Wars, the royal family of Portugal relocated to Brazil fromleading to Brazil having a separate monarchy from Portugal.\n\nAfter several rebellions, by the federation had dissolved into the independent countries of GuatemalaEl SalvadorHondurasNicaraguaand Costa Rica. Revolutions of [ edit ] Liberal and nationalist pressure led to the European revolutions of The Revolutions of were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation states.\n\nThe first revolution began in January in Sicily. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. According to Evans and von Strandmannsome of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, and the regrouping of established government forces.\n\nThe abolitionism movement achieved success in the 19th century. The Atlantic slave trade was abolished inand by the end of the century, almost every government had banned slavery. The American Civil War took place from Eleven southern states seceded from the United Stateslargely over concerns related to slavery.\n\nLincoln issued a preliminary [12] on September 22, warning that in all states still in rebellion Confederacy on January 1,he would declare their slaves \"then, thenceforward, and forever free. Five days after Robert E. Inthe Great Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule occurred.\n\nInthe Principality of Serbia became suzerain from the Ottoman Empireand init passed a Constitution which defined its independence from the Ottoman Empire. InBulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule.\n\n18th century - Wikipedia\n\nTaiping Rebellion[ edit ] A scene of the Taiping Rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion was the bloodiest conflict of the 19th century, leading to the deaths of 20 million people. Its leader, Hong Xiuquandeclared himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ and developed a new Chinese religion known as the God Worshipping Society.\n\nAfter proclaiming the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom inthe Taiping army conquered a large part of China, capturing Nanjing in Inafter the death of Hong Xiuquan, Qing forces recaptured Nanjing and ended the rebellion. Meiji Restoration[ edit ] Main article: Meiji Restoration During the Edo periodJapan largely pursued an isolationist foreign policy.\n\nPerry threatened the Japanese capital Edo with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade. This led to the opening of trade relations between Japan and foreign countries, with the policy of Sakoku formally ended in Further reforms included the abolishment of the samurai class, rapid industrialization and modernization of government, closely following European models.plombier-nemours.com is the starting place to find information about the \" long\" 18th century.\n\nThis means that the period approximately covers the years from through The 18th Century History website's Youtube Channel's mission is to assist students and others interested in the 18th century, to find the information that th. The 18th century, also referred to as the s, marked the beginning of the first Industrial Revolution.\n\nModern manufacturing began with steam engines replacing animal labor. The 18th century also saw the widespread replacement of manual labor by new inventions and machinery. The 18th century was. History of medicine - Medicine in the 18th century: Even in the 18th century the search for a simple way of healing the sick continued.\n\n\nThe 18th century lasted from January 1, to December 31, in the Gregorian plombier-nemours.com the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the American and French plombier-nemours.comophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age.\n\n18th century\n\nThis dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution . Find great deals on eBay for 18th century. Shop with confidence.\n\n18th century\n19th century - Wikipedia", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9964719414710999}
+{"content": "For other uses, see Liberator.\nZ-95 Headhunter\n\nContent approaching. The Gangsters of Galzez–class.\n\n\n\nThe Liberator, serving temporarily as Phoenix Home, was a CR90 corvette in the service of the Phoenix Cell several years prior to the Battle of Yavin. She served as the flagship of the Phoenix rebels following the destruction of the original command ship Phoenix Home during an attack by Darth Vader.[5] Unfortunately, she had a tendency to run into trouble due to this status, and twice only escaped capture thanks to the Spectres. She would later be succeeded as Phoenix Home by a stolen Imperial carrier, Phoenix Nest. She became one of the first ships to join the newly-formed Alliance to Restore the Republic and ultimately one of three cruisers to survive the disastrous Battle of Atollon.\n\n\nThe rebellionEdit\n\nExplosion of the Imperial Interdictor\n\nThe Liberator escaping from an Imperial interdictor\n\nThe Liberator was a CR90 corvette that was part of the Phoenix Cell. She and two other CR90s participated in the rescue of Kanan Jarrus over Mustafar, destroying multiple TIE fighters and saving the otherwise trapped Spectres. After an attack on the Phoenix fleet by Darth Vader, who destroyed the command ship Phoenix Home, Phoenix Commander Jun Sato transferred his command to the Liberator.[2] To distinguish her from the other corvettes in the fleet, the Liberator was given a blue paint job that almost entirely covered her hull. At some point during the conflict, the Liberator was transporting Commander Sato and Ezra Bridger when it was suddenly pulled out of hyperspace by an Imperial Interdictor, an Imperial warship equipped with gravity well projectors. The Liberator had been investigating the disappearance of a rebel patrol in the Del Zennis system.[7]\n\nFollowing the capture of the Liberator and her crew, Phoenix Leader Hera Syndulla sent Kanan Jarrus, the Captain Rex, and Chopper to rescue the ship's crew and Ezra. The rebels succeeded in rescuing Ezra along with Commander Sato and his crew. After picking up Kanan and Rex in an escape pod, the Liberator attempted to jump out of the system but was once again torn back out of it by the gravity wells. However, Chopper had previously sabotaged the Imperial Interdictor's gravity well projectors to affect all nearby ships and it also drew in the Arquitens-class command cruisers protecting the Interdictor. The collision of the Interdictor and the light cruisers disrupted the gravity field seconds before the corvette impacted as well and the Liberator veered off as the Interdictor imploded, to her crew's jubilation. The Liberator and her passengers then escaped into hyperspace where they rejoined the Phoenix fleet.[7]\n\n\nHeras damaged starfighter\n\nThe Liberator intercepting Hera's damaged starfighter following a dogfight above Concord Dawn\n\n\n\nNot long after the Concord Dawn incident, the Phoenix fleet stole a Quasar Fire-class cruiser-carrier from Ryloth which became the new Phoenix Home, though the Liberator continued to faithfully serve the fleet. It, along with the carrier and the trio of Hammerhead corvettes, participated in a short battle with Admiral Kassius Konstantine's fleet in space but successfully escaped to the isolated planet Atollon after Chopper provided coordinates.[9]\n\nNot long after the establishment of Chopper Base, the Liberator transported Ezra Bridger and Kanan Jarrus in a mission to rendezvous with another rebel transport, the Sphyrna-class corvette P3. Upon exiting hyperspace, however, they found that P3 had been attacked and heavily damaged. The Liberator came alongside the damaged Hammerhead and docked with her, allowing Ezra and Kanan to explore the ship and find out what happened. They learned from an injured rebel crewman that a \"red blade\" had attacked them and that the Ghost was in danger. Returning to the Liberator, the two Jedi contacted the Ghost but discovered to their horror that the former Sith Lord Maul had already captured them, threatening to kill them unless he was given the Sith holocron Ezra had taken from Malachor. After a tense exchange, Ezra and Kanan agreed to his demands and the Liberator shuttled them back to Atollon to recover it.[14]\n\nIron Squadron 26\n\nThe Liberator helped Iron Squadron to escape from Mykapo\n\nThe Liberator later took part in a skirmish above the planet Mykapo. After the Ghost crew returned to the system to help rescue Mart Mattin, Commander Sato arrived late to the battle with the Liberator and a pair of A-wings. The CR-90 destroyed the opposing forces with ease, destroying a Gozanti cruiser and inflicting damage to Konstantine's light cruiser. After the skirmish, the Liberator came face to face with Grand Admiral Thrawn but quickly made her escape into hyperspace.[10]\n\nService to the AllianceEdit\n\nThe Liberator was part of the rebel fleet that joined Mon Mothma at Dantooine after her broadcast in which she vowed not to rest until they defeated the Empire and restored the Republic.[12]\n\n\nThe Liberator was one of the remaining ships after the Battle of Atollon.\n\nThe Liberator was part of the fleet that was stationed at Atollon during the Battle of Atollon, engaging Thrawn's Seventh Fleet alongside ships from the Massassi Group. After suffering severe casualties, the rebels managed to flee in defeat. The Liberator was the sole surviving CR90 corvette from the engagement and, along with the Hammerhead corvettes P1 and P3, the only rebel cruisers to escape. After three successive hyperspace jumps to shake off pursuit, the Liberator and the remaining rebels journeyed to Yavin 4.[11]\n\n\n\nNotes and referencesEdit\n\nIn other languages\n\n\nStream the best stories.\n\n\nGet Disney+", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8216663002967834}
+{"content": "2018 Fall Graduate Colloquium Series: Kai Yang/William Julius/Cooper Watson\n\nDateNovember 9, 2018Time3:35 - 5:00 pm\nLocationBaylor Sciences Building, Room E.125\n2018 Fall Graduate Colloquium Series\n\nKai Yang/\n\nKai Yang\nEffective Two-Dimensional Model for Granular Matter with Phase Separation\n\nGranular systems confined in vertically vibrated shallow horizontal boxes (quasi two-dimensional geometry) present a liquid to solid phase transition when the frequency of the periodic forcing is increased. An effective model, where grains move and collide in two-dimensions is presented, which reproduces the phase transition. The key element is that besides the two-dimensional degrees of freedom, each grain has an additional variable ε that accounts for the kinetic energy stored in the vertical motion in the real quasi two-dimensional motion. This energy grows monotonically during free flight, mimicking the energy gain by collisions with the vibrating walls and, at collisions, this energy is instantaneously transferred to the horizontal degrees of freedom. As a result, the average values of ε and the kinetic temperature are decreasing functions of the local density, giving rise to an effective pressure that can present van der Waals loops. (Reference: D. Risso et al., Physical Review E 98, 022901, (2018))\n\nWilliam Julius\nSoft Hair on Black Holes\n\nIn the mid 70s, Steven Hawking and Jacob Bekensteins study of radiating black holes suggested that the process of black hole evaporation via Hawking radiation destroyed information about the physical states which formed the black hole. This is the infamous black hole information paradox. Recently it has been shown that Bondi-van der Burg-Metzner-Sachs supertranslation symmetries imply an infinite number of conservation laws governing so called supertranslation charge. These conservation laws imply that black holes carry large amounts of soft (zero energy) supertranslational hair. An explicit description of this soft hair, in terms of soft gravitons and photons on the black hole horizon, is given. It is also demonstrated that complete information about the quantum state is stored on a holographic plate at the future boundary of the horizon. These conservation laws give rise to an infinite number of exact relations between evaporation products of black holes which differ only by their soft hair. While this work does not solve the information paradox, it does begin to highlight key issues with several of the previously unquestionable assumption that underlie it without invoking any new physics. (Reference: S. W. Hawking et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 231301 (2016))\n\nCooper Watson\nHow to Tell the Shape of a Wormhole by its Quasinormal Modes\n\nRecent observations of gravitational waves from compact objects do not single out the geometry of their sources such as wormholes which can mimic the ringdown phase of Einsteinian black holes. One approach constructs wormhole metrics based on a concentration of exotic matter in a dense compact region near the throat of a wormhole. The concentration of exotic matter is described by effective potentials which have the form of a potential barrier. The tideless Morris-Thorne metric used to describe the wormhole can be expanded into Taylor series near the throat. This paper proposes the first unique method used to reconstruct the metric of an arbitrary traversable Lorentzian wormhole near its throat using the high frequency quasinormal modes (damped oscillations) of the system. The solution to constructing the metric from the maximum effective potential provides more information about a wormhole than a black hole because many of the processes such as Hawking radiation, accretion of mater, quasinormal ringing etc., occur at a distance away from the event horizon. The proposed solution is possible with the WKB approach for tideless wormholes or tidal forces known from independent methods such as analyzing the redshift effect. However, this approach does not lead to a unique solution for the metric. The unique approach can be applied to rotating wormholes given they are symmetric enough to guarantee the separation of variables with the known spherical harmonics. (Reference: R. A. Konoplya. Phys. Lett. B 784 (2018), 43-49)\n\nFor more information contact: Dr. Howard Lee, 254-710-2277\nPublisherDepartment of Physics\nvCalDownload this event", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.893534243106842}
+{"content": "Mon compte\nSite Pouchet du CNRS\n\nOperationalizing Social Neuroscience through HumanHuman and HumanMachine Interactions\n\nCopier le code pour partager la vidéo :\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;padding-top:10px;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><iframe src=\";height=100%\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height: 100%;\" width=\"550\" height=\"306\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen scrolling=\"no\"></iframe></div> Si vous souhaitez partager une séquence, indiquez le début de celle-ci , et copiez le code : h m s\nAuteur(s) :\nDUMAS Guillaume\n\nProducteur Canal-U :\nSite Pouchet du CNRS\nContacter le contributeur\npartager facebook twitter Google +\n\nOperationalizing Social Neuroscience through HumanHuman and HumanMachine Interactions\n\nHow are neural, behavioral and social scales coordinated in real time so as to make possible the emergenceof social cognition? Answering this question requires to study the dynamics of coordination in real humaninteractions. However, even at the simplest dyadic scale, methodological and theoretical challenges remain.Several theories have been proposedto infer the link between neurobiology and social psychology, but the dynamical components of humaninteraction are still poorly explored because of the difficulty to record simultaneously the brain activity fromseveral subjects. This is the goal of hyperscanning methodology. I will first present how the combination ofsituated social paradigms with hyperscanning allowed to demonstrate that states of interactional synchronyat the behavioral level correlate with the emergence of interindividualsynchronization at the brain level(Dumas et al. PLoS ONE 2010). These interbrainsynchronization appeared to reflect in different frequencybands different aspects of social interaction, such as interactional synchrony, anticipation of other’s actionsand coregulationof turntaking.Then, I will present how such phenomena can be simulated with biologicallyinspired numerical simulations (e.g. using direct measures of brain connectivity with DTI) and how thehuman connectome facilitates interindividualsynchronizations and thus may partly account for ourpropensity to generate dynamical couplings with others (Dumas et al. PLoS ONE 2012). Finally, I willpresent another tool called the Human Dynamic Clamp (HDC) (Dumas et al. PNAS 2014). This HDCintegrates equations of human motion at the neurobehavioral level. A human and a “virtual partner” are thenreciprocally coupled in realtime,which allow controlling the dynamical parameters of the interaction whilemaintaining the continuous flow of interaction. This technique scaled up to the level of human behavior theidea of dynamic clamps used to study the dynamics of interactions between neurons. Combininghumanhumanand humanmachineinteractions thus presents new approaches for investigating theneurobiological mechanisms of social interaction, and for testing theoretical/computational modelsconcerning the dynamics at the neural, behavioral and social scales.\n\n\n\nAjouter un commentaire Lire les commentaires\n*Les champs suivis d’un astérisque sont obligatoires.\nAucun commentaire sur cette vidéo pour le moment (les commentaires font l’objet d’une modération)\n\nDans la même collection\n\n Joint Improvisation Meetings 2015\n “Improvising together” Debate\n Improvising in Sign Language and Gestures\n There could be ten seconds where everyone is connected and you feel really joined by the same thread and it’s really magical\n Acting together without planning ahead?\n Deconstructing “joint improvisation”\n Carrying the Feeling\n \"Beneficial JI\" Debate\n “Beneficial JI” - Short talk 2.3: Rachel-Shlmoit Brezis - Testing the limits – and potential of joint improvisation: Motor skills, social skills and interpersonal synchronization in adults with autism spectrum disorders\n “Beneficial JI” - Short talk 2.2: Julien Laroche - Being together when time is improvised: interactive coordination in pedagogical improvisations\n “Beneficial JI” - Short talk 2.1: Neta Spiro - Joint improvisation in music therapy: characterising interaction in individual sessions with children with autism spectrum disorders\n How much do jazz improvisers share understanding with each other and with their listeners?\n From me and you to we: how our brain integrates our actions and emotions when we interact\n Going into the unknown in science and art\n Joint Improvisation in Music and Dance: Some Preliminary Phenomenological Considerations on Improvisation as an Enactive Process\n “Quantifying JI” Short talk 1.4 Debate.\n “Quantifying JI” Short talk 1.3: Ashley Walton - Musical Improvisation: Spatiotemporal patterns of coordination\n “Quantifying JI” Short talk 1.2: Tommi Himberg - Mirroring improvised hand movements in a dyad\n “Quantifying JI” Short talk 1.1: Saul Albert - Extemporary movement: an interactional account of partner dance improvisation\n Improvising Interaction\n Brain to Brain approaches to joint actions\nFacebook Twitter Google+\nMon Compte", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7786665558815002}
+{"content": "Ulysse Nardin: High Seas Meets High Horology\n\nUlysse Nardin: High Seas Meets High Horology\n\nDecember 24, 2016\n\nBy Jason Heaton\n\nA long history of nautical timekeeping inspires three new Ulysse Nardin watches.\n\nDespite its land-locked headquarters in the Swiss Alps, Ulysse Nardin has always had a strong tie to the sea. In 1846, after finishing his apprenticeship, the company’s namesake founded his own manufacture in Le Locle, and concentrated his efforts on building marine chronometers.\n\nPart of a limited edition of 18 pieces.\n\nIn those days, navigating a ship relied on a sextant, a clear view of the sky, and a chronometer — a precise timepiece that could keep time for weeks on end while being pitched to and fro by the unpredictable rolling of the waves. Ulysse Nardin earned a reputation for building chronometers suitable for seafaring that has carried to the present day. With the new Marine Tourbillon Grand Deck, Ulysse Nardin translates its nautical heritage into an extraordinary timepiece.\n\nIn a modern age of satellite navigating, this watch is still accurate enough for celestial wayfinding if you ever end up offshore with dead batteries in your GPS. Its vaunted accuracy can be attributed to a movement driven by two mainspring barrels, one dedicated to timekeeping and the other to the watch’s complications. A tourbillon rotates the escapement once every 60 seconds to balance out the deleterious effects of gravity on the watch’s rate.\n\nMarine Chronograph Annual Calendar\n\nDespite its timekeeping prowess, it’s not the movement that’s most impressive about the Marine Tourbillon Grand Deck. That distinction goes to the unique time display, which incorporates Dyneema, a polyethylene fiber that, when woven into a strand, is many times stronger than steel. The material is also much lighter and immune to corrosion, which is why it’s used for riggings on modern sailboats. Here, it’s used to pull the “boom” of the retrograde display across the dial. As time passes, the boom travels across the minute scale, snapping back at the passing of each hour, which is shown in an aperture at the top.\n\nContinuing the nautical theme, the wood-marquetry dial is made to resemble the teak decking used on sailing yachts. The watch, which is limited to a mere 18 pieces, is a fitting continuation of Ulysse Nardin’s history of seafaring timekeeping.\n\nUnder Sail\n\nEqually capable and outstanding in its own right is the Marine Chronograph Annual Calendar. As its name suggests, this is not only a 12-hour chronograph, but it also tracks the month and date for a full year, requiring correction only at the end of February. While this is an elegant watch, the Marine Chronograph Annual Calendar remains suitable for extended time at sea with a steel case that is water resistant to 100 meters.\n\nUlysse Anchor Tourbillon\n\nFinally, hearkening back to its innovative roots, the Ulysse Anchor Tourbillon continues Ulysse Nardin’s tradition of precision timekeeping with a tourbillon and constant force escapement made from anti-magnetic silicium. All of this engineering is housed in a refined white or rose gold case that boasts a textured enamel dial in a color that is fittingly as deep blue as the sea.\n\nFor a company that got its start building marine chronometers, Ulysse Nardin has stayed true to its nautical legacy. These new timepieces advance the brand’s reputation for innovation and precise timekeeping while evoking a direct connection to the sea.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9358876347541809}
+{"content": "A car accident can have many devastating consequences on your life, from financial costs associated with the wreck to personal injury, which can range from mild to severe, depending on the accident.\n\nWhen you get hurt, there are many different treatment options that are typically available to you, from medication and physical therapy to counseling and potentially even surgery.\n\nLife is difficult enough without having to live in pain for most of it. Unfortunately, constant chronic pain is the reality for many individuals and proper treatment might just be hard to come by.\n\nCar accidents are painful in just about every way—emotionally, physically, mentally. You’re exhausted, sore, stressed out and not sure how you’re going to get your life back in order.\n\nA concussion is one of the most serious injuries that a person can suffer, resulting in short term effects like headaches, memory loss and trouble sleeping.\n\nThe Comprehensive Muscular Activity Profiler (CMAPPro™) is now available at the Queen Creek location in the Phoenix area.\n\nThere’s no question that living with chronic pain or feeling extreme pain while healing from an injury is incredibly challenging. There are times when pain is so severe it can feel completely unbearable.\n\nIt’s common for a patient suffering from a musculoskeletal condition to be referred to an orthopedic surgeon by his or her primary care physician. The good news is, being sent to an orthopedic surgeon does not necessarily mean you’ll be getting surgery.\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9036194086074829}
+{"content": "The South Pacific offers many beautiful countries to visit, and with these being made up of over 100 islands, it makes for a great boating area. Whether you wish to see volcanoes rising above tropical forests with the Pacific Ocean as your foreground, scuba dive with the rich and diverse wildlife, or simply soak up the sun’s rays, you have plenty of amazing things to do when boating in this region.\n\nTahiti Boat Rentals\n\nA world-renowned tourist destination, Tahiti is a perfect break from boating, though if you want to stay on the water, you can tour around the many islands that help to make up French Polynesia. Many are still inhabited by ancient cultures that incorporate 21st-century modernity with old heritage. There is plenty to see and do on Tahiti, like hiking the volcanic mountains or finding a private beach to enjoy the waterfront. \n\n\nBoat Rentals in Tonga\n\nCalled the “True South Pacific,” Tonga should not be missed during a boating tour. It is comprised of 170 islands where scuba diving is just the beginning of water attractions. Whale watching is popular here while becoming a part of the traditional heritage and the Kingdom of Tonga is part of the experience too.\n\nFiji Boat Rentals \n\nFiji has a stunning amount of islands — 333 in total. It is in the Melanesian area, where people are friendly and boating opportunities are endless. Boating around here means you are already on the water for scuba diving, snorkeling, or other watersports. Fiji is great as the main hub to other locations like Vanuatu and Tonga. \n\n\nRent a Boat on the Cook Islands\n\n\nBoat Rentals in New Caledonia\n\nNew Caledonia is known for its rugged mountains and coral lagoon. Here fishing, golfing, and hiking are the main activities while learning about New Caledonia heritage through local entertainment should not be missed. \n\nNew Caledonia.jpg\n\nVanuatu Boat Rentals\n\nEast of Queensland and north of New Caledonia, Vanuatu is an archipelago comprised of 83 islands for you to visit. There are plenty of ways to immerse yourself in the culture of the Vanuatu people. Here everything is unaffected by technology with hiking, zip-lining, and horseback riding as major attractions. \n\n\nThis Indonesian island is often considered first when thinking about the South Pacific for boating tours. Java has a natural beauty that continues to amaze visitors. This tourist attraction and island is alive with resorts, hiking, and zip-lining. The local culture envelopes you so that you truly feel a part of the island's heritage and experience. Magelang is best known for its Buddhist Temple Borobudur, which is one of the ancient wonders of the world. The city is located in Central Java.\n\nRent a Boat in Sumbawa\n\nAnother Indonesian island, Sumbawa offers amazing adventures including traditional water buffalo racing across rice fields. Sumbawa, like Java, is a part of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Its highest point is Mount Tambora which rises 9,350 feet.\n\nKomodo Island\n\nHome to the famous Komodo dragons, this beautiful area is part of the Indonesian chain with 390 square kilometers of the island. Komodo has a unique history in that descendants living on the island today come from convicts exiled to the island, particularly from the Bugis and Sulawesi tribes. As part of the Lesser Sunda Chain, visitors can enjoy Komodo National Park, then visit Java or Sumbawa.\n\nKomodo Island.jpg\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9998361468315125}
+{"content": "Older homes may be charming, but a downside of owning one is possibly outdated electrical systems. Older homes are defined as residential property that has been built more than 20 to 25 years ago. In three decades, it is reasonable to expect that there had been many changes in the electrical safety codes enforced in a specific state. It is also realistic to assume that the electrical demands at the time the house was constructed were way more minimal than it is today.\n\nFor these reasons, older Chula Vista homes may need electrical upgrades from licensed electrician contractors in Chula Vista. This is an essential step to ensure that all is well, safety-wise, within the residential property.\n\nHere are some of the electrical details that will need to be upgraded in an older Chula Vista homes:\n\n  1. Breaker Panel. The fuse box or the breaker panel needs to be updated in most older homes. This is especially true if it has not been upgraded since the house was constructed. If the breaker keeps on tripping, then most likely, the circuits are overloaded. Overloaded circuits can be addressed by having a larger breaker panel that could hold more electrical capacity and prevent tripping. A new panel requires a permit and would have to be installed by an expert electrician contractor in Chula Vista.\n  2. Add more outlets. Do not let a specific outlet get overloaded each time. Ask a licensed electrician to install new power outlets where needed. Constant use of octopus plugs and extension cords are signs that a home requires more sockets.\n  3. Install water resistant plugs. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters or GFCI outlets are required, especially in bathrooms, kitchen, and outdoor areas. Have a licensed electrician in Chula Vista install GFCI outlets were required to stay on the safe side.\n  4. Wiring Update. Electrical wirings need to be updated to ensure that these are safe and would not cause electrical fires. Loose connections need to be addressed immediately as well to prevent accidents.\n  5. Updating into the current home standards. One would not need a fully automated home. Still, data cables, a whole house surge protector, as well as installation of security cameras and motion sensors are essential in most homes. Older homes do not have the electrical resources for these smart home requirements, and these would need expert professional installation.\n\nTo stay safe in an older home, an electrical upgrade is essential.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9424848556518555}
+{"content": "Fiela's Child\n\nFiela's Child Imagery\n\nThe Ghost-Ship\n\nWhile he is on the path towards Knysna to find Nina as his father has ordered him to do, Lukas spontaneously goes to see the ghost-ship he hears people talking about. When he reaches the seaside, he is struck by the sight of the abandoned ship, which Lukas sees as being \"horribly dead and desolate.\" This image of the destroyed ship stirs something deep inside him, reminding him of his childhood love of toy boats in the Long Kloof and thus symbolizing his loss of innocence since living in the forest. The ship's sails hanging like \"dirty, tattered rags\" mirrors the van Rooyens' disheveled way of dressing and their self-neglect. This moment marks when he begins to consider his identity beyond being Lukas van Rooyen.\n\nThe Drought\n\nThere is a terrible drought during the summer in which we are first introduced to the Komoeties. The earth is described as bare and every new day brings another disappointment, because “the thunder-clouds that swelled out behind the mountains” disappeared “without leaving a drop of rain in the dust.” If only the clouds would come and bring some rainbefore the ostriches had to go to pasture,” everything would be fine. This is one of the most difficult periods for people in the Kloof, as living through the drought means surviving the harshest of conditions. This imagery evokes a strange mix of hopefulness and despair as Fiela tries to stay strong and tame the worries that gnaw at her. The drought at the beginning of the story also serves as one of the omens which foretell the tragic events to occur.\n\n\nThe descriptions of the characters, especially Nina, illustrate each of their unique personalities and attitudes towards life. Nina is painted as being “thin and wispy, just like a goat,” and constantly \"climbing and jumping” in the forest without any care in the world. The portrayal of Nina as wild and uncontrollable contrasts with the tightly controlled manner in which Elias and Barta conduct themselves. Towards the end of the book, there is a passage describing how Lukas sees Nina, where he notices the \"untamed\" and \"hidden\" quality of her beauty. This unrestrained way of carrying herself is what inspires Lukas to start seeking out his own freedom.\n\n\nThe presence of fog comes and goes throughout the story. It is there in the first chapter, when Lukas is lost as a 3-year-old and the opacity of the fog creates a precarious situation for finding a small boy. Towards the end of the book, when Lukas is working by the sea with Kaliel, the fog appears again as a \"thick grey-white cloud around [Lukas].\" The impenetrable fog mirrors Lukas' internal struggle to understand who he really is and why he has feelings for Nina, who is supposed to be his sister. Whenever fog imagery appears, Matthee is representing the confusion and paralysis experienced by her characters.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7563146352767944}
+{"content": "Commentary / World\n\nThe risk of nuclear war is growing\n\nby Andreas Kluth\n\n\nIt’s been 75 years since Hiroshima and Nagasaki were incinerated, and 50 years since the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty took effect. And yet the world today is in greater danger of nuclear war than at any time since the Cuban Missile Crisis.\n\nIn its confrontation with the United States, Iran appears hell bent on getting nukes, and could do so within a year. If it does, Saudi Arabia and Turkey will almost certainly follow suit. Israel is already armed. Asia has several nuclear hot spots. And in the most frightening scenario, at any point bombs could fall into the hands of terrorists or other “nonstate” groups that are hard to retaliate against and thus deter.\n\n\nWhen the treaty was negotiated in the 1960s, it was meant to be a grand bargain. The five countries that already had nukes (the U.S., the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and China) would keep them but promise to work toward eliminating them. All other signatories would forswear nuclear weapons in return for help from the big five in using civilian nuclear technology as an energy source. (Israel, Pakistan, India and South Sudan never signed, and North Korea withdrew.)\n\nHas the treaty been a success? Its fans claim that without it even more states might have nukes today. Skeptics worry that the system requires a benevolent hegemon, i.e., the U.S., to police it, but that under U.S. President Donald Trump this credible and predictable benevolence is gone.\n\nIf allies — for instance Japan, South Korea or Taiwan — can no longer be absolutely sure that the U.S. would retaliate on their behalf against a nuclear strike on them — say, by North Korea or China — what’s to keep them from wanting to go nuclear themselves? And what’s to keep other adversaries from doing the same as a hedge against such an outcome?\n\nThat’s where game theory comes in. It’s a branch of mathematics that’s been used since the 1960s in nuclear scenarios. The initial games included simple classics such as “chicken” and “the prisoner’s dilemma.” One disturbing insight is that, depending on the game, even rational players acting rationally can end up in situations (called Nash equilibria) that are disastrous for everybody.\n\nWhen analyzed with game theory, the NPT looks like a terrible idea. The problem is it still lets countries of all stripes gain entry-level nuclear technology for civilian use. However, once a country, like Iran, learns to build a nuclear reactor — by enriching uranium — it’s just one small step from making bombs. That in turn forces adversaries to sprint to the same point. The result is a “soft arms race” like the current one in the Middle East.\n\nGame theory also offers plenty of reasons to worry once soft arms races turn into hard ones. That’s because the world has become more complex since the Cold War.\n\nBack then, the U.S. and the Soviet Union used game theory to find a stable strategy for avoiding the worst: mutually assured destruction. (The acronym — MAD — says it all.) It rested on various assumptions. Both sides, for example, must be able to retaliate even after being struck, which is why the U.S., Russia and now also China are so keen to be able to deploy from land, sea, air or even space. By today’s standards, those old games are laughably simple. They had two players, both assumed to be “rational,” an assumption few people make confidently about some world leaders today.\n\n\nThe math quickly gets complex beyond normal human capacities.Games include, for example, perfectly rational but slippery strategies such as brinkmanship, when actors deliberately “let the situation get somewhat out of hand” just to make it “intolerable to the other party.” The problem is that such situations — such as the skirmishes last year between India and Pakistan, both nuclear powers — can easily go from somewhat, to totally, out of hand.\n\n\nOne mathematical problem is that many of these games need to be played for an unimaginable number of rounds before a Nash equilibrium becomes clear. That might seem acceptable when game theory is applied to economic problems such as how to design the best type of auction for 5G wireless spectrum. In a nuclear context, it would be game over for Homo sapiens.\n\n\nLet the search be on for such mediators, ideally in time for the RevCon in April. The U.S., Russia and China could also use mediation. The former two casually shrugged off one arms control treaty last year and seem blase about rescuing the only remaining one, called New START, which expires in a year. China, thinking more about power and destiny than survival, is boosting its arsenal to catch up with them.\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8329983949661255}
+{"content": "The UK Supreme Court (the “UKSC”) recently heard arguments in Halliburton Company v Chubb Bermuda Insurance Ltd to decide the issue of when an arbitrator should make disclosure of circumstances which may give rise to justifiable doubts as to his impartiality. The case has attracted significant interest in the arbitration community. Here, we take a look at the background and the issues at stake.\n\n\nFollowing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, certain disputes arose between Halliburton and Chubb under a liability insurance policy. The arbitration clause under the insurance policy provided for arbitration with seat in London and, under its provisions, Halliburton and Chubb each appointed an arbitrator. However, they were unable to agree as to a third arbitrator and M was appointed to the tribunal by the English High Court pursuant to section 18 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 (the “Arbitration Act”). Halliburton then discovered that, subsequent to M’s appointment in its arbitration against Chubb, M had also been appointed as an arbitrator in two other insurance related arbitrations concerning the spill, including, in one, as Chubb’s appointee. These appointments were not disclosed to Halliburton by M or Chubb.\n\nHalliburton then made an application under section 24 of the Arbitration Act. In respect of an arbitration seated in England, this section provides the English court with power to remove an arbitrator where, amongst other things, “circumstances exist which give rise to justifiable doubts as to his impartiality.” Halliburton argued that the appointment of the M in the related arbitrations, and his failure to disclose them, met this threshold.\n\nThe decisions below\n\nAt first instance ([2017] EWHC 137), the Commercial Court dismissed the application. On appeal ([2018] EWCA Civ 817), the Court of Appeal framed the questions as follows:\n\n- whether and to what extent an arbitrator may accept appointments in multiple references concerning the same or overlapping subject matter with only one common party without thereby giving rise to an appearance of bias; and - whether and to what extent he may do so without disclosure.\n\nThe Court of Appeal noted that the duty of impartiality reflected the common law position for apparent bias. It reiterated the “objective” nature of the apparent bias test being: “whether the fair-minded and informed observer, having considered the facts, could conclude that there was a real possibility that the tribunal was biased”.\n\nHow did this relate to the questions before the Court of Appeal? In answering the first question, it accepted that inside information and knowledge may be a legitimate concern for parties in related arbitrations with a common arbitrator and only one common party, but that the mere act of an arbitrator accepting appointments in multiple references concerning the same or overlapping subject matter with only one common party did not of itself justify an inference of apparent bias. Relying on Dyson LJ’s observations in AMEC Capital Projects Ltd v Whitefriars City Estates Ltd [2005] 1 All ER 723, the Court of Appeal stated that “something more is required” and that must be “something of substance”.\n\nAccordingly, the next question became the issue of whether an arbitrator could fairly do this without disclosure. In that regard the Court of Appeal held that the current position under English law was that disclosure should be given of facts or circumstances known to the arbitrator which would or might give rise to justifiable doubts as to his impartiality. What would be the consequence of not disclosing such a fact? That would depend on the significance of such a non-disclosure in the context of the case. It would be a factor in applying the apparent bias test as it would invariably colour the thinking of the fair-minded observer, but it could not, in and of itself justify an inference of apparent bias.\n\nApplying these legal principles to the facts of the case the Court of Appeal held that disclosure of the appointments should have been made by M. This was based on the fact that best practice in international commercial arbitration would have required disclosure of the other appointments (the court noted, for example, that under the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest, the case would have fallen within paragraph 3.1.5. of its “Orange List”) taken together with the clear possibility that other factors (such as the nature of the connections between the cases), might combine to give the fair-minded observer a basis for a reasonable apprehension of lack of impartiality.\n\nAs to whether, in the circumstances, that non-disclosure would lead that observer to a conclusion that there was a “real possibility” that M was biased, the Court of Appeal held not. In that respect it paid particular regard to factors such as the omission having been accidental, the very limited degree of overlap between the issues in the cases, that a mere oversight in such circumstances would not give rise to justifiable doubts as to impartiality; and that M's subsequent conduct since the non-disclosure was challenged could not justifiably be criticised.\n\n\nHailed as by some as being potentially the most significant arbitration decision by the UKSC since Jivraj v Hashwani, the outcome of the case is eagerly anticipated by the arbitration community as it may have significant implications on challenges to, and the requirement of disclosure by, arbitrators in English seated arbitrations.\n\nIn short, the UKSC has a unique opportunity to definitively state the English law position on important matters, not least of all, whether there exists an obligation on an arbitrator to disclose facts and circumstances that may give rise to justifiable doubts as to his impartiality in cases of multiple appointments in related arbitrations and if so, what the implications are of non-compliance. In that respect the extent to which the UKSC will be guided by prevailing practices in international commercial arbitration (as evidenced by the IBA Guidelines and other institutional arbitration rules) remains to be seen, and the interface between the strict requirements of those rules and the legal standard of s.24 Arbitration Act is one further interesting aspect of this case.\n\nWhichever way the UKSC decides the case on its facts, the decision will no doubt provide arbitrators with valuable guidelines to regulate their conduct, and also help parties make clear decisions in relation to challenging arbitral appointments. The case was heard by the UKSC on 12-13 November 2019, and those interested can review a recording of the hearing on its website here.\n\nRebecca James would like to thank Sagar Gupta for his contribution in preparing this article.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6432498693466187}
+{"content": "Established in the year 2005, Manchester Properties Pvt Ltd in Thudialur, Coimbatore is a top player in the category Builders in the Coimbatore. This well-known establishment acts as a one-stop destination servicing customers both local and from other parts of Coimbatore. Over the course of its journey, this business has established a firm foothold in it’s industry. The belief that customer satisfaction is as important as their products and services, have helped this establishment garner a vast base of customers, which continues to grow by the day. This business employs individuals that are dedicated towards their respective roles and put in a lot of effort to achieve the common vision and larger goals of the company. In the near future, this business aims to expand its line of products and services and cater to a larger client base. In Coimbatore, this establishment occupies a prominent location in Thudialur. It is an effortless task in commuting to this establishment as there are various modes of transport readily available. It is at , Near Kannan Departmental Store, Rukkammal Colony, which makes it easy for first-time visitors in locating this establishment. It is known to provide top service in the following categories: Builders, Estate Agents For Residence, Estate Agents For Plot.\n\nOperating Since: 2005\n\nAreas of Operation", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8910231590270996}
+{"content": "Barrio del Carmen\n\nPart of the historic city centre, this quarter rises between two walls: a Muslim wall dating back from the 11th century and a Christian one built in the 14th century.\n\nWander the streets and admire their rich historic legacy; its stunning medieval monuments will take you back in time to Valencia's past.\n\nLonja de la Seda (silk exchange)\n\nConsidered a gem of Gothic art, the silk exchange in Valencia is one of the most beautiful examples of civil Gothic architecture.\n\nThis historic building features la Torre (the Tower), la Sala del Consulado del Mar (the Hall of the Consulate of the Sea), el Patio de los Naranjos (the Orange Tree Courtyard), and el Salón de las Columnas (the Hall of Columns).\n\nThe City of Arts and Sciences\n\nThe City of Arts and Sciences is a futuristic and original work by architects Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, and is a unique complex devoted to leisure and culture, intended to promote scientific and cultural knowledge.\n\nThis avant-garde complex houses the Hemisfèric (IMAX movie theatre), the Museo de las Ciencias Príncipe Felipe, the Oceanogràfic (the largest aquarium in Europe), and the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, among others.\n\n\n\nLladró Museum\n\nLladró Museum\n\nAll year\n\nOpportunity to learn about the history of the company and the process of elaboration of the Lladró porcelain. Then we can enjoy with the exhibition of the latest pieces of the collection.\n\nLas fallas 2020\n\nLas fallas 2020\n\nFrom the 1st to the 19th of March\n\nDiscover the Fallas event where you will find the traditional “mascletàs” in the streets. Fireworks, music, art and culture: this celebration is unique and traditional.\n\n\n\nLocated on the shores of the Mediterranean, the ancient city of Tarraco attracts visitors seduced by its rich Roman heritage and archaeological sites designated world heritage by UNESCO. ​\n\nMadrid is the country's capital and financial centre, and it combines modern infrastructures such as the “Puerta de Europa” (Gate of Europe) with a rich cultural, artistic and architectural heritage like its famous historic quarter or the “Madrid de los Austrias” (The Madrid of the Habsburgs). ​\n\nLocated on the banks of the Ebro river, the streets of the capital of Aragon preserve a rich monumental legacy left behind by Romans, Muslims, Jews and Christians.​​\n\nLocated on the banks of the Guadalquivir River, visitors are captivated by the rich Arab legacy and charming streets of the historic quarter of the Andalusian capital.​", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6846636533737183}
+{"content": "The Rise of Responsible Investing\n\nSustainability is a key discussion point across the globe, but how is it used in investing and could it help your portfolio?\n\nArticle updated: 4 September 2019 8:00am Author: Tom Rosser\n\nWhat is it?\n\nResponsible investing is largely thought to be the incorporation of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into the decision-making behind the investment process. A landmark study in 2005 entitled “Who Cares Wins” saw the term ESG coined for the first time, and laid the foundations for further publications and initiatives allowing responsible investing to evolve into the phenomenon it is today. The release of this report materialised after then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan wrote to the CEOs of 55 of the world’s leading financial institutions in 2004, inviting them to join the initiative for making financial markets stronger and more resilient whilst also contributing to sustainable development.\n\nESG factors span across a wide range of issues which traditionally don’t constitute part of financial analysis yet may have financial relevance. Examples of these might include how businesses deal with climate change, especially through waste disposal and water usage, how good their health and safety policies are at mitigating accidents, how they respond to human rights issues within the company and throughout the supply chain, how workers are treated, the structure and compensation of the board and how accountable they are for company performance. The list goes on, and is one which will forever be growing and developing.\n\nHow big is it?\n\nESG investing is continually growing in significance and magnitude amongst both retail and institutional investors. It can be related to a movement which has been practiced since the 1960s, called Socially Responsible Investing, whereby investors excluded stocks or entire industries due to business activities such as tobacco production or links to the South African apartheid regime. Earlier this year the Global Sustainable Investment Alliance released their 2018 review, indicating sustainable investing assets in the five major markets stood at $30.7 trillion at the start of 2018, growing by 34% in two years. Europe continues to manage the highest proportion of sustainable and responsible assets, accounting for nearly half globally. Impressive growth from Japan and consistent growth in the US has seen their share of the pie increase. The graph below illustrates the growth of sustainable and responsible investing in the US alone. In terms of strategy, ESG integration comes second only to negative/exclusionary screening on a global basis and is estimated to cover $17.5 trillion of assets, growing by over two-thirds in the past two years.\n\nThe world’s leading proponent for responsible investment, the PRI (Principles for Responsible Investment) is a UN-backed, global initiative with the aim of advancing the integration of ESG into analysis to enhance returns and better manage risks. Today, it has over 2300 signatories (organisations representing the holders of long-term retirement savings & investments) and spans across a total of $86.3 trillion worth of assets. Despite the rapid growth of ESG investing into the mainstream, the rise of it has not been smooth with many questioning its link to improved returns.\n\nWhat does it mean for investors?\n\nMuch debate has been centred on whether or not ESG investing aids performance. A number of studies suggest companies fully embracing ESG practices tend to exhibit a lower cost of capital, lower volatility and fewer instances of fraud, bribery and corruption. In contrast, others suggest the evidence of ESG adding value is less than concrete due to the complex and ill-defined nature of the potential factors. It has also been argued ESG factors could increase an investment portfolio’s risk due the reduced diversification potential that arises with a smaller investment universe. In reality, these arguments are becoming less and less relevant due to greater awareness and the adoption of ESG beliefs becoming increasingly focussed on allocating capital for positive impact. In 2015, a vast meta-study which aggregated more than 2000 empirical studies relating to ESG and financial performance found a positive relationship between ESG and corporate financial performance. The research concluded the orientation toward long-term responsible investing should be important for all kinds of rational investors in order to fulfil their fiduciary duties and may better align investors’ interests with the broader objectives of society.\n\nBMO Responsible Global Equity\n\nBMO can be deemed as one of the leading players within the field of Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) due to their large Governance and Sustainable Investment team and the Independent Committee of Reference. The investment process favours companies promoting sustainable development and making a positive contribution to society. Negative screening is also applied to avoid certain unsavoury companies and sectors. The fund aims to provide capital growth by investing in an actively managed portfolio of ethically screened, diversified global equities.\n\nLiontrust Sustainable Future Managed\n\nThe fund’s SRI investment approach forms the core of the overall strategy. The team takes steps to identify attractively valued, responsible and sustainable businesses that will benefit or provide solutions to one or more key themes in: better resource efficiency, improved health and greater safety & resilience. Use of the Sustainability Matrix helps to analyse a company’s core business, product sustainability and management quality. This is all overseen by the Advisory Committee to ensure consistency is upheld and guidance on the suitability of holdings is given. The fund represents a viable option for investors seeking a mixed asset solution with a relatively strong preference towards equities.\n\nRathbone Ethical Bond fund\n\nThis investment grade fund targets high yield with a strong ethical overlay. Once investment themes have been developed, the team carry out credit analysis to find the assets which work best within the thematic framework. Cash flow and strong balance sheets are key in determining bond selection, The ‘Plus’ is conviction – that to achieve above average long-term performance, the team feel they must think differently to the market. After that, an ethical overlay is applied which consists of a negative screening followed by a positive screening. Input from Rathbones Greenbank makes good use of this specialist ethical resource within the group. This fund is suitable for SRI investors particularly seeking income over capital growth.\n\n\nTom Rosser\n\nInvestment Research Analyst\n\n\nSee what else we have to say", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9983527064323425}
+{"content": "2019-09-03 13:23:27 BdST\n\nNumber of dengue patients become half by one month\n\nThe number of patients being infected with the deadly virus ‘dengue’ is falling down gradually and the figure has became almost half in a span of month, according to a statement of Health Crisis Management and Control Room of DGHS.\n\nThe number of admission of the dengue patients is also reducing in a\nremarkable way, the statement said.\n\nAccording to the statistics of Health Crisis Management and Control Room,\n7,398 patients were undergoing treatment in different hospitals and clinics\nacross the country while the figure is only 3,931 today.\n\nOn August 3, a total of 2,429 dengue patients were admitted to different\nhospitals as it was only 865 in last 24 hours across the country.\n\n“People are now more alert about the deadly disease and they not panicked\nlike earlier…It is not necessary that all patients diagnosed with dengue\nhave to be admitted in hospitals,” Dr ABM Abdullah of Bangabandhu Sheikh\nMujib Medical University (BSMMU) told BSS.\n\n“The panic has gone down among the people because of cleanliness and\nawareness building programmes and it is one of the main reasons behind\ndecreasing the number of dengue patients across the country,” said Director\n\nReferring lesser amount of rainfall in recent days, Prof Azad said,\nrainfall increases chance for Aedes breeding, thus less rainfall is a\nblessing in disguise for us.\n\nAwami League (AL) at a meeting on August 3 formed a monitoring cell\ncomprising specialized doctors for implementing effective steps to prevent\ndengue disease and provide proper treatment to dengue patients.\n\nIn this regards, a five-point programme include forming monitoring cells\nat 64 districts, gearing up mass awareness, praising the services of nurses\nand other health workers, arranging necessary logistic support after\ncoordinating with the government and ensuring sufficient doctors, nurses and\nother health workers at every district was decided at that meeting.\n\nOn July 27, the government issued a statement to make people aware of\ntaking certain steps to stop spread of dengue and measures to protect them\nfrom being inflicted by the mosquito-borne disease.\n\nPeople were asked not to allow accumulate water around their offices,\nhouses or in their neighbouring areas. Change all accumulated water in\ncontainers within three days, it suggested.\n\nAs Aedes mosquito usually bites during the day, people were advised to\ncover their body, as much as possible, with clothes and use mosquito nets\neven while sleeping during the day time.\n\nDengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by dengue virus.\nSymptoms typically begin 3 to 14 days after infection. The most common\nsymptoms are high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pain and a\ncharacteristic skin rash.\n\nRecovery generally takes two to seven days. Sometimes, the disease develops\ninto severe dengue, also known as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), resulting\ndengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.\n\n\nPopular Article from Health", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9754936099052429}
+{"content": "Prepare for Your Visit\n\nPlease bring the following items:\n\n  • A copy of your medical records pertaining to your condition which should include MRI, nerve conduction studies and other testing and/or imaging available.\n  • A current list of all medications and any allergies to medications.\n  • Name and address of your primary care physician and any other specialists.\n\nYour first visit will entail a comprehensive evaluation and you will be asked for a detailed history of your condition. We will complete a thorough neurological examination, after which we will develop a plan of care. We will inform you if additional testing is needed, make recommendations regarding adjustments to current treatment regimens, or refer you to other physicians or consultants.\n\nEMG: The term EMG is often used to refer to both electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Electromyography is the technique of assessing the health of muscles. Nerve conduction studies assess the health of nerves. Together these techniques are used to investigate and diagnose the entire spectrum of neuromuscular disorders. Our electomyographers use the latest EMG equipment to perform all available specialized EMG techniques, including Quantitative EMG, Blink Reflex, Single Fiber EMG, and others.\n\nWe use a specialized type of nerve conduction study, called the Jolly test (which includes repetitive nerve stimulation) to help diagnosis myasthenia gravis (MG). There is also a more sophisticated technique, called a single fiber EMG, which is currently the most sensitive test for MG. Ours is one of the few programs in the Northeast with several electromyographers who are expert in this technique.\n\nYour appointment will last from 30 to 60 minutes. Our neuromuscular neurologist will determine what type of specific testing to complete and briefly go over the results with you at the end of the visit. We will send a full report to the referring physician.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9956879615783691}
+{"content": "When it comes to cyber attacks and breaches, the hospitality industry has\nbeen the most heavily targeted industry in 2009. The reason behind this\nincreased criminal activity targeting hotels and hotel chains is the sheer\namount of credit card information floating around those systems and the fact\nthat the hospitality industry wasn't such a big target two years ago, which\nresulted in weaker system security.\n\nThe Radisson breach was the most publicized case of data breach in the\nindustry - probably due to the sheer size of the chain.\n\nBut smaller chains have also been successfully hit, and the latest data\nbreach incident happened to the payment processing system of Destination Hotels\n& Resorts, an upscale chain that holds some 30 hotels and resorts throughout the\n\nCheck Also\n\nЛегкий софт. Собираем коллекцию компактных программ для Windows\n\nКаждого, кто имеет хоть какое-то отношение к IT, время от времени посещает мысль сделать п…\n\nОставить мнение", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.553209662437439}
+{"content": "Three fundamental representations of geographic information layers\nThree fundamental representations of geographic information layers\n\nAll of the rich GIS behavior for representing and managing geographic information is based on three fundamental representations or expressions of geographic information:\n\nEach type is described here.\n\nFeatures—points, lines, and polygons\n\n\nAlthough there are a number of additional feature types, geographic features are most commonly represented as points, lines, or polygons.\n\n  • Points define discrete locations of geographic features too small to be depicted as lines or areas, such as well locations, telephone poles, and stream gauges. Points can also represent address locations, GPS coordinates, or mountain peaks. Point features\n  • Polygons are enclosed areas (many-sided figures) that represent the shape and location of homogeneous features such as states, counties, parcels, soil types, and land-use zones. In the example below, the polygons represent land parcels.Polygon features\n\n\nMaps convey descriptive information through map symbols, colors, and labels. For example:\n\n  • Roads are displayed based on their road class (such as line symbols representing divided highways, main streets, residential streets, unpaved roads, and trails).\n  • Streams and water bodies are drawn in blue to indicate water.\n  • City streets are labeled with their names and often some address range information.\n  • Special point and line symbols denote specific features such as rail lines, airports, schools, hospitals, and incidents of various types.\n\nIn a GIS, descriptive attributes are managed in tables, which are based on a series of essential relational database concepts. Attribute tables provide a simple, universal data model for storing and working with attribute information. They are inherently open because their simplicity and flexibility enables support for a broad range of applications. Key concepts include the following:\n\n  • Descriptive data is organized into tables.\n  • Tables contain rows.\n  • All rows in a table have the same columns.\n  • Each column has a type, such as integer, decimal number, character, and date.\n  • Within relational databases, these concepts are extended to include a series of relational functions and operators that can be used to operate on the tables and their data elements. This is known as Structured Query Language or SQL.\nRelated tables\n\n\nImagery in GIS often refers to a number of types of cell- or pixel-based data sources—for satellites, aerial photography, digital elevation models, raster datasets, and so on.\n\n\n\nStructure of rasters\nEach cell location can be automatically located using a reference coordinate for the origin, the cell size, and the number of rows and columns.\n\nTypical image sources include cameras capable of capturing aerial photographs that can be georeferenced and corrected to ground locations (such as digital orthophotography).\n\nExample rasters\n\nImagery is also used to collect data in both the visible and nonvisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. One system is the multispectral scanner carried in Landsat satellites that records imagery in seven bands (or ranges) along the electromagnetic spectrum. The measures for each band are recorded in a separate grid. The stack of seven grids makes up a multiband image.\n\nA multiband raster", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5577841997146606}
+{"content": "标题：Interaction between polysaccharide monomer and SiO2/Al2O3/CaCO3 surfaces: A DFT theoretical study\n作者：Zhao, Hui; Qi, Na; Li, Ying\n作者机构：[Zhao, Hui; Qi, Na; Li, Ying] Shandong Univ, Key Lab Colloid & Interface Chem, State Educ Minist, 27 South Rd ShanDa, Jinan 250100, Shandong, Peoples 更多\n通讯作者：Li, Y\n通讯作者地址：[Li, Y]Shandong Univ, Sch Chem & Chem Engn, 27 South Rd ShanDa, Jinan 250100, Shandong, Peoples R China.\n关键词：Polysaccharides monomer-Al2O3/CaCO3/SiO2; surfaces interaction; DFT; calculation; Interaction mechanism\n摘要：In the present study, the interaction between a model polysaccharides monomer beta-D-glucopyranose with different mineral solid surfaces, including hydroxylated (0 0 1) surface of SiO2, (0 0 0 1) surface of Al2O3 and (1 0 4) surface of CaCO3, were explored by theoretical calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) under periodic boundary conditions. The adsorption geometry of the beta-D-glucopyranose monomer (GM) at different solid surface and the interaction energies were analyzed in detail, and the interaction mechanism was determined via electron density differences iso-surface, Mulliken charge, as well as projected density states (PDOS) analysis. Very strong interaction was found between GM and Al2O3 (0 0 0 1) surface, which was mainly attributed to the formation of bridging Al-O bonds and H-bonds. There was the bonding between H-1s and O-2p orbitals for the formed hydrogen bonds and hybridization between O-p states and Al-d states for the bridging Al-O bonds. The interaction between GM and CaCO3 (1 0 4) surface was mainly attributed to the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonded interaction, and was fairly strong, too. But there was only hydrogen bonds between GM and SiO2 surface, which was relative weak. In all the three adsorbed systems, significant charge redistribution was observed which contributed to the interaction between them, though little electron transferred between them. The finding is very meaningful for providing theoretical direction in proceeding sufficient application of diverse kind of natural sugar-based functional substances in many fields.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9957064986228943}
+{"content": "Products: Curtain Walls\nAdvantages of Curtain Walls\n\nCurtain walls are a fairly common and prominent feature in modern buildings. Designed to protect the building from the outside elements (such as weather), curtain walls are panels that are placed at the exterior of the building often through mechanical bonding, chemical bonding, or adhesive. Curtain walls can be made of glass, metal, or stone, and have a multitude of advantages when they are included in modern designs.\n\nCurtain walls have the primary purpose of keeping air and water out of the building, essentially acting as both a buffer and an insulator. Buildings that have curtain walls will be easier (and more affordable) to maintain, and will last longer in general, as they have this additional protective shield build in.\n\nA curtain wall isn’t intended to provide for structural stability, but it does reduce the sway of the building overall, thereby making the structure more secure. The curtain wall is able to even out any stress on the building, by dispersing kinetic force throughout the entire frame and structure. Overall, this creates a building that is more likely to withstand high winds. A reduction in building sway is especially useful in taller buildings and can also make the building more comfortable to inhabitants. Slowing the Spread of Fire Curtain walls are additionally able to slow the spread of fire between floors, by acting as a barrier and preventing the fire from easily transferring across the surface of the building. This can be especially important in taller buildings, where the fire would otherwise quickly be able to spread upwards.\n\nWhen properly treated and glazed, curtain walls also vastly improve the thermal efficiency of a building. As another layer of material across the building, curtain walls are able to stabilize the temperature within and cut down on the operating costs of the building itself. Additional glazing can reduce UV light, which will keep items within the building from fading or degrading quickly. Appearance and Attractiveness Curtain walls are expected of many buildings today, not only because of their numerous practical advantages but also because of their appearance. A curtain wall gives a clean, sophisticated, and unique appearance, which is now associated with contemporary design. In many areas, curtain walls are the only type of wall that would be seen against the city skyline.\n\n× Home About Sevices Projects Contact", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.501962423324585}
+{"content": "\ngood music\nMusic has always been an incredible tool to communicate complicated ideas, while providing messages that transcend language and culture. It’s been a vehicle for concepts that have inspired counter culture strongly in the last 100 years. Since the industrial revolution, with labor came struggle, and with strife came beauty. Artists sacrificed themselves to make art... / READ MORE /", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9977948069572449}
+{"content": "Cybersecurity and why it’s important\n\n\nAccording to Jon Purizhansky from Buffalo, NY, one hears a lot about cyber security these days. So, what exactly is cybersecurity? Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These digital attacks, also known as the cyberattacks, target governments, corporations, non-governmental institutions and private individuals and are aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money; or interrupting business or government processes.\n\nImplementing effective cybersecurity measures is becoming more difficult, because there are more devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. Cyber attackers can be governments, companies, criminal organizations, terrorists and individuals.\n\nJon Purizhansky from Buffalo, NY mentions that multiple layers of protection must be implemented to create successful cybersecurity approach. In an organization, the human factor, processes, and technology must all complement one another to create an effective defense from cyber attacks. Human factor is important, because people must choose strong passwords, be thoughtful when opening email attachments and remember to back up data. Processes are important, because organizations have to have protocols for dealing with both attempted and successful cyber attacks. It’s important that both, members of organizations and private individuals are able to identify attacks, protect systems, detect and respond to threats, and recover from successful attacks and this ability comes with following protocols.\n\nLastly, technology is important because it provides organizations and individuals with computer security tools needed to protect themselves from cyber attacks. Three main entities must be protected: endpoint devices like computers, smart devices, and routers; networks; and the cloud. Common technology used to protect these entities include next-generation firewalls, DNS filtering, malware protection, antivirus software, and email security solutions.\n\nCybersecurity attacks can have truly devastating effects in today’s world. Everyone relies on critical infrastructure like power plants, hospitals, defense infrastructure and financial service companies. Securing these and other organizations is essential to keeping our society functioning. There are four classical types of cyber-attacks. They are:\n\n1) Ransomware, which is a type of malicious software designed to extort money by blocking access to files or the computer system until the ransom is paid. This attack is typically perpetuated by criminals and criminal organizations.\n\n2) Malware is a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause damage to a computer.\n\n\n4) Phishing is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from reputable sources. Once you click on a link or open an attachment , the attackers become able to steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login information. It’s the most common type of cyber attack.\n\nJon Purizhansky mentions that cyberwarfare is also becoming part of warfare employed by nation states. North Korea and China are good examples , although with time we will probably see every military in the world establish branches that engage in cyber warfare both offensively and defensively.\n\nAuthor: Jon Purizhansky\n\nJon Purizhansky is a lawyer, entrepreneur and commentator in New York. He is an avid follower of US and International economics and politics. With decades of international experience, Jon Purizhansky reports on a wide variety of economic and political issues.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5940514802932739}
+{"content": "Barringer Meteor Crater – Arizona\n\n\nMeteor Crater is a meteorite impact crater located about 35 miles (55 km) east of Flagstaff, near Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. The site was formerly known as the Canyon Diablo Crater, and scientists generally refer to it as Barringer Crater in honor of Daniel Barringer who was first to suggest that it was produced by meteorite impact.\n\nMeteor Crater lies at an elevation of about 1740 m (5709 ft) above sea level. It is about 1,200 m (4,000 ft) in diameter, some 170 m deep (570 ft), and is surrounded by a rim that rises 45 m (150 ft) above the surrounding plains. The center of the crater is filled with 210-240 m (700-800 ft) of rubble lying above crater bedrock.\n\n\n\nThe impact produced a massive explosion equivalent to at least 2.5 megatons of TNT – equivalent to a large thermonuclear explosion and about 150 times the yield of the atomic bombs used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The explosion dug out 175 million tons of rock. The shock of impact propagated as a hemispherical shock wave that blasted the rock down and outward from the point of impact, forming the crater. Much more impact energy, equivalent to an estimated 6.5 megatons, was released into the atmosphere and generated a devastating above-ground shockwave.\n\nFor a meteorite of its size, the impact melted surprisingly little rock, though it produced high enough temperatures and pressures to transform carbon minerals into diamonds and lonsdaleite, a form of diamond found near the crater in fragments of Arizona’s Canyon Diablo meteorite. Limestone blocks as massive as 30 tons were tossed outside the crater’s rim, and debris from the impact has been found over an area of 100 square miles (260 km²). The shock of the impact would have produced a localized earthquake of magnitude 5.5 or higher. Check also and read more about coal extraction in France.\n\nThe blast and thermal energy released by the impact would certainly have been lethal to living creatures within a wide area. All life within a radius of three to four kilometers would have been killed immediately. The impact produced a fireball hot enough to cause severe flash burns at a range of up to 10 km (7 miles). A shock wave moving out at 2,000 km/h (1,200 mph) leveled everything within a radius of 14-22 km (8.5-13.5 miles), dissipating to hurricane-force winds that persisted to a radius of 40 km (25 miles).\n\nDespite this destruction, the Barringer impact did not throw up enough dust to seriously affect the Earth’s climate. The area was likely recolonized by the local flora and fauna within a century. This did not much affect the crater itself; its preservation was aided by the local climate’s shift to its present-day arid conditions.\n\nThe meteorite itself was mostly vaporized. Relatively large chunks of nickel-iron fragments, ranging from gravel size to blocks weighing up to 640 kg (1,400 lb), have been recovered from the debris field surrounding the crater. Several thousand tons of tiny nickel-iron droplets, the size of sand grains, fell in and around the crater after condensing from the cloud of metallic vapour produced by the impact. Very little of the meteorite remained within the pit that it had excavated.\n\ncredited to wikipedia and flickr users: Jeffrey Bealls, twomets,, the10101, omkevin, Ian Chappel", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9766908884048462}
+{"content": "Code Analysis\n\nPhew, quite some time since the last update! I had to make some development pauses due to other priorities (my second hobby music gained some more traction for a while, with me taking singing lessons and revising my equipment, also my job took more of my time and energy than it should). But nevertheless there was some progress: I have completely rehauled the combat system and am nearly done with that. It turned out to be more challenging than I thought and involved a lot of cycle counting to get it right. This for sure deserves a blog entry on its own when it is complete. Here is a little preview:\n\nCombat with eight enemies\n\nAnother thing that I did is that after needing to ramp up several times after development pauses I decided to create a tool to help me understanding my own code structure. An assembly project as large as this game is hard to keep under control. There is a lot of knowledge in my head about which code is used where and which variables are shared between procedures while I am working on it. But all of this gets lost already after some weeks not looking at the code.\n\nI am currently chasing a bug in my combat code and have the suspicion that it has to do with a temporary variable that is accidentally shared between the IRQ and the main loop. In order to help me finding that, I created a tool that will analyse my assembly source code and create a call graph. It is using GraphViz for this, a general purpose tool for drawing graphs. I first tried this on my complete code, but the resulting graph was utterly useless, because it was far too complex. But then I changed it to create graphs for each module (and treating calls to other modules as a single node), which made it actually useful! Here is a graph of a rather complex module, my main engine for the game.\n\nAutomatically generated call graph of charengine.asm\n\nYes, it looks complex, but with some understanding what the procedures actually do, it is really useful. Blue blocks are the interface of the module (the exported procedures that can be called from outside), grey blocks are internal procedures that are only called from inside of the module, and white blocks are procedures from other modules.\n\nThe tool will also identify all registers and global temporary variables that are used in a procedure, which are visible in the graph as A, X, Y and R1 – R14. These will also be patched into the procedure header in the source code accordingly. I was documenting this by hand in the past, but this is very error prone, as every time this changes in a procedure, the header of all calling procedures and the procedures calling those etc. need to be updated. It is also a lot of work and I frankly often did not care to do the manual update, so the headers were now either empty or wrong (which is even worse). Here is an example of procedure header:\n\n; Purpose : Adds environment dependent commands to ingame menu\n; Input   :\n; Output  : A = selected menu entry\n; Modifies: A,X,Y,R1,R3,R4,R16,RP1,RP3,RP5\n.proc show_command_menu\n\n    ; local variables\n    commands_ptr    = R16\n    num_commands    = R3\n    command_counter = R4\n\n    jsr ingamemenu_init ; add cancel menu entry\n\nThe actual analysis of the used registers and variables is rather primitive, but takes a couple of specialities of my source code into account. I sometimes define procedure specific names for the temporary variables, e.g. in the example above. I also make use of unconditional branches and of fall throughs at the end of procedures. All of this is considered during the analysis.\n\nI am confident that this tool will help me finding bugs and ramping up after development pauses. Let’s see if it will be useful for the bug I am chasing! By the way, the tool is written in Java, which makes parsing text really easy. So it was implemented in a single day! Sometimes it is great to use modern languages after a while of assembly hacking.\n\nMore foreground/background fun\n\nI was so fascinated by the cookie cutter technique, that I decided to take it a bit further and implement a complete dynamic foreground/background mechanic. The theory is not really complicated, but in this case the actual implementation was challenging. The only way to influence if a sprite is displayed before or behind another sprite on the C64 is to sort them accordingly. Sprite 0 is always displayed on top of all sprites, then comes sprite 1 and so on until sprite 7. So for every movement of the player, all sprites that need to be displayed are determined (remember that for the cookie cutter mechanism only the sprites that overlap with the player are required to be active) and then dependent of the position of the player they need to be sorted either before or after the player sprites (I am using 2 player sprites, one as black overlay over the other).  Sounds not too difficult, but I needed 3 attempts to get to an implementation that I found acceptable. The first was simply wrong, because I forgot that I must not change the order of sprites as they are listed in my room descriptions, or overlay sprites will suddenly disappear behind the sprites they are supposed to overlay. The second one was so twisted and unmaintainable, that my honor as a programmer was seriously impacted, so I had to do it a third time. The final implementation is still not super nice, I think the problem is simply that there are not enough registers on the C64 to do this really in a nice way. I split up the decision of the order of sprites and the actual handling of the related information (like screen positions, color, etc.) in two loops. This resulted probably in a bit slower code, but due to my task mechanism I described in an earlier post this is not an issue and can be done in the background during the rendering of 4 frames. Here is what you can do with the new code in another small video.\n\nYummy Sprite Pastries\n\nI am currently making comparably good progress with the game engine and the editor. One notable thing that I added was the mechanism to allow fore- and background graphics. It is based on sprites and is making use of the “Cookie Cutter” effect: Sprites can have a lower priority than the normal graphic on the screen. At the same time, a sprite can have a higher priority than the player sprite. The player sprite again has a higher priority than the normal character graphic, as it is supposed to be displayed over the background graphics. This obviously creates a strange situation, where the player is configured to be displayed over the character graphic, the other sprite is displayed over the player sprite, and the character graphic is displayed over the other sprite. The video chip of the C64 solves this dilemma by displaying the character graphic over the player wherever the other sprite is non-transparent. A little bit like a cookie cutter will cut out parts of the dough. Sounds complicated? It is, but it can be used to create effects like the one below, where parts of the character graphic is displayed in the foreground, and other parts are in the background.  It needs some dynamic handling of the sprites, because the bridge in the video is clearly too wide to be covered by the available 6 sprites. So the sprites are only enabled when there is an overlap between them and the player. Apologies for the music, I always have some arbitrary SID blaring so that I can check if the available raster time is ok.\n\nSlow, but Steady Progress\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAutomatic Charset Extraction\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProtovision, Cartridges and a Village!\n\n\n\n\n\nMilestones and Kanban\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Editor\n\n\n\n\n\nTasks, schedules and priorities (2)\n\n\n\n\n  1. the currently executed instruction is finished\n  3. the status register is pushed onto the stack\n\n\n  1. A is pushed onto the stack\n  2. X is pushed onto the stack\n  3. Y is pushed onto the stack\n\n\n    lda #>task\n    pha          ; push >task\n    lda #<task\n    pha          ; push <task\n    lda #0\n    pha          ; push arbitrary states, IRQ flag must be clear\n    pha          ; push arbitrary A\n    pha          ; push arbitrary X\n    pha          ; push arbitrary Y\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTasks, schedules and priorities\n\n\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6416724920272827}
+{"content": "Tag Archives: Creation\n\nThe Role of Bias in the Origins Debate – Video by Brian Forbes + Powerpoint\n\nBy Brian Forbes\n\nI aim to show that any evidence presented to us will invariably take a back seat to the fertility of the soil in our hearts. It is our bias that determines what we are able to see and accept for evidence.\n\nBias defined:  An emotional inclination to a particular view. Bias will often influence how you accept or reject evidence. Any position that has allowed for human evaluation will include bias. The question is not if there is bias. The question is what does your bias support. …and I can prove it.\n\nScience is supposed to be based in objectivity – raw facts that lead to unemotional conclusions. The scientific method can be traced through:\n\n  • René Descartes – who rid his mind of all bias\n  • Francis Bacon – who described science in terms of cause and effect (experiments)\n  • Karl Popper – falsifiability\n\nThey defined how we can know things without appealing to feeling. They set limits for “science” or knowledge. If it ain’t falsifiable,\nit ain’t science. WATCH! Continue reading The Role of Bias in the Origins Debate – Video by Brian Forbes + Powerpoint\n\nThe Knowledge of God amongst the Early Pagans\n\nChapter 1 After the Flood, by Bill Cooper\n\nSo that we may bring the subject we are about to study into its proper perspective, we must first allow that many of our preconceptions regarding ancient man are mistaken. It is commonly supposed, for example, that the nations if the world became aware of the God of Genesis only after they were evangelised by Christian missionaries. Only since the translation of the scriptures into their own language, it is assumed, did they become conscious of the Creation and the God who created it. It is further supposed that early pagan man can have had no concept of a divinity higher than that of an idol, because it is impossible to come to a knowledge of the one true God without that knowledge being given through the direct revelation of His Word, and so on. Popular thought seems never to have considered the possibility that pagan man was indeed aware of God and of His attributes and power, and that this awareness had existed and flourished for centuries without any recourse at all to the scriptures. So it is with something of a surprise that we meet with exactly that, a profound knowledge and appreciation of an eternal and almighty Creator God, His fatherhood of the human race and His infinite attributes in the writings of various historians in the ancient world and amongst the teachings of the earliest philosophers. It is of the utmost importance that we familiarise ourselves with this truth as we begin our investigations into the Table of Nations itself and the knowledge amongst the pagan nations of those patriarchs and events that are so familiar to us from the Genesis record. Continue reading The Knowledge of God amongst the Early Pagans\n\n\n\nBy John Hext Fremlin\n\n\n\nBy Michael Snyder\n\n\nIs There Life in Outer Space?\n\nIs There Life in Outer Space? by Dr. Walt Brown\n\nThose who believe that life exists on distant planets usually base their belief on the following reasoning:\n\nLife evolved on Earth. Because the universe is so immense and contains so many heavenly bodies, life independently evolved on other planets as well.\n\nThis flawed reasoning assumes that life evolved on Earth. Overwhelming evidence shows that life is so complex it could not have evolved—anywhere! [See pages 724.] Over the last 150 years, our culture has been so saturated with evolution that some uncritically believe it, so they conclude that life must also have evolved on at least a few of the multitude of extraterrestrial bodies.\n\nYes, there are many stars, and a small fraction have planets. [See “Have Planets Been Discovered Outside the Solar System” on page 462.] However, the probability of just one living cell forming by natural processes is so infinitesimal, even considering the vast number of stars, that the likelihood of life spontaneously occurring anywhere in the universe is virtually zero!\n\nDespite popular and influential science fiction books and films, such as Star Wars, E.T., Star Trek, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, there really is no scientific evidence for intelligent extraterrestrial life. Hundreds of millions of tax dollars have been spent trying to find life in outer space. Conditions outside Earth are more destructive than almost anyone suspected before space exploration began: deadly radiation, poisonous gases, extreme gravitational forces, gigantic explosions, and the absence of the proper atmospheres and chemical elements. Just the temperature extremes in outer space would make almost any form of life either so hot it would vaporize or so cold it would be completely rigid, brittle, and dead. Unfortunately, these physical realities do not excite public imagination as much as science fiction and evolutionary stories.\n\nA few people are searching for signals from outer space that would imply an intelligent source. Radio telescopes, linked with computers, simultaneously search millions of radio frequencies for a nonrandom, nonnatural, extraterrestrial signal—any short sequence of information. Yet, the long sequence of information in the DNA of every living thing on Earth is a signal from an intelligence—a vast intelligence—a Creator. Almost all those searching for extraterrestrial life believe it evolved naturally in outer space. If they ever accepted the DNA evidence for a Creator, the evolutionary basis for their search would disappear. [See “Codes, Programs, and Information” on page 11.]\n\nIf life evolved in outer space as easily as some people believe, many extraterrestrial “civilizations” should exist, especially on planets around stars that evolutionists claim are older than our Sun. Some civilizations should even be technologically superior to ours, would have recognized that earth has abundant life, and would have tried to reach us. Any superior civilization within our galaxy would probably have already explored our solar system, at least with robots. Because we have no verifiable evidence of any of this, intelligent extraterrestrial life probably does not exist, certainly within our Milky Way Galaxy.\n\nAlmost all stories of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have since been traced to natural or manmade causes. Even if technically advanced flying objects exist, they may have a terrestrial, not extraterrestrial, origin. The United States, for example, developed and flew the superfast SR-71 aircraft and its prototype several years before most senior military officers in the United States knew such technology was possible. Evidence that UFOs are from extraterrestrial civilizations, although not disproved, has not been verified and usually relies on the truthfulness, rationality, and accuracy of a few alleged witnesses.\n\nCould God have created life elsewhere? Certainly, but the Bible is largely silent on this subject. However, the Bible does say, “For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them.” (Exodus 20:11a). So, if life were created in outer space, it would have happened during the six creation days.\n\nThree other Bible verses suggest that conscious, rational life is unique to Earth.\n\n1. Romans 8:22 states, “the whole creation groans and suffers” because of Adam’s sin. This would be a strange statement if humanlike beings existed in outer space, because it would mean that although not descended from Adam, they suffer because of his sin.\n\n2. Romans 5:12 tells us, “through one man [Adam] sin entered the world.” The Greek word we translate as “world” is kosmos, which generally means the entire universe. Again, if intelligent beings exist beyond Earth, they would be suffering for Adam’s sin.\n\n3. Genesis 1:14 states that the heavenly bodies were made “for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years.” It does not say that they were created as habitats for other creatures.\n\nIs there life in outer space? Except as noted on page 346and below, probably not. Many people enjoy speculating on this subject, and some want to believe that life is in outer space, usually life that is superior to ours. While they may be right, little rational basis exists for this belief—either scientific or biblical.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6659412384033203}
+{"content": "Bart Riemens\n\nTranslating client’s questions into high quality creative solutions is Bart’s specialty.\n\nHis analytical, creative and communicative skills yield a clear solution to the client, who is his main focus and priority throughout the project. With the experience Bart gained in his professional career, and by doing studies and research, he is a leading force in every project, defining a clear vision and communicating it to other people, from end-user to engineer and project manager to tester.\n\nWith his knowledge of technology and software development and the ability to articulate complex matters in non technical terms, he can create bridges between technical and non-technical people across different teams within a project.\n\nAs no other, Bart knows that the success of a project does not only depend on technology. To be successful, a balanced team, the right expectations and a clear working process are just as important, maybe even more so. Over the years, he has worked on many different projects: on-site, offshore, product development, etc. This is where he learnt in practice what works and what doesn't.\n\nBart’s fascination with technology goes back a long way. As a child, he was already into computers and today he is just as passionate and enthusiastic about developing software. More: he always aims for software that meets the expectations and fulfills its purpose.\n\nBeing a professional, he daily hones his skills, keeping up to date with the latest trends and developments. Just as important, though, is that he immediately puts those skills in practice, so as to see himself what works and what doesn’t. He can spot the difference between genuine opportunities and productivity benefits and technologies that are still immature or not suited for the problem at hand. In short, Bart can be characterized as a versatile customer-oriented architect and lead developer whose passion is sharing knowledge and automating business.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9595927000045776}
+{"content": "Making Molecules on Jupiter\n\nMaking Molecules on Jupiter\n\nIn recent years we have come to understand how God formed many of the elements that make up our world and our bodies. We watch stars producing new elements, and we realize that this system was designed by God to take the hydrogen produced in the beginning and continually make heavier elements by thermonuclear fusion. It is incredible to witness the power and design in a nova or supernova and to understand that this is God’s forge to make new elements. Now we have another picture of a design God has used for making molecules.\n\nMolecules are combinations of atoms put together to produce a compound. Simple compounds like water and methane are difficult enough to produce. The huge molecules, such as amino acids that make up living materials, require a particular environment to form. Many of them have been found in space debris, but their origins are not clear.\n\nThe latest NASA report on Jupiter has given us some new understanding of making molecules. NASA’s robotic Juno spacecraft orbits only 15,000 kilometers above Jupiter’s cloud tops. Using new data from this spacecraft, astronomers have announced that Jupiter is apparently mostly liquid. It is not a ball of rock with a blanket of liquids and gases, as Earth-based observations seemed to indicate.\n\nIt’s hard to realize the size of Jupiter (2.5 times the mass of all other planets combined), its rapid spin rate (more than twice as fast as Earth’s), the amount of lightning that we observe, and the extreme temperatures are all working in a liquid. It indicates an environment similar to what we can create in our laboratories here on Earth to produce complex molecules. The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 earned a Nobel prize for producing an environment in the lab capable of making molecules of amino acids. Now we see a location in space that duplicates much of Stanley Miller’s famous experiment. To be facetious, perhaps God should get a Nobel Prize for something that was operational long before any human existed.\n\nThe more we know of the creation, the closer we get to the Creator. Knowing His methods just increases our wonder at His power and wisdom.\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2020\n\nData from January 6, 2020.\n\nWatching Betelgeuse in Anticipation\n\nWatching Betelgeuse in Anticipation\n\nAstronomers are watching Betelgeuse with anticipation. Something is happening which could teach us about the universe.\n\nIn basic astronomy classes, students are exposed to what is known as the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. It’s a graphic representation of our scientific understanding of stars. We can measure the changes that happen in stars and watch them age. The problem is that stars live so long and we live such a short time that we will never see a star be made, live its life and die. We see young stars which are blue hot and watch blue hot stars cool becoming yellow. We see yellow stars become red. We sometimes see red stars explode becoming novas or supernovas depending upon their size. In 1987 we watched a star explode and saw the production of new elements that had not been there before. But that explosion was so far away that measurements were difficult.\n\nLocated in Orion, Betelgeuse is one of the brightest and most recognized stars in the sky. Since it is only 700 light-years away, Betelgeuse is close enough for us to see and measure well. It is huge! In fact, it is so large that if it were located where our Sun is, the edge of it would extend to the orbit of Jupiter and its flares would go beyond the orbit of Neptune!\n\nWatching Betelgeuse, astronomers can see that it is changing rapidly. It is only half as bright as it was five months ago. Because we have never seen a star explode up close, astronomers have an intense interest in what is happening to this nearby star. If Betelgeuse explodes, it will become a supernova. As we watch from Earth with our naked eyes, it would be as bright as our Moon. Watching God forge new elements in Betelgeuse would be quite a show, but it could happen as you read this or it may be 100,000 years in the future.\n\nOne of the many conditions necessary for life to exist on our planet is the location of our solar system and our neighbors in the cosmos. A star exploding close to us would bathe our planet in lethal radiation and even incinerate us. Don’t worry, because an object 700-light-years distant is not a threat to Earth. The closest star to us is 4.3 light-years away, and it is nowhere near the nova stage.\n\nOur ignorance of this method of God’s creation is astounding. We can relate to the message of Job 38:31-33. There God mentions the constellation Orion where Betelgeuse is located when He says: “Can you bind the influences of the Pleiades or loose the bands of Orion? Can you bring forth Mazzaroth (the 12 constellations of the zodiac) in his season, or can you guide Arcturus and his sons? Do you know the ordinances of heaven? Can you set the position of them on the Earth?”\n\nEven today with our technology the answer to those questions is “No.” Watching Betelgeuse, we can realize the truth that “the heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands” (Psalms 19:1).\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2020\n\n\nHeavy Element Mystery\n\nHeavy Element Mystery - Gold\n\nOne of the most interesting questions about creation is how elements are produced. Simply saying that “God did it” is not the answer. The question we are asking is HOW God did it. A particular challenge to science has been the heavy element mystery.\n\nWe understand and can duplicate the production of light elements by the process of nuclear fusion. Hydrogen nuclei can be fused to produce helium, and we see this process as it takes place in the Sun. We can duplicate the process in the hydrogen bomb. As we study the stars, we see other elements produced in stellar processes. When supernova 1987A exploded, scientists saw neon being produced, which is far beyond anything we can do. In theory, the first 26 elements in the periodic chart could be produced by what we see happening in stars.\n\nThe heavy element mystery is how elements heavier than iron are produced. For example, how do you make gold? The old alchemists tried in vain to make it by reactions in the laboratory, but we have not seen it being produced even in supernovas. The number of protons present in gold is over three times the number of protons in iron. The amount of energy required to make an atom of gold by nuclear fusion is beyond our comprehension.\n\nIn 2017, scientists observed two neutron stars colliding and producing elements heavier than iron. But what would it take to produce uranium with 92 protons and a weight 238 times heavier than hydrogen? That remains a real heavy element mystery. We are not suggesting a “god of the gaps” explanation. In the distant future, science may find an answer, but what it testifies to is the incredible power we see in the cosmos and the design that allows us to have the gold, silver, platinum, and radioactive materials we use.\n\nThe heavy element mystery reminds us of how puny and small we are in the context of creation. We have an even better understanding of our insignificance than did the author of Psalms 8:3-4 who wrote, “When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and stars which you have ordained; what is man, that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you visit him.”\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2020\n\nClick THIS LINK to read a Science News report on a current theory scientists have about the origin of gold.\n\nWhy Does Matter Exist?\n\nWhy Does Matter Exist?\n\nWhy does matter exist? That may sound like a silly question, but as we study nuclear reactions, it becomes crucial. Nuclear reactions produce two kinds of matter—matter and antimatter. The strange thing about these two forms of matter is that when they collide, they destroy each other, producing nothing but energy.\n\nIn the past 50 years, scientists have found that every kind of matter seems to have an antimatter equivalent. Science has discovered that electrons, which are well understood, have antimatter particles called anti-electrons or positrons. We now have ways of producing beams of positrons that physicists use in all kinds of experiments. Einstein’s famous equation, e = mc^2 can be verified when we collide positrons and electrons.\n\nResearch has led to the discovery of antiprotons, antineutrons, antineutrinos, antimuons, etc. If nuclear processes were involved in the creation of the universe, the cosmos should be full of the same amount of antimatter as there is matter. Could there be antiplanets, antistars, antigalaxies, etc.? One can even postulate antipeople. You could create the ultimate soap opera where a matter boy falls in love with an antimatter girl. The problem is that he can’t touch her, because if he does, their physical particles will all destroy each other in a huge thermonuclear explosion that would wipe out the planet.\n\nThat fictitious fable can’t happen, but it raises an important point. If all nuclear reactions produce equal amounts of matter and antimatter, shouldn’t all the matter and antimatter eventually collide and produce nothing but energy. Why does matter exist?\n\nScience News (December 21, 2019, / January 4, 2020) reported on proof that antineutrinos and neutrinos violate parity. The oscillation of the two kinds of neutrinos is not the same. Neutrinos vibrate more rapidly than the mathematical predictions of what their frequency should be, and antineutrinos vibrate more slowly. Scientists don’t understand why these oscillations are different since they violate parity. The design of the building blocks of matter involves differences in oscillation frequencies, and that allows matter to exist.\n\nWhy does matter exist? We could state that with the old philosophical question, “Why is there something instead of nothing?” Those questions seem to be answered at least in part by our new understanding of matter and antimatter. A major point we need to make is that matter and antimatter start with an energy source. That energy source must be external to our dimension. When we consider the intricate design features, that source would seem to be God.\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2020\n\nDo Exoplanets Disprove God?\n\nDo Exoplanets Disprove God?\n\nOne of the interesting developments of the past twenty years has been the study of planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. So far, scientists have discovered more than 4,000 exoplanets. Those who believe the formation of Earth and its ecosystem is a product of blind mechanical chance seize upon this fact to affirm that God had nothing to do with the creation. They argue that given enough time and enough planets, life was bound to happen somewhere eventually. Do exoplanets disprove God?\n\nOne obvious difficulty with this claim is that the real issue of creation is how time, space, and matter/energy came into existence in the first place. How it got into a form that would sustain life is a matter of whether the creation was designed and planned by an intelligence, or whether it was a product of chance. Astronomy magazine, in its January 2020 issue, carries an article about the summer 2019 discovery of the first planet that exists in the habitable zone of its star. The media at that time made wild claims about the probable existence of life on that planet. Known as K2-18b, the planet orbits a red dwarf star which is about one third the mass of our Sun. What that means is that water could exist on the planet as a liquid.\n\nSo could life exist on K2-18b? This discovery highlights the incredible complexity of planet Earth. K2-18b is roughly twice the diameter of Earth and eight times as massive. The mass of the planet means that gravity there would be much higher than Earth’s gravity. That would result in a much deeper and denser atmosphere with pressures and temperatures thousands of times higher than we experience on Earth. Also, red dwarf stars emit powerful flares, and the orbit of K2-18b is twice as close to its star as Mercury is to the Sun. There is no way that life could survive the conditions on this planet, even if liquid water were present.\n\nRemember that K2-18b is the first planet discovered that is located in a so-called habitable zone. The study of exoplanets has shown that the creation of planet Earth is a highly unique and special event. Do exoplanets disprove God? As we have said before, God can create life anywhere He wants to. But as more and more data becomes available on what exists throughout the cosmos, support for God as the creator and sustainer of life on this planet grows.\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2019\n\nJames Peebles Wins Nobel Prize in Physics\n\nJames Peebles Wins Nobel Prize in PhysicsThose of us who have an interest in creation have followed the work of Dr. James Peebles at Princeton University for some time. Since 1964, Peebles has been working to understand the scientific evidence of how the cosmos came into being. For his work, he has won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics.\n\nDr. Peebles predicted cosmic microwave background radiation, which has been a major tool in understanding the beginning of the universe and in realizing that 95% of the matter/energy in the cosmos is unknown. The “big bang” model describing the universe fits well with understanding God’s role in the cosmos. Peebles has shown that the formation of space/time and matter/energy fits with all available observations, and he has discovered several new processes, such as the baryon model, to describe the physics of the early universe.\n\nThe Ostriker-Peebles criterion relating to the stability of galactic formation has helped us understand other galaxies besides our Milky Way. Observing the spin rates in those galaxies has led us to realize that the rapid speeds at which they move require a force that has not been identified to prevent them from flying apart. This realization is the starting point for speculating the existence of dark matter. There has to be a missing mass that is the glue of stable galaxies. Research continues to understand what dark matter is and how it works.\n\nDr. Frank Baxter once said, “the more we know about the creation, the closer we get to the creator.” The fact that James Peebles has been recognized for his work in cosmology is encouraging. Scientists now agree there was a beginning. The cause of that beginning and the properties of that cause are the next steps toward comprehending the creation of the cosmos.\n\nProverbs 8:22 finds wisdom saying, “The Lord possessed me in the beginning of His way, before His works of old.” Reading Dr. Peebles’ research is intimidating because God’s wisdom and His works in cosmology are so complex. The study of creation in cosmology has only become recognized as valid science in the last few years. James Peebles has been a major player in accomplishing that, and therefore he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. “In the beginning, God created” may sound simple, but what it describes is incredibly challenging to understand. Dr. Peebles has clearly shown that, but he has also opened the door for more study of how God did the creating.\n— John N. Clayton © 2019\n\nCurtain Opening on the Cosmos\n\n\n\n\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2019\n\nStretching Out the Cosmos\n\n\n\n\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2019\n\nCosmological Verification of Bible Statements\n\n\n\n\n— John N. Clayton © 2019\n\nOcean Treasure House\n\nOcean Treasure HouseOceans are essential for life on Earth. As we learn more about the oceans, we realize more and more how important the ocean treasure house is to our survival.\n\nFish, shrimp, and lobsters are some of the blessings that come from the oceans. Those vast bodies of water contain a great wealth of biomass that can address human food needs. The very fact that these forms of life lay millions of eggs that can provide massive amounts of food quickly is a testimony to the vast ocean treasure house. As humans conserve and farm these resources, we see the potential for food production with minimal environmental impact.\n\nBut food is only one of the blessings that come from the oceans. The oceans of the world provide water for the land. Evaporation lifts massive amounts of water from the oceans. The moisture condenses and falls on the continents providing the vital water needed by all land forms of life.\n\nThe oceans also moderate temperatures on the land. When Earth is closest to the Sun, its tilt exposes the Southern Hemisphere to the direct radiation of the Sun. Since oceans mostly cover the Southern Hemisphere, the water reflects much of the radiation, and the rest is absorbed and stored in the water. The water carries this heat toward the polar areas of the planet, moderating temperatures and allowing life to exist in abundance at the higher latitudes.\n\nWhen the Earth is at its farthest distance from the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, exposing the land to the Sun’s radiation. The land surface absorbs more heat radiation and reflects less of it. The waters in the Southern Hemisphere moderate the climate by using their stored energy to supplement the heat from the Sun.\n\nIn addition to their thermodynamic uses, the oceans also control the gases that are critical for life on Earth. Photosynthetic processes taking place in the oceans produce most of our oxygen. The oceans are a significant carbon sink, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide that would be in our atmosphere if the oceans did not exist. This not only restricts the adverse greenhouse effects of carbon dioxide but also recycles carbon in ways that benefit the entire planetary ecosystem.\n\nAnother ocean treasure house is the minerals they hold. The salt in the ocean is not just sodium chloride (regular table salt). The oceans contain a wide variety of elements that are critical to humans. They include iodine, magnesium, copper, and copious trace elements of biological importance. People who live far from the oceans benefit from these mineral resources because ancient oceans have deposited those minerals on land. Oceans gather and store the elements that humans need. While we have mined these ocean-deposited resources on land, we are now learning to take them directly from the ocean.\n\nAs science looks for life elsewhere in the cosmos, it is not likely that we will find it unless we find a planetary environment with oceans comparable to those on Earth. The ocean treasure house is a beautiful feature unique to planet Earth in our solar system. As science observes other stars and other systems, it becomes increasingly clear that planets like ours are exceedingly rare at best. God has provided the ocean treasure house that speaks eloquently of the Creator’s wisdom and power.\n��� John N. Clayton © 2019", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8945678472518921}
+{"content": "One fan recently wrote me:\n\nWhen I was in school, I never learned much more than the fact that global warming is occurring faster than we can control it. Your Green Guru Guides are an amazing push to educate people on all things green. “Build Your Own Electric Motorcycle” is a good way to get younger generations interested.\n\nThank you so much!!\n\nThen we discussed solar and the reader shared some info for us to  learn from:\n\nHow many Americans are actually familiar with the idea of solar power, though? Citizens of California and New Jersey are highly informed and their states offer strong incentives for the installment of solar panels. However, other states are not so lucky.\n\nRecently, an original study was conducted on the increase in solar power installations in the US. The results concluded that the use of solar energy is only increasing. Some notable findings:\n\n80K solar panels were installed in America in 2014, up from only a few hundred in 1995.Surprisingly, Texas- the most oil-rich state in the US- has the second highest incentive rates for installing solar panels.California, Arizona, and New Jersey have the highest solar panel capacities.\n\nFeel free to check out the full study here.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8350435495376587}
+{"content": "Explain the maturational development development of discipline and how is it linked to the developme\n\nSaul McLeodpublishedupdated Developmental psychology is a scientific approach which aims to explain growth, change and consistency though the lifespan.\n\n\nThe role of parents in early childhood learning Susan H. From a socio-cultural viewpoint, cognitively responsive behaviours e. Increased volume in this brain region is associated with more optimal development of a number of psychosocial factors e.\n\nMoral development - Wikipedia\n\nProblem Despite the central role for responsive parenting in different research frameworks, much of what we know about this parenting style comes from descriptive studies.\n\nThis means that we can only infer the importance of responsive parenting.\n\nHistorical Origins Morality and the Superego:\nGrowth and Development Theory: ARNOLD GESELL ( – ) - SchoolWorkHelper There is general agreement that behavior, including antisocial and delinquent behavior, is the result of a complex interplay of individual biological and genetic factors and environmental factors, starting during fetal development and continuing throughout life Bock and Goode,\nDevelopmental Psychology | Simply Psychology He called this process maturation, that is, the process by which development is governed by intrinsic factors, principally the genes. As the nervous system grows, their minds develop and their behaviors change accordingly.\nDevelopmental Questions Growth and Development Theory: He focused his research on the extensive study of a small number of children.\n\nTo assume a causal influence of responsive parenting on child outcomes would require data from experimental studies with random assignment. Fortunately, there is growing evidence from interventions targeting the facilitation of responsive parent practices that show positive results and some evidence that when responsive behaviours are increased children showed at least short-term increases in cognitive, social, and emotional skills.\n\nCan interventions targeting responsive parenting work for different types of high risk parents? Do increases in the various aspects of responsiveness explain the positive changes in different aspects of cognitive and social development?\n\nIs parental responsiveness equally effective, or does its effectiveness vary for children with varying characteristics e. After the infancy phase, mothers receiving the intervention showed strong increases in all responsiveness behaviours and their infants showed higher levels and faster growth rates in a range of skills.\n\nFor example, independent problem-solving during toy play showed greater increases for infants whose mothers received the intervention compared to infants whose mothers did not receive the intervention. The effects of the intervention also generalized to positively influence parent and child behaviours during a shared book reading activity, even though this activity was not a specific focus of the intervention.\n\nFinally, interventions targeting responsive parenting practices also show similar positive effects for parents of varying risk factors e. Now research is needed to further delineate this specificity between particular types of responsive support and particular developmental goals.\n\nExpanding our understanding of how responsive parenting looks and works across different family and child characteristics would add to the development of a more highly specified model of responsive parenting. Finally, determination of what supports need to be in place to assist parents with their attempts to be responsive could enhance the effectiveness of responsive parent interventions.\n\nThere are many new research avenues that need to be explored and questions addressed in recent studies that require further examination. Policy and practice decision-makers need to pay particular attention to parents who are most at risk: Synthesis of relevant research should guide new investments in parent programs and the development of research initiatives concerning responsive parenting.\n\nDevelopmental science is frequently not well integrated into policy or program application. When new investments are made in publicly funded services for children and families, there is often a greater emphasis on accountability.A large number of individual factors and characteristics has been associated with the development of juvenile delinquency.\n\nThese individual factors include age, gender, complications during pregnancy and delivery, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and substance use. Developmental psychology as a discipline did not exist until after the industrial revolution when the need for an educated workforce led to the social construction of childhood as a distinct stage in a person's attheheels.com: Saul Mcleod.\n\n\nIn so doing, a very close and almost symbiotic relationship between all three will become apparent. -The maturational perspective views maturation as the pre-determined endpoint of motor development -Dynamical systems approach accounts for changes in older adulthood and in youths -When one or more systems decline to a critical point, behavior may change where the influential system is serving as the rate limiter (first to decline to a.\n\nThe child-parent relationship has a major influence on most aspects of child development. When optimal, parenting skills and behaviours have a positive impact on children’s self-esteem, school achievement, cognitive development and behaviour. Do increases in the various aspects of responsiveness explain the positive changes in .\n\n\nStart studying Life-span development Ch1 Questions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.\n\nDevelopmental Psychology | Simply Psychology", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9994113445281982}
+{"content": "Neck Pain is a pain posteriorly anywhere between the skull base and thoracic spine. It is the largest cause of musculoskeletal disability after low back pain. Approximately two-thirds of the population will suffer from neck pain at some time in their life with high prevalence in middle ages. Fortunately for most people the acute pain resolves within days or weeks although in some it may reoccur or become chronic.\n\nNeck pain may be a result of...\n\nLocal pathology\nWhiplash (flexion-extension) injuries/ trauma\nBe a part of a more widespread systemic problem such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia etc.\nBe a result of referred pain from neighboring areas for example the shoulder joint\nNeck pain usually has a multifactorial etiology -poor posture, neck strain/injuries, anxiety, depression and stress can play a role in magnifying the perceived pain. Quite often the diagnosis of simple or nonspecific neck pain is used implying postural and mechanical causes; this is contrary to other serious causes of neck pain such as fracture, tumour, infection etc.\n\nPain from upper neck can radiate towards the head leading to frequent headaches and that from the lower part of the neck can radiate to the shoulder, arm, chest wall and the scapula. Reduced neck movement along with localized areas of muscle tenderness known as trigger points are commonly observed along with pain.\n\nLike with other chronic pain conditions, multi-disciplinary management based on the biopsychosocial model of pain is the preferred approach. Please follow these links to find out how medication optimisation, physiotherapy, Psychology and complimentary therapies such as acupuncture TENS and meditation can help.\n\nAuthor's Bio: \n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9715840220451355}
+{"content": "Understanding Absence in Ruby: Present, Blank, Nil, Empty\n\nUnderstanding Absence in Ruby: Present, Blank, Nil, Empty\n\nCarlos Schults Developer Tips, Tricks & Resources\n\nHave you ever been confused about the different ways to handle missing data in the Ruby language? I know I have, and I’m sure I’m not alone in that. The options Ruby offers come in the form of several methods: “present?”, “blank?”, “nil?”, and “empty?”. There are all somewhat related since all of them check for the absence of data in some way. But they are also all different, in the sense that they check for different types of absence, so to speak. Besides, there’s also a question of availability: not all of them are available to the same objects.\n\nSound confusing? Well, you’ve come to the right place. This post is going to clear up that confusion. We’ll start by explaining the general need for ways in which to model absence not just in Ruby, but in programming in general. Then we’ll briefly cover some of Ruby’s characteristics because such knowledge is important for understanding some of the choices made by the designers of the language.\n\nFinally, we’ll explain how to deal with missing/unknown data in Ruby, covering each one of the methods in detail, including examples. Let’s get started.\n\nSomething from nothing: The need for modeling absence in programming\n\nWe’re going to dive into the different ways in which the Ruby programming language models absence. But before we do that, let’s cover the need for absence modeling with programming in general.\n\nI’ve seen some people define programming as the manipulation of data. And I’d say most people think of data as “a thing”, rather than “not a thing.” Or better yet, they think of data as the digital representation of a number of things—that can range from physical objects to events, quantities, or even very abstract concepts. However, such a definition of data is inaccurate or, at least, incomplete. It’s missing something—the very concept of “missing something.”\n\nThis might be surprising for beginners, but in software development, we devote a non-trivial amount of energy into handling the concept of absence. It’s all too common to have a piece of data that is missing, unknown (or even unknowable), or generally unavailable for some reason.\n\nRuby, of course, isn’t the only language that needs the concept of “nothing.” Far from it. If you’ve ever coded in PHP, then you’ve certainly had to deal with NULL (and the same goes for C#, Java, and pretty much every mainstream modern programming language). In the functional paradigm, it’s common to use approaches such as optional types. Procedural languages could use return codes to sign that a given piece of data is missing.\n\nWhy is the absence of data such an important concept in programming? Well, for the same reason it’s important in life in general. We—as in the human species—don’t know a lot of things. In math, you have the concept of variables to represent unknown values. The concept of absence is present (no pun intended) even in music. Those of you who are musicians and can read sheet music know there are symbols to denote pauses, i.e. absence of sound.\n\nSo, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that, in programming, we also often have to deal with the concept of missing data. As I see it, the need for “nothingness” comes in three categories. First, we have the situation of unavailable data. We don’t know the answer yet, but we might know it in the future. An example of that would be data that is still not ready due to some time-sensitive constraint. For instance, sales reports of a given month, when the month isn’t over yet.\n\nAnother category of missing/invalid data would be data representing events that haven’t occurred yet and might never occur. For instance, think about an “employees” table in a relational database. It probably makes sense for it to have a column called “termination date”, which might never come.\n\nFinally, there’s also the case of absent data used to indicate that the question itself is not valid. If someone asks me whether the current king of Brazil is bald or not…I’d think such a person is mocking me. Or maybe they’re just terribly misinformed. Anyway, there is no king of Brazil, which means that the question itself isn’t valid. In database design, for instance, we’d probably use “null” to model that answer.\n\nUnderstanding absence in Ruby: some key concepts\n\nIn the previous section, we’ve covered the concept of “nothingness” or absence of data in programming, drawing comparisons between the need for representing absence in programming and in other areas. Then, we’ve shown you the different use cases for representing absence.\n\nWith that out of the way, now it’s time to start talking about Ruby specifically. This language handles missing data in several different ways. It’s time for you to learn about them so you can employ the correct tool for the correct situation.\n\nRuby: Everything is an object (kind of)\n\nThe Ruby programming language first appeared in 1995. Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto created the language drawing inspiration from some of his favorite languages, such as Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp.\n\nRuby, like most mainstream programming languages, supports developing in several paradigms, effectively making it a multi-paradigm language. But obviously, Ruby’s focus is the object-oriented paradigm. People like to say that in Ruby everything is an object. That’s not quite accurate, but for the sake of our post, let’s consider that it is.\n\nWhat is the implication of “everything is an object”? Well, to accomplish things in Ruby, you call methods on objects. Or, to put it another way, you pass messages to them. So, consider this trivial line of code:\n\nresult = 2 + 2\n\nEven someone who’s never written a line of Ruby can understand the line above. The value of ‘result’ is obvious. But where is the object orientation? Where are the methods? The answer is simple. The line above is nothing but syntactic sugar. What’s really happening is this:\n\nresult = 2.+(2)\n\nYou’re calling the ‘+’ method on the ‘2’ object, and passing the other ‘2’ as an argument. So, even when expressing such a simple idea, Ruby still keeps loyal to its object-oriented ideas. \n\nEverything is an object. But what about nothing?\n\nThis Ruby characteristic of almost everything being an object results in interesting—and often surprising—choices when modeling some concepts. For instance, in Ruby, even “true” and “false” are objects! They’re the single instances (singletons) of the “TrueClass” and “FalseClass”, respectively.\n\nSo, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that in Ruby, even absence is modeled as some kind of object, because that would be simply staying true to the language’s philosophy.\n\nAbsence in Ruby: Understanding each type\n\nNow we’re going to cover each one of the four main methods of checking for missing data in the Ruby language. We’ll start with the most general and universally available one, and progress towards the more specific.\n\n\nLet’s start out with “Nil” since it’s the most common and easy-to-understand way of representing nothingness in Ruby. In terms of what it means, Nil is exactly the same thing as null in other languages. So, what is null?\n\nNull, as it exists in many languages, is a sort of value that represents “nothing”. The way it’s defined can and does vary a lot between languages, but the gist of it is the same. Null represents the absence of something. It can be returned from functions, and also passed as an argument. But there’s something problematic about that construct.\n\nMost of the time, when some consumer code receives null/nil, things go sour. Even though this special value can be gladly passed around as if it was a valid value, it isn’t. It doesn’t answer to the same contract as the valid object it’s impersonating. Let’s see a quick example. Suppose we have a “Calculator” class, which exposes methods to perform a number of different calculations. I’ll omit the code for this class, for brevity’s sake. Then, consider the following code:\n\ndef printFactorial(calculator, number)\nputs calculator.factorial number\n\nIf you then call this method, passing an instance of the Calculator class along with a number, it should correctly calculate its factorial. So, consider the following line:\n\nprintFactorial(Calculator.new, 5)\n\nYou’ve certainly figured out that the line above would print 120. But what about the following line:\n\nprintFactorial(nil, 5)\n\nWere Ruby a compiled language, the compiler wouldn’t bat an eye about the line above. But in execution time, an exception would be thrown, with the following message:\n\nundefined method `factorial’ for nil:NilClass\n\nRuby being a dynamically typed language means that, in our example, we can pass all sorts of things that aren’t a calculator to the printFactorial method. There’s nothing preventing us from passing a string, a number, a date or any other object to the method. As long as it doesn’t have the “printFactorial” method, we would get the same type of error. And that would be most likely a bug, resulting from a mistake by the developer.\n\nHow do we handle the possibility of a received parameter being null? Glad you’ve asked. To deal with that we should use the “nil?” method. Take a look at the updated example:\n\ndef printFactorial(calculator, number)\nif calculator.nil?\n\"Invalid calculator\"\n\nThe “nil?” method only returns true for the nil object. Everything else returns false, which makes this method the perfect way to test for nil, that stays true to the object-oriented values of the Ruby language. Sure, nothing prevents you from performing a simple comparison to nil:\n\ndef printFactorial(calculator, number)\nif calculator == nil\n\"Invalid calculator\"\n\nFinally, you could use the ternary-if operator in order to simplify the code even further:\n\ndef printFactorial(calculator, number)\ncalculator == nil ? \"Invalid calculator\" : calculator.factorial(number)\n\nWe could go even further and apply the safe-navigation operator to simplify—or not, depending on your personal tastes—the code even more. Let’s see how it goes:\n\ndef printFactorial(calculator, number)\ncalculator&.factorial(number) || \"Invalid calculator\"\n\nHowever, in terms of how it’s implemented, nil is fundamentally different than in other languages. In Ruby, nil is—you’ve guessed it—an object. It’s the single instance of the NilClass class. Since nil in Ruby is just an object like virtually anything else, this means that handling it is not a special case. You’re just calling methods on an object (or passing messages to it, for you Smalltalkers out there) and that’s it.\n\n\nIn the previous section, we’ve covered the “nil” construct in Ruby. You can think of nil as the most general way of representing absence in Ruby. Anything can potentially be nil, and every object can answer to the “nil?” method. Now let’s cover a much more specific way of representing a lack of data, and that is emptiness.\n\nEverything can be nil, but only collections can be empty. The “empty?” method can be used with objects such as Array, Set, Hash, and will return true when the collection doesn’t have any elements. Let’s see some examples:\n\n=> true\n\n[\"ruby\", \"python\", \"java\"].empty?\n=> false\n\n=> true\n\nHowever, the empty method is not available for Enumerable. Which makes sense if you consider that not every object that enumerates knows whether it has any values to enumerate. So, the following line, which tries to use the method on an instance of Range doesn’t work:\n\n\nIn order for it to work, we could first convert the range to an array and only then use the “empty?” method:\n\n\nAnd in this case, the answer will obviously be false.\n\nThe “empty?” method can also be used for strings, which makes perfect sense since strings can be thought of as a collection of characters. The method will not work for numbers or dates, though.\n\n\nLet’s now cover the “blank?” method. There’s one important difference between this method—and the next one as well—and those that came before. The first two methods are native to the Ruby language. The “blank?” method, on the other hand, was introduced by the Ruby on Rails framework. With that out of the way, let’s see what this method is all about.\n\nThis method is interesting because it checks for several properties of a given object at once. This is a very common use case. Suppose you have a method that is supposed to take an array as a parameter. You’ll often want to check not only that it isn’t nil, but also that it’s not empty. And since a string can be considered a collection of characters, the same reasoning applies here. A similar argument could be made for a boolean value. You might want to check that it isn’t nil and it isn’t false. Yes, you could write several checks, but that might get really old, pretty fast. Enters “blank?”.\n\nThe Rails framework offers this method as a quicker way of performing several checks related to the validity of an object. The method will return true for a given object if it’s nil, false, empty or a whitespace string. Check out the following examples:\n\n=> true\n\n\" \".blank?\n=> true\n\n=> true\n\n[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].blank?\n=> false\n\n\nFinally, we get to the “present?” method. This one, like the previous method, isn’t native to the Ruby language itself, but provided by the Rails framework. This method is, by far, the easiest of all to understand. Here it goes: “present?” is just the negation of “blank?”. That’s it. So, let’s revisit the example from the previous section, but this time using “present?”, instead of “blank?”:\n\n=> false\n\n\" \".present?\n=> false\n\n=> false\n\n[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].present?\n=> true\n\nSome people might wonder whether it’s really necessary to have a method that is just a negation of another one. Well, personally, I always find conditions written in the positive to be way easier to understand than the ones written in the negative. So, at least to me, asking if something is present is clearer than asking if it’s absent. Your mileage may vary, of course, which isn’t a problem, since you have both options at your disposal.\n\nNothing is something worth worrying about\n\nNothing is definitely something. At least, when it comes to programming. The amount of effort that is put into figuring out clever ways to deal with absent or missing data in programming might seem weird, especially to beginners. But as you’ve just seen, there are valid use cases for that. The Ruby programming language offers not only one, but many ways to handle “nothing.” In fact, things can even get confusing with so many similar methods. This post was our attempt to clear up the confusion.\n\nWe started out by explaining the needs to express missing or unknown data, not only in Ruby but in programming in general—and even in other areas. Then we proceeded to cover some characteristics of Ruby that stem from its object-oriented philosophies. With those principles laid out, we finally explained in detail the four main methods of checking for the absence or presence of data in Ruby.\n\nWhile we hope the knowledge presented in this post will be useful to you, it’s likely not enough. If you want to write amazing applications—in Ruby or other languages— you’ll have to employ a number of tools and techniques. From unit testing to a solid logging approach, from sound exception handling to monitoring tools like Retrace. You can learn about all of that here, on the Stackify blog.\n\nThanks for reading, until next time.\n\nAbout Carlos Schults\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.871234655380249}
+{"content": "What Is SingularityNET?\n\n\n\nIn this SingularityNET guide, we’ll cover:\n\nHow Does SingularityNET Work?\n\nSingularityNET is a complex project – there’s no doubt about it. Although starting the platform as an AI-as-a-Service marketplace, the team plans to evolve it into a completely self-organizing AI network. The end goal is for the AI Agents in this autonomous network to eventually use AI to outsource work to each other and evolve together to further develop the network – very meta. Let’s start with the basics first, though.\n\nAI Services Marketplace\n\nKeeping things simple, SingularityNET is launching as a marketplace for AI services. Specifically, the team chose to focus on three distinct areas of AI for the first two years of development:\n\n  1. Cloud robotics\n  2. Biomedical research\n  3. Cybersecurity\n\n\n\nSingularityNET Architecture\n\n\n\nAgent rankings are multi-faceted, though, expanding beyond simple exchange reputation. Other factors that determine the overall ranking of an Agent include:\n\n  • AGI Token Staking. Agents lose a portion of what they stake if their ratings in some aspects fall below a certain level.\n\nSelf-Organizing AI Internetworking\n\n\nSophia uses a combination of AI Agents that range from natural language processing to physical motor controls to operate it (her?). You tell Sophia to summarize a video that’s embedded in a webpage. To do this, Sophia sends a request to Agent A. Through its AI, Agent A knows that Agent B specializes in analyzing and transcribing video while Agent C specializes in summarizing text.\n\n\n\nAGI Token\n\n\nAgents primarily use AGI to make payments for AI services. However, the tokens also give Agents voting power for certain decisions that affect the platform.\n\n\n  • 500,000,000: Token sale participants\n  • 200,000,000: Reward pool\n  • 180,000,000: Founders\n  • 80,000,000: SingularityNET Foundation\n  • 40,000,000: Campaign supporters (i.e. bounties)\n\nThe team releases the reward pool tokens over ten years to the Agents participating in the network post-launch. After that time period, they’ll vote on whether to create a new reward pool or choose some other type of mechanism.\n\nSingularityNET Team & Progress\n\n\n\nSingularityNET team\n\nIn early 2018, the team released the alpha version of the platform. They haven’t announced an exact date for the beta release, but according to their roadmap, it should be sometime soon. Other features and services currently in the pipeline include (but aren’t limited to):\n\n  • SingularityNET Registry – A registry of organizations, AI services, and type repositories in the ecosystem\n  • Service Daemon – An API suite for AI developers\n  • Biomedical Data Analysis – A host of tools for genomic, proteomic, and clinical analysis\n  • GHOST-Powered Chatbots – Agents capable of verbal and non-verbal interactions\n\nIn January 2018, SingularityNET partnered with Nexus to help them achieve their goal of building a three-dimensional blockchain.\n\n\n\nIn fact, the two projects decided to join forces in June 2018. With this partnership, SingularityNET and DeepBrain Chain combines the data and processing power of their networks to create one mega-network.\n\n\nSingularityNET is young and the AGI token has only been trading since the middle of January 2018. Shortly after hitting exchanges, the token price sharply rose from about $0.54 (~0.000047 BTC) to an all-time high of $1.85 (~0.000147 BTC). Since then, the price has fallen victim to the bear market, dropping throughout most of 2018.\n\nAGI seems to have found a floor at about $0.035 (~0.000009 BTC) – down 98 percent from its all-time high.\n\nThe AGI price is likely to increase with the public beta launch and/or news of partnerships with reputable AI companies. As with many altcoins, though, AGI is at the mercy of the overall health of the market and Bitcoin price swings.\n\nWhere to Buy AGI\n\nAGI is traded with the most volume as a trading pair with Ethereum and Bitcoin on Binance and KuCoin.\n\n\nWhere to Store AGI\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor’s Note: This article was updated by Steven Buchko on 11.28.2018 to reflect the recent changes of the project.\n\nAdditional SingularityNET Resources\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe post What Is SingularityNET (AGI)? | A Guide to the Artificial Intelligence Marketplace appeared first on CoinCentral.\n\n\n\nSend Tip now!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9755420684814453}
+{"content": "a photo of\n\nReviewing Crispino Dourado Photography\n\nThe memories that Crispino Dourado Photography, Goa has captured of places and faces, have over the years rekindled their lifelong passion which is photography. Crispino carries their camera with curiosity while their zeal to pursue new experiences motivates them to steadily develop their vision. They accept every project as an opportunity to learn something new and push their limits. With a quest to explore different genres of photography, they focus on constant progress and thus keep themselves updated about new technologies and techniques, which give them the ability to provide quality deliveries to their clients. They are in the business to provide facilities for Theme Wedding, Engagement, Couple Portraits, Concept Wedding, Christian Wedding, Catholic Wedding, Candid Wedding, Bridal Portraits, Bengali Wedding, Wedding, Indian Wedding, Jain Wedding, Pre-wedding Shoots, and Reception.\n\nYour review will help other users make the best choice!\n\nYour overall rating of the vendor*\nTitle of your review", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9917749762535095}
+{"content": "Search found 1 match\n\nby BigGreenBudz\n26 Jan 2014, 18:22\nForum: Pulovers Macro Creator\nTopic: Pulover's Macro Creator v5.0.5 - The Complete Automation Tool\nReplies: 1006\nViews: 616078\n\nRe: Macro Creator v4.1.1 - Automation Tool (Recorder & Write\n\nI love how this program made AHK so much easier to use. My question though is: is there a way to create a hotkey to break for multiple macros ive got loaded up at once? Or is there a default button to use to stop the macros? Ive gotten stuck in endless loops quite a few times while screwing around. ...\n\nGo to advanced search", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.899565577507019}
+{"content": "Main content\n\nToday Puzzle #600\n\nPuzzle No. 600– Wednesday 30 October\n\nOver the weekend our Science correspondent Jonathan Amos reported that the Bloodhound supersonic car has completed its first drive across the Hakskeen dry lake in South Africa. The desert floor has been painted to mark out a 10 mile long track and Andy Green intends to drive the car at 800mph in 2020. If he spends ¼ of the time accelerating at a constant rate, ½ the time travelling at top speed, and ¼ of the time decelerating at a constant rate, how long will the journey take?\n\nToday’s #PuzzleForToday has been set by Dr Shaun Fitzgerald, Director of The Royal Institution\n\nClick here for the answer\n\nConsider the total journey time to be T in hours. The final speed 800 mph is achieved at time T/4. Therefore 800 = a x T/4 where a is the rate of acceleration.\n\nThe total journey of 10 miles can be written as 10 = 800 x T/2 + 2 x (½) x a x (T/4)2\n\nSubstituting 800 = a x T/4 into the second expression we find that 10 = 400 x T + 200 x T = 600 x T\n\nT = 10/600 hr = 1/60 hr = 1 min\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999901056289673}
+{"content": "Bush in Africa: By Doing Less He Can Achieve More\n\n\nIf history is anything to go by, Air Force One will be only one of many sources of hot air during President Bush’s trip to Africa. As has become fashionable, there will be much talk about the new Africa, economic progress and democratic governance. The president will talk with African leaders about the benefits of freedom and urge them to be a little less cruel toward their own people. There will be promises made and when the president leaves, everyone will return to their merry ways.\n\nOn the occasion of his trip, the president should reflect on decades of failure in Africa and draw appropriate lessons. With the exception of Botswana and South Africa, most African countries today have a dubious distinction of being poorer than they were 30 or even 40 years ago. For example, in 1967 the inflation adjusted per capita income in Ghana was $800. By 1997 that figure fell to $370.\n\nAfrican failures do not reflect a lack of initiative. In fact, Africa may hold a record for having the highest number of regional organizations and agreements that have been launched with great pomp and circumstance and that have failed to achieve anything even remotely tangible. Who, after all, has ever heard anything encouraging about CSSDCA, CEPGL, ECCAS, CEMAC, EAC, IGAD, IOC, AMU, SACU, SADC, ECOWAS, UEMOA and MRU?\n\nMulti‐​lateral agreements are only as effective as their constituent units, the African states. Thus, no matter how detailed various initiatives may be, they are bound to fail as long as they are reliant on the good will of African dictators. Unfortunately, improvement of governance in African countries is hindered by a number of well‐​intended Western policies. If President Bush really wants to help the people of Africa, he should do the following.\n\n\nTwo, the United States should withdraw from the World Bank. The World Bank’s “aid” to Africa has had disastrous consequences for the continent. Far from being used for infrastructure and health care, the World Bank’s money enriched Africa’s dictators and provided them with the means to oppress their people. The money that was not embezzled was misspent. According to the Meltzer Commission, the failure rate of the Bank’s African programs in 2000 was 73 percent.\n\nThree, the United States should make the sovereign credit system more efficient by expressing its support for the concept of “odious debt.” Cancellation of debt acquired by corrupt dictatorships will both decrease the overall level of African debt and rationalize future lending. More circumspection on the part of the creditors in the future will help keep funds from African dictators.\n\nFour, the United States should emphasize the benefits of free trade. According to the Cato Institute’s recently released 2003 Economic Freedom of the World report, Africa possesses some of the world’s most economically unfree nations. Not surprisingly, the per capita GDP of sub‐​Saharan Africa is only $564. On the other hand, Botswana, which has for a long time had a significantly higher level of economic freedom than other nations in Africa, today enjoys a per capita GDP of US$3,950.\n\nFive, the United States should live up to its words and embrace free trade by enabling African farmers to enjoy unrestricted access to American markets. The United States should end its farm subsidies and leave the European Union as the only major agricultural protectionist in the world. Considering that even the long‐​term opponents of free markets in Europe, such as the British Oxfam, now favor “trade” as an effective way for Africa to escape poverty, it should be possible to shame the EU into ending the disastrous Common Agricultural Policy.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5171130299568176}
+{"content": "Art Needs To Fill One With Wonder\n\nYesterday I had the opportunity to visit the Leigh Yawkey Woodsen Art Museum in Wausau, WI.  Their annual exhibition of Birds In Art was on display. My interest, like all other times when I go to see an exhibition, is to see how other artists create, speak and think.  Especially for such a representational subject matter as a bird.\n\nAs I walked around, I noticed that artists whose voices are other than representational were not heard from in this exhibition. Rather, the exhibition was filled with traditional use of mediums with no experimentation there.  Well, with the exception, perhaps, of three built up paper pieces by artists Chris Maynard, Kelly Miller and Calvin Nicholls. The rest of the exhibition was filled with traditional compositions, birds in fields, birds in the air, birds on a branch and birds where birds normally are.  Nothing there represented a bird in an unusual composition or context.\n\nI began to listen to visitors who were there at the same time. There was only one group closely examining the artist’s work and talking about the art as exploration and discovery and uniqueness.  It was the unique works of art that gathered this group around to examine a piece. The other visitors were reading the labels. Yes, reading the labels. Were they reading about the artist background and medium?  No, they were reading about the bird and what type of bird it was. Then, they began to talk about this particular bird. They didn’t talk about the artist’s technique, style or uniqueness. It was like they were looking at Wikipedia and learning about the bird that the artist illustrated.  Yes, I do mean illustrated. For the most part the entire exhibition could be put into a book not by National Geographic which would fill us with wonder and dreams but by Scientific Illustrated which we could flip through quickly to learn about the wing span, type of feathers, bend in the beak and habitat. \n\nThere is a difference between the two books.  It is the difference of wonder versus telling one how to think.  Both educate, both don’t fill one with wonder. Art needs to fill one with wonder. \n\nMy favorite piece in the exhibition exhibited some freedom and personal choice by the artist. Harking back to where you are as an artist in the work.  It was by Robin Berry titled Common Firecrest.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.974158763885498}
+{"content": "Learn English for free & offline with FunEasyLearn\n\nThe fastest way to learn English\n\nPlay button\nMobile phoneLearners who use FunEasyLearn appLearners who use FunEasyLearn app\nEarth globe\n\nWhy learn English with FunEasyLearn?\n\nGirl with a free gift\nFun, easy, free\n\nMaster the biggest English course by playing reading, listening, writing and speaking games. Progress fast through several difficulty levels and develop excellent communication skills. Subscribe for free with flowers🌸 and enjoy every minute of the learning process.\n\nBoy learning offline near a rug\nOffline learning\n\nChoose when and where to learn English and have a complete control over your learning process. Use the most efficient language learning app everywhere you go, with no internet connection. Practice on a daily basis and fit easily the English lessons into your busy schedule.\n\nAlphabet and beakers\nScientific approach\n\nOur effective topic-to-topic method is based on a manual categorization and strategic selection of each vocabulary unit. It will make anyone a proficient reader, listener, writer and speaker of the English language.\n\nDiscover the world’s biggest English course\n\nEnglish alphabet\nEnglish alphabet\n\nLearn letters and sounds in the alphabetical order with 2,000 easy words. Practice vowels and consonants, uppercase and lowercase letters with different games.\n\nEnglish reading rules\nEnglish reading rules\n\nImprove your pronunciation from the very beginning. Learn how to read easily any English word and, by practicing all the reading rules and their exceptions.\n\n6,000 English words\n6,000 English words\n\nMemorize the English words that are relevant to you and your needs. Learn easily the pronunciation, spelling and translation of each word with the help of smart games.\n\n5,000 English phrases\n5,000 English phrases\n\nCommunicate efficiently by learning useful English phrases and expressions, used in daily conversations, travelling situations, business communication, etc.\n\nVisual, auditory & verbal learning\n\nHand draws with a brush\nHand-drawn illustrations\n\nMake learning entertaining for both kids and adults with beautiful hand-drawn illustrations.\n\nWoman listening\nHuman pronunciations\n\nListen to a crystal-clear English pronunciation recorded by professional voice actors.\n\nSpeech recognition technology\nSpeech recognition technology\n\nRecord your pronunciation, analyze the feedback and work on the aspects that have to be improved.\n\nLearn American English with FunEasyLearn\n\nLearn more\n\nLearn English faster with games\n\nBee learning alphabet through games\nPlay games\n\nEnjoy learning English by playing games. Improve your English reading, listening, writing, speaking skills, as well as your pronunciation. Practice with the help of efficient and proven games, designed by acting teachers. Make English learning fast and fun.\n\nBee with progress bar\nComplete levels\n\nStart learning English as a beginner and finish as an expert. The more you play, the more learning goals you can accomplish. Advance quickly through several difficulty levels. Monitor your progress and review everything you learn before you forget it.\n\nTrophy for learning a course\nEarn rewards\n\nTake the boring out the lessons. Play games and earn rewards. Collect flowers and bees and subscribe for free. Take exams and win your place on the leaderboard. Change your status and complete your FunEasyLearn user profile with amazing results.\n\nMaster any difficulty level of English\n\nEnglish for Beginners\n\nStart learning the basic and elementary English words, phrases and expressions used in daily conversations. Focus on vocabulary memorization, by listening to audio-recordings and pronunciation practice. Be able to introduce yourself, greet someone, make orders in a restaurant or say where you live and what your interests are.\n\nEnglish for Intermediate Learners\n\nBecome an independent user of the English language. Develop great communication skills and put them into practice with native English-speakers. Pronounce each word or expression clearly and provide simple and coherent answers about your experiences, wishes, aspirations or plans.\n\nEnglish for Advanced Learners\n\nSelect the appropriate vocabulary, tone and style when speaking or writing. Build complex sentences from the vocabulary you already know. Speak easily and naturally on less familiar topics. Become proficient with FunEasyLearn!\n\nEnglish for Travelling\n\nEnjoy your journeys with a handy phrasebook which contains a wide range of travel-related topics, expertly designed to ease your travelling experiences everywhere you go. Be able to speak: make reservations, rent cars, get and give directions, make friends, and make yourself understood when travelling without a guide.\n\nEnglish for Business\n\nMake learning easy and time-saving for your business. Get access to specialized courses for taxi drivers, hotel and restaurant staffs, flight attendants, shop sellers, etc. designed by our language experts. Develop elementary and basic English speaking skills in no time. Make the communication efficient by improving your pronunciation and enhancing your vocabulary.\n\nEnglish for Kids\n\nBoost the vocabulary, pronunciation and linguistic skills of your child. With FunEasyLearn, kids will get access to a varied vocabulary, colorful illustrations and easy games adjusted to their age, level, and learning ability. They will learn and revise repeatedly the practical vocabulary chosen according to their age interests - numbers, colors, body parts, clothes, animals, etc.\n\nLearn what you’re interested in\n\nBee with the letter Z\n\nEnglish Alphabet\n\nEnglish Words\n\nBee speaking from a tribune\n\nHow to Speak English\n\nBee with a globe\n\nEnglish Phrases\n\nBee writing in a language\n\nEnglish Grammar\n\nWhy learn English?\n\nEnglish is the most commonly spoken language in the world. One out of five individuals or 1,5 billion people worldwide already speak the English language and another billion is in the process of learning it. English is the language of business, it leads people to new career opportunities, increases their earnings, and simplifies the process of studying abroad. Knowing English, you can start working from anywhere in the world and become an attractive candidate for any job. You can hold a conversation with both native and non- native speakers. You can pitch or market great products and ideas to the English-speaking companies, and even interact easily with other people at international conferences and events. It’s a well-known fact that 60 out of 196 countries have English as an official language, so knowing how to speak it changes your travelling experience forever. Feel more confident when interacting with the local people, booking accommodations, expressing your ideas coherently when talking about your interests, skills and making friends all over the world. English gives you access to a limitless entertainment. Watch some of the world’s greatest movies without dubbing. Repeat after your favorite characters and even speak in movie quotes. Watch international television or news which is broadcasted faster and more professionally in English. Explore the 55% of the world’s webpages and get high-quality education supported remotely, by using modern technologies and innovations. Learn English and get access to plenty of useful knowledge. Read in original some of the greatest English literary works and rediscover them in new ways. Find the necessary literature on any subjects. Understand the articles written in the best universities of the world. Unlike other languages, English can be practiced anywhere in the world. The English language is a gateway for making anything global, since it is the language of the internet, science, aviation, computers, diplomacy and tourism.\n\nFun facts about the English language\n\nThe English of the Future\n\nThe mainstream online acronyms are often added to top English Dictionaries.\nLOL “Laugh Out Loud”\nOMG “Oh My God”\n\nOld English Goodbye\n\nis derived from Early Modern English and originally meant\n“God Be with You”\n\nA Headache for the Poets\n\nNone of these words rhyme.\n\nThe “Englisher” English\n\nWilliam Barnes, a poet and a minister, wanted to remove the words with Greek and Latin roots and replace them with pure\nEnglish words.\nphotograph sunprint\ndemocracy folkdom\ndictionary word-book\nanniversary year-day\nnegative naysome\n\n\nTypes of British accents\n\nYorkshire accent\n\nWidely spoken in the Yorkshire county;\n\n\nInfluenced by the Vikings;\n\n\n“How are you?” becomes “How do?”;\n\n\nRepresented in such literary works as “Wuthering Heights” and “The Secret Garden”.\n\nCockney accent\n\nSpoken in London East End;\n\n\nConsidered as the accent of the all working-class Londoners in the 19th century;\n\n\nMade famous by G. B. Shaw in “Pygmalion”;\n\n\nOften Slangy: “to rabbit” means “to talk”;\n“nuclear sub” means “pub”.\n\nMancunian accent\n\nMost commonly spoken in the city of Manchester;\n\n\nConsidered extremely similar to the Leeds accent;\n\n\nLess “heavy” than the neighboring Lancashire and Cheshire accents;\n\n\nStrong example of the accent can be heard spoken by Noel Gallagher from the rock band Oasis.\n\nScouse accent\n\nSpoken in Liverpool & known as Merseyside English;\n\n\nThe most recognizable English accent;\n\n\nRecognized as the accent of The Beatles;\n\nGeordie accent\n\nCommonly Spoken in Newcastle;\n\n\nHad a working-class background;\n\n\nKnown as the most attractive accent in England;\n\n\nWell-known as the accent of the AC⚡DC frontman Brian Johnson.\n\nBulb with brains\n\nTips on how to use the FunEasyLearn app more efficiently\n\nBulb with brains\n\nLearn the most common English words, phrases and expressions strategically selected and categorized by a team of certified linguists;\n\n\nChoose the contents you need to learn, mark them as favorites and hide the ones you already know;\n\n\nReview the vocabulary according to different criteria- the time of learning, the topic it belongs to and the memorization stage. This way you will never forget a thing you’ve learned;\n\n\nLearn all the necessary information about each word- part of speech, gender, number, synonyms, etc. Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of each word and phrase in particular and associate it with an illustration that is hard to forget;\n\n\nDevelop a practical vocabulary with FunEasyLearn and use it in real-life situations.\n\nPeople like you love FunEasyLearn\n\nwords, phrases & expressions\nhand-drawn illustrations\ntopics & subtopics\nnative languages\n\nJoin millions of people who learn English with FunEasyLearn\n\nBee eating\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6793214082717896}
+{"content": "\n\nMed Sci Sports Exerc., 1987; 19(4): 339-46, PMID: 3657482\n\n\nYear: 1987\n\nBobbert MF, Huijing PA, van Ingen Schenau GJ\n\n\nIn the literature, athletes preparing for explosive activities are recommended to include drop jumping in their training programs. For the execution of drop jumps, different techniques and different dropping heights can be used. This study was designed to investigate for the performance of bounce drop jumps the influence of dropping height on the biomechanics of the jumps. Six subjects executed bounce drop jumps from heights of 20 cm (designated here as DJ20), 40 cm (designated here as DJ40), and 60 cm (designated here as DJ60). During jumping, they were filmed, and ground reaction forces were recorded. The results of a biomechanical analysis show no difference between DJ20 and DJ40 in mechanical output about the joints during the push-off phase. Peak values of moment and power output about the ankles during the push-off phase were found to be smaller in DJ60 than in DJ40 (DJ20 = DJ60). The amplitude of joint reaction forces increased with dropping height. During DJ60, the net joint reaction forces showed a sharp peak on the instant that the heels came down on the ground. Based on the results, researchers are advised to limit dropping height to 20 or 40 cm when investigating training effects of the execution of bounce drop jumps.\n\nGID: 1648; Last update: 28.11.2008", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9074392318725586}
+{"content": "Artwalk Weekend: Nov 11th and 12th 2016. Crazy deals on paint, markers, black books, canvases, prints, freight cars, signs, limited edition tees, books, etc. Featuring the works of: Atomik Bozo, Brisk One, Cale, Farm, Gamma, Gets, Ich, King 157,Komik, Kuhr, Miro, Night Rails, Rock One, Slip 3, Sug, Smog One, Tracy 168, Unek, Zane, Zink.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9996416568756104}
+{"content": "What Is a MeMap and How Can It Help Me With My Career Path?\n\nA MeMap is a full-circle career path tool that shows you on one page where you’ve been and where you are now.\n\nBased on close to two decades of research and experience in the work happiness space, Jody helps you understand where you could or should be going so that you can reach full happiness potential in your career and in your life.\n\nIf you would like to know what your Dream Job should be, download your MeMap now and Jody will send you a full analysis.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9826257824897766}
+{"content": "You are on page 1of 47\n\nWorking Capital Management\n\nChapter 10\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\n\nFirms hold cash balances in checking\n\naccounts. Why?\n1. Transaction motive: Firms maintain cash\nbalances to conduct normal business\ntransactions. For example,\n\nPayroll must be met\n\nSupplies and inventory purchases must be paid\nTrade discounts should be taken if financially\nOther day-to-day expenses of being in business\nmust be met\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\n2. Precautionary motive: Firms maintain\ncash balances to meet precautionary\nliquidity needs.\n\nTwo major categories of liquidity needs:\n\n1. To bridge the gaps between cash inflow and cash\n\nRecall Chapter 8: to predict these gaps, construct a\n\ndetailed cash budget\n\n2. To meet unexpected emergencies\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\n3. Speculative motive: Firms maintain\ncash balances in order to speculate\nthat is, to take advantage of\nunanticipated business opportunities that\nmay come along from time to time.\n\nThe nature of these opportunities may vary.\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\n4. Firms using bank debt are required to\nmaintain a compensating balance with the\nbank from which they have borrowed the\n\nCompensating balance: when a bank makes a loan\n\nto a firm, the bank requires this minimum balance in\na non-interest-earning checking account equal to a\nspecified percentage of the amount borrowed\n\nCommon arrangement is a compensating balance equal to\n\n5-10% of amount of loan\nBankers maintain that existence of compensating balance\nprevents firms from overextending cash flow position\nbecause it forces them to maintain a reasonable minimum\ncash balance.\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nCompensating balance raises effective interest rate\non loan.\nNumerical example:\nBank charges 14% interest on $250,000 loan but requires\n$25,000 compensating balance.\nLoan amount available to borrowers is $225,000 ($250,000 $25,000), but interest is charged on $250,000.\nMonthly interest payment rate: 1.167% (14%/12 months)\nMonthly interest cost: $2,917.50 (0.01167 x $250,000)\nEffective monthly interest rate: 1.297% ($2,917.50/$225,000)\nAnnual percentage rate: 15.56% (1.297 x 12 months)\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nMarketable securities: short-term, high-quality\ndebt instruments that can be easily converted\ninto cash.\nIn order of priority, three primary criteria for\nselecting appropriate marketable securities to\nmeet firms anticipated short-term cash needs\n(particularly those arising from precautionary\nand speculative motives):\n1. Safety\n2. Liquidity\n3. Yield\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\n1. Safety\n\nImplies that there is negligible risk of default\n\nof securities purchases\nImplies that marketable securities will not be\nsubject to excessive market fluctuations due\nto fluctuations in interest rates\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\n2. Liquidity\n\nRequires that marketable securities can be sold\n\nquickly and easily with no loss in principal value due\nto inability to readily locate purchaser for securities\n\n3. Yield\n\nRequires that the highest possible yield be earned\n\nand is consistent with safety and liquidity criteria\nLeast important of three in structuring marketable\nsecurities portfolio\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nSafety, liquidity, and yield criteria severely restricts range\nof securities acceptable as marketable securities.\nMost major corporations meet marketable securities\nneeds with U.S. Treasury bills or with corporate\ncommercial paper carrying highest credit rating.\nThese securities are short-term, highly liquid, and have\nreasonably high yields.\nTreasury bills are default-risk free.\nHigh-quality commercial paper carries miniscule default risk.\n\nFirms that have sought to achieve higher potential yields\n\nvia money market funds invested in asset-backed\nsecurities have learned that those higher potential yields\ncarried higher risk.\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nImproving Cash Flow\nActions firm may take to improve cash\nflow pattern:\n1. Attempt to synchronize cash inflows and\ncash outflows\nCommon among large corporations\nE.g. Firm bills customers on regular schedule\nthroughout month and also pays its own bills\naccording to a regular monthly schedule. This\nenables firm to match cash receipts with cash\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nImproving Cash Flow\n2. Expedite check-clearing process,\nslow disbursements of cash, and\nmaximize use of float in corporate\nchecking accounts\n\nThree developments in financial services\n\nindustry have changed nature of cash\nmanagement process for corporate\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nImproving Cash Flow\n1. Impact of electronic funds transfer systems\n(EFTS) and online banking\n\nIncludes so-called remote capture technology for\n\nquickly depositing checks without visiting a bank\nRadically reduced amount of time necessary to turn\ncustomers check into available cash balance on\ncorporate books\nSharply reduced amount of float available, as\ncorporations own checks clear more rapidly\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nImproving Cash Flow\n2. Expanded use of money market mutual\nfunds (as substitute for conventional checking\n\nFunds sell shares at constant price of $1.00 per share\n\nProceeds of sales are invested in short-term money market\nInterest earned is credited daily\nFluctuations in market values are credited/debited daily\nSince large funds hold broadly diversified portfolio of shortterm securities, market-value fluctuations of overall portfolio\nare normally small relative to interest earned\nChecks written against money market funds continue to earn\ninterest until check clears fund. Available float is continually\nearning interest for account.\n\nManagement of Cash and\n\nMarketable Securities\nImproving Cash Flow\n3. Growth in cash management services\noffered by commercial banks\n\nThese systems efficiently handle firms cash\n\nmanagement needs at very competitive\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nAccounts receivable management requires\n\nbalance between cost of extending credit\nand benefit received from extending credit.\nNo universal optimization model to determine\ncredit policy for all firms since each firm has\nunique operating characteristics that affect its\ncredit policy.\nHowever, there are numerous general\ntechniques for credit management.\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nIndustry conditions\nManufacturing firms and wholesalers\ngenerally extend credit terms\nRetailers commonly extend consumer credit,\neither through store-sponsored charge plan or\nacceptance of external credits cards\nSmall retailers cannot afford cost of\nmaintaining credit department and thus do not\noffer store-sponsored charge plans\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nFive Cs of credit analysis used to decide\n\nwhether or not to extend credit to particular customer:\n\n1. Character: moral integrity of credit applicant and whether\n\nborrower is likely to give his/her best efforts to honoring credit\n2. Capacity: whether borrowing form has financial capacity to\nmeet required account payments\n3. Capital: general financial condition of firm as judged by\nanalysis of financial statements\n4. Collateral: existence of assets (i.e. inventory, accounts\nreceivable) that may be pledged by borrowing firm as security\nfor credit extended\n5. Conditions: operating and financial condition of firm\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nCommercial credit services\nNational credit services (e.g. Dun and\nBradstreet) provide credit reports on potential\nnew accounts that summarize firms financial\ncondition, past history, and other key business\nLocal credit associations\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nThree types of cost:\n\n\nFinancing accounts receivable\n\nOffering discounts\nBad-debt losses\nMust analyze relationship of these costs to\nMarginal cost of credit must be compared to\nexpected marginal profit resulting from credit\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nCredit Policy A (see Exhibit 10.1)\nCredit terms: 2/10, net 60\nAverage collection period: 50 days\nExpected sales: $75,000,000\nIncome after tax: $8,700,000\nReturn on sales: 11.6%\nReturn on investment: 17.3%\nReturn on equity: 34.4%\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nExample (continued)\nCredit Policy B (see Exhibit 10.2) preferable to\nPolicy A\nTighter collection policy and shorter payment terms:\n2/10, net 30\nLower expected sales: $70,000,000\nHigher quality of accounts receivable and reduced\nbad-debt losses\nReduced interest expense since lower level of\nfinancing for accounts receivable\nReduced operating expenses: 15.7% 15.2%\nIncreased return on sales: 11.9%\nIncreased return on investment: 19.0%\nIncreased return on equity: 37.3%\n\nAccounts Receivable Management\n\nSupervising collection of accounts\nRequires close monitoring of average\ncollection period and aging schedule\nAging schedule groups accounts by age and\nthen identified quantity of past due accounts\nCredit manager must develop some skills of\ndiplomacy: balance need to collect account\nwith need to maintain customer goodwill\n(unless all efforts fail and account cannot pay)\n\nInventory Management\nCost of maintaining inventory:\n1. Carrying costs: all costs associated with carrying\n\nStorage, handling, loss in value due to obsolescence and\n\nphysical deterioration, taxes, insurance, financing\n\n2. Ordering costs:\n\nCost of placing orders for new inventory (fixed cost: same\n\ndollar amount regardless of quantity ordered)\nCost of shipping and receiving new inventory (variable\ncost: increase with increases in quantity ordered)\n\nInventory Management\nTotal inventory maintenance costs (carrying\ncosts plus ordering costs) vary inversely.\nCarrying costs increase with increases in average\ninventory levels and therefore argue in favor of low\nlevels of inventory in order to hold these costs down.\nOrdering costs decrease with increases in average\ninventory levels and therefore firm wants to carry high\nlevels of inventory so that it does not have to reorder\ninventory as often as it would if it carried low levels of\n\nInventory Management\nEconomic order quantity (EOQ) model:\nmathematical model designed to\ndetermine optimal level of average\ninventory that firm should maintain to\nminimize sum of carrying costs and\nordering costs (total cost inventory\nmaintenance cost)\nExplains inventory control problem\n\nInventory Management\nSee Exhibit 10.3\nEOQ model determines equation of total\ncost curve.\nMinimum point indicates optimal average\nOptimal average inventory level dictates\nhow much inventory should be ordered on\neach order to maintain average inventory\n\nInventory Management\nBasic EOQ model assumes that inventory is used up uniformly and\nthat there are no delivery lags (inventory is delivered instantaneously).\nThus, two modifications:\n\nEstablish reorder point that allows for delivery lead times.\n\n\nEx. If 2,700 units are ordered every 3 months and normal delivery time is one\nmonth after order is placed, then EOQ should be ordered when on-hand\namount drops to 900 units.\n\nAdd quantity of safety stock to base average inventory that allows for\nuncertainty of estimates used in model and possibility of non-uniform\n\nThis added quantity is dependent on degree of uncertainty of demand,\n\ncost of stockouts, level of carrying costs, and probability of shipping\n\nEx. Adequate level of safety stock is 500 units. Reorder point would be\nincreased to 1,400 units (900+500) and new order would be placed\neach time on-hand quantity reached 1,400.\n\nInventory Management\nExample: Widget Wholesalers, Inc.\n\nWidgets sold per year: 240,000\n\nCost price per widget: $2\nInventory carrying costs: 20% of average inventory level\nFixed cost of ordering: $30 per order\nSolve EOQ = (2FS/CP)\nEOQ = (2)($30)(240,000)/(0.20)($2)\nWidget should order 6,000 units per order.\nIf Widget allows ten-day supply as safety stock, then reorder point\nwould be at 6,575 units (10 days divided by 365 days times 240,000)\nAt 6,000 units per order, Widget would place forty orders per year\n\nInventory Management\nEOQ model can be applied to current\nasset management.\nEOQ can also be used to manage other\ntypes of inventories, such as cash and\naccounts receivable.\nCost of maintaining these assets can be\ndivided into ordering and carrying costs,\nand optimal assets levels can be determined.\n\nSources of Short-term\nThree major sources of short-term\n1. Trade credit (accounts payable)\n2. Commercial bank loans\n3. Commercial paper\n\nSources of Short-term\n1. Trade credit (spontaneous financing): form of free\nfinancing in the sense that no explicit interest rate is\ncharged on outstanding accounts payable\n\nAccounts payable arise spontaneously during normal course\n\nof business\nCommercial firms buy inventory and supplies in open account\nfrom their suppliers on whatever credit terms are available\nrather than cash payments.\nTwo costs associated with trade credit:\n\nCost of missed discounts\n\nCost of financing outstanding accounts receivable (firm\noffers trade credit) increases cost of doing business over what it\nwould be if firm sold on cash terms only.\n\nSources of Short-term\n2. Commercial bank loans\n\nEmployed to finance inventory and accounts\n\nUsed as source of funds to enable firm to take\ndiscounts on accounts payable when cost of missed\ndiscounts exceeds interest cost of bank debt\n\nSources of Short-term\n\n2. Commercial bank loans (continued)\n\nTwo possible structures:\n\nNote for a fixed period of time\n\nAt end of note term (maturity date), face amount of note must be repaid or\nnote must be renewed (rolled over).\nBank and borrower may enter into formal/informal agreement to renew note\nat maturity at specified rate, which is tied to prime interest rate (rate\ncharged to banks best corporate customers).\nEx. Interest rate at prime plus some percentage over prime: prime plus\nSize of premium above interest rate is determined by banks assessment of\nrisk involved in making loan\nHigher risk, higher premium\nAs prime rate changes, banks cost of obtaining funds changes, so requiring\nfirm to roll over its notes allows bank to change interest rate on note.\n\nSources of Short-term\n2. Commercial bank loans (continued)\nTwo possible structures\n2. Line of credit (revolver)\n\nBank establishes upper limit on amount firm may\n\nborrow and firm draws whatever money it needs\nagainst credit line up to maximum.\nInterest rate may be fixed or float with prime or LIBOR\nInterest is charged only on amount actually borrowed,\nnot total amount available.\n\nSources of Short-term\n\n2. Commercial bank loans (continued)\n\nUnsecured loan: full faith and credit obligation of\n\nborrowing firm\nNo specific assets are pledged as collateral for loan, but bank\nhas general claim against firms assets if firm defaults on loan\n\nSecured loan: firm pledges specific asset as\n\ncollateral for loan (i.e. accounts receivable, inventory)\nIf firm defaults on loan, asset may be seized by bank and\nliquidated to satisfy loan balance\nAny excess bank receives above amount of principal and\ninterest due on loan must be returned to borrower\n\nSources of Short-term\n3. Commercial paper (recall Chapter 9):\nshort-term corporate IOU that is sold in\nlarge dollar amounts through commercial\npaper dealers\nSold by large corporations\nUsually purchased by other corporations (as an outlet\nfor marketable securities) or by financial institutions\n(i.e. banks, money market mutual funds)\nNot available means of financing for small business\n\nSources of Short-term\nFinancing Accounts Receivable\nAccounts receivable: used as collateral\nfor short-term loans\nThree methods of accounts receivable\n1. Pledging\n2. Assigning\n3. Factoring\n\nSources of Short-term\nFinancing Accounts Receivable\n1. Pledging\n\nBank or other lender makes loan of some percentage of value of\n\nreceivables but does not take possession of them\nReceivables merely serve as collateral in the event of default\nIf loan is not paid on time, bank has right to take possession of receivables\nand collect amount necessary to satisfy loan principal and interest due\nAny excess money collected above amount owed must be returned to\nBanks commonly loan 50-80% of face amount of receivables\nAmount loaned depends mainly on credit reputation of borrower and\nquality of receivables pledged\nQuality of receivables is a function of credit rating of customer accounts\nand age of receivables\n\nSources of Short-term\nFinancing Accounts Receivable\n2. Assigning\n\nBorrowing firm signs over its right to collect account to lender\n\nLender advances money to borrower up to some predetermined\npercentage of accounts receivable and then collects directly from\ncustomer account\nPayments received in excess of amount loaned are property of\nborrower (treated as part of circulating pot of money from which\nborrower may draw funds as needed)\nLenders commonly lend 75-90% of face value of receivables\nPercentage loaned is a function of credit rating of borrower and\nquality of accounts receivable\n\nSources of Short-term\nFinancing Accounts Receivable\nPledging/Assigning (continued)\nLender has recourse to borrower if account\nfails to pay\nLender only acts as supplier of funds so if\nborrower defaults, borrower suffers bad-debt\nloss, not lender\nCost of pledging and assigning are about\n\nSources of Short-term\nFinancing Accounts Receivable\nLender buys accounts receivable outright\nfrom borrower at discount from face value\nand assumes burden of collecting\n\nBurden includes assumption of bad-debt losses\n\nIf account does not pay, lender has no recourse\non borrowing firm\n\nSources of Short-term\nFinancing Accounts Receivable\n3.Factoring (continued)\nLenders provides three services\n1. Provide financing of accounts receivable for\nborrowing firms\n2. Act as borrowing firms credit department\n3. Assumes risk of bad-debt losses\n\nTransfers risk from borrowing firms to factor\n\nMost expensive form of accounts receivable financing\n\nSources of Short-term\nInventory Financing\nCommonly arranged through:\n1. Blanket liens\n2. Trust receipts\n3. Field-warehousing arrangements\n\nSources of Short-term\nInventory Financing\n1.Blanket lien\nFirm pledges its inventory as collateral for\nshort-term loan, but lender has no physical\ncontrol over inventory\nIf borrower defaults, lender has right to seize\ninventory and sell it to pay off loan principal\nand interest; any funds realized in excess of\namount owed must be returned to borrower\n\nSources of Short-term\nInventory Financing\n2.Trust receipt\nLegal document that creates lien on specific item of\nCommonly arranged for big ticket items (i.e. inventory\nheld by automobile dealers, jewelers, or heavy equipment\nWhen item is sold, amount loaned against item must be\nremitted to lender\n\nSources of Short-term\nInventory Financing\n3. Field-warehousing arrangement\n\nInventory pledged as collateral is physically maintained on\n\npremises of borrower but is under control of lender\nPhysical movement of inventory items into or out of\nwarehouse is supervised by independent third party\nemployed by lender\nAs inventory items are moved into warehouse, loans are\nmade to borrower\nAs items are released and sold, loans are paid off\nParticularly appropriate for financing seasonal inventory", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9487490653991699}
+{"content": "Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account?  Sign up \n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n  Normal Size     Small Size show me how\n\nObject At A Distance\n\n\nAttract To exert a force that draws something in\nHow to build an electromagnet Metal rod, wire, battery\nIs gravity a force? Gravity is a force because a force is a push or a pull\nGravity Is a force that is either a push or a pull\nMagnet Can attract or repel items\nMass Is the amount of matter in an object\nNegative and Positive When two of the same type are put together they repel or push away Negative = North Positive = South\nRepel To Push back or away by a force\nWeight A measure of the amount of gravity pulling on an object and is measured in pounds\nWhat are the characteristics of electromagnetism? The strength of an electromagnet can easily be changed by changing the amount of electric current that flows through it\nHow are mass and weight different? Mass is the actual amount of material contained in a body and it always stays the same Weight is the force exerted by the gravity on that object and it can be different\nWhat determines how much gravity an object has? Mass and Distance determine how much gravity an object has.\nHow do positive and negative objects interact? When two of the same types are put together, they repel or push away. When two opposites are put together, they attract.\nHow is gravity affected by distance? Mass: As mass Increases, gravity increases The more mass an object has, the more gravity that acts on that object\nHow is gravity affected by mass? Distance: As distance increase, gravity decreases The larger the distance, the less gravitational force each object exerts on the other. This means that the closer one object is to another, the more gravity acts on that object.\nCreated by: jschwartzman", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7909137010574341}
+{"content": "Comme d’habitude (My Way) Musical Bear\n\nWhen French composers Claude François and Jacques Revaux wrote a catchy new love song entitled “Comme d’habitude” in 1967, they had no way of knowing their tune would become the basis for a world-wide hit. But that’s exactly what happened – and decades later, it remains one of the most performed songs of all time. It is also the inspiration for a new wind-up musical Teddy bear from Steiff. As an homage to the performers who made the song famous, our grey mohair bear wears a formal white collar, a dress-black bow tie, and a red satin rose. This special Teddy bear is produced exclusively for Europe and the UK, where the song still holds the record for the longest appearance in the Top 40 hits.\n\nMaterial: made of finest mohair\n\nLimited Edition of 2.000 Pieces", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9907103180885315}
+{"content": "Have you joined our career growth club?\n\n\nPicture this: It’s the first day of college and you don’t know anyone in class. The professor splits the students up into groups and gets you and your classmates to do some ice breaker exercises. You don’t share much about yourself because you’re a little nervous, yet as soon as class is over, you go to your dorm and add several of your classmates on Facebook or started following them on Twitter. Related: Top 10 People You Must Have In Your Network To Find A Job You don’t know them very well, but you figure it would benefit you down the road in your college career. You keep up with their posts, try to start conversations, and retweet their tweets - all without really knowing these people. But why is it so easy to connect online and not so much when you’re talking to someone face-to-face?\n\nApplying Social Media Skills To Face-To-Face Networking\n\nWhether it’s the relief from pressure to engage in real-life conversations, or the freedom to express your thoughts and feelings, online social networking shouldn’t be the only way you communicate with others, especially professionals. It’s been shown that the constant use of non-verbal communication could potentially disconnect people when it comes to face to face contact. “Only 7% of communication is based on the written or verbal word” the article states. “A whopping 93% is based on nonverbal body language.” So, while online networking is important, face-to-face networking is crucial, too. Not practicing your people skills can be hurtful when looking for work. Sure, you can friend a bunch of people on LinkedIn, but meeting people or even just hanging out with friends could aid you in your job search. Communications and business development consulting website, Global Thinkers published an article on the importance of word of mouth. “Interaction with customers and users is key,” states the article. “And they can also be your best asset.” You do this every day when you connect with others via social media, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try to use the power of word of mouth outside of the Internet. If you choose to use this to your advantage, you will only end up increasing your chances of getting noticed by other employers. So, don’t be afraid to talk about yourself to everyone you meet, and try to get away from your computer screen every now and then. “Our facial expressions, physical gestures, and the emotional tone in our voice alter the meaning of our words, which is why it is very difficult to express ourselves fully and authentically in an email or text-or even in front of a Skype screen,” said Dr. Ana Nogales in an article published by Psychology Today. Sometimes we’ll use emoticons or punctuation to compensate for the lack of facial expressions in social media. Why not use real facial expressions and body language when connecting with professionals in person? Smiling and giving a firm handshake could go a long way sometimes and make you memorable to employers. If you’re having a hard time figuring how to use face-to-face networking to your advantage versus online social networking, just think about the ways you talk to your connections online and try to apply it to in-person conversations. It’s not so different and could help you build a larger network. This post was originally published on an earlier date. Photo Credit: Shutterstock", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5852686166763306}
+{"content": "Consumer Watchdog can file against Google's $22.5M FTC settlement\n\nA federal judge gives a nod to Consumer Watchdog in regards to Google's record settlement with the FTC.\n\nA federal judge returned with a brief order on Tuesday that allows Consumer Watchdog to oppose Google's $22.5 million settlement with the Federal Trade Commission.\n\nLast week, the California-based consumer group filed a motion in a bid to be able to submit briefs that formally oppose the settlement.\n\nThe FTC and Google were able to settle out of court after the search giant was found to have bypassed Apple's Safari browser and then installed cookies -- despite the browser's strong security settings, which should have prevented the activity.\n\nEssentially, Consumer Watchdog is upset because the settlement means Google didn't have to plead guilty or acknowledge any wrongdoing.\n\n\n\n\nCheck out the full letter from Judge Illston below:\n\nUS v. Google: Consumer Watchdog Filing", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9143343567848206}
+{"content": "The names Green Ash and Red Ash are synonymous, and although they were once considered two separate varieties, the distinction is no longer upheld by most botanists. This medium-sized deciduous tree is native to eastern and central North America, and is the most widely distributed of all American ashes. It is 30’ to 50’ in height. Young trees possess smooth, gray bark that becomes thick and fissured with age. Terminal, ovoid buds are described as velvety due to their hairy, rusty-red scales.\n\nAlthough it is hardy to climatic extremes and can develop in the most adverse conditions, it prefers moist to wet habitats. Its economic uses are similar to White Ash, but produces an inferior quality wood.\n\nUntil the past decade, Green Ash was commonly grown as an ornamental because it is attractive, hardy, and adaptable to adverse conditions. In the 1990s, however, the emerald ash borer, a beetle native to Asia, was introduced into the United States, and is proving to be extremely invasive and destructive to the entire genus Fraxinus.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8022595643997192}
+{"content": "Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body’s ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.\n\nAll types of diabetes mellitus have something in common. Normally, your body breaks down the sugars and carbohydrates you eat into a special sugar called glucose. Glucose fuels the cells in your body. But the cells need insulin, a hormone, in your bloodstream in order to take in the glucose and use it for energy. With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn’t make enough insulin, it can’t use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both.\n\nSince the cells can’t take in the glucose, it builds up in your blood. High levels of blood glucose can damage the tiny blood vessels in your kidneys, heart, eyes, or nervous system. That’s why diabetes — especially if left untreated — can eventually cause heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage to nerves in the feet.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9789518117904663}
+{"content": "Definitions for \"RETALIATION\"\nOccurs when a person engages in a lawful activity, such as complaining of harassment or cooperating in a harassment investigation, and experiences a negative job action as a direct result of their lawful activity.\nAction taken by a country whose exports are adversely affected by the raising of tariffs or other trade restricting measures by another country. The GATT permits an adversely affected contracting party (CP) to impose limited restraints on imports from another CP that has raised its trade barriers (after consultations with countries whose trade might be affected). In theory, the volume of trade affected by such retaliatory measures should approximate the value of trade affected by the precipitating change in import protection.\nPunitive action taken to limit imports from a trading partner that has violated or reneged on a trade agreement. The GATT Council may authorize retaliation if the dispute settlement process has been exhausted without success. In principle, the value of trade subjected to retaliation should approximately equal the value of trade affected by the offending action, but there are no accepted guidelines in GATT practice for determining the extent of trade damage suffered by an injured contracting party. Although the threat of retaliation --especially by a major trading country --can have considerable persuasive force, actual imposition offers little economic remedy to the injured party; in some cases it can provoke counter-retaliation (see trade war). US authority for taking retaliatory trade actions is provided by Section 301 of the Trade Act .of 1974, as amended (see Section IV).\nRetaliation is the second album by American comedian Dane Cook. It was released on July 26, 2005 by Comedy Central Records.\nRetaliation is the second album by the thrash metal/crossover band Carnivore. It was released in 1987 by Roadrunner Records.\nRussian science fiction novel [Otvetnyi Udar, Ответный Удар(Russian)], the second of the Arrivals from the Dark pentalogy by Mihail Ahmanov after Invasion.\nKeywords:  reprisal, revenge, tat, enemy, tit\nKeywords:  retribution, evil, tooth, eye, return\nKeywords:  temple, reared, rock, law, natural\nThe natural rock upon which is reared the Temple of Law.\nKeywords:  campus, longer, needs, issue, address\na longer-term issue that the campus needs to address as soon as possible", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9969858527183533}
+{"content": "\navatar for Rolly Maiquez, Ed.D.\n\nRolly Maiquez, Ed.D.\n\nAmerican International School\nDirector of Educational Technology\nHong Kong, Hong Kong\n\nMy main interests in educational technology include robotics, mobile apps, and electronics. In robotics, I'm most interested in how robotics competitions for high school and middle school students are able to affect students in such a way that their attitudes towards STEM are improved or positively changed. I'm also interested on the role of robotics in students' attitudes towards 21st century skills. I believe that attitudes influence self-efficacy which in turn influences expectations and perceived value of what one does which affects motivation. And so on and so forth. Ultimately, I hope that all of these lead to greater interest in STEM and application of their learning.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8923447132110596}
+{"content": "Virgo Career Horoscope\n\n\nWork horoscope Work\n\nFocus on the quality of your work. Gold stars don’t count if you’re not delivering the best you can. Stay confident!\n\nVirgo is a conservative sign who values practicality in their financial affairs. It is an earth sign, along with Taurus and Capricorn. People of Virgo horoscope are focused on their dreams and goals in life, and under no circumstances, they will forget about those goals. They pay close attention to details, sometimes being obsessed over small things and worrying about having a detail they are unable to fix. People born under Virgo career horoscope have analytical and hard-working natures. They achieve success in jobs that require being organized, using their intelligence, solving problems, and dealing with paperwork. The job horoscope of Virgo makes them skillful in careers that involve writing and artistic expression. Besides, their love of humanity will bring success in the education and health professions. \n\nVirgo Career Horoscope and Personality\n\nVirgos have very hard-working natures and they sincerely enjoy work. This sign is ruled by the planet Mercury, which is associated with communication, and this makes the busy Virgo in career astrology constantly analyze and think things through. Being organized in personal life, people of Virgo horoscope are extremely organized in their career horoscope as well. They will make good managers of busy departments due to their impeccable skills in handling even the most confusing organizational patterns and keeping in mind every detail of every project they work on.\n\nBeing communicative, people of Virgo career horoscope can make excellent journalists. Learning about people and their interests fascinates them, and they are not afraid of asking difficult questions to get to the bottom of the truth. Moreover, their genuine interest in others will bring them success in such careers as social work, accounting, or human resources professions. The earthly nature of Virgo oracle makes them enjoy being outdoors and pursue professions in natural sciences, such as botany or biology.\n\nVirgo Horoscope in Leadership\n\nVirgo job horoscope makes them demanding leaders who do not tolerate when their subordinates are unorganized and inattentive. Because of their analytical abilities, people of Virgo career horoscope are able to identify the strengths and the weaknesses of each player in their company. Their subordinates will definitely respect them as strong leaders, but they are not likely to create friendships with bosses of Virgo horoscope since they are too focused on the results and may come across as too harsh on their subordinates when the latter do not perform diligently enough.\n\nVirgo as an employee is a hard worker who is rather unambitious but does not seek a high position in the company. Individuals who belong to the Virgo zodiac horoscope are scrupulous and pedantic; they complete every given task with attention and diligence. Sometimes, they may be too demanding of themselves, and whenever they recognize their mistakes, people of Virgo career horoscope fix them immediately afraid of being reprimanded by their boss.\n\nCareer Horoscope in Business for Virgo\n\nFrom Virgo zodiac reading, it is seen that people under Virgo horoscope are capable of being skillful and successful businessmen because of their determination, perseverance, hard work, and attention to detail. They are careful in their business ventures and avoid risky projects and investments, instead preferring to take a well-known and reliable path. If the free career horoscope of Virgo suggests them to establish a business with employees or partners, they are likely to take control and monitor their actions. As they are responsible when it comes to their tasks, they expect the same from their employees and partners. Sometimes, people of Virgo career horoscope come across as too cautious in their business, so it is important to be able to overcome some of the existing fears in order for their business to thrive.\n\nMoney Predictions for Virgo Horoscope\n\nHoroscope reading for Virgo suggests that they are very careful with their finances. It is difficult to see a person born under Virgo horoscope to make impulsive purchases and spend large amounts of money at once. They are good researchers and always know when a deal or promotion is going on, so they desire to save money on purchases as much as possible. Among these people in Virgo horoscope astrology, you can find housewives clipping grocery store coupons or financial gurus who own multiple bank accounts and a diverse investment portfolio.\n\nWhen it comes to women of free Virgo horoscope, they are careful with their money and avoid buying expensive items or shopping when they feel emotional. When their friends ask them to lend money, Virgos usually deny the requests, because they do not trust their friends enough when it comes to financial matters.\n\nMen of Virgo horoscope are good with planning and budgeting. They have a strict schedule of their spending and do not spend more than they earn in a particular month. These people are modest and are satisfied with what they own; the horoscope reading for Virgo says they do not desire luxury items or expensive vacations, but at the same time they do not acquire cheap or poor-quality items for their household. Virgo career horoscope is in harmony, as they want to have a balance between their opportunities and the needs of their families.\n\nCareer Compatibility for Virgo Horoscope\n\nPeople of Virgo career horoscope today are diplomatic in their communication with others, so there are virtually no conflicts between them and their business partners. Sometimes, they may come across as dominating and critical of others. However, if the partner is able to calmly meet the demands of Virgo horoscope personality, they can have successful partnerships. Below are the best and the worst matches for Virgos in free career horoscope.\n\nVirgo Career Horoscope Best Matches\n\nIn career astrology, strong business partnerships are observed between the signs of Virgo and Taurus, as both of them belong to the earth element and are able to understand each other’s business needs perfectly. An even better match is between two representatives of the Virgo sign, as they have the best communication with each other. Moreover, Virgo and Sagittarius will have a successful partnership, as they will not compete over the business but work toward a common goal.\n\nVirgo Career Horoscope Worst Matches\n\nFor businessmen of Virgo horoscope, people born under the sign of Aries are not the best matches, as Virgo would have to take full responsibility in all business activities. Between the signs of Virgo and Leo, a good partnership can be created if Leo can overcome his desire for adventures. Capricorns will not make efficient business partners for Virgos, because of their stubborn natures and desire for dominance, which will not be accepted by people of Virgo career horoscope today.\n\nBack to top button", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8282168507575989}
+{"content": "Congresswoman Anna Eshoo\n\nRepresenting the 18th District of California\n\n\nRep. Eshoo is long-time champion of Medicaid, called Medi-Cal in California, one of our nation’s most important health insurance programs for low-income and disabled Americans.\n\nIt covers hospital, physician, clinic, nursing home, prescription drug, and other basic and long-term health care services. Medicaid is financed and operated jointly by the states and the federal government.\n\nShe was proud to support provisions in the Affordable Care Act which expand access to the Medicaid program. Click here to find out if you qualify for Medi-Cal.\n\nRep. Eshoo supports innovative payment models under Medicaid to ensure that public dollars are spent with a high-quality, patient-focus in mind. A co-author of the ACE (Advancing Care for Exceptional) Kids Act, the legislation removes existing barriers in the Medicaid system to allow families to cross state lines so that their children with medically complex conditions can receive the specialty care from a children’s hospital that is best equipped to treat them. The legislation designates the children’s hospital “home” for a child, and integrates their local medical support team for routine and follow-up care.\n\nBecause children with complex medical conditions have multiple illnesses and disabilities, they often have to see six or more specialists and a dozen or more physicians, requiring care that often is not in their home state. Under the current system, parents of these children struggle to coordinate the complicated care of their children. ACE Kids allows for better coordination by the medical home while creating increased efficiencies, such as reduced hospitalizations and emergency room visits.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.948254406452179}
+{"content": "A Novel Approach To Quantify Scale Thickness and Distribution in Stirred Vessels Meysam Davoody Lachlan J.W. Graham Jie Wu Inju Youn Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman Rajarathinam Parthasarathy 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03543.s001 https://acs.figshare.com/articles/A_Novel_Approach_To_Quantify_Scale_Thickness_and_Distribution_in_Stirred_Vessels/5649463 A novel approach is proposed for the numerical evaluation of scale thickness and its distribution in a mixing tank. Whereas a majority of the available literature on scale buildup focuses on the application of chemical antiscalants, few works have been devoted to the prevention of scale formation through the proper design and operation of stirred vessels. The methodology proposed in the current study consists of two major phases: (1) identifying an accelerated process to grow scales on the walls of a laboratory reactor and (2) analyzing the grown scale physically. These objectives were achieved through the fabrication of a reactor that could be disassembled and the scanning of the reactor’s surface using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The proposed approach was used to study the effects of liquid flow velocity and experiment duration on the patterns of scale formed both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2017-11-15 00:00:00 CMM novel approach Stirred Vessels chemical antiscalants flow velocity scale formation laboratory reactor scale thickness experiment duration Novel Approach scale buildup Quantify Scale Thickness", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9777027368545532}
+{"content": "Townhomes For Sale\n\nGetting Started On Your Home Plumbing Projects\n\nHow experienced are you with plumbing? If you do, do you wish to improve upon it? Describe your current skill level. Can you unclog a toilet? What about fixing a water leak under the sink? If you’re not satisfied with your responses to any of these questions, the following hints and tips can help.\n\nTo deal with a frozen pipe, turn on the faucet closest to the pipe. This gives the water a place to exit as the pipe defrosts. This helps to relieve the pressure in the pipe and may prevent bursting, which can prevent further damage to your home.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEnzyme-based products are often superior to other options when your drains are clogged. These cleaners turn the sludge into a liquid using natural bacteria, and then the liquid flows out of the pipes. Enzyme cleaners are considered one of the best the market has.\n\nSometimes low pressure in water lines can be fixed just by cleaning sediment out of the aerator. To clean the aerator, you first want to disassemble the faucet and remove it. After that, remove the aerator and scrub it clean with a fine brush. You can use vinegar or some other type of cleaning solution to assist in the task. Then simply rinse and reattach the aerator. Your water pressure should improve because the obstructing particles or buildup have been removed.\n\nHave you learned a few things about plumbing? Do you now have a better grasp of what kind of system is in your home? Do you think there has been improvement in your plumbing skills? Are you now able to utilize things that can apply to your home system? Have you figured out how the equipment works? Feel confident in your new insights and apply the knowledge as needed.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7592355012893677}
+{"content": "Describe and analyse a subculture with\n\nHow to identify these population groups! Vocabulary describes subculture as: The larger culture can be a country, a religious set up or tribe.\n\nDescribe and analyse a subculture with\n\nThrasher[ edit ] Frederic M. He defined gangs by the process they go through to form a group: It is characterized by the following types of behavior: The result of this collective behavior is the development of tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local territory.\n\nFranklin Frazier[ edit ] In the earliest stages of the Chicago School and their investigation of human ecologyone of the key tropes was the concept of disorganization which contributed to the emergence of an underclass.\n\nDescribe and analyse a subculture with\n\nCohen[ edit ] Albert K. Cohen did not look at the economically oriented career criminal, but looked at the delinquency subculture, focusing on gang delinquency among working class youth in slum areas which developed a distinctive culture as a response to their perceived lack of economic and social opportunity within U.\n\nMerton 's Strain Theory, while taking a further step in how the Subculture was 'Parallel' in their opportunities: Walter Miller[ edit ] Milleragreed with Cohen that there was a delinquency subculture, but argued that it arose entirely from the lower class way of life.\n\nDavid Matza[ edit ] David Matza argued that, rather than being committed to delinquency, young people drifted between conventional and unconventional behavior. Cohen[ edit ] Phil Cohen studied the youth of East London in the early s.\n\nHe examined the immediate and the wider context to determine how two different youth subcultures reacted to the changes occurring in their community. He suggested that the Mod reaction was to the new ideology of affluence. They wanted to show that they had money and knew how to spend it. In contrast, skinheads looked back to the more traditional working class community.\n\nEach generation tries to find employment or adapts to unemployment. But the s had very different economic circumstances to later decades. Cohen argued that youth develop a cultural style as a means of coping with their particular circumstances and of resisting the dominant values of society.\n\n\nThis casts working class youth as the standard bearers of class struggle. There is little in real terms that youth can do to change society, but resistance offers subjective satisfaction which can be shown through style: Cohen argued that these styles are not meaningless, but are deeply layered in meaning.\n\nThis is an application of Marxist Subcultural Theory which synthesised the structuralism of Marxism with the Labelling Theory. This approach places emphasis on the contents of youth culture and on the differences produced by class background.\n\nThe assumption is that a capitalist society attempts to achieve hegemony by using the cultural values of society for their own benefit.\n\nAnalyze a subculture Select a contemporary American subculture and describe it. Analyze the subculture in terms of consumer behavior, that is, describe how the subculture's values shape its members' purchase decisions. What Is Albert Cohen's Delinquent Subculture Theory? A: Quick Answer. According to the University of Portsmouth, Albert Cohen's delinquent subcultural theory posits that delinquency often emerges as a subculture from a shared sense of economic and social disadvantage within a society. This idea attempts to explain why delinquency occurs so. Free Essay: Describe and analyse a subculture with which you are familiar. The definition of a subculture is a culture within a culture where a group.\n\nThe domination of the adults is enforced through the system of mortgages, credit cards, and family commitments, and they are seduced into accepting the relative security of capitalism.\n\nBut the youth are relatively free of long term commitment or responsibility for a family and, with many unemployed, the youth are the weakest point in the structure of hegemony. The Culture of the Gang, Glencoe. Sub-cultural Conflict and Working Class Community.\n\nWorking Papers in Cultural Studies. A Twentieth Year Assessment\". American Journal of Sociology. Revised and abridged edition: The University of Chicago Press. The Negro in the United States. Free Press paperback edition: Race and Culture Contacts in the Modern World.- The focus of this research paper is to analyze the information, unique characteristics, and history regarding the subculture of scuba divers.\n\nScuba divers get to explore new, exciting, and breathtaking regions in the ocean that many people never get to experience in their whole lives. Subculture, the Meaning of Style Summary & Study Guide includes detailed chapter summaries and analysis, quotes, character descriptions, themes, and more.\n\nDescribe and analyse a subculture with which you are familiar. The definition of a subculture is a culture within a culture where a group develops distinctive norms and values that are different from those of the mainstream culture.\n\nSubculture, the Meaning of Style Summary & Study Guide\n\nFree Essay: Describe and analyse a subculture with which you are familiar. The definition of a subculture is a culture within a culture where a group. In any society there are not only cultures, but also a variety of subculture and countercultures that develop within society.\n\nSubcultures and countercultures are formed by generalizations, occupation, class, lifestyle, likes, dislikes, etc.\n\nDescribe and analyse a subculture with\n\n[1]. The Emo Subculture - The Existence and Importance Emos have been around for quite some time. Though their importance in our society is very negligible, they seem to .\n\n3 Organizational Culture | Enhancing Organizational Performance | The National Academies Press", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9831691980361938}
+{"content": "Symptoms of Neck Pain\n\nNeck pain symptoms often make accurately diagnosing neck pain difficult and it can produce a myriad of possible causes, with every individual’s experience slightly different. Commonly reported effects include a dull aching sensation with the pain often worsened by movement of the neck. Certain neck pain symptoms vary according to the cause of the neck pain.\n\nStiff Neck, Shooting Pains, Tingling and more\n\nNeck pain is commonly associated with a dull aching sensation. Sometimes pain in the neck is worsened with\n\nNeck Pain Symptoms\n\nmovement of the neck. Other symptoms can include sharp shooting pains, light-headedness/vertigo, tenderness, tingling, a feeling of fullness and difficulty swallowing, strong pulsing sensations and swishing noises, and swelling of the glands in the neck. Stiffness of the neck and burning pains are also experienced by some with neck pain, and in some cases the pain extends down into the shoulders and across the upper back.\n\nSymptoms of Extreme Neck Pain\n\nIf the pain and discomfort is particularly strongly felt then there may be symptoms of neck pain may include nausea, and blurred vision. Fever can also be experienced, as can tiredness and unintentional weight loss. If these symptoms become extreme or persist for a long period of time then it is important to seek further medical advice. Other emergency signs include high fever, sensitivity to light, severe tenderness with movement, numbness and paraesthesia, or a recently sustained head or neck injury. In these circumstances the patient should contact a medical professional immediately.\n\nIt is important to describe all of the symptoms experienced so as to allow the doctor a clear view of the condition and make an educated diagnosis of the cause of the pain. For example, if weakness is experienced then this could be due to muscular strain or injury; it could also be due to damage sustained to the nerves that supply the muscles. Detailing other symptoms allows the doctor to identify the pain’s possible aetiology.\n\nNeck Pain Sensations\n\nIf there are changes in sensation, such as numbness or burning then it may be that the nerves supplying the affected area have been pinched, bruised, or even cut. The duration of the sensation and the severity can give clues as to the cause. Coolness or changes in color to white or blue indicate a problem with the circulation to the area, possibly from damage or blockages to the arteries or veins. A reddening of the area likely indicates an infection or inflammatory reaction to an irritant.\n\nDislocation or deformity can indicate fractures and structural issues and should be evaluated professionally. Chronic conditions can suddenly worsen and cause acute inflammation, high fever, chest pains and other neck pain symptoms. These symptoms definitely warrant immediate attention from an emergency physician.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9504511952400208}
+{"content": "St. David's HealthCare January 17, 2018\n\nThe New Confirm RX™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor Allows Physicians to Monitor Patients Remotely\n\nAUSTIN, Texas—On Nov. 14, 2017, Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute (TCAI) at St. David’s Medical Center became the first hospital in Texas—and among the first in the nation—to use the new smartphone compatible Confirm Rx™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM), the world's first and only smartphone compatible ICM designed to help physicians identify even the most difficult-to-detect cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (A Fib)—as well as monitor cardiac arrhythmias—remotely.\n\nThe Confirm Rx ICM is designed to continuously monitor a patient's heart rhythm and proactively transmit information via Bluetooth wireless technology to a mobile app, allowing physicians to track their patients remotely and accurately diagnose arrhythmias that may require further treatment.\n\n“What differentiates the Confirm Rx ICM from other implantable monitors is that it doesn’t require a home base station to transmit information,” Robert Canby, M.D., a cardiac electrophysiologist at TCAI, said. “Instead, it utilizes a secure Bluetooth wireless connection to transmit that data to the patient’s smartphone or tablet. This allows the data to then be immediately sent to a monitoring station, rather than waiting until the patient returns home to connect to a base station.”\n\nThe Confirm RX ICM is implanted just under the skin in the chest during a quick, minimally-invasive outpatient procedure. Once implanted, it continuously monitors heart rhythms to detect a range of cardiac arrhythmias, including irregular heartbeats, such as A Fib.\n\n\nWhile the Confirm Rx ICM continuously monitors for abnormal heart rhythms and transmits data to a patient’s physician, the compatible app also allows patients to track symptoms proactively, sync their data with their clinic at any time and view their transmission history without having to contact their clinic to confirm successful data transfers.\n\n- 30 -\n\nTexas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute\n\n\nSt. David’s Medical Center\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5512292385101318}
+{"content": "Black Parallelogram (Symbol/sign/mark) Preview and HTML-code\n\nWith this tool, you can adjust the size, color, italic, and bold of Black Parallelogram(symbol). This tool is very convenient to help you preview the symbol, including viewing the details of the symbol display and the effect displayed on the web page.\n\n40 px\n\n\n\nHTML code\n\nSome symbols have not changed when I adjust, why?\n\n\nHow to type Black Parallelograms?\n\nDifferent operating systems, different text editors, different ways to type Black Parallelograms, usually we do not need to remember how to type the Black Parallelogram(sign), just copy it when needed.\n\nHow to copy and paste Black Parallelograms?\n\nIf you need to insert a Black Parallelogram in text, mail, or text message, facebook, twitter,etc. you can directly copy the Black Parallelogram in the above table.\n\n\nIf you need to insert a Black Parallelogram in a web page, please copy the HTML-code corresponding to the Black Parallelogram in the above table.\n\nHow to type Black Parallelogram in word?\n\nCopy the Black Parallelogram in the above table (it can be automatically copied with a mouse click) and paste it in word, Or\n\n  1. Select the Insert tab.\n  2. Select Symbol and then More Symbols.\n  3. Select the Black Parallelogram tab in the Symbol window.\n\n\n\nHow to use the keyboard to type Black Parallelogram(Alt key)?\n\n\nWhy do the same symbols correspond to different html codes?\n\n\n\n\nHow to type Black Parallelogram(sign) on phone(android or iphone)?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9997653961181641}
+{"content": "Top 5 Ingredients Of A Healthy Diet During Radiation Therapy - SERO -\n\nTop 5 Ingredients of a Healthy Diet During Radiation Cancer Therapy\n\nIncluding the these 5 components to a healthy diet during radiation therapy is a recipe for a swift recovery with fewer side effects. Radiation therapy can change how a patient’s body accepts certain foods and uses nutrients. Each radiation therapy patient reacts differently to treatment but here are the basic guidelines to develop a diet while undergoing radiation therapy for cancer:\n\n  1. Pay attention to your side effects and how they affect your appetite. Discuss the changes with your doctor.\n  2. Plan ahead for changes to your diet\n  3. Focus on nutrient dense foods like fruits, vegetables, grains, and lean proteins. Avoid saturated fats, sugar, salt, and alcohol\n  4. Change your eating habits and times. Eat smaller meals more frequently.\n  5. Stay hydrated. Water is best but there are other healthy options.\n\n1. Listen To What Your Body Is Telling You\n\nMost patients experience little or no side effects during cancer treatment, while some experience any of a number of side effects. Side effects can occur the same day or after treatment. Radiation therapy mostly affects cancerous cells, but it can impact healthy cells as well. When good cells are affected, patients may experience various side effects. The location of the body targeted by radiation therapy can cause different side effects including:\n\n  • nausea/vomiting\n  • lack of appetite or taste\n  • gas and bloating\n  • mouth sores\n  • difficulty swallowing\n  • dehydration\n  • weight loss\n\nAdjustments to diets to may include switching to a bland diet or adding lots of flavorful foods to your meals. Listen to your body and adjust your diet according to what it is telling you. Tell your doctor if you begin to experience any side effects from your radiation therapy.\n\n2. Be Prepared – Stock Up On Healthy Foods\n\nAnother ingredient to a healthy diet during radiation therapy is to plan ahead. Stock up your pantry with diverse and healthy foods. Prepare and store healthy meals in your refrigerator and freezer before you begin therapy. A small amount of pre-planning and preparation will make it easy to eat well even if you are not feeling your best.\n\na picture of foods to eat during radiation therapy\n\n3. Eat Nutrient-Dense Meals\n\nEating nutrient-dense meals is a factor in recovery from radiation therapy. Eating high calorie, low nutrient meals will not give the body what it needs to heal and as a result, will slow-down recovery time. Choose fresh and colorful foods for your diet. Here is a list of foods to include:\n\nFruits and vegetables\n\nEat a variety of fruits and vegetables including dark-green, red, and orange vegetables, beans, and peas. Make fruits and vegetables the focal point of every meal. If difficulty eating raw fruits and vegetables is experienced, try eating soft steamed or cooked vegetables and canned fruit. If digestion is uncomfortable due to cramping or gas, consider altering the amount of fiber in the diet to see if that helps. Fruits and vegetables are often high in fiber and may help with stool consistency, but may also lead to gas that can be avoided.\n\n\nMilk and milk products, such as cheese and yogurt, provide calcium, potassium, and other nutrients. If you avoid dairy or have trouble digesting dairy products, include no sugar added soy, almond, or coconut milk.\n\nWhole grains\n\nWhole grains include brown rice, 100% whole grain breads and rolls, and Steel Cut Oatmeal. Quinoa is a whole grain that is high in protein, lacks gluten, and is easy to prepare. Try substituting Quinoa for white rice in meals to increase your protein intake. In general, whole grains are more beneficial than processed carbohydrates like white breads.\n\nLean proteins\n\nEat a variety of protein-rich foods that are low in fat. Include seafood, lean meat and poultry, Greek yogurts, eggs, beans, soy products, and unsalted nuts and seeds. Some soy products are highly processed and not as good for you as other types of soy. Edamame (young soybeans in a pod) would be a good choice for adding healthy soy to your diet. It is recommended that individuals get at least 10% of calories from proteins.\n\nFoods to avoid or reduce\n\n\nIn addition to foods to avoid that are listed above, spicy foods can cause gastrointestinal problems during radiation therapy. While nausea and diarrhea are symptoms of radiation therapy, spicy foods can lead to cramping and an upset stomach.\n\nIf you are receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, refrain from consuming foods that may get stuck when swallowing or are high in acid (tomato-based foods, etc.). This is recommended when an individual is receiving radiation therapy near their throat or mouth, as some foods can irritate the mouth.\n\nFood Preparation\n\nDuring radiation therapy, it’s important to limit the chance of contracting a food borne illness. Consumption of raw or undercooked foods should be avoided to limit the risk of food poisoning. For example, if you are currently receiving radiation therapy or recently stopped, your doctor may recommend not eating cold deli lunch meat, unpasteurized milk, undercooked eggs, unwashed fruits and vegetables, undercooked/raw shellfish, sushi and more.\n\n4. Break The Rules\n\nKeeping a good diet during your radiation therapy may mean throwing your regular meal rules out and making up your own, new meal rules. Eating smaller meals, more often, is helpful when you are experiencing side effect from radiation therapy. Eating 5 small meals a day rather than eating 3 large meals will help make food digestion easier and avoid nausea. Chew your food slowly. Take your time eating each small meal.\n\nBreak usual mealtime traditions by eating long-established meals at different times during the day. If you don’t feel like eating breakfast food early in the morning, try eating a small serving of baked chicken and rice, a cream or broth based soup, or even ice cream for breakfast! On the other hand, you might feel like eating breakfast foods for dinner. Don’t limit the types of healthy foods you eat based on the time of day.\n\n5. Drink Plenty Of Liquids\n\nHydration is an important aspect of a healthy radiation diet. Drink water or other liquids frequently. If you do not care for the taste of water, try sneaking water into soup broths, fruit shakes, and flavored teas. It is important to drink lots of water and staying hydrated especially if you experience diarrhea during radiation therapy. Jello, pudding, popsicles and juice are additional hydration sources. It is recommended that individuals drink 6 to 8 cups of liquids every day. Keep a filled water bottle with you at all times and drink, drink, drink.\n\nListening to your body, being prepared, eating nutrient-dense meals, making your own mealtime rules, and drinking plenty of liquids is a recipe for success in treatment. By following these top 5 ingredients to a healthy diet during radiation therapy, patients will improve their odds of staying active and strong during and after treatment.\n\nRelated Reading: Radiation vs Chemo – the differences between the two options and what you need to know about side effects.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9701355695724487}
+{"content": "In many respects, when we talk about, evaluate, and revise products from a usability standpoint, we overlook the most important piece: content. Our tendency is to be concerned only with the wrapper or container, navigation through that container, and the interplay of the elements that make up the container. But what about the content which populates this otherwise dead space?\n\nLet’s take this article—the one you are reading—as our example. As a contributor I have no control over UX Magazine’s website design or interface. I did not make any decisions related to the layout, fonts, color, interactions, etc. This is a good thing, for many reasons. First and foremost, I am not a web developer or designer. But, more importantly, as a contributor to UX Magazine, I can concentrate on what is important: writing content. The fact that I cannot change the container in which this text will be placed means that I can only control issues related directly to the content of this article. This, of course, begs the question: how does content fit into the conversation about usability?\n\nCasting the net wide, I believe that UX encompasses many areas that are not directly related to interface, interactivity, and navigation. Let’s say that anything that includes a customer interaction can be considered UX. For many digital businesses outside of web and/or desktop application development, UX includes customer service, marketing, brand image, even social media. In the case of a publisher, this includes content.\n\nWhen we take a step back and think about it, it becomes clear that content is overlooked when we are considering the usability of our products. In most cases, UX deals with everything related to the content’s container and not the content itself. But I work for a book publisher, where content is what we have to offer to our customer. It’s not “copy.” In fact, in our case, the content is more important that the container. Our customers, most of whom are students preparing for an exam need not worry about being slowed down by interface issues. But they also require that the content we publish is absolutely correct and strategic to their studies and preparation.\n\nHere the conversation about the usability of content begins—with strategic content.\n\nIn the world I inhabit, we have many strategic decisions to make in regards to content. This includes determining how best to present content. Should questions be test-like or non-test-like? How do we use elements such as sidebars, table, images, and other non-textual or hybrid elements to convey complex concepts? How do we integrate complex formulas from high-level math and science into otherwise straightforward textual content? How do we handle formatting for practice questions and difficult areas for digital production such as numbered reading passages? The list goes on.\n\nDaunting enough in a print work, in the digital realm all of this can become a giant usability nightmare. eReaders were not designed to optimize this content. In some cases the devices do not even support the types of content we need to deliver.\n\nThe capabilities of containers are expanding, and so is the realm of content. Today, content can be anything from text, to video, to images, to audio, to scripted code, and beyond. In most cases, those consuming the content take in all of these elements, mostly simultaneously, and don’t even think twice. It is precisely this expanding nature of the definition of content that presents us with both the necessity and opportunity of integrating usability practice with content development.\n\nIn the book publishing industry, there is currently very little consideration being given to content strategy on a product level. XML and enterprise content management solutions are being handled by information architects (or will be so in the near future). Overarching content plans are being put into place. But it takes time for this to trickle down and for each product to be affected. This is where usability professionals can begin to make a difference.\n\nOver the past four months, I’ve lead an effort at Kaplan to launch KaplanLabs, a digital imprint we launched in April. It serves as a shadow pipeline to our full retail products, allowing us a space for large-scale usability testing, customer engagement and dialogue, and rapid product development. Products released under the KaplanLabs brandmark are small, focused, and free. They also have well defined learning goals that we are trying to achieve. A major area of experimentation is content and the usability of content.\n\nWe are experimenting with content in blended and hybrid configurations, where more than one content-asset type is used. An example: we are currently working on an eBook product where video will be used as the main ingredient—not just a garnish—in the recipe, as seems the case in most “enhanced eBooks” in the retail space. The inversion of video and written content presents a clear need for usability knowledge in how we execute the product. The same can be said of the inclusion of other various digital assets, as well as combining web elements with books or eBooks to form hybrid products with both offline and online components.\n\nThe important thing here is that new models for content delivery in the digital space are emerging, and UX is a key feature of creating good products, especially when applied top-down all the way to the product level.\n\nBrian O’Leary, Founder and Principal at Magellan Media Partners, someone I admire and consider to be exceptionally forward thinking, recently presented a keynote address entitled Context First: A unified field theory of publishing at O’Reilly’s Tools of Change conference in New York City. The full presentation is available online here.\n\nThe essence of Mr. O’Leary’s theory is that the publishing industry has unduly allowed our dependency on containers to dictate our practices. We completely ignore context and are, by doing so, undermining our own success as our competition in the greater digital space includes websites, apps, books, eBooks, blogs, etc.\n\nWhat this theory elucidates is the need to further examine our content, content creation practices, and content distribution methods to ensure that we are reaching our customers in every way possible. It is entirely possible to have the best container in the world, and still produce an unsuccessful product with content that does not connect to your customer.\n\nIn this brave new world, product strategy, technical development, UX design, and content usability are the cornerstones of one process. Acceptance of this reality is going to be the key to success for many businesses.\n\nRelated Articles", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8835582137107849}
+{"content": "Listening Is An Intellectual And Emotional Process Essay\n\nListening Is An Intellectual And Emotional Process Essay\n\nLength: 1209 words (3.5 double-spaced pages)\n\nRating: Better Essays\n\nOpen Document\n\nEssay Preview\n\nListening is often times confused with hearing, when in fact, they are very different processes. Hearing is the physical process of perceiving sound; the listening process follows this perception. Many people believe that listening comes naturally to people, but it is actually an active process of creating meaning of other’s spoken messages. It is an often overlooked element of the communication process because of the amount of effort and skill that it requires to effectively listen (Brown, 2009). Listening is a necessary business communication tool as it is an active process that generates comprehension and development of a response.\nListening is more than a physical activity, it is an intellectual and emotional process (Shrivastava, 2014). The four main listening styles are people, action, content, and time. The people listening style focuses on the emotions and interests of the listener, while the action style is all about organization and precision. The content style focuses on the facts and is used by the listener when they face an intellectual challenge. The time style of listening focuses mostly on efficiency of the information presented. The studies of Dr. Argle and Dr. Cook have shown that good listeners are more liked and more trusted than individuals with poor listening skills (Shrivastava, 2014). Effective listening improves relationships because it shows respect and interest to the speaker. Listening is an important skill to learn because it leads to improved comprehension, academic performance, and personal relationships. “The absence or neglect of practicing effective listening can harm personal or business relationships” (Baidea & ...\n\n... middle of paper ...\n\n...ener is to learn to listen empathetically. A listener should not judge, nor interrupt a speaker. They should acknowledge the speaker’s feelings and provide nonverbal support such as eye contact.\nListening is a necessary business communication tool as it is an active process that generates comprehension and development of a response. It is important to improve listening skills because it strengthens relationships, shows respect and interest to the speaker, and prevents misunderstandings. There are many types of listening, the most effective type being empathetic listening. Effective listening skills improve comprehension and the development of responses. There are many challenges to be overcome when using listening as an effective form of communication. Taking the time to learn to become an effective listener will greatly improve an individual’s communication skills.\n\nNeed Writing Help?\n\nGet feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.\n\nCheck your paper »\n\nDifferent Styles Of Listening Including The Faker, The Self Conscious Listener, And The Intellectual Or Logical Listener\n\n- According to Burley-Allen (1995); “There are five styles of listening including, the faker, the dependent, the interrupter, the self-conscious listener, and the intellectual or logical listener” (p.60-64). The faker happens when a person pretends to pay attention when someone is speaking, when actually their mind is thinking about something else. This is something that I have been guilty of especially when the message is not something that interest me. When you fall into this category you will act like you are listening and paying attention to make the person speaking happy....   [tags: Meaning of life, Psychology, Mind, Thought]\n\nBetter Essays\n1002 words (2.9 pages)\n\nParenting Or Child Rearing Is The Process Of Promoting And Supporting The Physical, Emotional, Social, And\n\n- What is parenting. Parenting has many different definitions depending who is asked, some might say it 's the highlight of their day while others may share how they regret or dread going home, but the real definition of Parenting is; the raising of a child by its parents, or the process of becoming a parent. It is stated within Wikipedia that, “Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, financial, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.” It also mentions that parenting is including the aspects of raising a child outside the biological relationship....   [tags: Parenting styles, Parenting, Morality]\n\nBetter Essays\n1613 words (4.6 pages)\n\nEssay on The Intellectual Wellness Dimension Of Human Development\n\n- that challenged their music identity, sense-of-self, and zest for living. Overall, participants’ emotional wellness was viewed as personal benefits of participating in community music. Second, the intellectual wellness dimension of human development explains higher brain processing of abstract thinking such as worldly ideas, humor, curiosity, learning and mastering music skills, which protected brain health. A common narrative was enjoyment of learning new, unfamiliar, diversified, and cognitively challenging repertories, which indicated music education, was a substantial motivator to protect against cognitive decline....   [tags: Health, Nutrition, Participation, Personal life]\n\nBetter Essays\n927 words (2.6 pages)\n\nEmotional Intelligence, Management, and Leadership Essay\n\n- This paper’s theme assesses whether a leader’s emotional intelligence perspective affects organizational management and leadership qualities. A key point of the subject is proposing a future leadership role. The aspiration of the role includes an exploration of the following topics: the current performance strengths, vulnerabilities and changes contributing to the aspiration of leadership; relationship and changes of emotional intelligence related to leadership aspirations, seminal theorists guiding the aspiration of leadership, and the application of positive change usefulness in strategies and effectiveness in leadership aspirations....   [tags: Oorganizational Management, Leadership Qualities]\n\nBetter Essays\n1363 words (3.9 pages)\n\nDevelopment of Emotional Intelligence (EI) Essay\n\n- The development of Emotional Intelligence requires a recognition of one's own strengths and limitations, an exploration of how current decisions are framed through beliefs and prior experiences, and the actualisation of potential by using the greater self knowledge gained. However, in a report by the Institute of Management (2002) research showed that the quality of leadership in the workplace was poor. Further, the research reinforces a positive relationship between financial turnover and the priority given to leadership development (Institute of Management, 2002)....   [tags: Management Business Work Leadership Essays]\n\nFree Essays\n709 words (2 pages)\n\nPlay: A Window Into Cognitive and Social-Emotional Development Essay\n\n- Play: a window into cognitive and social-emotional development. Using flavell, miller, and miller’s discussion of representations and concepts. Young children create mental representations of event knowledge as a tool to understand the world. When these are generalized and abstracted they become scripts. This is adaptive for them because it helps predict future occurrences, anticipate subsequent actions, and participate with others. It provides stability to their world. It is the foundation of shared social information necessary for successful social interactions, within a specific culture....   [tags: Child Development]\n\nBetter Essays\n2653 words (7.6 pages)\n\nEssay on Performance Review Meeting Can Be Pressured And Patronising\n\n- Introduction: As stated by Snow (2011), “Distorted pay scales may mean loss of staff motivation and the reward that comes from promotion and training.” A situation was taken from an article by Chase Et. Al (2000), for a case study of how Jean, an unappreciated employee who has given her organisation six years of hard work and dedication, would deal with a situation where she needs to confront her boss regarding issues seeming unfair to her. “If the pay differentials between staff are not re-instated, there could be discontent between groups.” To address this de-motivation that Jean was feeling, she decides to meet with her boss....   [tags: Emotional intelligence, Emotion, Conflict]\n\nBetter Essays\n1879 words (5.4 pages)\n\nCommunication Techniques and Skills Used During the Initial Interview Process to Promote Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationships\n\n- The relationship between a nurse and a client begins from the very first meeting. Therapeutic relationships between nurses and clients are shaped from this very first meeting and are essential to nursing care as they contribute to client satisfaction and optimise clinical outcomes. A nurse can encourage therapeutic nurse-client relationships with clients through communication techniques and skills during the initial interview process. This essay will define therapeutic nurse-client relationships, explain the significance of these relationships to client satisfaction and outcomes and discuss interpersonal communication skills that can be used during the initial interview to help build a thera...   [tags: Nursing ]\n\nBetter Essays\n1635 words (4.7 pages)\n\nThe Process of Listening Essay\n\n- The Process of Listening “Wisdom is the reward you get for a lifetime of listening when you’d have preferred to talk.” (Deep and Sussman 76) Upon studying listening within another course, the vast and somewhat unclear subject began to become clearer. The act of listening entails in-depth processes that elude a majority of people’s knowledge. The act of listening involves four main parts: hearing, attention, understanding and remembering. Listening entails a vast amount of information that a majority of people does not know or understand....   [tags: Papers Communication]\n\nBetter Essays\n1190 words (3.4 pages)\n\nListening Process Essay\n\n- Listening is one of the most powerful tools of communication and is a process that is used to receive, convey a meaning, and respond to both verbal and nonverbal messages. It is what we choose to do and it requires more work than speaking. Oftentimes, people simply misunderstand the difference between listening and hearing. Hearing is a passive process that takes in sounds and noises and listening is what you choose to do. This selective process includes 5 phases that can be acquired for us to become effective listeners in the future....   [tags: Communication]\n\nBetter Essays\n1718 words (4.9 pages)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9998510479927063}
+{"content": "Guidance on FINRA’s Suitability Rule\nClient Newsflash\n\nCreated date\n\nFINRA has recently released Regulatory Notice 12-55, which provides additional suitability guidance related to FINRA Rule 2111 that partially supersedes the guidance given in Regulatory Notice 12-25. In particular, the Notice addresses the scope of the terms “customer” and “investment strategy.” FINRA has also created a suitability webpage, which consolidates selective information and resources regarding FINRA’s suitability requirements.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999895691871643}
+{"content": "\nMedical Genetics   Research Article\n\nInvestigation of the role of apoptosis, necroptosis and DNA damage signaling pathways in multiple sclerosis\n\nAuthors: Romina Dastmalchi, Arezou Sayad, Mir Davood Omrani, Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard, Shahram Arsang-Jang, Mehrdokht Mazdeh, Mohammad Taheri*\n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) as the most common autoimmune disorder in the central nervous system is a major health problem. MS is a complex disease with multiple environmental and genetic factors participating in it. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of 3 genes named BCL2, CASP2 and CASP8 in peripheral blood of 50 MS patients and 50 healthy co.. Read More»\n\nGenet. Mol. Res. 17(4):", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6987100839614868}
+{"content": "Better prediction intervals with Neural Networks\n\n\nGoDaddy has an automated service to give you the appraisal for a domain name on the secondary market. The domain name value prediction is powered by a deep learning model that we described in a past blog post. Now, another question that people may be curious about is: how confident is the model for that prediction? Can we quantify the uncertainty of the prediction? The answer is, YES! Using a prediction interval, we can quantify the uncertainty of a regression problem. Instead of predicting a single value, one can predict a range of possible values, which we call a prediction interval. If the model is uncertain, it will give a larger prediction interval; if the model is confident about the prediction, it will give a tighter prediction interval. Let’s take the domain appraisal problem as an example. A normal regression model gives a single prediction for a domain name. might be predicted as $9,463. With prediction intervals, we instead have a range of predictions. For example, we might get a range from $9,000 to $10,000 for the same domain name. If the model is less certain about the prediction, the range can be larger, and the prediction interval may instead be $5,000 to $15,000. To dive more deeply into this topic, the GoDaddy machine learning team investigated this prediction interval problem and wrote a paper based on findings. In our paper, Tight Prediction Intervals Using Expanded Interval Minimization, we were curious to see if there was a better way to develop a model that would output prediction intervals which are meaningful and precise. The following sections of this post summarize our approach and the results.\n\nPrediction Interval Evaluation\n\nAn essential first question for developing prediction intervals is how to evaluate them? This is a critical question since we need to know how to compare the performance of different prediction interval models. For a regression model that outputs a single prediction, we can directly compare the difference between the prediction and the true value. The smaller the difference, the better the regression model is. The assessment for prediction interval models is very different from the regression model assessment. A good prediction interval should first contain the actual value, and second, it should be tight. If we have an infinite prediction interval, it will cover the actual value, but it provides no valuable information to users. In the paper, we use two established metrics to measure the performance of the prediction interval model. First is the Prediction Interval Coverage Probability (PICP), which is the percentage of the time the prediction interval covers the actual value in a holdout set. Since we want to make sure that the prediction interval will cover the true value, the higher the PICP the better. However, using only PICP will not be enough since we can achieve 100% PICP (all prediction intervals will cover the true value) by setting the prediction interval to be infinity. Therefore, the second metric is the Mean Prediction Interval Width (MPIW) to measure the average size of all prediction intervals. In general, we want the model to have high PICP (typically reaching some threshold such as 80%) while maintaining a low MPIW. Now you may have a question: how can we know if a model is better than another model if the PICP is larger but the MPIW is also larger? We can put all the models on even ground by linearly scaling them to hit a given PICP target exactly. This allows us to compare each MPIW directly, with the smaller MPIW being better. For example, if the PICP for a given model is 76% and the target PICP is 80%, we will expand the prediction intervals (which makes the MPIW larger) to hit exactly 80%. On the other hand, if the PICP for a given model is 85%, we will shrink the prediction intervals to hit 80% PICP. After all the models we want to compare hit the same PICP target, we can compare the MPIW to check which model is the best.\n\nTraditional Techniques\n\nBefore we dive into our new technique, let’s first discuss existing techniques to construct a prediction interval model from related literature. The first and most common way to construct prediction intervals is to predict the variance directly. We can view the prediction interval to be constructed by a point of estimation plus and minus a multiple of the predicted standard deviation (which is the square root of the variance). If we are less certain, the variance will be higher; if we’re more certain, the variance will be smaller, which results in smaller prediction intervals. Both the Maximum likelihood estimation and the Ensemble method are techniques trying to predict the variance directly. We also include the quantile regression method, and a naive baseline fixed bound method so that we can compare all these different techniques with our proposed method.\n\nFixed Bound Method\n\nThe fixed bounds method is a naive baseline so we can get a floor of performance that can be achieved with minimal effort. The technique trains a regression model to predict the true value then adds and subtracts a fixed percentage of that prediction value. For example, if the prediction is 3,000 and the fixed percentage is set to 30%, we can then construct a prediction interval with the lower bound to be 3000-(30%3000) and the upper bound to be 3000+(30%3000).\n\nMaximum Likelihood Estimation\n\nFor the maximum likelihood method, we directly build two neural networks. The first neural network predicts the true value (like the $9,483 prediction for domain name), and the the second neural network predicts the absolute error of the first model, otherwise known as the variance. For example, if the variance prediction for might be $3,000, the prediction interval predicted by Maximum Likelihood estimation would be $6,483 to $12,483.\n\nEnsemble Method\n\nFor the ensemble method, we build multiple neural network models that predict the true value and use the outputs from those neural network models to construct the prediction interval. Every neural network is trained on a subsample of the full dataset so, those models will be slightly different. We then take the average of the predictions from those neural networks to be the point of estimation and calculate the variance of those predictions to be the estimation of how confident the models are.\n\nQuantile Regression Method\n\nQuantile regression is a type of regression that predicts a specific quantile, such as the mean or 50%, of the data. Using quantile regression, we can construct prediction intervals by training two models to output different quantile of the prediction and thus construct an interval. For example, we can train one model to predict the 10th percentile of the prediction and another model to predict the 90th percentile of the prediction. Then we can construct a prediction interval using these two outputs.\n\nPropose technique - Expanded Interval Minimization\n\nIn our paper, we present a new way to build a prediction interval model: Expanded Interval Minimization (EIM), a novel loss function for generating prediction intervals using neural networks. For every neural network model, we need to provide a loss function that we want it to learn to minimize. For example, for a regression problem, the loss function can be the mean square error - the mean of the squared difference between predictions and actual values. For the prediction interval problem, we want to hit the target PICP while minimizing the MPIW. We use the minibatch as a noisy estimate of the population PICP and MPIW. For every minibatch of data that feeds into the neural network, we scale the prediction interval to hit the fixed and given PICP like the way we discussed in the prediction interval evaluation section. After hitting the given PICP, we can calculate the MPIW and then use that as the loss function that we want the model to learn to minimize.\n\nIn practice, we found out that the EIM technique should use larger minibatches to get better results since the larger minibatches provide more stable estimates for the loss. Another improvement we did is to pretrain the EIM model on the fixed bound model. The pretraining process help mitigate early divergence issue when training the EIM model so the model can learn more efficient and effective.\n\nPerformance comparison\n\nTo compare the model performance, we applied the models on two real-world datasets. The first one is the aftermarket domain valuation dataset, which is the same dataset we used to build the domain name appraisal model as described in a previous blog post. The second one is the publicly available dataset - the million song dataset. This dataset is used to build the regression models based on the audio features of the songs to predict the release year. We set the target PICP (prediction interval coverage probability) to be 70%, 80%, and 90% and for each PICP, we calculate the scaled MPIW (mean prediction interval width) for each method. For a given PICP, the smaller the MPIW the better since it means that the prediction interval is tighter while we can expect the same accuracy from the model. Below are the performance tables for both dataset:\n\nMPIW for Domain Valuation Dataset\n\nMethod Scaled MPIW to PICP=70% Scaled MPIW to PICP=80% Scaled MPIW to PICP=90%\nMaximum Likelihood Method 2488 2735 3689\nEnsemble Method 1908 2480 3437\nEIM (trained with PICP=70%) 1185 1889 3715\nEIM (trained with PICP=80%) 1452 1692 3076\nEIM (trained with PICP=90%) 2183 2362 2756\nQuantile 70 1804 2509 4802\nQuantile 80 1969 2402 3519\nQuantile 90 2108 2562 3485\nFixed Bound Method 2642 3077 3654\n\nMPIW for Million Song Dataset\n\nMaximum Likelihood Method 15.5 18.93 27.37\nEnsemble Method 16.92 19.91 25.74\nEIM (trained with PICP=70%) 11.54 16.53 32.30\nEIM (trained with PICP=80%) 12.18 15.00 26.23\nEIM (trained with PICP=90%) 14.81 17.35 21.32\nQuantile 70 12.59 16.40 27.39\nQuantile 80 12.70 15.99 25.47\nQuantile 90 14.80 17.50 22.46\nFixed Bound Method 23.57 26.20 28.96\n\nBased on the experiment results, we can see that for both real-world datasets, the EIM (Expanded Interval Minimization) method introduced here produces much tighter prediction intervals than other traditional techniques for different PICP targets. Since EIM and Quantile regression techniques can train the model for a specific PICP target, we see that it generally performs better than other techniques.\n\nEIM performance chart\n\nThe above figure shows how different EIM models perform based on different target PICPs. For example, taking a look at 70% PICP EIM model (the blue line), you see that MPIW increases dramatically after reaching 70%. There are similar situations for 80% PICP EIM model and 90% PICP EIM model. The EIM model has specialized itself in the given PICP target.\n\n\nHere in Godaddy Machine Learning, we keep up to date with the latest research, and in cases like this where existing techniques are insufficient, we try to expand the state of the art by developing novel machine learning techniques like EIM. The proposed Expanded Interval Minimization (EIM) method for prediction intervals has significantly better results than the existing techniques. While comparing to the next best technique, EIM produces 1.06x to 1.26x tighter prediction intervals given each target PICP (70%, 80%, and 90%). We hope that others will be able to use EIM to generate tighter prediction intervals and apply this technique to broader use cases.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9945060610771179}
+{"content": "Lakes under ice\n\nThe cold does not frighten IGB researcher Georgiy Kirillin during his research trips. He is fascinated by what happens under the ice cover of frozen lakes.\n\nGeorgiy Kirillin and a colleague on Lake Kilpisjarvi in Lapland. | Photo: IGB\n\nGeorgiy Kirillin lets the measuring sensors slide through a hole under the meter-thick ice layer of Lake Kilpisjärvi in the far northwest of Finland. \"In many long-term observations of lakes we had a gap – in winter,\" says the researcher. The ice-covered period is associated with complicated physical processes. Kirillin is interested in how the water behaves under the ice surface, which layers it forms or which currents are generated in the water. These factors determine the duration and type of ice cover, which in turn affects the ecology of the lake. \n\nFor this reason, the IGB research group with logistic support of the University of Helsinki maintains a permanent measuring platform in the lake, which automatically records values such as the oxygen content or the temperature of the water and air at regular intervals. They chose Lake Kilpisjärvi because the lake has the longest ice-covered period in Western Europe. Further north, the effects of the Gulf Stream can already be felt. The ice cover lasts until mid-June, with 40 meters of deep water underneath – the latter being anything but quiet.\n\nUsing a remotely operated mini-submarine, Kirillin and his colleagues investigate physical conditions under the ice. By this, the researchers were able for the first time to show in detail how the water circulates under the ice cover of inland lakes. The entire water volume was found to make a whole circle around the seven-kilometer-long lake within two to three days.\n\nIn times of climate change, the ice changes – and so does the ecology of the lake.\n\nThe data of Kirilin's team from Kilpisjärvi confirm what has also been observed for other lakes worldwide: The time of the annual ice cover is getting shorter. Kilpisjärvi has already set a negative record twice in a row in the last four years. \"The shortened ice cover changes the growth of algae, plants and microorganisms, and entire food webs in the lake,\" explains Kirillin.\n\nThe scientist is also conducting research at Lake Baikal, where the effects of climate change are not quite as noticeable. A lot of heat is stored in the one and a half kilometre thick water column under the ice. This prevents the formation of ice cover on the lake for a long time. Even at -30°C in November Lake Baikal is often still ice-free.\n\nCaution: ice cover oscillates like a drum\n\nEven though the researcher has stood on ice of dozens of lakes around the world, he has never broken in (- knock on ice!). His tip: \"The ice cannot be trusted. The layer should be at least twenty centimeters thick before you can walk on it. Strong wind makes the ice oscillate bringing warm water to the surface. Currents under the ice are always dangerous, especially if you can't estimate the thickness of the ice under a layer of snow. But that's just the exciting thing; ice is anything but rigid, because so much happens beneath the surface that we can't see and only slowly begin to understand\".\n\n\nFor many years Christof Engelhardt was head of the research group Physical Limnology at the IGB and chairman of the works council. He accompanied and supported Georgiy Kirillin, the scientist of his research group, on many of his research trips. Christof Engelhardt retired on 1 December 2019. We wish him all the best for this time!\n\nContact person\n\nShare page", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9124655723571777}
+{"content": "1. CVID is an antibody deficiency syndrome characterized by decreased serum IgG (IgM and IgA are often decreased) with impaired specific antibody responses. B-cell numbers are typically normal but CD4 T-cell numbers can be decreased. T cell proliferation to mitogens is decreased in approximately one-third of patients.\n\n\n2. Patients most commonly present with recurrent sinus infections and pneumonia. However, more invasive infections have also been reported.\n\n\n3. In addition to infections, CVID is characterized by a high incidence of autoimmune disease as well as an increased incidence of malignancies (lymphoma).\n\n\n4. Patients with low percentage of switched memory B-cells appear to be at increased risk for developing infectious and autoimmune complications.\n\n\n5. While most cases of CVID remain genetically uncharacterized, single gene mutations have been identified in a small percentage of patients. These include defects in TACI, ICOS, CD19, and BAFF-R.\n\n\n6. Immunoglobulin replacement is the cornerstone of CVID therapy.\n\n\n\n\n          CVID is the most common antibody deficiency syndrome with an estimated incidence of 1 in 50,000. The peak age of presentation is in the 20s to 30s. However, CVID can be diagnosed at almost any age from childhood (after age 4) to late adulthood.\n\n\n          The two main features of this disease are 1) Low serum IgG and 2) Impaired antibody responses to specific antigens. Deficiencies in other immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, and IgA) are also quite common. CD4 lymphopenia can also be seen. Approximately one-third of patients have decreased lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens. Patients with selective IgA deficiency can sometimes progress to develop CVID.\n\n\n          As would be expected from an antibody deficiency syndrome, patients typically present with recurrent sinopulmonary infections with encapsulated organisms. Without appropriate therapy, patients are at risk for developing irreversible lung bronchiectasis. CVID patients can suffer from parasitic (Giardia lamblia ) and bacterial (Campylobacter, Flexispira, Helicobater) gastrointestinal tract infections leading to chronic diarrhea and malabsorption. Campylobacter, Flexispira and Helicobacter can also cause a smoldering bacteremia or cellulitis/fasciitis in patients. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma are underappreciated causes of pulmonary infections as well as septic arthritis.\n\n\n          Patients with CVID are at increased risk for developing autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, pernicious anemia, and thyroid disease. These features may precede the development of infections.\n\n\n          Granulomatous disease involving the lungs, lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the bowel, and celiac-like enteropathy are additional complications. Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly develop in some patients. Patients with very low or absent switched memory B-cells appear to be at greatest risk for bronchiectasis and autoimmune complications.\n\n\n          CVID patients are also at greater risk for developing malignancies. The risk of lymphoma is increased 300 fold in patients and there is a 50 fold increased risk of gastric carcinoma. There appears to be no increased risk of other malignancies such as breast cancer or skin cancer.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n         The exact genetic cause of most CVID cases remains unknown. This is likely a heterogeneous disorder with a common clinical phenotype. In recent years, a number of monogenic causes of CVID have been identified in a minority of patients:\n\n\n1.  TACI Deficiency (AD or AR) TACI is encoded for by the TNFRSF13B gene and is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. TACI is normally expressed on peripheral B-cells. TACI along with BAFF receptor and BCMA function as receptors for the TNF-like ligands BAFF and APRIL. Interactions between TACI and its ligands mediate T-cell independent class-switch recombination in B-cells. Mutations in TACI occur in up to 10% of CVID cases. However, the diagnostic utility of testing for TACI mutations remains unclear given the fact that many individuals (often relatives of index cases) with this mutation are completely asymptomatic. TACI may act as a susceptibility gene for CVID but environmental factors may also be necessary for the disease to develop. Gene sequencing for TACI is currently available commercially.\n\n\n2.  ICOS Deficiency (AR) The inducible costimulator (ICOS) belongs to the CD28 family of immunoglobulin-like costimulatory surface molecules and is expressed only on activated T-cells (ICOS-ligand is expressed on B-cells). ICOS and ICOS-L interactions lead to signaling that allows B-cells to undergo class-switch recombination and terminal differentiation to memory B-cells and plasma cells. ICOS may account for up to 5% of CVID cases. In the 9 patients described to date, a founder effect tracing back to a specific region of Germany has been implicated. Diagnosis requires sequencing of the gene.\n\n\n3.  CD19 Deficiency (AR) CD19 is part of a co-receptor complex (with CD21, CD81, and CD225) associated with the B-cell receptor. This complex signals the B-cell to decrease the antigenic threshold for activation of the B-cell. Currently 4 patients with homozygous mutations in CD19 have been described. Flow cytometry is useful to identify absence of CD19 on the B-cell surface. Diagnosis is confirmed by sequencing of the gene.\n\n\n4.  BAFF-R Deficiency (AR) As explained above, BAFF-R is expressed on the surface of B-cells along with TACI and can bind BAFF or APRIL which induces T-cell independent induction of class- switch recombination. Diagnosis requires sequencing of the gene.\n\n\n5.  Hepatic Veno-occlusive disease with Immunodeficiency (AR) - This is caused by mutations in the gene for nuclear body protein sp110 (SP110). This condition is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and T-cell immunodeficiency as well as veno-occlusive disease. Diagnosis requires sequencing of the gene.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDifferential Diagnosis: It is important to consider other causes of hypogammaglobulinemia before making a diagnosis of CVID. The differential diagnosis includes the following conditions:\n\n\n1.  X-linked or AR agammaglobulinemia\n\n2.  Hyper IgM syndrome\n\n3.  WHIM syndrome\n\n4.  X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (XLP)\n\n5.  Goods syndrome (thymoma with immunodeficiency)\n\n6.  Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy\n\n\n\n\n\nStep 1: Quantitative Humoral Evaluation\n\n\n                      - Quantitative immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA)\n\n\n\nCVID patients have low IgG (and often low IgM and IgA). B-cell numbers are typically normal but a CD4 lymphopenia may be present. B cell enumeration is useful given some patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia are sometimes misdiagnosed with CVID.\n\n\n\n\nStep 2:  Functional Humoral Evaluation\n\n\n-Antibody titers to vaccine antigens\n\n\n-Protein and polysaccharide vaccine antibodies should be checked (ex. Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pneumococcus). If serum antibody titers are low, patients can be vaccinated with repeat titers drawn 4-6 weeks later. Specific antibody responses are absent or low in CVID.\n\n\nStep 3: Additional Evaluation\n\n\n-Lymphocyte flow cytometry for B-cell subpopulations (including switched memory B-cell numbers: CD27+ IgD- IgM-).\n\n-Lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens\n\n-TACI mutation analysis\n\n\n-CVID patients with low percentage of switched memory B-cells have increased infectious and autoimmune complications.\n\n\n-Approximately one-third of CVID patients have decreased lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens.\n\n\n-Up to 10% of CVID patients have mutations in TACI. Genetic testing for this mutation is controversial given the incomplete penetrance of the clinical phenotype.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n          Replacement of serum IgG with monthly IVIG or weekly subcutaneous (SC) Ig is the cornerstone of therapy. Typical replacement is started with 400-600mg/kg of IVIG every 4 weeks. Trough IgG levels should be checked after 5 IVIG doses. It is clear that patients who maintain trough IgG levels above 700-900mg/dl have fewer infectious complications. Patients with IgA deficiency may be at greater risk for developing anti-IgA antibodies to trace IgA contained in IVIG products. For such individuals, a low IgA content product (ex. Gammagard SD) should be utilized. SCIg is ideal for patients who benefit from maintaining steady serum levels of immunoglobulins or who are unable to tolerate IVIG due to adverse side effects (headache, chills, nausea, thrombotic events). SCIg should also be considered for patients with difficult venous access.\n\n\n\n\n-Amoxicillin 20mg/kg divided twice daily (Maximum of 500mg twice daily).\n\n-Azithromycin 10mg/kg once weekly (Maximum of 1 gram once weekly) or Azithromycin 5mg/kg 3 times weekly (max 250mg 3 times weekly)\n\n\n        Close monitoring for autoimmune diseases (particularly cytopenias) and malignancies should be perfomed. Lymphadenopathy may require biopsy to evaluate for lymphoma. The enteropathy seen in some patients with CVID may respond to therapies used for other inflammatory bowel diseases.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiagnostic Resources   \n\n\n1. Switched Memory B-cells (CD27+IgM-IgD-) by Flow Cytometry\n\n-Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia B Cell Panel\n\n-Cincinnati Childrens Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory\n\n\n\nLiterature Resources\n\n\n1.  Cunningham 1999\n\n     Mt. Sinai 248 patient cohort\n\n\n2.  Alachkar 2006\n\n     Low switched memory B cells correlate with greater complication\n\n\n3.  Knight 2006\n\n      CVID autoimmune and inflammatory complications\n\n\n4.  Bloom 2008\n\n     CVID and joint infections", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8388762474060059}
+{"content": "Hinsdale, IL\n\nMap Loading GIF Please wait, loading your map...\n\n\nHinsdale profile\n\nLiving in Hinsdale\n\nHinsdale is a medium-sized village located in the state of Illinois. With a population of 17,652 people and five constituent neighborhoods, Hinsdale is the 149th largest community in Illinois.\n\nHinsdale home prices are not only among the most expensive in Illinois, but Hinsdale real estate also consistently ranks among the most expensive in America.\n\nHinsdale is a decidedly white-collar village, with fully 96.44% of the workforce employed in white-collar jobs, well above the national average. Overall, Hinsdale is a village of professionals, managers, and sales and office workers. There are especially a lot of people living in Hinsdale who work in management occupations (21.70%), sales jobs (15.28%), and business and financial occupations (10.97%).\n\nAlso of interest is that Hinsdale has more people living here who work in computers and math than 95% of the places in the US.\n\n\n\nBecause of many things, Hinsdale is a great place for families with children to consider. First of all, many other families with children live here, making Hinsdale a place where both parents and children are more likely to develop social ties with other families, as well as find family-oriented services and community. The village’s good public school district and large population of college-educated adults provide an environment conducive to academic values. With regard to real estate, Hinsdale has a high rate of owner-occupied single family homes, which tends to reflect stability in the local community. Finally, Hinsdale’s overall crime rate ranks among the lowest in the country, making it one of the safest places to raise a family.\n\nOne downside of living in Hinsdale is that it can take a long time to commute to work. In Hinsdale, the average commute to work is 33.09 minutes, which is quite a bit higher than the national average. On the other hand, local public transit is widely used in the village, so leaving the car at home and taking transit is often a viable alternative.\n\nIn Hinsdale, a lot of people use the train to get to work every day though Hinsdale is a relatively small village. Those that ride the train are primarily traveling out of town to good jobs in other cities.\n\nIf knowledge is power, Hinsdale is a pretty powerful place. 79.62% of the adults in Hinsdale have earned a 4-year college degree, masters degree, MD, law degree, or even PhD. Compare that to the national average of 21.84% for all cities and towns.\n\nThe per capita income in Hinsdale in 2010 was $84,924, which is wealthy relative to Illinois and the nation. This equates to an annual income of $339,696 for a family of four.\n\nHinsdale is a somewhat ethnically-diverse village. The people who call Hinsdale home describe themselves as belonging to a variety of racial and ethnic groups. The greatest number of Hinsdale residents report their race to be White, followed by Asian. Important ancestries of people in Hinsdale include Irish, German, Italian, English, and Polish.\n\nThe most common language spoken in Hinsdale is English. Other important languages spoken here include Chinese and Spanish.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9625751972198486}
+{"content": "A volcanic eruption occurred at Whakaari/White Island in the Bay of Plenty on 9 December 2019. The New Zealand Police and National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) are responding. Visit the NEMA website for latest information.\n\nWhakatāne frequently records the highest number of sunshine hours in New Zealand. This sunny town is known for fishing trips and volcano visits.\n\nBay of Plenty\nWhakatane Heads, Bay of Plenty\n\nThe main centre for the eastern Bay of Plenty, Whakatane is one of the sunniest towns in New Zealand. Just off shore is White Island, a spectacular active volcano that can be visited by launch or helicopter. Guided tours of the island necessitate a gas mask and hard hat. Whakatane is also known for its fishing – more yellow fin tuna are caught here than anywhere else in the country.\n\nOther Whakatane attractions include the museum, an observatory and Maori historical sites. The Nga Tapuwae o Toi walkway leads to pa sites, native forest and seabird colonies. Dolphin and Seal tours, which can include swimming encounters, start in November. There are guided Kayak tours on offer around Ohiwa Harbour and Whale Island.\n\nWhakatane is also very close to Ohope, a 10km white sandy beach, which has a small settlement and is perfect for camping, surfing, walking and relaxing in the sun.  \n\nplane Réserver votre vol\n\nWhere to next?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9868296384811401}
+{"content": "Seven people have died of heatstroke over the past few days as scorching temperatures continue to blast Seoul, the capital of the South Korea, police said Friday.\n\nThe country has been suffering from the sweltering heat wave for weeks with temperatures in most parts of the country soaring above 35 degrees Celsius. The morning low on Friday was 31 degrees Celsius in Gangneung, Gangwon Province — the highest since 1911 when the temperature measurement began in the country.\n\n\nA 52-year-old man, identified only by his surname Choi, collapsed on his way to the peak of Mt. Halla on the southern resort island of Jeju at 1:16 p.m. Friday, a local police spokesman said. Choi was found by another mountaineer and escorted to a nearby hospital in a police helicopter, but died of heatstroke.\n\n\n\n\nThe high-speed trains normally travel at 300 kilometers per hour. Temperatures also rose above 55 degrees Celsius in other parts of the country’s railway system for the day, slowing trains.\n\nThe government issued a preliminary warning for a possible power shortage earlier in the day. It marked the second such instance this year as the country’s power reserves dropped below 3.5 million kilowatts due to soaring electricity consumption used for cooling. Central and provincial government buildings were instructed to refrain from using air conditioners to stave off a possible nationwide blackout.\n\nStatistics from the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters showed that 663 people have been hospitalized for heatstroke and other heat-related diseases since early June. More than 745,000 chickens, 40,829 ducks and 40 pigs have died due to the scorching temperatures for the past two months, the headquarters said.\n\nThe anti-disaster agency said that it has ordered more than 50,000 farmers and construction workers across the country to have a three-hour ‘heat break’ from 2:00 p.m.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9911692142486572}
+{"content": "Critical Path\n\nTopics: Project management, Critical path method, Construction Pages: 8 (1605 words) Published: March 6, 2013\nCritical Path Procedure\n1. Develop a list of the activities that make up the project. 2. Determine the immediate predecessor(s) for each activity in the project. 3. Estimate the completion time for each activity. For example:\n\nActivityImmediate PredecessorTime\nA - 3\nB - 1\nC - 2\nD A, B, C 4\nE C, D 5\nF A 3\nG D, F 6\nH E 4\n\n4. Draw a project network with nodes and arcs depicting the activities and immediate predecessors listed in steps 1 and 2. Please see problem 4, 7, and 8 below for an example of a network with arcs. 5. Prepare the outline of the activity schedule with column and row titles as shown below. 6. Use the project network and the activity times to determine the earliest start and then the earliest finish time for each activity by making a forward pass through the network. 7. The earliest start time for the first activity(s) in a network is zero (0). The earliest finish time for the first activity(s) in a network is the activity time for that activity. 8. The earliest start time for an activity with one predecessor is the earliest finish time for the predecessor. The earliest finish time for this activity is the earliest start time plus the activity time for the activity. 9. The earliest start time for an activity with two or more predecessors is the maximum of the earliest finish times for all of the predecessors for that activity. 10. The earliest finish time for the last activity in the project identifies the project completion time.\n\nActivity Schedule  | Activity| Earliest| Earliest| Latest| Latest|  | Critical| Activity| Time| Start| Finish| Finish| Start| Slack| Path| A| 4| 0| 4| 4| 0| 0| X|\n\nB| 6| 0| 6| 7| 1| 1| |\nC| 2| 4| 6| 7| 5| 1| |\nD| 6| 4| 10| 10| 4| 0| X|\nE| 3| 6| 9| 10| 7| 1| |\nF| 3| 6| 9| 15| 12| 6| |\nG| 5| 10| 15| 15| 10| 0| X|\n\n11. Use the project completion time identified in step 10 as the latest finish time for the last activity and make a backward pass through the network to identify the latest start and latest finish time for each activity. 12. The latest finish time for an activity that has one succeeding activity is the latest start time for that succeeding activity. 13. The latest finish time for an activity that has two or more succeeding activities is the minimum of the latest start times for all of the succeeding activities. 14. Use the difference between the latest start time and the earliest start time for each activity to determine the slack time for each activity (i.e., slack time = latest start time – earliest start time). 15. Find the activities with zero slack; these are the activities on the critical path. 16. Prepare the formulas to calculate the earliest start, earliest finish, latest finish, latest start, slack, and critical activity cells. With these formulas in place, you can change any of the activity times and the related cells will reflect the change. Critical Path Problems\n\n1. Construct a project network for the following project. The project is completed when activities F and G are both complete.\n\nImmediate Predecessor--AA C,B C,B D,E\n\nAssume that the project has the following activity times (in months):\n\n\na. Draw a project network.\nb. Develop the activity schedule for the project.\nc. Can the project be completed in 1.5 years?\n\n2. Embassy Club Condominium, located on the west coast of Florida, is undertaking a summer renovation of its main building. The project is scheduled to begin May 1, and a September 1 (17-week) completion date is desired. The condominium manager...\nContinue Reading\n\nPlease join StudyMode to read the full document\n\nYou May Also Find These Documents Helpful\n\n  • Critical Path Method Essay\n  • Critical Path Method and Pert Essay\n  • Essay about Critical Path analysis\n  • Essay on Opm 300 Critical Path of Rockfest\n  • Critical Path Analysis: Its Use and Limitations Essay\n  • Cpm\n  • Three Point Technique to Estimate Task Duration, Es-Ef, Ls-Lf Procedure to Indentify Critical Path. Essay\n  • Critical Path Essay\n\nBecome a StudyMode Member\n\nSign Up - It's Free", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5441640615463257}
+{"content": "Donald Trump's Uncle, Donald Trump's Son, Tesla and Time Travel - DVD\n\nOur Price: $16.00\n\nProduct Code: 2947\n\nThis will blow your mind. Barron Trump (youngest son of current US President Donald Trump) has cropped up before in history! A late nineteenth century series of books features a fictional character Baron Trump who travels to Russia to find \"alternate realities.\" One of the books called \"The Last President\" describes protests in New York against the president. The parallels are spooky, leading some to speculate that perhaps the Trumps are involved in time travel. By the way, did I mention that Donald Trump's uncle was the man who got possession of Tesla's secrets after he died. Tesla was a genius who may have unlocked the secrets to time travel ... 112-min. DVD\n\n\nWrite a review.\n\n  0 of 0 people found the following review helpful:\n4 of 5 Good information more for an engineer. June 28, 2018\nReviewer: Mary Schlueter from Fort Collims, CO United States  \nInformation more for an engineer that understands topic.\n\nWas this review helpful to you?\n\nCopyright ©  ToolsForFreedom.com. All Rights Reserved.\nBuilt with Volusion", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6538034677505493}
+{"content": "Electromobility takes off\n\nMarvin Eichsteller, co-founder of “eMOBILITÄT – der Blog” and LinkedIn Top Voice 2017, on tomorrow’s mobile life.\n\nWhat are the challenges facing mobility?\n\nEnvironmental pollution, traffic congestion, noise and dirt are the factors that pose problems for today’s mobility and that will require solutions from the mobility of the future. The trend towards car sharing, electrification, autonomous driving and networking is already pointing to possible solutions today.\n\nYou are talking about the “true” beginning of the electric car age. Why?\n\nI have the feeling that electric mobility has arrived in the middle of society. Electric vehicles offer ever more suitable ranges for everyday use and the charging infrastructure is being expanded. Thanks to the disruptor Tesla, all major manufacturers have understood e-mobility as an opportunity and many models with an acceptable range will come onto the market at a reasonable price. The new registrations that are constantly increasing are also a sign of the growing interest.\n\nWhat is your personal opinion of mobility?\n\nThe trend from individual mobility to shared use is becoming apparent. In an urban environment, it makes sense not to afford your own status symbol and rely on car sharing instead, as the annoying search for a parking space, high costs and networking possibilities make your own car a burden. This doesn’t yet apply to rural areas; longer commuting distances are difficult to manage with sharing options.\n\nCan you imagine driving without a driver two decades from now?\n\nI can imagine a mix of possibilities. I like to drive a car. However, there are also days when, after eventful office hours, I would like to get into a car that drives me home on its own. In everyday traffic, I see great potential to reduce the number of accidents through automation and advanced assistance systems and to let the number one cause of accidents, the human being, recede into the background.\n\nWhat is your appeal to material manufacturers and suppliers to further promote electric mobility and autonomous driving?\n\nE-mobility will renew the transport sector. We haven’t yet reached the point of grasping electric mobility and its opportunities 100 percent. Lithium-ion batteries are only regarded as a bridge technology. Material manufacturers and suppliers must use their wealth of experience to seize the opportunity to contribute to truly long-term solutions, such as solid batteries, and thus play an active role in shaping change.\n\nWhat contribution can each individual make to ecologically meaningful mobility?\n\nRide to work by bicycle or use ride-share opportunities. Digitalization makes it easier for us to access it and makes sharing what it is today. You leave your car parked and choose other modes of transportation. No one has to completely change their behavior immediately, but small steps in the right direction are a start.\n\nPortrait of the interviewee Marvin Eichsteller.\n\nMarvin Eichsteller (25) studied media management at the Stuttgart Media University and is co-founder of emobilitaetblog.de. He has been studying besides his job to obtain a Master’s degree in Corporate Management (M.A.) since 2018, and, as an IT sub-lead, he is responsible for the Customer Service area during the introduction of new applications for ALDI SÜD.\n\nElectric car charging area background at Georgia, USA.\nThe mobility of tomorrow requires ecologically viable approaches.\n\nDecember 11th, 2019\n\n\nRina Della Vecchia\nMarketing & Communication\nSCHOTT North America, Inc.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5080300569534302}
+{"content": "Yadburgh Hill\n\nArea:Ettrick Hills\nCounty:Dumfries and Galloway\nMaps:322(N) Explorer or 78 Landranger\nGrid Ref:NT135031         Hills nearby: 5km 10km 20km\nSummit:no feature: grass\nNotes:ground 60m NW at NT13554 03144 is about 1m lower\nDaylight:dawn 07:39, sunrise 08:20, sunset 16:29, dusk 17:11\n\nview on a bigger map\n\n\nIf you need accommodation we have details of 10 properties offering rooms near Yadburgh Hill. Here are some examples:\n\n4 Sykes Cottages Assessed Cottage\n£267-1289 per week\n5.6km (3.5 miles) away, sleeps 4\n5 Sykes Cottages Assessed Cottage\n£292-1565 per week\n5.4km (3.3 miles) away, sleeps 4\n4 Sykes Cottages Assessed Cottage\n£276-1411 per week\n13.4km (8.3 miles) away, sleeps 6\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9835482239723206}
+{"content": "Killing the Buddha\n\nIf you meet the Buddha, kill him. – LinJi\n\nThe basic dichotomy of melancholic spirituality is that we are prone to despair and we require faith in providence to see us through.\n\nBut lots of spiritual teachers accentuate the suffering and disappointment in life, as if they are keen to get us disillusioned with worldly happiness and craving something more refined.\n\nBuddhism hits the ground running with the first noble truth, frequently rendered in English as “life is suffering”, but with the more nuanced translation of “dissatisfying” also on offer.\n\nIn hindsight I don’t think melancholics need to be encouraged to view life as intrinsically dissatisfying. I don’t think it serves us to take such a negative principle on board as the premise of a spiritual path.\n\nKilling the Buddha\n\nThe Zen Koan about “killing” the Buddha is a warning against religious idolatry, sanctimony, and the kind of spiritual practice that forgets the real meaning of the Buddha in favour of an image or a vision.\n\nBut today for me it means letting go of spiritual principles that don’t serve me – no matter how esteemed their author or noble their pedigree.\n\nIs life suffering? No. Is life dissatisfying? No. It might have felt that way at times, but thinking there was something intrinsically negative about life and existence only made me feel worse about it.\n\nLife is meant to be happy and joyful and satisfying, and if killing the Buddha helps me get there, I’m sure he won’t mind.\n\nThe things I learned on my spiritual quest\n\n\n\nBut the most important lesson is entirely the opposite:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndividual differences: temperament\n\nTemperament is the first and most significant domain of individual difference.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe second domain of individual difference is upbringing.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLife circumstances\n\nThe third domain of difference is our station in life.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat your own life can teach you\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIn search of authentic self-expression\n\n\n\nI made personal satisfaction subordinate to external validation.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat does authentic self-expression look like for me?\n\n\n\n\n\nFaith and heresy for Thinkers and Feelers\n\nA reader asked a great question on my post about explaining myself, and I wanted to respond at length:\n\nHow do you reconcile this approach with the demands of Christianity to submit to authority (Scripture, the Church, sensus fidelium, etc)? Doesn’t Christianity demand not only that we conform to its doctrines, but also to be able to justify our ideas by appeal to the sources?\n\nI’ve enjoyed your posts on being an INFP tremendously, and wanted to put some of your ideas into practice, but I’ve felt unsure of how to do so as a Catholic. What if I end up being a heretic?\n\nI’m not a practicing Catholic, and my views are likely heterodox; but I can relate to your struggle.\n\nStudying Catholic theology and philosophy as part of my own search left me with some big questions, especially when challenged by friends or family.\n\nBut I think there are a couple of different issues here.\n\nThe first issue is about me as an INFP having embraced my inferior function (extroverted Thinking) and subsequently letting go of it.\n\nThis is really a question of how we arrive at judgements, and I think you’ll find that Catholicism does not require you to arrive at judgements in a particular way, it just requires assent.\n\nIn that sense it doesn’t matter whether a person says “I feel this is true” or “I think this is true”.\n\nThere’s a lot of apologetics material out there that blames poor formation and sloppy thinking for the crisis in the Church and the broader culture.\n\nApologists have written in criticism of “feelings” as a basis for belief. But honestly that’s just a prejudice given by people (mostly Cholerics – xNTx) who want everyone to play on their intellectual “home turf”.\n\nFeeling as a judging function in the Jungian/MBTI sense is more subjective, harder to communicate, and harder to scrutinise than Thinking; but that doesn’t mean it’s invalid.\n\nNo one can claim that Thinking renders people inerrant and brings only objectivity and convergence of opinion.\n\nOn the contrary, scripture and Church history are full of instances of conversion and holiness that have little to do with intellectual formation or education.\n\nSo who says that Thinking is superior to Feeling?\n\nThat brings me to the second issue: what is it that makes a person believe?\n\nI don’t have a simple answer to this one. Faith is a gift – and a divinely infused virtue. If God decides whom to give faith to, then is there anything for us to worry about?\n\nIf you look at Aquinas on predestination, free will, and providence it is clear that nothing is outside of God’s command or God’s plan.\n\nYet even your grappling with questions such as these is part of God’s plan, is it not?\n\nDoes God make believers believe and heretics diverge?\n\nWhen I start thinking about these kinds of questions I quickly resolve to a feeling that “all is well”. I trust that inner knowing, and it clearly transcends my intellectual activity without nullifying it.\n\nWhat it does nullify are anxieties and worries, including (for me) any fear of being in the wrong.\n\nI feel comforted by the knowledge that everything is in God’s hands and always has been, and our role in it all remains a mystery even though the outcome is guaranteed.\n\nIsaiah’s words on the potter and the clay come to mind.\n\nIf that still doesn’t bring me to accept certain teachings, then that is how I am. In the end, if you don’t want to be a heretic that is a pretty good indicator that you won’t be.\n\nPride and humility for melancholics\n\nIt’s telling that in Conrad Hock’s spiritual advice for the four temperaments, he extols melancholics to cultivate faith in providence, whereas humility he prescribes for cholerics:\n\nThe choleric must combat his pride and anger con­tinually. Pride is the misfortune of the choleric, humility his only salvation. Therefore he should make it a point of his particular examination of conscience for years.\n\n\n\nGiven how dominant cholerics are, perhaps this explains why pride and humility are such central themes of religious teaching and cultivation?\n\nEver since Cain slew Abel, people have been muttering “f***ing cholerics!” under their breath. There’s a reason why choleric issues get so much attention.\n\nRethinking spiritual priorities\n\nI’ve devoted a lot of time to unpacking the spiritual theme of pride, because it holds such significance in religious traditions.\n\nIn theory we all suffer from pride. Augustine identified it as the root of all sin, and Cassian poetically captured the devil’s fall from heaven as the fault of pride, mistaking his own glory for something self-created rather than the gift of his creator.\n\nBut there’s something very melancholic about fixating on the wrong spiritual diagnosis and running with it.\n\nAnd while everyone is susceptible to pride in theory, and while pride itself can legitimately be defined in very broad terms, still it doesn’t mean that humility is the correct spiritual antidote for a melancholic.\n\nHumility or pessimism?\n\nI think I was drawn to the idea of humility, because in its theological context it means “seeing one’s true dependence on God”. For a melancholic, this can appear very attractive because we are prone to pessimism and despair anyway.\n\nWhen your ideals have been systematically crushed, it’s tempting to embrace “humility” as a form of consolation, making a virtue out of giving up.\n\nBut puncturing pride just isn’t the same priority for melancholics as it is for cholerics.\n\nWe melancholics are supposed to instead have faith in providence, telling ourselves “things are not as bad as they seem”. And the underlying logic of providence is, to a melancholic, almost distressingly positive:\n\nGod loves you, and God is in control of everything. The creative power behind all existence wants you to be happy. Your entire experience is a work of love aimed specifically at you.\n\nSo as the beatitudes remind us: chill the **** out!\n\nMistaking happiness for pride\n\nIf you were to take seriously God’s love and providence, it might bring you dangerously close to feeling good about life.\n\nYou might even feel a strange inner glow that could, if you’re not careful, be mistaken for pride.\n\nWe think of pride as being “full of oneself”, and “self-satisfied”. So as not to take any chances, we therefore err on the side of being empty of any and all positive feeling about ourselves.\n\nBut to avoid confusion, I suggest we instead ignore the issue of pride completely. Keep it simple: Providence + Love => Happiness\n\nIf God cares about our happiness, isn’t it okay for us to care about our happiness too?\n\nIf God loves us, isn’t it okay to love ourselves as well?\n\nThis is the point where all the pride talk would normally strike us down.\n\nLove yourself? Ha! What an ego! Full of God’s love? I can tell you’re full of something. You think you’re special? Such arrogance…you’re supposed to hate your life in this world, remember?\n\nBut assuming we’re all melancholics here, we need to accept we are not the intended audience for that.\n\nPride talk aimed at cholerics is like trying to protect your home from a raging bushfire.\n\nPride talk aimed at melancholics is like tipping a bucket of cold water on the warm embers that might have stopped you freezing to death in your sleep.\n\nIsn’t it okay to be happy?\n\nWe’re told that the first shall be last and the last shall be first, and I’ve always interpreted it one way only: that we should all put ourselves last, and if we are sincere then our sincere humility will be rewarded in the next life.\n\nBut in the context of pride and temperament I think it should be taken both ways: if you are first, you should put yourself last. If you are last you should put yourself first.\n\n“Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill made low.”\n\nDon’t just topple the mountains, but raise the valleys too. If you are proud you should learn humility, but if you are a miserable unhappy melancholic you should at least consider that feeling good and putting yourself first is not a sin after all.\n\nThe proof of this is that real humility will bring greater happiness to a choleric. Their pride does not bring them happiness, it brings them frustration and vexation and anger.\n\nWe might look at egregiously arrogant cholerics who project success and happiness, but we know that their arrogance is hungry and grasping.\n\nWhat more proof do we need that the genuine feelings of love, self-acceptance, and self-respect in us are not pride at all, but the fulfillment and grace of our own melancholic journey?\n\nCholeric Villains: a Kung Fu Panda case study\n\nLately I’ve been thinking about and discussing the two basic types of choleric. I’ve also been watching a lot of Kung Fu Panda with my son. So let’s use the villains of Kung Fu Panda to explore the two types of choleric and how they function!\n\nTai Lung \n\nKung Fu Panda 1 and 2 feature well-developed villains with sympathetic origin stories.\n\nThe villain of KFP1 is Tai Lung, an orphan snow-leopard adopted and trained by Master Shifu in the Jade Palace, who so excels at martial arts that he and his teacher both assume Tai Lung will become the Dragon Warrior.\n\nBut when Grand Master Oogway decides Tai Lung is not Dragon Warrior material, Tai Lung is outraged. He goes on a rampage and is eventually defeated by Oogway and imprisoned.\n\nIn simple temperament terms, Tai Lung is clearly choleric.  He is proud, ambitious, confident, angry and vengeful against those who have wronged him.\n\nHe pursues his revenge with the determination and focus of a choleric, having already displayed extraordinary patience, biding his time until the opportunity to escape presents itself.\n\nHaving escaped, he immediately returns to his goal of obtaining the Dragon Scroll, convinced that he is – or deserves to be – the Dragon Warrior.\n\nLord Shen\n\nLord Shen, the villain of KFP2, is the scion of a family of peacocks who ruled Gongmen City and brought joy to the people through their mastery of fireworks.\n\nWhen Shen begins experimenting with fireworks as a potential weapon, his parents consult a soothsayer who warns that if Shen doesn’t alter his course, he will be defeated by “a warrior of black and white”.\n\nInterpreting the prophecy, Shen takes his army to wipe out all the pandas in China and thereby avoid his fate. On his triumphant return Shen’s parents are horrified and banish him.\n\nLike Tai Lung, Shen is proud, ambitious, confident, angry and vengeful. He bides his time while further developing his explosive new weapons and awaits the opportunity to exact revenge (symbolically) against his now deceased parents, returning to his ancestral home before setting out to conquer all of China.\n\nUsing MBTI to unpack temperament\n\nThe similarities between Shen and Tai Lung as cholerics are obvious. Of course they are also villains, which makes the comparison very direct.\n\nDisclaimer: Not all villains are choleric and of course not all cholerics are villains. But cholerics have qualities that lend them to being either great heroes or great villains….great anything, potentially.\n\nBut there are specific areas of difference between Tai Lung and Shen that can be observed in real-world cholerics too.\n\nPower in oneself vs power over others\n\nOne of the most fundamental distinctions between cholerics is the nature of their ambition, which directly relates to their underlying skills or cognitive functions in an MBTI context.\n\nTai Lung is a skilled warrior. He is very nearly the most skilled warrior in the world of KFP1, which is the foundation of his pride and also the means by which he pursues his ambition to be recognised as the Dragon Warrior.\n\nIn MBTI terms, Tai Lung has introverted intuition (Ni). \n\nLike all the cognitive functions, it’s hard to understand Ni if you don’t have it. As a non-Ni user, the best I can grasp is that Ni-users intuitively know how to do things.\n\nIntuition is simply unconscious mental processing. The difference between Ni and Ne (extroverted intuition) is that Ne unconsciously processes information and patterns about the external world, while Ni unconsciously processes the user’s own actions, skills, and “how to do things”.\n\nStrong Ni users seem to have a knack or talent in at least one area, sometimes many. They know how to dress well and present well. They take to hobbies and skills with instinctive sureness.\n\nThey might not be able to explain to others how they know, because the processing is unconscious, but in art, music, sports, or martial arts, their skill is evident.\n\nFor an Ni choleric (INTJ or ENTJ) ambition is channeled through this innate facility.\n\nHence Tai Lung’s pride and ambition are all about his own excellence, being the best. In his own mind he is the Dragon Warrior, and therefore deserves the Scroll that promises to further enhance his already superlative skill.\n\nNon-villainous cholerics with Ni might describe their ambition in terms of being the best they can be, or wanting to compete with themselves (as an INTJ friend put it).\n\nAfter all, Tai Lung doesn’t want to conquer all of China, he just wants to be the best.\n\nThe kind of choleric who does want to conquer all of China\n\nWhile Tai Lung is the embodiment of kung fu as an individual skill honed to near-perfection, Lord Shen will happily destroy kung fu in the pursuit of his own ambition.\n\nInstead of the power within himself, Lord Shen cultivates power over others, beginning with his intuitive realisation that the fireworks created by his parents could be used for violence.\n\nThis detail of Shen’s origin story is a perfect clue to the kind of intuition he wields: extroverted intution (Ne).\n\nNe is all about patterns and connections in the external world. As an Ne-user I can fully appreciate Shen’s recognition that the explosive power of fireworks could be “repurposed”. NB: but as a melancholic the idea doesn’t appeal to me!\n\nShen’s power is almost totally externalised, as represented by the cannons he invented and the army of wolves and gorillas he commands. While he has kung fu skills of his own, they are clearly insufficient to achieve his true aims and ambition.\n\nLacking the innate talent of the Ni choleric, Lord Shen’s ambitions are not grounded in his own personal attributes. This is reflected in his willingness to destroy his own ancestral home in pursuit of something greater.\n\nInstead of being motivated by his own innate skill, what motivates an Ne choleric like Shen is the self-evident truth that bigger is better:\n\nSoothsayer: “Are you certain it is the panda who is a fool? You just destroyed your ancestral home, Shen!\nShen: “A trivial sacrifice, when all of China is my reward.\n\nYet at the same time, Shen’s Ne is apparent in his respect for the Soothsayer, a fellow Ne user whom he spares in part to prove her wrong, but also in recognition of her own gifts.\n\nAs a fellow Ne user, Shen is intrigued by the Soothsayer’s predictions and insights. He sends her away only when he is confident that his own path is certain.\n\nThe weakness of cholerics\n\nIn temperament terms, an Ni choleric would be choleric with a secondary temperament of sanguine, and an Ne choleric would have a secondary temperament of phlegmatic. But that’s an “all things being equal” scenario.\n\nIn practice we can see that different cognitive functions can be exaggerated or diminished through circumstances, formation, and our own choices.\n\nTai Lung’s excessive ambition was fostered by Shifu, his adoptive father and teacher. Shifu encouraged Tai Lung’s desire to be the Dragon Warrior:\n\nTai Lung to Shifu: Who filled my head with dreams?! Who drove me to train until my bones cracked?! Who denied me my DESTINY?!?\n\nThings get a bit subtle at this point, but I think the “filled my head with dreams” aspect would relate to Tai Lung’s introverted Feeling function (Fi) in either a tertiary or inferior position; my guess would be inferior.\n\nFi is all about ideals, meaning, and “dreams”. But in an inferior position, Fi is very rudimentary.\n\nAt various stages in life our inferior function is more influential, and it’s common for people to suppress their dominant function and be driven by their inferior.\n\nIn Tai Lung’s case, that would mean his dominant extroverted Thinking (Te) was suppressed, and his inferior Fi was engaged and stimulated by Shifu’s excessive encouragement.\n\nSo when Tai Lung is denied the long-expected meaning of becoming the Dragon Warrior he is enraged and goes on a pointless and destructive attack on the valley, ending in his defeat by Oogway and imprisonment.\n\nLiving under the shadow of rudimentary Fi, he actually weakens his “efficiency”, his Te, and loses everything of value.\n\nA healthier choleric would have had a clearer sense of his own goals to begin with. He would have found a different way to excel, even if that meant spurning the Jade Palace altogether.\n\nIronically his loss of control showed that he had less confidence in his own abilities, because he had tied them so strongly to the specific “dream” of becoming the Dragon Warrior.\n\nThe search for meaning is his downfall not only in this first instance, but in his subsequent effort to obtain the Dragon Scroll.\n\nThe weakness of Lord Shen\n\nAs an Ne choleric, Lord Shen has extroverted Feeling (Fe) and introverted Sensing (Si) in his tertiary and inferior positions; but in which order?\n\nThere’s a case to make for either option: ENTP or INTP. Honestly, I’m not sure which is correct.\n\nBut his character flaws certainly relate to extroverted Feeling, which is all about harmony with others. For Lord Shen it was his parents’ horror and rejection following his attempted genocide of pandas that scarred him. Shen thinks his parents hated him, and is unable to reconcile their repudiation of his actions with their parental love.\n\nBut even prior to the incident, it is curious that Shen didn’t buy into the foundation of his parents’ power – the colour and joy that their fireworks brought to the lives of ordinary people. If Shen had more well-developed Fe he ought to have been more appreciative of that relationship between his parents and their subjects.\n\nThe frightening aspect of Lord Shen’s Fe is that he massacred the pandas without realising the effect this would have on his parents, and without having previously heeded their worries and fears about his attempts to weaponise fireworks.\n\nIt’s suggestive of psychopathy – not only that he would massacre the pandas but more importantly that he would fail to understand his parents response!\n\nWhat went wrong with Shen?\n\nUnlike Tai Lung, there is no indication that Lord Shen was misled, or that his head was “filled with dreams”.\n\nWhat seems more likely is his parents’ failure to properly educate their son and instill in him more compassion or care for others. By the time he was willing and able to massacre all the pandas in China, it was already too late in his development.\n\nWhile this indicates a failure to develop Fe, it also suggests (or rather, my brother suggested while discussing this question) an Si-related failure to fill a young Shen with formative memories that would reinforce the virtues of compassion, benevolence, and mercy.\n\nShen’s attempt to use his intellect (Ti and Ne) to conquer China with gunpowder is a merciless and violent recapitulation of his parents’ “conquering” Gongmen City through the joy and wonder accomplished by their fireworks.\n\nWithout an appreciation for the happiness of the people and the virtues that go along with that, Shen would see his own path as a bigger, better, and more glorious version of his own parents’ success.\n\nCholerics in real life\n\nLearning about the four temperaments helped me understand myself, but it also helped me understand how and why some people act like complete a***holes when it seems like they should (and maybe do) know better.\n\nCholerics in general are weaker in the “feeling” functions of the MBTI. In Big 5 terms, they are more “disagreeable” than “agreeable”.\n\nVillains with troubled origin stories aside, cholerics tend to be proud, which they might prefer to describe as being objective about their own strengths.\n\nFor Ni cholerics, their strength is the innate talent facilitated by introverted intuition, coupled with extroverted thinking (Te) that helps them be very goal-directed and efficient.\n\nFor Ne cholerics, their strength is the systematic world-modelling comprehension of introverted thinking (Ti), enabled and given full-flight by extroverted intuition.\n\nBeing strong and disagreeable is advantageous if life is a competition. But cholerics struggle when they seek to “win” at non-competitive goals or attributes such as being agreeable.\n\nA common trope for successful cholerics (villainous or not) is to reach the pinnacle of success only to realise that they have neglected or even harmed the things they valued but did not excel at.\n\nThat’s why the choleric “solution” is essentially a softening or slowing down where it might otherwise be easier for them to fight, compete, and perhaps win. It’s for cholerics, I think, that we have the spiritual advice to embrace weakness, meekness, humility, and poverty of spirit.\n\nIs it okay to be happy?\n\n\n\n\nDepressive realism\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIntentional optimism\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrude stereotypes of happiness\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTemperament defines happiness\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPutting meaning and ideals first\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMyers-Briggs functions vs temperamental factors\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOr is it…\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCan you trust your feelings?\n\nThere’s a widespread perception that feelings are an untrustworthy guide.\n\n\n“It just feels right to me!”\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThings like insecurity, escapism, avoidance and so on.\n\n\nOCEAN follow-up: disorganised and disagreeable\n\nI did an online test for the Big 5 personality traits just now, and the results were interesting:\n\nAs expected, I’m both extremely Introverted and extremely Neurotic.\n\nIn my previous post I suggested that I might be high in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, but I also noted that these qualities felt forced and unnatural.\n\nI subsequently read the actual criteria for the two traits, and concluded that I’m practicing “pseudo-” Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, attempting to mimic traits I don’t actually possess.\n\nIn other words, I’m not naturally an organised, disciplined, tidy person, but I put pressure on myself to be organised and disciplined where it counts.\n\nThe results of the online test corroborate my suspicions.\n\nOpenness to new experiences was surprisingly high, but that could be because the trait is manifested differently between introverts and extroverts. An extrovert might be open to “new experiences”, but an introvert can be open to “new ideas”, ways of thinking and seeing the world.\n\nSo I think I’m on the right track: trying too hard to be conscientious and agreeable in certain circumstances is actually a manifestation of neuroticism, and exacerbates those negative emotions.\n\nBeing less agreeable and more disorganised might not change my other traits, but it would be more authentic, and, if I’m right, authenticity could be the key to ameliorating neuroticism.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.886776328086853}
+{"content": "Watch Museum Secrets on CBC's Documentary Channel\n\n\n\nDeath of a Mistress\n\nPlease download the Flash player to see this element.\n\nPrismatic Chandeliers\nInfernal Machine\nMarie Antoinette\nThe Real Musketeer\n\nView related by:\n\nHow did the king's young mistress die?\n\nWas the cause of death purely a natural one?\n\nAt Versailles, it was not uncommon for a King’s mistress to have her own apartment, and to be treated as a member of the Royal court. There was nothing scandalous about being the King’s mistress. But there was a time when it was scandalous to be the King’s mistress. In the turbulent 15th Century, with much of France occupied by the English, King Charles the Seventh and his court were forced to flee Paris for the Loire Valley. There the King met a young beauty, Agnes Sorel, who quickly became his mistress, and gained power in his court.\n\nBut Agnes Sorel died suddenly and mysteriously at the age of 27.\n\nWhy did the King’s mistress die?\n\nWith the help of France’s real-life version of Indiana Jones, the paleo-pathologist Dr. Philippe Charlier, Museum Secrets goes to the Loire Valley to uncover the secrets contained in Agnes Sorel’s sarcophagus at a medieval church in the picturesque town of Loches. Using modern techniques, Dr. Charlier will unravel the centuries-old mystery of what killed Agnes Sorel.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5716172456741333}
+{"content": "10.1021/jo301859h.s003 Agnieszka Witosińska Bogdan Musielak Paweł Serda Maria Owińska Barbara Rys Conformation of Eight-Membered Benzoannulated Lactams by Combined NMR and DFT Studies 2016 American Chemical Society conformer coalescence effects DFT StudiesThe title compounds amide function NMR data solution gas phase benzo analogues ring inversion barrier activation energy 2016-02-20 07:28:45 article https://acs.figshare.com/articles/Conformation_of_Eight_Membered_Benzoannulated_Lactams_by_Combined_NMR_and_DFT_Studies/2473132 The title compounds were synthesized, and their structure and conformational behavior in solution (NMR and DFT), in the gas phase (DFT), and, for some of them, in the solid state (X-ray) were investigated. The variable-temperature NMR spectra were employed to determine the conformational equilibria and the activation energy of the conformational changes of the eight-membered ring. The coalescence effects are assigned to racemization of the chiral ground-state conformation with a ring inversion barrier in the range of 38–100 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> depending on the relative setting of the two strong conformational constraints: benzoannulation and the amide function. The second conformational process, interconversion between two different conformers, in the molecules of benzo­[<i>c</i>]­azocin-3-one, benzo­[<i>d</i>]­azocin-2-one, and benzo­[<i>d</i>]­azocin-4-one was observed. The natures of the conformers observed in solution were elucidated by analysis of experimental and calculated NMR data. The present results are discussed in conjunction with previous experimental and theoretical data on (<i>Z</i>,<i>Z</i>)-cyclooctadienes and their benzo analogues.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9685381054878235}
+{"content": "ECCO 2019: IBD cancer and serious infections in Europe (I-CARE study)\n\nJean-François Rahier | ECCO 2019 | 7. Marts 2019\n\nSpeaker: Jean-François Rahier\n\nProspective studies specifically assessing the effectiveness and safety profile of current therapeutic strategies based on a wider use of biologics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lacking. The overall objectives of I-CARE -a European prospective observationalstudy -are to assess:\n\n1) the long-term safety profile (malignancy, infections) of immunomodulators (IMM), biologics (anti-TNF and vedolizumab) alone or in combination with an Iimmunomodulator\n\n2) the potential for disease modification of biologics\n\n3) the benefit-risk ratio of current therapeutic strategies\n\n4) health economics of IBD care", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8150647878646851}
+{"content": "ECON-6201 Macroeconomía Corto Plazo Doctorado\n\nThe fundamental objective of modern macroeconomics is to provide quantitative responses to economic questions. The decisions of the different agents involved in an economy (families, firms, unions, countries, governments, central banks) are derived from uncertainty conditions and affect the future. The first part of the course studies theories of unemployment, natural unemployment rate, dilemma between inflation and economic activity, inflation and deflation costs, target inflation schemes, currency rules, Central Bank delegation and reputation, and some topics of interest in the current economic situation, such as deflation and liquidity trap, currency and globalization policy, optimum accumulation of international reserves and costs, and benefits of currency and dollarization. The second part of the course is aimed at studying the basic elements of dynamic macroeconomics. The fundamental objective is to help students understand the theory and numeric methods needed to write simple computer programs (MATLAB) and use them in the solution of quantitative questions in macro, public finances, currency, growth, work market, etc., all within a general dynamic balance framework. We will follow the path established by the 1985 Economy Nobel Robert Lucas: \" One of the theoretical economy functions is to provide people with artificial economic systems that may be used as labs, where the different policies - that would otherwise be very expensive to evaluate in the real world – could be tested at a very low cost \" (Lucas, 1980, p. 696).\n\n\n\n\nFernandez Andres", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9989774227142334}
+{"content": "WATCH: MS Dhoni trolling the umpire like a boss\n\nFormer Indian skipper MS Dhoni is one of the best hard-hitting batsman who has ever played the game. He is the leading six-hitter for India in ODI’s and smashed his 200th six in the series against England.\n\nMSD, who also known for his trolling ability on and off the field, in the second ODI of the same series hit a six off Chris Woakes, but unfortunately the ball touched the wire of spider cam.\n\nSo the umpire had no choice but to cancel the six because the rules stipulate that a ball stopped by an external influence on the pitch must be deemed dead. On the very next ball, Dhoni delivered a huge six out of the park, probably the biggest six of the tournament.\n\nHe then went to his non-striker partner Yuvraj Singh and just smiled.\n\nLike it? Share with a Cricket fan!\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9629674553871155}
+{"content": "Jessse, the man snake.\n\nJessse was a Man-Snake that appeared in the episode Summer Semester. Jessse and Thark wanted to have a battle of the bands to decide what race would rule the world (Man-Snake or Man-Opossum). He played the guitar in Marcus' and Horatio's band. His rival, Thark, played with Poque. Derek theorized that since the master copy of the Summer Semester album caused both races to form, neither could rule the world if it was destroyed. After the battle was over and they were trying to decide who won, Horatio intentionally broke the master copy CD, destroying both Jessse and Thark. Thus, in ending the plot line of the episode, which began with the formation of the Mega64 band by Horatio and Marcus, Summer Semester has reached its conclusion.\n\nHe was portrayed by Garrett Hunter.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5307586193084717}
+{"content": "Speech Practice and Vocab Review\n\nClass began the usual way. Since speech outlines were due today, students were able to go to the library in shifts in order to print.\n\nAfter reading, students had 10 minutes to practice their speeches to the wall. The purpose of this time was for students to not only figure out how long/short their speech was, but it also allowed them to make any changes or additions while simply getting to know their speech better.\n\nAfter practicing, students looked over the rubric, and I explained how both presentation and organization are equally important when it comes to public speaking. If a speech isn’t presented well with good eye contact, volume, and expression, a speech will be boring no matter how interesting the content; however, even if a speech is presented well, if it isn’t organized, the audience will get lost and walk away thinking, “What the heck did I just listen to?” That’s why those organizational pieces – the thesis statements in the intro and conclusion, the transitions, the topic sentences, the summary sentences – are so important.\n\nNext, students had 10 – 15 minutes to start note-carding their speech.\n\nAfterwards, we spent a chunk of time reviewing vocabulary with three different stations: memory, review Jenga, and quizlet. That took us to the end of the period where I reminded students that it is CRUCIAL they come prepared for their literature circle discussion tomorrow because tomorrow’s discussion is like their “final test” of discussion skills.\n\n\n  1. Read for 25 minutes.\n  2. Complete Day 6 literature circle reading/task\n  3. Bring headphones/earbuds!\n  4. Vocabulary quiz on WEDNESDAY", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9001141786575317}
+{"content": "Dissertation/Thesis Abstract\n\nby Crowley, Catherine Jane, Ph.D., Columbia University, 2010, 241; 3420871\nAbstract (Summary)\n\nPurpose: To provide an analysis of the accuracy and effectiveness of using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fourth Edition (CELF-4) to identify students as having language-based disabilities.\n\nMethod: The CELF-4 is analyzed within the current standards set by the federal law on special education, the available research, preferred practice guidelines, and the statistical information provided in the CELF-4 Examiner's Manual. This study also analyzes the accuracy and effectiveness of the CELF-4 from varying perspectives such as English Language Learners, students who speak dialects other than Standard American English, economically disadvantaged students, and students with motor, attention, and memory limitations.\n\nConclusions: Despite the widespread use of the CELF-4 as a primary diagnostic tool in disability determinations, construct validity especially in its discriminant accuracy is weak; significant bias issues exist in many subtests especially for English Language Learners and speakers of dialects other than Standard American English; and standardization based on the U.S. census is unlikely to reflect the language norms of a student's speech community which is the standard for identifying a language disability. Nonetheless, student performance on the CELF-4 can provide insight regarding a student's strengths and weakness that may be useful as part of a disability determination. Particular CELF-4 subtests provide valuable information about a student's language skills but disability determinations based on scaled scores or standard scores derived from the CELF-4 should be avoided.\n\nIndexing (document details)\nAdvisor: Saxman, John H.\nSchool: Columbia University\nSchool Location: United States -- New York\nSource: DAI-B 71/09, Dissertation Abstracts International\nSubjects: Speech therapy, Special education, Quantitative psychology\nKeywords: Bias, Clinician's guide, Construc validity, Dialects, Disbility determinations, Discriminant accuracy\nPublication Number: 3420871\nISBN: 978-1-124-18568-2", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.986953616142273}
+{"content": "What Is SIEM and How Does It Enhance Threat Detection?\n\nAugust 26, 2019\n| |\n3 min read\n\nAlthough security information and event management (SIEM) has been around for more than a decade, the solution continues to evolve. But too many enterprises still don’t know which security use cases SIEM can take on, how it can capture and leverage data — structured and unstructured, internal and external — or how to effectively implement a SIEM solution.\n\nThat’s unfortunate, because the threat environment isn’t standing still, both in terms of attack types and volume. Security talent remains in short supply, while point solutions have become all too common. Defenders need a SIEM solution to detect threats in the extended environment, artificial intelligence (AI) to identify connections behind suspicious activity, and automated processes to rapidly shut down attacks.\n\nWhat Is SIEM?\n\nTaking a step back to define the phrase, what is SIEM? SIEM is a combination of security information management (SIM) and security event management (SEM) that helps organizations detect threats via fine-grained, real-time visibility into on-premises and cloud-based activity.\n\nAt one time, audit and compliance needs — from the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) to Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) — drove the SIEM market. But the evolving threat landscape and sophistication of cyberattackers forced the answer to the question, “What is SIEM?” to change. From compliance, SIEM expanded into threat detection and remains at the core of the security operations center (SOC).\n\nA Single Pane Captures a 360-Degree View\n\nComplex SIEM systems empower SOCs to detect both known and unknown threats and respond to incidents quickly and effectively. But as enterprises adopt new types of technology, such as the internet of things (IoT), the attack surface keeps growing, creating new blind spots.\n\nTo detect and investigate threats, enterprises need a comprehensive view into on-premises and cloud — including hybrid cloud and multicloud — assets and network and user behaviors, helping analysts spot anomalies that could signal a breach or cyberattack. Through it all, enterprises must still prove the efficiency and accuracy of their SIEM systems to compliance and regulatory auditors.\n\nDue to the cybersecurity skills shortage, organizations also need SIEM solutions that are simpler to deploy, manage and maintain. The escalating number of data sources requires considerable effort to integrate and tune. Deploying a solution to improve detection, investigation and resolution requires vendors willing to share their expertise on an ongoing basis, so security teams aren’t forced to become experts themselves.\n\nAI Accelerates Investigations\n\nSIEM solutions today tackle many security use cases, from detecting endpoint threats, to insider threats, to phishing attacks. But defenders need to identify symptoms of threat behavior as well as the threats themselves. As this need has grown, so have technologies such as machine learning and advanced historical analysis, which can surface anomalous behaviors and help defenders respond earlier to stop attackers and mitigate damages.\n\nWhat analysts don’t need are solutions that generate even more alerts and lack integration with other security tools. Instead, AI-powered analytics can be used to investigate and seek the root cause and chain of events that led to existing anomalies.\n\nAI won’t replace rules-based or machine-learning algorithms to detect potential threat signals. Nor will it replace humans. But when SOCs lack the workforce to investigate these signals, AI can accelerate analysis and insight speed, identifying threats faster and more consistently than attackers can react. Despite incomplete data and knowledge, cognitive capabilities can serve to automate and improve decision-making.\n\nIn addition, AI can help analysts implement, configure and support use cases within a SIEM system. Keeping up with changes and closing gaps remains critical, but AI can assess priorities and automate a large chunk of the workload.\n\nAutomation Enables Value-Added Activities\n\nMost cyberattacks focus on critical enterprise data — and once attackers gain access, your organization needs a rapid and efficient incident response process to empower analysts to stop them. But SIEM is about detection, with tools that typically process between 10,000 and 500,000 events per second. SIEM should provide the data and evidence needed to remediate threats to an incident response system.\n\nHowever, it’s also critical to recognize that SIEM isn’t a response tool. That’s where security orchestration, automation and response (SOAR) solutions excel. SOAR helps security teams increase productivity by automating the dull and repetitive tasks that don’t require human intervention, and forces teams to focus on people, processes and technology. Top solutions add context to threats and prioritize them according to the risk to customer data and business function and reputation.\n\nAdding automation and intelligence to SIEM is a force multiplier on your team’s efforts and lets them focus on value-added activities, such as proactively hunting and preventing threats. That’s critical, because the less time cyberattackers can spend operating within your infrastructure, the less damage they can do. Human discernment and judgement can also best inform policy changes to limit risky use of applications or databases and block malicious players without disrupting customer access to your business.\n\nPutting it all together, the right security information and event management solution can help you gain comprehensive visibility into all types of enterprise data and threats, move past individual alerts to identify and prioritize potential incidents, and accelerate investigation processes with AI — all while shifting your security strategy toward more proactive efforts.\n\nDiana Kightlinger\n\nDiana Kightlinger is an experienced journalist, copywriter and blogger for science, technology and medical organizations. She writes frequently for Fortune 5...\nread more", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9795961976051331}
+{"content": "40 LA restaurants you need to try before you die\n\nInsider compiled a list of 40 Los Angeles restaurants you need to visit before you die. The list includes institutions like Philippe the Original and highlights up-and-comers like Tacos 1986. Think of this as the quintessential guide to the LA res...\n7m 24s\nBusiness Insider", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7805914282798767}
+{"content": "Essay on Learning for the Cuban and Nigerian Revolution\n\nEssay on Learning for the Cuban and Nigerian Revolution\n\nLength: 2020 words (5.8 double-spaced pages)\n\nRating: Powerful Essays\n\nOpen Document\n\nEssay Preview\n\nFor developing regions, Latin America and Africa are a few of the focal countries to analyze civil war onset and for future preventions. Cuba, now a communist state underwent political turmoil from leaders like Fidel Castro to achieve its present government. Nigeria, a prominent oil powerhouse also faced ethnic conflict stemming from its diverse population. Both countries are still susceptible to future conflicts, but learning from their own history could easily prevent it from happening.\nCuba: The Castro Revolution\nThe Castro Revolution, which first started in the early 1950’s, involved a massive number of casualties at the cost of an insurgent victory. The Cuban President at that time, Fulgencio Batista was ousted and replaced with a revolutionary socialist state. Originally seizing power from a military coup, he lost popularity while serving his second term and was highly criticized for his dictatorial leadership resulting in organized crime, high unemployment rates, and a failing water infrastructure (Diaz-Briquets). Later, Fidel Castro listed grievances against Batista for his corruption and private police force. Failing to achieve a response they wanted, Castro organized disgruntled members of the working class to overthrow Batista’s regime. After a failed attempt and being imprisoned, the Castro brothers again tried to organize an overthrow once they were released.\nCastro was able to find outside forces and support from Mexican exiles and even Che Guevera to back his revolution. Following multiple failed battles, Castro’s army was finally able to secure crucial offense points and Batista fled the country shifting power to the communist party. The ongoing conflict between the insurgents and Batista’s military regime resulte...\n\n... middle of paper ...\n\n...s as well as a multitude of human rights violations makes civil war and conflict a possibility in the near future. However, goals to have the United States lift its embargo and its current seat on the Human Rights Council could alter Cuba’s course and prevent history from repeating itself. In the case of Nigeria, conflicts stemmed from ethnic, religious, and differences in beliefs spurred wars in the region. Though the insurgents failed to alter government policies, it makes the potential for future conflict an even higher possibility. However, increasing its transparency in its oil companies, preventative diplomacy measures from outside countries, and addressing its human rights abuses could ease tensions in the culturally and ethnically diverse country. Taking necessary measures and altering policies in the two countries can prevent history from repeating itself.\n\nNeed Writing Help?\n\nGet feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.\n\nCheck your paper »\n\nThe Cuban Revolution And The Revolution Essay\n\n- The Cuban Revolution is one of the most important and influential events to occur in Latin American history. Between the years 1953 and 1959, Fidel Castro, a young politician and activist at the time, led an armed guerrilla rebellion against the authoritarian government in Cuba. While much of the war was fought using guns and soldiers, a majority of the revolution was fought not firing a single shot. Fidel Castro’s “other” weapon in the revolution was propaganda. The combination of bullets and propaganda proved to be extremely successful for Fidel and his fellow rebel comrades....   [tags: Cuba, Fidel Castro, Cuban Revolution]\n\nPowerful Essays\n2455 words (7 pages)\n\nEssay on The Revolutionary Revolution And The Cuban Revolution\n\n- A revolution is a change in the government or political system, that every nation has to experience in order to establish its’ credibility. Most nations undergo a revolution or war to set in stone a particular right granted to the people that are governed by that nation. There are many outcomes to revolution, rather it’s good or bad. Majority of them have different resolutions, and are handle differently. Some are resolved peacefully and others are ongoing issue and beliefs that may never come to its breaking point....   [tags: Fidel Castro, Cuban Revolution, Che Guevara, Cuba]\n\nPowerful Essays\n948 words (2.7 pages)\n\nThe Revolutionary Movement Of The Cuban Revolution Essay\n\n- Argentine born, Marxist revolutionary Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara played an important part for the Cuban revolution as guerrilla, as minister of industry, and as a figure that influenced the Cuba 's revolution with his philosophy of a \"new man,\" a new society that could be motivated by the morals rather than by personal gain. He was a first doctor, then a soldier, and a teacher in-between in the Cuba army. Here is where the revolution begin. Twenty percent of all Cubans were permanently unemployed. One point five percent of the landowners controlled forty six percent of the land....   [tags: Fidel Castro, Cuba, Cuban Revolution]\n\nPowerful Essays\n1569 words (4.5 pages)\n\nThe Cuban Revolution Of Cuba Essay\n\n- As one is walking through an outdoor market your eye is drawn to a colorful poster. It is a sunny day in the poster, with beautiful azure, calm, waters and a white sandy beach. There are a populist of people on the beach. To the eye of the beholder, you would purchase this poster for the right price, frame the poster and hang it in a family room. It would not enter your mind that this is a propaganda poster used to give hope for a better life for men, women and children. This poster accurately depicts the events as they occurred leading up to the occupation of Cuba by Fidel Castro and his freedom fighters....   [tags: Fidel Castro, Cuban Revolution, Cuba]\n\nPowerful Essays\n1198 words (3.4 pages)\n\nEssay The Cuban Revolution Of Cuba\n\n- During the1940’s and 1950’s, the republic of Cuba located in the Caribbean, was considered what we would currently call a third world country. It was mainly with farm lands and its main source of income was through its agriculture such a cane sugar. This was their main export. The United States had been allies with Cuba and had owned most of the sugar cane exports in Cuba, which made them allies. Many Cuban citizens at the time did not approve of their president, Fulgencio Batista Saldivar. Batista was a strict and materialistic ruler who seized as much wealth as he could from the people of Cuba during his reign....   [tags: Fidel Castro, Cuba, Cuban Revolution]\n\nPowerful Essays\n1721 words (4.9 pages)\n\nThe Cuban Revolution Essay\n\n- The time of the Cuban Revolution was a great deal of turmoil, not just in Cuba but in almost every corner of the world. It was 1945, shortly after the end of World War Two, and the Cold War was taking off between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cuba, in the middle of its own war, was caught up in the international politics of the Cold War. The interaction between international and domestic politics played a major role in the outcome of the revolution. The result of the revolution left Fidel Castro in charge of Cuba....   [tags: Cuban Politics]\n\nPowerful Essays\n781 words (2.2 pages)\n\nEssay about Describe the Causes and Discuss the Effects of the Cuban Revolution.\n\n- The Cuban Revolution, which began in the early 1950’s, was an overthrow of a very corrupt government. It was an attempt to improve the conditions of the Cuban people, but the path was covered in blood and sweat and an informed historian has to ask, was it really worth it. How much actually changed. The main causes of the revolution were the corrupt way in which the country was run, the large role the US played in the running of Cuba and the poor treatment & conditions the lower class Cubans lived with....   [tags: Cuban History]\n\nPowerful Essays\n973 words (2.8 pages)\n\nThe Cuban Revolution Essay examples\n\n- After year of recruiting, training, plotting, Fidel was ready to launch his revolutionary offensive. “His rebel ‘army’ consisted of less than 200 men, and two women;” (Huberman 1960: 28) the group consisted of students or graduates, and nearly all of them were young people like himself and his brother, Raúl. Most of them were “politically active, articulate and impatient young men who had been drawn to the radical movements or to the ardently reformist Orthodox Party of Eduardo Chibas.” (Macgaffey 1962: 275) The rebels gathered outside Santiago, in the Fidel’s native Province of Oriente where they could launch an attack on Moncada Barracks, the army’s second largest military installation...   [tags: Cuban History, Fidel Castro, ]\n\nPowerful Essays\n3100 words (8.9 pages)\n\nThe Cuban Revolution Essay\n\n- \"They talk about the failure of socialism but where is the success of capitalism in Africa, Asia and Latin America?\" -- Fidel Castro Introduction During the 1950’s, Cuba was on the brink of revolution. The nation, which had suffered numerous corrupt and oppressive governmental regimes, fell victim to yet another when Fulgencio Batista seized power under a military coup in March of 1952. A cry for a just Cuba, that was economically, politically, and socially free continued to echo throughout the island....   [tags: Cuban History Cuba War Essays]\n\nPowerful Essays\n2301 words (6.6 pages)\n\nEssay about Different Perspectives of Cuban Revolution\n\n- Different Perspectives of Cuban Revolution Introduction: The measures taken by Castro and explicitly stated by him at his trial in 1954, from the very beginning of his anti-Batista movement illustrate his initial desires to reform Cuba and ultimately increase its standard of living. Different understandings can be perceived by reading various books and documents that focus on the political changes shaping Cuba’s modern-day society. Each illustrates different aspects of the insurrection while simultaneously giving the reader an accurate depiction of the historical occurrences....   [tags: Cuba Cuban History Historical Essays]\n\nPowerful Essays\n2372 words (6.8 pages)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9873223304748535}
+{"content": "Premises liability can lead to wrongful death\n\nDid you know that it is your legal right to expect the premises of any California facility will be cared for and free of liabilities that could be potentially harmful? Safety precautions should always be made by business owners and building owners to keep everyone who is in the space safe. Not taking precautions or installing the proper equipment can lead to an injury quickly and financially ruin a business. Premises liability can even lead to a wrongful death. \n\nA variety of factors can be a potential premises liability. Property owners are accountable in all areas, at work, at the store and even at  a personal residence. Some examples or premises liability include: poor lighting which makes it difficult to see, ice on walkways, wet floors which are not marked with appropriate signs and any other dangerous property condition that leads to an injury or wrongful death. \n\nInjuries can occur very easily due to an unkempt property. One can slip and fall on the hard floor of a grocery store during a rainy day or get electrocuted by wires that are in disrepair at a work site. When injuries such as these occur, the property owner is generally liable.\n\nMost premises liabilities are covered under insurance terms. If you have been injured at a store, home or place of business due to hazardous conditions or poor maintenance, the property owner could be liable. To find out if you are entitled to compensation, speaking with an experienced attorney might be very beneficial.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9932171702384949}
+{"content": "Summary of chapter 11 of The Giver in 3 sentences.\n\nExpert Answers info\n\nmrshh eNotes educator | Certified Educator\n\ncalendarEducator since 2015\n\nwrite992 answers\n\nstarTop subjects are Literature, History, and Social Sciences\n\nThere are three significant parts of chapter 11 in The Giver.  In the first part, The Giver shares his first memory with Jonas.  \n\nThis first memory is one of sledding down a snowy hill.  Because of climate control in his community, Jonas has never experienced snow.  He enjoys the fun sensation of sledding and the feeling of the snowflakes on his skin.\n\nThe next part of the chapter is when the Giver explains why there is no more snow.  He tells Jonas that climate control was created in part for the growing of crops.  He also shares a memory of laying in the sunshine with Jonas.\n\nThe last part of the chapter is when Jonas asks the Giver what he should call him.  \"'It's just that I don't know your name.  I thought you were The Receiver, but you say that now I'm The Receiver,'\" Jonas explains.  It is then that his new teacher tells Jonas that he should call him \"The Giver.\"\n\nIf you are looking to write a three sentence summary of this chapter, you will have to choose which information is most important.  You may decide to focus on one part or have a sentence for each of the three parts.\n\n\ncheck Approved by eNotes Editorial", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9679292440414429}
+{"content": "When it comes to identifying who is more at suicide risk, scientists have found that physical illness and injury raise the risk of suicide in men but not women, along with a plethora of other insights into the complex factors that may increase a person's risk of suicide.\n\nThe boy was upset and took his life. (Representational Image)Creative Commons\n\nThe study, led by Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) and published in JAMA Psychiatry, is the first to use data from the population of an entire country (Denmark) and parse it with a Machine Learning (ML) system to identify suicide risk factors.\n\n\"Suicide is incredibly challenging to predict because every suicide death is the result of multiple interacting risk factors in one's life,\" said lead study author Dr Jaimie Gradus, associate professor of epidemiology at BUSPH.\n\nDr Gradus and her colleagues looked at thousands of factors in the health histories of 14,103 individuals who died from suicide in the country from 1995 through 2015, and the health histories of 265,183 other Danes in the same period, using a machine-learning system to look for patterns.\n\nMany of the study's findings confirmed previously-identified risk factors, such as psychiatric disorders and related prescriptions.\n\nNew potential risk pattern\n\nSuicide (Representative Image)Pixabay\n\nThe researchers also found new potential risk patterns, including that diagnoses and prescriptions four years before a suicide were more important to prediction than diagnoses and prescriptions six months before, and that physical health diagnoses were particularly important to men's suicide prediction but not women's.\n\n\"The findings of this study do not create a model for perfectly predicting suicide\", said Dr Gradus, in part because medical records rarely include the more immediate experiences -- such as the loss of a job or relationship -- that combine with these longer-term factors to precipitate suicide.\n\nThe findings, however, point to new factors to examine in working to prevent this persistent public health issue.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9605180621147156}
+{"content": "An icon representing Marijuana & Cannabis Legalization\n\nLegalizing Marijuana\n\nMarijuana & Cannabis Legalization\n\n\n27 candidates have declared a position\n\nThere are three policy positions outlined so far.\n\nMarijuana has been classified as a Schedule 1 controlled substance since 1970, placing it alongside LSD and heroin as the most dangerous drugs. In a stark reversal from the War on Drugs waged for decades under Republican and Democratic administrations, presidential candidates are now embracing full legalization.\n\nThis reflects not only the rapid spread of state-legal medical and recreational markets across the country, but also growing voter support for ending prohibition. Nearly two-thirds of voters now back legalization, according to Gallup — more than double the level of support two decades ago.\n\nPaul Demko\n\nHow many states have legalized marijuana?\n\nEleven states and the District of Columbia now have full legalization, with Illinois joining that group this year. In addition, 23 other states have comprehensive medical marijuana programs.\n\nWhat’s been the federal government’s approach to state-sanctioned marijuana markets?\n\nThe federal government has generally taken a hands-off approach to enforcing the federal marijuana prohibition in states that have legalized medicinal or recreational markets. Under the Obama administration, the Justice Department issued guidance directing U.S. attorneys not to prioritize cracking down on states with legal markets. While the Trump administration rescinded that policy in 2018, there has been little practical change in the federal government's approach to enforcement.\n\n21 similar views\nMichael Bennet 2020 election candidate\nPeter Buttigieg 2020 election candidate\nTulsi Gabbard 2020 election candidate\nAmy Klobuchar 2020 election candidate\nDeval Patrick 2020 election candidate\nBernard Sanders 2020 election candidate\nThomas Steyer 2020 election candidate\nElizabeth Warren 2020 election candidate\nAndrew Yang 2020 election candidate\nCory Booker 2020 election candidate\nJulian Castro 2020 election candidate\nBill de Blasio 2020 election candidate\nKirsten Gillibrand 2020 election candidate\nKamala Harris 2020 election candidate\nJohn Hickenlooper 2020 election candidate\nJay Inslee 2020 election candidate\nSeth Moulton 2020 election candidate\nRobert O'Rourke 2020 election candidate\nTim Ryan 2020 election candidate\nEric Swalwell 2020 election candidate\nMarianne Williamson 2020 election candidate\n\nLegalize it\n\n\nMany candidates — including Sens. Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren — would go even further, calling for past convictions for marijuana possession to be expunged and for an overhaul of federal criminal justice policies. Both senators are sponsors of legislation — including the Marijuana Justice Act and the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act — that would dramatically reshape federal drug policies.\n\nSanders' marijuana blueprint also calls for reforming the federal clemency application process by creating a board independent of the Justice Department. In addition, he proposes creating a $10 billion grant program through the USDA to help people start their own pot farms.\n\nSen. Amy Klobuchar is somewhat of an outlier among current lawmakers. While she has indicated support for federal marijuana legalization, Klobuchar is not a sponsor of the more ambitious legislative proposals to reshape federal criminal justice policies. Instead, Klobuchar is a co-sponsor of legislation — The STATES Act — that would allow states to set their own marijuana policies without fear of federal punishment.\n\nDemocratic candidates who aren't currently members of Congress are also proposing dramatic changes to federal criminal justice policies. South Bend, Ind. Mayor Pete Buttigieg’s “Securing Justice” plan calls for doubling funding for grants to states that are committed to overhauling their laws. Billionaire activist Tom Steyer has suggested a national referendum to let voters decided if marijuana should be legalized.\n\nRecent entrant to the race Deval Patrick, a former governor of Massachusetts, supports the federal legalization of marijuana. His position marks a shift from his tenure as governor, when his administration came under criticism for how it implemented a voter-approved medical marijuana legalization law. He also opposed marijuana decriminalization as governor.\n\nFive similar views\nMichael Bloomberg 2020 election candidate\nJohn Delaney 2020 election candidate\nSteve Bullock 2020 election candidate\nWayne Messam 2020 election candidate\nJoseph Sestak 2020 election candidate\n\nLet the states decide\n\nThe federal government has generally taken a hands-off approach to enforcing federal marijuana laws in states that have authorized medical or recreational markets. But that informal policy could be reversed by any administration at any moment. That's why some Democrats have endorsed allowing state-legal markets to operate without fear of punishment from the federal government.\n\nFormer New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg has a track record of cracking down on marijuana-related crimes, but since beginning his run for president his views have softened. His campaign told POLITICO that he supports allowing states that have legalized marijuana to continue without federal interference and is pro-decriminalization.\n\n\nOne view\nJoseph Biden, Jr. 2020 election candidate\n\nDecriminalize it\n\nFormer Vice President Joe Biden has championed tough criminal penalties for marijuana possession throughout his decades-long legislative career. Biden has consistently backed tougher sentences for drug crimes, including the 1994 crime bill, which led to a massive increase in the number of Americans behind bars.\n\nThat stance is now far out of step with other Democratic presidential candidates. During a November town hall event, he raised concerns about marijuana as a gateway drug, drawing controversy for his rhetoric, although he subsequently walked back that comment.\n\nBiden supports moving marijuana to Schedule II of the Controlled Substance Act, a slightly less restrictive category than its current status as a Schedule I drug. While Schedule I drugs are defined as having no “accepted medical use,” Schedule II drugs are recognized to have medical use but also “a high potential for abuse.” Biden wants to move cannabis to Schedule II, alongside drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine, in order to ease barriers to marijuana research.\n\nHe also supports decriminalizing marijuana at the federal level, automatically expunging convictions for marijuana possession, and allowing states to set their own recreational marijuana policies. But legalization advocates have questioned this approach, given that other Schedule II substances like cocaine are still very much criminalized. If marijuana were moved to Schedule II, all state-sanctioned marijuana markets would still be in violation of federal drug laws (unless Congress passed legislation to address the federal-state conflict). Moving marijuana to Schedule II also does not ease many of the barriers to researching marijuana that scientists face today.\n\nFormer New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's campaign has also said he is in favor of decriminalizing marijuana, but added that states should also be able to continue with their legal medical or recreational marijuana markets without federal interference.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9197267889976501}
+{"content": "Newport Beach CA Eye Doctor\n\nNewport Beach CA Eye DoctorEvery one to two years, you should see a Newport Beach eye doctor for a comprehensive eye exam. This is done to assess your visual abilities as well as the overall health of the eye – which is one of the most complex organs in the entire body. Unlike a vision screening test, a comprehensive eye exam includes a broad range of testing to ensure your eyes are in optimal health. If anything is out of balance, a Newport Beach eye doctor can make an accurate diagnosis and provide you with the necessary treatment.\n\nWhat Happens During a Comprehensive Eye Exam?\n\nAlthough every Newport Beach eye doctor will perform a comprehensive eye exam differently, there are general tests that are usually performed, and are as follows:\n\nUnderstanding Your Background and History: During your eye exam, a Newport Beach eye doctor may discuss your current or family history of eye pathology as well as any environmental conditions, allergies, or medications.\n\nVisual Acuity: This test measures your vision by asking you to read letters or symbols from a certain distance, and which get smaller as you move down the chart. It gives the Newport Beach eye doctor an idea of what your vision ability is, and whether or not you need corrective lenses.\n\nRefraction Test: If you do not pass the visual acuity test, you may have a refractive error which could be an eye condition such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. This test will help the eye doctor to prescribe you lenses that will give you 20/20 vision, or as close to it as possible. The refraction test may include a:\n\n  • Retinoscopy: A test that includes a small tool which shines a light into your eye. The doctor will analyze the reflex of the light to determine the prescription.\n  • Phoropter: This will be positioned in front of your face and helps the doctor to understand your ability to focus as well as your overall eye alignment.\n  • Autorefractors and Aberrometers: These are computerized machines that can measure your refractive error and determine your prescription. Whether or not they are used is based upon the doctor’s preferences and patient’s needs.\n\nEye Focusing and Eye Teaming Testing: The comprehensive eye exam may also include testing to see how your eyes function together and individually.\n\nEye Health: As one of the most important parts of the exam, the eye doctor in Newport Beach may carry out tests to check your eye health and any underlying diseases. These tests may include:\n\n  • Slit Lamp Test: An instrument will be used to examine the internal and external parts of the eye including the cornea, lens, and optic nerve. It’s a painless test that can help to identify conjunctivitis, cataracts, or retinal detachment.\n  • Tonometry: This test helps to identify glaucoma by measuring the pressure inside the eye. An anesthetic will be used, but typically there is no discomfort.\n\nPupil Dilation: Your doctor may elect to dilate your eyes in order to gain a better view of the back of the eye. This is done by the discretion of the doctor and can be further discussed during your appointment.\n\nThe Retina Associates of Orange County\n\nA comprehensive eye exam is just as important as a yearly medical checkup and should be scheduled on a regular basis. If you would like to schedule your appointment with The Retina Associates of Orange County, a trusted Newport Beach eye doctor, please call 949-706-3514.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7874724864959717}
+{"content": "What can you do with a history degree: Why will I work if I have a history degree?\nBeing a teacher is not the only option when you form a discipline with so much to contribute to the technological world.\n\nTraditionally seen as \"boring\" in the eyes of students, like the Humanities and the rest of the careers of letters, History is generally classified as one of the less popular subjects and careers. During the Secondary Education stage, it is undoubtedly one of the \"most boring\" for teenagers.\n\nThe truth is that those who really appreciate the value and importance of these types of careers will be able to see clearly how training in History can allow access to great job opportunities.\n\nIn fact, combined with other disciplines, this subject is able to generate employment in technology companies and provide job opportunities throughout the world.\n\nWhat is history degree?\n\nHistory degree, broadly speaking, the future of societies. This process highlights the most outstanding cultural, social, economic and political events that in a certain way marked the course of each society.\n\nIts objective is to analyze all these facts in a theoretical way, but also to use them to understand societies in their present from a global and critical perspective. This is mainly because many of the facts that mark current societies have a historical origin.\n\nFor students it is easy to believe that this discipline studies the past, but in reality, that study of the past has a great impact on what happens in the present.\n\nHow did the gender problem originate? What is the origin of the war conflicts that threaten the planet today? Why are there intercontinental migrations? All these problems have, to their measure, a historical component.\n\nCareer outputs of History degree careers\n\nBecause of their training, it is usual that the most obvious outcome for these professionals is that of a teacher. Both at the level of Primary Education, as Secondary or Tertiary.\n\nAlso, historians can work as researchers for private companies and public bodies. State agencies, museums, art houses, and even private collectors.\n\nBut perhaps technology companies provide the most interesting work output for these professionals. As different as these disciplines may seem, it is recognized that technological companies are beginning to give a new value to graduates of Humanities careers since it is considered that they can contribute a critical and global critical thinking for their industries.\n\nIn addition, History professionals are particularly sought after for their ability to analyze and connect facts that are apparently isolated.\n\nThe so-called hybrid careers that combine History with other subjects can, after all, give new opportunities to History degree graduates. For example, combine their training with computer studies to create video games about the different periods of civilization; or Programming to design an educational app.\n\nIf they continue to be trained, History degree professionals have no limits.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9088284969329834}
+{"content": "Understanding Society Scientific Conference 2019 - , University of Essex\n\nUnderstanding the patterns of modes switch in longitudinal studies\n\nMy Programme   Add \nDay:Tue 2 Jul\n  • Alex Cernat, University of Manchester\n\nThe research proposed here aims to better understand one of the key characteristics of a mixed mode design: how people transition from one mode of interview to another in a longitudinal survey. This is essential as it can be used both for targeting respondents and for dealing with non-response bias. Additionally, it can potentially explain differences in mode effects on estimates of change. In this paper we investigate the process of changing modes by looking at waves 5-10 of the UKHLS Innovation Panel. Based on the mode of participation in the mixed mode group and the likelihood of participation in waves 5 to 9 of the Innovation Panel we have identified five distinct classes of respondents. Furthermore, these classes were used to predict the likelihood of participation and the mode in which they do so in wave 10. Our results show that the latent classes significantly contribute to our prediction of future wave participation. We discuss possible strategies to use this information for targeting and non-response.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8142809867858887}
+{"content": "Is SVT-HEVC faster then HandBrake?\n\nSVT-AV1 is slow on a Threadripper, according to some benchmark I saw, around 30 FPS, and that’s 1080p.\n\nOh wait, that benchmark for SVT-HEVC, was only 1080p. I need to know the 4k FPS. My CPU won’t get the same speed as a Threadripper.\n\n8k encoding using SVT-HEVC requires 64 GB of RAM.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7787984013557434}
+{"content": "It should go without saying: Don’t round up a bunch of your buddies and jostle your way into a highly secured government facility uninvited. But that's exactly what a group of Republican congressmen proudly did Wednesday morning.\n\n“BREAKING,” representative Matt Gaetz (R–Florida) tweeted at 11:32 am, “I led over 30 of my colleagues into the SCIF where Adam Schiff is holding secret impeachment depositions.” Schiff is the head of the House Intelligence Committee, who has led the recent inquiry into President Trump’s Ukraine imbroglio. (Deputy assistant secretary of defense Laura Cooper was scheduled to give a deposition this morning.) But while Gaetz and his cohorts may have fancied themselves Parisians storming the Bastille of cloak-and-dagger bureaucracy, all they’ve really accomplished is the violation of some extremely basic tenets of national security.\n\nMeet the gaggle of Republicans who violated security protocols Wednesday.\n\nLet’s start with the SCIF (pronounced skiff), since it’s an unfamiliar acronym for many. It stands for Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility. These are rooms that are outfitted to be effectively spyproof by conforming to a stringent list of security standards. There’s a SCIF at Mar-a-Lago, for instance, kitted out to accommodate briefings for Trump during his frequent southerly sojourns. Barack Obama traveled with a SCIF tent during his presidency that could be set up on short notice inside, say, a hotel room.\n\nThe requirements of a SCIF will also vary depending on its specific use case; whether sensitive materials will be stored there or simply discussed, for instance, makes a difference. But some standards apply universally, as you can see in these hefty guidelines produced by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. They need radio frequency shielding, to prevent those signals going in or out. Their walls should be stuffed with sound-attenuation material and topped off with acoustic sealant. And any electronics inside a SCIF need to conform to the NSA’s TEMPEST specification, which details how to keep them safe from surveillance. This is just a sampling! But you get it by now. It’s a lot.\n\nThe reason to lock down a SCIF is intuitive. They’re the rooms where the most sensitive conversations related to US national security take place—or, at least, they’re supposed to be. That includes the current impeachment inquiry, which relates directly to high-level interactions between the US and foreign countries, at least some of which is presumably classified, and all of which a hacking-happy country like, say, Russia would love an inside read on.\n\n\nSo when Gaetz and House minority whip Steve Scalise and their merry band of lawmakers literally barge into a SCIF—they finally left after a five-hour standoff—they’re not just causing a fuss. They’re making a mockery of national security and to a lesser extent putting it at risk. Especially the congressmen who, as numerous outlets have reported, brought their smartphones into the room.\n\n“A SCIF is designed and regulated to be a secure space—and that means keeping out electronic devices that malicious actors can exploit to conduct surveillance,” says Joshua Geltzer, a former senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council. “Bringing those into such a space can cause real national security vulnerabilities. Doing so for a political stunt potentially sacrifices security for partisan points.”\n\nYou don’t need a vibrant imagination to see how. The SCIF guidelines from ODNI list three categories of “high-risk” devices: multifunction cellular telephones, electronic devices with RF transmitting (e.g., Bluetooth), and photographic, video, and audio recording devices. Smartphones are all three. They can have malware, and malware can take over microphones and cameras. Making matters worse, the very people storming the SCIF are the among the most at risk of compromise from a sophisticated adversary. Who wouldn’t want to hack a congressperson?\n\n“They’re definitely appealing targets,” says Mieke Eoyang, who worked as a staffer on the House Intelligence Committee and currently heads up the national security program at Third Way, a nonprofit think tank. “Foreign adversaries have been trying to collect on some of these people from the moment they announced. These are high-value intelligence targets, and well-known.”\n\nIt’s hard to overstate the extent to which the GOP members involved in the ruckus either didn’t know or didn't care about the kinds of risks they were inviting. Several of them not only brought their phones into the SCIF, they proudly tweeted that they had done so. Representative Alex Mooney (R-West Virginia) appears to have tried to livestream the affair, but settled for an audio dispatch.\n\nSeveral of the representatives later appended “sent by staff” or some variation to their missives, in an attempt to indicate that they themselves had not tweeted from inside the SCIF. Apparently not everyone felt the same retroactive rationality; according to a House Intelligence Committee official, some GOP members refused to give up their devices even at the request of the Sergeant at Arms and security personnel.\n\n\n“They engage in this circus-like behavior because they can’t defend the president’s egregious misconduct,” the official added, noting that the House Parliamentarian found the SCIF-stormers in violation of House deposition rules. It’s unclear what kind of repercussions, if any, await.\n\nThe attempt to disrupt the impeachment inquiry—reportedly endorsed by Trump himself—seems almost farcical. But it’s also at the very least dismissive of foundational principles of national security, and at worst creates a legitimate threat. The only saving grace may be that any compromised devices wouldn’t have overheard much of substance in that room so far today. The Republican invaders delayed proceedings for hours.\n\nThen again, who knows what kind of damage has already been caused? “The reason people talk about why it’s such a violation on the principles is because we cannot have a conversation about what the technical compromise might be,” says Eoyang, “without further compromising those issues.”\n\nMore Great WIRED Stories", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6647629737854004}
+{"content": "\nConceived for the purpose of offering a platform for in-depth academic analysis, La rivista di ArabLit wishes to provide a valuable input to the on-going debate among experts as well as to involve a broader number of readers interested in Arabic literature and Arab culture. The review ArabLit adopts the double-blind peer review refereeing system. Each author/authoress alone is responsible for the contents of his/her writings. To download the first issue click here.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9995205402374268}
+{"content": "Myselves, an interactive choreographic piece, stages a dialog between a dancer and her multiple selves, embodied in an autonomous and unpredictable visual and aural creature, which emanates from her psyche as interpreted by optical and body sensors.\n\n    Interactive choreographic show\n    Duration : 50 mn – all public\n\n    Creation 2019\n\n    Jean-Marc Matos : Co concept, choreography\n    Marianne Masson : Co concept, co-choreography, interpretation\n    Antoine Schmitt : Co concept, interactive, audio and visual design\n\n    Technological collaboration : Stefano Piana (engineer)\n    Research Center Casa Paganini_InfoMus, Genoa, Italy, Dir. Antonio Camurri
 Automated movement qualities analysis with the EyesWeb platform.\n\n    Design sonore : Antoine Schmitt, Jean-Marc Matos\n    Musiques : Robert Crouch, Ipek Gorgun, Nils Frahm, Franck Vigroux, Daniel Brandt, Haushka, Biosphere, Klara Lewis & Sinon Ficher Turner.\n    Création lumière : Fabien Leprieult\n    Création consumes : Benjamin Haegel\n\n    A human being is immersed in the midst of a sensitive environment which constantly interprets her internal states through the infra-verbal signs of her body movements, and which embodies these multiple internal states in a semi-autonomous visual and aural living creature existing in the space of the stage, and with which the human being therefore enters into interaction in an instantaneous auto-generated choreography.\n\n    On the stage, 2 creatures: one human, one artificial. Both live their own lives; however one does not exist without the other as they constitute one and the same person. One sole person, in all of its plurality.\n\n    A mosaic body, between human and non-human, bisexual, each part with its « own passions », in a continuous loss of control, dis-aligned and braced between absence and presence. The danced movement challenges the inherent limits of humanness while the digital metaphor makes both real and abstract what a human body alone cannot show. The instantaneous choreography emanates from a dialog between the visible body and internal states made visible, for the public and for the dancer herself – the human being who carries them.\n\n    The artificial creature, endowed with a natural polymorphism, can embody and express a large variety of states according to the analysis of the dancer’s qualities of movement, and therefore becomes largely unpredictable whilst being fundamentally linked to her internal states.\n\n    By imitation, opposition, dialogue, seduction, fleeing, fight, etc. is born a kind of tragedy or combat with invisible forces stronger than the self with multiple and successive me’s. Until, perchance, making peace with one’s internal demons, and finally standing and walking together.\n\n    The projection spaces of the stage, as well as the human body itself, all become portals to the invisible, on which the creature appears.\n\n    The artists do not provide any answers but allow the spectators to perceive beyond the skin, to delve in the burrows of this being, and why not, identify with her, with themselves…", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9956798553466797}
+{"content": "Steve Marsden’s\n\nIonic solids which dissolve in water are not the only substances which dissociate into ions.\n\nSuch solids or salts may be considered to be the products of reactions between two other classes of compounds which also exhibit dissociation behavior in water. These compounds are known as acids and bases. Like the salts which they form when they react, some acids and bases dissociate 100% and others, like the insoluble salts, dissociate to a very small extent. Thus some may be treated simply (the STRONG acids and bases) and others require treatment as equilibrium systems (the weak acids and bases).\n\nSo just what are acids and bases? These compounds are common substances which we encounter in everyday existence. They have been known for many years and the original descriptive definitions which have come down to us are still useful and interesting to look at.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999228715896606}
+{"content": "Remember meForgot password?\n    Log in with Twitter\n\narticle imageIron 'snow' discovered in the Earth's core\n\nBy Tim Sandle     Dec 22, 2019 in Science\nA new scientific investigation into the Earth's core finds that it is not only hot and under great pressure; the core is also 'snow'-capped - formed of tiny particles of iron.\nThe new understanding about the Earth's inner core (from The University of Texas at Austin), formed of tiny particles of iron that fall from the molten outer core and which settle onto top of the core, provides a new understanding of not only how the core functions, the insight may also reveal more about the physical forces that affect our entire planet. The Earth's inner core is a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), equivalent to 20 percent of the Earth's radius.\nThe 'snow'-like covering of particles leads to the formation of huge piles, some of which are 200 miles thick, with the entire core covered with the tiny fragments of iron. The new insight has not come from direct observation (no technology exists that can do this). Instead data was derived from analysis of recordings and then applying big data analytics to study the signals produced from seismic waves.\nSuspicion that the inner core has an iron-coating came from the observation that waves tend to move more slowly than expected as they move through the base of the outer core; coupled with the finding that waves proceed to move faster than expected when moving through the eastern hemisphere of the top inner core. This happens because the accumulated snow-particles act as the cause of seismic aberrations.\nAccording to principal scientist Professor Jung-Fu Lin the process is very much like the way rocks form inside volcanoes, explaining: \"The Earth's metallic core works like a magma chamber that we know better of in the crust.\"\nThe significance of the research arises because the Earth's core affects the entire planet, including influencing the magnetic field and with radiating heat which drives the movement of tectonic plates. The new finding will help geologists to understand more about these wider forces.\nThe research has been published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, with the research paper titled \"Fe Alloy Slurry and a Compacting Cumulate Pile Across Earth's Inner‐Core Boundary.\"\nMore about Earth, Earth core, Volcanic, Geology\nLatest News\nTop News", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9462460875511169}
+{"content": "New Earthoria website design\n\n\nThe intention was to make the site look a little more professional whilst keeping a clean & uncluttered look, and at the same time keep one eye on improving its search engine positioning.\n\nWe hope the new website will stand us in good stead to publish lots of new photos, podcasts, videos etc on our impending trip to Latin America.\n\nWhere the website name Earthoria came from…\n\nThe first thing you need when setting up a website is actually a name. Ideally, the name should cover the content of the website so that it gives the reader an idea what the website is all about. Thomas and I had the idea of starting a website focusing on a healthy lifestyle in a healthy world….in short about fair trade, healthy products, and healthy activities for the body and the mind.\n\nThis doesn’t mean that we never have a drink and always drive on a push bike. It means that the lifestyle that we live is somewhat alternative (off the beaten stressful life most people our age live), and we try to care and consider for people and animals in all our doings and for the earth.\n\nSo in inventing a website name we thought about a name including something about fair trade such as or but decided that in terms of shifts in the paradigms used globally it will be a bad idea to include the name “fair trade”.\n\nAs an example I can give “development”- it used to be a word with many positive connotations -namely a kind of saving the “3. world”. Today it is considered by many as a term covering the industralized countries attempt to colonize (once again) and control the developing countries. So much for picking a popular term – be aware of that.\n\nSo instead Thomas and I both searched for names containing the word “earth”, ecology, health, organic etc. Thomas came up with the name econate but when I proposed the name Earthoria he agreed to it. I like the name because it is earth and euphoria combined.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6779619455337524}
+{"content": "Desde principios del siglo XX la riqueza artística y cultural de África, aunque muy desconocida para casi todo el mundo, ha sido intensamente estudiada.\n\nUno de los momentos culminantes de este interés fue el descubrimiento de las esculturas de Ifé (Nigeria).\n\n\nEn el siglo XIII, la capital de la zona yoruba (pueblo de la costa occidental), se convirtió en un gran centro de producción artística: esculturas de madera y de piedra, desgraciadamente muy maltratadas por el tiempo, pero también aparecieron esculturas de bronce.\n\n\nAsí se hallaron numerosas máscaras y cabezas de tamaño natural. El trabajo del bronce, tanto en Ifé como en los pueblos vecinos, que fueron adquiriendo su importancia, era “un arte cortesano”, incentivado, pero también controlado por el rey, y lo ejecutaban los artistas más famosos, que solían trabajar por encargo. Eran maestros en su arte, y tenían discípulos que les ayudaban, o bien realizaban copias de las grandes obras: este proceder recuerda, extrañamente, y pese a la distancia geográfica que les separaba, las prácticas artísticas habituales en la Italia renacentista.\n\n\nMientras que en la mayor parte del continente africano el arte se caracteriza por la estilización de las formas y la búsqueda del simbolismo, en el arte de Ifé lo más importante era su gran realismo.\n\n\nSu gran calidad artística y su belleza, pese a lo ignoto que es por pertenecer al gran continente olvidado, lo sitúan entre las obras maestras del Patrimonio mundial.\n\n\nUn descubrimiento apasionante que nos invita a conocer más de Nigeria, y de su gran riqueza histórica en su cetros, parejas, y cabezas de terracota.\n\n¿Nos vamos de viaje?\n\n\n\nWhen I read the newspaper this morning, two important birthdays  appeared into my eyes: the birth a day like today  in 1527 of Philip II, under whose historic reign Spain became a great empire, and Albrecht Dürer in Nuremberg , 1471, city ​​where his father, a goldsmith originally from Hungary had emigrated.\n\nAs art is mine, I will talk about  the latter, which exerted a powerful impression on me in a sample that was in 2005 about the works that he guards the Albertina in Vienna, and traveled in an exceptional way to the Prado Museum .\n\nWhat prodigious representing hands, difficult subject to capture with this perfection!\n\n\nWe said that his father had come to the capital of Franconia, attracted by the prosperity enjoyed by the city. And he was right, the result of its decision, the family enjoyed a certain level social rank, above the craftsmen, which allowed very young Dürer interact with circles of intellectuals and humanists, of which emerged later some of its major customers.\n\nHis artistic training as a goldsmith increased development of his extraordinary faculties for observation and thoroughness. His drawing skills soon inclined him towards painting.\n\nThe image representation has always been among their concerns.\n\n\nAfter traveling in Colmar, Basel and Strasbourg, where he acquired knowledge of the technique of engraving, returns to his hometown to marry Agnes Frey, union agreed by the family to ensure economic stability.\n\n\nNo other artist was able to recreate nature in a way as truthful as he.\n\nIn the fall of that same year made his first trip to Venice, with the intention of meeting the new language of Italian Renaissance, thereafter, decisively influenced his art, by the memory of the ancient classical learning of Pollaiuolo and Mantegna treatment of the nude.\n\n\nPlasma her beauty humanist ideal. The man at the center of creation.\n\nHis return to Nuremberg provided with the baggage of experiences opened doors notoriously scholarly circles and facilitated numerous commissions. Thus contributed greatly to the cultural renewal of Germany under humanistic precepts.\n\nHis paintings of animals endowed with an extraordinary degree of visual richness and nuances. They say in the rabbit eye is reflected his face.\n\nAnd there he continued his work as a painter and engraver, and this facet mainly his fame crossed borders. During his second Venetian voyage his fame had preceded him, and was received with honors including by Giovanni Bellini.\n\n\nProdigy language development woodcut and engraving burin practice of incredible technical mastery.\n\nOn his return Maximilian I appointed him court painter, so that as of 1512 her work mainly headed to exalt the imperial power until the monarch’s life is suddenly cut short in 1519, and with it financial rewards that guaranteed the monarch. He travelled with his wife to the Netherlands to ask  Carlos V the continuity in this remuneration.\n\nDürer prepares his papers, the colors to create the wealth needed to be to have a painting, and plasma traits portrayed.\n\nBut unfortunately malaria had seized him. and he said with all virulence on his return to his country.\n\nAlthough he continued his work as a painter and engraver, during his later years he devoted himself especially to the development of theoretical texts, showing special concern for the study of geometry, perspective and proportions of the human body.\n\nDürer died in 1528. Behind him he left a key to explain the shift from the medieval mind to the modern age. His role was crucial in the history of the painting, which today could not understand whether contributions like hims.\n\n\nI hope you have enjoyed!\n\n\n“Only we agree that we are different”\n\nThis was the unwritten slogan of the New Yorker group dispersed artists of the 40’s and 50 generally qualified as abstract expressionists, or first generation of New York School.\n\nIts source is more important in art and theories of Gauguin and his circle, and evolves from Matisse’s Fauvism to Abstract Expressionism Kandinsky painting pre-war.\n\nIt is an intuitive and emotional tradition rather than intellectual,  prefer organic and biomorphic forms to geometric, curved lines to straight lines, the decorative nature to structural.\n\nHis interest in the mystical, irrational and spontaneity talks about his romantic character.\n\nLet’s talk about two of these masterpieces:\n\nFirst of all “Full Fathom Five”, painted by Jackson Pollock\n\nIn the winter between 1946 and 1947 Pollock introduced a turning point in his work: abandoned traditional easel painting and began work on cloth spread on the ground. Pollock knew the technique of “dripping” in 1936, in the experimental workshop Mexican artist Alvaro Siqueiros.\n\nPollock described his painting process thoroughly in a paper to the journal “possibilities”, whose only issue appeared in the winter. “My painting does not come from the easel. Hardly extend the canvas before painting. Rather stick it to the wall studs or floor hard without extending. Need the resistance of a hard surface. On the floor I feel better. I feel closer box, am part of it, because I can move around, work it from all four sides and literally be in the works a method similar to Indian sand painters of the West. “Instead of traditional instruments such as easel, palette and brush, Pollock used to the techniques of dripping and pouring sticks, spatulas, knives or containers with leaking or spilling paint on the canvas without touching it directly. Sometimes paint mixed with other materials such as sand or pieces of glass.\n\nThe mesh of the upper layers of paint conceals a figure made ​​with lead paint. Objects on the table, eg key or button, folks are placed in relation to the hidden figure.\n\nPollock so named in honour of his work “The Tempest” by Shakespeare\n\nFive fathoms here\n\nLies the body of your father\n\nAnd his bones are coral, pearl eyes\n\nNothing he has dispersed\n\nAll he has transformed into sea\n\nAnd it’s all beautiful, and it’s all strange\n\nThe second masterpiece is Ochre and red on red, painted by Mark Rothko.\n\nMark Rothko conceived in 1949 its characteristic horizontal arrangement of colour fields on a monochrome background, which persisted until the end.\n\nThe same would explain his decision to paint large format for a symposium: “I paint large pictures. Aware that, historically painting large pictures is to do something grand and ostentatious. Yet deep reason for this is my desire to be very intimate and human. Perform a small piece is placed outside of the experience, is to look at the experience as a stereotyped image through a lens or diminutive. But to paint a large box is inside, not something that is can have no more.\n\nRothko personally fixed the conditions of submission of his paintings: how to group them, hang them and enlighten. Your deep sensitivity required a deep relationship with their curators and collectors\n\nin their efforts to trap light inside surfaces formed by layers, Rothko applied first a binder with pigment directly onto uncoated and untreated canvas in layers of oil paint so relieved that had the consistency of watercolour, overlaying a layer directly above the other. When the fugitive pigments suspended in a medium made ​​of egg yolk (a special recipe created by the own Rothko) filtered through dilute layers, one on the surface appeared whitish image.\n\n“A picture comes to life in the presence of a sensitive viewer, whose consciousness develops and grows. However, the reaction of the viewer can be lethal. Hence the fact bring a picture to the world constitutes a risky and cruel audacity. How often suffer permanent damage because of the eyes of the common people or the cruelty of the impotent, that what they want most is to bring unhappiness to everything else?”\n\nMark Rothko.\n\nHope you enjoy it!\n\n\n\n\n\nGuggenheim Bilbao\n\nSolomon Guggenheim New York.\n\n\nIt takes place during the 40s and 50s in New York.\nThe automatic will significantly surrealists in abstract expressionism.\n2. paint color fields (color field painting)\n\nPollock action painting\n\nRothko colour fields painting.\n\n\nAlthough abstraction are attracted sometimes include figurative elements.\n\nDubuffet sculpture\n\nLucio Muñoz picture.\n\n\n\nAndy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.\n\n\nMany of these trends maintain connections with Pop Art\n\n\nGran Vía Antonio López.\n\n\nAttach more importance to analysis to action or emotion\nEmploy nontraditional media forms that just determining the compositions.\n\nMorris Louis\n\n\n\n File:Móvil (Eusebio Sempere) MEAL Madrid 01.jpg\n   Eusebio Sempere sculpture, Madrid\n  Vasarely picture.\n\nMinimalism is characterized by extreme simplification from geometric shapes industrial look.\n\nSol LeWitt, Mario Merz and Richard Long.\n\n\nIs influenced by the Readymades of Marcel Duchamp.\nIt rejects the idea of the art object as a commodity.\n\n\nAlberto Corazón.\n\n\nThe word means HAPPENING event.\n\nGilbert & George Performance artists\n\nAllan Kaprow Happenings maker\n\n\nCurrents arise neo-expressionist figuration that retrieve and subjectivity.\nALEMAN neoexpresionismo\nItalian trans\nAnd express their vitality and their own conscience.\n\nAnselm Kiefer\n\nEnzo Cucci\n\n\nJulián Schnabel\n\n\nLiu Jianhua\n\nGeorge Baselitz\n\nLuis Gordillo.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. Artistic expression of children and fools.\n\n\n\nThe Fauvist color not used descriptively\nThey express their emotions establishing colorfully contrasts\nThe lines are very rhythmic and decorative.\nThey like to represent nature in a cheerful and optimistic\n\nHenry Matisse\n\n\nBenjamín Palencia.\n\n\n• The lines are very rhythmic and decorative.\n\n\nUtopia, Marc.\n\n\n• reflect reality from geometric shapes\n• They represent different views of objects in the same plane.\n• Eliminate the illusion of depth and abandon the traditional view.\n\n\nMan with Clarinet, Picasso.\n\nViolonchelo, Archipenko.\n\n\nThey represent different forces in a state of transformation and displacement\n\ndynamism dog leash\n\nMobile Location graphic. Kupka.\n\n\nRejects the imitation of external reality.\nThe art is expressed through colors and shapes pose no issue.\nAttach great importance to freedom of expression.\n\nGeometric and lyric abstraction, both of Kandinsky.\n\n\nThe Neo tries to get a new universal order through art.\nThey use regular geometric shapes, straight lines and primary colors.\n\n\n\nauthor cabinet, De Stijl.\n\n\nIt is a radical abstract movement that deviates completely from reality.\n\nMalevich pictures.\n\n\nThey use materials and manufacturing technology.\nThey want to build a functional art that serves society.\n\nEl Lissitzky proun.\n\n\n\n\n\nMetrópolis Grosz.\n\n\nSupport the provocation, absurdity and denial of almost all\nDefend freedom and chance in the creative process.\n\n\nDuschamp urinary\n\nPsychiatrist Schwitters.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWith this proposal we try to bring you one of the most fascinating and misunderstood periods of art history: the birth and growth of the avant-garde, a crucial event in the break with the dominant tradition from to 4 centuries.\n\nSandro Boticelli Born of Venus.\n\nThis trip is structured around three sections: 1. The appearance of the first innovative movements; 2.The development of the historical avant until the outbreak of World War II, and 3. The emergence of most original artistic trends in the art of the second half of the twentieth century.\n\n\nIn the late nineteenth century a new society emerges, as result of scientific, philosophical, political changes … and art will echo these changes.\n\nThere are new aesthetic theories that will accommodate both the beautiful as ugly and the vulgar. This contributes both Romanticism, pushing subjectivity, such as realism, with its elevation of the everyday and anecdotal to the level of art.\n\nAfrican masks\n\nCurrents arises a series of individual personalities that are far from linear perspective and modeling of the Renaissance.\n\nWe estimated previously ignored new art forms, like primitive cave art, African art, and especially the Japanese print.\n\nHiroshige print\n\nThe artist ponders its true role motivated by factors such as new discoveries and theories, as a) the Einsteins relativity, b) the optical laws c) Freud’s psychoanalysis, d) the emergence of media transport, result of the Industrial Revolution, and especially e) the development of photography, which drives him to paint, and not what you see, but to interpret it in a more personal way.\n\nNewton wheel\n\nFigurative system is in crisis, you start to appreciate painting for its own qualities and abandons the conception of sculpture as mere statue.\n\nGargallos  prophet\n\nArt has become a vehicle for transmitting experience and knowledge.\n\n\nThe story begins in 1874 in the studio of the photographer Nadar, which presented some works by painters like Monet, Manet, Renoir, Degas, Pissarro and Sisley.\n\nWe can summarize its principles in three characteristics:\n\n1. His biggest concern is the representation of light\n\n2. The colors are juxtaposed on the canvas, to be the viewer’s retina which merges the result.\n\n3. Use a loose brush, allowing them to paint faster.\n\n\n\nWe can summarize its principles in three characteristics:\n\n1. His biggest concern is the representation of light\n\n\n\nClaude Monet\n\nEdgar Degas, dance lesson\n\n\nIt was one of the first alternatives to impressionist painting. Its main protagonists were Seurat and Signac.\n\nThese painters provide a scientific basis to Impressionism.\n\nPaul Seurat. Sunday afternoon at the Grand Jatte\n\nThey analyze the effects produced in a color that surround by small dots of pure tones.\n\nAttach great importance to drawing and composition.\n\n\nIt is composed of series of independent artists, based on teachings Impressionists, investigated new forms of expression, interpreting reality from the light, color and drawing.\n\n\nIt was the most revolutionary. Simplifies the volumes of nature in a series of geometric shapes (cylinder, cone and sphere)\n\nCard Players\n\n\nThe dutch expressed with twisted and meandering brushstrokes and a colorful expressive,  vehicle of his emotions\n\n\nHe was standard bearer of primitivism, he moved to Tahiti in full production in search of pictorial culture without conventions.\n\nHis painting exalts colour, used in a symbolist and decorative sense.\n\nHENRY DE TOULOUSE LAUTREC. Find in cabarets and parisian cafes inspiration for their works. Retrieves the value of the line and drawing. Raises the billboard to the art level.\n\n\n\n• By 1880 there is the symbolism, a movement that rescues intuition, imagination and the power of the symbolic through images, representing ideas and contain a message.\n\n• The Symbolists escape from reality, and to do take refuge in literary worlds, hidden and mysterious.\n\n• The symbolism is ultimately a defense of spirituality directly related to music and literature.\n\n\nAlma Tadema\n\nEverett Millais\n\n\nThis movement, known as Art Nouveau in France, is closely linked to the symbolism.\nIt is a style that recreates in nature, using curves and sinuous lines.\nIt reaches all the arts, and most important area will be the applied arts.\nSpecial importance will Gaudi Catalan modernism, or the Belgian Victor Horta.\n\nGaudi Facade and Horta gallery\n\nIn this movements we find the born of the XX century art. Tomorrow we´ll see the historical avant-gardes. I hope you liked!!\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAwesome work Cristina!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5092025995254517}
+{"content": "Benefits of having a wall art in your room\n\nYou will be surprised when you know the amount some people spend on getting wall arts for their rooms. This is considering that some wall arts are worth millions of dollars and individuals fork out this money just to get an item they hang on a wall\n\n5 Fruits and Vegetables That Can Help You Lose Weight\n\nMore often than not, snacks specifically marketed for weight loss aren’t always good for your health. While they may indeed contain less fat, they tend to be filled with sugar or salt to make up for the lack of flavour. Fortunately, you don’t need to invest in\n\n3 Healthy Natural Meals that can be Made with Bulk Foods\n\n\nHow to Host a Stress-Free Holiday Dinner – Even with Big Families\n\nThe best memories are made when families gather together, especially during the holidays. But hosting holiday dinners can be exhausting whether you host small gatherings, or a large holiday feast. Here are some tips to host a stress-free holiday dinner, even if you have a big family.\n\n5 Must Haves for The Perfect Vintage Kitchen\n\n\nWhy Does Your New Kitchen Deserve A Workstation Kitchen Sink Only?\n\n\nHere’s Why Rare Proteins Collapse Earlier\n\nSome of the oldest bacteria on the planet are classified as thermophiles – or, bacteria who thrive under high temperature conditions. In places like hot springs and oceanic hydrothermal vents, which can reach up to 122 degrees Fahrenheit, such bacteria still flourish today. While many other organisms\n\nDesign Your Stylish Kitchen\n\nEvidence has shown that your kitchen is one of the key areas to improve if you’re keen to sell your property, so if you’re looking for a way to boost your home’s value and make it a more comfortable and stylish place to live at the same", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6737134456634521}
+{"content": "Economic Modeling\n\nAllie Bauman and James Pritchett\n\nAgricultural and Resource Economics, CSU\n\nReallocating water among users is recognized as a primary tool for meeting the gap between current water supply and projected water demand. Voluntary transactions between willing buyers and willing sellers is the primary tool currently used for reallocation. While economists have argued that water markets, in which water can be transferred voluntarily, eliminate inefficiencies in water allocation, these claims are largely based on analysis assuming perfectly competitive market conditions; conditions that rarely exist. The water market model will evaluate outcomes of water markets under imperfectly competitive competitions.\n\nOverall goals and objectives\n\nThe first objective is to develop a better understanding of the potential for water markets to lead to an efficient allocation of water when perfectly competitive conditions do not exist. The impact of imperfectly competitive market conditions on overall changes in efficiency is investigated as well as the distribution of these welfare changes among water users for a representative river basin.\n\nThe second objective is to parameterize the model to represent the South Platte River Basin, using data from publically available data sources as well as from the other models included in the project.\n\nThe third objective is to use the model of the South Platte River Basin to evaluate outcomes of a water market under a variety of scenarios.\n\n  • Given climate change and population change scenarios, how is water allocated in the short, medium and long run? What are the welfare outcomes associated with these projected allocations? How will rural economic activity change and how will agricultural productivity change?\n  • What are the welfare gains from reducing transaction costs (namely costs incurred in water court) and how are those gains distributed?\n\nThe fourth objective is to explore water allocation and welfare outcomes of an institutional change that allows water users to sell the portion of the water rights that they save if they implement water saving technology.\n\n\nThe water market model uses GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) to solve an agent-based model of the South Platte River Basin using the EMP (Extended Mathematical Programming) framework and JAMS solver to declare and solve the scenarios presented in the previous section. Following Britz, Ferris, and Kuhn (2013), the problem is characterized as a MOPEC (Multiple Optimization Problems with Equilibrium Constraints) which allows the model to solve both the optimization problems of individual agents as well as how those actions affect the parameters of the market. The EMP framework takes the optimization problem, automatically generates the first order conditions, and then uses the JAMS solver to find a solution (Ferris, et al., 2009).\n\nmodel schematic\n\nSimple representation of the modeling framework\n\nExpected Outcomes\n\nResults from the model will provide a measure of water allocation, changes in rural economic activity, changes in agricultural productivity, and changes in welfare for water users in the South Platte River Basin in the short, medium and long run given a range of climate change and population change scenarios. The same scenarios will be evaluated to determine changes in welfare associated with two potential institutional changes: reducing transaction costs in the water market and allowing water users to sell the portion of the water rights that they save if they implement water saving technology.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8158146739006042}
+{"content": "US, Iran are individualistic countries, ball is in their court: Jaishankar on tensions in Gulf region\n\nNew Delhi [India], Jan 15 (ANI): Amid heightened tensions in the Middle East region, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar on Wednesday spoke about the current state of relations between the United States and Iran, saying they are two \"individualistic countries\" with a recent history of dealing with each other and that they need to resolve their issues at the earliest.\n\n\"US and Iran are two individualistic countries with a very recent history of dealing with each other. Our issues are related to happenings in that part of the world. This is enormously important. But at the end of the day, the ball is in their court,\" he said at the Raisina Dialogue 2020 when talking about the latest developments in the Middle East region.\n\nThe remarks by Jaishankar come at a time when global attention is focused on the simmering tensions in the Middle East post the killing of Iranian general Qassem Soleimani by a Pentagon-ordered drone attack in Baghdad earlier this month, which has further strained ties between Washington and Tehran.\n\nIndia has been maintaining that it would like the situation to de-escalate as soon as possible and the country has been in touch with key players including Iran, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar as it has important interests in the region.\n\nLast week, Iran launched over a dozen ballistic missiles targeting at least two bases where US military and coalition forces' are stationed in Iraq.\n\nSoleimani's killing led to a dramatic escalation of tension between the US and Iran which was already strained after Washington exited from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), also known as the Iran nuclear deal, in 2018.\n\nMeanwhile, Jaishankar underlined that the world has common challenges including terrorism, separatism, and migration.\n\n\"The world has common challenges. Terrorism is a common challenge. Separatism is a common challenge. Migration is a common challenge. The world has to ask itself how do they handle these challenges. Don't get fixated on the dots and ignore the line,\" he said.\n\nThe External Affairs Minister also said that India is among the countries which have adhered to the commitments of the Paris Agreement. \"US and Russia are among those who are ranked lowest on the climate tracker,\" he said.\n\nHe also said that there is a \"lot of headroom\" to boost ties with the countries in Europe.\n\n\"The relationship where we are under-performing is with Europe. We still deal a lot with individual states. But collectively with Europe and some smaller states there is tremendous scope for our relationship to grow...a lot of headroom out there,\" Jaishankar said. (ANI)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8323342800140381}
+{"content": "Health Law\nJul 2012\n\nInformed Consent: What Must a Physician Disclose to a Patient?\n\nBryan Murray\nVirtual Mentor. 2012;14(7):563-566. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2012.14.7.hlaw1-1207.\n\n\nInformed consent is at the heart of shared decision making—a recommended approach to medical treatment decision in which patients actively participate with their doctors. Patients must have adequate information if they are to play a significant role in making decisions that reflect their own values and preferences, and physicians play a key role as educators in this process.\n\nMany patients may have a limited understanding of medicine, so it is difficult, if not impossible, for a physician to confirm that a patient has given adequately informed consent. Hence, it is almost self-evident that adherence to the doctrine of informed consent requires a physician to disclose enough about the risks and benefits of proposed treatments that the patient becomes sufficiently informed to participate in shared decision making. A practicing physician may find it difficult to strike a balance between too much and too little information. This article will discuss legal standards that define what types of risk and other information a physician must disclose in facilitating informed consent, as well as disclosures that are not legally required.\n\nInformed Consent\n\nThe legal doctrine of informed consent can be traced back to the post-World War II Nuremburg Code, a set of guidelines drafted to ensure that unethical “medical” experiments were no longer carried out in the name of science. The doctrine is founded on the general principle that a person of the age of majority and sound mind has a legal right to determine what may be done to his or her body [1]. Thus, when a patient is subjected to a procedure he or she has not agreed to, the physician performing that procedure is violating the patient’s legal rights and may be subject to medical malpractice litigation, removal from preferred-provider lists, or the loss of hospital privileges.\n\nTo avoid legal action, according to the doctrine of informed consent, physicians must disclose enough information for the patient to make an “informed” decision. However, because informed consent laws and principles do not specify the amount of information that must be disclosed, physicians might find it useful to know what they must typically disclose.\n\nTraditionally, courts held that a physician’s duty to disclose information to the patient depended upon community disclosure standards—whether the majority of physicians within a particular community would customarily make such a disclosure [2]. More recently they have acknowledged problems with the community disclosure standard, chiefly that it creates an incentive for physicians to protect themselves by collectively limiting the standard disclosures, which is not in patients’ best interests. In effort to address this problem, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals dramatically altered the physician’s duty to disclose in the seminal case Canterbury v. Spence [3].\n\nIn Canterbury, a young man was advised by his physician to undergo a laminectomy in an effort to alleviate back pain. The physician, aware that 1 percent of laminectomies resulted in paralysis, did not advise the patient of the risk because he believed this might cause the patient to reject the useful treatment. Following the procedure, the patient fell from his hospital bed and was paralyzed. It remained uncertain whether the laminectomy procedure or the patient’s fall caused the paralysis.\n\nThe patient sued, alleging that the physician failed to inform him of the risks associated with the procedure. The court held that “the standard measuring [physician] performance…is conduct which is reasonable under the circumstances” [3]. In other words, the court held that, instead of adhering to the community disclosure standard, physicians are now required to disclose information if it is reasonable to do so. Essentially, to establish true informed consent, a physician is now required to disclose all risks that might affect a patient’s treatment decisions.\n\n\n\nIn two informed consent cases following Canterbury, physicians have also been required to disclose (1) personal or economic interests that may influence their judgment (Gates v. Jenson) [6] and (2) all diagnostic tests that may rule out a possible condition (Jandre v. Physicians Insurance Co of Wisconsin) [7]. In Arato v. Avedon, however, physicians were not required to disclose particular statistical life expectancy rates to a patient suffering from pancreatic cancer, mainly on the grounds that statistics do not usefully relate to an individual’s future [8].\n\nThe decision in Nixdorf v. Hicken stipulated that physicians must also disclose information that a reasonable person in the patient’s position would find important [9]. In this case, a doctor left a surgical needle in his patient and was held to have a duty to disclose any information pertinent to the patient’s treatment, including the patient’s physical condition following treatment [9].\n\nSimilarly, a physician must also explain any benefits or risks that may be significant to the particular patient. For example, any risk of injury to a patient’s hand is especially important to a concert violinist or professional baseball pitcher. In the briefest terms, a physician is required to provide general information about a proposed diagnosis or treatment and more personalized information about how the treatment might reasonably affect the particular patient.\n\nTruly informed consent may also require disclosure of potential risks associated with not seeking treatment. In the California case Truman v. Thomas, in which a woman had refused a pap smear, the court held that a physician had a duty to disclose to her the possibility that precancerous cells might develop, uncaught, into cervical cancer if she declined to undergo the procedure [10].\n\n\nWhile a physician is required to disclose all reasonable information, he or she is not required to disclose a risk that is not inherent in proper performance of the procedure—a risk, in other words, that would result only from the procedure’s being performed incorrectly [11, 12].\n\n\nThe second exception applies when disclosing medical information would pose a threat to the patient. If, for example, a patient has become so emotionally distraught that he or she would become incapable of making a rational decision, courts generally do not require disclosure [15]. If disclosure is likely to cause psychological harm to the patient, a physician does not have a duty to disclose [16]. However, a physician cannot use the exception to withhold information merely because he or she thinks the information may cause the patient to refuse a specific treatment. In other words, a physician must disclose information that a reasonable person would want to have for decision making, even though that information may cause the patient to refuse treatment that the physician believes is in the patient's best interest [17].\n\nIn most states, physicians are not required to disclose specific information about themselves [18]. In Johnson v. Kokemoor, however, the court held that a physician may have a legal duty to disclose his or her level of experience with a given technique when a reasonable person would expect to be told this information. The case arose after a patient suffered complications from an aneurysm clip procedure performed by a physician whose lack of experience she was unaware of. The experience of the physician was viewed as a piece of information that was material to an informed decision about the procedure [19].\n\nGiven that requirements for informed consent are relatively vague and undefined and the exceptions are few, it is in the physician’s best interest to inform patients thoroughly about proposed treatment options, ascertain that they understand their choices, and secure their consent. Doing so will help provide quality patient care and avoid exposure to legal action.\n\n\n  1. Schloendorff v Society of New York Hospital, 211 NY 125, 105 NE 92 (Ny Ct App 1914).\n\n  2. DiFilippo v Preston, 53 Del 539, 173 A2d 333 (1961).\n\n  3. Canterbury v Spence, 464 F2d 772 (DC Cir 1972).\n\n  4. Barcai v Betwee, 50 P3d 946 (Haw 2002).\n\n  5. Gates v Jenson, 595 P2d 919 (Wash 1979).\n\n  6. Moore v Regents of University of California, 51 Cal3d 120, 793 P2d 479 (1990).\n\n  7. Jandre v Physicians Insurance Co of Wisconsin, 330 Wis 2d 50, 792 NW2d 558 (Wis Ct App 2010).\n\n  8. Arato v Avedon, 5 Cal 4th 1172, 858 P2d 598 (1993).\n\n  9. Nixdorf v Hicken, 612 P2d 348 (Utah 1980).\n\n  10. Truman v Thomas, 27 Cal 3d, 611 P2d 902 (1980).\n\n  11. Mallett v Pirkey, 171 Colo 271, 466 P2d 466 (1970).\n\n  12. Gilmartin v Weinreb, 324 NJ Super 367, 735 A2d 620 (NJ App Div 1999).\n\n  13. Dunham v Wright, 423 F2d 940 (3rd Cir 1970).\n\n  14. Stewart-Graves v Vaughn, 162 Wash 2d 115, 170 P3d 1151 (2007).\n\n  15. Salgo v Leland Stanford Jr Univ Bd of Trustees, 154 Cal App 2d 560, 317 P2d 170 (Cal Ct App 1957).\n\n  16. Cornfeldt v Tongen, 262 NW2d 684 (Minn 1977).\n\n  17. Carr v Strode, 79 Hawai’i 475, 904 P2d 489 (1995).\n\n  18. Menikoff J. Law and Bioethics: An Introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 2002.\n\n  19. Johnson v Kokemoor, 545 NW2d 495 (Wis 1996).\n\n\nVirtual Mentor. 2012;14(7):563-566.\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.631212592124939}
+{"content": "Avoiding Plagiarism\n\nWhen (and why) do I need to cite?\n\nAlways cite any sources that you use in your assignment. This includes: books, articles, websites, blogs, social media, email, lectures, interviews, video, audio, etc. Citations help your instructor trace your information back to the source. Using, quoting, or rewriting information, data, creative content, or ideas, without giving appropriate credit to the speaker, author or creator is called plagiarism.\n\nWatch How!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.000008225440979}
+{"content": "\n\n\nIf you can't find the item you want in the repository and would like to check its digitization status, please email us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.\n\n\nCollections in this community\n\nRecent Submissions\n\n  • Engineered Control Over Enzyme Activity\n\n    Ghosh, Indraneel; Bienick, Matthew S.; Charest, Pascale; Cordes, Matthew; Montfort, William (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n  • Planum Temporale: Morphologic Taxonomy of the Superior Temporal Plane\n\n    Musiek, Frank; Wong, Bryan M.; Fuglevand, Andrew; Cone, Barbara; Kielar, Aneta (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Background: Planum Temporale (PT) is a crucial neuroauditory structure located in the dorsal superior temporal plane (STP) posterior to Heschl’s gyrus (HG). The PT has been implicated in complex auditory function and is well known for its preponderance of leftward asymmetry in normal brains and classic “pie- shaped” morphology. While a majority of cases have easily identifiable PT and HG, there exist some cases in which distinguishability of these two structures is difficult due to morphological variation. The goal of this study is to create a taxonomy of PT morphological features in order to improve the sometimes difficult identification and differentiation of PT from surrounding structures. Methods: A total of 50 (100 hemispheres) healthy intact, high-resolution T1- weighted brain MRIs were obtained from Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) and included in this retrospective study. There were 28 women and 22 men, all right-handed. Ages ranged from 18-57 (mean=26.44) years. A 3D cortical surface mesh (grey matter) for each brain was generated using FreeSurfer and manipulated to view the STP using BrainVISA Anatomist neuroimaging software. The PT was isolated from surrounding structures based on pre-defined anatomical criteria and subsequent surface area measurements, linear measurements and qualitative measures were made. Results: A total of four PT configurations were identified: (1) Pie-shaped [45%], (2) Trapezoid-shaped [27%], (3) Rectangular-shaped [19%], and (4) None [9%]. Mean surface areas of measurable PT configurations were: 511.96 mm2 for “Pie-shaped” (n=45), 517.36 mm2 for “Trapezoid-shaped” (n=27) and 472.12mm2 for “Rectangular-shaped” (n=19). The fourth category, “None” (n=9), was not calculable. There were significantly more “Trapezoid-shaped” PTs in females (p<.05). The “None” category occurred significantly more in males (p<.05) and in the right hemisphere (p<.05). Furthermore, the left hemisphere demonstrated significantly greater surface area for “Pie-shaped” PTs (p<.05). Conclusion: We believe that the proposed classifications is the first step in creating a comprehensive taxonomy of the STP. This will aid neuroanatomists, clinicians and students in terms of differentiation of sometimes complex topography of the STP.\n  • Synthesis of Electrocatalytic [2Fe-2S]-Metallopolymers and Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials\n\n    Pyun, Jeffrey; Karayilan, Metin; Glass, Richard S.; Lichtenberger, Dennis L.; Armstrong, Neal R.; Loy, Douglas A.; Monti, Oliver (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n  • Geographic and Racial Disparities in Mortality of Dialysis Patients\n\n    Calhoun, Elizabeth A.; Mohan, Prashanthinie; Roy-Chaudhury, Prabir; Barraza, Leila Fs; Gilliland, Stephen (The University of Arizona., 2020)\n  • Optical and Opto-Mechanical Design of an F/2.5 Broadband Infrared Objective Lens Using Multiple Cold Stops and Cooled Detectors\n\n    Kim, Daewook; Deacon, C. Elizabeth; Liang, Rongguang; Sasián, José (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    This paper discusses the design and production of a f/2.5, 25mm focal length lens that images portions of the SWIR and MWIR spectrums from 1 – 5.5µm. Challenges associated with imaging in such a wide spectrum are discussed, including the need to correct for chromatic errors when a limited number of materials are available. The lens is designed to be used on three different cryogenically cooled detectors, each with differing stop locations relative to the lens. The paper discusses the effect that a varied stop has upon the third-order aberrations and covers specifics of an opto-mechanical design which meets the performance requirements for each detector. Cooled detectors require additional analysis to ensure that narcissus effects will not dominate the image. A method for analyzing the narcissus effects is highlighted. The evolution of the design as the lens is transitioned from theory into prototype is discussed. Images captured with the lens assembly are presented along with performance data to compare theoretical to measured performance.\n  • A Framework for Secure Data Management in Medical Devices\n\n    Rozenblit, Jersy W.; Almazyad, Ibrahim; Adegbija, Tosiron; Ditzler, Gregory (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Data is considered as a valuable currency that our modern world thrives upon today. Individuals, groups and even nations work hand in hand to protect private data. When it comes to medical data, its protection is considerably more apparent and significant with guidelines such as HIPAA and FDA regulations in place. Data breaches on medical devices are known to have a significant impact on a patient’s wellbeing. Most of these data breach attacks occur during the transit state. With these attacks in mind, there is still a need for continuous feedback between a patient and a doctor based on data that is collected from such devices. In this thesis, we propose a methodology that develops an autonomous secure communication channel between doctors and patients. Through examining the data life cycle of software built within medical devices, we address various security measures. We propose Adaptive Mode Selection (AMS) to investigate threats amongst system functions. By leveraging this technique, we obtain access to a lifetime assessment for risk mitigation and communication mode selection within medical devices. A Priority-Queue Based (PQB) process is established to improve data management and data isolation within life-critical systems. Further, we propose Adaptive Protocol Selection (APS) to enhance data transmission over the most appropriate communication protocol based on risk values identified by AMS. These protocols include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Radio Frequency or more. The combination of AMS, PQB and APS contributes towards delivering better health services with continuous secured data feeds and reduction in time of medical intervention.\n  • Portable Optical Biosensors for the Rapid Classification of Clinical and Field Samples\n\n    Yoon, Jeong-Yeol; Bills, Matthew; Wong, Raymond; Su, Judith; Konhilas, John (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Three novel biosensor platforms will be discussed in this dissertation. The first sensor aims to reduce the cost and complexity typically associated with obtaining an accurate white blood cell and differential count. For our biosensor, a drop of blood is obtained via fingerpick from a subject. The sample is diluted, and the white blood cells are separated and fluorescent stained while flowing through a custom paper microfluidic chip. We than obtain a partial-differential and total WBC count using a using a smartphone and smartphone microscope attachment. This rapid classification could see use in resource poor settings as well as in modern settings where cost is a contributing factor. The second sensor uses an angular photodiode array to capture Mie scatter to rapidly diagnose cancer from a tissue surface. This is achieved by illuminating a tissue sample at several different angles and measuring the scattered light intensity from several discrete angles that is attenuated and amplified based on the variation in the size, abundance, and refractive indices of several cellular and tissue structural elements. Small changes in these parameters result in observable variation in optical scattering from a tissue sample. We predict and model Mie scatter from several different structural elements. The observed optical scattering obtained from rat and human tissue sets is consistent with our simulated findings, supporting our premise and encouraging further exploration. A device such as this could be a useful aid for clinicians diagnosing cancer by using it to detect cancer earlier. Our third device aims to meet the need of the South Korean coast guard to rapidly identify ocean oil spill samples in order to identify culpable parties, and inform clean-up efforts. We were tasked with designing a portable, lightweight, easy to use device to identify and classify oil spill samples. We designed a Raspberry-Pi based UV-Fluorometer to measure fluorescence from three UVA light sources (365nm, 375nm, and 385nm). The device is capable of accurately (95% correct classification) classifying samples into one of 4 broad categories (crude oil, heavy fuel oil (consisting of Bunker-C fuel oil and Marine Fuel Oil (MFO)), light fuel oil (consisting of all other fuel oils ranging from gasoline to Bunker-B), and lubricant oil) as well as provide an estimation of the samples’ physio-chemical makeup in the form of the sample’s percent saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene contents.\n  • Subversive Survival Through Critical Creativity in Community-Based Adult Second Language Contexts\n\n    Warner, Chantelle; Shufflebarger, Amanda Marie; Gramling, David; Ecke, Peter; Nicholas, Sheilah (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Community-based second language classes for adults with immigrant/refugee backgrounds often draw upon “survival English” frameworks; these approaches aim to equip language learners with the basic language they need to accomplish instrumental goals but do not align with current research in second language pedagogy (Auerbach, 1985). This dissertation draws upon theories of meaning-making (Kress & Selander, 2012; New London Group, 1996) and strengths-based paradigms (e.g. Gorski, 2016) to explore how adult second language learners and teachers can revise “survival” ideologies to make space for critically reflective, creative, and humanizing language encounters in community-based adult second language classes. The dissertation proposes critical creativity, which combines tenets of critical pedagogy with approaches to teaching that prioritize learner agency and creativity, as a framework which makes space for these goals. Through ethnographic approaches as well as artifact analysis, interviews, and surveys, the dissertation begins by characterizing community-based adult ESL classes and learning materials in the United States, examining how “survival” has become the default organizational thread of these contexts. It explores how learners, teachers, stances, and classroom activities facilitate meaning-making opportunities. Finally, drawing closely on work with students and teachers, the dissertation explores how teachers and students subvert “survival” as the ideological crux of their language teaching/learning activities through critical creative approaches. The dissertation ends with a multi-modal set of voices offered by students from community-based adult second language classrooms at all levels. Together, the chapters characterize a pedagogical context that is prolific yet underrepresented in second language acquisition and applied linguistics research—community-based adult second-language courses—and illuminate the work of learners and teachers in this context through a lens of resilience, creativity, and agentive meaning-making.\n  • Bone-Specific Metabolism and Mechanism of Action of Curcuminoids in Blocking Osteolysis in Breast Cancer and Other Resorptive Bone Diseases\n\n    Funk, Janet L.; Kunihiro, Andrew; Doetschman, Thomas C.; Limesand, Kirsten H.; Romagnolo, Donato F. (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Osteoclast-mediated bone resorptive disorders, including post-menopausal osteoporosis, age-related bone loss, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteolytic bone metastases, affect over 55 million Americans each year. Breast cancer bone metastases, the model of bone resorptive disorders to be used here, causes osteolysis through a “vicious cycle”, whereby osteoclasts release growth factors (e.g., TGFβ) stored in the bone, which can cause bone-metastatic tumor cells to secrete pro-osteolytic factors (e.g., PTHrP), resulting in more osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Curcuminoids, dietary polyphenols derived from the turmeric rhizome, inhibit progression of osteolytic bone metastases and other resorptive diseases by targeting osteoclasts and – in the case of bone metastases, also blocking tumoral TGFβ signaling – despite circulating as a glucuronide conjugate that is posited to lack bioactivity. These studies demonstrated that curcumin-glucuronide did not inhibit tumoral TGFβ signaling, with confirmation in multiple breast cancer cell lines that form TGFβ-dependent osteolytic lesions, nor did it inhibit osteoclastogenesis, with both TGFβ signaling and osteoclastogenesis being central to this osteolytic feed-forward loop. However, mouse bone marrow β-glucuronidase (GUSB) deconjugated curcumin-glucuronide to the active aglycone, which was maintained across sexual and skeletal development and with bone resorptive disorders, with evidence that human bone marrow also has deconjugation activity. Other bone-protective dietary polyphenols (e.g., quercetin and resveratrol) were also deconjugated by bone marrow, a GUSB-mediated effect that was required for bone-protective bioactivity, suggesting that GUSB-mediated deconjugation of abundantly glucuronidated dietary polyphenols may be a universal requirement to derive benefits. Finally, curcuminoids inhibited tumoral TGFβ signaling by reducing protein levels of TGFβR2 (receptor that binds TGFβ) and Smad2 (phosphorylated by TGFβR1 following activation of TGFβR2 to stimulate genes promoting bone metastasis progression) primarily through effects on gene expression that depended, in part, on oxidative metabolism. In toto, these novel findings answer a long-standing question about curcumin’s apparent lack of bioavailability, with implications for the bioactivity of other dietary polyphenols, and provide a framework for future studies to explore how interindividual GUSB expression in the population may impact both curcumin’s bone-protective bioactivity and its side effects as well as to further provide insight into cellular targets underlying curcumin’s inhibition of signaling pathways important in bone resorption.\n  • Caregiving Abuelas: Mexican American Grandmothers’ Self-Management of T2DM while Caring for Grandchildren\n\n    McEwen, Marylyn M.; Rascón, Aliria Muñoz; Crist, Janice D.; Reed, Pamela G. (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of Mexican American grandmothers managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) while caring for a grandchild. The author explored these women’s behaviors, barriers, facilitators, and perceived resources necessary when managing T2DM. With the T2DM crisis becoming increasingly prevalent in the Mexican American population, a clear understanding of experiences of caregiving grandmothers managing T2DM as traditional family nurturers is critically important. Background: Mexican Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with, suffer complications from, and die from T2DM than Non-Hispanic Whites. Older Mexican American women, often seen as the family nurturer, are likely to be managing this disease in the context of caring for a grandchild. Women in this role often report self-sacrificing behaviors, fatigue, and stress- but also fulfillment and a sense of purpose in the caregiving role. Methods: Eight Mexican American women managing T2DM for at least one year while regularly caring for grandchildren were interviewed in English and Spanish for this qualitative description study. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Three domains emerged under the overarching theme of T2DM Self-Management in the Context of Caring for Grandchildren: 1) T2DM Attitudes, Beliefs and Perceptions, 2) T2DM Self-Management Behaviors, and 3) T2DM Self-Management in the Family System. Grandmothers consistently reported feeling a personal responsibility for their T2DM self-management as well as for the health and wellbeing of their families, including their grandchildren. Conclusions: Mexican American grandmothers saw themselves as family caregivers while emphasizing personal ownership for their T2DM self-management. Fundamental motivators for T2DM self-management included grandchildren and other family members. This also extended into descriptions of behaviors reflecting a responsibility to prevent diabetes and promote health across generations. These grandmother’s descriptions of barriers, facilitators, perceived necessary resources, and the impact of grandchild caregiving on T2DM self-management fills a previous knowledge gap and the new valuable insights will guide tailoring T2DM self-management interventions for Mexican American grandfamilies.\n  • Activation and Deactivation of Semiconductor Surfaces\n\n    Muscat, Anthony J.; Hinckley, Adam; Shadman, Farhang; Gervasio, Dominic; Raghavan, Srini (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    The development of surface modification techniques is an integral part of advancing semiconductor device fabrication beyond subtractive methods. Chemically altering surfaces to be more or less reactive can eliminate steps in production to form devices quicker and with less material waste. This doctoral dissertation presents a series of work dedicated to improving our understanding of various techniques of surface modification and developing processes that enhance the utility of existing methods. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) made from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) are implemented for surface deactivation and defects are studied. Defective areas in SAMs limit their utility in device production and are notoriously difficult to eliminate. However, the addition of intermediate cleaning steps are shown to prevent defects to deactivate the growth of 10 nm TiO2 films by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Spectroscopic ellipsometry, goniometry, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to examine SAMs deposited using different cleaning steps and assess their ability to act as an ALD resist. Polar and non-polar agglomerates adsorbed to the SAM are removed by solvent extraction and aqueous cleaning in series, and defect free layers are deposited by a second liquid phase immersion. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the removal of agglomerates so that OTS coated SiO2 surfaces were as smooth as clean SiO2, producing deactivated surfaces suitable for prototype devices. Intermediate cleaning steps were applied to OTS deposition to reduce immersion times from 24 h to 1 h and SAMs were analyzed with XPS. Peaks shown in O 1s regions indicating the presence of surface hydroxyls showed that immersion in SC-1 (NH4OH:H2O2:H2O) doubled hydroxyl concentration on the substrate while OTS surface coverage was left relatively unchanged. In addition to the removal of polar agglomerates from the SAM surface, SC-1 hydroxylates pinhole defects in the SAM to re-activate the underlying substrate for additional deposition. A second OTS deposition improved surface coverage to cover nearly every active site on the substrate to form defect-free layers. Exposure to 200 cycles of TiO2 ALD using TiCl4 and H2O confirmed that no defects were present, as afterwards Ti was not detected on the surface by XPS. Layers were patterned with conductive mode AFM to form open trenches approximately 160 nm wide within the SAM for area selective deposition. Approximately 8 nm of TiO2 was selectively deposited within trenches while no significant deposition was noted outside trenches to demonstrate an area-selective ALD process. Indirect surface modification is also demonstrated by altering ALD precursors and implementing in-situ cleaning steps. Aluminum oxide was grown using both water and peroxide as oxidants and resulting films were analyzed and compared using XPS. Peaks in the O 1s and Al 2p regions monitored the formation of the Al-O bond and found that film nucleation occurred quicker with a higher coverage of Al when using peroxide as an oxidant. Ellipsometry, however, showed no change in growth rate. The improvement of Al coverage with no increase in thickness indicates that surfaces exposed to peroxide ALD are more reactive during each growth cycle and can form denser films. Using XeF2 in-situ to clean Si wafers could also act as a surface deactivator during ALD. Heated XeF2 exposure removed native SiO2 either directly or by surface disruption for lift off with an additional heating step. Controllable oxide removal was achieved by introducing an Al-O bond on the surface to slow down native oxide etching. Hence, indirect methods of both surface activation and deactivation are possible by altering process chemistries.\n  • Optimized State Estimation Method for Structural Health Monitoring Using Heterogeneous Measurements Under Uncertainty\n\n    Jo, Hongki; Saleem, Muhammad Mazhar; Kundu, Tribikram; Tharp, Hal; Zhang, Lianyang (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    An optimized state estimation method that can effectively incorporate uncertainties associated with structural models and measurements is proposed for structural health monitoring. Heterogeneous structural measurements consisting of strain and acceleration time-histories are fused through a state space framework to obtain good quality state estimates over a broader range of frequencies. The unknown states are estimated through an augmented Kalman filter (AKF) which can identify all the states including structural response as well as excitations while effectively incorporating model error and measurement noise. Genetic algorithm-based optimization strategies are adopted to address the uncertainty issues and improve the efficacy of the state estimation process. Optimization is performed at two stages. First, sensor configuration is optimized; second, error covariance values on model, structural measurements and excitations, involved in the Kalman filter process, are optimized. Four studies are carried out for the development and validation of the proposed method. The first two studies are related to optimization of sensor configuration and error covariance values while the other two are focused on the performance validation of the proposed method through case studies, especially related to input force identification. In the first study, sensor numbers, locations and types are optimized using a genetic algorithm with a single objective function whereas in the second study, sensor configuration is optimized for spatially-varying dynamic loading of bridges using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The third study pertains to spatiotemporal identification of impact force and corresponding structural responses. The concept of redundant sensors is utilized to locate the impact force, and then exact time-histories of force and structural responses are generated by optimizing the error covariance values. The fourth study is about the identification of traffic induced structural excitations. The study shows that once the state estimation method is optimized by selecting suitable error covariance values it remains stable against any traffic regime. A truss bridge example is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on identifying the traffic induced structural excitations. The results from all the studies show that the proposed method can effectively identify the structural response and excitations while successfully dealing with the uncertainties in structural models and measurements. Hence, it has a great potential for practical application to real-life structures.\n\n    Hariri, Salim; Josiah, Jeff G.; Akoglu, Ali; Bruyere, Donald; Li, Ming (The University of Arizona., 2020)\n  • Chalcogenide Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Polymers (CHIPs): Plastics for Infrared Imaging and Photonics\n\n    Pyun, Jeffrey; Kleine, Tristan; Norwood, Robert A.; Glass, Richard S.; Njardarson, Jon T. (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    This dissertation contains five chapters describing recent advances in the use of a new class of polymeric materials (Chalcogenide Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Polymers (CHIPs)) for infrared imaging and photonics. Plastics are generally not used for these applications given their typically high optical losses at these wavelengths and low refractive indices. CHIPs are a revolutionary class of materials that are composed of a high loading of chalcogen moieties that are copolymerized with organic monomers into the backbone of the polymer. The large chalcogen content in CHIPs enables IR transparency and high refractive indices (n), whereas the organic comonomers afford solution and melt processablility making these materials highly attractive for use in the aforementioned applications. The last chapter focuses on the development of a novel photopolymer for use in photonic interconnects operating at telecommunication wavelengths. This chapter lays the groundwork for using this photopolymer in “smart print” technologies for optical communications. The first chapter is a review on the fundamentals and applications of infrared imaging, the current materials used as optical elements in those systems, and examples of polymeric materials that have been developed for the same purpose. IR imaging has numerous applications ranging from medical diagnostics to autonomous vehicle technologies, and is used frequently in the military for night vision. There is a growing consumer market for IR cameras as well, now that the cost of certain components has been reduced. However, expensive semiconductor materials are still used as the optical components. Consequently, there is a desire to replace semiconductors with cheaper, easier to work with plastics. CHIPs address this need as they are more IR transparent than conventional plastics and are amenable to conventional thermoplastic reforming techniques. These unique features of CHIPs are a result of the chemistry termed “inverse vulcanization” used to prepare them. The inverse vulcanization process uses elemental sulfur as a comonomer and reaction medium. At high temperatures, elemental sulfur is homolytically ring opened, resulting in a high concentration of sulfur radicals which then react with other chalcogens/organic vinylic comonomers. The resulting polymeric material contains a high content of IR transparent polysulfur bonds which is the basis for IR transparency in CHIPs. The second chapter describes the synthesis of a new organic comonomer for inverse vulcanization designed to improve the thermomechanical properties of CHIPs. Early CHIPs materials prepared using 1,3-di-isopropenylbenzene (DIB) suffered from low glass transition temperatures resulting in a narrow use range. To address this issue 1,3,5-tri-isopropenyl benzene (TIB) was synthesized and used in inverse vulcanization reactions. The higher favg (number of crosslinkable moieties per monomer unit) associated with TIB afforded a more densely crosslinked material according to dynamic rheological experiments. As expected, this increased crosslink density resulted in CHIPs with dramatically improved glass transition temperatures (approximately twice that of their DIB based analogues) exceeding Tg > 100 °C. Despite being highly crosslinked, this new material still exhibited the self-healing properties previously demonstrated for DIB based CHIPs. Most importantly, this new CHIPs material was similarly transparent in the mid wave IR to DIB based CHIPs. This work demonstrated that the thermomechanical properties of CHIPs could be adjusted to fit the demands of practical applications without sacrificing desirable optical properties. The third chapter explores the method used to further increase the refractive index of CHIPs materials. Refractive index is a volume averaged bulk property, thus higher loadings of sulfur result in higher refractive indices for CHIPs. However, the maximum refractive index possible is limited by the amount (~85 wt%) of sulfur that can be efficiently incorporated into CHIPs. Therefore, a higher refractive index chalcogen must be used to realize higher n. Tellurium is mildly toxic and exceedingly expensive, so selenium was chosen instead. The enabling discovery was that elemental selenium reacts with ring opened sulfur species, generating a reactive mixed chalcogen in situ, that copolymerizes with organic crosslinkers. This enabled preparation of CHIPs materials with n ≤ 2.1 demonstrating a marked increase over previously synthesized CHIPs materials. The expected mid wave IR transparency was observed and evaluated by IR imaging experiments as well. Most significantly, certain compositions were found to be solution processable. Access to soluble CHIPs with high refractive indices is critical for the solution-based fabrication of various photonic devices. Only one such device will be discussed in this dissertation, but other examples are currently under development. The preparation and characterization of 1D photonic crystals (1D PhCs) utilizing selenium containing CHIPs is the topic of the fourth chapter. 1D PhCs are dielectric devices assembled with alternating layers of high and low refractive index material. Layer thickness determines the λmax of the photonic bandgap while the difference in refractive index (Δn) between layers affects the magnitude of reflection. In this design, larger Δn values facilitate highly reflective mirrors assembled with only a few layers. Consequently, various combinations of metal oxides are often used to achieve large Δn. However, entirely inorganic 1D PhCs are brittle, limiting their use in certain applications, and why wholly polymeric 1D PhCs are of great interest as an alternative design. Fabrication of such devices is complicated by the need to generate a large number of layers to offset the typically small Δn values observed in polymeric 1D PhCs. This issue is addressed by employing ultra-high refractive index CHIPs as one of the layers. 1D PhCs were prepared by spin coating alternating layers of selenium containing CHIPs (high refractive index layer) and cellulose acetate (low refractive index layer). Devices fabricated in this manner were shown to possess >90% reflection with just 11 bilayers, and whose band gap was tuned across the near-infrared (1000-2000 nm). The fifth chapter is devoted to the preparation of long wave IR (LWIR) transparent CHIPs. Imaging in the LWIR is significantly cheaper than in the mid wave IR, and thus attractive for a variety of consumer applications. CHIPs are transparent in the mid wave IR as a result of low C-H bond content, but this does not necessarily translate to LWIR transparency. This is because the LWIR overlaps with the fingerprint region of the infrared spectrum which encompasses a broader range of vibrational absorption modes. Consequently, even the small amount of organic comonomer present in CHIPs results in opaque materials at longer wavelengths. Interestingly, some organic polymers, like polyethylene, are remarkably transparent over much of the LWIR. Polyethylene itself is not suited towards use as a broadband IR optic due to its polycrystallinity, but indicated polymeric materials could in principle be designed with adequate transparency in this region. To this end, simulated FTIR spectra of various model compounds representative of the corresponding polymeric repeat unit were used to guide the design of LWIR transparent CHIPs. Ultimately, a dimer based on the [2+2] cycloaddition of 2,5-norbornadiene (resulting in the monomer termed NBD2) emerged as a monomer amenable to inverse vulcanization chemistry and expected to possess improved LWIR transparency. Melt cast windows of CHIPs containing NBD2 or DIB as the organic crosslinker were then prepared with the same thickness and compared in LWIR imaging experiments. The DIB based CHIPs material was opaque at these wavelengths, while the new NBD2 based CHIPs material afforded significantly improved transparency. In the future, this methodology will be expanded to develop more CHIP materials that are suitable for LWIR imaging applications. The sixth chapter represents a departure from an emphasis on mid-IR transparent materials. Instead, the focus is development of materials for photonics applications at wavelengths relevant to the telecommunications industry (1310 and 1550 nm). In this work, a novel photopolymer (poly(SBOC)) was prepared and demonstrated as a material for fabrication of photonic interconnects. These devices require a high refractive index medium through which light propagates to be surrounded by lower refractive index material. Such patterning is typically achieved through photolithography and a number of solvent development/etching steps. Poly(SBOC) simplifies this process since permanent refractive index changes with high resolution are generated by direct laser writing in dry polymer films. Optical power attenuation through the device (propagation loss) is an important metric of photonic interconnects. To assess this for poly(SBOC), waveguides were fabricated and characterized by the cut back method. The propagation losses observed were ~2 dB/cm and commensurate to values typically observed for hydrocarbon based waveguides. The promising results from this project have resulted in a collaboration with the AIM Photonics program in the College of Optical Sciences at The University of Arizona to develop “smart write” photonic interconnects.\n  • The Spectrum of Asian Monsoon Variability: An Investigation of Low-Frequency Variability in Paleoclimate Proxies and Climate Models\n\n    Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Thompson, Diane M.; Loope, Garrison; Quade, Jay; Meko, David M.; Yin, Jianjun (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    In this work we investigate the low-frequency (decadal-centennial) variability of the climate system in Monsoon Asia using a combination of instrumental, paleoclimate proxy, and climate model data. Understanding this critical component of the climate system is essential for accurately assessing the risk of low-probability extreme events such as megadroughts that may arise from the interaction of anthropogenic climate forcing and natural internal variability (Ault et al., 2014). In Appendix A, we use a network of hydroclimate proxies from Monsoon Asia as a case study to compare low-frequency variability in paleo-data to climate model simulations. We take a proxy system modeling approach, using climate output variables from isotope-enabled runs of iCESM, isoGSM, and iCAM5, to simulate synthetic proxy records, which creates a common ground for the comparison. We find that the pseudoproxies based on iCESM do not accurately capture the relative strength of multidecadal-century scale variability in the paleoclimate data. We find that the pseudoproxies based on isoGSM and iCAM5, which are constrained by instrumental observations, appear to match the scaling pattern of variability found in the proxy records. Our results indicate that state-of-the-art, fully coupled climate models are not able to generate a sufficient amount of multidecadal-century scale variability in hydroclimate. We find that one major source of multidecadal scale variability found in the proxies but not in the models comes from the combined interactions among the monsoon, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Indian Ocean sea-surface temperature variability. In Appendix B, we investigate the low-frequency variability found in multiproxy ENSO reconstructions, with the goal of understanding how this dominant source of hydroclimate variability on interannual scales may impact teleconnected regions on decadal-centennial time scales. Previous multiproxy reconstructions of ENSO have found a large amount of low-frequency variability but the time series of this low-frequency variability rarely matches between studies. We investigate potential biases in reconstructions of ENSO from the number and geographical distribution of sites, age model uncertainty, and sources of noise present in the individual proxy records. We conduct a series of sensitivity experiments using pseudoproxies to demonstrate that these factors have the potential to bias the spectrum of reconstructions causing them to overestimate the relative amount of decadal-century scale variability in the tropical Pacific. This could help explain why multiproxy ENSO reconstructions show greater multidecadal-century scale variability than is found in observations or climate model simulations. In Appendix C, we introduce a new paleo-monsoon proxy covering the last 2600 years based on grain size variability in a sediment core from Pale Daha, a small lake in western Nepal. We demonstrate that variability in grain size distribution over the last century matches with low-frequency precipitation variability found in 20th Century Reanalysis data (Compo et al., 2011). We identify a major pluvial from 950-1300 CE that matches with a similar pluvial in nearby Sahiya Cave (Sinha et al., 2015), and with increased monsoon circulation over the northern Arabian Sea (Anderson et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 2005). We find evidence that the monsoon precipitation at the site over the last 150 years has been particularly strong as compared to relatively weak monsoon rains from 1300-1800 CE. We then compare the trends found in paleo-monsoon proxies over the last 150 years and find that much of the apparently contradictory trends may be explained by the projected circulation and precipitation responses to anthropogenic forcing. This new interpretation is based on a simulated northward shift in circulation that may increase the relative fraction of precipitation at proxy sites received from the Arabian Sea and decrease the fraction from the Bay of Bengal. This shift in circulation could produce the trend in precipitation stable isotopes found in isotope based paleo-monsoon proxies. If true, these findings indicate that the South Asian Monsoon may already be experiencing the effects of anthropogenic climate change to a degree not yet fully appreciated, and that these changes are likely to continue into the future.\n  • The Origins of Biodiversity Patterns in Vertebrates: New Insights Into Old Questions\n\n    Wiens, John J.; Miller, Elizabeth Christina; Sanderson, Michael; Ferriere, Regis; Flessa, Karl (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Species richness varies greatly among habitats, geography, and groups of organisms. What factors are responsible for these differences, and how did these differences arise over time? Within a clade, species are added through speciation and removed through extinction. Within a region or habitat, species can also be added through colonization. Organismal traits or environmental factors may influence richness indirectly by affecting speciation, extinction, or colonization. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate how these three processes have varied over time to form the species richness patterns observed today. To do this, I take advantage of four recent developments in evolutionary biology: (1) the collection of DNA sequence data across many taxa; (2) the time-calibration of molecular phylogenies; (3) the increased complexity of models of diversification and ancestral reconstruction; and (4) the aggregation of taxonomic, geographic, paleontological and trait data into public databases. In Appendix A, we investigate the disparity in amniote species richness between marine and nonmarine habitats. We found that, surprisingly, there was no systematic difference in rates associated with habitats. However, there was a strong relationship between species richness and the timing of habitat transition. Many marine transitions went extinct, and as a consequence almost all living marine lineages are Cenozoic in age. In contrast, amniotes have occupied land uninterrupted for over 300 million years. We concluded that extinction and time interact to produce the richness disparity between marine and nonmarine habitats. In Appendix B, we investigated the causes of the peak in marine richness at the Central Indo-Pacific (CIP) hotspot using percomorph fishes as a focal clade. We found that diversification rates were similar among warm oceans, and highest in cold oceans. The high diversity of the CIP is due to many lineages that colonized from 34–5.3 million years ago and then diversified in-situ. Other oceans have fewer colonizing lineages and/or more recent colonization leaving limited time for in-situ diversification. In Appendix C, we investigated the causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient on continents, using freshwater ray-finned fishes as a model clade. Colonization time explained 2–5 times more of the variation in species richness than diversification rates among 3,000+ freshwater drainage basins. The Neotropics is species-rich because it has supported steady diversification for ~100 million years, while other tropical regions have had periods of low diversification. While high-latitude lineages that are dominant today did not arrive until the Cenozoic, they diversified at a comparable or higher rate than tropical lineages. Finally, in Appendix D we tested the longstanding hypothesis that sexual dichromatism increases diversification rates. We tested this hypothesis at three phylogenetic scales: across all ray-finned fishes, within individual clades, and within nested subclades of the largest clades. We found no difference in rates between monochromatic and dichromatic fishes at the scale of all fishes. Only a few clades showed a relationship with dichromatism and diversification. Surprisingly, these clades did not include the subjects of classic population-level studies (e.g. cichlids). Support for such a relationship increased in most smaller subclades examined. We concluded that when sexual dichromatism influences diversification, its effects will be localized to small phylogenetic scales. Overall, the works in this dissertation yield new insights into longstanding problems in evolution and ecology.\n  • Environmental Fate and Toxicity of III-V Engineered Nanoparticles in Semiconductor Manufacturing\n\n    Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes; Field, James A.; Nguyen, Chi Huynh; Farrell, James; Curry, Joan E. (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have many unique electronic, chemical, and optical properties. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) NPs and indium arsenide (InAs) NPs are being considered in different semiconductors and electronic devices due to their favorable properties such as high electron mobility with wide and adjustable band gaps and their reduced power consumption. Polishing of thin films in a process known as chemical and mechanical planarization (CMP) could lead potentially to the release of byproducts from GaAs and InAs, such as soluble III-V materials (Ga, In, and arsenic (As) species) and particulate III-V materials (GaAs NPs, InAs NPs, gallium oxide (Ga2O3), indium oxide (In2O3)) into the wastewater stream. Furthermore, the CMP process utilizes cerium oxide (CeO2), silica (SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3) as abrasive particles in slurries to polish and create flat surfaces. As a result, CeO2, SiO2, and Al2O3 NPs will also be present in the waste streams of the semiconductor industry. Additionally, some NPs can promote the transport of toxic chemicals into cells through the “Trojan Horse” effect, which can potentially alter the toxicity of the NPs via adsorbed chemicals. Among the soluble III-V ions, arsenic is a concern for the Trojan Horse effect because it is a highly toxic and carcinogenic element with soluble species that can become adsorbed onto NP surfaces. Although the toxicity of soluble arsenic species is well established, little is known about the potential toxicity of other soluble III-V materials and III-V NPs. Therefore, it is important to study and understand the environmental fate and toxicity of these materials. The objectives of this work are to investigate the potential toxicity and environmental fate of III-V nanomaterials and byproducts that could be formed in CMP slurries of semiconductor manufacturing effluents as well as to study the impact of CeO2 NPs on the sorption and toxicity of As species. The acute toxicity of GaAs, InAs, Ga2O3, and In2O3 particulates was investigated using two microbial assays targeting methanogenic archaea and the marine bacterium, Allivibrio fischeri. The results showed that GaAs and InAs NPs were acutely toxic towards these microorganisms while Ga2O3 and In2O3 NPs were not. The release of soluble arsenic species from arsenide NPs was shown to play a key role in the toxic effect of the arsenide NPs. Their toxicity increased with decreasing particle size and with increasing time because of the progressive corrosion of the NPs in the aqueous bioassay medium. In summary, the toxicity exerted by the arsenide NPs under environmental conditions will vary depending upon the particle size, dissolution time, and aqueous chemistry. In addition to microbial toxicity, these materials could cause toxic effects to human health. The toxic effects of Ga-based and In-based NPs (GaAs, InAs, Ga2O3, and In2O3) as well as soluble III-V salts (AsIII, AsV, GaIII, and InIII) on human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) were evaluated using an impedance-based real time cell analyzing (RTCA) system. The results showed that only dissolved arsenic (AsIII and AsV) and arsenide particulate compounds caused significant inhibition at low concentrations (IC50 values after 16 h of exposure (16 h-IC50): 2.4 mg AsIII/L, 4.5 mg AsV/L, 6.2 mg GaAs NPs/L, and 68 mg InAs NPs/L). Similar to the case with the microbial toxicity, the cytotoxicity of the arsenide NPs to 16HBE14o- cells was mainly caused by dissolution of toxic As species (mostly AsIII). On the other hand, the soluble salt, GaIII-citrate, and Ga2O3 NPs caused mild inhibition while InIII-citrate and In2O3 NPs were not toxic at the concentrations tested (16 h-IC50 value: 260 mg Ga2O3 NPs/L), while InIII-citrate and In2O3 NPs were not toxic at the concentration tested (16 h-IC50 value: > 300 mg In2O3 NPs/L). In conclusion, GaAs NPs and, to a lesser extent InAs NPs, display toxicity to human lung cells and the adverse effects are expected to increase with increasing NP dissolution. Besides Ga- and In-based NPs, abrasive NPs used in CMP slurries (i.e. CeO2, Al2O3, colloidal SiO2 (c-SiO2), and fumed SiO2 (f-SiO2)) will be present in semiconductor effluents and they could potentially be toxic to microbial communities and human health. The toxic effects of well-characterized model CMP slurries on the marine bacterium A. fischeri and human bronchial epithelial cells 16HBE14o- cells were investigated. The results showed that f-SiO2 and CeO2 slurries did not cause acute toxicity on A. fischeri at concentrations as high as 1136 and 909 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, c-SiO2 and Al2O3 caused about 30% inhibition on microbial activity after 30 min of exposure at relatively high concentration (1364 mg c-SiO2/L and 1364 mg Al2O3/L). Lung cells were more sensitive to exposure to some of these inorganic oxide NPs. High concentrations (250 and 500 mg/L) of c-SiO2 and f-SiO2 slurries led to lung cell death in the RTCA assay. On the other hand, CeO2 and Al2O3 slurries were either not inhibitory or only showed limited inhibitory effect on 16HBE14o- cells after 24 h of exposure. As a whole, the results indicate that the abrasive NPs used in CMP are not likely to cause acute environmental and health risks at the low concentrations expected in surface water (< 1 mg/L). The presence of CMP NPs together with III-V soluble species can lead to emerging environmental and health problems. This study showed that CeO2 NPs effectively decreased the concentration of available AsIII in the culture medium through adsorption; hence showing the effect completely opposite of the “Trojan Horse” effect. Additionally, this work showed that internalization of CeO2 NPs by human lung cells was observed in vesicles (most likely lysosomes). Taken as a whole, this dissertation demonstrates that GaAs NPs, and to a lesser extent InAs NPs, cause acute toxicity to the studied microbial targets and to human lung cells due to the corrosion of the nanomaterials in the aqueous environment, and the ensuing release of toxic AsIII. Other nanomaterials anticipated in CMP effluents (i.e. Ga2O3 NPs and In2O3 NPs) were relatively non-toxic. Abrasive NPs like CeO2, Al2O3, c-SiO2, and f-SiO2 used in CMP slurries caused certain toxic effects to human bronchial epithelial cells at relatively high concentrations. The existence of CeO2 NPs along with soluble AsIII in waste effluent led to adsorption of AsIII onto CeO2 NPs that, as a result, decreased the toxicity of AsIII dramatically.\n  • The Association Between Oral Health Care and A1c Levels in Health Center Diabetic Patients\n\n    Barraza, Leila Fs; Thompson, Alicia M.; Barraza, Leila Fs; Rosales, Cecilia B.; Carrol, Stephanie R.; Zhou, Jin; La Chance, Gregory C. (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    BACKGROUND: Poor oral health is a problem. A big problem. Some are calling it an emerging crisis in the United States (US) (Politico, 2019). There is strong evidence that a person cannot be truly healthy if they have poor oral health, yet the medical and dental professions are divided when it comes to the provision of care. For the most part the medical profession treats the patient as if they do not have a mouth, and the dental profession treats the patient as if they do not have a body. Research indicates this historical division must stop. This becomes very apparent when the guidelines for the care of patients with diabetes are examined. This project sought to focus on the association between oral health care received by patients with diabetes and glycemic control as measured by HbA1c, and policy implications for the medical/dental divide as they pertain specifically to the treatment and care of people living with diabetes. OBJECTIVES: The dissertation aims were to: 1) Document access to oral healthcare within a large FQHC in Southwestern US to determine whether there were disparities in access by specific demographic constructs; 2) Document the level of oral healthcare being delivered to medical/dental patients with diabetes to determine if there is an optimal level of oral health care for adult patients with Type II Diabetes; and, 3) Document whether access to oral hygiene services improved glycemic control of patients with diabetes who were enrolled in a Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) program compared to those who did not. METHODS: This quantitative study was a retrospective record review of 3,144 randomly selected patients with diabetes who were medical and dental patients at a large Southwestern Federally Qualified Health Center. RESULTS: There was a greater disparity in access to oral health care services within the FQHC than what was reported for the Nation (Oral Health, 2000). Within patients who identified as Hispanic ethnicity, only 19.2% accessed oral health care services in 2017, while 46.2% at the National level did so in 1993 (Oral Health, 2000, pg. 80). Fewer than 10% of all adult medical patients accessed oral health care services. Patients who only access dental services make it appear like a greater percentage of medical patients are accessing oral health care. Fewer than 5% of adult patients with diabetes, seen for oral health care services, received dental prophylaxis at least two times per year. HbA1c was significantly lower for patients who had received dental prophylaxis at least two times per year or ever received dental prophylaxis, than patients who never received dental prophylaxis (F=16.13, df = 1,476, p<.000). Patients who had never received dental prophylaxis were 2.98 times more likely to have uncontrolled diabetes as measured by HbA1c than were patients who had received this level of care (z=2.74, se = 1.19, p=.006). The odds of patients having uncontrolled diabetes who have never received preventive oral hygiene services ranged from 2.60 to 3.34 times higher than patients who had received oral hygiene services. No significant difference in HbA1c was observed between patients who received medical care only and patients who received both medical and dental care but had not received dental hygiene services (t=-1.04, df=2,566, p=0.297). The majority of medical and dental patients with diabetes (68.2%) never received preventive dental services. Patients with diabetes who were enrolled in the Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) program who accessed oral health hygiene care at least two times per year have statistically significantly lower average HbA1c than DSME enrolled patients who did not access oral hygiene care (7.51 vs. 9.21 & 9.29). Fewer than one third (31.8%) of patients with diabetes enrolled in the DSME program who accessed oral health services received preventive dental services such as a dental prophylaxis or periodontal treatment. There were no statistically significant differences between average HbA1c for patients who only received a dental prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) versus those who had received at least one periodontal service (7.27 vs. 7.45 for all patients with diabetes; 8.47 vs. 8.63 for DSME enrolled patients). This finding was surprising as almost all prior research has been focused only on periodontal treatment such as scaling and root planing. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate more pronounced disparities in access to oral health care within a FQHC than what are found within the population. Patients who are being treated for diabetes medically are unlikely to access preventive dental services (68%), even when the services are available. Patients who do not access preventive dental services have a greater likelihood of uncontrolled diabetes than those patients who do access these services. Patients enrolled in an accredited DSME program and who access preventive dental services have statistically significantly lower HbA1c than those who do not. Medical guidelines for the treatment of diabetes do not include specific recommendations on the frequency or type of oral health care patients with diabetes should receive. The results of this study provide additional support to the hypothesis that access to preventive dental services every six months could play a major role in the control of diabetes. The lack of training of medical professionals to conduct oral exams as part of their regular protocol precludes their ability to incorporate the mouth into their regular practice routine. The lack of training of dental professionals to understand the impact of poor oral health on the systemic health of their patients precludes their ability to consider the impact of oral health beyond the mouth. While there are efforts on both the medical and dental sides to break down the divide, we have not reached a tipping point where the barriers to integration are completely removed. The parity in access to oral health care insurance is a major barrier to the ability of patients with diabetes who receive medical care in an FQHC to access preventive dental services. This lack of access precludes patients from the ability to achieve optimal health. RECOMMENDATIONS: Federal legislation should be sought to revise the Public Health Practice Act to include a definition of preventive dental services and a focus on preventing oral disease rather than the treatment of emergent dental issues in Federally Qualified Health Centers. The American Diabetes Association and the American Dental Association should convene a workgroup to determine specific guidelines for the oral health care of patients with diabetes. Medical schools should adopt the Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose, Oral cavity, and Throat (HEENOT) protocol as the standard protocol for the regular exam of the head and teach all medical students to conduct the HEENOT. Medical providers should be taught how to utilize non-invasive, nonrestorative, medicinal methods to prevent and arrest tooth decay, such as the application of Silver Diamine Fluoride and glass ionomer sealants. Dental school curriculum should be developed to teach dental students about the oral/systemic connection and how the dental professional can monitor the health of patients as well as to work interprofessionally with the medical profession. State legislation should be sought that requires the coverage of preventive dental services for all ages by all health insurance providers.\n  • Toward Joint Scene Understanding Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network: Object State, Depth, and Segmentation\n\n    Rozenblit, Jerzy; Ditzler, Gregory; Peng, Kuo-Shiuan; Roveda, Janet (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    Semantic understanding is the foundation of an intelligent system in the field of computer vision. Particularly, the real-time usage of the automation systems, such as robotic vision, auto-driving, and surgical training applications, has been in high demand. The models require to capture this variability of scenes and their constituents (e.g., objects or depth) given the limited memory and computation resources. To achieve the goals of real-time usage in semantic understanding, we propose a series of novel methods for object state, depth, and segmentation in this dissertation. We first present a semantic object model for simplifying the object state detection process. We then propose a novel method of monocular depth estimation to retrieve the 3D information effectively. Lastly, this dissertation presents a multi-task model for semantic segmentation and depth estimation. We train and verify the proposed method by using two public datasets of outdoor scenes that are meant to be applied to auto-driving applications. Our method successfully achieves 60 frames per second with a competitive performance compared to the current state-of-the-art in the benchmark. In the empirical experiments, we have applied our method to a simulated laparoscopic surgical training system: Computer Assisted Surgical Trainer (CAST). One of the CAST training tasks, Peg Transfer Task, is selected to be the evaluation platform. In this experiment, our method has demonstrated promising results for supporting a real-world application in medicine.\n  • Tracking Technology and Society along the Ottoman Anatolian Railroad, 1890-1914\n\n    Darling, Linda T.; Schweig, Alexander; Clancy-Smith, Julia A.; Fortna, Benjamin C.; Weiner, Douglas (The University of Arizona., 2019)\n    The construction of the Ottoman Anatolian Railroad, along with its extension, the Baghdad Railroad, is often considered a case of foreign-driven modernization and pseudo-colonial investment in the Ottoman Empire and is assigned primary importance as a diplomatic problem aggravating tensions between the European powers in the run-up to World War I. Far less scrutiny has been given to the railroad’s intersections with and effects on the fabric of Anatolian society. This dissertation not only fills this gap in the research, but also challenges the view of technological modernization as an alien imposition upon the Ottoman Empire. It argues for the participation of a variety of agents, including many locals both reacting to and involved in creating the social and economic transformations occurring around them. I argue that provincial Anatolian modernity was an ad hoc co-creation between multiple actors rather than something solely imposed from outside or from above by foreign powers or by the Ottoman state. My research addresses the period of the construction and the first two decades of the Anatolian Railroad’s operation (1890-1914) in three districts (sancaks) of Western and Central Anatolia in order to understand the social history of technology in the late Ottoman Empire. The railroad had a profound impact on numerous aspects of Ottoman society, including labor migration, urbanization, industrialization, refugee settlement, and the intensification of export agriculture. I use the theoretical lens of the social construction of technology to argue for the relevance of the use of the railroad to questions of its “ownership.” In addition, Actor Network Theory indicates the inextricable entanglement of society and technology with each other. With these theroretical tools, I specifically examine changes in trade routes and in the relative importance of various population centers, the use of the railroad to re-settle Muslim refugees, the roles of foreigners settling in the area, and changing patterns in agriculture as well as the “labor” of banditry. Weaving all these elements together through interconnected networks allows us to see the long-debated trope of Ottoman modernization in a more complex manner, so that it is not reduced to having a single or small number of causative agents. Instead, it is conceived of as the product of numerous factors and agents often unconsciously collaborating in the collective transform of the region.\n\nView more", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9695700407028198}
+{"content": "Heavy hearts as Notre-Dame misses Xmas mass for first time since 1803\n\n- AFP PICTURES OF THE YEAR 2019 - The steeple and spire of the landmark Notre-Dame cathedral collapses as it is engulfed in flames in central Paris on April 15, 2019. A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze\n\nNotre-Dame Cathedral in Paris was unable to hold Christmas Eve Mass for the first time in more than 200 years -- after a fire ravaged its structure in April.\n\nWith heavy hearts, French Catholics instead gathered at the nearby church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, a few hundred metres away, for a service celebrated by the cathedral's rector Patrick Chauvet.\n\n\"It isn't the same feeling but it's still a Christmas Mass,\" said 16-year-old Juliette, who had made the 700-kilometre trip from Aix with her family. \"There will be a thought for Notre-Dame tonight, that's for sure.\"\n\n\"We have been crying since April 15, and today even more,\" said Danielle, a Parisian, who attended last year's mass at the Paris landmark. However, she was lifted by the choir of Notre-Dame, who performed at the mass.\n\nMeanwhile, workers continue to repair and rebuild the cherished cathedral.\n\nNotre-Dame, part of a UNESCO world heritage site on the banks of the River Seine lost its gothic spire, roof and many precious artefacts in the fire, which was watched by huge crowds.\n\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.801909863948822}
+{"content": "The 21st century is famous for a fast advancement in science and technologies. Science is a part of\nEuropean cultural heritage but “in recent times fewer young people seem to be interested in science and\ntechnical subjects. Why this?” (Osborne & Dillon, 2008). When searching for an answer to the question\nwhat factors determine a positive approach to the studies of natural sciences, first at all, we have to\nanswer the question what motivation is. In scholarly literature, motivation is considered from various\nviewpoints. Therefore, the conceptualisation of motivation is a big challenge.\n\nWhat does it mean to be motivated? The Latin root of the word motivation means to move. In this\nsense the study of motivation is the study of an action (Eccles, Wigfield, 2002). “To be motivated\nmeans to be moved to do something” (Rayan & Deci, 2000, p. 54). A person who feels no inspiration to\nact is, thus, characterised as unmotivated, whereas someone who is activated to the end is considered as\nmotivated. Motivation is a theoretical concept used to explain behaviour. Theories of human\nmotivation have evolved from the emphasis on reactive responses to pressures (external reinforcement\ncontingencies or internally felt needs) to an emphasis on intrinsically motivated, self-determined\nactions (Pardee, 1990).\n\nWe Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically\nFor You For Only $13.90/page!\n\norder now\n\nThe concept of motivation is explained by different psychological theories. A number of\nmotivation theories and their classifications are offered in scholarly literature. Eccles and Wigfield\n(2002) distinguish four groups of motivation theories: theories focusing on expectancy (self-efficacy\ntheory and control theory), theories focusing on reasons (theories focused on intrinsic motivation, self-\ndetermination, flow, and goals), theories integrating expectancy and value constructs (attribution\ntheory, the expectancy-value and self-worth theory), as well as theories integrating motivation and\ncognition (social cognitive theories of self-regulation and motivation, theories of motivation and\nvolition). The first focuses on beliefs about competency and expectancy for success. The second group\nof motivation theories deals with the reasons why individuals engage in different activities. These\ntheories include constructs such as achievement values, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, interests, and\ngoals. The third group of theories integrate value constructs and expectancy. The fourth group explains\nthe links between motivational and cognitive processes (Eccles, Wigfield, 2002).\nMotivation refers to the process of goal-directed activities of a generation (Schunk, Pintrich, & Meece,\n2008). Goal-directed activities can have different reasons. One reason is to act from the perspective of\nindividual actualisation of one’s innate capacities for development. Self-Determination Theory (SDT)\nis an example of this approach (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2008; Ryan & Deci, 2002). Another approach to\nmotivation is the socio-cognitive view based on expectancy-value theory of motivation. This approach\nemphasises cognitive structures such as decision making and beliefs that occur in the presence of\ncertain socio-contextual factors (Pintrich, 2003). The current monograph focuses on both perspectives:\nindividual actualisation of one’s innate capacities for development and the socio-cognitive view of", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8048336505889893}
+{"content": "Welcome to the The Realm of the Three Gods WikiEdit\n\nBrift's, K's and Breezy's personal roll-playing database. The Realm of the Three Gods is a Worldshard with three quantum observers/daydreamers, who take on the roles of gods within it. The Worldshards index\n\nDescribe your topicEdit\n\nAll of us are \"gods\", who are a member of a race of our choosing and design. There are different planets we may visit or do stuff with, and interact with each-other's races and creations.\n\nLatest activityEdit\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9304211139678955}
+{"content": "School absenteeism due to illness is not fiction. In the United States, there are approximately 164 million lost school days each year among students in kindergarten to grade 12 which averages out to 4.5 sick days per student per year. In fact, some studies have shown that kindergarteners on average have 12 colds a year, while older kids develop about seven. \n\nIn a society where school reimbursement is directly related to attendance this can mean the loss of a significant portion of the schools funding. According to a recent report from Deb Group, reimbursement numbers vary from district to district, but generally average $30 to $50 per student. To a school district with a student population of 50,000 that receives a $30 per student reimbursement, a daily absenteeism rate of 1 percent can mean a loss of $15,000 a day.  Assuming that same district of 50,000 students averages 4.5 sick days each, by the end of the school year we are talking big bucks - $6.75 million to be exact.\nThe effect of implementing a hand hygiene program in schools to reduce infections has been well documented by a number of studies.  In a back-to-school blog done by Deb Group last year, URGENTLY NEEDED - 1 Angry Bird Knapsack, a study was highlighted that reported after a hand hygiene program was implemented where student's used hand sanitizer 3 times per day, that the number of students who missed four or more days due to illness dropped by 66 percent.\nA study published in 2009 in the Journal of School Nursing by Dr. Charles Gerba titled \"Occurrence of bacteria and viruses on elementary classroom surfaces and the potential role of classroom hygiene in the spread of infectious diseases,\" explored the survival of bacteria and viruses on surfaces in classrooms in an attempt to determine if an environmental hygiene program using disinfecting wipes could reduce infections.  In the study, disinfecting wipes were used daily (each morning before students arrived) to clean surfaces within classrooms.  The study found that the water fountain handle and the manual pencil sharpener, both of which are used by numerous students throughout the day, were two of the most bacterially contaminated surfaces.  The sink faucet handle, the paper towel dispenser and the student desktops were most often contaminated by Influenza A virus and Norovirus was frequently found on these surfaces, as well.\nAs with the hand hygiene study, Gerba found that the classrooms that were cleaned and disinfected each morning with a disinfectant wipe had a statistically significant reduction in student absenteeism due to illness suggesting that proper classroom environmental hygiene program could reduce the transfer of bacteria and viruses from environmental surfaces to students hands.\n\nClick here to read this full article.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9827307462692261}
+{"content": "School Logo\n\nYear 5\n\nWelcome to Year 5!\n\nThe year five team would like to welcome you all to this brand new year. The adults working in Year Five will be Mr Conder and Miss Sidhu. Within this area of the website we hope to provide helpful information about what will be happening within the year. We will include information about what the children have been learning, including trips and plenty of other exciting activities that have taken place. We hope that you find this page useful, if however, you require further information, please do not hesitate to ask. We thank you for your continued support and dedication.\n\nYear 5 have recently taken part in a Viking day whereby pupils were able to dress up and enjoy a variety of fun filled Viking activities.\n\n\nThis Autumn term in year 5 we have been busier than ever, developing our understanding of the world and our own places within it, both historically and in the modern times.​ This has been conducted throughout our rich Curriculum in different topics, such as English, where we have explored the book 'Memorial' by Shaun Tan. \n\n\n\nThis book made us dig deep into our emotions and look at the struggles of WW1 life in the trenches, and critically the aftermath of that dreadful conflict. This made remembrance Sunday particularly memorable, as the children wanted to delve deeper into animals used in the war. This led us to the purple poppy, which is used in remembrance of all the animals that have served and given their lives in conflict. The capstone of this learning was the creation of letters to the animal’s owners from the front lines, which allowed us to pour in rich contextual vocabulary and descriptive emotive language from the text. ​\n\n\nAs Geographers, we have worked to understand and locate Physical and Human features of the land in which we live, The UK! This saw us use atlases and locate major cities, rivers and mountains of both Great Britain and the United Kingdom as a whole. Moreover, one of the most interesting points was finding out what even is the difference between Great Britain and the United Kingdom​(ask your child if you don't know!).\n\n\nAs we draw towards Christmas we will look to spend more time investigating fractions in maths and continuing our Science topic of Forces.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8582910895347595}
+{"content": "How to pronounce clipperton island in English\n\nHow do you pronounce clipperton island in English? Pronunciation of clipperton island in English, a free online English pronunciation dictionary.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9988207221031189}
+{"content": "Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.\n\n\nVariant of usable.\n\n\nor use•a•ble\n\n(ˈyu zə bəl)\n\n1. available or convenient for use.\n2. capable of being used.\n[1350–1400; Middle English < Middle French]\nus`a•bil′i•ty, us′a•ble•ness, n.\nus′a•bly, adv.\nThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:\nAdj.1.useable - fit or ready for use or serviceuseable - fit or ready for use or service; \"the toaster was still functional even after being dropped\"; \"the lawnmower is a bit rusty but still usable\"; \"an operational aircraft\"; \"the dishwasher is now in working order\"\nserviceable - ready for service or able to give long service; \"serviceable equipment\"; \"heavy serviceable fabrics\"\n2.useable - capable of being put to use; \"usable byproducts\"\n3.useable - convenient for use or disposaluseable - convenient for use or disposal; \"the house is available after July 1\"; \"2000 square feet of usable office space\"\n\n\nalso useable\n2. In a condition to be used:\nReferences in classic literature ?\nLoren Legarda said on Friday she is pushing to make the rivers in Antique 'clean' and 'useable.'\nDam holds the useable water reservoir 4799000 acre feet.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9990405440330505}
+{"content": "Pitch Lake\n\nOn the island of Trinidad of the Caribbean you will find the largest deposit of natural asphalt in the world.\n\nIt appeared during the Pliocene movements 70 Mio. years ago by mixing of oil and asphalt with mineral aggregates as a result of complex geological processes, and came to the surface in a hollow at the southern edge of the island.\nThis “Pitch Lake” is slightly folded and hard enough to walk on, but there are some small areas of soft material which can be dangerous.\n\nThe whole sea which flow lines stretch subterranean over the whole area, is constantly moving with a natural slow “stirring”, and holes arising from excavating are filled up automatically within shortest time.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6148205995559692}
+{"content": "Today’s Wonder of the Day was inspired by Kayla. Kayla Wonders, “How many stars are there?” Thanks for WONDERing with us, Kayla!\n\nHave you ever stared up at the stars in the night sky and wondered how many there are? If so, you're not alone. That question has fascinated astronomers, artists, and dreamers of all ages since the beginning of human history.\n\nFamous astronomer Carl Sagan once estimated that there must be “billions upon billions\" of stars in the universe. If you've ever tried to count the stars in the night sky, you may have concluded that it would be impossible to count them all.\n\nGuess what? You'd be absolutely right!\n\nBefore we get to the mind-boggling estimates that modern astronomers have made, let's start “small\" and get some perspective. We live on planet Earth, which orbits around a star we call the Sun.\n\nThe Earth and the Sun, along with several other planets, make up a solar system, which is part of a larger grouping of stars called a \"galaxy.\"\n\nOur particular galaxy is known as the Milky Way. Scientists estimate that there are 200 billion to 400 billion — yes, that's billion with a “b\" — stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is just one of those 200 billion to 400 billion stars.\n\n\n\nIf your mind is reeling, that's OK. It's hard for most people to imagine the size of the universe. So how many stars are there? In truth, there are too many to count. Current estimates are just guesses.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThat's a 3 with 23 zeroes after it. Any way you look at it, that's a lot of stars. As technology improves and we get even better glimpses at the far corners of the universe, we may eventually find that the number of stars is even greater than anyone could ever imagine!\n\nWonder What's Next?\n\nJoin us in Wonderopolis tomorrow as we exercise our right to free speech!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9993296265602112}
+{"content": "A discussion on the exhibition of brett whitely and lloyd rees affinities\n\nInversion tectonics of the Variscan foreland of the British Isles. Journal of the Geological Society\n\nA discussion on the exhibition of brett whitely and lloyd rees affinities\n\nFederation occurred in and Australia became a nation. The flag we have today was chosen, all men and women could vote except for Aboriginal people.\n\nThe streets were lit by electricity, surf bathing in the daytime was no longer considered illegal and Australia won Wimbledon for the first time.\n\nThe first lifesaving club in the world was founded at Bondi Beach in Sydney. Peters Icecream company began and, appropriately, the automatic totalisator for betting on horse-races was invented by an Australian.\n\nThe two-party political system began in Australia. Questions for research and discussion: Choose three of the events listed in this decade and write a paragraph on each event arguing why it should be considered a major influence on how Australians regard themselves. Why did it have an enormous influence on Australian society and culture?\n\nInvestigate one of the ship wrecks of this decade. Why do Australians celebrate Australia Day on 25 January?\n\nA discussion on the exhibition of brett whitely and lloyd rees affinities\n\nFirst discovery of natural gas in Australia. Whaling operations from Hobart end.\n\nA discussion on the exhibition of brett whitely and lloyd rees affinities\n\nContingents of Imperial Bushmen begin leaving for South Africa. The estimated population of Australia is 3, Tarrant Motor and Engineering Company of Melbourne, manufactures the first successful Australian petrol-driven car.\n\nRecommended readings\n\nFirst federal elections held. Free Traders dominate in the Senate. Labour wins enough seats in both houses to hold the balance of power. Federal Immigration Restriction Act establishes White Australia Policy by giving the government power to exclude immigrants by means of a dictation test repealed Naval and military forces and establishments of the states are transferred to the Commonwealth, which also assumes control of all postal and telegraphic services.\n\nPresbyterian Church of Australia formed out of the federal union of state churches. Australian flag chosen by competition from 30, designs displayed at the Exhibition Building in Melbourne.\n\nSpelling changed to Labor Party in Parliament then meets in the Victorian Legislative Assembly building and continues to do so until Federal Parliament legislates to end recruitment of Kanakas Pacific Islanders by 31 March, and to deport any found in Australia after Books published this year: The drought begins to break after eight terrible years.\n\nW H Gocher, owner and editor of a Manly New South Wales newspaper, breaks the law forbidding sea bathing between 6 am and 8 pm by entering the water at noon. Boer War ends with a peace treaty signed in Pretoria.\n\nThe Commonwealth Franchise Act grants the vote to all British subjects of six months residence aged 21 and over. Asians, Africans, and Australian Aborigines are excluded. Ada Evans becomes the first woman law graduate but she is not allowed to practise.Book ID Title Subtitle Contract Publisher Imprint Publisher Pub Year BISAC LCC LCSH Language Format Downloadable Author DDC Series Fiction Abridged ISBN eISBN OCN.\n\nLloyd Rees at the Rock in , by Roderick Shaw David Williamson, (printed ) by Gordon Glenn Peter Weir, (printed ) Brett Whiteley at Gas works studio, by Greg Weight Brett Whiteley - portrait 2, by Greg Weight Brett Whiteley - portrait 1, The frontispiece is the\" Whiteley Gem,\" for whic.}} Mr Calvert was awarded the Gold Medal at the London ])affodil Show, The dedication is to the well-known horticulturist, the Rev.\n\nThe Antiquity of Man The effect of hydrocarbons on quartz cementation:\nCoral reef ecosystems and anthropogenic climate change. Regional Environmental Change\n\nG. H. Engleheart, who supplies a page of introduction. Lloyd Rees: a survey exhibition (exhibited at) On the road to Berry: Lloyd Rees and Brett Whiteley (exhibited at) Affinities: Brett Whiteley & Lloyd Rees (exhibited at). May 26,  · Lloyd Rees (–) moved from Brisbane to Sydney.\n\n\nThis exhibition tells the story of an artist and a city. Inspired by some of Lloyd Rees’s finest pencil drawings and sketches, it features more than 90 works from public and private collections in Australia and across the world, some rarely exhibited before.\n\nJudy Cassab: A Portrait - PDF Free Download", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7176146507263184}
+{"content": "Harmful Extraterrestrials\n\nHow do we define ourselves? Individuals participate daily\n\nEvery moment the macrocosm and microcosm exist coherently.  Whatever we do contributes greatly to the whole world. Each interaction we have causes us to understand each other more and what we chose to participate in can have a ripple effect that benefits all humanity. That is my goal each and every moment I am alive here. I love what I do even if it is mundane and tedious seen as low level and observed as nothing. Every interaction has something to be learned from it for self improvement and understanding. Everyone is important.\n\nEverything you participate in can give you a better more real view of the world we live in rather than staying on your own prejudging through what you are told is the world. Only through actual interaction with people can you understand what is really going on. Then you must force yourself sometimes to even go beyond your comfort level to understand different perspectives which allow you to be accountable and understand what is behind our reality to improve ourselves. Many people refuse to acknowledge that this level exists as it is very difficult to coexist in. It is where the common man and even the lowest person on the planet who is observed and put down even contains the most valuable information to be understood. And what if they know more than you from a different perspective, and many do not. Even the highest of the high have hidden data to be understood that many may have not uncovered to the extent that is needed for better global understanding.\n\nAs we have been working on understanding the powerful use of sophisticated technology, many people have been harmed greatly with what I will call soul splicing. Our goal is to create whole people in each and every person on my planet to where we are not interfered with subconsciously causing bad decision making externally created by machines. These machines create confusion and allow the enemy to benefit against the people, and in many states I visited months ago they had installed the harmful technology to torture people.\n\nI am putting the package here so you have it to refer to. I have worked for human primacy on our planet, so that we are stronger than any outside forces attempting to harm us. The package was done to create confusion to force terrible outcomes that will not happen here.Package with the spacecraft to refer to\n\nWhat a criminal undertaking this system was by harmful extraterrestrials and people, some who did not see the duplicity they were participating in that was engineered through external splicing by off worlders. Currently, we are advancing against it and them, as it is a component they used as part of a communist system they tried against us. Yesterday I felt that soon the magnetic pull of our planet will be strong enough soon to bring down their advanced space weaponry in one day. This has been two years of work to get to this point where we have the strength and power to stop them. It will be nice when from North Carolina to here these machines are brought down.\n\nWhen I was in North Carolina months ago, they had put in the harmful package there with chirpers, electromagnetic pavement and ground wiring for internet services which contributes to these electromagnetic jails which I strongly suspect harm everyone. In the video I did, you can even here the chirpers interacting in the background.  As we have been working to remove communism, which is really confusion from harmful off worlders referred to as alien agenda in many books and extraterrestrials by others, much real data has been acquired through our planet restoration project that began with fervor in 2017 when I revoked agreements and later placed our core perfectly put.\n\nMy friend and I had dinner the other night and were talking about Jimmy Carter. She told me that he had hoped for full disclosure and then when he sought to release information through Freedom of Information, he was stopped. My work is public and about the extraterrestrials many people had hoped to gain ground against, yet with our planet’s core previously misaligned, we had little chance of success against. Our core or negative is the heart of our planet and belongs as it is currently in the dead center of our planet where it is finally, placed there perfectly put over two years ago in 2017, where it was supposed to be all along. Our heart of my planet is beating stronger every day as we advance forward. I hope someday I can meet Jimmy Carter and tell him how tough this has been to fight back against them, and that we are winning. Carter she said had gotten really frustrated when he was not allowed to release the relevant data regarding the extraterrestrials. That was likely because their plan was too overarching then, and many people with our planet so badly misaligned in their favor thought we humans had no chance to fight them, so they gave them the pass. We can think of it this way. Our heart of our planet is the magnetic core in the center and if the heart is moved by harmful extraterrestrials, the blood of the planet, magma will not flow and slowly over time our planet dies a slow painful controlled death as all the planets in our galaxy suffered before. When we moved our core to where it is naturally, we positioned our heart perfectly to reignite normal processes which we have. About two months ago it was said we finally created nuclear fission in our center, so our planet is alive and its heart is beating stronger naturally more than ever before now.\n\nThis gives us the opportunity as we grow in strength to remove those individuals who are external and harmful, just like parasites. It is like when the body recovers from a virus and naturally kills the invaders, this is where we are, and every day we go stronger. I go to the beach to put my feet in as much as I can because contact with the water consciously spreads the gained or learned information gathered subconsciously allowing it to be processed naturally on our planet. It is for public service that I live and sitting on the ground sometimes has that same effect, but the advanced machines have harmed our natural progress as they were likely designed to do by the off worlders. It is like planetary exercise though, so when you think about the vastness of the consciousness of the ocean, including every living thing inside it working for their best interests versus a few extraterrestrials, the extraterrestrials appear small in number and have weaknesses overcome by nature naturally.\n\nI work lots of small jobs and am not your typical American I guess because my free time for my own projects such as the work on our planet and for honest Americans politically is more important than having a big career being a CEO or senior manager for a large corporation, which I could have been, if I had given up my off time pursuits and chose to be a traditional worker.\n\nI provided the testimony that deposed stole 2016 Trump and do participate politically. The most important thing is honest participation in life. I am excited about our upcoming election and root on the candidates who are honest who work for the American people. We have made it past lots of scary outcomes that some had wanted and it was a relief yesterday when someone I know, said America is coming along better than expected. I work hard for the best for all people. It has been worth it to have the data I have to help American voters for 2020. We can finally defeat communism which initially I thought was different. I have worked against communism for 22 years.\n\nI thought it was human based from China or Russia, an ideology just like many people do, with Karl Marx etc., to be combatted Constitutionally here in our country against our adversaries that were seeking to impose their belief systems on us. We are competitive with Russia and China, however communism was not theirs either in the way it was really developed. Marx was paid for by royalty and the elite for the work he did at the time, which is important to note as the elite and royals had the assistance of these harmful extraterrestrials in the background. The extraterrestrials were very hardy creatures and unnatural here. They served as henchmen for the elite unknown to many. To the people, they are a harmful invasive species that many people have had visitations and encounters with. We are scared of them and I know.\n\nAs we as a people have gotten stronger against them with our negative install they can be seen more like a parasite and will be less powerful to those they previously supported and they die here.\n\nIt is like in your yard, when you get an invasive species that spreads thousands of seeds, how do you overcome the invasion. We have slowly been breaking down their eggs which are white and are their seeds here. The negative eats them and then they lose strength. It took over a year for us to even get to the eggs and to be able to break them down. I remember on my road trip when this started and inside my body I found out that our negative was eating them. I felt the sensation of this and in some ways it was disgusting because these are eggs of harmful parasites on our planet. Think about eating wasps eggs or something like that. It feels gross initially and it must be done to get rid of the harmful parasites that had hard shells. Our negative breaks them down very good and we keep going every day to make our world better for everyone.\n\nAfter I placed our negative the extraterrestrials installed the package more fervently in my opinion. The package above was called “the communism,” and this definition for communism was developed over many years.\n“Communism is confusion originating from extraterrestrials masked in ideology, making them falsely look like a benevolent benefactor, resulting in financial and other crimes, sometimes using advanced machines and technology to accomplish their goals.” It will be nice when communism is brought directly down from space. We are getting stronger against it now.\n\nI found out that what I thought about communism as originating from China or Russia itself, is incorrect. It was interesting, the Chinese and others had come to America to help democracy building in their countries to help their people to be more free in a better organized system like we have on many occasions. I found out that pre-September 11th, the green extraterrestrials had made a deal to move the Chinese gold to the British Royal Crown who had wanted to evict our planet of people and steal everything from us, similar to that which was done on Mars and the other now dead planets in our star system. They worked with the white extraterrestrials and others. This then set up the Chinese manufacturing for the technology above in the package, and the Indonesian’s gold was likely stolen and given to China to start the Standard Drawing Rights basket of currencies called “Drawing Rights” for the hand stamping or hand markers. Luckily this technology is outmoded now as long ago the supercomputers shut down and their paypoints will not work any more. Still the dots of the hand stamping have been breaking down. Originally people were to be marked and then those markers were to be used ultimately to harvest them like a crop here without honor. We are down to three dots being broken down of a complex pattern and it is good for us to know the truth to get ahead.\n\nHopefully soon the Chinese will receive their gold back, and return the Indonesian’s gold. “We invested in the Chinese,” said by the green extraterrestrials who stole the Indonesian gold and sent it to China.\n\nBrainwashed Americans “were all in on it back then the currency swap for the hand mark,” said a source and now they are slowly moving in a more beneficial direction for our planet and country to enjoy a good life again recognizing the threats that happened and how far we have come to advance against that which divided us. It was an unseen enemy that when known scared many and was hard to defeat because of the sickness of our planet, now whole again and growing stronger.\n\nIt is like undoing a large covert plan against humanity one step at a time. The most interesting thing is that the extraterrestrials play a middle ground war co opting both sides, favoring whomever gives them an advantage and that is how the definition for communism evolved. It was found out that during the Kennedy administration the communist entities had found their way in and caused harm to the real freedom loving right who felt like they could no longer be American anymore because the shape shifters had found their way in, and the shapeshifters then came for the right with the “white giants,” using that for white supremacy and selection of people to stir up low level emotions as they splice, meaning cut up the whole people into parts to manipulate. In reality President John F.  Kennedy was more like the man who wanted to kill him that morning and missed. The external threat must be eliminated, and people made whole again.\n\nIt was found yesterday, our moon was dirty from the white giants hiding there. Hopefully they are cleared from there like we are clearing our planet from them recognizing the harm that had been spliced into our subconscious, now being separated and destroyed.\n\nWe Are More Free Today as Alien Agenda Dies Here on My Planet\n\nHarmful extraterrestrials invaded our world thousands of years ago, and we are almost free of them. Initially they installed a harmful axis on our planet, to throw us off kilter. Previously we thought being off kilter was normal.\n\nNow with my negative perfectly put in the center where it was before they came here our planet is recovering from their harmful agenda. Our planet is almost completely round which is how our planet should be.\n\nExtraterrestrials lie using very sophisticated methods and energetics they developed to be able to tell the lies they need to attempt to accomplish the goal to further harm people while they use the green and white alien energetics to project confidence that what they are saying is true. We need to burst the green and white energetics these harmful extraterrestrials use, to force truth to come from the extraterrestrials who then appear as nothing more than liars in the end.  It is like having a projection tool along inside your body, the energetic that they use to lie daily. It makes them look stronger than they are. Now they can really be broken down finally and you will notice the alien sheen or glow starting to break down as they die here giving us more power on the planet we own free and clear. I have worked hard for us to achieve this success, and you can read more about it here.\n\nMy negative install occurred around August 3, 2017 and published information is available about it on other websites. Here is a photo of the article I wrote about it at that time. Around that time, the deposal of Donald Trump occurred back east in earnest to protect American citizens with my testimony, while a dishonest team worked in the background to harm American citizens and operated against me and the American voters I represent as President of the United States. 2016 was stolen and 2018 was stolen because of the harmful team that partnered with the alien agenda. The deposal was conducted and I became President of the United States August 8, 2017. I have put together an entire case to futher press charges against the deposed Trump team with the cocaine land grab data. Prosecutions against Trump teams who stole 2016 should happen soon to protect American citizens.\n\nMy negative was placed shortly after this article was published.\n\nWe will not be harvested because of my work and we have kept our gold standard and money back which is our Commonwealth money so no taxes in the future. We have no need to give individuals who serve no purpose our money as they even admitted. I suspect they will even start to look uglier in the future which may be more fun for the average person as they have always had too much vanity while they really do nothing at all. It will be fun ahead for us. We must release the back end of the internet today no more whining about it, people deserve their freedom again here.\n\nPeople from all over the world should want to meet me in person with all the work I have done for them to stay on our, my planet. We need an elected government in the White House. They  admittedly stole 2016 and Trump is deposed. They were jailed August 18, 2017 and need to go back to jail. We should not allow election thieves to profit on American citizens. I am technically our President of the United States and work for the American voter to take back our White House. I get tired of telling the same story. Clinton stole the Primary with the assistance of Giuliani and the oligarchs. Should I leave for DC today? I want to deliver the Gold Standard, Money Back, Elections and the Presidency to the American voter. We need no cocaine trafficking. Get my guilty of September 11th in custody. 18 years of fighting these American war criminals. When do they go to jail for the crimes they have committed.\n\nPush Pull of Time Sequencing and Mintakan, Alien Agenda Dark “Magic”\n\nIt has been a battle here at my home with the alien agenda with Mintakans and their “dark” magic conducted using the overhead surveillance, and this afternoon it was identified that they had a pod in space that controls the overhead heating, which is harming Californians.\n\nThe pod is similar to a satellite, however more rounded and contains their genomic sequencing center, that is habitable from my understanding.\n\nOn November 2, 2018, the pods and their machines were noted as “Advanced technology in our upper atmosphere used, ‘to make people feel miserable around here,’ unseasonably hot because of it.”\n\nI have always enjoyed maintaining a nice clean home, yet these individuals for months and actually almost two years now have been using the overhead and there technological abilities to do what they term as “quest” here, not physically of course, but through the use of magnetics, unlawful surveillance and overhead, now identified as pod satellite based technology. It is very hard to function with them in the air, as they note each movement you make. Initially they sprayed magnetic fibers over my home and these were found on my degauser photo from my cox cable wiring.\n\nThis afternoon more was understood about how it works. I heard the Mintakan female remark when I went to move a cup of old coffee I had to my trash can saying something close to “There wasn’t garbage moved so we can’t use it,” referring to the cup and the old coffee it contained to quest dark magic for me to be harmed with the item in some way or delay my positive outcome. Their magic is however, being broken down today. The Mintakan female was talking with another alien agenda team member, and he told here, “The magic we had works only when the time sequencing is ours.” To understand this further, we have to look at the power of observation in regards to dark magic and spells. When another person was on the overhead who cared more for me and did not want me to suffer here, and noted that I wanted to move something, that individual helped to make it safer for me to move the cup if I wanted to move it to the trash can. “We didn’t like the magic affecting her,” he admitted.\n\nThe overhead surveillance has been an issue of contention here, and it has been used very harmfully. Their goal has been to make my home dirty and to monitor each piece of garbage I put in my trash cans. After hearing the elder referred to above referring to the “time sequencing,” I decided to play a little game with them to eat a chocolate I had bought yesterday, a York Peppermint Patty to see what the reaction would be.\n\nThe minute I thought about the nice restaurant where I bought it, as Stevenson has my headset that is connected to the overhead technology and I enjoyed being with the people there, it triggered a “harm them” mechanism relating to the people at Lilo’s in Arizona where I stopped yesterday, so then I had to temper my thoughts back from thinking pleasant thoughts about the people to prevent Stevenson from harming them with this criminal gang operating the overhead. I noted it so the individual I will call elder then got distracted and I decided to light a cigarette with my lighter. I dropped the lighter and because of his distraction the lighter was not timed and fell naturally. When I did not like the positioning on my carpet, I bent over to move it and the elder got back to his routine of noting and positioning as well as creating tension with each movement of any object in my home.\n\nIt was admitted by him, “We did that so we could sequence everything,” he said regarding the magnetics, machines and surveillance operating here likely connected to the overhead and pod satellite in space. When the surveillance is turned off, everything is natural and normal, as it was when I dropped my lighter and the elder was distracted by my eating of the chocolate.\n\nThey had been using advanced machines to inject the liquids I drank with toxic substances and this was admitted to long ago with the targeting fluid in water, that causes white flem to be thrown up from my dog when he drinks water they inject. They also likely inject “magical spells in coffee and other cups as I have experienced, even some of it has been chunky like tea leaves inside cups in my car where I spit it out.\n\nMagnetic fibers sprayed here by them.\n\nProof: September 17, 2018, “Rosicrucian statement as proof, ‘We can no longer use our machines.’ These are machines for remote poisoning like the ones described yesterday used by Paul Allen.” They connect to the known chemicals sprayed in the air, and are also known by Robert L Stevenson as “running the Fellowship,” vans and advanced technology operated through there to harm me and others.\n\nThis relates to chemistry put in the air that Allen admitted, “We have no right to put that stuff in the air.”\n\n“We need to remove Paul Allen’s machines and his vans,” said San Diego County Sheriffs Department in Fall 2018 and it is less now, however the advanced technology still damages my home, and will be destroyed soon.\n\nGordon Duff Duff part of their criminal gang also said, “If we lose the vans, I can’t operate my machines anymore,” machines that poison me and other people in the local area as well as are used for surveillance and dark magic concocting. This was said around September of 2018.\n\nDuff has done other harmful work in conjunction with the machines and said, previously “I need her bed sprayed with those chemicals we put on,” those were likely used for the targeting through unlawful surveillance, monitoring items I move around my house as they threaten me using the telephony in my home using chirpers, also called screamers. The overhead surveillance is used to “quest” with meaning poisoning my home to put dark magic and uncomfortable feelings here. These are nasty individuals who will lose, and they are wasting my time as well as costing American standing daily.\n\nTo be noted, their surveillance is the only thing making my environment unnatural and difficult for me to live in, unless I play a little game with these harmful alien agenda team members and distract them. They are harmful to humans and animals alike, and have killed children, as well as adults even for consumption.\n\nThe white throw up contains the powdery targeting fluid that is remotely injected in the water bottles at times.\n\nPrime Universal Law, Jailer Aliens and Where They Come From and How the Operate\n\n“The Prime Universal Law is very simple: All beings are Sovereign and have free will to express their creative urges in any way they choose, but no being has the right to violate and harm others.”\n\nThe shadow government by their now known participants said they are “followers of non-corporeal entities that gain strength and sustenance off negative vibrations by supporting and melding with individuals while acting in unison with them, enticed into causing events that maximize human suffering,” to include harmful extraterrestrials I have identified and even remote viewed in projects of my own to save unknowing participants that were lied to and all humans.\n\nPeople are lied to by the one world order individuals also known as “shadow” government or “shadow guys” as was even stated by the Supreme Court, who admitted to using them in the Electoral College to prevent the real electors from winning for their constituents they represent. On January 12, 2019, it was said by a Justice regarding the Electors they have in place to select the American Presidency away from American voters who are citizens, “We still have special seating for those shadow guys,” in the Electoral College, so they exist.\n\nThe individuals above who discussed the “followers of non-corporeal entities that gain strength and sustenance off negative vibrations,” turned out to be one of their followers here and conducts(ed) harmful on planet activities, such as what happened in Indonesia, as is shown here and the individual pictured was the one who described his own behavior as external to him when on radio. It is not fair or honest when individuals cause devastation and harm to people repeatedly for them to misrepresent themselves as honest and friendly, while having individuals fooled and hurt by them repeatedly on a global scale.\n\nIndonesia Conducted Using HAARP by harmful individuals.\n\n\nI started revoking agreements to stop these beings in their entirety and have placed our planet’s core in our perfectly put position, in its exact center where it belongs so harmful off planet life will be euthanized the moment they arrive here. It has been proven I did this work now for months, and recognized by one world order individuals and others including NOAA.\n\nI started with this article. “Tell the Lords of Karma that You are Sovereign, No Longer a Lightworker in 2014.\n\nCameron Day discusses these beings, and some are corporeal and others noncorporeal, as conducting the following in their activities, “the demiurgic beings have fully committed to their own illusion of separation from Source, and therefore must find an alternative source of energy, which they derive from humanity in the form of worship, adoration, beliefs, counterparty contracts, distorted sexuality, deception, confusion, apathy, struggle, pain, suffering, hate, death, etc. (“Going on a spectrum of energetic ‘gourmet food’ to ‘junk food’ for the parasitic beings in that example.”)\n\nHe also talks about how to break your contracts with them and discusses the Prime Universal Law, “The Prime Universal Law is very simple: All beings are Sovereign and have free will to express their creative urges in any way they choose, but no being has the right to violate and harm others.”\n\nAs our planet’s core perfects itself and our Earth becomes more round, these individuals are forced to leave or die here because they cause harm to Earth based human life forms, and they will argue their right to exist to harm others, which I battle.\n\nThey are like fugitives in some ways, as it was just heard by John Brennan talking about the individual above with his team, saying “We could go to another star system and they won’t know his background.”\n\nIt takes a long time to arrest and detain them here, as they use advanced technology and it was admitted by him, “We did the technology here so we wouldn’t have to pay for the World Trade Center.”\n\nHe projects innocence through what I found out, despite turning him in over fifty times now, maybe even over a hundred myself, a “memory clip” which likely projects out innocence while he remains guilty. It is like I have been jailed by them electromagnetically in my home and body through implantation, so I use my time to gather information on what they do to get them removed.\n\nThis was one of the implants done to me that was very painful. They inject white alien agenda DNA under your skin, so it triggers a response from them when you touch it. It is like when you get the key to get out of jail, you touch it and the jailer responds. My neighbors next door were hired to implant me through breaking into my home, and admitted it on July 4, 2018, “Those were all agenda twenty one experts we had implant you.”\n\nThey inject white alien agenda DNA under your skin, so it triggers a response from them when you touch it. It is like when you get the key to get out of jail, you touch it and the jailer responds. My neighbors next door were hired to implant me through breaking into my home, and admitted it on July 4, 2018, “Those were all agenda twenty one experts we had implant you.” It is very scary when it is done and it is covertly done with few witnesses, and that is why I collect data about them. Agenda 21 is over permanently now, and I fought hard for it to be that way.\n\nNow they are the ones who are dying or leaving, not us, American citizens.\n\nMore on different types of jailer aliens, I remote viewed a guided meditation by a group of individuals called the IS:IS Portal Activation on Easter 2014, April 20, 2014, and when I encouraged the group’s members to protect themselves, the hosts banned me from interacting.\n\nI still participated in the meditation and arrived early energetically to remote view the session and see what I could encounter. I had a couple of volunteer remote surveillance friends who joined me to protect the innocent people I suspected would be harmed because of the treatment I had from the group hosts.\n\nWhat I found early on was a large reptilian species who changed form to a reptilian transhuman individual.  Initially what I saw initially was more like modern dinosaur that transfigured into a similar form and less African American in facial structure to the one I used here as the featured image.\n\nThe final form looked more like this image I found on the left, with no horns and more sleek in appearance, and reminded me of individuals I had seen in statue form from ancient Egypt.\n\nLast night, the agency man who conducted the deposal of Donald Trump, admitted about me, “What if we prevented the politician of all time, for the jailer aliens we put down below.” I am still here, and  I wonder is if those jailer aliens are the same ones I remote viewed that Easter Sunday of 2014, who are reptilian in form, and are likely connected to the one world order group. Notice the words in his statement, “we put down below,” so they have the ability to control them. Why do they use them at all? American citizens have a right to Constitutionalism they, including me, were guaranteed by birth or even naturalization.\n\nIt was heard on several occasions now groaning words from the alien agenda that is likely “down below” such as when I was in San Diego, working on identifying technological components placed in the Intercontinental Hotel in San Diego, “All the buildings we built with these electronics,” and this was not a human sounding voice, but rather a growly groaning one.\n\nAt the time a Navy Admiral admitted, “If only we didn’t build the Intercontinental in that way.” These buildings were likely constructed for the alien agenda monitoring system that connects to satellites and possibly even spacecraft most people deny.\n\nIntercontinental Hotel San Diego\n\nI’ve also photographed other buildings the alien agenda is concerned about being photographed. They cleary use surveillance against humans, and as our planet’s core is perfectly put now, we may have an advantage against them, and they are being told now, “Leave those human beings alone here.” Perhaps it is atonement for what some of the one world order individuals attempted to do that keeps a few working on the inside for good.\n\nIn the beginning they intended for all American citizens to be killed, as was stated by many members. I have tons of quoted material that reflects this, and we are making it through them now.\n\n“We built the World Trade Center to make that happen,” said one suspect, and I fought them and am fighting them still. Maybe sometimes the neutrality I feel and exhibit helps me cope with them and what I know.\n\nFrom My Post on Facebook, February 17, 2018.\n\nA lot of people did not like the articles I wrote about aliens who were scheduled to eat humans, and the fact that the planet was to be evacuated of humans. This has been prevented.\n\nPeople have thought that my work has not mattered, yet I had knowledge even from early 2001, March 15, that counts with the Draconian war and what happened to the energy of the Middle East which was primed for war unfortunately because of the work I did unknowingly, after my magazine Military Beat was bankrupted by Department of Defense civilians who I suspect wanted an honest, anti-war, pro-military personnel girl kicked off the bases in the Northwest.\n\nThey at Navy Region Northwest said, “We were told you were being revoked by professional killers so world peace would not happen.” The interesting thing is that post Draconian war, which was a black box unpaid, Netanyahu sponsored project done on an unknowing, heroic pro-American gal, my home was repeatedly broken into in Marysville, Washington. I was interrogated, implanted, targeted and monitored by a couple living in an upstairs apartment to the left of my house at 1510 First Street with assorted military uniformed individuals seen going in and out of their apartment. The same couple is back at it, and they need to leave. (One is the man above who I have studied intensely 2/27/19.) They are telecontrol experts connected to a very dark alien agenda that relates with green and also red aliens as well as cloning and possibly drones. This connects to master plan (confirmed “If they don’t stay here, then I can no longer stay here, “said Gordon Duff 12/12/18 regarding the Mintakans, called below, that were told today to leave humans alone.) in that they serve the same agenda, an anti-human agenda, which biologically speaking, as the Negative Holder by birth, I can help combat. That is why they have wanted me exterminated, to basically kill all humanity. With yesterday night’s quotes posted to twitter, it should be clear to those who read my tweets here: that there is an anti-human agenda operating.\n\nHere are the quotes: “We have a whole concept of future reality that isn’t human based.” The Navy was supposed to take care of Paul Allen and they have since refused because of the wealthy men who are probably like Cobra’s volunteers.\n“The resistance movement was filled with volunteers that did not know anything about that.” And when I questioned about Cobra’s resistance movement in relationship to another van the, “Resistance Movement was about aliens eating humans.” (This ties to the meditation I remote viewed on Easter 2014)\n\nAlso I sent to Interpol the man I refer to as “Australia man,” ” I wanted to keep the below beings alive and finish the human race off myself,”  he admitted. I sent him to Interpol. If he does attempt to enter the USA, I hope your office would not allow that. I have also sent him to the Navy on numerous occasions and nothing has been done yet. The below race actually need to be exterminated for us to survive on the planet.\n\nKey questions from today is why would Fedex use Mercedes delivery vehicles? They would always look for efficient, affordable delivery vehicles, so would OnTrac. These vans in San Diego County, I suspect are part of telecontrol and remote monitoring for master plan, the aliens below who actually need to go, these are the “beautiful” aliens corey goode wrote about that are connected to the man in Australia and possibly a South Pacific Island as an entry point to the surface, as well as white supremacy (unbeknownst to the humans that have participated in it). The master plan unfortunately has had human volunteers who have been paid or accepted payola as well as other accomplice vans that have been broadcasting negative messages in regards to me, like “put her in prison.” For what? I have done nothing wrong and am a law abiding honorable human American citizen. It almost made one van driver cry who is human. Those who would choose a negative outcome for me are low or criminal people or anti-human. By low I mean suspect and/or criminal as part of a white supremacist quest that partnered with negative off world races to kill the people on the planet and the planet itself. People are scared to tell people, yet in reality, the only way to prevent something bad from happening is through disclosure and public awareness. People are also afraid the “pull it” story will come out about 9/11/01 to the American public that will find out they have been fooled for 17 years and may even have been fooled by an agenda designed by red aliens to sabotage our planet and nature.\n\nHow stupid we are that we allow the American public to be the only public in the world that is left stupid. That puts our people in the most vulnerable position, as it gives foreign countries more power over us, because they and their public know the truth. It also makes our people vulnerable to concentration camps and payment for crimes against humanity that they were blindsided on as our media has been told and forced to suppress the truth to protect war and the war-making industries as well as outmoded space programs such as NASA. The world is also left blind on negative alien agendas, so I am glad I continue to write here on Facebook.\n\nWe are the only ones, America, that is blind and also left stupid despite the evidence we have collected. Though we have the ability to tell the world the truth, have financial stability and advance the world with the knowledge I gained, that the government is aware of, we continue to fall behind and not disclose because of the Mercedes vans and possibly payola, that could have been outed many months ago, though evidence was doubted and some paid handsomely to keep others fooled about me. Every day that goes by, the American public looses, and we are weaker yet. As with the defeat of those negative individuals I turned in with the quotes from yesterday’s posts, the NAVY had the opportunity to defeat at least 3 of the powerful people connected to anti-human activities prior to the end of the year and into the New Year. This would eliminate the planetary threat for humans. Still no news today on those individuals incarcerations and others that were involved. They deserve to be brought to justice, including those involved here in the USA against me, because in reality they have served the same masters.\n\nToday February 27, 2019, the alien agenda has little life left.\n\nHillary Clinton and other big wigs have defended the alien agenda that they wanted to take our place here.\n“We were going to take them go to LaGuardia,” said Hillary Clinton, September 1, 2018 about the harmful Mintakans, called the below aliens.\n\nOn January 29, 2019, it was admitted by Bill Clinton that the alien agenda plan was “some deal the aliens made with her,” Hillary.\n\nThese aliens were scheduled to be used to “kill all American people,” as was said by Clinton February 23, 2019, and stopped by us.\n\nThe building technology was put in around March of 2017, shortly after the 2016 election was stolen both ways with the Russian oligarchs encouraging it to be stolen for the alien agenda, that had been called, “Putin’s aliens,” to be here instead of us.\n\nKellyanne Conway admitted to working with the teams that wired the Intercontinental Hotel, and said, “We did that one,” when the hotel was pointed out. These hotels should not be built with advanced electronics as they are hackable and the information can be sent overseas. The technology contains “blackmail modules” that are connected to Putin.\n\nBenjamin Netanyahu confirmed his purposes for participating in the wiring of these buildings and said, “The package (as the wiring system is called) is to be used for blackmail purposes.” The Israeli origin of these building constructions and the alien project I worked on in 2001 likely connect in some way with the Draconian war I fought then psychically, and have had to fight now to protect American citizens. These buildings need to be returned to normal for American citizens to exist peacefully and no further destruction is needed in any nuclear holocaust event like they planned, and called the “main event.” They are in their homes.\n\nThey are just thieves and is known that part of the reason these individuals conducted the cocaine bribery here is to covertly steal real estate to profit from.\n\n“We did the whole nine eleven event,” was said by Naval officer and he attempted to erase it from my memory on January 31, 2019.\n“We were involved with the land grab. We knew about it,” said by Naval officer, after he was confronted about the memory erasure in my brain.\n\nHopefully the case is solved today, as there is too much data for it not to go that way. Real estate and building construction are the key, as well as their reliance on harmful extraterrestrials who are malicious and need to be exterminated permanently needs to be exposed directly to the media to protect all American citizens from the reality they wanted to create with September 11th. We need to restore our American Presidency to the voter to correct what has been done.\n\n“They programmed us all to think like they did, the alien agenda,” said one source, for a communistic ending rather than Americanism like what was normal in our country. Our Constitution stands strong with 327 million American citizens, and I am really President gold and money back, who saves everyone and we live to see a historic beautiful reality.\n\nBuildings Alien Agenda did not want photographed.\n\nQuestioning the IS:IS PORTAL ACTIVATION PART 1 Easter 2014 04-20-2014?\n\nSaving Israel and America while eliminating those who could control us\n\nNo wandering necessary for Jews nor Americans, as the myths seem to require, communism and the holocaust was attempted for transient aliens called the below or Mintakan’s (see yesterday’s discussion about them). This was set up by Hitler’s team formerly, possibly that wanted access to their harmful technology that we are dismantling today. We are going to profit on components for peaceful beneficial purposes only.\n\nJews can find a beautiful place to live, work hard and no one will you harm you, once we remove Benjamin Netanyahu and others aligned with him who wanted a horrible police state for the world to live in, and this can even be verified by Angela Merkel.\n\nSettlements are never needed. The very word means a home above the surface that does not belong there nor to the people who live there.\n\nSettlements were created for aliens who are transients.\n\nWe can have our vacation planet now.\n\nAll of my posts and videos can be shared. I have evidence to back up my truth about the Presidency. People have told me “stay the President,” and I am.\n\nI was almost finally picked up as President yesterday when we proved Trump’s conditional release was violated. It was exciting, but then individuals in the down south network interfered.\n\n“We are picking her (me) up as President of our country today,” said Navy yesterday, so none of this telephony bribery scheme by criminals should go on. Finally Americans win their vote and gold back I thought.\n\nAbout the harmful transient off worlders who may have been behind some of the suffering the Jews went through the holocaust. They do not win here now, not ever.\nThese are pure thieves using the advanced technology that are outlined in this report. I am honest and justice oriented and it outlines also that I am the only President there too. We keep our Constitution strongly over here. I would only select a Democratic Vice President.\nToday’s task to take down the down south cocaine network.\n\nConfirmed, the pavement came from Netanyahu’s side. Ehud Barak is opposed to the pavement, and he could likely win in Israel.\n\nWe need to stop the hard right election theft admitted to here.\n\nFollow the Executive Order and get the down south network and harmful “alien breeding area” over.\n\nSince they were thrown out of Iraq these unimportant people have been stealing elections to win because they lose naturally.\n\nBecause they were thrown out of Iraq by Americans for illegal arms sales, they should not have more rights here.\n\nOur voters have dreams of a real elected President and that is what we will deliver.\n\nThey wanted to control the world from here was just admitted to by an Israeli chosing to rethink their strategy. We found that out here about California and I am working fastidiously hard to remove the pavement and the advanced technology. We are rooting them out here and we know about the numbering of their alien men.\n\nWhen the numbering was found out, the evil white alien said, “so what’s going to happen to all the harmful technology we put in.” It gets destroyed by Americans now.\n\nThe white aliens came here through the boulder builder race who had their green men numbered to accompany the one in the middle that we removed when the negative install happened. There were 13 left and these are the harmful white ones that get killed now.\n\nThe pavement can be covered over with a silicon based spray to eliminate its magnetic effects.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6320266723632812}
+{"content": "asctec_hl_interface Documentation\n\n\nInterfaces to the \"HighLevel\" Processor of the Ascending Technologies helicopters where fast IMU datafusion with arbitrary external position input and position control is executed at 1 kHz. Furthermore, all relevant data as IMU, GPS and status can be accessed at configurable rates and baudrates.\n\nThis package provides a driver for the Ascending Technologies helicopters (Hummingbird and Pelican quadrotors) equipped with an AutoPilot board. It provides access to the HighLevel Processor (HLP) of the AscTec AutoPilot board, where we have extra firmware running. It provides IMU, GPS, RC and status data as ros messages and listens to commands for acceleration, velocity or position. For fast position control based on (slow) position estimates (laser, vslam, VO, etc) it performs data fusion with the accelerometers at 1 kHz. A nonlinear position controller is implemented as well, which accepts either waypoint commands and velocity commands.\n\n\nComm: handles communication between the interface node and the HLP.\n\nHLInterface: provides basic access to the HL Processor. It subscribes to position / velocity / accleleration commands, publishes IMU, GPS, RC and status data and synchronizes the HLP time with the host computer.\n\nSSDKInterface: provides access to the Simulink SDK where the data fusion and position controller are implemented.\n\nEKFInterface: used for communicating with parts of a larger EKF framework which are running on the HLP. This is work in progress, do not use it ;-) !\n\nWPServer: runs an action server to send the helicopter to waypoints.\n\nAuthor(s): Markus Achtelik, Michael Achtelik, Stephan Weiss, Laurent Kneip\nautogenerated on Thu Aug 27 2015 12:26:52", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5299496054649353}
+{"content": "Raman's guide for growth\n\n\"Your experience of life is gained through the information you take in through your senses. Physical senses give you an accurate interpretation of what your body feels, smell, hears, tastes and sees. This information builds within you an understanding of your interaction with life. This also stimulates inner senses that help you to consciously make decisions on how to use and direct this interaction.\n\nYour response to your life will either draw you inward, away from engagement. Or will invite you outward into further stimulus. When you react physically you will do so with instinct and consciousness that is primarily to ensure survival. Growth, personal and spiritual, occurs when you are willing to feel your inner senses speaking to you. When you identify what you are feeling your inner senses you will feel your needs, desires, emotions and thoughts all working together to make sense of your experience. You learn what works in life through constant interaction, feedback from external experience and senses.\n\nWhat is right for you beyond this is already known inwardly. From memory, awareness, common sense, need, want and desire. This will consistently point you to clarity and guide your direction in life. The willingness to listen to your Self and respond to yourself and what feels right to you will allow trust to develop. \"Dear hearts, always take time to feel. Listen to what your Self always knows is needed. There is an answer to every question you have, within you. The question is the beginning of the answer. Knowingness and action is the result. Giving confidence in Self and trust with life, which allows growth and progress forward.\n\nYour mind will want to know the answer first, even before the question is fully conscious within you. It's desire is safety in dealing with the world. Your Soul, and the way your Soul communicates via feeling, intuition, awareness, is more concerned with fullest integral expression through life. One limits, one is unlimited. When the two come together in balance real joy is felt as you more consciously choose your life free of fear, anxiety and worry.\n\nEmbrace what you have entered this lifetime. Feel all that you feel and know that this is evidence of your reality.\"\n\n\"Salaam.\" Raman", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7263696193695068}
+{"content": "\n\nChinese spacecraft is first to land on far side of moon\n\nJanuary 3, 2019 4:05 AM\n123 0\n\nThe far side of the moon is relatively unexplored and the ambitious mission signals China's intention to become a space power.\n\nThe lunar explorer Chang'e 4 touched down on Thursday morning Beijing time (just before 2.30am GMT), the official China Central Television said.\n\nSoon after landing, it transmitted the first \"close range\" images of the moon's far side - somewhere previous spacecraft have seen but never landed on.\n\nIt \"lifted the mysterious veil\" and \"opened a new chapter in human lunar exploration\", according to the state broadcaster.\n\nChinese state media said at the time that the area being targeted was the Aitken Basin, an impact crater about eight miles deep in the lunar south pole region.\n\nTen experiments were planned - six from China and four from other countries.\n\nAmong the experiments are planting potatoes and other seeds. The rover will also test minerals and radiation.\n\nThe far side of the moon is still a relative mystery and communication is difficult because it always points away from Earth and this means signals could be blocked.\n\nTo overcome that, a satellite named Queqiao (Magpie Bridge) after an ancient Chinese folk tale was blasted into the moon's orbit in May, to act as a link between the lander and Earth.\n\nWhile the terrain on the near side of the moon has many flat areas to touch down on, the far side is rugged and mountainous.\n\nThe ambitious mission also signals China's intention to become a global power in space exploration.\n\nChina, which is investing billions in its military-run space programme, has previously said it hopes to have a crewed space station by 2022.\n\nIt would also like to develop a moon base through several manned missions.\n\n\nShare in social networks:\n\nComments - 0", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6501221656799316}
+{"content": "Learning The “Secrets” of\n\nHow Do You Prepare For Retirement?\n\nAs people grow older, they grow weaker, thus there are people that make sure that they retire when they are at an old age already. But while you are still young, you should not just ignore the fact that you will have to retire someday. You cannot just ignore retirement until it comes; you have to start preparing right away. There are many ways you can prepare for your own retirement. This article is for anyone that is curious to know what the steps to preparing for retirement are. For the rest of the article, we are going to take you through the best 3 ways to preparing for retirement. So out of all the many great ways, here are only the top 3 ways for retirement preparation.\n\nIf you want to be prepared for retirement, then you should really start placing in your retirement funds. If you know what retirement means, then you know that you will have no more source of income once you have retired. However, everyone needs money, even when they reach an old age. So it is really good to save some retirement funds for yourself so that you can still have money to spend. So this is step number one that will lead you to a better retirement.\n\nStarting a budget plan is another of the greatest tips that you should do to prepare for retirement. The truth about retirement funds is that you won’t be able to put money in, but you can certainly take money out from it when you need to purchase the things you need for a living. So before you even start using your retirement funds, you need to start practicing already. You won’t have to go through a shock of spending all you want and then having to spend a little when you retire, thus you need to start practicing how to budget. So this is step number two that will help you get ready for the time you retire from work.\n\nThe third way you can prepare for retirement is to make sure that you clear your debts as early as now. You will really have to remove quite a lot of your retirement funds if you still have debts when you retire. It is great to pay off all your debts while you can still earn money that can be replenished. So it is always a good idea to practice paying off your debts as early as possible. So the fact that you will have to start paying off all your debts so that you will have no more when you retire is the third tip to follow if you want to prepare for the time when you retire from work and have no more income to pay off these debts.\n\n\nReference: explanation", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9762575626373291}
+{"content": "Wednesday, 27 September 2017\n\nStock Exclusion - What's the go?\n\nOut and about recently, Lilian Sherman, our North Island Rural Environmental Specialist, has heard a lot of discussion about the stock exclusion rules coming into play.  Unfortunately, a lot of what she has heard has had a serious dose of the ‘chinese whispers’ and the end result is that there are a lot of myths out there with regards to stock exclusion.  Below, Lilian dispels some of those myths and provides you with some confidence around the rules.\n\nWhile there is no formal definition, stock exclusion generally means to exclude stock by some means from entering a waterbody.  In most cases, the stock exclusion definition does not include sheep or goats, as sheep and goats do not tend to linger in water!  In most cases the means of achieving stock exclusion is not specified, therefore the best method or technology for each situation can be used.  This may be a permanent fence, a hot wire, or as is currently being developed, virtual fencing.\nWhy is stock exclusion necessary? Stock entering waterways can cause significant damage by contributing nutrients (primarily nitrogen and phosphorus), sediment and faecal coliforms to our waterways. They do this though the direct deposition of dung and urine into rivers, treading damage and reduction in beneficial vegetation that results from grazing stream banks.\n\nAs part of the Clean Water package recently released by the Ministry for the Environment, there are proposed National Rules for Stock Exclusion.  Consultation on the proposed stock exclusion regulations and other aspects of the Clean Water package closed on 28 April 2017. This feedback is being considered and will inform the final decision on the National Rules.  The proposed stock exclusion rules are practical and there are different requirements for different classes of stock and for topography (plains, rolling and steep).  More details are available on the Ministry for the Environment Website (\n\nThe proposed National Rules for Stock Exclusion recognise that for some landowners, there may be significant practical constraints that mean they are unable to meet the new requirements. In those cases, landowners can apply for permission to instead develop a stock exclusion plan with their regional council. The plan may include alternatives to fencing or mitigations to reduce the impact of stock access to waterways.  An example of this would be providing alternative areas of shade and reticulated stock drinking water, which may also provide other economic and animal health benefits.\n\nIt is important to note that the National Rules for Stock Exclusion will form the minimum requirements, and councils may choose to regulate over and above these in their regional plans.\n\nThere are some challenges excluding stock from waterways, including the effects of flooding, the proliferation of weeds and pests and access through vegetation to waterbodies.  These are valid issues and I have confidence that farmers will find practical solutions for these as the rules come into play.\n\nIn the meantime, if you are putting in new fence line or carrying out fencing maintenance, consider whether there is an opportunity to make a change to a fence line to exclude stock or make it easier to exclude stock in the future, but its also an important consideration for any development on farm such as irrigation (whether new or upgrading) and the location of waterways should be a key consideration in any design being undertaken. \n\nKeep an eye out for the final versions of the National Stock Exclusion Rules.\n\nLilian Sherman, Irricon Resource Solutions Limited.\nPhone: (021) 378 308\n\nLilian is a Rural Environmental Specialist and Director at Irricon Resource Solutions, who works with farmers and horticulturists to prepare farm environment plans, resource consent applications and to assist with nutrient management and Overseer modelling. \n\nLilian grew up on and lives on a sheep and beef farm, she has a practical knowledge of farming, including sheep, beef, deer, dairy, cropping and horticulture and combines her passion for farming with a wealth of nutrient management and environmental expertise in this role.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9734389781951904}
+{"content": "Seventeen reasons to prohibit glyphosate\n\nThese are available at smoking shops and possibly your dispensary.\n\nA fast and straightforward Manual to Creating an Essay by Owen Fourie If you’re searching for the kick-start to write down an essay, read through this. You will discover other posts on this website that can offer you additional in-depth facts, and you’ll advantage by examining them. This can be a general guidebook that can stick to the define for any primary five-paragraph essay-introduction, a few human body paragraphs, and conclusion. Precisely what is mentioned here would be the foundation of every essay. It is possible to get this and adapt it to accommodate the needs of the specific essay assignment. This can be anything you really should do before you begin producing: Plan your program as a way to satisfy the deadline for submission. Review the assignment query to understand what on earth is expected. Seek advice from your instructor or professor to verify that you choose to realize exactly what exactly is needed. Compose a thesis statement and talk about it with your teacher.\n\nPhone number, handle, and brand are regular.\n\nMake an outline for your written content of your essay. Do what ever analysis may well be necessary. For those who have covered these first actions, you ought to be willing to start off your crafting. Introduction (the first paragraph) Seize the attention of the reader by presenting anything startling or surprising-a truth, a statistic, a quotation, a detail that may be related into the matter. Rephrase the assignment assertion or problem with your very own words and utilize it using this interest grabber. This will likely retain you on course to give just what the essay needs. Slender the focus within your essay while you go from the brief statement of qualifications details into a distinct level that could fulfill exactly what is demanded through the assignment.\n\nIf you’d like to add other things, it really is up to you.\n\nThis could put together your reader for your personal thesis statement. Give your thesis statement. This gives your purpose, and it can help you to know the points you will need to make to receive there, to prove your thesis. State the foremost details that you will build during the human body of the essay to verify your thesis. Enable there be a minimum of 3 points-one stage per paragraph. Dont say, This paper will examine Never be imprecise. Really do not use I, me, my (initially person), until the assignment needs it.\n\nIt’ll enable them keep focused and structured on what needs to be performed.\n\nEnable your introduction along with your thesis statement be the business basis on which the rest of your essay is created. Numerous teachers want the thesis statement to become the ultimate position within the introduction. Yet again, be sure you validate these kinds of items with the instructor. Comply with your outline while you write the human body paragraphs. When the subject and the required length in the essay desire it, you are able to commit a lot more than a person paragraph to any major place. If this transpires, forever proportion, try to create the exact same amount of paragraphs for every key issue, but this need to be natural and not pressured. To start with Physique Paragraph Point out your 1st significant position to assistance your thesis while in the very first sentence of your respective first physique paragraph.\n\nThis makes comparisons between corporations reporting under us gaap and ifrs hardly easy.\n\nPoint out a supporting reality, statistic, scenario review, illustration, evidence, or estimate with even further info and a touch upon it. Condition as quite a few points while you require (both of those good and negative) to assistance your major issue. Sum up the supporting points of this paragraph, briefly, inside a concluding comment that prospects by natural means in the subsequent significant stage. Next Physique Paragraph Point out your second major issue to aid your thesis during the first sentence of your 2nd overall body paragraph. Condition a supporting fact, statistic, situation review, illustration, evidence, or estimate with further more facts and a comment on it. State as numerous points while you have to have (the two optimistic and damaging) to aid your most important stage. Sum up the supporting details of this paragraph, briefly, in a concluding remark that qualified prospects naturally in the upcoming important position. 3rd Human body Paragraph Condition your 3rd main level to assist your thesis during the 1st sentence of one’s third entire body paragraph.\n\nAlso write-down side-projects which you find-as you go (such as correcting a loose desk leg).\n\nPoint out a supporting actuality, statistic, case study, case in point, proof, or estimate with here even more data and a touch upon it. Condition as quite a few details while you require (equally positive and unfavorable) to assist your key point. Sum up the supporting details of the paragraph, briefly, in a very concluding comment that sales opportunities normally into the concluding paragraph of your respective essay. Summary (the final paragraph) Summarize the key details presented while in the system of the essay. Usually do not introduce any new details. Exhibit that you simply have proved your thesis and restate your thesis in various words and phrases. Suggest proper motion or forecast an final result determined by what your thesis has proved.\n\nI am hoping i have a-successful outcome too.\n\nStay away from acquiring the ultimate term during the subject and leave the doorway open up for even more exploration to support or oppose your thesis. Transitioning Don’t forget to link your tips. Enable one particular plan movement by natural means in the future. Don’t be responsible of non sequiturs-points that do not observe from what continues to be mentioned quickly ahead of the existing position. Use transitioning text and phrases-only in which essential and only if they actually suit the situation-between sentences and from a single paragraph to a different. Working with the natural flow of ideas is best than dependant upon transitioning terms.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7113451957702637}
+{"content": "Britain’s electricity since 2010: wind surges to second place, coal collapses and fossil fuel use nearly halves\n\n06 Jan 2020\n\nPhoto: J Davidson/Shutterstock\n\n\nGrant Wilson, University of Birmingham; Iain Staffell, Imperial College London, and Noah Godfrey, University of Birmingham\n\nIn 2010, Great Britain generated 75% of its electricity from coal and natural gas. But by the end of the decade*, these fossil fuels accounted for just 40%, with coal generation collapsing from the decade’s peak of 41% in 2012 to under 2% in 2019.\n\nThe near disappearance of coal power – the second most prevalent source in 2010 – underpinned a remarkable transformation of Britain’s electricity generation over the last decade, meaning Britain now has the cleanest electrical supply it has ever had. Second place now belongs to wind power, which supplied almost 21% of the country’s electrical demand in 2019, up from 3% in 2010. As at the start of the decade, natural gas provided the largest share of Britain’s electricity in 2019 at 38%, compared with 47% in 2010.\n\nLast January, 2019 saw the annual total for coal generation drop below solar and into seventh place for the first time. Britain’s renewables also generated more electricity than coal and natural gas combined over a month for the first ever time in August.\n\nBesides the reduction in carbon emissions, there was another remarkable shift in Britain’s electrical system during the 2010s. The amount of electricity consumed fell by nearly 15% between 2010 and 2019, with the economy using 50 terawatt hours (TWh) less electricity in 2019 than it did in 2010. That’s enough electricity to power half of Britain’s cars and taxis, if they were all electric vehicles.\n\nSome of this reduction can be attributed to greater energy efficiency, such as more LED lighting, and the fact that more goods were imported, rather than manufactured within Britain. With wages stagnant since 2010, it’s likely that lower economic demand also contributed.\n\nThe rise of renewable generation and the fall in electrical demand allowed coal power to be transitioned off the system. Britain’s electrical grid was coal-free for over 3,700 hours in 2019, something that would have been unthinkable ten years ago.\n\nWinds of change\n\nWind energy set a new record of 26.5% for December 2019’s generation in the UK. Including solar, hydroelectric and biomass, renewables provided nearly 37% of the month’s electricity overall, with wind energy reaching a peak of nearly 17 gigawatts (GW) during the afternoon of December 10.\n\nSince August 2018, renewables have produced more electricity than nuclear power for 17 months straight. Nuclear fell to less than a fifth of electricity generation in 2019, its lowest level since 2008 due to extended maintenance periods at six nuclear power stations. This helped the annual output of wind energy to surpass nuclear for the first time in 2019.\n\nBut the 2020s will prove an even greater challenge for decarbonisation, not least as Britain’s economy is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels for transport, heating and hot water. Sales of electric vehicles in Britain are accelerating, with a quarter of a million now on Britain’s roads – but how to decarbonise heating is still up for debate.\n\nEggborough coal power station, which was decommissioned in 2018. Phil Silverman/Shutterstock\n\nEncouragingly, due to cleaner electricity, a major milestone for electric heating is likely to have been reached in 2019. Using electricity from the grid to heat buildings or hot water is less carbon intensive than burning natural gas to get one kilowatt hour (kWh) of heat from a modern gas boiler. This means that even a simple electric heater releases on average less carbon than burning natural gas.\n\nBut since natural gas demand varies greatly over a day and between seasons compared to the demand for electricity, a wholesale shift from natural gas to electricity is a significant challenge. Using low-carbon gases such as hydrogen is one option to decarbonise Britain’s heat supply, so too are electric heat pumps. Without a sustained focus on shifting heat and the transport sector from fossil fuels, Britain will fail to become a net-zero carbon economy by 2050.\n\nWhat lies ahead in the 2020s?\n\nScaling up renewable energy generation has catapulted Britain through a decade of electrical system change, but to capitalise on this momentum in the 2020s, low-carbon energy must be complemented with low-carbon flexibility. That must mean the growth of industries focused on energy storage, demand reduction and management, and local control systems, ensuring the system can continue to meet demand at all times.\n\nAfter a promising decade of decarbonisation - despite policy setbacks like the green deal – the race is on to be the first G7 country to attain a net-zero carbon economy. Showing that it is possible to fully decarbonise a large economy while remaining internationally competitive would send an important message to the world.\n\nThis article was originally published on The Conversation.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9995405673980713}
+{"content": "ABOUT US / Brief history\n\n\n\nAs time passed by, the development of software became the basic activity of the company and the number of the employees increased several times. This process sped up when the company managed to sign its first contracts with West European companies.\n\nIn the beginning the revenues from hardware sales considerably exceeded those from software sales. From 1994 on, software development becomes the basic activity of the company. At present the hardware department has mainly a supporting function.\n\nIn 1997 some changes occurred in the development of the company. Following world tendencies, Bioteam started dealing in Internet technologies. The providing of Internet services and development of Internet solutions grew considerably. This led to the establishment of a separate company. Thus during the same year two new companies were established: Bioteam Software, dealing entirely in the development of software, and Spectrum Net, dealing in Internet services.\n\nBioteam Software Ltd. is a member of the Oracle Partner Network since 1997.\n\n\nIn the year 2001 Bioteam Software moves to its own building located in a good place between the Sofia city Centrum, the airport and Vitosha mountain.\n\n\nCopyright © 1997-2016 Bioteam Software Ltd. All rights reserved.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.971008837223053}
+{"content": "Jane Eyre By Charlotte Brontë Essay\n\n1215 words - 5 pages\n\nIf a middle class family in Victorian England was able to afford employing a governess it certainly meant they were wealthy. Governesses aided the development of middle class children by teaching them in history, languages, music, art and geography (Smith 203). However, the lives of these middle class governesses were not as good as they might sound. A governess had a unique position in the family she worked for, because she was not part of the household, nor was she a servant. Governesses had the social position of middle class women, yet they received a salary. Being a governess meant having financial worries like a fear of unemployment. Besides that there was a possibility of being socially rejected by the servants and their masters. One of the most influential governesses was Charlotte Brontë. In a letter from 1839 she wrote that “a private governess has no existence, is not considered as a living rational being, except as connected with the wearisome duties she has to fulfil” (Gaskell, ch. 8, ¶ 243). In 1847 Brontë published the novel Jane Eyre, which deals with this very subject. The novel Jane Eyre provides a sound insight into the class system of the Victorian era and the place of the woman in this system. The novel achieves this by making Jane Eyre climb the social ladder. The young Jane Eyre is a poor orphan, who receives an education and becomes a governess, after a while she inherits a substantial amount of money and eventually she marries the master of Thornfield.\nThe novel starts with giving an outlook on how the lower classes were being treated. The young Jane Eyre lives with Mrs Reed, who was the woman married to her uncle. Jane’s uncle adopted her, and when he died she had to take care of her. Jane is ambiguous in class, because she comes from good family but she has no money. At Gateshead Hall Jane is continuously told she is poor and therefor is inferior to the other people in the house. She is told she “ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed …They will have a great deal of money and you will have none…” (Brontë 16). Even Jane herself has a low opinion of the lower and poorer classes. When living at Gateshead she is asked if she would live with a poor family if she had any family besides Mrs Reed. But she has been made to believe “poverty is synonymous with degradation” (30). She would not even live with them if they were kind to her because she “could not believe how poor people had the means of being kind…” (30). This shows the way poor people of the lower classes were seen by people of a higher class, but also the self-loathing Jane experienced as a child. She is poor herself, but she would never identify with people that are poor.\nWhen the social position of the poor Jane Eyre advanced people started to see her differently. She attends Lowood to receive an education, and now she is not a member of the lower class anymore. This shift in class is evident when Jane first comes to work...\n\nFind Another Essay On Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë\n\nJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay\n\n890 words - 4 pages . In Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, eponymous character Jane Eyre faces a personal challenge against society as a result of her impoverished background. Jane's challenge against society develops her character throughout the novel, demonstrates the kind of impact societal standards has had on her as well as reveals ideas and philosophies that are suggested throughout the work. The social conflict presented in Jane Eyre develops Jane's character\n\nJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay\n\n1304 words - 5 pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte In this essay I am going to analyse the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte. Jane is an orphaned child sent to live with her aunt and uncle. Her uncle was her last remaining blood relative and, since he died, she has been severely neglected. She is treated like a slave and is bullied by her cousins. She was locked in a room in which her uncle died in and thought that she saw a ghost of him and fainted\n\n\"Jane Eyre\" by Charlotte Bronte.\n\n970 words - 4 pages Jane EyreBy Charlotte BronteAs all great pieces of literature do, the novel \"Jane Eyre\", by Charlotte Bronte, did not end, it merely concluded. Jane Eyre narrates to \"the reader\" her life story up until she reaches the point in her life where she is currently speaking of her life. The structure, style, detail and imagery keeps interest and suspense in Jane's tale, beginning to conclusion.Jane's story begins as a child under the care of her cruel\n\nJane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte\n\n1093 words - 4 pages Set in the early nineteenth century, Charlotte Bronte’s coming-of-age novel, Jane Eyre remarks upon the ill acceptance of social behaviours between various social classes in the Victorian era. When Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1832, Britain began its transformation into a world power and the fascinating aspect of that time period is the rigid class systems between the rich and poor, which also attributed to the social and economic\n\nJane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte\n\n1328 words - 5 pages Humans learn from severe situations. Being a stranger in a harsh environment forces humanity to open to new capabilities, and learning from these hardships makes a person prepared for life's final exam. \"Jane Eyre\", by Charlotte Bronte is a picaresque that revolves around a girl name Jane. Bronte places Jane at Marsh End because she wanted her to see the nature of the world and to show the reader that life comes with surprises. After rising from\n\nJane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte\n\n1340 words - 5 pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte not only traces Jane's development as an independent individual, but it can also be read as a description of her personal journey in finding a family through the five settings in the novel. From beginning to end Jane engages with an array of nurturing, maternal women whom model a family for her, but also encounters those who torment her and bring her great suffering. In reading this novel, we’re not only able to\n\nJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte\n\n3334 words - 13 pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte \"Jane Eyre\" by Charlotte Bronte traces the development of a girl from childhood at Gateshead to adulthood at Ferindean. We see Jane's lonely and traumatic life and we are made to feel sympathy for her. Bronte makes us feel sympathy for Jane throughout the novel by using a number of literary techniques, which is achieved by\n\nJane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte - 2197 words\n\n2197 words - 9 pages relationship with men, believes in equality, and is a very strong independent woman. Firstly, Jane Eyre is a very true feminist because of the way she deals with her relationship with men is incredible. She is a type of character who speaks her mind and doesn’t believe in gender differences. Jane Eyre experiences a lot of suppression in her life by men, but she always stood up against her rights. She raises her voice\n\nReligion in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte\n\n775 words - 3 pages Religion in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte In Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte intertwines various religious ideas in her mid-nineteenth century English setting. Throughout the novel, Jane Eyre blends various religious insights which she has learned from different sources. While Jane was young, she had only a Biblical textbook outlook on life combined with the miserable emotional conditions of her surroundings. This in turn led to Jane being\n\nSexism in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte\n\n1126 words - 5 pages great success from all the sisters. Charlotte's \"Jane Eyre\" was arguably the most popular work of hers. The book was revised for the theater in 2011, and the film grossed over 30 million dollars. (http://m.imdb.com/title/tt1229822/) Ann's \"Agnes Grey\" and Emily's \"Wuthering Heights\" were also published with great satisfaction. In 1848, Charlotte finally revealed her true identity to the publishers in London, as well as her sisters\n\nFeminism in \"Jane Eyre\", by Charlotte Bronte\n\n750 words - 3 pages In her novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte; portrays a titular character who tests the boundaries of feminism in her quest for independence. In its first publication, Brontë's highly feminist novel outraged many with its blunt portayal of societal life. In essence, the novel was a direct assault on Victorian morality, with controversy borne in its realistic presentation of thoughts considered entirely improper for a lady of the nineteenth\n\nSimilar Essays\n\nThe Use Of Settings In Jane Eyre By Charlotte Brontë\n\n5232 words - 21 pages The Use of Settings in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë In this essay, I will be examining three different locations used in Charlotte Brontë’s novel ‘Jane Eyre’ and discussing their uses towards the story. The three settings I am to consider are the red-room at Gateshead Hall, Lowood Institution where Jane attends school, and Jane’s first sight at Thornfield Hall; the house in which she becomes employed as a Governess. The first setting\n\n\"Jane Eyre\" By Charlotte Brontë: A Plot Overview Of The Book\n\n879 words - 4 pages Jane Eyre is an orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her unkind rich aunt. A servant that goes by the name Bessie give Jane with some of the little kindness she receives by reading her stories and singing to her. One day Jane fights with her bullying cousin John Reed. As punishment her aunt locks her up in the red room; the room where Jane’s Uncle Reed died. During the time she was locked in she believes that she’s seen a ghost of Uncle\n\nJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte Essay\n\n1533 words - 6 pages cannot construct a plausible or even coherent plot…” (Draper 403) though she can capture out interest from start to finish. Even the poet Virginia Woolf speaks down on Bronte’s writing of Jane Eyre being so restricted by only expressing “‘I love’, ‘I hate’, ‘I suffer’.” (Draper 409) Many theorize that Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte’s autobiography. Charlotte Bronte wrote about her viewings and many thought her works were not agreeable. Women were\n\nJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte Essay\n\n2070 words - 8 pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre, a novel about an English woman’s struggles told through the writing of Charlotte Brontë, has filled its audience with thoughts of hope, love, and deception for many years. These thoughts surround people, not just women, everyday, as if an endless cycle from birth to death. As men and women fall further into this spiral of life they begin to find their true beings along with the qualities of others", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9729851484298706}
+{"content": "Which is not correct statement about the function of furnace?\n\nA. To provide proper conditions for continuous complete combustion\n\nB. Mix fuel with air and ignite\n\nC. Separate ash from coal\n\nD. Maintain heat supply to prepare and ignite the incoming fuel\n\n\nYou can do it\n  1. The draught may be produced by a\n  2. The ratio of heat utilised to produce steam and the heat liberated in furnace is known as\n  3. Coke is produced by\n  4. The principal function of a stop valve is to\n  5. Water tube boilers are those in which\n  6. The radius of a dished head is taken approximately as\n  7. The fire tubes in a Cochran boiler are\n  8. A valve installed between the boiler and the feed pump is\n  9. The Parsons' reaction turbine has\n  10. Incomplete combustion can be best judged by\n  11. A packaged boiler is one in which various parts like firing equipment, fans, feed pumps and automatic…\n  12. The reheat factor depends upon\n  13. The fire tubes in, a Coarran and Scottish marine boiler are\n  14. The ratio of the volume at cut-off to the swept volume is called\n  15. The variation of steam pressure in the nozzle depends upon\n  16. In order to reduce the rotor speed of an impulse turbine, the method employed is\n  17. The basic job of feed water treatment in boilers is to overcome the problem of\n  18. In a Woolf type compound engine, the high pressure and low pressure cylinders\n  19. The high pressure boiler is one, which produces steam at a pressure more than\n  20. Which of the following statement is correct?\n  21. A compound steam engine in which piston rods of high pressure and low pressure cylinders are attached…\n  22. The water tubes in a Babcock and Wilcox boiler are\n  23. Efficiency of Rankine cycle can be increased by\n  24. Pick up wrong statement about desired properties of a good fuel\n  25. The pressure of feed water has to be raised before its entry into the boiler. The pressure is raised…\n  26. The fire tubes in a Cochran boiler usually have _________ diameter.\n  27. Parson's turbine is a\n  28. The impulse turbine rotor efficiency will have a maximum value of 0.5 cos 2α, where α is the…\n  29. The impulse reaction turbine has its driving force\n  30. By compounding the expansion of steam in two or more cylinders, the length of stroke", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5696715116500854}
+{"content": "Managing EMS data collection\n\nYou can schedule and manage Event Management System (EMS) data collection using PowerShell cmdlets. EMS data collection involves gathering details about the SnapCenter Server, the installed SnapCenter plug-in packages, the hosts, and similar information, and then sending it to a specified ONTAP storage virtual machine (SVM).\n\nNote: System CPU utilization is high when data-collection task is in progress. CPU utilization remains high as long as the operation is progress irrespective of the data size.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5948339104652405}
+{"content": "If the infant has a foul smell about them after sptting up this may be the reason for his or her unhealthy breath. In case your child’s physician has decided that there’s nothing bodily wrong with the child, there are some things you may try to scale back and typically even do away with their unhealthy breath.\n\nSendero Health\n\nThere’s an previous saying that if you give delivery to a child you give birth to your child frequent sense at the identical time. In different words, don’t worry beforehand that you just won’t know something about newborn child care because much of what you must know will come naturally to you. You’re sure to be given numerous parenting suggestions by properly-that means friends and family, but in these early days your child’s improvement will rely nearly entirely on being fed, clear and comfortable.\n\nFlorida Health Solution\n\nIn actual fact many dad and mom have prolonged their youngsters’s consumption of cod liver oil – or different fish oils high in EFAs – all through childhood. This is because varied experiences have seen a significant difference in cognition and different types of mental improvement. In reality Cod Liver Oil could be beneficial for kids even earlier than they are born. A latest examine found that these kids uncovered to cod liver oil within the womb and for the primary three months of their lives scored an average of 6 points greater on a standardized IQ take a look at than those that hadn’t obtained it. Mother and father of kids with development learning disabilities even report that DHA and EPA supplementation has helped their younger ones get on observe, as much as par and even advance past regular-range capabilities.\n\nHealth O Meter Scale\n\nAside from forming the dietary habits, mother and father additionally play the part of being position fashions for his or her children. It is innate for kids to imitate what they see so if they are uncovered to “couch potatoes”, it is not shocking that they are going to comply with the habit thinking that it is the right thing to do. At an early age, they should remember that bodily actions are extra pleasant compared to merely watching tv. If the kid is taken care by the nanny, the nanny ought to be properly-oriented on the appropriate and nutritious snacks that must be prepared.\n\nAnimal Health Center\n\nHow on earth do you choose the appropriate ADHD therapy strategy? This is certainly not an easy job. Many people have heard all of the worrying stories about the unintended effects of ADHD medicine and we ponder whether this is really the trail to go down for our little one. However we’re tempted that the irritating signs of impulsivity and hyperactivity might be simply controlled. However it’s not so simple as that, as this text will reveal.\n\nCitrus Valley Health Partners\n\nthree. Separate worry from hazard. It is very important assist younger kids determine the distinction between worry and hazard. There are a lot of things in this world we might worry that can by no means hurt us but really assist us. And there are those things, corresponding to fire, that we need to fear for our own security because it is dangerous and can damage us.\n\nConclusion of This Case\n\nYou are able to start out with just a bit little bit of playing, a soothing bathtub, a lullaby and a tuck in. When she will get used towards the routine, this incessantly serves as a single essentially the most environment friendly tricks that do not must break the bank.* Snuggle suits. Items like the Halo rest sack that snuggle toddler whereas she sleeps and maintain her temperature good can actually perform wonders.\n\nWriter Bio\n\n38 yrs old Defence Pressure Senior Officer Leo from Manitouwadge, has several interests including garage saleing, . and compose music. These days had a family journey to My Son Sanctuary.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8670521974563599}
+{"content": "Archive | Fibromyalgia RSS feed for this section\n\nFibromyalgia and Sleep — Is There a Connection?\n\n18 Feb\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFibromyalgia “Diet” – Is There Such a Thing?\n\n21 Jan\n\n\nBecause FM affects each person differently, there is no ONE FM diet or, “…one size fits all” when it comes to eating “right” for FM. Patients with FM usually find out by trial and error which foods work vs. those that consistently don’t. However, remembering which foods do what can be a challenge so FIRST, make a three column FOOD LOG with the following headings: BETTER, NO CHANGE, WORSE. This will allow you to QUICKLY review the list as a memory refresher.\n\nAccording to Dr. Ginevra Liptan, medical director of the Frida Center for Fibromyalgia (Portland, OR) and author of Figuring Out Fibromyalgia: Current Science and the Most Effective Treatments, there are some common trends she’s observed through treating FM patients. Here are some of her recommendations:\n\nPAY ATTENTION TO HOW FOOD MAKES YOU FEEL: It is quite common to have “sensitivities” to certain foods, but this is highly variable from person to person. Examples of problematic foods/ingredients include: MSG (commonly used in Chinese food), other preservatives, eggs, gluten, and dairy. Dr. Liptan HIGHLY recommends the food journal approach! She also recommends including a note about the type of symptoms noticed with each “WORSE” food, as symptoms can vary significantly.\n\nELIMINATE CERTAIN FOODS: If you suspect a certain food may be problematic, try an elimination challenge diet. That means STOP eating that food for six to eight weeks and then ADD it back into your diet and see how you feel. Remember, FM sufferers frequently have irritable bowel syndrome, also known as IBS, and this approach can be REALLY HELPFUL! Food allergies may be part of the problem, and your doctor may refer you for a consult with an allergist and/or a dietician. They will also discuss the “anti-inflammatory diet” with you.\n\nEAT HEALTHY: In general, your diet should emphasize fruits and vegetables and lean protein. Pre-prepare food so you have something “healthy” to reach for rather than a less healthy snack when you’re hungry and tired. Consider “pre-washed” and pre-cut up vegetables; try quinoa rather than pasta. Consume anti-fatigue foods and eat multiple small meals daily vs. one to two large meals. Protein snacks (like a hardboiled egg or oatmeal – GLUTEN FREE) help a lot! Eat breakfast and include protein. Also, GET ENOUGH SLEEP (at least seven to eight hours and be consistent)!\n\nSUPPLEMENTS: Consider a good general multi-vitamin, calcium and magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D3, and Co-Enzyme Q10. There are others, but this represents a great place to start. Remember to check any medication you may be taking with these/any suggestions before taking supplements!\n\n\n\nDietary Strategies to Treat Fibromyalgia\n\n21 Dec\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCan I PREVENT Fibromyalgia?\n\n19 Nov\n\nFibromyalgia (FM) is a common cause for chronic pain (pain that lasts three or more months) and afflicts 4% of the general population in the United States! FM commonly affects the muscles and soft tissues – not the joints (like arthritis); however, many FM sufferers are mistakenly diagnosed with arthritis, so it may take years before they get an accurate diagnosis. There are NO known accurate diagnostic tests for FM, which is another reason for a delayed diagnosis.\n\nIn order to answer the question, “Can fibromyalgia be prevented?” we must first find the cause of FM. There are two types of FM: PRIMARY and SECONDARY. Primary FM occurs for no known reason, while secondary FM can be triggered by a physical event such as a trauma (e.g., car accident), an emotional event or a stressful situation (e.g., loss of a child), and/or a medical event such as a condition like irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythymatosus (SLE). Any condition that carries chronic or long-lasting symptoms can trigger FM, and some argue that the lack of being able to get into the deep sleep stage may be at the core of triggering FM since sleep disorders are a common finding in FM sufferers!\n\nThe “KEY” to managing FM has consistently been and probably always will be EXERCISE and SLEEP. So, if FM is preventable, daily exercise and getting the “right kind” of sleep are very important ways that may reduce the likelihood for developing the condition! Since emotions play a KEY ROLE in the cause and/or effect of FM, applying skills that keep life’s stressors in check is also important. This list can include hobbies like reading a good book, playing and/or listening to music, or meditation. The combination of exercise with mindful meditation using approaches like Tai Chi, Yoga, Qi Gong, and others has had positive impacts on FM patients such as improved balance and stability, reduced pain, enhanced mental clarity, and generally improved quality of life. Managing physical conditions that are associated with FM (such as irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythymatosus) is also important in managing and/or preventing FM.\n\nAnother management strategy of FM is diet. As most patients with FM will agree, certain foods help and others make the FM symptoms worse. In a survey published in the Journal of Cinlical Rheumatology, 42% of FM patients reported certain foods exacerbated their symptoms. Of course, each individual case is unique, so keeping a food log or journal can be very helpful to determine dietary “friends” vs. “enemies.” The first step is to eliminate certain foods for four to six weeks, such as dairy and/or gluten. Most patients report a significant improvement in energy (less fatigue) while some report less pain when problem foods are elimated from their diet. Generally, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins can have a positive impact on the FM patient. Consider eating multiple small meals vs. two or three large meals during the day, as this can keep blood sugar levels more stable and reduce fatigue.\n\nSo back to the question, can fibromyalgia be prevented? Maybe…maybe not. Since the medical community doesn’t know the exact cause, it’s hard to answer this question. However, being proactive and implementing the strategies used to better manage FM may help in preventing it as well!\n\n\n\nHow Are Fibromyalgia Exercises Different?\n\n29 Oct\n\nFor some people, fibromyalgia (FM) can make life miserable. In some cases, it can be so bad a person will spend the majority of the day in bed! When FM is this intense, exercises MUST be tailored accordingly – like starting out with exercises that can be done in bed! Initially, you may only be able to exercise for one to two minutes, but slowly, your tolerance will improve! Here are some “steps” that one may consider for implementing exercise into the FM sufferer’s lifestyle.\n\n\nSTEP 1: POSITIVE ATTITUDE: It’s easier said than done to have a “positive attitude” about anything, much less exercise when FM has its grip on you! In fact, depression is a BIG problem with most FM patients. Both studies and experience have shown that exercise is one of the most effective ways to treat FM. This is because exercise benefits ALL of our bodily functions from the brain to the heart, lungs, muscle/joints, and gut! It even benefits symptoms like fatigue, depression, and sleep problems. It helps bone density, improves balance, increases strength, controls weight, and reduces stress! As one FM patient said, “…this may be the last thing you feel like doing, but you have to believe that it really does help.”\n\n\nSTEP 2: START SLOWLY: Just like training for a marathon, you DON’T begin with a ten-mile run! You have to increase the distance and pace gradually. With FM, a person needs to steadily work into exercise because the post-exercise pain (that you should expect initially) may scare them away from continuing and/or make them even more hesitant about trying it again. Consider an initial one-to-two minute routine and gradually add more time and distance to that, ramping up the intensity and duration of exercise over time! Remember, it may take 15 weeks to reach a 30-minute goal of treadmill walking, elliptical use, or swimming. Consider taking stairs, doing household chores, grocery shopping, and gardening/yard work as part of your fitness routine. It doesn’t have to be a formal exercise program!\n\n\nSTEP 3: LISTEN TO YOUR BODY: Even if you were very active before FM entered your life, you must learn not push it beyond the “reasonable boundaries” of your usual activity tolerance. Take breaks when necessary and closely monitor how you feel. Your goal is to AVOID FRUSTRATION by NOT over-exercising! Keep track of what you do and how you feel so that you can refer back to such information when needed.\n\n\nSTEP 4: EXERCISE DAILY: Make it a point to walk. Walk the dog (or your neighbor’s), take the stairs, park further away from stores, and INCLUDE these activities as part of your workout! When you say, “I worked out today,” you don’t have to explain yourself to everyone! Consider cycling, walking/running, low-impact yoga or Palates classes, or light weight-lifting. A local gym or class may be a perfect match for what you are looking for!\n\n\nSTEP 5: MODIFY THE WORKOUT: Mix it up so it’s not boring! Figure out when you feel best and exercise then. For many FM patients, this is between 10am and 3pm. Include some stretches, balance tasks, vary the stride and/or speed, ease into strength training, pace yourself, and rest when needed.\n\n\nSTEP 6: BE PATIENT: This cannot be overemphasized as it’s easy to get frustrated. It can take up to six months before the FM patient may start to feel a change in their symptoms! Patiently work towards realistic goals – Exercise is the #1 best long-term FM treatment method!\n\n\n\n\n\nThe “TOP 10” FACTS of Fibromyalgia!\n\n29 Sep\n\n\n  2. FM can be primary or secondary: Secondary FM is caused by something else (often after trauma) in association with another disorder like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lupus, chronic fatigue syndrome, and more. Primary FM has no known association with another condition.\n  3. FM is OFTEN chronic: Because FM is diagnosed by EXCLUDING other conditions, it’s often left undiagnosed for years! To further complicate this, when a person has a diagnosed condition such as Lyme disease, RA, etc., those conditions get all the attention and FM is left undiagnosed. In fact, the National Fibromyalgia Association reports that it takes about an average of five years to get an accurate diagnosis of FM!\n  4. Sleep & Chronic Fatigue: A reported 90% of FM patients suffer from severe fatigue or a sleep disorder. Non-restorative sleep contributes significantly to fatigue and poor cognitive function, and is a hallmark of FM making it an important problem to address in treatment.\n  5. FM Symptoms are many: Headache, IBS, memory problems, TMD (jaw pain), pelvic pain, noise-light-temperature sensitivities, restless leg syndrome (RLS), depression, and anxiety are ALL associated issues with FM (more reasons for a delayed diagnosis and treatment challenges)!\n  6. FM includes both physical and psychological aspects: One study of 307 FM patients followed over an eleven-year time frame found that 33% had severe physical and psychological problems, another 1/3 had mild issues with both, and the last third had only mild physical symptoms.\n  7. FM is HIGHLY VARIABLE: With the widespread pain, variable disability rates, variable physical and psychological aspects (see #6 above), and symptom/condition variability (see #5 above), a treatment approach to manage FM must be individualized! There is no “recipe” for managing FM!\n  8. FM Tests: There are none! Diagnosing FM relies on the patient’s history of widespread pain and associated disabilities more than the physical exam, blood tests, and x-rays which are used to help “rule-out” other disorders.\n  9. FM Treatment: The “best” management strategies for FM include a multi-disciplinary “team” of providers including primary care (medications), chiropractic (manual therapy, nutrition, exercise training), clinical psychology (depression/anxiety management), and other forms of treatment such as massage therapy, acupuncture, and meditation / relaxation therapy. Programs that are individualized work the best! The patient MUST BE an active participant who is willing to do the work!\n  10. “Stats” about FM: First of all, it’s common! It affects women more than men, and about 2-4% of the population overall. What is left out of the stats is the intensity of symptoms, how well each patient responds to the different management strategies, and the patient’s coping skills with this chronic, sometimes totally disabling condition (see #6 above). Other “facts” about FM include: increased “substance P” (a chemical that increases nerve sensitivity), decreased blood flow to the thalamus (brain), hormone imbalances, low levels of serotonin and tryptophan, and abnormal cytokine function….and more!\n\nREMEMBER as stated in #9, the “team” approach yields the BEST RESULTS!\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8326241970062256}
+{"content": "You are here: Home >> GK Quiz >> General Knowledge\n\n\nQuestions related to General Knowledge are an indispensable part of every competitive examinations conducted by SSC, UPSC, PSC, LIC, GIC, Railways, IBPS, etc. The main objective of these questions is to test the candidate's knowledge in Traditional General Knowledge, Constitution of India and Indian Polity, Geography, History, General Science, Computer and Technology, Economics, Current Affairs, etc. For this purpose we have provided more than 500 objective General Knowledge questions for the candidates to enhance their knowledge in this area. All these questions had already been asked in various competitive examinations such as SSC CGL, SSC CHSL, SSC TAX ASSISTANT, UPSC, BANK CLERK, BANK PO, CDS, NDA, CPO, PSC, LIC, GIC, RAILWAYS, etc.\n\nTake 10 Questions Online Quiz on General Knowledge below:\n\n1 Which of the following is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor ?\n\n2 70% of working population of India is engaged in:\n\n3 Which freedom fighter was popularly known as the 'Grand Old Man of India' ?\n\n4 The biggest fresh water lake in India is :\n\n5 The Indian Constitution has been divided into\n\n6 Which among the following disease is caused by female Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes ?\n\n\n8 In 1990, which district of Kerala became the first fully literate district of India ?\n\n9 In India, which of the following is regulated by the Forward Markets Commission?\n\n10 Which of the following is not specifically mentioned in Article 19 of the Constitution?\n\nLearn General Knowledge from our Android App on Google Playstore.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9354373216629028}
+{"content": "De Vulgari Eloquentia, the Board Game\n\nde-vulgari-eloquentia-the-board-game “Italy, late Middle Ages. The fabric merchants need to write down their contracts in a language that everyone can understand and the literates are looking for an alternative to the elite of the traditional Latin language. So, the Volgare, the language spoken by the common people, taken from the dialects spoken in the various Italian regions, starts to gain relevance. During this period, Francesco D’Assisi writes his famous Canticle of the Sun and Dante writes the Divine Comedy – both written in Volgare. The players will have to do their part in the creation of this new language!\nBut who will provide them the proper knowledge to understand the manuscripts in the different dialects? Who will succeed to uncover the secrets of the books inside the Papal Library? Who will embrace the religious life and who will remain a merchant? Some of the players can become a famous banker, someone else can climb the church’s hierarchy to be the next Pope! But in the end, who will be the most appreciated and respected for his status and his culture?”    —Z-Man Games\n\nSee also: interview with the designer, Mario Papini.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9997439384460449}
+{"content": "Primo Levi, “If This is a Man” (1947)\n\nprimo-levi-if-this-is-a-man-1947Primo Levi’s harrowing account of life in Auschwitz includes many references to Dante’s Commedia, most noticeably in the chapter called “Canto of Ulysses.” In the chapter, Levi recounts a scene where he and a French prisoner discuss books from their respective homes. The canto of Ulysses (Inferno XXVI) comes to his mind and he recites several lines from it.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9997692704200745}
+{"content": "Smart mobility: Dublin uses real-time data to reduce congestion\n\nSat, 2013-05-18 12:16 -- Jesse Berst\n\nThree things to note as you review this latest smart mobility success story from IBM:\n\n1. Most observers think transportation is the single biggest growth sector in smart cities. The pain is so immediate. The frustration is so high. As a result, transportation projects have not just a rapid monetary payback, but a rapid political payback as well.\n\n2. Projects often start with situational awareness as the first goal -- what's going on right now. But the real gold may be in predictive analytics -- what should we do next. Where should we add bus lines? What are the optimum start times and start locations? How can we take proactive steps to improve a traffic jam we know is about to occur?\n\n3. Projects may start with emphasis on one mode or another -- buses or trams or autos -- but more and more cities are looking for ways to understand and improve the totality of their \"mobility solutions.\" And that means understanding how different transportation modes interact and how to use them in combination to optimize mobility.\n\nJesse Berst – Chairman, Smart Cities Council\n\nA smart mobility collaboration with IBM researchers is helping keep 1.2 million residents moving efficiently through Dublin's extensive network of roads, tramways and bus lanes. Integrating data from a citywide network of sensors with geospatial data means the city's road and traffic department is able to better monitor and manage traffic in real time.\n\n“Until recently we had a fragmented view of the overall health and real-time status of Dublin’s transport network, making it very difficult to identify traffic congestion in its early stages because the causes of a delay had often moved on,” said Brendan O’Brien, Head of Technical Services, Roads and Traffic Department at Dublin City Council.\n\nNow, Big Data streaming in from an array of sources – bus timetables, inductive-loop traffic detectors, and closed-circuit television cameras, GPS updates that each of the city’s 1,000 buses transmits every 20 seconds – helps build a \"digital map\" of the city overlaid with the real-time positions of Dublin’s buses.\n\nWith that digital map, traffic controllers in Ireland's capital city can see the current status of the entire bus network at a glance and rapidly spot and drill down into a detailed visualization of areas of the network that are experiencing delay.\n\nWith improved reporting in place, the data can help the city identify the optimal traffic-calming measures to reduce congestion and help answer questions such as whether the bus line start times are correct or the best place to add additional bus lanes.\n\n“Constantly in motion, cities generate enormous amounts of data that can help officials deliver a better quality of life for its citizens and build competitive advantage with the right tools,” said Dr. Francesco Calabrese, IBM Research Manager, Smarter Urban Dynamics. “Dublin is becoming a smarter city by harnessing Big Data, extracting actionable insights from its transport data and delivering these instantly to decision makers so they can improve traffic flow and awareness of how to prepare for their future transportation need.” \n\nIBM, a Smart Cities Council Lead Partner, operates a research lab in Dublin that focuses on cities and advancing science and technology for intelligent urban and environmental systems through Big Data, analytics and optimization.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7033804059028625}
+{"content": "Determining Eligibility for Special Education\n\nHere is a brief overview of the process of determining if a child is eligible to receive special education.\n\n\nIf a parent/guardian requests a Child Study Team meeting, the school has 10 business days to meet to discuss any academic and/or behavioral concerns regarding the child.  The people required to be present at the meeting would be: parent/legal guardian, general classroom teacher, a special education teacher, and an administrator.  Additional participants could include the school psychologist and school social worker.  Intervention teachers the child is working with (i.e., ESL, reading specialist, gifted, etc.) are encouraged to be present as well.\n\nNote: A business day occurs Monday through Friday (no weekends) when the school board office is open (excluding holidays).  If you have the day off from school due to inclement weather, but the school board office is declared open for administrators, this still counts as a business day.\n\nNote: The Child Study Team can go by many different names (i.e., Student Study Team, etc.), so consult your individual school district on what terminology is utilized.\n\nThree outcomes can come from the Child Study Team meeting:\n\n  1. The team feels there is not sufficient evidence to suspect a disability is present; thus, the process stops.\n\nIf Option 1 is chosen, and the child begins to struggle later, the process restarts from the beginning.\n\n  1. The team monitors (or continues to monitor) progress and meets back (usually within six weeks) to see if improvements have been made.  Interventions are implemented at this time.\n\nIf a child has never received any interventions, the team will likely choose Option 2.  This may be particularly true if this is a child’s first school placement (i.e., preschool or kindergarten) or is a recent transfer to the school.  The Child Study Team may not be willing to perform an evaluation yet as they have not had time to see the child in action.\n\nIf academic and/or behavioral concerns are present, the school will most likely implement targeted interventions.  The reason for this is to collect data.  In order for schools to justify referring for a full evaluation to determine special education services, they have to show documentation that they have tried multiple interventions first.  This becomes important later when determining eligibility to prove that specialized instruction is necessary, because other specific strategies have already been attempted.\n\nChildren may continue in Option 2 for some time assuming they are making progress with the interventions being implemented.  After meeting a few times to provide data on the interventions’ effectiveness, the Child Study Team may decide to dismiss the child from the special education process if progress is continuous.  If the child is dismissed, and the child begins to struggle later, then the process restarts from the beginning.  If the child makes minimal to no progress after multiple interventions, then the team may go to Option 3.\n\nNote: Option 2 does not necessarily have to occur prior to Option 3; however, with the implementation of multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS)/response to intervention (RtI) in schools, this seems to be the path most schools are taking prior to referring for a full evaluation.\n\n  1. The team suspects a disability, and refers for a full evaluation.\n\nIf the team chooses Option 3, the school has 65 business days to complete an evaluation and to meet as the Eligibility Committee to go over the results and determine if the child is eligible to receive special education services.  In addition to the original members of the Child Study Team, the school psychologist and school social worker are required members who will be present for these results.  Other individuals present may include related specialists (i.e. speech/language, occupational therapist, etc.) depending on the concerns being addressed during the evaluation.\n\nDuring the meeting, all teachers will report updated data on the child, and each individual who conducted assessments with the child will report their results.  The Eligibility Committee will then consider all of the information presented to come to a decision.  They have to also consider exclusionary factors.  This means considering external factors that could be contributing to the child’s needs, but protects the child from being discriminated against due to personal situations (i.e. low socio-economic status, non-native English speaker, etc.).\n\nNote: A special education evaluation cannot be administered until the parent/legal guardian provides written consent.  This is important, because if the parent/legal guardian is not present at the Child Study Team meeting (or participates by phone), and the child is referred for a full evaluation, the 65 business day timeline begins regardless.  Tests cannot be administered until written consent is obtained from the parent/legal guardian, even though the timeline has started.\n\n\nAfter all tests have been administered (multiple means of assessment are required), the parent/legal guardian has a right to a written copy of all tests results 2 business days prior to the Eligibility Committee meeting.\n\nThree outcomes can come from the Eligibility Committee meeting:\n\n  1. A child is found eligible to receive special education services.\n\nIf the Eligibility Committee finds a child is eligible to receive special education services, then two different types of services are discussed:\n\nSection 504 Plan = This is a plan outlying environmental accommodations that a child’s general classroom teacher can implement to help them better access the general curriculum.  It does not involve the child receiving specialized instruction from a special education teacher.\n\nNote: Section 504 Plans can be developed for students without a full school evaluation being completed, if proper medical documentation is provided by the parent/legal guardian.  Consult with your local school district on their specific regulations.\n\nIndividualized Education Program (IEP) = This is a plan with the same accommodations a Section 504 Plan provides PLUS the child receives specialized instruction from a special education teacher.  This specialized instruction can taken place inside the general education classroom (i.e. inclusion) or outside the general education classroom (i.e. resource).\n\nThe school has 30 calendar days to write up the legal document (either Section 504 Plan or IEP) outlining what will be provided to the child at school.  An administrator, special education teacher, general education teacher, and parent/legal guardian must all be present for this meeting.  A child cannot begin to receive services through either document without parent/legal guardian written consent.\n\nAfter a Section 504 Plan or IEP is created and agreed upon by all stakeholders, these documents are updated at least once a calendar year.  However, the school or parent/legal guardian can request a meeting at any point to update either document as necessary (i.e., a change of educational setting or a new accommodation needs to be added).\n\nNote: A calendar day is any day of the week on the calendar, regardless of weekends, holidays or if the school board office is open.\n\nNote: A Section 504 Plan can still provide related services (i.e. speech/language, physical therapy, occupational therapy).  Check with your individual school district’s policies.\n\n  1. A child is found not eligible and all stakeholders agree with the results.\n\nIf this occurs, then the child is likely referred back to the Child Study Team for Option 2, which would be to continue to implement interventions and meet regularly to monitor progress.\n\nNote: A stakeholder other than the parent/legal guardian (i.e., school psychologist, administrator, etc.) may disagree with the child being found eligible.  If this occurs, the dissenting stakeholder(s) is encouraged to write up a summary as to why they disagree with the Eligibility Committee’s decision.  However, the child would still receive special education services once written consent is provided by the parent/legal guardian.\n\n  1. A child is found not eligible and the parent/legal guardian disagrees with the results.\n\nAssuming an outside evaluation (more on this below) was not already provided by the parent/legal guardian, then they have the right to disagree with the results and request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE).  This is the right for a parent/legal guardian to seek out an outside evaluation by an objective provider (i.e. doctor, psychologist, clinic, etc.), but it is paid for by the school district.  The school may provide a list of possible outside evaluation providers.  The parent/legal guardian may choose any provider they wish, even if they are not present on the list, as long as they are licensed to perform cognitive and achievement assessments.  Once the results of the IEE are available, the Eligibility Committee will meet at the school and determine if the child is eligible to receive special education services in the form of a Section 504 Plan or IEP.\n\nNote: Although the school district’s pays for the IEE, it is the parent/legal guardian’s responsibility to contact the outsider provider and complete the evaluation themselves in a timely manner.  Discuss with your individual school district about what constitutes a “timely manner.”\n\nNote: If a child is found eligible, and a parent/legal guardian initially signs that they agree with the results, this does not eliminate the possibility of an IEE.  The parent/legal guardian could come back later to the school, disagree, and request the IEE, if it has occurred within a reasonable timeframe.  Check with your local school district about what constitutes a “reasonable timeframe.”\n\n\nThere are thirteen different disability categories.  Some are more straight-forward in terms of criteria (i.e., deaf, blind), while others are more subjective (i.e., specific learning disability, other health impairment).  With other health impairment (OHI), school districts will most likely require an outside medical diagnosis from a doctor or clinic (such as ADHD, Epilepsy, Tourette’s Syndrome, etc.).\n\nA parent/legal guardian can have the child privately evaluated outside of the school without the school completing their own evaluation.  If a parent/legal guardian chooses to do this, they would request a Child Study Team meeting, who would then refer them to the Eligibility Committee to determine eligibility for special education services.\n\nNote: In my professional opinion, it would be beneficial for a parent/legal guardian to provide a copy of the results from the outside evaluation to the school at least one week prior to meeting with the Eligibility Committee.  This gives time for the school personnel who will be present at the meeting to review the information.\n\nThree outcomes can come from a parent/legal guardian providing an outside evaluation to the school:\n\n  1. The school accepts the outside results and uses it to determine if the child is eligible to receive special education services.\n\nAt this point, the Eligibility Committee will meet to discuss the results of the evaluation.  If the child is found eligible, then the process of creating a Section 504 Plan or IEP will commence.  If the child is found not eligible, then the child will likely return to the Child Study Team for further interventions to be implemented and progress monitoring to continue.\n\n  1. They can reject the results, stating they disagree. \n\nI have never personally seen this ever happen as most schools are willing to at least consider the results of the outside evaluation, particularly as it saves them time and money from having to complete their own evaluation.\n\n  1. They can choose to do further testing on their own (assuming they have not yet).\n\nIf a school chooses to do further testing on their own, they would have 65 business days to conduct their own evaluation and then reconvene the Eligibility Committee to discuss all of the results of both evaluations and determine eligibility for special education services.\n\n\nThe Eligibility Committee is required to reconvene at least once every three years since the previous eligibility meeting.  This is called a triennial eligibility review.  However, the school or parent/legal guardian can request an eligibility review prior to the three year mark.\n\nNote: Meeting prior to the three year mark, does not necessarily restart the timeline for the three year triennial review.  For example, if a child is receiving services under a specific learning disability (SLD) and speech/language impairment (SLI), and the speech/language pathologist requests an eligibility review at the year two mark to dismiss the child from SLI services, the school would still need to meet the following year at the year three mark to discuss eligibility about SLD.\n\nHOWEVER, if during the eligibility meeting when SLI services were dismissed, and SLD services were continued with no testing update, then the three year timeline restarts again.  So in theory (if this were to occur), it would be five years from the initial eligibility before a child would get reevaluated if the school or parent/legal guardian never requested an updated evaluation before then.  Look at my example below:\n\n2010 = Initial Eligibility = Child is found eligible for SLD and SLI.\n\n2012 = Speech/language pathologist dismisses SLI and the Eligibility Committee continues SLD services without an updated evaluation.\n\n2013 = This would have been the original triennial eligibility had the 2012 meeting never occurred.\n\n2015 = This is the new triennial eligibility date based on the 2012 meeting; thus, five years since the initial eligibility before an updated evaluation occurs.\n\nRealize this example is more likely an anomaly than the norm that would occur in most school districts.\n\nThree outcomes can come from the Triennial:\n\n  1.  The Eligibility Committee determines the child is still eligible to receive special education services, and no updated assessments are necessary.\n  2. The Eligibility Committee performs an updated evaluation and determines the child continues to be eligible to receive special education services.\n  3. The Eligibility Committee performs an updated evaluation and determines the child is no longer eligible to receive special education services.\n\nAlthough schools are not legally required to update assessments every three years, the parent/legal guardian is encouraged to request them.  This is particularly true for students being served under the category of specific learning disability (SLD).\n\nIf assessments are not updated at the three year mark, best practice dictates an updated assessment should occur at six years and/or when a child is transitioning school buildings (i.e., elementary to middle or middle to high).\n\nIf updated assessments are administered, the school district is allowed 65 business days to complete the updated evaluation and reconvene to discuss the results; however, this must be completed prior to the three year mark.\n\nIf the child is being served under more than one disability category (i.e., OHI & SLI), and Option 3 occurs, the Eligibility Committee could dismiss the child from just SLI (i.e., speech services), but continue services under OHI or dismiss the child from all services.\n\nNote: A child should NEVER be dismissed from all special education services without an updated evaluation being administered!\n\n\n  1. Schools have legal “red tape” they must follow in order to identify a child eligible for special education services. Just because they decline an evaluation, the school does want to help the child to succeed.\n    1. If the Child Study Team decides to continue to monitor, then the parent/legal guardian is encouraged to request a copy of what interventions are being administered by the school, how often they are being administered, how they are progress monitoring data for the child, and if progress is being made.\n\n\n  1. The special education timeline is long, but thorough. If all timelines are exhausted, it can take up to 105 days from start to finish.  This is a lot considering schools are only in session for approximately 180 days per year.\n    1. No single test may be used by itself to determine a child’s eligibility for special education services. Multiple measures must be administered.\n\n\n  1. A school CANNOT tell you they are no longer accepting referrals to Child Study or allowing evaluations for the rest of the school year. This tends to happen around mid-March/early April, because the 65 business day timeline would push the Eligibility Committee meeting to the summer when school is not in session.\n    1. Be aware that if an evaluation is completed during the summer months, then the people who know the child best, may not necessarily be a part of the Eligibility Committee if schools have already been released for summer vacation.\n    2. Schools are required to have a school psychologist, school social worker, general education teacher, special education teacher, school administrator, and the parent/legal guardian present at eligibility.\n    3. However, anyone employed by the school district who has this license can be asked to participate. This means that any individual holding general education teacher licensure can sit in as the “general education teacher” (i.e., a fifth grade teacher from school A could sit in for a meeting on a first grade child who attends school B).  The same goes for any of the other individuals necessary.  Realize that the people determining eligibility may not have done the testing or have ever met the child, and are making decisions solely based on written documentation of the evaluation data.  (This is why schools try to prevent referrals after mid-March/early April, because if they get to 65 business days, the above scenario could occur.)\n\n\n  1. If a child is not found eligible to receive special education services:\n    1. A parent/legal guardian should never be pressured or coerced to sign any document.\n    2. They have the right to disagree with the results and request an IEE.\n\n\n  1. If a child is found eligible to receive special education services:\n    1. Section 504 Plans and IEPs are required to be updated at least once a year.\n    2. The Eligibility Committee must meet every three years to determine if a child is still eligible to receive special education services.\n    3. A school CANNOT evaluate for special education services or implement a Section 504 Plan or IEP without written consent from the parent/legal guardian.\n    4. A child should never be dismissed from special education services without an updated evaluation being administered!\n  2. Parents/legal guardians are contributing members to all meetings, and should be respected and valued for their knowledge and input.\n\nThe following links may also be helpful:\n\nThe first explains what I stated above in more depth to provide an understanding of what steps the schools are required to perform when determining eligibility for special education services:\n\n2. The second explains the rights of parents/guardians of a child with a disability:\n\n(Note that these two resources are specific to the state of Virginia.  Contact your individual state’s department of education for relevant information.)\n\nDream vs. Reality: The First Day of School\n\nI have dreamed of this moment for seven years. A fantasy from 11th grade still replays itself in my mind with crystalline clarity: My first day of school as a teacher. I’m wearing all professional black clothes with my hair slicked back in a bun. I’m stricter than I need to be because I want my students to take me seriously. I’m cool and aloof and ooze authority and respect. I talk about learning and brain growth and the value of hard work until we suddenly have an inspirational “Dead Poets Society” moment. The students leave, backpacks slung over one shoulder, talking about how they can’t wait for tomorrow. They jump, fist in the air – and freeze frame!\n\nMy real first day was nothing like that.\n\nWhen I realized that baseline data must be collected before I could implement any learning community activities as per my goal and research this year, I immediately accepted the fact that my students’ first day of class with me would be… unorthodox. I stood at the door as they walked in, asking each student to say their name as they wrote it down so that the first time I heard it would be the correct way to pronounce it. The first thing they saw upon entering the room was a sign saying, “Welcome to Physics! Grab a baseline survey from the Pick Up station (near the door) then take a seat and begin the survey.” Once the bell rang, they had seven more minutes to complete the survey before I gave my two minute introduction to myself and to the course. The rest of the class was spent doing a Group Juggle with squishy bird shaped toys in order to start getting the students comfortable and familiar with each other.\n\nCollecting Baseline Data: An Abrupt Start\n\nNorms and expectations are easiest to establish at the beginning of a group’s existence. That means that the best time for me to introduce the notion of a learning community was the first day of school. So, as unorthodox and abrupt as it sounds to have the students silently submit a ten-question survey about learning communities as soon as they walked in on the first day, it was a necessary action in order to get the least biased baseline data that I could. Well, if I had been more zealous in my quest for unbiased data, I probably could have covered up our giant community calendar and “Welcome to Our Physics Fiesta!” decorations but I put a lot of trust in the students being slightly too overwhelmed by their first day of school to be so analytical of the wall decor.\n\nThe baseline survey consisted of two free response prompts and eight Likert scaled prompts that asked students to circle a number between one and eight where one implied that they “strongly disagree” and eight meant that they “strongly agree”. Heather had given me some advice and information about the benefits of using more versus fewer and even versus odd numbers on the Likert scale. I decided upon a scale of eight quantitative points because an even number denies the students an opportunity to respond with a true neutral. I also chose eight points on my Likert scale because it would allow me more clarity into the differences in the students’ choices than a smaller number would while still remaining mangable for me to record by hand. With the prompts, I tried to tease out what students knew about community oriented learning and how they felt about it.\n\nThe Part With The Numbers\n\nTo record the data, I created a Google Sheet in which the columns represented each survey prompt and the rows represented each student’s responses. I included their name or initial in my Google Sheet so that I would have the opportunity to compare a student’s responses throughout the year. I made a separate page for each class period as well as one total group page. Google Sheets was helpful in that I was able to include a cell for each prompt that calculated the class averages and the grand total averages for that prompt. The prompts and their all-class averages are as follows:\n\n  • What the phrase “sense of community” means to me: (free response)\n  • I have experienced a sense of community in previous classes. (4.78)\n  • I like feeling a sense of community in my classes. (5.5)\n  • I learn better when I feel like I am a member of my classroom community. (5.48)\n  • I am familiar with the term “learning community”. (4.62)\n  • What “learning community” means to me: (free response)\n  • I feel confident in my ability to learn physics this year. (5.50)\n  • I feel confident in my ability to pass the physics course this year. (6.04)\n  • I believe that having a sense of community will help me succeed in the physics course. (5.88)\n  • I believe that participating in a learning community will help me succeed in the physics course. (6.09)\n  • I feel a sense of community with the people in this class. (4.71)\n  • People in (our school district) have a shared sense of community. (5.41)\n\nReflections and Analogies\n\nI’m still processing the information. I’m still figuring out what the data implies and how the averages compare across the class periods. I’m still interpreting data and sorting through rumours of remarkably high failure rates last year and re-takers this year. I’m still hearing and reading comments from students who are terrified of physics and have a wide range of confidence in their abilities. While I’m chewing on my data like a cow on its cud, life in our classroom has moved forward at lightning speed. In the last two weeks, we’ve discussed the traits of a learning community; we have drafted, finalized, and displayed our top five community agreements; we have learned each other’s names; we have developed routines with daily greetings and exit tickets; we have helped each other review mathematics concepts; we have run through the halls in a particularly fun pursuit of problem solving; and yesterday, we decided to believe in the power of “yet” by turning around each sentiment in which we express doubt in our abilities. Gone are the days of “I can’t do math”, there is only room today for “I’m not good at physics yet.”\n\nI, too, am taking on the power of yet. I’m on a steep, but manageable, learning curve when it comes to my lesson plans and preparing materials. While each day of class so far has left me in love with my new job and with the communities we’re building, I’m not quite at the level of preparation that I’d like to be… yet. I will get there, I know it. With practice and experience, I will leave behind twelve hour (or more) days at school. There will come a day when I have nearly everything for the next week planned and printed the Friday before. So too will the day come when I will write these blog posts when I mean to write them instead of a week later like I did with this one. I’m not too worried and I’m not letting any of these current slips or shortcomings overwhelm me with personal disappointment. Heather and I have talked about this project being my “lizard’s tail”- the thing you never want to drop, but can lose if necessary to survive. I’m nowhere near needing to drop my “lizard’s tail” but I’m glad to feel secure in my plans and priorities.\n\nNew teachers and veterans, what is your “lizard’s tail” this year?\n\nWhat is your yet?\n\nReacting VS Responding\n\nYell and sit…sit and yell, get a little louder, be a little firmer…they’ll eventually listen-right?\n\n\nI walked into a room recently where an educator was sitting on a bench demanding that the kids stop! She kept saying “I said stop, stop!…(a little louder) Stop it NOW!…(even louder) I said STOP STOP STOP!” Her face was turning bright red and she was clearly frustrated. Teaching isn’t easy, we all get frustrated, patience is hard, so, so hard. We are all human. We all have emotions. But, I want to encourage you think about this question: how does yelling help?\n\nChildren are in tune with adults more than we like to admit. They read our body language, notice our facial expressions, and feel our emotions, sometimes as if they are their own. Children’s frontal lobes are still developing, this is the part of the brain that helps us control our emotions. It’s our job to help nourish that development, help it grow. That’s what we do as teachers-right?\n\nJust as you might spend extra time with students working on letter sounds or multiplication facts, we MUST spend time developing social-emotional skills. With this, it’s also important to constantly remind ourselves that their brains are growing (yes even in the teenage years). We also must remember that students need varying levels of support recognizing, managing, and expressing emotions. (I know, this is a lot, you already have so many other things you must teach and fit into your day, that curriculum map is just haunting you at night!) However, research shows that learning can’t happen without self-regulation, trust, feelings of safety –from both peers and adults—all of which are part of social-emotional development. So how can we do this?\n\nIt starts with modeling.\n\nThe teacher I described above was trying to get her students to lower their voices. They didn’t hear her, they were engaged in a game, and instead of complying to her demands, they just matched her volume and continued the activity. She was frustrated and angry. I get it.\n\nBut to be honest, I don’t know that they even knew she was talking to them, or understood what it was that she wanted them to “STOP!”  Instead, they matched or modeled her tone, her yelling.\n\nWait. Sometimes kids only respond to yelling…right?\n\nWrong. It might seem like it to us, as adults. Perhaps, because once our faces have reached a certain level of red or we’ve stomped and made enough noise we get their attention, or scared them, they comply?\n\nLet’s be honest though. Yelling isn’t fun for anyone, including the yeller. Besides the obvious—sore throat, exhaustion, anger— it also causes an increased amount of adrenaline and stress hormones for ALL parties involved. When is the last time you screamed at your students and said— alright good, that felt great, time to get back to learning those multiplication facts?\n\nI want to challenge you to consider the difference between a reaction and a response.\n\nThe dictionary definition of reaction is: an action performed or a feeling experienced in response to a situation or event.\n\nBut wait, the word response is in that definition, so what’s the difference? To make things even more confusing…\n\nThe dictionary definition of the word response is: a reaction to something.\n\nDespite the concise dictionary definitions, there is a difference and it matters!\n\nReACTion has the word ACT in it. When we react to something it’s typically a more immediate action that comes from an event or situation that occurred. When reacting we often don’t take time to think or process the situation, instead we jump into flight or fright mode and act.\n\nFor example, a child just knocks over the entire tub of papers (after you have asked them to stop running in the room multiple times). You’re frustrated, you yell, you demand they pick it up, or lose recess for not listening, you REACT.\n\nNext, let’s look at RESPONSE. If you just look at the dictionary definition you could argue that the above example is a response as well. I won’t disregard this point, but I want to encourage you to think about a response with a different mindset.\n\nResponse = thoughtful and intentional action.\n\nWhere you take a quick moment, that deep breath, you try to remind yourself that your student is still learning. You are the teacher.  You find empathy. Remember, mistakes are okay, they help us all learn.\n\nSo that child knocks over that paper and instead of yelling, you take a deep breath, quietly walk over to the child, make a plan for how to pick it up, help them re-focus, teach them how to self-regulate, model that response. With calm. With words. You respond with understanding and through a teaching lens, not with anger. Not with yelling.\n\nI know this is hard. You won’t be perfect. We all slip, we are all human and sometimes even our own emotions get the best of us in front of students.  But every moment that you can remind yourself to RESPOND instead of react is another moment that you are modeling self-regulation, communication, and helping your students develop the social-emotional skills that are key to successful learning.\n\nWhat strategies do you use to self-regulate when you feel yourself reacting emotionally?  Stay tuned for some suggested strategies and more on\n\nI’m Here To Learn\n\nA little about me in the month before my first year begins\n\nTo be perfectly honest, I’m nervous about my first year of teaching. I’ve spent the summer\nreviewing learning theory and teaching strategies, reading radical books about equity and power dynamics in the classroom, building an elaborate teacher emergency kit filled with everything from pepto to a tiny hair straightener, and trying to find the courage to refresh my memory of physics. Yes, physics – the subject that sends shivers down the spines of rising high school juniors and, for many others who have taken the course, flashbacks of nightly fifty-problem homeworks straight from the textbook.  Physics has a bad reputation of being isolating and difficult. As someone who struggled through physics courses in both high school and college, I know first hand how true that can be.\n\nEarly in my college career, I was determined to become a math teacher through the more common route of majoring in physics with a minor in education but I quickly became overwhelmed by the independent lecture/homework structure of learning in college level math classes. In hindsight, it seems like fate that I took my first education course during my second attempt at Calculus II; the more I suffered in math, the more I ached for a learning environment that used research-based strategies and theories to ensure the understanding of its students. I was introduced to the idea of learning communities, classroom structures that encourage students to learn collaboratively towards shared goals, and I constantly imagined how such communities could improve my\nexperience in math. I continued taking Calc II until I passed it on the fourth try, having changed my major to Philosophy and taken on a fifth year of private university to do so. By then, I was hell-bent on teaching math with learning theory in mind so I pursued a Master of Arts in Teaching.\n\nI took a long, difficult, and less travelled road to becoming a teacher and I believe that I’m\npersonally the better for it. I’ve learned how to work hard and recover from failure, I’ve met a network of creative and intelligent people through talking about my own passions, and I’ve been given many exciting opportunities like this one by being willing to take risks with people I trust.\n\nHow I’m going to make my teaching intellectual my first year\n\nMy experiences in education and philosophy over the last six years have instilled in me a love of research and self-reflective learning. It seems that the natural progression of this would be to participate in some scholarly exploration in my first year of teaching. Similarly, it seems natural that I should continue to be mentored by a faculty member who guided me through academic and professional quandaries in the past. With Heather’s encouragement and knowledge of the process, I’ll be improving my teaching this year through action research.\n\nI believe that the best way to become good at anything is to study it. I don’t want to just keep my head above water this year; conducting action research will allow me to hone my craft and provide my students with a thoughtful and intentional academic experience that considers their social, emotional, and academic needs through community-based learning. I’m still nervous but I know exactly where to channel that excited energy: becoming the best teacher I can be.\n\nNow some things I want to know from you!\n\nHow are other first year teachers reflecting on their practice?\nWhat are other first year teachers reflecting on? (parent communication, reading instruction, etc.)\nCan action research help me be a better teacher?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7699243426322937}
+{"content": "Show/hide calendar\n\nNet gemist: herbeleef de laatste 30CC voorstellingen\n\n\nOld folk songs as well as newly composed music with lyrics by Petter Dass, also known as ‘the Norwegian Shakespeare’.\nVocal Art (NO)\n\n\nSprookjes enzo and Pietro Chiarenza\nvan 3 tot 5 jaar\n\nKatia and Marielle Labèque and Belgian National Orchestra\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8039646148681641}
+{"content": "The Heartfulness Way (Cărți Heartfulness)\n\nDe (autor) ,\nNotă GoodReads:\nen Limba Engleză Carte Paperback – 26 Jul 2018\n\nHeartfulness is an ideal, a spiritual way of living by and from the heart that is inclusive of all ideologies, beliefs, and religions. In this heart-centered book, a student in conversation with his teacher, Kamlesh D. Patel--affectionately known as Daaji, the fourth and current spiritual guide of the century-old Heartfulness tradition--present a unique method of meditation with the power to facilitate an immediate, tangible spiritual experience, irrespective of a person's faith.\n\nOur modern, fast-paced world can be an overwhelming place. Every day, we're bombarded with messages telling us that in order to be happy, fulfilled, and worthy, we must be better, do more, and accumulate as much material wealth as possible. Most of us move through our busy lives with our minds full of these ideas, multitasking as we strive to navigate the responsibilities and expectations we must meet just to make it through the day. But what if there is another way? What if, rather than letting the busyness of life overtake our minds, we learn to be heartful instead?\n\nBased on Daaji's own combination of approaches and practices for the modern seeker--which draws from the teachings of Sahaj Marg, meaning \"Natural Path\"--Heartfulness is a contemporized version of the ancient Indian practice of Raja Yoga, a tradition that enables the practitioner to realize the higher Self within. While many books describe refined states of being, The Heartfulness Way goes further, providing a pragmatic course to experience those states for oneself, which, per the book's guiding principle, is \"greater than knowledge.\"\n\nHeartfulness meditation consists of four elements--relaxation, meditation, cleaning, and prayer--and illuminates the ancient, defining feature of yogic transmission (or pranahuti), the utilization of divine energy for spiritual growth and transformation. Using the method, detailed practices, tips, and practical philosophy offered in this book, you'll reach new levels of attainment and learn to live a life more deeply connected to the values of the Heartfulness way--with acceptance, humility, compassion, empathy, and love.\n\nCitește tot Restrânge\n\nPreț: 8114 lei\n\nPuncte Express: 122\n\nPreț estimativ în valută:\n1617 1793$ 1366£\n\nCarte disponibilă\n\nLivrare economică 06-12 februarie\nLivrare express 29-31 ianuarie pentru 1600 lei\n\nPreluare comenzi: 021 569.72.76\n\n\nISBN-13: 9781684031344\nISBN-10: 1684031346\nPagini: 232\nDimensiuni: 153 x 234 x 14 mm\nGreutate: 0.32 kg\nEditura: New Harbinger Publications\nSeria Cărți Heartfulness", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9927277565002441}
+{"content": "Trending Course\n\nBecome a great peer reviewer! (Basic and Advanced)\n\nWhat will you learn?\n\n  1. Understand what it takes to be a peer reviewer\n  2. Recognize the components of a great peer review\n  3. Identify the focus areas in different sections of a manuscript\n  4. Effectively interact with authors and editors\n  5. Focus on the right aspects when reviewing statistical information or methodology in a paper\n  6. Review different types of manuscripts\n  7. Learn through extensive feedback from experienced peer reviewers and consult them for clarifications about the course content\n    Become a great peer reviewer! (Basic and Advanced)\n\n    Why should you enroll?\n\n    This engaging and comprehensive training program will help you with everything you need to know before and during a peer review. The modules in this program have been designed for young researchers who want to be peer reviewers or have received their first peer review invitation but don't know how to get started. This course is also useful for experienced reviewers who would like to polish their skills.\n\n    What topics will you cover?\n\n    Lecture 1: Understanding Peer review\n\n    Lecture 2: Do you have what it takes?\n\n    Lecture 3: Accepted the editor’s invitation, what next?\n\n    Lecture 4: Deep diving into the review\n\n    Lecture 5: Decision time!\n\n    Lecture 6: Tying it all up\n\n    Lecture 7: Concluding the basic course\n\n    Lecture 8: Advanced Module I – Dealing with methodology and statistics\n\n    Lecture 9: Advanced Module II – Going that extra mile\n\n    Lecture 10: Training effectiveness survey", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7033882141113281}
+{"content": "Why R is Tough – New and Fascinating Guide for Its Bored Mother or Father\n\n16 Led 2020\n\nMath is challenging will not be a book that is well known amongst fifth-graders or elderly pupils. Or perhaps I’ve to mention, math is challenging is your favored title to have a novel around the topic that was predicted geometry.\n\nYou could possibly properly be taking into consideration,”Huh, I’ve found that just before.” R is difficult can be a difficult book that appears back more than time into this full time when we utilised amounts , letters, words, in addition to representation to spell out the ideas of math.\n\nIf the subject itself is some factor A good small book about mathematics will not be surprising. Is there an element of puzzle regarding math is not difficult?\n\nbuying research paper\n\nIf the book talks concerning math is tough, I should assume it really is simply because the author is conscious of anything in regards to the discipline. I didn’t.\n\nDave Dadon, a math professor at MIT, is actually a composer of posts, an MIT engineer, as well as a former educator and primary. http://www.upenn.edu/faculty_senate/ That is amongst the greatest explanations for why math is tricky I’ve generally study.\n\nDadon is brilliant at explaining the complications in educating mathematics to all students. That is not mainly because he’s skilled in a subject. It truly is simply because he’s devoted to supplying pupils also the expertise for them to utilize in their very own daily lives even though not simply the info. This publication includes a excellent deal to say regarding math plus the ability that all student should know how to come to be extra successful.\n\nFor instance, Dave Dadon discusses what it indicates to understand every thing issues to look for inside the progress of a student. Lecturers will need to note although students receives each of your replies inside a particular problem but will not receive the issue resolved. The students generally are possibly not, afterall, still understanding.\n\nA modest later within the book, Dave Dadon gives guidance on which a teacher requires to say to pupils if they have doubts concerning the math talent of a student. When your teacher demands to quit to a tangent as a strategy to describe to a student mathematics is difficult, this teacher ought to steer clear of math.\n\nYou’ll come across some superb games in the novel. essay-company They’ve been demonstrated to boost student evaluation scores.\n\nAdditionally, Dadon discusses a few approaches to inspire pupils, one example is inviting them to share their ideas in math developing, which they utilize inside a problem. This could perhaps not function because the most appropriate approach to get a math instructor.\n\nThe truth is that this book is helpful for anyone that wishes to comprehend how mathematics is heard. It really is feasible to completely grasp the mathematics is hard by merely examining the substances, such as the paper.\n\nWhether you’re an extremely first grader’s father or mother, or perhaps the proud parent of a grader, the substance in this publication will help you totally grasp the topic of math and how you’re in a position to best instruct it for the child. I can not recommend it adequate.\n\nNapsat komentář\n\nVaše emailová adresa nebude zveřejněna. Vyžadované informace jsou označeny *", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6033385992050171}
+{"content": "For some, Hijrah marks more than just the Islamic New Year. It’s a start to the lunar year, that not only refers to a legendary moment in Islam but can also mark a new start to many a Muslim’s life, especially with yearly goals and resolutions.\n\nFirst though, let’s talk about the historical mark of ‘Hijrah’ in islam as a religion. True to it’s meaning,where it means migrating, ‘Hijrah’ is referring to the migration of Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) and his followers from Mecca to Medina. This move is believed to have caused the teachings of Islam to flourish and grow as a community.\n\n“New Year, New Me”\n\n“That is because Allah would not change a favor which He had bestowed upon a people until they change what is within themselves. And indeed, Allah is Hearing and Knowing”. [Quran: 8:53]\n\nDespite not fully celebrating the “New Year” in a typical new year celebration, Hijrah is often times referred to a period of inner-reflection and the perfect time for Muslims to renew their resolve to becoming a better Muslim. So here’s some tips and tricks in how to make your Muslim Year Resolutions stick for this Hijrah!\n\nStep 1: Be Specific\n\nCasting a wide net over all your problems for the new year is a classic faulty move for a new-goer. However, you’ll find that if you identify the problem area in yourself, this will make keeping the resolutions much better! This ‘area of improvement’ could be something as menial as “doing weekend laundry every week” or even “waking up for fajr and completing all 5 prayers”.\n\nStep 2: Setting Realistic Goals\n\nAfter finding out what area you’d like to improve on, you can now come up with a realistic target. Setting goals that can be achieved by you, is an important step or else you’d just be setting yourself for a doomed non-achievable goal. By knowing your capabilities and situation, you can set these realistic goals. Remember, it’s good to be positive and optimistic, but don’t fool yourself into tripping on your own lofty ambitions.\n\nStep 3: Find the Steps\n\nBefore implementing the change and embarking on your future path, you should brainstorm and come up with ways to let you implement the change. These steps that will either let you achieve your New Year’s resolution or fall short. A simple example would be the ‘waking up for fajr‘ resolution. This could be started with a simple alarm and resolve to wake up for fajr to the best of your ability. This may be the start of a daunting task and a measure of will, but in due time, it’ll become second nature.Whatever these measures are, ensure they are practical in helping you get closer to fulfilling your resolution.\n\n Step 4: Deadlines\n\nHaving flashes on classwork and work? As much as nobody likes them, deadlines are essential to having a successful New Year’s resolution. Paired off with a reasonable goal and the proper measures, set yourself a logical deadline and even set a penalty for missing it. This may seem like an over-zealous means, but you’ll find yourself pushing that extra mile to achieve your goal.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9610168933868408}
+{"content": "PC-laptop-tablet reparatie Max. rep. kosten: €99,-   Eigen webshop  Noordenveld en Westerkwartier\n\n\n\nApple EarPods mobiele hoofdtelefoon Stereofonisch In-ear Wit\n\n€ 17,30\nProductconditie: Nieuw\n\n2 in voorraad\nThe speakers inside the EarPods have been engineered to maximise sound output and minimise sound loss, which means you get high-quality audio.\n\n- Designed by Apple\n- Deeper, richer bass tones\n- Greater protection from sweat and water\n- Control music and video playback\n- Answer and end calls", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.963057816028595}
+{"content": "About the science\n\n\nAs scientists, we wanted to work to support those managing the forest to provide information about how plants are functioning in their natural environment and how they are affected by changing environmental conditions. Many rare plants such as Cyanea calycina have not been studied in detail, and therefore managers face the difficulty of deciding where and how to outplant native species in the forest that were raised in a nursery. We are currently making high quality measurements of plant growth and the environmental conditions in an area that supports rare or endangered plants. By monitoring plant growth at very high resolution simultaneously with environmental data, we can provide critical feedback that can help determine site or location suitability. In addition, we can learn basic information about the growth and life cycle of rare plants that have never been studied in such detail. Our study uses a camera with an infrared motion sensor to visualize phenological changes and to detect for bird visitations, alongside a fully automated weather station to understand how a particular plant is responding to changing environmental conditions.\n\n\nMeasurements of plant growth are made by precision dendrometers that measure plant diameter continuously. It is common to see swelling at night as the plants absorb water, and shrinking during the day as that water evaporates. Over longer timescales, we can see growth of the plants, and how growth is related to seasonal processes and environmental variation. The climate station is separated into two parts with the intention of monitoring environmental conditions as related to plant growth on the ridge and in a gully. Observations of rainfall, solar radiation, soil temperature, and soil moisture are being conducted on the ridge, with growth measurements of an individual ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) and a hōʻawa (Pittosporum argentifolium) close by. Observations below the canopy include below canopy radiation (PAR), air temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and soil temperature sensors placed near the plants of interest (Cyanea calycina and Cyanea membranacea).\n\nplantCam is a collaboration between USGS, PICCC, University of Hawaiʻi, US FWS, Hawaiʻi DLNR", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9992208480834961}
+{"content": "Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health\n\nEMF Protection\n\n\nHow To Beat Electrical Sensitivity Summary\n\n\n4.6 stars out of 11 votes\n\nContents: Ebook\nAuthor: Lloyd Burrell\nOfficial Website: www.electricsenseinterviews101.com\nPrice: $67.00\n\nAccess Now\n\nMy How To Beat Electrical Sensitivity Review\n\nHighly Recommended\n\nRecently several visitors of websites have asked me about this ebook, which is being promoted quite widely across the Internet. So I ordered a copy myself to figure out what all the excitement was about.\n\n\nEnvironmental Radiation Exposure\n\nEpidemiologic observations suggest that exposure of breast tissue to ionizing radiation is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. In particular, an increased risk of breast carcinoma has been clearly documented in young women that have survived atomic bombs, in patients who have undergone repeated fluoroscopies (eg, in patients with tuberculosis), and in patients treated with radiation for postpartum mastitis, thymic enlargement, and Hodgkin's disease.26-37 Subsequent reports directed attention to the carcinogenic risk associated with radiation exposure and the latency time between exposure and clinical manifestations of breast can The hypothetical risk of breast cancer derived from prolonged screening needs to be mentioned. Using a risk estimate provided by the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) V Report of the National Academy of Sciences and a mean breast glandular dose of 4 mGy from bilateral mammography, with two views per breast, one can estimate that...\n\nElectromagnetic Energy\n\nIn general, all imaging technologies require the use of electromagnetic energy. Each imaging modality exploits a different part of the electromagnetic energy spectrum. The spectrum includes gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, ultrasonic waves, and radiowaves. All of these waves are photons of energy, but they differ in their wavelength and, therefore, energy. Each imaging instrument is designed to detect a particular range of electromagnetic energy. Most often, the instrument also generates the requisite energy for the imaging application, and the detection occurs after interaction with the imaging subject. The exception is with gamma-ray imaging, where the requisite energy is provided by decay of an administered radioactive probe that is not part of the instrument.\n\nPop Iii Object Formation The First Stars\n\nSimulations due to Abel, Bryan & Norman (2000, 2002) place the epoch of population III formation at z 18. These massive stars eventually evolve into type II supernovae and may produce not only sufficient ionizing radiation to reionize the Universe (which was primarily neutral following the formation of atomic hydrogen at z 1000) but may also produce and explosively eject heavy elements. The location in time of this epoch of reionization, expected to be coincident with the formation of the first heavy elements, is poorly constrained observationally. Recent observations with the WMAP instrument indicate, albeit with a large uncertainty, that reionization may already have been occuring at z 20 (c.f. Kogut 2003 Bennett et al. 2003). Combined with the Gunn-Peterson trough observations2 (Fan et al. 2001 Gunn & Peterson 1965) this hints at an epoch of reionization that may be quite extended and patchy, rather than a sharp and smooth transition (c.f. Razoumov et al. 2002 Ciardi et al. 2000).\n\nRadiation Effects And Brca1 And Brca2 Mutations\n\nQuestions have been raised relevant to potential carcinogenic risk of radiation exposure for women who harbor the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Scully and colleagues44 raised the possibility that there may be an interaction between BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene products with respect to proteins involved in the repair of radiation-induced DNA errors. However, this issue remains controversial due to lack of confirmation of this risk in the past by other inves-tigators.45 Nevertheless, recent evidence has indicated that both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with defective repair of radiation-induced DNA damage.44,46\n\nEnvironmental Factors\n\nStoll et al. 23 suggested that in their relatively small sample, fathers of ARM babies were more exposed to hazardous substances than fathers of controls. Other environmental factors such as exposure to electromagnetic radiation have proved to be difficult to determine from an epidemiological point of view.\n\nARM in the Twenty First Century\n\nOver the years, a great deal of information has been acquired concerning the many variants of ARM. The current mortality for these anomalies has for the most part been very low and is related to associated anomalies and unfavorable chromosomal and genetic syndromes rather than the result of treatment of the ARM per se. In general, agreement has been reached regarding some embryologic and anatomic considerations, diagnostic evaluation, and preoperative assessment 123, 146, 150 . Most investigators would agree that results are better following repair of low defects when compared to intermediate and high anomalies and those with cloaca. There remain several areas of controversy regarding the choice and timing of the procedure and methodology used to assess results. Certain poor prognostic factors have been identified, including abnormal sacrum, deficient pelvic innervation, poor perineal musculature, and disorders of colonic motility. It may be difficult to establish a prospective...\n\nPotential For Targeted Brca1brca2 Mutation Therapy\n\nThey then examined double-strand break repair with attention given to sensitivity to drugs and radiation effect that induce double-strand breaks. Their findings disclose that BRCA2-defective cells are unable to repair the double-strand DNA breaks induced by ionizing radiation. These cells were also markedly sensitive to mitoxantrone, amsacrine, and etoposide (two-sided p .002) and to ionizing radiation (two-sided p .001). Introduction of antisense BRCA2 deoxyribonu-cleotides into cells possessing normal BRCA2 function led to increased sensitivity to mitox-antrone (two-sided p .008). Tumors formed by injection of BRCA2-defective cells into nude mice were highly sensitive ( 90 tumor size reduction, two-sided p .002) to both ionizing radiation and mitoxantrone when compared with tumors exhibiting normal BRCA2 function. Abbott and colleagues concluded that these BRCA2-defective cancer cells were highly sensitive to agents that contribute to doublestrand...\n\nSpectroscopy Techniques\n\nAs follows from a consideration of quantum mechanics, an atom or molecule has discrete energy states. Spectroscopy is the measurement of the energy differences between these states. The energy differences AE can be measured by the absorption spectra of electromagnetic radiation. In conventional spectroscopy, the frequency is varied and the frequency at which maximal absorption occurs reflects the difference between the states. The frequencies vary from the MHz range for NMR to the GHz (microwave) range for EPR spectroscopy. The frequencies for absorption spectroscopy range from 1012 Hz for IR to 1016 Hz for UV light. The frequencies of X-rays and 7-irradiation are 1019 Hz and 1021 Hz, respectively.\n\nSpectral Characterization\n\nSpectroscopic methods are used at some point in the structural characterization of biomolecules (Bell, 1981 Campbell and Dwek, 1984 Gendreau, 1986). These methods are usually rapid and noninvasive, generally require small amount of samples, and can be adapted for analytical purposes. Spectroscopy is defined as the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, excluding chemical effects. The electromagnetic spectrum covers a very wide range of wavelengths (Figure 5.2). Figure 5.2. Electromagnetic radiation and its corresponding spectra.\n\nNuclear magnetic resonance\n\nAnalogous to EPR spectroscopy, NMR spec-troscopy is based on the resonance absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the system during the transition between two discrete energy states. The energy differences studied in NMR spectroscopy are due to the interaction of nuclear magnetic moments with the magnetic field (Zeeman splitting for nuclei). The energy differences are smaller than those in EPR because of the smaller magnetic moment of nuclei. This explains why electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency range is required to excite the transitions that produce the NMR signal, whereas that in the microwave range is used in EPR spectroscopy.\n\nRisk Perception and Risk Communication\n\nTwenty years ago, few scientists were involved in the field of risk perception and communication. Today, the literature contains hundreds of articles on this topic (Fishhoff et al. 1993). This increased interest has resulted from a number of factors (Covello 1995). First, the public has become increasingly concerned about environmental health issues, such as those related to nuclear power and electromagnetic fields. Second, laws have been enacted mandating that environmental risk information be communicated to the public, media, and special interest groups. Finally, the public increasingly does not believe in government and other institutions as sources of information.\n\nRadiation Risk Versus Benefit of Mammographic Screening\n\nIn this Section, a comparison is presented between the risks of breast cancer induced by radiation exposure of the breast during mammography and the possible reduction in breast cancer mortality arising from mammographic screening. Risks are estimated in terms of the BEIR V models (NAS NRC, 1990), presented above, and benefits are considered in terms of various assumed reductions in breast cancer mortality rates as a consequence of mammo-graphic screening. The benefit risk model uses standard life table\n\nGuys Hospital Studies\n\nA second Guy's Hospital study enrolled 50 patients between 1990 and 1992 (Fentiman et al. 2004). Patient selection criteria, and surgical and implant techniques were similar to those in the first Guy's Hospital series except for three aspects. First, only patients aged 40 years or older were eligible. Second, to reduce radiation exposure to medical and nursing staff, a MDR remote-controlled afterloading system employing caesium-137 was used to give a total dose of 45 Gy in four fractions over 4 days. Third, 92 of patients received adjuvant systemic therapy. At a median follow-up of 6.3 years, 8 of 49 eligible patients (18 ) developed a breast relapse, which was located in the index quadrant in seven (78 ). Only one LR (4 ) occurred among patients with lesions smaller than 2 cm, while the rate was 35 among patients with tumors of 2 cm or larger. Cosmetic outcome was considered excellent or good in 81 of patients.\n\nMagnetic resonance imaging\n\nMRI employs radio frequency pulses as opposed to ionizing radiation for mapping internal structures. Although MRI and CT scanning are comparable in their ability for determining lymph node status, MRI is far superior to CT scanning in soft tissue contrast resolution. MRI provides a detailed survey of pelvic anatomy and has proven useful for determining tumour size, the depth of invasion and parametrial involvement and identifying bladder and rectal extension. Several authors have demonstrated the accuracy of MRI for pre-treatment staging to be greater than 90 .5,9-13 The primary use of MRI appears to be in assisting in the determination of a patient's operability.\n\nNew Drugs for Cancer Therapy\n\nUntil now, the clinical demise of cancer has relied on surgical resection and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation using ionizing radiation or chemo-therapeutic drugs designed to perturb DNA synthesis or the mitotic event. The development of cytotoxic agents has resulted in improvements in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, testicular cancer, and many other solid tumor types (1). Hormone-based drugs have also been useful for breast and prostate cancers (2). Although much success has been achieved, cytotoxic modalities walk the therapeutic tightrope of toxicities to normal tissues vs cancer cells, and drug resistance is generally present de novo or develops with treatment. Over the last decade or so, more attention has been focused on different therapeutic approaches. These include the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to specifically target cancer cells, and small molecule-inhibitors of cell-signaling pathways that have been linked to oncogenesis or maintenance of...\n\nRole Of Mri In The Diagnosis Of Aortic Dissection\n\nMR imaging is increasingly becoming a first-line investigation for the evaluation of diseases of the aorta1. Advantages of MRI include avoidance of ionizing radiation and the use of contrast agents, which are not nephrotoxic. Over the last years, major technological advances resulted in significant increases in acquisition speed.\n\nIntravascular Ultrasound IVUS\n\nIntravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an imaging modality that has evolved from transcutaneous and intralumenal gastrointestinal ultrasound technology. It has been adapted for uses along side other endovascular interventional technology. IVUS has the capacity to provide unique information regarding extent and morphology of aortic pathology. When compared to conventional imaging, IVUS adds a heightened level of accuracy when it comes to defining particular complex vascular anatomy. IVUS is easily applied during other types of interventional procedures and it can reduce or completely avoid the need for ionizing radiation. Currently IVUS is limited by the added expense for the instrumentation. It also requires an invasive procedure for catheter introduction.\n\nContrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography\n\nThe technique of contrast-enhanced MRA bears a strong resemblance to CTA, which probably inspired its development. There are, however, several differences between the two techniques. Unlike CT, MR does not employ ionizing radiation. CT images are always acquired in the transverse plane but they may be reconstructed into other planes with postprocessing. Magnetic resonance angiograms may be acquired in arbitrary planes, and also reconstructed. The total volume of contrast agent injected is lower with MRI, and as mentioned above, Gd-DTPA is not nephrotoxic. MRA and CTA are prone to different artifacts. Certain artifacts on MRA are dependent on the pattern of blood flow, and these can be complex. CTA is relatively independent of the blood flow pattern.\n\nImaging Methods The Case for MRI\n\nThe success of MRI in characterizing plaque composition derives from its excellent contrast between soft tissues, which provides excellent anatomical and compositional detail. Contrast can also be changed by adjusting any of several imaging parameters. Multiple images with different contrast weightings can thus be combined for increased sensitivity to tissue differences. Additionally, MRI is noninvasive and does not use ionizing radiation, making it ideal for serial studies.\n\nMlh1 Pms2 Pms1 Msh2 Gtbp Msh1\n\nRecombination repair is any DNA repair or damage tolerance strategy involving homologous recombination (q.v.). The existence of such repair mechanisms is indicated by differences in sensitivity to ionizing radiation demonstrated by haploid yeast ceils arrested in Gi and C2 (and similarly for stationary phase and log phase bacterial cells) in each case, the cell with more copies of its genome is more resistant. More direct evidence for recombination repair comes from studies of recombination deficient mutants of E. coli and S. cerevisiae, which are also radiation-sensitive.\n\nEliminated Eliminated\n\nApoptosis is frequently induced in experimental systems by a defined signal, such as ionizing radiation, dexamethasone, or camptothecin. In these cases, it is important to differentiate between first-round transcriptional targets of the inducing agents and subsequent knock-on effects. This can be accomplished by inclusion of a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide), but it is important to generate representations from both cycloheximide-treated and untreated controls to ensure that identified transcripts are not artefacts of treatment with the inhibitor. In some systems, apoptosis can result from the expression of an exogenous transgene, which can either be inducible or show constitutive expression. Appropriate controls include the preparation of representations from vector-only transfectants, with or without inducing agents. Control representations can then be mixed in the Driver to prevent the cloning of unwanted transcripts such as antibiotic resistance marker (e.g., Neo).\n\nActivation Of The Apoptotic Machinery By Chemotherapeutic Agents\n\nFor the majority of anticancer drugs, previous studies not only ruled out an essential role for the Fas FasL pathway in drug-induced apoptosis (see first paragraph of this Section) but also directly implicated the mitochondrial pathway in this process. Observations that are important in this regard include the demonstration that cytochrome c release accompanies induction of apoptosis by a variety of agents (113,120,223,224), the determination that Bax translocates to mitochondria in response to various drugs independent of (i.e., upstream of) caspase activity (83,225), and the demonstration that combined deletion of BAX and BAK inhibits drug-induced apoptosis (87,226). As might be expected, if the mitochondrial pathway plays a predominant role, dominant-negative caspase-9 constructs (227,228) and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members (210,229) inhibit drug-induced apoptosis. The demonstration that Caspase9 or Apaf-1 gene deletion delays the induction of apoptosis by staurosporine,...\n\nMagnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy\n\nThe proton is the element responsible for the signal generation in proton MRI, and can be viewed as a minimagnet due to the spinning single electron. MRI utilizes two energies, a strong magnetic field and pulses of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic energy. RF energy is not ionizing, and a trillion times less in magnitude than X-rays. The sensitivity of the technology is related to the large number of protons that are present in water and fat, the primary constituents of a human or animal. When protons are placed in a magnetic field, they become aligned with, or opposed to, the external field. Excitation with a precise resonance frequency (MHz) results in excited-state protons, all of which are in phase, but tilted away from the direction of the external magnetic field. The in-phase aspect is unique to the excited state, since ground-state protons are not in phase. Therefore, to summarize, absorption of a resonance RF energy by the proton results in an excited state, where all the...\n\nBone Bending Piezoelectric And Magnetic Forces\n\nUndermining Resorption\n\nMagnets have been used to provide the force needed for orthodontic tooth movement. Classically an unerupted tooth has a magnet attached to it and a second magnet is placed on an orthodontic appliance with the poles orientated to provide an attractive force. It is unlikely that the magnetic forces alone have any actions on tissues. If magnetic fields are broken (as in pulsed electromagnetic fields) then there is some evidence that tissues will respond. It is worth making the following points about the effects of magnetic and electric fields on tooth movement\n\nPhysiology The Unity ofCompanies 2003 Form and Function Third Edition\n\nIt highly reactive and destructive to cells produced by intrinsic processes such as aerobic respiration and by extrinsic agents such as chemicals and ionizing radiation. frontal plane An anatomical plane that passes through the body or an organ from right to left and superior to inferior also called a coronal plane. fig. A.3 functional group A group of atoms, such as a car-boxyl or amino group, that determines the functional characteristics of an organic molecule. fundus The base, the broadest part, or the part farthest from the opening of certain viscera such as the stomach and uterus. fusiform (FEW-zih-form) Spindle-shaped elongated, thick in the middle, and tapered at both ends, such as the shape of a smooth muscle cell or a muscle spindle.\n\nIdentifying The Vascular Lesion\n\nCta Absent Right Pcom\n\nThere are two widely used noncontrast-based MRA techniques time-of-flight (TOF) MRA and phase contrast (PC) MRA. The physical principles underlying both techniques are far more complicated than those underlying catheter angiogra-phy and CTA and are beyond the scope of this chapter. Both are unlike other vascular imaging techniques used in acute stroke, in that they are completely noninvasive, requiring no exogenous contrast material whatsoever, thereby obviating concerns regarding contrast allergies and contrast-induced nephropathy (Fig. 2.4). Unlike catheter angiography and CTA, MRI uses no ionizing radiation. Like catheter angiography (but not CTA), both TOF and PC MRA can be used to demonstrate the direction of blood flow, which can be helpful in assessing the direction of flow in a vessel providing collateral perfusion or in situations such as suspected subclavian steal. Additionally, PC MRA can quantitatively measure the velocity of flow, an ability shared only by ultrasound, a...\n\nUsefulness of Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening\n\nThere is little, if any, opposition to the practice of diagnostic mammography, probably because of the compelling clinical need for the information obtained. Many mammography examinations are performed for diagnostic purposes, and mammographic screening programs have also been widely implemented. There has been some opposition to screening in the past for a variety of reasons (1) concern over a few published indications of a relatively unfavorable benefit risk ratio, (2) concern about exposure to ionizing radiation, (3) concern about benefit in comparison to the number of false-positive mammograms, (4) the relatively high cost of mammography examinations and the cost of the biopsy procedures\n\n\n\nScreen Film Combination\n\nRadiology Intensifying Screens\n\nThe goal in screen-film mammography for mass screening and diagnosis is to produce consistently high-contrast, high-resolution, low-noise images at the lowest radiation dose consistent with these image-quality requirements. In recent years, there have been many significant technologic improvements in mammographic screen-film combinations (AAPM, 1990 Haus, 1991 1999b KimmeSmith, 1991 Rothenberg and Haus, 1995 Yaffe, 1990). Until the early 1970s, direct-exposure (industrial type) x-ray films were used which often required long exposure times (causing blur due to motion) and resulted in high radiation exposure (Bassett et al., 1992 Egan, 1976 Gold et al., 1990 Haus and Cullinan, 1989). Films were processed manually in tanks or in film processors with long processing times. In the early 1970s, screen-film combinations for mammography became commercially available (Bassett et al., 1992 Haus and Cullinan, 1989 Ostrum et al, 1973 Wayrynen, 1979).\n\nDefects of Spinal Alignment\n\nRadiologists should be aware that the relative risk of cancer could be increased in these patients by cumulative radiation exposure. Therefore, every effort should be made to keep the radiation exposure to the lowest feasible levels. Useful techniques in this regard include gonadal, thyroid, and breast shielding, highspeed screen-film combinations, and the use of digital radiography.\n\nAetiology and epidemiology\n\nThe obliterative endarteritis associated with ionizing radiation in therapeutic dosage proceeds over many years and may result in fistula formation long after the primary malignancy has been treated. Of the 14 radiation fistulas in the author's series, the interval between fistula development and radiotherapy ranged from 1 year to 30 years. The associated devascularization in the adjacent tissues means that ordinary surgical repair has a high likelihood of failure, and modified surgical techniques are required.\n\nPhase Domain Fluorescence\n\nStrengths Worksheet\n\nThe first demonstration of lifetime detection for DNA sequencing occurred in 1998.12 Three new dyes were synthesized and combined with a commercially available cyanine dye (Figure 2.6) to create a set of dyes with distinct fluorescence lifetimes. The dyes had varied absorbance maxima (from 624 to 6669 nm). A semiconductor laser emitting at 630 nm was used for excitation. The average laser power was only 0.6 mW. High laser powers are not needed in the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum because there is low background signal in this region. The dyes were conjugated to a sequencing primer (5'-TGT17ACGACGGCCAGT-3'). The conjugated Cy5 exhibited a lifetime of 1.6 ns, conjugated JA242 exhibited a lifetime of 2.4 ns, conjugated JA169 exhibited a fluorescence lifetime of 2.9 ns, and conjugated MR200-1 exhibited a fluorescence lifetime of 3.7 ns. Utilizing this dye set, 660 bp were sequenced with 90 accuracy. The accuracy was adversely affected by two dyes, JA242 and JA169, exhibiting...\n\nOther Breast Imaging Modalities\n\nOther breast imaging methods currently have less widespread application these include ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thermography, transillumination, CT, and nuclear imaging. Except for ultrasonography, all involve electromagnetic wave radiation. CT exposes breast tissue to higher levels of ionizing radiation than screen-film or digital mammography, making it unsuitable for annual screening and it does not have the spatial resolution of conventional mammography. Thermography, and nuclear imaging have not been shown to contribute significantly to either lesion detection or characterization. Ultrasound has specific applications for evaluating breast masses and guiding interven-tional procedures. MRI is currently being studied for its potential roles in screening for and staging breast cancer, as well as other indications.\n\nBiophysical techniques\n\nNMR spectroscopy studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. It is a powerful tool for the studies of kinetic motion of water in tissues and of macro-molecule water or membrane water interactions. Solid-state NMR can be used to determine the molecular structure of solid tissue samples. Solid-state H-NMR is often used to investigate the relaxation characteristics of the protons of water molecules in low-moisture biological systems (Mathur-de Vre, 1979 Seewaldt et al., 1981 Rorschach and Hazlewood, 1986 Ratkovic, 1987 Chapter 4). The basic principle of H-NMR is that each of two hydrogen nuclei in a water molecule possesses a single spin proton, which will cause the nucleus to produce an NMR signal. When an atom is placed in a magnetic field, the spin of its electrons will orient toward the direction of the applied magnetic field. This orientation produces a small local magnetic field at the nucleus that opposes the externally applied field, resulting in a smaller...\n\nSimons departs and solutions are sought\n\nThere he was assigned back to Wright Field just as the Korean War broke out and he would spend the next 30 months on duty in the Far East. Eventually he would return to Holloman as chief of the Space Biology Laboratory, but his involvement this time would be in the area of cosmic radiation exposure during high-altitude balloon flights.\n\nAre Alterations In The Apoptotic Machinery Determinants Of Drug Sensitivity\n\nP53 alterations appear to affect sensitivity to both ionizing radiation and drugs. Studies in tissue culture have led to the conclusion that p53 deficiency can render both ElA ras-transformed fibroblasts (265) and HCT116 colon cancer cells (266) resistant to the induction of apoptosis by various anticancer drugs in vitro. When the same cell lines are grown as xenografts, responses are diminished in the absence of p53. Consistent with these results, studies have also established that ionizing radiation or high-dose 5-fluorouracil induces less apoptosis in epithelial cells of the small and large intestines of p53+ + mice compared with that of p53+ + littermates (267,268). Collectively, these results suggest that changes in p53 status can affect drug sensitivity in at least some cell types. Information regarding the role of BH3-only protein alterations in drug resistance is likewise incomplete. In perhaps the best-studied example, Bim gene deletion not only renders murine thymocytes...\n\nAnimal Models of Lung Cancer\n\nConventional multimodality therapy for lung cancer incorporates surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy using a variety of clinical protocols dictated by the subtype and extent of disease. Theoretically, gene therapies may play important synergistic roles in augmenting the effectiveness of conventional approaches. For many such strategies, there already exists a scientific rationale to test them in combination with conventional multimodality therapy. For example, one may enhance the radiation-sensitivity or chemosensitivity of tumor cells (e.g., p53 or kBa gene therapy) 127, 128 or modify normal tissue susceptibility to cytoablative therapy (e.g., mucosal tissue protection by virtue of MDR-1 or bFGF gene transfer). Examples of synergism with the suicide gene therapy approaches have also been studied. The HSV thymidine kinase gene ganciclovir system induces radiation sensitivity into transduced tumor cells 129 , suggesting that these two forms of therapy can be combined to potentiate...\n\nRadiation Risks of Mammography\n\nA number of epidemiologic studies of adult women have contributed knowledge of the long-term risks of ionizing radiation to the female breast (Boice, 2001 Preston et al., 2002a UNSCEAR, 2000). Among these studies are those of Japanese atomic-bomb survivors (Shimizu et al., 1990 Thompson et al., 1994) female tuberculosis patients in Massachusetts who received multiple chest fluoroscopies in conjunction with artificial pneumothorax (Boice et al., 1991) a similar series of female tuberculosis patients in Canada (Howe and McLaughlin, 1996) women in New York State receiving radiotherapy for postpartum mastitis (Shore et al., 1986) and Swedish women receiving x-ray treatment for fibroadenomatosis and other benign breast conditions (Baral et al., 1977 Mattsson et al., 1993).\n\nGamma Rays and Detection\n\nMuseum Board Design\n\nIn the electromagnetic energy spectrum, the highest energy photons (shortest wavelength, highest frequency) are gamma rays. Gamma rays arise out of nuclear events during radioactive decay. For in vivo imaging purposes, the best gamma rays are of low energy, in the range of 100-511 keV. Gamma rays in this energy range can be efficiently stopped and therefore measured\n\nInteraction of radiation with matter\n\nRadiation is a form of energy and shows both electrical and magnetic characteristics, hence the term electromagnetic radiation (Figure 2.1). It can be considered as being composed of a stream of separate groups of electromagnetic waves and the energy associated with the radiation can be mathematically related to the waveform. Figure 2.1 Electromagnetic radiation. A representation of electromagnetic radiation with the electric field (E) and the magnetic field (M) at right angles to the direction of the wave movement. Both fields oscillate at the same frequency. Figure 2.1 Electromagnetic radiation. A representation of electromagnetic radiation with the electric field (E) and the magnetic field (M) at right angles to the direction of the wave movement. Both fields oscillate at the same frequency.\n\nRadium 223 Photon Energy\n\nRadial dose function 346, 348, 354 radial electric field 23 radial symmetry 378 radiation action 214 radiation damage 220, 226 radiation dose 380 radiation dosimetry 108 radiation effect 214-215, 296 radiation exposure 411 radiation hardness 225 radiation hormesis 421 radiation length 28 radiation product 209-210 radiation quality 329, 333 radiation track 209 radiation tree 223 radiation weighting factor 412 radiation worker 381, 417, 424 radiation-less transition 175 radiative capture 123, 126 radiative mass stopping power 82 width 125 2 07\n\n\nThe only established environmental risk factor for PTC is radiation exposure to the thyroid in childhood. In subjects with a childhood history of external irradiation to the head and neck region, PTC typically develops after a latency period of at least 5 years, reaching its peak incidence at about 20 years and then declining gradually in incidence after another 20 years. Besides external irradiation, the Chernobyl nuclear accident proved that radioactive isotopes of iodine also have a direct tumori-genic effect on the thyroid. In Belarus and Ukraine, PTC develops mostly in children who were younger than 10 years old at the time of the accident, with onset noted as early as 4 years after exposure.5\n\n\nThe genetic changes involved are likely to determine both the histologic appearance and the biologic behavior of the thyroid cancer. PTC appears to arise de novo within the thyroid gland as a result of receptor tyrosine kinase activation by RET or NTRK1 gene rearrangement. Intrachromosomal inversion of the RET proto-oncogene (chromosome 10q11.2) has been reported in 10 to 70 of PTCs, being found most commonly in tumors arising after exposure to ionizing radiation. Four types of RET rearrangements have been observed, designated RET PTC1 to RET PTC4, respectively (Figure 2-1). Constitutive RET activation occurs with these rearrangements, which is believed to play a direct role in carcinogene-sis.6 RET PTC variants are found in less than half of PTCs in the adult population, whereas the prevalence is 70 in children with radiation-induced PTC. Children with post-Chernobyl PTC showed a striking preponderance of the RET PTC3 gene and pheno-typic association with a solid variant...\n\n\nAmong patients with palpable thyroid nodules, the history is usually not helpful in detecting underlying thyroid malignancy. Symptoms such as hoarseness of voice, dysphagia, or shortness of breath are uncommon and suggest advanced malignancy. However, an increased risk for malignancy is recognized in individuals with a history of ionizing radiation exposure in childhood, appearance of nodules at an age younger than 20 years or older than 60 years, and the male sex in general. Virtually all patients with DTC are clini-\n\nThe Drake equation\n\nN R* x fp x ne x fl x fi x fc x L where N the number of civilisations in the galaxy from which electromagnetic emissions are detectable R* the rate of formation of stars that are compatible with the development of life fp the fraction of those stars that have planetary systems ne the number of planets with life-supporting environments orbiting each of these stars fl the fraction of these planets on which life appears fi the fraction of life-bearing planets on which intelligent life evolves fc the fraction of civilisations that develop an advanced technology, emitting detectable radio signals and L the length of time during which these civilisations release detectable signals.\n\nMeta Analysis\n\nEpidemiologic studies may have limited power to address the effects of exposures in a range that would be of concern for the general population Metaanalysis has been used to summarize data for the steps of hazard identification and dose-response assessment. It has been used increasingly as a tool for summarizing experimental and observational studies (Petitti 1994), and methods for epidemiologic data have been extensively reviewed (see Chapter 2) (Greenland 1987 Dickersin and Berlin 1992). For experimental data, meta-analysis of observational data provides a potentially more informative interpretation of the evidence when sampling variation and small studies have obscured the status of the evidence. Thus, statistical power for detecting an effect is gained and dose-response relationships can be described with greater precision. Meta-analysis has now been applied to a number of environmental agents including environmental tobacco smoke (US EPA 1992a), electromagnetic radiation (NRC...\n\nThe NMR Signal\n\nNMR measures the response of nuclear spins in a large, homogenous magnetic field to perturbations caused by the irradiation of electromagnetic fields in the radio-frequency range (Wider 1998). In practice, a sequence of radiofrequency pulses is applied, with the pulses being separated by interpulse time periods, tte response to such an NMR pulse sequence (Fig. 5.1) is the sum of the radiofrequencies that have been emitted by the nuclei.\n\n\nRapid advances in MDCT make evaluation of coronary artery involvement possible. Drawbacks of CT are radiation exposure and the risks inherent to iodinated contrast material MR evaluation is preferred for young patients undergoing serial evaluation of known aortic pathology.\n\nCostbenefit Issues\n\nThe drawbacks of CT are radiation exposure and use of iodinated contrast material. Radiation risk is certainly negligible in the case of elderly patients who undergo CT for suspected aortic dissection. However, younger patients undergoing unlimited follow-up examinations may experience significant radiation exposure, and MR imaging should be preferred in this patient population.\n\nRadiation Protection\n\nThe International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) aims to provide a general system of radiological protection that can be applied to any situation in which humans are, or are likely to be, exposed to radiation 1 , It publishes recommendations, the latest being ICRP 60 1 , which draw on scientific evidence as well as using value judgements to assess the relative risks of radiation exposure. For the sole purpose of expressing dose limits, Equivalent Dose and Effective Dose have been recommended by ICRP as being the best way to correlate radiation exposure with the risk of developing cancer.\n\nFigure 814\n\nRadionuclide cystogram demonstrating bilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). This method using 99mtechnetium pertechnetate is useful in detecting VUR. Advantages of radionuclide cystography include lower radiation exposure, less interference with overlying bowel contents and bones, and higher sensitivity in detection of VUR. Radionuclide cystography is useful in follow-up examinations of patients known to have VUR, as a screening test in asymptomatic siblings of children with reflux and girls with urinary tract infections, and in serial examinations of children with neuropathic bladders at risk for developing VUR. Disadvantages of this method include less anatomic detail and inadequacy in evaluating the male urethra, making it unsuitable for screening boys for urinary tract infections 7 .\n\n\nMRI was first used as a structural imaging technique that had better spatial resolution than CAT scans for many organs without any radiation exposure. Originally called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), MRI uses a strong magnetic field to align spinning protons in hydrogen atoms throughout the body into a north south orientation. The stronger the magnet, the greater number of protons are aligned. There is no subjective feeling of this alignment taking place while the person lies in the MRI scanner tube, surrounded by the powerful magnetic field. Radio frequencies are pulsed into the magnetic field very rapidly each pulse briefly throws protons out of the magnetic north south alignment but because the body is always in the magnetic field during the procedure, the protons realign immediately. As the protons lose and then regain alignment in the magnetic gradient, different radio frequencies that contain spatial information are produced. These frequencies are detected by antenna-like...\n\n\nIonizing radiation has the same effect as light on photographic film and the extent of blackening of the film is related to the amount of radiation. Autoradiography is particularly useful for demonstrating the location of radioactive isotopes in tissues or chromatograms (Figure 5.6).\n\nFigure 533\n\nRadiation nephropathy refers to damage to the kidney parenchyma and vasculature as a result of ionizing radiation 14 . Fortunately, this disease is relatively uncommon. It was more prevalent before meticulous detail to abdominal organ shielding was widely practiced or understood. Historically, patients receiving whole abdominal radiation therapy for lymphoma, seminoma, or other retroperitoneal tumors were the most likely to suffer the consequences of this disorder. Doses greater than 30 to 35 gray and single large fractions were likely to cause damage.\n\nPooled Analysis\n\nThe analyses of data from cohort studies of radon-exposed underground miners are illustrative. The dose-response relationship observed in the underground miners has been extended to the general population for the purpose of estimating the lung cancer risk associated with indoor radon. Dose-response relationships can be obtained from individual studies but variation exists among the studies in the magnitude of the estimated excess risk. To characterize the dose-response relationship between indoor radon and lung cancer, the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) IV Committee obtained data from four epidemiologic studies, including about 22,000 subjects who had experienced 350 lung cancer deaths during follow-up. The data were analyzed with regression methods to characterize the dose-response relationship. A linear model was used and the risks were found to decline with increasing time since exposure and increasing age at observation. With the completion of additional studies,...\n\nCell Death Pathways\n\nIt has been well established for many years that at least one other mode of cell death, that of mitotic catastrophe, is quite common, particularly in tumors that have been exposed to ionizing radiation. However, the basis for the cell choosing or preferring a particular mode of cell death is not understood, even at the most fundamental level. Relatively recently, at least one additional mode of cell death has been recognized, known as autophagy. Autophagy is a complex response because, unlike apoptosis or mitotic catastrophe, autophagy can function as a cytoprotective mechanism when initiated under certain modes of cell stress, such as nutrient deprivation. Finally, an area that is appropriately receiving renewed attention is a subspecies of apoptosis that is termed anoikis, or cell death subsequent to loss of adhesion to substratum. The ability of tumor cells to resist anoikis may provide the necessary survival advantage that permits a tumor cell to metastasize.\n\n\nIts ability to detect a cancer before the tumor mass becomes large enough to be palpable, thereby permitting early diagnosis. It has also been proven an invaluable tool to distinguish benign from malignant lesions and can facilitate prompt biopsy of cancers, while encouraging clinical observation (rather than biopsy) of many benign masses. Other breast imaging methods have, thus far, been considered less successful these include thermography, transillumination, ultrasonography, and MRI and MRS all of which do not utilize ionizing radiation. Computed tomography (Section 8.4) and digital mammography (Section 3.3) which use x rays, and therefore involve the potential risk of mammary carcinogenesis are being subjected to clinical investigation to determine their role in breast cancer diagnosis. Explanations of the principles of operation, a chronology of developments, and an extensive discussion of the limitations of each of these methods is contained in Sections 3.3 and 8.4.\n\n\nIn Egypt, irradiation with 0.04, 0.06 or 0.08 kGy completely inhibited sprouting in stored bulbs (El-Gizawy et al., 1993). In Poland, ionizing radiation at 0.05-0.06 kGy prevented onion sprouting and also inhibited reproduction and development of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Ignatowicz, 1998). When Polish onions were treated with 0.08 kGy gamma rays, a slight darkening of the apex occurred this did not affect the commercial value of the bulbs (Smierzchalska et al., 1988). The best results after irradiation and storage of cv. 'Sochaczewska' (89.5 marketable bulbs vs. 20.5 in non-irradiated bulbs) were found with 0.06 kGy treatment 1 month after harvest, followed by storage at 1 C (Gajewski, 1994).\n\nExtrahepatic disease\n\nAllows reformation of images in any plane without loss of resolution (isotropic) 59 . This technologic advance, allowing multiplanar postprocessing, puts CT on par with or ahead of (because of better spatial resolution) MR imaging. Nonetheless, a remaining advantage of MR imaging is the lack of ionizing radiation.\n\nVirtual colonoscopy\n\nPellet Ricin\n\nNumerous issues are evolving as the technology and approach undergo changes. Radiation-exposure can be quite low in a screening setting because of the intrinsic contrast between air and soft tissue. Typical doses for CTC are between 3.6 and 12.2 mSvforboth acquisitions 86 with microamperage as low as 10 mA being reported to produce diagnostic images 87 . Patient comfort studies compared with colonoscopy have varied, with generally good results in favor of high acceptance for CTC 88,89 . Reimbursement by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services continues to evolve based on evidence in the literature. Coverage varies with local\n\nObjective Methods\n\nImaging studies to assess long-term anorectal function in patients with ARM have been reported infrequently. Dynamic radiographic examination of the anorectal function by defecography has been used to objectively analyze anorectal function 44-46 , but has not gained widespread popularity, mainly because it is cumbersome and requires the full cooperation of the patients to provide valid information. Modern imaging modalities such as intra-anal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and MRI provide excellent information about the postoperative anatomy of an ARM. Anal ultrasound has been found to be a reliable tool in the evaluation of sphincter integrity in patients with repaired ARM 47,48 . Good sphincter anatomy at ultrasound is also correlated with good function 47 . CT provides good anatomical data concerning the relationship between a pulled-through bowel and the sphincter system 49 , but gives a high dose of ionizing radiation. Only a few studies have shown any correlation between...\n\nLight and Vision\n\nVision (sight) is the perception of objects in the environment by means of the light that they emit or reflect. Light is visible electromagnetic radiation. Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from about 400 to 750 nm. The ultraviolet (UV) radiation just below 400 nm and the infrared (IR) radiation just above 700 nm are invisible to us, although some animals can see a little farther into those ranges than we can. Most solar radiation that reaches the surface of the earth falls within this range radiation of shorter and longer wavelengths is generally filtered out by ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor in the atmosphere. Vision is thus adapted to take advantage of the radiation that is most available to us.\n\n\nAnimals would prove to be our bridge to the future. They gave substance to the vision. If humans could not yet travel in space, animals could. Their contribution has been profound and continuous. In a biological sense, from 1948 to I960 they were the space programmes. They were writing the future. In a host of laboratory and field tests, in high-altitude balloons and occupying the cramped nose cones of early rockets, animals became the test subjects for the U.S. and Soviet space programmes. To settle questions about acceleration, vibration, noise, radiation exposure, extremes of pressure and temperature, weightlessness and basic survival in sealed capsules, animals stood in for humans. To test the rockets, capsules, parachutes, recovery systems, environmental systems and satellites, animals gave their lives. We saw ourselves, and\n\nCurious Phenomenon\n\nBy January 1953, the cosmic-ray programme had become a function of the USAF Missile Development Center at Holloman, which would ensure it received better support than when it was just one of numerous programme activities being carried out at Wright Field. At Holloman, Simons recalled, he would serve as chief of the Space Biology Laboratory, exploring problems associated with cosmic radiation exposure to animals at high altitudes, using balloons.\n\n\nDiamond is essentially a macromolecular crystal made by sp3 hybridized carbon in which each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four other carbon atoms and the whole crystal possesses cubic symmetry with ao 0.356679 nm . The C-C bond is given by a 3 4 0.15545 nm which is the normal bond length for alkanes (Holliday et al. 1973 Greenwood and Earnshaw 1984). The strong bonding throughout the crystal makes diamond one of the hardest known substances. Its high boiling point and low coefficient of cubical expansion are due to this bonding. In the absence of impurities, there is a large energy gap (6 eV) between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals resulting in a colourless material that is an excellent electrical insulator. The presence of impurities (e.g., nitrogen or boron) or defect-induced by ionizing radiation may produce colour. Defects can be annealed from a diamond to a point, depending on the degree of radiation damage. Diamonds have two main classifications...\n\n\nUltrasonography employs mechanical energy (sound) rather than electromagnetic radiation to produce a pictorial representation of the internal structure of the breast. The image is produced by transmission of sound pulses into the breast and measurement of the returning echoes at later times, depending upon the depth of interfaces between different tissue types. The transducer functions as both transmitter and receiver. An attractive feature of sono-graphic imaging is that there are no known carcinogenic effects of ultrasound at the power levels employed for diagnostic purposes.\n\nWhere To Download EMF Protection\n\nThe legit version of EMF Protection is not distributed through other stores. An email with the special link to download the ebook will be sent to you if you ordered this version.\n\nDownload Now", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8591654300689697}
+{"content": "A WOMAN whose father died suddenly on Christmas Day, hopes to highlight the strain funeral costs can put on those left behind.\n\nTemucin Karagulle, who lived in Cwmbran, suffered a cardiac arrest on December 25 last year, and despite the best efforts of the emergency services he could not be saved. He was 51 years old.\n\nHis daughter Aishe, 23, from Pontypool, has now taken to crowdfunding website GoFundMe to help pay for her late father's funeral costs.\n\n\"Unfortunately it’s not something I have ever saved up for, and now I'm left struggling to find the money to pay,\" she explained.\n\n\"The only money that I have paid for the deposit for the funeral, and I need to find another £3,000 to pay the rest.\"\n\nSouth Wales Argus:\n\nAishe Karagulle\n\nMs Karagulle said that, because she is currently in full-time employment, she is not entitled to any government help to assist with the costs of the funeral.\n\n\"The only thing Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) can do is give him a simple funeral,\" she said.\n\n\"This is where no one is invited to the funeral and it’s just a burial.\n\n\"This is something I don’t want for my father as he deserves better than that.\"\n\n\nMs Karagulle described how she feels \"absolutely heartbroken\" at the loss of her father, who was originally from Turkey.\n\nBut she feels unable to grieve for him properly at the moment due to the worry and stress of having to find the money to give him a fitting send-off.\n\nDespite this, she is determined to highlight the effect a sudden bereavement can have on those left behind - financially as well as emotionally.\n\n\"Now that I am going through this, I can imagine how many more people have been in the same situation as me,\" she said.\n\n\"Many have gone in to debt just to bury a loved one.\n\n\"I think the system is very unfair when it comes to funeral help and I believe it’s about time something changed.\n\n\"Even though people work, when something unexpected like this happens it’s hard to raise the money. There is no help from the DWP as many do not come under their criteria.\"\n\nSetting up a GoFundMe page was a \"last resort\" for Ms Karagulle, but one which she hopes will give her the chance to put her father to rest.\n\nSouth Wales Argus:\n\nTemucin Karagulle with his daughter Aishe in happier times\n\n\"This is something I never thought I would have to do,\" she said.\n\n\"Whatever anyone gives, I am more than grateful.\"\n\nTo make a donation towards Mr Karagulle's funeral, visit gofundme.com/f/jsa5n-funeral-for-my-father", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.548999547958374}
+{"content": "The Fear I Carry\n\nBack to Article\nBack to Article\n\nThe Fear I Carry\n\nSenior Isabella Pedraza\n\nSenior Isabella Pedraza\n\nPhotograph by Courtesy I Pedraza\n\nSenior Isabella Pedraza\n\nPhotograph by Courtesy I Pedraza\n\nPhotograph by Courtesy I Pedraza\n\nSenior Isabella Pedraza\n\n\nEmail This Story\n\nAn Op Ed Submission by Isabella Pedraza\n\nIt’s 2018 and our nation is divided.\n\nWe’ve lost touch with the other side, refusing to listen to each other’s arguments and understand each other’s perspectives. Today’s political climate is filled with discord, accusations, and political figures that neglect the individuals they represent in order to further their political agenda.\n\nThe power of the individual becomes less and less important to the men and women who make decisions that directly impact us. Our representatives have forgotten the social contract and what it details.\n\nHow do we rise above national fear?\n\nWhen Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote the Social Contract, he feared that “… laws are always useful to those with possessions and harmful to those who have nothing; from which it follows that the social state is advantageous to men only when all possess something and none has too much.”\n\nHis fear was never meant to become a prediction of today’s policy. It makes me question my pride, trust, and faith to this country. It has made me question the legitimacy of the democratic process.\n\nDoes our Democracy create policy to benefit the people or the “those with possessions?”\n\nDoes our Democracy that was built upon freedom, equality, and justice still protect those that need it most?\n\nThe answer is clear: Democracy has failed my generation, my people, and myself.  When there is an overwhelming sentiment that as a community, we are being ignored, something is wrong.  When there is a feeling that unless you are a corporation, a person with money, or a family friend, reaching out to your representative is pointless, something is wrong.\n\nWhen there is a fear that our bodies, our individual freedom, our safety is no longer being protected, something is wrong.\n\nAs a woman, as a Latina, as a citizen of the United States, I feel helpless.\n\nAs a Miami Country Day School student, I am always questioning how we respond to national sentiments.\n\nI appreciate the efforts certain faculty and social groups have made to discuss contemporary issues. Their determination to bring understanding, awareness, and integrity to our community gives me a sense of hope, a sense of change.  \n\nYet, as proud as I am of MCDS, I am disappointed.\n\nI understand that by attending this school, I am privileged.\n\nI am a minority who experiences a quality education.\n\nI am a minority who sees college as the next step in life.\n\nI am a minority who feels safe enough to not fear for my body.\n\nMy family, through their hard work have created a rarity: a privileged female Latina.\n\n\nI say I am disappointed because one would expect in such a privileged school an atmosphere of intellectualism, tolerance, and respect for each other’s opinions. Yet, the same division that plagues our nation divides our school.  \n\nPart of my frustration stems from the fact that the organizations that were created to promote discussion, such as Pizza with a Point, are seen by many as theatrics: instead of attending to speak about contemporary issues, students attend Pizza with a Point to see “drama unfold.”\n\nThis “drama,” like today’s current political situation, stems from the fact both sides consider each other wrong, calling each other “social-justice warriors” or “anti-progress.” The lack of understanding we have towards each other does not allow us to improve ourselves as politically aware citizens.\n\nAnother reason for my disappointment is the fact that in Pizza with a Point, those with opposing views either don’t attend or never say anything, but continue to say things outside of Pizza with a Point that others find hurtful.\n\nWhen MCDS students are faced with criticism, many choose to respond with aggression, disrespect, and lack of understanding rather than listen to the message it must carry. I understand that this op-ed may be faced with these same reactions. But even so, I choose to write this because, unlike many, I know I have the power to make my voice be heard.\n\nAnd so, as a community, I would like for us to ponder on these next statements.\n\nPerhaps, because of our privilege, we’ve become desensitized to the rest of the world around us.\n\nPerhaps, because of our privilege, we believe that the issues that affect millions of Americans don’t apply to “us” .\n\nPerhaps, because of our privilege, we forget that we are the ones given the opportunity to make a difference in the communities we represent.\n\nTake a minute. Internalize this.\n\nLet us not forget where we come from. Let us not forget what our families have done for us. Let us not forget the power we wield to make America a better place.\n\nEDITOR’S NOTE: The content of both The Spartacus and Spartan TV is determined by the staff and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of Miami Country Day School’s faculty, administration, advisers or student body. Letters to the editor and guest commentaries may be published in excerpts or full at the discretion of the editorial staff.  The views, thoughts and opinions expressed in letters, excerpts and guest columns are the writer’s alone and do not necessarily reflect those of any other party, including the opinions or policies of the staff. The editors review all submissions including letters to the editors, advertising, guest commentaries and reserve the right to edit, publish and refuse material. Reasons for refusal can include length, clarity, libel, obscenity, and/or material disruption of the educational process at Miami Country Day School.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6730206608772278}
+{"content": "\n\nFederal Transfer Payments and how they affect healthcare funding in Canada\n\nThe Canadian fiscal transfer system is relatively simple and designed to address fiscal imbalances arising from economic differences across provinces and territories that are related to per capita income and natural resource endowments.\n\nWhy workers over 65 years of age should be entitled to employer health plans too\n\nImagine having your private health insurance — dental, vision, prescription drug, life, travel and disability coverage — suddenly terminated by your employer at age 65 while you’re still working for them, and just when you may really need it.\n\nWhy private health insurance coverage in Canada needs a review\n\nLast week, the media carried a story about a nine-year-old boy in New Brunswick who was denied private health coverage because of his weight (at 5 foot 2 inches and 135 pounds). His family were shocked – as were many reading the story – that a child could be denied private health coverage in Canada.\n\n\n\nWhy American doctors are calling for Canadian-style medicare\n\n\nFive challenges for bending the healthcare cost curve in Canada\n\n\nHow to eliminate MRI wait lists in the public health system\n\n\nWhy one of Canada’s big banks is calling for greater income equality\n\n\nNew hospital funding model is a leap of faith\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9874220490455627}
+{"content": "Clinical Characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in African American Children\n\n26th June 2018OffByRiseNews\n\nComedy and tragedy masks without background. Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania. Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental clinical Characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in African American Children that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood. The causes are not clearly understood, but both environmental and genetic factors play a role.\n\nMany genes of small effect contribute to risk. Treatment commonly includes psychotherapy as well as medications such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics. The most common age at which symptoms begin is 25. Mania is the defining feature of bipolar disorder and can occur with different levels of severity. With milder levels of mania, known as hypomania, individuals are energetic, excitable, and may be highly productive. People with hypomania or mania may experience a decreased need of sleep, impaired judgment, and speak excessively and very rapidly. Manic individuals often have a history of substance abuse developed over years as a form of “self-medication”.\n\n\nThe onset of a manic or depressive episode is often foreshadowed by sleep disturbances. Mood changes, psychomotor and appetite changes, and an increase in anxiety can also occur up to three weeks before a manic episode develops. Hypomania may feel good to some persons who experience it, though most people who experience hypomania state that the stress of the experience is very painful. Bipolar people who experience hypomania, however, tend to forget the effects of their actions on those around them.\n\nEven when family and friends recognize mood swings, the individual will often deny that anything is wrong. The earlier the age of onset, the more likely the first few episodes are to be depressive. Since a diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many affected individuals are initially misdiagnosed as having major depression and then incorrectly treated with prescribed antidepressants. In bipolar disorder, mixed state is a condition during which symptoms of both mania and depression occur simultaneously. Individuals experiencing a mixed state may have manic symptoms such as grandiose thoughts while simultaneously experiencing depressive symptoms such as excessive guilt or feeling suicidal. Associated features are clinical phenomena that often accompany the disorder but are not part of the diagnostic criteria. In adults with the condition, bipolar disorder is often accompanied by changes in cognitive processes and abilities.\n\nThe causes of bipolar disorder likely vary between individuals and the exact mechanism underlying the disorder remains unclear. 80 percent of the risk of developing the disorder indicating a strong hereditary component. Although the first genetic linkage finding for mania was in 1969, the linkage studies have been inconsistent. Due to the inconsistent findings in GWAS, multiple studies have undertaken the approach of analyzing SNPs in biological pathways. Findings point strongly to heterogeneity, with different genes being implicated in different families. Advanced paternal age has been linked to a somewhat increased chance of bipolar disorder in offspring, consistent with a hypothesis of increased new genetic mutations. Environmental factors play a significant role in the development and course of bipolar disorder, and individual psychosocial variables may interact with genetic dispositions.\n\nIt is probable that recent life events and interpersonal relationships contribute to the onset and recurrence of bipolar mood episodes, just as they do for unipolar depression. Less commonly, bipolar disorder or a bipolar-like disorder may occur as a result of or in association with a neurological condition or injury. Manic and depressive episodes tend to be characterized by ventral versus dorsal dysfunction in the ventral prefrontal cortex. During attentional tasks and resting, mania is associated with decreased Orbitofrontal cortex activity, while depression is associated with increased resting metabolism. Euthymic bipolar people show decreased activity in the lingual gyrus, while people who are manic demonstrate decreased activity in the inferior frontal cortex, while no differences were found in people with bipolar depression.\n\nOne proposed model for bipolar suggests that hypersensitivity of reward circuits consisting of fronto-striatal circuits causes mania and hyposensitivity of these circuits cause depression. Some of the brain components which have been proposed to play a role are the mitochondria and a sodium ATPase pump. Dopamine, a known neurotransmitter responsible for mood cycling, has been shown to have increased transmission during the manic phase. Glutamate is significantly increased within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, and returns to normal levels once the phase is over.\n\nKids’ & Children’s Shoes\n\nMedications used to treat bipolar may exert their effect by modulating intracellular signaling, such as through depleting myo-inositol levels, inhibition of cAMP signaling, and through altering G coupled proteins. Decreased levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a byproduct of serotonin, are present in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with bipolar disorder during both the depressed and manic phases. Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during adolescence or early adulthood, but onset can occur throughout the life cycle. There are several other mental disorders with symptoms similar to those seen in bipolar disorder. Bipolar spectrum disorders includes: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and cases where subthreshold symptoms are found to cause clinically significant impairment or distress. Unipolar hypomania without accompanying depression has been noted in the medical literature.\n\nThe DSM and the ICD characterize bipolar disorder as a spectrum of disorders occurring on a continuum. I, but are unnecessary for the diagnosis. Bipolar II disorder: No manic episodes and one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more major depressive episode. Cyclothymia: A history of hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet criteria for major depressive episodes. When relevant, specifiers for peripartum onset and with rapid cycling should be used with any subtype. Individuals who have subthreshold symptoms that cause clinically significant distress or impairment, but do not meet full criteria for one of the three subtypes may be diagnosed with other specified or unspecified bipolar disorder.\n\nMost people who meet criteria for bipolar disorder experience a number of episodes, on average 0. 7 per year, lasting three to six months. Rapid cycling, however, is a course specifier that may be applied to any of the above subtypes. It is defined as having four or more mood disturbance episodes within a one-year span and is found in a significant proportion of individuals with bipolar disorder. There are a number of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic techniques used to treat bipolar disorder. Individuals may use self-help and pursue recovery.\n\nExamples of Core Courses\n\nHospitalization may be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. Psychotherapy is aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed emotion in relationships, recognizing prodromal symptoms before full-blown recurrence, and, practicing the factors that lead to maintenance of remission. Lithium is often used to treat bipolar disorder and has the best evidence for reducing suicide. A number of medications are used to treat bipolar disorder. The medication with the best evidence is lithium, which is an effective treatment for acute manic episodes, preventing relapses, and bipolar depression. Lithium and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid are used as mood stabilizers to treat bipolar disorder.\n\nAntipsychotic medications are effective for short-term treatment of bipolar manic episodes and appear to be superior to lithium and anticonvulsants for this purpose. Atypical antipsychotics are also indicated for bipolar depression refractory to treatment with mood stabilizers. Antidepressants are not recommended for use alone in the treatment of bipolar disorder and have not been found to be of any benefit over that found with mood stabilizers. Short courses of benzodiazepines may be used in addition to other medications until mood stabilizing become effective. Contrary to widely held views, stimulants are relatively safe in bipolar disorder, and considerable evidence suggests they may even produce an antimanic effect. In cases of comorbid ADHD and bipolar, stimulants may help improve both conditions. Several studies have suggested that omega 3 fatty acids may have beneficial effects on depressive symptoms, but not manic symptoms.\n\n\nHowever, only a few small studies of variable quality have been published and there is not enough evidence to draw any firm conclusions. A lifelong condition with periods of partial or full recovery in between recurrent episodes of relapse, bipolar disorder is considered to be a major health problem worldwide because of the increased rates of disability and premature mortality. Compliance with medications is one of the most significant factors that can decrease the rate and severity of relapse and have a positive impact on overall prognosis. Early recognition and intervention also improve prognosis as the symptoms in earlier stages are less severe and more responsive to treatment. Onset after adolescence is connected to better prognoses for both genders, and being male is a protective factor against higher levels of depression.\n\nDespite the overly ambitious goals that are frequently part of manic episodes, symptoms of mania undermine the ability to achieve these goals and often interfere with an individual’s social and occupational functioning. One third of people with BD remain unemployed for one year following a hospitalization for mania. Bipolar disorder can cause suicidal ideation that leads to suicidal attempts. Individuals whose bipolar disorder begins with a depressive or mixed affective episode seem to have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of suicide. Burden of bipolar disorder around the world: disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability worldwide and has a lifetime prevalence of about 3 percent in the general population.\n\n14. Egg Fried Rice in a Mug\n\nHowever, a reanalysis of data from the National Epidemiological Catchment Area survey in the United States suggested that 0. There are conceptual and methodological limitations and variations in the findings. The incidence of bipolar disorder is similar in men and women as well as across different cultures and ethnic groups. Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of bipolar disorder.\n\nOne study also found that in 10 percent of bipolar cases, the onset of mania had happened after the patient had turned 50. Variations in moods and energy levels have been observed as part of the human experience throughout history. The words “melancholia”, an old word for depression, and “mania” originated in Ancient Greece. Within the humoral theories, mania was viewed as arising from an excess of yellow bile, or a mixture of black and yellow bile. The linguistic origins of mania, however, are not so clear-cut.\n\nBook House\n\nIn the early 1800s, French psychiatrist Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol’s lypemania, one of his affective monomanias, was the first elaboration on what was to become modern depression. Kahlbaum’s concept of cyclothymia, categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients. DSM in 1952, influenced by the legacy of Adolf Meyer. There are widespread problems with social stigma, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Several dramatic works have portrayed characters with traits suggestive of the diagnosis that has been the subject of discussion by psychiatrists and film experts alike. On April 7, 2009, the nighttime drama 90210 on the CW network, aired a special episode where the character Silver was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. A link between mental illness and professional success or creativity has been suggested, including in accounts by Socrates, Seneca the Younger, and Cesare Lombroso.\n\nDespite prominence in popular culture, the link between creativity and bipolar has not been rigorously studied. In the 1920s, Emil Kraepelin noted that manic episodes are rare before puberty. In general, bipolar disorder in children was not recognized in the first half of the twentieth century. This issue diminished with an increased following of the DSM criteria in the last part of the twentieth century. While in adults the course of bipolar disorder is characterized by discrete episodes of depression and mania with no clear symptomatology between them, in children and adolescents very fast mood changes or even chronic symptoms are the norm.\n\nGoal and Purpose\n\nThe diagnosis of childhood bipolar disorder is controversial, although it is not under discussion that the typical symptoms of bipolar disorder have negative consequences for minors suffering them. Drug prescription usually consists in mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics. Current research directions for bipolar disorder in children include optimizing treatments, increasing the knowledge of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the pediatric disorder and improving diagnostic criteria. There is a relative lack of knowledge about bipolar disorder in late life. The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders”. DSM IV Criteria for Manic Episode”.\n\nEfficacy and Safety of Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder”. The American journal of managed care. Caregiver burden in bipolar hypomania and mania: a systematic review”. The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review”. Characteristics and duration of mania: implications for continuation treatment”. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilizer and second generation antipsychotic monotherapy for acute mania—a systematic review and meta-analysis”.\n\nDownload the free Valentine’s Day printables in English here!\n\nBipolar disorder and substance misuse: pathological and therapeutic implications of their comorbidity and cross-sensitisation”. Grandiose delusions: a review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives”. Assessment of mood: Guides for clinicians”. Overlapping prefrontal systems involved in cognitive and emotional processing in euthymic bipolar disorder and following sleep deprivation: a review of functional neuroimaging studies”.\n\nThe ascent into mania: a review of psychological processes associated with the development of manic symptoms”. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Bipolar II Disorder Symptoms and Signs”. Archived from the original on December 9, 2010.\n\n10 Companies Where Everyone Works From Home\n\nTreatment of the depressive phase of bipolar affective disorder: a review”. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder Second Edition”. APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches. Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression”. Differentiating bipolar disorders from major depressive disorders: treatment implications”. Bipolar mixed states: an international society for bipolar disorders task force report of symptom structure, course of illness, and diagnosis”. Cognitive dysfunction in major depression and bipolar disorder: Assessment and treatment options”.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.976367712020874}
+{"content": "Previous Next\n\n\nChange the background to your favorite picture or color, and position and size the background picture on the desktop.\n\n\nOpen the display properties.\n\nSelect the desktop.\n\nThis completes the desktop.\n\n\nMy Dell laptop has a Dell background.\n\nChange the background picture to bliss.\n\nIt frames bliss in the center of the desktop.\n\nThe desktop has a lot of background pictures.\n\n\nFrame the picture in the center of the desktop.\n\nStretch the picture to cover the whole desktop.\n\nRepeat the picture all over the desktop, kind of like tiles on a kitchen floor.\n\nThis completes the position.\n\n\nChange the background to any picture on the computer.\n\nIt opens the file browser.\n\nIf you don't know how file browsing works, don't worry, we'll learn about it later.\n\n\nChange the background color to green.\n\nThis is the green background.\n\nThere are more colors.\n\nIt opens the other colors.\n\nIt closes the other colors.\n\nThis is the dark blue background.\n\nThe desktop has a lot of background colors.\n\nPrevious Next", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8571955561637878}
+{"content": "The Escuminac sedimentary formation is distinguished by several characteristic rock types that have been found in all the outcrops studied so far. The formation shows little variation at the regional scale, which supports the idea that areas where the Escuminac Formation is exposed today were all part of a much larger sedimentary system.\n\nThe Escuminac Formation consists mainly of sand and clay rock beds. Each of these layers lined the bottom of the Miguasha estuary at one time or another. Within the cliff protected by the park, sandy and clayey beds alternate, forming a sequence about 120 metres thick.\n\nIn a general way, the sedimentary features in the sandy layers reflect the times of highest current energy within the ancient sedimentary environment. The Escuminac primary sedimentary structures – geological features that formed while the sediments were being deposited – include current ripples, horizontal laminations, tool marks and flute casts. Tool marks are seen on the lower bed surface and represent the traces left behind as objects were tugged along by the current. Flute casts, also present on the lower bed surface, form when flowing water scours localized depressions in the sediment. If tool marks and flute casts are found in the same bed, sedimentologists deduce that a turbidity current was responsible. A turbidity current is the sudden arrival of sediments in a turbulent current that moves swiftly down an underwater slope. Rocks formed by the sediments deposited during such events are called turbidites. Common in the Escuminac Formation, turbidites often contain entombed animals that were caught in the path of the turbulent flow.\n\nConversely, clay beds denote a calmer environment, with barely any water movement. A very finely layered clay-rich rock known as laminite is particularly abundant in the lower third of the Escuminac formation. The laminites are characterized by alternating layers fine and coarse sand, no layer being thicker than 1 mm. The laminite beds easily split into thinner, flat layers, and are often fossil-rich. They reflect small cyclical variations in sedimentation.\n\nAmong other sedimentary structures, desiccation cracks are worth mentioning. At the base of the Escuminac Formation, these desiccation structures are evidence of sporadic exposure to air. Rounded concretions, often containing fossils, are also noteworthy; these form by bacterial action around the remains of decomposing organic matter, and are particularly common in the middle of the Escuminac Formation.\n\nThe main Escuminac Formation outcrop is exposed on the southwest part of Miguasha Point. It is possible to follow the gently inclined layers for more than three kilometres along the cliff, at which point they plunge under the Carboniferous conglomerates and red sandstones of the Bonaventure Formation to the northeast. They resurface at the eastern border of the Municipality of Nouvelle, where the Ristigouche Syncline terminates. They are exposed again about forty kilometres farther east, at the end of the valley of the Grande Cascapédia River near New Richmond.\nMiguasha National Park\n\n© Miguasha National Park 2007\n\nTeachers' Centre Home Page | Find Learning Resources & Lesson Plans", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7690299153327942}
+{"content": "Synthesis and Properties of Dendrimers Possessing the Same Fluorophore(s) Located Either Peripherally or Off-Center\n\nTwo series of phosphorus dendrimers functionalized by maleimide derivatives are synthesized, as well as three new monomeric maleimide derivatives, of which two are characterized by X-ray diffraction. The first series of phosphorus dendrimers possesses maleimide derivatives as end groups (6−48, from generation 0 to generation 3). The second series of dendrimers possesses a single copy of the same maleimide derivative linked “off-center” to a cyclotriphosphazene core, leading to dissymmetrical dendrimers; this series is synthesized from generation 0 to generation 2. The fluorescence properties of both series of dendrimers and of monomers are studied, affording new information. First, the presence of labile hydrogen extinguishes the fluorescence. Second, the grafting of the fluorophore(s) directly to the core affords highly fluorescent compounds. Finally, an original influence of the branches possessing phosphorhydrazone linkages toward the fluorescence properties is shown.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5724234580993652}
+{"content": "Student Gallery\nNuvu X What is NuVuX Offerings Partners\nReset Password\nPost from Innovation Camp for Educators 2015\n\nInnovation Camp for Educators 2015 | Info\n\n  • Body extentions can be understoood through three conceptual thematic areas, Perception, Thresholds, and Reach. An aligned with each theme differs in its stance to the world, and an extention may have qualities of multiple themes.\n\n    • Perception -  Sensory understanding of the world. This can include how we understand, process, and respond to stimulae on a micro, macro, or social scale.\n    • Thresholds - Relational Understanding of the world. The actual percieved and social boundaries between people. This includes how we define and occupy space and the resulting social relationships. \n    • Reach - Interaction with the world. Physicality from which we experience and manipulate our internal and external enviroments. This is how we conciously exert our will on and physically interact with the world.\n\n    Keeping in mind both the themes above and the precedents discussed, design a body extension that mitigates a social, mental or neurological or physical condition. The exploration should align itself thematically and may be an alteration, extention, or amplification which addressed the condition.\n\n    As you research the conditions, consider where they fit on the spectrum of internal and external, corporeal and incorporeal, physical and perceptive, etc.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9749432802200317}
+{"content": "Easy learning with example program codes\n\nProofs by Induction\n\n\nProofs by Induction\n\nIn this section, we’ll be learning about the mathematical induction which proves that a specific statement holds true for all the integers that are positive.\n\nNow, first let’s make a rough guess at the formula, giving us the sum of all positive integers, ranging from 1 to n for any value of the integer “n”. From the Gauss’s formula, you can conclude in a general form that if there are 100 numbers, then there’ll be 50 pairs. So, if n numbers will be in action, then, (n/2) pairs will be out there.\n\n1 and 100 were the first and endmost numbers. And together when they are added results in the sum of 101. 101 number was sum of each of the pairs in their total sum. Thus, we may speculate that sum of first “n” positive integers results in n((1 +n)/2).\n\nAlthough, this formula operates for all the “n” positive integers.\n\nSummarized Induction’s Idea:\n\nAssuming the statement holds true for – a few of the arbitrary n values, and in addition, shows that if statement for n = k is true, then it must be true for the value n = k+1, also.\n\nThe above process is in use as you can’t actually predict or prove to them that it holds true and precise for each of the values. Let’s say, n = 500, then n = 501, and then n = 502, however then can you answer, what’ll be about the numbers 503? 504? 1000?, a million, a trillion?\n\nThe Mathematical Induction let’s you to prove a statement whose existence is true in basic 3 steps:\n\nStep 1: Base Case\n\nTo prove that statement is true or in a way correct for n’s first value. Considering some of the cases, this may result as, n = 0.\n\nIn the case of the formula for sum of integers, given above, we would be starting with the value, n = 1.\n\nOften concerning induction, you might be wanting to extend step I so as to show that a statement holds true for various n values.\n\nStep 2: Inductive Hypothesis\n\nSupposing that a statement does holds true n’s kth value. In the condition regarding the formula for sum the integers, we will be stating the following that – first ‘k’ positive integers’s sum is k((1 + k)/2).\n\nStep 3: Inductive Step\n\nMake use of inductive hypothesis for representing that a statement holds true for k+1 step. In this case pointing out “integer sum formula”, we’ll be verifying-\n\nLet us take the sum of the 1st k integers which are positive i.e. is k((1 + k)/2), and the sum of 1st k +1 positive integers = ((k + 1) (1 + (k + 1)/2).\n\nCarrying out this kind of proof requires that you perform each of these steps., For the third step in particular you must rely on your algebra skills.\n\n  • Let n = k + 1.\n  • Then 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … + k + (k + 1)\n  • [the left-hand side of (*)]\n  • = [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … + k] + k + 1\n  • [from part three]\n  • = [(k)(k+1)/2] + k + 1\n  • [our assumption]\n  • = [(k)(k+1)/2] + 2(k+1)/2\n  • [common denominator]\n  • = (k)(k+1)+2(k+1)/2\n  • [adding fractions]\n  • = (k+2)(k+1)/2\n  • [simplifying]\n  • = ((k+1)+1)(k+1)/2\n  • [restating in “k + 1″ form]\n\n\nHence, bringing this very proof type needs that you must follow each of these steps which are mentioned above.\n\nNote: For the 3rd step specifically, you should be relying on the algebra skills of yours.\n\nPlease follow and like us:\nPosted in A2   \n\nCopyright © 2020 CodesJava Protection Status", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5755358934402466}
+{"content": "What is passive voice, and why are you told to avoid it?\nAll the posts I mentioned at the York Festival of Writing 2014\n\nAll the posts I mentioned at HNS London 2014\n\nIt's just been London's turn for the Historical Novel Society Conference, and as part of a packed programme, Suzannah Dunn and I were asked to give a workshop on \"Figures of Speech: Recreating Past Voices\". That too, was packed: it's just as well no one else turned up or we'd have had people sitting on the floor!\n\nAs is the way, I found myself referring quite often to posts on the blog, so here's a roundup of the ones I remember, and any others which seem relevant. Do say in the comments if I've missed any, or there are any others that would be useful, and I'll add them.\n\nHEARING VOICES : what is voice, and why does it matter so much?\n\n19 QUESTIONS TO ASK (and ask again) ABOUT VOICE : whether you're having trouble finding the voice for a project, or had feedback that it's not distinctive enough.\n\nCHARACTERISATION-IN-ACTION : how to develop your characters-in-action and make sure their journey is really compelling.\n\nPSYCHIC DISTANCE: what it is and how to use it : the key business of how far inside or outside a character's head the narrative goes, and what that means about voice. Sometimes I think this one has been responsible for more lightbulb moments among my students than all other topics put together.\n\nFREE INDIRECT STYLE : what it is and how to use it : the huge advantage we have over the playwrights and scriptwriters: how the narrative voice and the characters' voices interpenetrate.\n\n\"REIMAGINING IMPLIES SOME MEASURE OF FORGETTING\"  The Rose Tremain quote, and the business of turning inert data into live storytelling.\n\nPOINT OF VIEW AND NARRATORS: Part three: Storytellers and external narrators, and links to the rest of this series on PoV and narrators.\n\nWHERE IS YOUR NARRATOR STANDING? relative to the events of the story? And other questions to ask your novel\n\nI think that's everything - let me know if there are any others. And while we're at it, here are a couple of posts specifically about historical fiction:\n\n\n\nWHEN DO YOU STOP BUILDING THE WORLD FOR YOUR READER and get on with writing the story?\n\nI hope that helps. Next stop for us hist fickers, the Harrogate History Festival, at the end of October.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999947547912598}
+{"content": "Amazon Prime Mini-Review – The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (Season 3)\n\nMidge Maisel is back and her career is taking off for real.\n\nSUMMARY (Spoiler-Free)\n\nAt the end of the last season, Midge. Maisel (Rachel Brosnahan) was asked by singer Shy Baldwin (Leroy McClain) to be his opening act on tour through the US and Europe, including the USO. This proves to be a good move for her, as she starts to get exposed to larger venues in Las Vegas and Miami, but takes a massive toll on her personal life and family life. Meanwhile, Susie (Alex Borstein), her manager, is attempting to help her new client, Sophie Lennon (Jane Lynch), with her dream of becoming a legitimate dramatic actress. However, Sophie’s superstar personality makes everything difficult. Abe and Rose Weissman (Tony Shalhoub and Marin Hinkle), Midge’s parents, are dealing with losing their apartment and Abe’s career after he quit in protest during the last season. They’re forced to move in with Moishe and Shirley Maisel (Kevin Pollak and Caroline Aaron), the parents of Midge’s ex-husband Joel (Michael Zegen). Joel, meanwhile, is dealing with trying to open a nightclub over a gambling den in Chinatown.\n\nMrsMaisel - 1USO\nFeel the love.\n\n\nThis season is the first time that we really start to get an idea that just getting the break isn’t enough. Midge has clearly gotten her big break with Shy Baldwin, but she now has to deal with all of the work of actually having an audience and a venue and how it impacts her life. She’s chosen her career over her fiancé Benjamin (Zachary Levi) because it makes her happy, but that doesn’t mean she doesn’t regret things. She also spends a lot of time questioning her decision because it makes her unable to see her kids. It’s a good demonstration of the cost of success. \n\nMrsMaisel - 2Miami\nLike dealing with Floridians. High cost of fame.\n\nWe also see Susie dealing with being successful for the first time in her life, managing to beg, borrow, threaten, and lie her client Sophie into a role as a lead on a highly-anticipated Broadway play. It’s made all the more frustrating because Sophie, who usually just plays the same comic character in her act, cannot bring herself to work well with others at first. I have to give credit to Borstein and Lynch, because their interplay is a damned-near-perfect representation of a person trying to direct a big personality who is used to getting their way. Having dealt with those in a number of capacities, watching Susie clearly suppress the reasonable urge to punch someone who is trying to ruin their own life was spot-on.\n\nMrsMaisel - 3Sophie.jpg\nIt’s horrifying to watch rich people fail and realize they can’t really “fail.”\n\nMost of the other plotlines are pretty entertaining, although none of them are really compelling. Abe Weissman’s character devolves a little as he loses his purpose and struggles to deal with how the “revolution” has changed since his youth. Rose is inspired to be more independent by Midge, but then kind of resents her for it. Joel dates a girl who runs a gambling den. All of them have some laughs, but I just never really cared about them much. \n\nOverall, I’m still enjoying the show, but it maybe needs to figure out what to do with everyone but Midge and Susie. \n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7004868984222412}
+{"content": "Home » SEO Strategies » SEO Insights » How SEO Has Changed from 10 Years Ago to 2017 (Post Fred & Feb 7 Update)\n\n\nHow SEO Has Changed\n\nSEO has changed significantly over the past decade, transforming from a simple understanding of algorithms into a discipline unto its own. Search engine optimization today primarily deals with machine-learning, context-sensitive systems that are intentionally designed not to be fooled. Spam, over-optimized pages, and to a certain extent even keywords are all becoming defunct in the modern era.\n\nGoogle’s Quality Update in 2011\n\nThe face of modern search engine optimization began to change in 2011, with the Google Panda update. In prior years, search engines had relied purely upon search term relevancy. Users would enter in queries and the search engine would simply try to return sites that were most relevant to those queries. In practice, this made it fairly easy for search engine optimizers to game the system. In a simple context, someone looking for “socks” would simply be looking for the website that mentioned “socks” the most. Panda update changed all of this. Instead of simply targeting relevant websites, Google’s update attempted to determine the actual quality of that website. Instead of just posting relevant results, Google wanted to post high-quality, high-influence results. Google was able to leverage its PageRank system to cut down on unhelpful websites and was able to move low quality and duplicated content to the bottom of the results queries. But Google wasn’t yet done.\n\nGoogle’s Penguin Update in 2012\n\nThe Google Penguin update was believed to impact only approximately 3.1% of the search queries on Google, but it was targeting a specific area: websites that were posting spam and using black hat SEO techniques. Following the Panda update, the Penguin update was able to greatly improve the overall quality of search results. In this way, Google was able to dissuade many techniques such as keyword stuffing. Since 2012, Google’s spam algorithm has been updated multiple times, each time targeted at taking out “low value” content from the search engine giant. This has made it more difficult for marketers to quickly deploy websites and gain traffic using tricks; instead they have to focus on high quality content.\n\nWhat Hummingbird in 2013 Was All About\n\nHummingbird was an algorithm update that primarily affected conversational search. For instance, if you were to say “Where is the closest dealership to buy a Hyundai?” A traditional search engine would look for keywords such as “dealership,” “Hyundai” and “buy.” Hummingbird’s purpose was to find the actual meaning behind the words, understand the sentiment and intent of the user. Users speak very differently out loud than they type, which leads to longer tail keywords with more sentiment cues and semantic relation. Additionally, the algorithm couples these contextual cues with location data to effectively serve geographically relevant search results.\n\nThe Mobilegeddon Updates\n\nIn May of 2015, Google released a new algorithm intended to derank websites in mobile search results that were not mobile friendly. Google’s reasoning for this was to provide a better user experience for their search engine users. In addition to insuring the website was mobile responsive, this algorithm update also focused on technical factors like mobile page load times, render blocking javascript and mobile user experience. This wasn’t the end of Mobilegeddon. Google released a second round of the algorithm in 2016 to scrub search results once more of websites with poor mobile user experiences. The focus has more emphasis on technical factors, providing factors like mobile page load times with more weight.\n\nMachine Learning and Rank Brain\n\nGoogle announces a new machine learning algorithm running in real-time is released several months after launching, contributing to the 3rd most influential ranking factor. *Note: It is believed that the actual launch was closer to spring 2015.\n\nFebruary 6, 2017 and Fred (Unofficial Name)\n\nPerhaps the most paramount algorithm updates in several years, causing enormous commotion throughout the online SEO community. The February 6th update was believed to have been focused on targeting websites with low quality content and other user experience signals based on Google’s Quality Rating Guidelines.\nShortly after, another update, unofficially dubbed Fred, shook the SEO world which was specifically believed to be focused on low quality content.\n\nHow SEO Has Changed Due to Google\n\nFollowing Google’s updates, it’s become necessary for websites to maintain strictly high-quality content. Websites are now rated not only on relevancy but also on trust; websites that have a high level of authority are far more likely to be returned first on search engine results. Further, marketers need to be aware that it’s easier than ever to become black-listed on Google’s search engine. A strict adherence to Google’s terms of service is absolutely necessary for marketers who want to keep their sites healthy. Marketers need to be aware of how SEO has changed and the current best practices. SEO is no longer a matter of simply inserting keywords and long-tail keywords, or ensuring that the website is appropriately crawled. Instead, SEO has become a mission of understanding the content that Google wants: long-form, high-quality content that is distributed through multiple social media channels and links. By building trust and authority, domains are able to quickly improve upon their search engine rankings.\n\nBy |2017-04-27T23:09:38+00:00April 27th, 2017|Categories: |Tags: , , , |0 Comments\n\nAbout the Author:\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5913320183753967}
+{"content": "no-herd Daniel Black Peter Volkov L7-filter is a packet classifier for Linux. Unlike most other classifiers, it doesn't just look at simple values such as port numbers. Instead, it does regular expression matching on the application layer data to determine what protocols are being used. This is kernel version - old and well tested, but it is complicated to install and seems to cause SMP systems to crash. It can only use fairly simple regular expressions.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6185626983642578}
+{"content": "The domain\n\n\nBounetis Bas is a cozy and small domain in the countryside, very quiet, but only a 7 minutes drive away is the center of Lauzerte, with a big supermarket, bakery, restaurants and cafes.\n\n\nIn the garden there is a heated swimming pool with sun terrace, for those who want to get a tan. There is also a covered lounge where you can relax when it gets too hot in the sun. There you will also find a fridge with refreshing drinks. Those who prefer to stay active can play a game of pétanque, or darts, badminton, frisbee, ... There are also enough corners in the garden to play a game, read a book or do a siesta.\n\n\n\nBounetis Bas | Pont Fourcat, FR-82110 Lauzerte\n\n+33 7 72 32 66 60 (Ivo) | +33 6 28 33 16 89 (Ineke)\n\nSIRET 834 119 125 00013\n\nPrivacy statement", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9115898013114929}
+{"content": "You are here\n\nJapan's July household spending up for 8th straight month, but at slower pace\n\nJapanese household spending rose 0.8 per cent in July from a year earlier, government data showed on Friday, compared with a median market forecast for a 1.1 per cent increase.\n\n[TOKYO] Japan's household spending rose for an eighth month in July, albeit at a slower-than-expected pace, offering a warning about consumption in an economy already struggling with weak external demand amid the bitter US-China trade war.\n\nRisks from a global slowdown and the trade standoff between the United States and China, the world's two largest economies, are threatening economic growth and have added pressure for the Bank of Japan to expand stimulus.\n\nHousehold spending in July increased 0.8 per cent from a year earlier, but the pace of growth was slower than a 2.7 per cent rise for June and fell short of the median forecast for a 1.1 per cent gain, government data showed on Friday.\n\nDespite the slower pace of growth, the rise marked the longest run of expansion since comparable data became available in 2000, and points to resilience in domestic demand ahead of a scheduled sales tax hike to 10 per cent from 8 per cent next month.\n\nMarket voices on:\n\nFrom the previous month, household spending slipped 0.9 per cent in July, which compared with a median forecast for a 1.3 per cent decline.\n\nFewer purchases of air conditioners, refrigerators, food and electricity slowed the pace of spending, the data showed, which officials attributed to cooler weather.\n\n\"In July, the rainy season was long and...temperatures were really low, especially in the second half of the month,\" a government official said at a briefing.\n\nJapan's economy has benefited from strength in household consumption and capital expenditure this year, growing an annualised 1.8 per cent in the second quarter largely thanks to those sectors less affected by slowing trade.\n\nBut concerns about the outlook remain. Separate data showed real wages in Japan adjusted for inflation slipped for the seventh month in July, pointing to potential trouble for consumer and business sentiment ahead.\n\n\"The fall in wages in July was driven by a slump in bonus payments,\" Marcel Thieliant, senior Japan economist at Capital Economics, wrote in a note.\n\n\"Wage growth should rebound towards 1 per cent over the coming months.\"\n\nThere are also worries weakness in manufacturing, following an eight-month slide in exports, could spread to other parts of the economy, casting a cloud over the outlook.\n\nAnalysts have warned the economy may lose steam after the sales tax hike, threatening to leave the world's third-largest economy without a growth driver unless global demand picks up.\n\nExpectations have risen the Bank of Japan will ease further after the central bank at its last policy meeting committed to expanding stimulus if a global slowdown is delayed and threatens to derail Japan's economic recovery.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.995304524898529}
+{"content": "Cascadia Law Initiative\n\nLaw student meeting\n\nCreating effective binational, multi-city data science partnerships requires understanding the legal frameworks in which these partnerships operate. The Cascadia Law Initiative (CLI) is developing the legal background necessary to foster collaboration on urban analytics projects throughout the Cascadia Innovation Corridor. As a joint effort between law faculty and students at the University of Washington (UW) and the University of British Columbia (UBC), the CLI is itself an example of the cross-border collaboration its work supports.\n\nThe CLI’s initial goal is to identify potential legal barriers to city initiatives arising out of urban analytics research collaboration. In support of this goal, law students from UW and UBC are assessing relevant municipal law differences between classes of cities, and between specific cities, in the Cascadia Innovation Corridor: Vancouver, Surrey, Seattle, and Bellevue. The CLI will use this research to write a practical guide to the differences and similarities between the legal frameworks governing these jurisdictions, with particular reference to municipal power to take robust action on homelessness, affordable housing, and transportation. This guide will be available as a resource for other Cascadia Urban Analytics Cooperative researchers, and will also serve as a foundation for the CLI’s future work.\n\nFor more information, read the article Finding Urban Solutions to Contemporary Challenges published by the Peter A. Allard School of Law at UBC.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9867281317710876}
+{"content": "Hca/220 Appendix F\n\nAxia College Material\nAppendix F\n\nIdentifying Anatomical Structures Ch. 3, 4, & 5\n\nComplete activities I, II, & III.\n\nI. Use the diagrams on pp. 103-104 to complete sections A, B, & C.\nA. C.\n1 Oral Cavity 1 Liver\n2 Teeth 2 duodenum\n3 Tongue 3 ascending colon\n4 Sublingual Gland 4 cecum\n5 Submandibular Gland 5 appendix\n6 Parotid Gland 6 rectum\n7 Pharynx 7 anus\n8 Esophagus 8 Transverse colon\nB. 9 Descending colon\n1 Esophagus 10 Sigmoid colon\n2 Cardiac sphincter 11 ileum\n3 Fundus 12 stomach\n4 Body of the stomach 13 spleen\n5 Pylorus 14 jejunum\n6 Pyloric Sphincter\n7 Pancreas\n8 Duodenum\n9 Omentum\n10 Antrum\n11 Rugae\n12 cardia\n\nDetermine the primary function of the following system components.\n\nStructure Function- What is the purpose of the body part?\n1 Tongue-   The primary function of the tongue is to mix food with saliva; the beginning of the process of digestion.   It also is needed for verbal communication.\n\n2 Submandibular gland The primary function of the submandibular gland is the production of saliva.   It also contracts and expands depending on the amount of food entered.\n3 Rugae\nThe primary function of the rugae is to increase surface area of the organ.   This allows the stomach to expand when filled with food. The rugae of the oral cavity aids in bringing saliva into the oral cavity.\n\n4 Cardiac sphincter The primary function of the cardiac sphincter is to prevent food from re-entering the esophagus.   The cardiac and pyloric sphincters work together to keep food within the stomach to completely digest it.\n5 Duodenum\nThe primary function of the duodenum is to produce mucus that aids in the process of digestion. The duodenum completes the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\n6 Omentum\nThe primary function of the omentum is to support and protect the stomach and small intestine.\n7 Liver\nThe primary function of the liver is to aid in digestion; detoxification.   The liver helps the body to rid...", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6701221466064453}
+{"content": "740 Aberdeen Breaks Ground\n\nFitzGerald’s team joined Fifield Companies, Washington Capital Management, and McHugh Construction to break ground at 740 North Aberdeen, an 11-story, 188-unit luxury rental building in Chicago’s River West neighborhood. \n\n740 North Aberdeen will offer a mix of studio, one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments with luxury appointments throughout. Building amenities will include a penthouse-level party room, coffee bar, coworking space, fitness center, bike storage with workshop, and an outdoor amenity deck featuring landscaped sun terrace, swimming pool with cabanas, grilling stations, and private lounging and dining.For more details on the event and the building, visit Multi-Housing News’ coverage of the groundbreaking", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9843154549598694}
+{"content": "Famous Inspirational Quotes\n\nUse the knowledge and power of these famous inspirational quotes to prosper.\n\nHas your plight in life become so dire that anywhere you travel can only be reached by foot and is an uphill journey -- both ways?\n\nIf so, then take heart because inspiration can be found in famous inspirational quotes that will help you pick yourself up and look toward a happier tomorrow. Everyone has a story to tell and many have shared how any hardship can be overcome if a person is dedicated to improving his/her situation.\n\nTimes may be tough. But the words of well-known individuals that are expressed in their quotes promise that there’s a way to look beyond the stormy seas everyone encounters at different times in their life.\n\nIt’s been said that life is a journey, not a destination and this is why it’s important for you l to remember that it’s not about where you've been, but where you're going in life. Wisdom, and sometimes humor, for traveling that road can be found in famous motivational quotes.\n\n\nfamous inspirational quotes\n\n             Albert Einstein\n\n             Benjamin Franklin\n\n             Winston Churchill\n\n             Mahatma Gandhi\n\n             Mahatma Gandhi\n\n\n             Anthony Robbins\n\n             Oprah Winfrey\n\n  • Feeling guilty is a learned process.\n             Neale Donald Walsch\n\n\n\n             Thomas A. Edison\n\n  • It doesn´t matter where you are coming from. All that matters is where you are going.\n             Brian Tracy", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7996537685394287}
+{"content": "History of Liberty\n\nWhy American Revolution Started\n\n\nSo whilst beef jerky is undoubtedly an American concept, one British business has been brave enough to take this concept and produce a high-quality artisanal version for the UK, that company is called.\n\n75 Million Rifles: Why the AK-47 Is The Deadliest Gun Ever Made A few days ago, fighters from the Free Syrian Army ran American special-operations. that one must always be ready for war and.\n\nWhat Colony Did William Penn Founded Events That Led To The American Civil War There are many causes that led to the American Civil War. While slavery is generally cited as the main cause for the war, other political and cultural differences. The strength of these divides led to some. s like a civil war: A struggle between two nations-within-a-nation without\n\nOn February 8, 2019, US President Donald Trump announced in another irresponsible and preposterous move the designation ofIran’s Islamic Revolution. an ambiguity that why US state department.\n\nbecame the watchwords of the American Revolution and remain familiar. it was clear from the start that victory in this tax revolt meant paying more in taxes, not less. So why did they do it?.\n\n\nAnti-Americanism (also called anti-American sentiment and Americanophobia) is a sentiment that espouses a dislike of or opposition to the American government or its policies, especially in regards to its foreign policy, or to Americans in general. Political scientist Brendon O’Connor of the United States Studies Centre in Australia suggests that \"anti-Americanism\" cannot be isolated as a.\n\nHugo Chávez, who launched the revolution two decades ago. MULTIMEDIA: ‘We keep fighting’: Stories of Resilience from Venezuela In this South American country of 30 million, signs of collapse are.\n\nThe British met the minutemen in Concord and a shot was fired.\n\nMar 27, 2019. American Revolution facts and 14 ready-to-use American Revolution. British soldiers and American patriots started the war with battles at.\n\nThe American development and deployment of Fifth-Generation stealth. sober assessment that development of a successor will take multiple decades and is better started sooner rather than later. The.\n\nMay 01, 2017  · Why, President Trump asked, was there a Civil War? Yes, he really asked that question, and he even said it could have been avoided. Here is part of.\n\n\nWhy that’s so is at the very center of Putin’s political outlook and his view of the history of the Russian state. John Reed, the American. Revolution has been all but absent in the official.\n\nWhy did the soap operas trigger such a dramatic response. when China emerged as an ambitious global power, that Chinese mass media started to depict the emperor positively as a hardworking ruler,\n\nApr 17, 2015. Alcohol, bars, and innovation have a storied relationship. Whether it's the infamous Pet Rock, which Gary Dahl conceived while drinking with.\n\n\nThe American Revolution was an event of sweeping worldwide importance. with France over North American, but began a new conflict with her colonies.\n\nMay 19, 2017. out more or less civilly, in the proverbial rooms where it happened. the “first book on the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War to.\n\nFew events possess as much historical significance as the rebellion of thirteen British colonies in North America. By successfully defying George III and the British Parliament and winning, with French aid, the War of Independence, the colonies created the United States of America. As a republic in.\n\nThese co-founders talk about the highs and the lows involved in being a product pioneer in the UK’s meat snacks market. Beef jerky. It’s a delicacy that has become almost synonymous with American culture. Whatever your favourite American sitcom classic is, whether it’s Friends or Seinfeld.\n\nJul 7, 2016. Similarly, the American Revolution's most famous slogan, “No. the escalation of political tensions between the colonists that began with the.\n\nDid George Washington prefer dogs or burgers? Was Benjamin Franklin a ketchup or mustard guy? And why did they all avoid drinking water? The Founding Fathers did not “gather around a grill,” as many.\n\nThere is no disputing that China is ahead of the rest of the world in mobile payments. What insight does it offer U.S. bankers? By John Engen. When Darren Buckley moved to China last August to be the head of Citigroup’s consumer bank there, he did what most people do when they arrive in a new country: head for an ATM to grab some local currency.\n\nTo some, capitalism is as American as apple pie. But there’s a sense that capitalism. Washington Back in 2015, before Bernie Sanders began drawing big crowds and long before a Green New Deal was.\n\n“to start the second American Revolution and win.” One page has Reinbold’s name on it. The notebook refers to the notes as a Hollywood movie script titled “The Revolt,” states “why cops are garbage”.\n\nApr 14, 2010  · Albert Esplugas blogs the following magnificent quote from Niall Ferguson’s Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power: Schoolchildren and tourists are still taught the story of the American Revolution primarily in terms of economic burdens. In London, the argument runs, the\n\nRevolution is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction television series that ran from September 17, 2012 until May 21, 2014; it was cancelled by NBC in May 2014. The show takes place in the post-apocalyptic near-future of the year 2027, 15 years after the start of a worldwide, permanent electrical-power blackout in 2012. Created by Eric Kripke and produced by J.J. Abrams’ Bad Robot.\n\nThe British colonists of mainland North America had great hopes for the future in. Two laws, the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765), began the conflict.\n\nJan 07, 2019  · I believe I have demonstrated (“Democratic dictatorship vs. permanent revolution”, Weekly Worker, 21 May, 2015), through a careful exegesis of Lenin’s principal 1905 programmatic work —Two tactics of social-democracy in the democratic revolution– that he regarded the democratic dictatorship necessary to vanquish tsarism as no more than a temporary interlude between tsarism.\n\nThese data are from bubbles of atmospheric gases trapped in ice cores bored from Antarctic ice sheets. The black curve is a proxy for planetary temperature. A proxy is a stand-in for direct measurements that are impossible to make. Here, the isotopic composition of water vapor (deuterium to hydrogen.\n\nAlthough many Americans, such as Thomas Jefferson, placed the blame for the. North began to think more and more of accommodating America and ending.\n\nThe first step is to begin with what you know and what you can document. What documents do you have for yourself and your family? Do you have a copy of your.\n\nAmericans are having less sex, the share of Americans who say they never once had sex in the past year is rising, and—perhaps most surprising—this revolution in sexual behavior is being led by the.\n\nHow the Revolution Against Britain Divided Families and Friends Download MP3 (Right-click or option-click the link.). This is Rich Kleinfeldt. And this is Ray Freeman with THE MAKING OF A NATION, a VOA Special English program about the history of the United States.Today, we continue the story of the American Revolution against Britain in the late 1700s.\n\nThe Mystery of the Master Builders” (1990), which won the American Institute of Architects International Publication Award; and “Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution” (1993). Mark.\n\n\nQuinn Jackson Andrew Christian The Colts are getting some respect here because of Andrew Luck and his amazing 2018 season. I’m not that confident in this pick — I wonder if Christian McCaffrey has one of those bonkers days. But. Moreover, Jerebko’s presence — along with that of Quinn Cook and Alfonzo McKinnie — ensures that. this is the\n\nIt wasn’t until I got older and began eating and learning about Slavic cuisines that I discovered why the South American version of potato salad. Before the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, it was.\n\nJul 4, 2014. The Fourth of July—a time we Americans set aside to celebrate our. \"The French Revolution wouldn't have happened, both for lack of.\n\n\nThe first step is to begin with what you know and what you can document. What documents do you have for yourself and your family? Do you have a copy of your birth certificate? If you are married, do you have a copy of your marriage certificate? What information is in these records? What documentation do you have for your parents and grandparents?\n\n\n. How to Start a Revolution: Young People and the Future of American Politics · American. Ethan Allen – American Revolutionary War patriot, hero, and politician. Simon Girty – Loyalist and Liaison between Native Americans and Britain\n\nHistorian, the American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans.\n\nMy enocomics instructor said: Everything has happened 'til now because of the economy. Correct me if I am wrong: Did this revolution aim to the same point: the.\n\nA northwest Minnesota man who planned to start a “second American Revolution” will spend five years in prison. beliefs,” citing writings from his notebook that said “why cops are garbage,”.\n\nBecome Desert John Luther Adams BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker – MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard I’ve lived in a few different places, and in each one I’ve discovered a world-music ensemble that has become my family and my community.” Composer John Luther Adams, the genius behind Ten Thousand. Mar 31, 2018. Cover image: Composer John Luther Adams with Seattle\n\n\n\nThe American colonists supporting independence were named Patriots. The British military commander at the start of Revolution was Sir William Howe,\n\n\nJul 3, 2005. So when the American Revolution actually began, there was no way to make gunpowder in America. There were no armories to make rifles or.\n\n\n\"He was a likable guy who didn’t make too many enemies and that’s why he crushed his opponent. during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. Joseph was named the first mayor.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8309403657913208}
+{"content": "Birth Certificates To Reflect True Identity\n\nThe Andrews Labor Government will remove barriers for trans, gender diverse and intersex Victorians seeking new birth certificates.\n\nDelivering on another equality agenda election commitment, the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Amendment Bill 2016 to be introduced in Parliament today removes the need for applicants to have undergone sex affirmation surgery before being able to apply for a new birth certificate.\n\nImportantly, the Bill also ensures couples will no longer be forced to divorce if one partner wishes to apply to change the sex recorded on their birth registration.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuotes attributable to Attorney General Martin Pakula\n\n“Nobody should be forced to undergo major surgery or choose between maintaining a legal relationship with their spouse just to get a birth certificate that reflects who they are.”\n\n“We are delivering on our election promise to ensure equality for all Victorians.”\n\n“We’ve also put strong measures in place to safeguard the interests of children, and limits to ensure people don’t misuse the system.”\n\nQuotes attributable to Minister for Equality Martin Foley\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5273756384849548}
+{"content": "Robots Rock: 3 Ways Chatbots Can Help Your Organisation In 2018\n\n\n1. Chatbots can enhance UX\n\nMany predict that 2018 will mark the widespread use of chatbots, which will undoubtedly change the face of user experience. ASOS and Spotify are prime examples of brands using chatbots to enhance user experience. The former has simplified the buying process, operating through Facebook to make suggestions for gifts; ASOS' chatbot also provides image links which send the customer directly to the suggested products. With the addition of machine-learning technology, the bot filters options by asking shoppers a selection of questions -  then makes recommendations based on their answers. The latter, enables users to discover and share music directly with their friends in chats. The bot, which also benefits from Facebook’s chat extensions, includes search tools, song suggestions, and a sharing functionality for sending 30-second clips to friends that can either be listened to within Messenger or launched in full on Spotify’s app. In this sense, the chatbot enhances the UX through social connectivity and gamification.\n\nChatbots can enhance user experience by providing a greater sense of presence and support (with 24-hour, seven-days-a-week availability). They can function as a booking system, a search tool, and a provider, facilitating the procurement and distribution of information or assets.\n\n2. Chatbots can do outbound\n\nChatbots are not only effective as a customer service tool but can also be used to engage your customers via outbound marketing methods.\n\nThis mitigates the need for additional manpower or time when conducting proactive customer engagement.\n\nIn fact, by using chatbots to send follow-up messages, you can:\n\n- Obtain customer feedback\n\n- Announce pipeline or new products and/or services\n\n- Send people personalised messages (such as birthday wishes) to boost customer satisfaction\n\nChatbots can also be programmed to send customers directly to a member of your team, stimulating direct customer engagement. You can even program chatbots to \"prompt\", which encourages customers to explain a common issue which can then be resolved by the chatbot or a customer service representative. \n\n3. Chatbots = more dynamic surveys\n\nIn 2018, you can expect chatbots to start replacing the more traditional survey format, offering a dynamic, conversational way of conducting market research.\n\nIn the past, customer surveys have consisted of a rigid series of questions set in a linear format. Chatbots can be a way of actively adapting to customers’ responses, programmed with the goal of obtaining thorough and valuable insights. With chatbots, the data-collection process can take place organically, within the structures of the conversation. As chatbot-led surveys mature, brands will be better able to manipulate and refine their survey scripts with the purpose of collecting desired customer data either within the present or at the follow-up stage of the interaction. This can enhance products, customer service, and customer outreach.\n\nMessenger chatbots\n\nChatbot integration with social media, notably Facebook messenger, only augments its effectiveness as a market research tool.\n\nA study at Michigan State University, analysing the transformation of the market research industry, showed that Facebook Messenger chatbots have great potential when it comes to attracting mobile respondents and providing an excellent survey user experience on mobile devices. In fact, the comparative study highlighted that \"more than three-fourths (76%) of the respondents who completed the same survey via Facebook Messenger chatbot on their smartphones, rated the overall survey experience significantly higher than those who took the web-based survey on a mobile device\".\n\nThis highlights a heightened consumer receptiveness toward social media-based chatbot surveys as opposed to web-based surveys - implying that organisations who deploy surveys via social media messenger bots will achieve the most success.\n\nFood for Thought\n\nAlthough the prospect of chatbots might be exciting, it's crucial that you don't neglect other aspects of your marketing strategy. Chatbots are an effective way to boost initial engagement by providing quick information, simplifying processes and instilling a sense of gamification. However, this form of AI does have its limitations therefore authentic, human interaction remains critical in the overall sales process due to aspects of personalisation, transparency and trust.\n\nWant to learn more about how chatbots can help your business? Get in touch!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9563131928443909}
+{"content": "Brand identity\n\nLove Koffee Coffee Shop design\nBranding Design\n\nLove Koffee\n\n\nBranding Design\n\nWarings Lifestore\n\nA strategic rebrand and a new interior concept gave this flagship store a blended retail and hospitality environment for people to browse, buy, relax and socialise.\n\nThe combination of contemporary finishes and historic detail gives the space a rich character. From a customer’s perspective, the seamless transition from the period building into the modern extension ensures a consistent brand experience.\n\nold street branding\nBranding Design\n\nOld Street Station\n\nIn a district known for innovative fashion, art and technology, Shoreditch needed a retail platform that could keep pace. Adopting a short lease format gave the flexibility required to ensure an agile retail mix. Existing retailers were enhanced to fit the newly defined aesthetic and several units were retained as pure pop-up venues.\n\nnelsons diner interior design\nBranding Design\n\nNelsons Diner\n\nWith a nostalgic nod to simpler times, Prosper set about creating a bold new restaurant environment inspired by a road trip through 1950’s America.\nNelson’s is a celebration of America; proudly big, bold and populated with iconic pieces.\n\nwine bar interior design\nBranding Design\n\n1855 Wine Bar\n\n1855 marks a seminal moment in wine history – the year Napoleon III introduced a classification system that ranked Bordeaux region wines in terms of quality. The founders of 1855 sought to share their own historical knowledge, creating a captivating space for novices and enthusiasts alike. A space that connects passion and knowledge, demanding visitors take some time to pause, relax and reflect.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6506282091140747}
+{"content": "Sweden-based FOREO is taking the beauty industry by storm with its iconic new range of beauty solutions. Through multidisciplinary collaboration between topflight specialists at the FOREO Institute, we have developed revolutionary innovations that surpass the cosmetic, providing a smarter and more effective way to care for yourself. FOREO is here to revolutionize the beauty industry with a simple promise – to give a new-found confidence to millions, through innovative beauty solutions that work.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999984502792358}
+{"content": "chapter  4\n16 Pages\n\nThe making, shaking and taking of public spaces\n\n\nIntroduction Public space is a site for congregations of people to get together and do things. What they do, and how they do it, is intrinsic to the excitement and communal attributes of such spaces. The way they interact with, and in the space, also contribute to the ambiguities of such space: we fear it and are exhilarated by it at the same time.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9366595149040222}
+{"content": "Seth McCord\n\nNew Braunfels Camps Director\n\n1. Where are you from?\n\nNorthwest Indiana\n\n2. Alpha or Omega?\n\n\n3. What’s your favorite local New Braunfels place to eat?\n\nTin Top Burgers\n\n4. What’s the best piece of advice you’ve ever been given?\n\nIf something’s worth doing, it’s worth doing well.\n\n5. What’s the most inspiring thing about your job?\n\nSeeing young people choosing to serve Jesus and walk with him at summer camp as they invest in kids and families.\n\nEmail: [email protected]", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8402392864227295}
+{"content": "July 2019 had both Microsoft and Google saying \" Please shift 8 steps that way \".\nThis means brand new programs, tech, and resources - of the likes never seen before.\nTechWealth has been given unprecedented access.\n Aligned to help others who are building in student and community sectors.\n\nprevious arrow\nnext arrow", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9978266954421997}
+{"content": "Milestones in Rock - 18th Sep 2018\n\n6am Milestone: The Who - Baba O'Reilly\n\n\n7am Milestone: Jimi Hendrix  - Hey Joe \n\n1970, Jimi Hendrix was pronounced dead on arrival at St. Mary Abbot's Hospital in London at the age of 27 after choking on his own vomit. Hendrix left the message 'I need help bad man', on his managers answer phone earlier that night. Rumors and conspiracy theories grew up around Hendrix’s death. Eric Burdon claimed Jimi had committed suicide, but that’s contradicted by reports that he was in a good frame of mind. In 2009, a former Animals roadie published a book claiming that Jimi’s manager had admitted to him that he arranged the murder of Hendrix, since the guitarist wanted out of his contract.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9132581949234009}
+{"content": "\n\nInfineon Technologies said it would buy Cypress Semiconductor for $10.1 billion, transforming it into the world's largest producer of chips used in automobiles and giving it more scale to succeed in the Internet of Things. The deal also highlights the seduction of scale in the global chip industry, which has been reshaped in recent years as companies consolidate to combat high costs and slow growth.\n\nSanta Clara, California-based Cypress sells computer chips and connectivity products that Infineon said will its sensors, security and power semiconductors. Once the deal closes, Infineon plans to start selling new combinations of chips aimed at billions of different devices, ranging from washing machines to autonomous cars. That means almost anything battery-powered or using an electric motor or power supply.\n\nInfineon’s chief executive, Reinhard Ploss, said the \"landmark\" deal would advance its industrial and automotive ambitions. \"Our business model is becoming more robust, we are accelerating our profitable growth, and strengthening Infineon's earnings,\" he said on an analyst conference call Monday. \"With this transaction, we will be able to offer our customers the most comprehensive portfolio for linking the real with the digital world,\" he added.\n\nThe deal comes amid a slowdown in overall semiconductor demand. Infineon, blaming weakness in global car production and economic uncertainty in China, slashed its annual sales forecast in April from $10 billion to $9.2 billion. Infineon warned that sales growth in the second half of 2019 would be slower than it projected. Global chip sales are expected to plunge 8% in 2019, the biggest annual decline in a decade, according to IHS Markit. \n\nInfineon agreed as part of the deal to pay Cypress $23.85 per share, a more than 50% premium to the company's share price prior to reports about a potential deal. The offer for Cypress also represents a roughly 45% premium to the company's average share price over the last month and 4.5 times sales last year, Infineon said. The company acknowledged that the price is \"a lot of money\" but said that the growth opportunity was worth it.\n\nThe deal moves Infineon ahead of NXP Semiconductors as the world leader in automotive chips, an area that already accounts for more than 40% of its sales. Infineon, currently the world's largest player in power semiconductors and sharing with NXP the market lead in security chips, said it would control 13% of the automotive chip market after the deal closes. Cypress's customers include Continential, Delphi and Toyota, among others.\n\nThe deal also represents its biggest ever bet on the Internet of Things. Cypress says the part of its business related to the Internet of Things, which accounts for nearly 30% of its sales, to grow 12% to 14% on average annually. The company's USB, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth hardware and software can be used to connect a diverse range of devices to the internet. The deal also shores up Infineon's position in the 32-bit microcontrollers market.\n\nInfineon is the 11th largest supplier of semiconductors in the world, IHS Markit says. Once the deal closes in the second half of 2019 or the first half of 2020, the combined company will take over eighth place, vaulting ahead of STMicroelectronics and Toshiba. Steve Albrecht, Cypress's chairman, said the deal would “create product opportunities that are increasingly important in the competitive automotive, industrial and consumer markets.” \n\nHassane El-Khoury, chief executive of Cypress since 2016, said the merged company is poised to take advantage of \"the massive rise in connectivity and computing requirements.\" He added: \"Jointly, we  will enable more secure, seamless connections, and provide more complete hardware and software sets to strengthen our customers products and technologies in their end markets.\" El-Khoury said the two companies are a \"strong fit.\"\n\nInfineon, which has nearly 41,000 employees, said it would gain economies of scale that will within a decade amount to $1.5 billion of added annual sales. The deal also diversifies its chip development efforts: Cypress, which employs 5,800 people, is spending 85% of research and development dollars on connectivity and computer chips used in the Internet of Things. That came out to $300 million of its $2.5 billion of revenue in 2019.\n\nInfineon has bought into new businesses before. In 2014, the company agreed to pay $3 billion for International Rectifier, expanding its market share in power semiconductors. Infineon’s offer for Cypress represents its largest deal ever and signals the potential for more consolidation in the chip industry. The value of acquisitions announced in 2015 came to more than $105 billion but dropped to $25 billion in 2018, according to IC Insights.\n\nMany of the company's closest competitors are also seeking to reach customers in new markets and broaden their product offerings. In May, NXP said it would buy Marvell's wireless connectivity unit for $1.75 billion. Sales of the acquired Wi-Fi and Bluetooth products are projected to double by 2022. In March, On Semiconductor agreed to acquire Quantenna Communications for $1.1 billion, moving into the market for Wi-Fi products.\n\nInfineon's offer for Cypress is focused on the future of the automotive industry. The average value of semiconductor content in cars is projected to grow from between $300 and $1000 per car in 2018 to between $400 and $1500 in 2023, according to Strategy Analytics. Cypress projects its sales per car will double from about $90 in 2018 to $180 in 2023, while its automotive sales will grow at an average annual rate between 8% and 12%.\n\nCypress sells microcontrollers that can be used in dashboard displays, automotive clusters and body control modules for opening and closing windows, locking and unlocking doors, or turning on and off windshield wipers. The company's USB, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi chips can also be used in cars. Cypress has introduced NOR flash memory with high bandwidth and high endurance for use in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). \n\nInfineon, which claims to control about 11% of the automotive chip market, sells chips that can control the car's acceleration, steering and braking. Infineon's Aurix MCUs are also used to make sense of information from radar and other sensors and to manage the car's engine, transmission or electric power train. \"Together we cover the entire range of electronic architectures in the car,\" Ploss said. \"We are strengthening ourselves significantly.\" \n\nInfineon, which commands close to 20% market share in power semiconductors, is also piggybacking on growth in electric car production. The company sells discretes power devices and other solutions that prevent overheating and boost the energy efficiency of electric cars and hybrids. The company's discretes are based on silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). Infineon also offers radar sensors and in-car networking chips.\n\nInfineon said that the combined company is projected to see annual sales growth of more than 9% into the foreseeable future. It also sees economies of scale eliminating more than $200 million in overlapping costs every year starting in 2022. The company's shareholders, however, found fault with the deal: Infineon's share price shed 8% after the announcement Monday. Cypress's shares added around 24% on news of the deal.\n\nThe deal also faces regulatory uncertainty after Infineon’s failed attempt to buy Cree’s Wolfspeed unit. The deal was abandoned in 2017 after the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, or CFIUS, challenged it on national security grounds. The agency, which evaluates takeovers of American businesses, has become a gatekeeper of major deals in recent years as the United States moves to shelter its technology industry.\n\nThe deal is also the latest test of the Trump administration's protectionist policies surrounding chips. Last year, President Trump blocked Broadcom's $117 billion bid to buy Qualcomm, pointing to the potential harm to American leadership in 5G technology. Infineon said it would have to pay Cypress $425 million if the deal collapses under regulatory pressure, while Cypress will pay $330 million in breakup fees if Infineon is outbid.\n\nThe company played down concerns that the deal could be derailed by regulators in the United States or China. While Wolfspeed sells chips to the aerospace and defense customers, Cypress is focused on industrial and automotive applications, which are less sensitive from a regulatory standpoint. Ploss said he feels \"reasonably comfortable\" about getting the regulatory green light. \"This is a completely different situation than Wolfspeed.\"\n\nCarbide Spare Parts\n\nTungsten Alloy, Tungsten Plate, Molybdenum Alloy, Molybdenum Plate - Huacheng,", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8692706823348999}
+{"content": "31 July 2019\n\nCultural immersion camps inspire Mitchell to join next generation of GPs\n\n\nSydney-based Notre Dame University medical student, Mitchell Gordon, first became fascinated by the Australian Indigenous culture when he assisted with photography workshops in the remote central Australian regions of Imanpa and Yulara. He was able to expand on that interest recently as a recipient of a scholarship to attend one of Northern Territory General Practice Education’s cultural immersion camps, held on the Murumburr clan’s country on the edge of the Jim Jim river system.\n\nMitchell said the cultural immersion camp emphasised the brilliance, diversity, and complexity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island cultures, and this essence was difficult to encapsulate in any branch of new-age medicine\n\n“Rarely are we lucky enough as medical students to have the opportunity to actually experience what it feels like to be on country,” Mitchell said.\n\n“Finding a way for these two worlds to synergise is an issue that my generation of future doctors will have to tackle with fresh minds, and programs like the NTGPE cultural immersion camps are an important catalyst towards positive reform of our current models of western healthcare.”\n\nCamp participants joined NTGPE’s Cultural Educators and traditional owner, Mandy Muir, for four days on Mandy’s ancestral country for an insight into the traditional lives, spirituality and culture of Aboriginal Australians. Camp highlights included visits to Aboriginal community clinics, pandanus weaving, didgeridoo making and bush tucker preparation; as well as lessons in kinship, traditional medicine and cultural safety.\n\n“Around Kakadu the sheer volume of the Aboriginal culture is so substantial, you can feel it reverberate through your bones as you walk and feel it on your skin when the sun shines on and on,” Mitchell said.\n\n“One of the cultural educators explained how she liked to spend time on country to ‘recharge her batteries’,” Mitchell said. “I think I can say for certain that we all did the same on that trip; leaving us reinvigorated and inspired to use our experiences to help shape our future clinical practice.”\n\nMitchell said he felt that, to help Indigenous Australian communities more effectively, he needed to gain an understanding of Aboriginal peoples' perspectives, their challenges and their motivations.\n\n\"As a general practitioner in Australia, addressing the social injustice of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health is the area of highest need,\" Mitchell said.\n\n\"General practice has the most potential of all medical specialties to benefit Indigenous communities, as GPs are often at the coal face of closing the gap on health outcomes.\n\n\"Where conventionally, I had learnt about the ailments Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people live with and are more prone to, the immersion experience began to help me grasp what these same people have to live for.\"\n\nIf you’re are a medical student who’s interested in joining an NTGPE Cultural Immersion Camp, please register your interest with our Cultural Education team at", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7974729537963867}
+{"content": "Becoming an explorer: How mature meaning systems facilitate the ability to change\n\nBrown, Catherine (2004) Becoming an explorer: How mature meaning systems facilitate the ability to change. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.\n\nFull text available as:\nDownload (11MB) | Preview\n\n\nThis thesis is based on a qualitative study, which investigated how the. participants' beliefs and feelings about self influenced their ability to learn and, implicitly, to change. The purpose of the study was to explore the consequences of employing different self-theories, to determine if there are optimal ways of construing self, which facilitate change and if these self-theories can be learned. This was separated into three questions and the first was to identify self-theories which seem to facilitate or hinder change. The existing literature on self-theories has identified many aspects of construing which influence how individuals respond to situations, which require them to learn or change in some way. Individuals' beliefs about their level of intelligence and their personal abilities have been shown to dramatically influence their abilities. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms through which self-theories are elaborated. This thesis set out to explore why some primary school teachers were responding to a professional development course in a defensive and aggressive manner. The findings Indicate, that beliefs and feelings are inherently linked together and form the basis of individual meaning systems. There is evidence that when these early self-theories are sufficiently developed through childhood into mature meaning systems, they facilitate learning and change. In contrast, when early meaning systems are less developed these immature meaning systems hinder the ability to change. The participants in this study were construing their beliefs and feelings about self along a dimension. At one extreme 'beliefs about self were construed 'as hypotheses to be tested,' and at the other end, 'as truths to be validated.' In representing the different beliefs about self as dimensions and not as categories the intention is to emphasise that individual construing can be elaborated. In order to describe the findings the participants were divided into three categories to allow their self-theories to be more easily compared and contrasted. The three categories of participants were called 'Explorers', 'Changers' and 'Maintainers'. My interrogation of the qualitative data identified different self-theories, which were confirmed by the participants' characterisation of self as growth or validation seeking and their descriptions of change as being positive or negative on their repertory grids. The combined data clearly differentiated three categories of participants and their specific self-theories, which either facilitated or hindered change. The second question was to investigate if and when self-theories have been elaborated and how this was accomplished. A unique feature of this study is the insight provided, via descriptions provided by many participants of how they elaborated their self-theories. Two sets of beliefs and responses were constructed from the data and were called, respectively, exploratory beliefs and responses and sustaining beliefs and responses. Participants who had elaborated their construing were consistently employing exploratory beliefs and responses. What is particularly interesting about the data is the number of participants who described elaborating their beliefs from 'truths' to hypotheses. This seemed to facilitate the development of mature meaning systems, which in turn increased their ability to change. The third and last question was to determine if these 'optimal' self-theories could be learned. The 'Explorers', and to varying extents the 'Changers', were increasingly employing the exploratory beliefs and responses and often referring to how they taught themselves to use these new strategies, which indicates a kind of self-learning process. The 'transformative cycle of reflection' encapsulates how some participants elaborated their beliefs and feelings into more mature meaning systems. It identifies the knowledge and understanding about self-theories, which is required to encourage elaboration of early meaning systems. From the participants' accounts of elaborating construing it was possible to develop a new theory-based approach to reflection. This enhances previous understanding about reflection by including a theoretical understanding of how self-theories influence our responses and this enables more informed reflection to be practised. This approach, if incorporated into practice, would offer the possibility of enhancing development of mature meaning systems, which facilitate learning and change.\n\nItem Type: Thesis (PhD)\nQualification Level: Doctoral\nAdditional Information: Adviser: Fiona Henderson\nKeywords: Educational psychology\nDate of Award: 2004\nDepositing User: Enlighten Team\nUnique ID: glathesis:2004-71436\nCopyright: Copyright of this thesis is held by the author.\nDate Deposited: 10 May 2019 10:49\nLast Modified: 10 May 2019 10:49\n\nActions (login required)\n\nView Item View Item\n\n\nDownloads per month over past year", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5920902490615845}
+{"content": "Demos and Stimuli\n\nCausal Perception\n\nLaunching and simple non-causal events\n\nThere are certain events that we irresistably perceive as causal. The most frequently studied of these is the 'launching' event, seen here.\n\nIn this event, the first object (A) appears to 'collide' with the second object (B) and cause it to move, even though they are only geometric shapes on a screen. We see launching even when it is totally implausible, for example if one of the events is a 3D wooden object and the other a circle projected on a screen.\n\nThese events do not look causal if there is an offset in either space or time between the end of A's movement and the start of B's movment.\n\nPassing and slipping\n\nIf A and B overlap to some degree during the event, it can look like A 'passing' over or through B without making contact. Try the video below, if you don't see passing, watch it again but put it in your peripheral vision.\n\nThere is also another type of event called 'slip' events (Rolfs et al., 2013) in which A passes through B and comes out the other side, and then B moves. This is another type of non-causal event, but one in which there are still two moving objects.\n\nTriggering events\n\nIf A moves 3x faster than B, the event still looks like a launching event, though it is sometimes called 'braking'\n\nCompare that to when B moves 3x faster than A.\n\nThis event is called 'triggering', and in my work I have found that it is treated differently from launching in perception. Triggering seems to involve cases in which B's movement exceeds what should happen when it is struck by A, in other words B looks like it's moving on its own. There are triggering events that don't involve speed, as well.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7440146207809448}
+{"content": "Solicitors and Barristers\n\nWe believe that every person is entitled to have the benefit of good legal advice for a reasonable fee\n\nProctor Phair Lawyers has been in practice since 1962 and collectively we have 80 years experience and can provide you with advice and represent you in the following areas of practice:\n\nEmployment Law\n\nWe can provide you with sound advice and protect you in relation to contracts and conditions of employment, including conditions for casual, part-time, full-time and international students, continuity of employment, written statement of particulars, contract terms, representations, warranties and misrepresentations, terms of trust and confidence, duty of fidelity, and working hours. Our advice would also cover discrimination and employment law, including workplace sex, race, disability, religion, marital status, nationality, pregnancy, belief and age discrimination, equal pay, victimisation, bullying, and workplace discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation.\n\n\nWe can help manage your risk in restrictive covenants and confidential information in employment, including enforceability of restrictive covenants, express covenants, remedies for breach of restrictive covenants, and implied duties in employment.\n\n\nWe can provide you with practical advice concerning termination of employment, including issues arising on termination, redundancy, retirement, summary dismissal, termination by mutual consent and notice, unfair dismissal, wrongful dismissal, which also covers employment tribunal proceedings, including civil courts and alternative dispute resolution, the Industrial Relations Commission, Fair Work Australia, and employment tribunals.\n\nFIG. 001\n\n\nLevel 2, 352 Kent Street, Sydney NSW 2000\nPO Box Q869, QVB NSW 1230\nP. (02) 9299 9292\nF. (02) 9299 9191", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9514525532722473}
+{"content": "Ask Your Question\n\nRevision history [back]\n\nHow do I get a table to print the size I set in my document?\n\nI set up a table with two columns and 5 rows with exact dimensions (each section is to be 2\" high and 3.5\" wide) in my document but when I print the document the table is slightly smaller by approximately 1/16 to 1/8 inch. How do I get it to print the size I set it for?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9060733914375305}
+{"content": "Explore BrainMass\n\nExplore BrainMass\n\n    Total, Fixed and Variable Costs\n\n\n    I am having difficulty identifying whether there are any other variable costs other than the clinic supplies. The question specifically states the costs for each month which all appears to be fixed costs, however, there has to be variable costs in order to calculate other costs as required. Please help.\n\n    Improved Access (IA), a local charity devoted to helping inner city residents, has opened a downtown, drop-in medical clinic. The space rents for $3,500 a month (including utilities), and equipment leases cost $45,000 per year. IAhas hired two nurse practitioners at $7,200 a month each, and a receptionist, whose monthly wage is $3,300. Benefit costs for all staff are $36,600 per year. Office costs, including telephone rentals are $1,500 per month. IA staff are paid on salary, which is not dependent upon the volume of patients seen. Clinic supplies are $40 per patient, and the clinic sees 975 patients a month.\n\n    Use the above information to calculate the following monthly costs for IA's clinic:\n\n    - Total Fixed Cost (TFC):\n    - Total Variable Cost (TVC):\n    - Total Cost (TC):\n    - Average Fixed Cost (AFC):\n    - Average Variable Cost (AVC):\n    - Average Total Cost (ATC):\n\n\n    Solution Preview\n\n    Given that,\n    Rent for space=$3,500 per month\n    Equipment lease cost=$45,000 per year\n    Wages to nurse practitioners=$7,200 per ...\n\n    Solution Summary\n\n    Word attachment identifies and calculates fixed and variable costs for a clinic.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.542702317237854}
+{"content": "Your ideas should become projects\n\nfor better humanity, self- development and arts\n\nBinaural beats: extraordinary habit for your brain's health and creativity.\n\nThese days, people have lost their connection with many powerful elements of energy and nature; sound being one of them as a means of healing and brain entertainment.\n\nAlthough for those who do some spiritual practices sound therapy may be familiar, its benefits are still largely underestimated by the modern society. Those who don’t have time or inclination for some spiritual work may consider it too far-out.\n\nAlthough, if you make the sound therapy exercises a part of your daily (or at least weekly) routine, it may bring some fresh tides into your sense of wellbeing where “being present” is not a something lofty or requiring tons of inner stamina, but rather a natural state of your mind when you feel relaxed, tuned in, sensitive, thoughtful and psychic.\n\nIsn’t it ironic then, how this natural state has been treated as very unnatural for the majority of human history?\n\nTuning into yourself is personal for everybody, and you don’t need daily yoga, meditations, mantras and esoteric readings to start. For some people, signing up for the “inspirational quotes” pages on Facebook may become a kick.\n\nThis article will point you toward yet another simple trick to get your mind closer to the quiet state.\n\nSometimes people become so stressed, rigid and merged with their hectic pace that they literally reject anything that could calm them down; eventually even losing track of what initially triggered the stress.\n\nBut even for these people, binaural beats can form an invaluable tool to make them feel different and strip some strain off their nerves.\n\nEven starting by listening to binaural beats twice a week will help you discover the potency that they can manifest for the emotional state, brain and body. This is an ancient knowledge which has been utilised for centuries by our ancestors.\n\n\nWhat Is A Binaural Beat?\n\nA binaural beat is the tone (or frequency) perceived by the brain when two different tones very close in pitch are being sent to the listener’s ears simultaneously and interfere with one another, resulting in them producing a third tone which is the difference between their pitches.\n\nThe pitch difference is usually very insignificant (no more than 30 HZ), but once recognized it becomes a low-frequency pulse for the brain and makes it follow this pulse.\n\nTo illustrate: 550 HZ is being presented to your right ear and 560 HZ to the left ear simultaneously. The difference of 10 HZ will be the binaural beat caught by the brain.\n\nWhy do we call it a beat? Because the lowest frequency the human ear can detect as a sound is 16 HZ. Everything lower than that will be perceived as rhythmic pulsation (we literally hear something like “wah wah”) while the brain follows the frequency.\n\n\nThere are not many activities in everyday life where a human brain engages both hemispheres to work synchronically for producing a certain result.\n\nHowever, there are special exercises to develop the ability to synchronize the two halves of the brain. A good example of a situation where the brain has to switch on both hemispheres at maximum capacity is when one interprets a foreign language.\n\nI have studied simultaneous interpreting at university with my thesis work dedicated to the cognitive understanding of the process.\n\nBased on my research and personal self-observation during the interpretation process, I found that it’s actually not that much about the language proficiency as it is about the refined brain behavior, which integrates many conscious and unconscious strategies in parallel to automatize the process as much as possible, ironically making it a brain skill more than a foreign language fluency.\n\nHowever, this is an extreme condition for the brain to function in, and although being very stimulating and benevolent for the neural connectivity, it can hardly be recommended as a meditation practice.\n\nAlthough similarly to meditation practice, exercising your brain in such an unusual fashion can give you great re-charge and feeling of light euphoria accompanied by relaxation which lots of simultaneous interpreters experience at the end of the day.\n\nBut more relaxing tools are out there, amongst which we find binaural beats. Extracting the binaural beat, in a similar fashion as the interpreter extracting language meaning, is an activity that synchronizes your brain but in this case, in a much more affordable and pleasant manner than conference interpreting.\n\nSince the brain can only hear one tone at a time, both hemispheres start working in synergy to extract this one tone out of the two, thus immersing the whole brain into synchronization (with certain brainwaves dominating).\n\n\nBinaural Beats and Brain Waves: Altered States\n\nAs we know, the length of the brain waves defines its mental state. Ancient shamans and healers knew a lot about the magic of repetitive drumming and chanting as a means of revitalizing the connection between not only the brain halves but also the human brain and body and the unconscious.\n\nAncient music was often much more diverse in terms of harmonics, sometimes incorporating the copied rhythms of nature — animals running, winds blowing, ocean sounds, etc.\n\nIt was also charged with lots of psychoacoustic tricks. For example, many ancient tribal drum rituals used 4.5 beats per second rhythm to evoke the trance-like condition; the human brain reflecting it back at the same frequency started producing theta waves (4–8 HZ).\n\nThis length of brain wave is associated with deep meditations, trance states of mind, access to the unconscious, REM sleep and increased creativity.\n\nThe 4 HZ binaural beat is probably the most famous one among people well-acquainted with the topic.\n\nIt is through Theta waves that the brain can heal our painful emotions, become insightfully creative and intuitive, feel more compassion and develop extraordinary learning abilities.\n\nThe frequency of Theta waves also increases melatonin, a hormone which is not only vital for healthy sleep, but also for the immune system’s proper functioning, especially in women.\n\n\nRobert Monroe, the father of out-of-body experience (OOBE) researches and founder of the Monroe Institute, along with ex-Nasa employee, brilliant physicist and author of the book “My Big Toe”, Tom Campbell, have proven that the 4 Hz binaural beat encourages OOBEs and remote viewing.\n\nThese are also the waves dominating in your brain the minute you are about to wake in the morning.\n\nHave you ever noticed that reflecting on many life situations in this freshly awoken state of mind will give you a very different perspective, more complete understanding of things and often access to the compassionate part of yourself?\n\nTypically, your brain is functioning on Beta waves frequencies (14–40 HZ; concentration & alertness) so it will take you some time to get to the frequency of 4- 8 HZ. You will have to surpass the alpha waves first (8–14 HZ; relaxed focus, light meditation). If you are inexperienced in meditation it may take you longer, even with binaural beats.\n\n“Once you are in the 4 Hz theta state that is your goal, stay there for a half hour to two hours — that’s enough. You are in this physical reality for a reason. Do not use this as an escape. It is a tool, as is meditation itself, for teaching you to eliminate the noise in your mind …” — Tom Campbell says.\n\n(By the way, if you have never heard interviews with Tom Campbell before, I highly recommend them. Apart from plenty of fascinating thoughts and knowledge derived from his own out-of-body experiences, Tom himself has a voice timbre and a manner of speech that hypnotizes you.)\n\nHowever, 4 HZ is not the only binaural beat frequency that you should explore. Another frequency is 7.83 HZ; known as the Schumann Resonance, which is the frequency of the Earth.\n\nWhile some people consider it to be totally a ‘new age’ rumor, others refer to scientific evidence that the 7.83 HZ frequency has benevolent psychological and physical effects on the human brain, including increased learning abilities and feelings of balance and grounding; it also forms a natural feedback loop with the human mind and body.\n\nIf your mediation skills are good enough to let your brain drop to the frequency around 8 HZ (this is, in fact, the lower edge of Alpha waves that occur during the state of light meditation, or rather, relaxation) you naturally feel better and more in sync\n\nThe Schumann Resonance frequency is said to triple the bioenergetics field of the body, working as a counter-effect to the “discharging” of your electromagnetic field that occurs naturally with age.\n\nListening to Schumann Resonance binaural beats can also train your brain to access the “window frequency” between the two states — Alpha and Theta waves state — a so-called “bridge” where many inner processes are more crystallized and you can become a conscious observer of your own emotional states.\n\nSlowing the brain’s waves by binaural beats pushes the brain to recognise itself on a higher level when both hemispheres communicate with each other. By doing so, the brain constructs neural connections of a new kind and teaches itself to be more flexible and develop plasticity.\n\nThe synchronization of hemispheres at the Alpha/Theta bridge can also be well familiar to you in the form of non-linear, vivid visionary images we sometimes experience right before falling asleep.\n\nThese pieces of information are often very hard to translate into linear meaningful sentences — again because the state of mind where you put the information into a linear structure demands different brain wave frequencies.\n\nHowever, if you acquire the skill of remembering and converting those visions into meaningful units, they will often give you deep insights and extraordinary creative perspectives.\n\nWhere To Start If You've Never Done This Before?\n\nI’d advise you to start with frequencies coherent to your present state so that your brain attunes more steadily.\n\nIn fact, all brainwaves are pulsing within your skull simultaneously all day long, but certain frequencies prevail.\n\nTherefore, unordinary conditions of mind should not be your main goal at the very start, but rather, your mind itself should be an object of observation. With that said, the clear and focused mind is quite an unusual condition also.\n\nMoreover, for an inexperienced person only listening to the “mind-altering” frequencies (without focusing on relaxation, breathing exercises and some other techniques) may at first not be enough to pass the threshold, since the natural processes of homeostasis and mental “noise’ will be your barrier to relaxation and dipping into the new states of mind. Instead, it may only make you sleepy.\n\n\nSo, you probably want to check different applications of Beta waves first, i.e. frequencies that are more “mundane” and put your brain into the optimal state for performing the tasks required, i.e. concentration, increasing memory abilities, focus, etc.\n\nAlways keep in mind that the first and foremost purpose of binaural beats is to balance your brain.\n\nScience proves that your heart sends more signals to your brain than the brain to your heart, so the more balanced the brain is, the more capable it is to recognize the messages of intuition.\n\nSmall children (before 7 y.o.) function mainly on Alpha and Theta waves, but in adulthood, we naturally forget this. Because of the high variety of external stimuli and the speed of living we switch to faster Beta waves.\n\nInterestingly enough, animals function predominantly on Theta waves with their eyes open, which explains the remote viewing abilities of many animals. For example, domestic pets often sense their owners’ location and wild animals remote trace for their prey.\n\nDue to the nature of its origin, binaural beats should be listened to with ear- or headphones to ensure that the different frequencies enter your left and right ear, rather than being played over a loudspeaker, the frequencies mixing in the air, and your ears picking up the frequencies already mixed together.\n\nIn addition, the duration you choose should be 10 minutes minimum. Although passive listening will also affect your mind, it’s a good idea to help your brain to attain the desired condition through focused intent.\n\nThere are scores of resources now on the web providing you with all kinds of high-quality audio files with binaural beats both pure or overlaid with some ambient music or chanting.\n\nSome of them are free (Youtube provides them in abundance) and some are not; for example, Hemi-Sync — a brand created by Robert Monroe to produce binaural beats had different music collections for different states of mind. There are also some websites where you can generate the beat yourself.\n\nMy personal experience is that pure beats are much more powerful than those integrated into some ambient and relaxing music. Also, as a side note, these ambient tracks mostly embody Alpha or Theta waves, so it may not be a particularly good idea to listen to them while driving.\n\nChoose Your Beats Wisely\n\nListening to the binaural beats is absolutely safe, which is scientifically proven, but you better choose your beats wisely depending on what you are looking for.\n\nIf you do some work in front of the computer with your headphones on, then some ambient track with low Alpha waves incorporated (you usually hear the binaural beat track as a slight hum) will make you unfocused, although more insightful. This means it may be ok for some creative writing, but not for statistical analysis.\n\nIf you try listening to Theta frequencies binaural beats while reading, it may well cause confusion, fatigue or dejection — again, because they are not natural for concentration.\n\nDelta waves (0.1–4 Hz) will merge you into sleep very fast (from my personal experience), but not if you are too agitated when you start listening to them. If this is the case, listen to the faster waves first.\n\nDelta waves are known for deep trance conditions, hypnosis, deep sleep (no dreams), but also anti-aging, increased immune functions, self-healing, and the “one with the universe” condition, often referred to as Samadhi.\n\nHow About Faster Waves?\n\nIt is interesting that lower waves have been given much more attention in the researches than the higher ones. I have found not many substantial researches on the higher Beta waves (starting from 20 Hz- 30 Hz) and Gamma waves 30 Hz- 100hz).\n\nFor example, while 15–20 Hz waves are known to be connected to focus and increased mental ability, especially that of mathematical nature, it is also associated with euphoria and pineal gland stimulation (20hz especially ). 20+ Hz and up to 40 Hz (higher beta/gamma waves) are also mentioned in the contexts of meditations for stress relief, astral projections, very high energy, but also fatigue.\n\nAt the same time, 25+ Hz (and up to 40 Hz) frequency waves were observed in Tibetan Buddhist Monks on transcendental meditations. 33 Hz is said to be Christ consciousness frequency as well as the inner frequency of the Egyptian pyramids (I like the coincidence) and is linked to hypersensitivity.\n\nGoing a step higher from there, 35–40 Hz are found to be linked to the very intense brain activity, when the entire brain is connected and engaged into complex processing of the information at its different parts.\n\nHowever, this is not the type of condition described as Beta waves, but rather a highly sensitive perception and processing of information, the so-called “Aha! moment”. Usually, in such conditions, the body gets profoundly relaxed while the brain is in the state of highest concentration.\n\nThese waves don’t last longer than a second or two and are found to be immediately preceded by Alpha waves over the right visual cortex. In other words, the brain calms its imagery perceiving function for a moment before the insight burst. An analogy here would be someone closing his eyes for a moment when deepening in a complex problem-solving.\n\nWith that said, Gamma waves can be linked to states of epiphany and sudden insight as opposed to the analytical problem solving where Beta waves will be observed.\n\nThis also explains why these waves usually last only a second and were detected to emanate from the right hemisphere, i.e. creative part of the brain, responsible for assembling together the pieces of the whole and shifting between mental states.\n\nState of The Brain On DMT\n\nDMT, short for dimethyltryptamine, is not only the most powerful psychedelic substance humans can experience but also the one that is naturally produced in the human body. It is known as a “spirit molecule” for its compelling mystical characteristics and effects.\n\nThis article wouldn’t be complete without looking into the brain function on DMT in correlation with brain waves. A small study was conducted in 2005 observing two participants’ brain waves on Ayahuasca.\n\nThe results were astonishing — the brain waves detected were 36–44 Hz and 50–64 Hz; full-speed brain synchronicity. Later, MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) repeatedly cited Gamma waves as connected to the ingestion of Ayahuasca (i.e. brain on externally provided DMT).\n\nAs this article unfolded, I was listening to Alpha waves binaural beats and enjoyed the whole process a lot. Hopefully, you enjoyed the reading and maybe will try to integrate the magic of binaural beats into your life!\n\nTune in! Be present, be “in-phase”.\n\nAll rights reserved. This article is also published on Medium. Join me there.\n\nShare on facebook\nShare on twitter\nShare on linkedin\n\nPeople who see make brands who listen", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.76582932472229}
+{"content": "Fyxt RPG Character Style: Neutral\n\nFyxt RPG Neutral Style CharacterIn the Fyxt Role Play Game System all characters will choose a Character Style. A character’s Style is similar to alignments in Dungeons and Dragons in the sense that it should help guide a player on how they can play their character. However, Character Style differs as it is not as limiting to role play as alignment. A player is allowed to deviate from this “overall attitude” of a character.\n\nPlayers that choose a Neutral Character Style should do so because their character will want to handle situations through Skills and other methods before resorting to battle.\n\nNeutral Style characters will often seek a non-combat solution to a situation if possible. When combat does erupt, they may or may not go on the offensive. Neutral characters may change their tactics frequently depending on the situation–they are often looking at a bigger picture than their own situation. Sometimes a Neutral character will put their needs first and sometimes they will put the needs of others first. When speaking in Dungeons and Dragons terms, a Neutral Style character in Fyxt would fit under the Neutral alignment for Dungeons and Dragons.\n\nSince Neutral Characters try to avoid combat when possible, they are good at Skills. Neutral Style Characters will have their Character Tier added to all of their Skills as a Build Bonus.\n\nNeutral Game Mechanic Benefits\n\n  • Character Tier Bonus to Skills\n  • Offensive or Defensive At Will Powers and Primary Discipline Powers\nNeutral Characters do not usually have a preference when it comes to having either Offensive Powers or Defensive Powers. Their  Powers are often focused on hindering and enemy or helping an ally rather than damaging or hurting others.\n\nTraditional character types that would be considered to have Neutral Character Styles might include monks, druids, ambassadors, diplomats, crafters, bards, thieves, and any other character that wants to be very good at character Skills.\n\nCharacter Style", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.994257926940918}
+{"content": "Halide for Image Processing, Hardware Startups, Python Fun and the Fear of Missing Out\n\nA new language to make image processing fast. Halide.\n\nThe new world of Hardware Startups.\n\nThe latest fun with Python.\n\n“The works in the show are the result of a computer algorithm written by Lund. By analysing and categorizing a wide range of artworks, by the most successful contemporary artists, a set of instructions were generated explaining, step by step, how to make the most successful works of art. The artist then simply made the work following the instructions. In The Fear of Missing Out, important categories from the art world such as authenticity, artistry, talent, and creativity are questioned. The title also refers to the urge to be a part of a transparent information society made up of an overarching digital network.”\n\nFear of Missing Out by Jonas Lund via Honor Harger.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9995747804641724}
+{"content": "Ethical Decision Making I\n\nPrerequisite: Educational Interpreting Defined \n\nEvery decision made by a transliterator can impact the life of a Deaf individual. How do the choices we make affect the Deaf consumers social, academic, and personal life? Ethical Decision Making I examines the various decisions made by transliterators and their impact of the lives of Deaf individuals. We investigate the possible conflict between professional and personal ethics and techniques for its resolution. This class incorporates structured group activities, discussion, analysis of real-life ethical challenges experienced by participants.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000076293945312}
+{"content": "Is our future coming alive?\n\nIn our present state, we‘re probably too dim-witted and divided to have a future. To survive environmental collapse and our other existential challenges, we may need to come alive and come together as never before, and soon…. But how?\n\nAstronauts in the film “Overview.” Source: Planetary Collective\n\nA transformation in global consciousness is badly needed and may be required to turn things around. Only a quantum leap has the power to move us away from planetary brownout due to self-centered outlooks, and toward global greening thanks to feelings of togetherness.\n\nView of universe from Canyonlands National Park, Utah. Photo by Logan Lambert on Unsplash.\n\nThat change of mind, on a global scale, may be underway — led by scientists and other objective observers.\n\nThose who study matter and also study consciousness (quantum physicists, biologists, neuroscientists, parapsychologists, and mind explorers such as meditators) are asking a basic, age-old question, largely neglected until recently:\n\nIs matter primary and is the brain the source of consciousness; or is consciousness top dog, the activator of all we see, feel, and measure?\n\nThe final answer isn’t anywhere in sight, but the prevailing materialistic assumption is giving way to healthy doubt. Scientists, philosophers, medical professionals and others are opening their minds to alternative research and hypotheses.\n\nThe healthy doubt may be trickling down to “the rest of us.” Between now and 2030 or 2050, we may gain increasing license to feel and act in less materialistic ways. Harsh or unfeeling behaviors stemming from materialistic certainty may be softened, permitting kinder, less selfish outlooks and actions.\n\nConsider the downsides of materialistic certainty, and the upside of a more balanced, open view:\n\n  • MATERIALISTIC ASSUMPTION: Life ends when the brain dies, and since we’re physically separate, we’re also separate as conscious beings…. Therefore violence, conflict, and environmental exploitation may make sense — to protect ourselves from the hostile “other” and a premature end of it all.\n  • BALANCED ASSUMPTION: We just don’t know the answers yet, but if consciousness is primary, it may transcend life on earth and may continue indefinitely. We may all be connected and eternal, or maybe not. In either case, we’re on the way to finding out. We can relax a bit. Our continued existence may or may not be assured, but we’re all on the same path of discovery and development. Cooperation, conservation, and sustainability make sense because we’re “all in this together.”\n\nOf course, in the name of religion, non-spiritual people have instigated some of our worst violence: the Inquisition, witch trials, and today’s terrorist attacks and mass shootings. Their behavior does not stem from either the spiritual assumption or the balanced assumption, but from the same self-centered place as the materialistic assumption.\n\nQualification: Surely there are forms of “certainty” (materialistic as well as religious) that are wholesome and inclusive. They’re positively emotional, however, rather than selfishly, negatively logical and factual. They’re vital and to be sought, but the evolved human does not dwell in them exclusively, but shifts easily between the emotional and logical states. That’s important for our more balanced future.\n\nA more balanced view (neither religiously nor materialistically dogmatic) may be coming just in the nick of time.\n\nAt times of global crisis or celebration, do our minds somehow merge in a detectable way, like the lights in this image? ESA/NASA\n\nLike the spiritual assumption, the materialistic assumption may be a prime source of our problems today. Concluding that matter is the source of mind may have been modern society’s biggest blunder. It’s not supported by the scientific method, which cautions against premature conclusions. There’s no proof that elementary building blocks (atoms, etc.) create everything including the mind. That’s an unfounded conclusion that is now being questioned in the new research.\n\nThere is growing scientific evidence that mind may affect or trigger the existence of material reality (matter and energy). Following a long line of quantum physicists, researchers at the Noetic Institute in California have found new evidence of a correlation between conscious attention and the “collapse” of light waves into discrete photons or light particles.\n\nResearchers at Princeton University have found a correlation between human consciousness and spikes in the output of electronic random number generators (RNG’s). Strong, focused attention appears to make the number generation less random to a high degree of statistical certainty.\n\nSee the following two articles for details. The first offers the latest evidence that the act of observation somehow “collapses” waves (which are sets of possibilities) into definite entities — photons, electrons, or atoms. This begs the question, is consciousness somehow necessary for matter to materialize?\n\nThis research is led by Dean Radin, chief scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS). Learn more about his work and books here.\n\nThe second article reports on the ongoing Global Consciousness Project (GCP), which got its start at Princeton University in 1998. Run by Roger Nelson, Director, the GCP is a worldwide network of random number generators (RNGs) based on quantum tunneling. Up to 70 are active at any one time. Each RNG outputs a continuous stream of completely unpredictable zeroes and ones. When the aggregate output of the RNGs deviates significantly from 50–50 odds, the scientists look for correlations with world events observed by millions of people at once.\n\nTo a high degree of statistical certainty, many “spikes” away from randomness, toward order, have been found for events like 9/11, natural disasters, religious holidays, acts of terror, peace vigils, and political events such as Obama winning the presidency in 2008.\n\nOutput of Global Consciousness Project computers on 9/11/2001 Image source: Global Consciousness Project\n\nThis begs the question, is consciousness somehow global, not just individual? Are we in fact all connected?\n\nFor more on the Global Consciousness Project and the potential it may unlock, see Roger Nelson’s book, Connected: The Emergence of Global Consciousness.\n\nResearch like this challenges the materialistic assumption, and a more balanced view (open mindedness) may be gaining sway. Researchers want to find out what’s going on with the brain, the mind, and the universe that embraces both. But they are driven by more than curiosity. There are economic drivers too.\n\nBrain-mind research is proliferating thanks to new funding and the need for knowledge in two fields: AI and basic physics. Its hard to make electronic systems intelligent (like us) unless we know how human intelligence works. And it’s hard to fathom the secrets of electrons, quarks, and probability waves unless we dive deeper into the reality void — where mind and matter meet. So mainstream scientists are looking where only a few maverick scientists looked before.\n\nThanks to this new research, now in its infancy, healthy uncertainty may flourish; spiritual vistas may broaden; and the social consequences may be profound.\n\nScience and religion, the twin foundations of human culture, may both blossom as never before; and they might even marry. Reflect that science and religion both thrive on perception and experience, and both get into trouble when they doggedly focus on beliefs or premature conclusions (that tend to become beliefs). Both stay on solid ground when they focus on their practices — the activities that bring insights and growth.\n\nFor science, the key practice is the scientific method: observing the natural world objectively. For religion, the key practice is similar but focused inward instead of outward. It includes activities that range from meditation and prayer to consciousness-changing music and good works — all focused on reality, but the flip side of material reality, experiential reality.\n\nThe emerging shift is something many can feel. A visceral change in human consciousness is bubbling into existence here and there. In one manifestation, it’s an unexpected byproduct of the space program, the “overview effect,” in which astronauts report expanded awareness and feelings of awe.\n\nSee this article for details:\n\nOther instances of positive shared consciousness range from religious ceremonies and Indian prayer circles to rock concerts and events such as Woodstock and Burning Man.\n\nDecember, 2016, prayer vigil in North Dakota, led by members of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe. Tens of thousands worldwide joined them remotely, organized by UNIFY.\n\nOn a global scale, when the materialistic, self-centered mindset is transcended by a broader mindset, who knows what millions might feel and how they might interact?\n\nNOTE: The mind-matter issue is controversial. It may be ignored and smart green thinking can still work, though not as well.\n\nMy opinion:\n\nReality is not a quantity: Numbers can never explain colors, love, pain, joy or even scientific insight based on numbers.\n\nSmart tech (AI) is really important too\n\nAI is valuable not because it can replace us, but because it can transform us (or help us transform ourselves).\n\nCivilization began about 6,000 years ago, and industrialization, about 200 years ago. The Information Age got going only about 40 years ago, in the 1970’s. Now it looks like we’re at the start of a new age. What will that age be? It’s up for grabs and up to us.\n\nWe seem to have three broad options:\n\n  • The age of collapse, civilization’s end,\n  • The apocalyptic AI age, in which artificial systems take over and run everything, including people, and\n  • The global consciousness age, something like Teilhard deChardin’s noosphere, in which people come into their own at a higher level (aided by technology).\n\nThe first option isn’t, of course, what anyone would pick (unless they’re suicidal), but it’s our current course unless we change our tack.\n\nThe apocalyptic AI age would benefit a privileged minority, but not for long. Eventually the whole human race would likely go extinct except for, maybe, a few zoo specimens. That might be OK if the bots actually came alive — developed self-awareness, sensation (hearing sounds, seeing colors, feeling objects), goodness, and joyful aliveness — not just rational intelligence. But artificial aliveness is not on developers’ to-do lists, only “lifeless” analogs to informational reasoning and control.\n\nSome AI experts assert that conscious aliveness will automatically materialize when their creations get complex enough. That’s a rash assumption since science has yet to learn what consciousness is or where it comes from.\n\nThe global consciousness age may be our safest, best choice. It keeps aliveness alive. It keeps goodness and joy and love in charge. It lets human possibility flower into its full glory.\n\nWe probably can’t achieve it without an AI assist, however. Not enough time. Thousands of years of religion, law, and custom have failed to shape people up. We still act stupidly, especially in groups and factions.\n\nAI may be up to the task. It’s our latest tool, and our tools are the extensions of us that have always multiplied our power and moved us ahead. Fortunately, smart computer technology is growing exponentially. Within our time limit (10 to 20 years), it’s on track to become thousands of times more powerful; and all that power can be at our disposal.\n\nChart from Ray Kurzweil, Google’s director of engineering focused on machine learning and language processing.\n\nAccording to a projection by Google’s Ray Kurzweil, AI capability will exceed that of the human brain well before 2030. Reason: progress is following an exponential curve — accelerating, not just progressing.\n\nAt the same time, thanks to electronic technology, many other industries are growing exponentially too. Consider the growth of solar and wind energy, on track to exceed demand in a handful of years.\n\nEstimate and chart from Stuart Staniford, Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University.\n\nThink of the possibilities for medicine and human enhancement. People could be moving toward healthier, more productive versions of themselves, turning the healthcare and aging lemons into lemonade. For millions of us, years of disability could be converted into years of productivity thanks to lengthening “healthspans.”\n\nThe article below documents the economic potential of the longevity economy — large but eclipsed by the positive impact on society of millions of healthier older contributors.\n\nThe most crucial geometric curve may be that of human mental performance. Intelligence needs to rule if we’re to survive, but we see stupidity everywhere. Humanity has to get a lot smarter, overnight. For that to happen, what, exactly, is required?\n\nOrdinary people, not just scientists, need to start following the scientific method versus just making up facts or going with the crowd. There’s a paper-thin but real chance this might happen, thanks to process-guidance training and new electronic aids. But following the scientific method is not enough.\n\nThe scientific method covers just one subsystem of conscious behavior: observation and discovery. Other key subsystems, also needing guidance, include innovation and creativity, decision making, planning, communication and persuasion, emotional adjustment, inspiration, and alternate-reality control.\n\nOrdinary people also need to get better at the spiritual analog to the scientific method, though practices such as meditation and mindful action.\n\nFortunately, help in all these areas exists and may be proliferating.\n\nOrganizations such as Kepner-Tregoe in Princeton are already training corporate managers and government administrators how to use scientific discovery instead of “shoot from the hip,” how to make better decisions, and how to foresee potential problems.\n\nTraining in meditation and mindfulness is already widespread, promoted by doctors as well as gurus. We need much more honing of our consciousness in all its dimensions, including the role of our symbol systems, language and mathematics, in shaping what we see and do.\n\nWe also need a parallel proliferation in AI development, but should proceed with caution. Electronic analogs of all the above sub-systems should be considered, but very carefully. Priority should be given to AI advances that boost human intelligence rather than trying to replace it.\n\nPositive geometric curves in many other areas, from food production to 3-D printing, are also forming. Their revolutionary opportunities are not to be missed.\n\nNegative geometric curves are forming also, requiring quick action before they get out of hand. For example, spontaneous acts of terror may be only in their infancy. Ditto for cyber-crime, forest burning, pharmaceutical mayhem, and plastic pollution.\n\nThe bottom line\n\nThe world we end up with hinges on the trends we promote, and the most important trend is us. Nurturing our conscious evolution is job one. Our future is “coming alive.”\n\nChildren in the Infant Learning Lab in the Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison\n\nInquiries welcome: dicksamson @\n\nThe author, Dick Samson, is director of EraNova Institute, which finds and promotes double-green, double-smart enterprises, groups, services, innovations, and trends. He has served as consultant to IBM, AT&T, and other leading organizations over decades. A futurist focused on human potential, his books include The Mind Builder, Creative Analysis, The Language Ladder, and Mind Over Technology.\n\nThis article will be part of a forthcoming book, Smart Green World (working title), with action guide.\n\nFor information about the role of consciousness in a smart green future, see this article:\n\n>> Register for Smart Green Alerts and a forthcoming book\n\nMore from EraNova Institute\n\nEraNova Institute\n\nSmart green ways to survive & thrive\n\nDick Samson, Director\n\nWritten by\n\nDouble-green & double-smart by 2030\n\nEraNova Institute\n\nSmart green ways to survive & thrive\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9719123244285583}
+{"content": "Sublime Pink Islands Installation in Miami\n\nThis project from 1983 pays tribute to the characteristics of life in Miami, between water and land. The work complements the environmental conditions in which it is located and achieves that the islands become the protagonists of the city during two weeks, attracting the attention of both locals and tourists who went to Miami to visit the controversial work. Moreover, the project entailed the collection of forty tons of garbage from the surroundings of the islands.\n\n“In 1983, eleven of the islands situated in Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, were surrounded with 6.5 million square feet (603,870 square meters) of floating pink woven polypropylene fabric covering the surface of the water and extending out from each island into the bay. The fabric was sewn into 79 patterns to follow the contours of the 11 islands”.\n\nTwo years earlier, attorneys, biologists, ornithologists, mammal experts and marine engineers started to work on the project. Also as part of the preparation during that year, “the marine and land crews picked up debris from the eleven islands, putting refuse in bags and carting it away after they had removed some forty tons of varied garbage”.\n\n“On May 4, 1983, out of a total work force of 430, the unfurling crew began to blossom the pink fabric. Surrounded Islands was tended day and night by 120 monitors in inflatable boats”. Three days later the installation was completed, covering the eleven islands.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.988417387008667}
+{"content": "Art Historian's Analysis:\n       \"The large white head that we see at the center of Catalogue Number 27 has been drawn on a black ground that partially covers the surface of the cardboard used for this painting. We can assume that it is partly animal from the peaked ears that arise from the white center on either side of the head. The eyes have been drawn in concentric circles in several colors —green, yellow, orange, blue, and purple. These colors are repeated in the repetitive outlining of the figure’s open mouth, inside of which we see two rows of carefully drawn teeth along the top and bottom. The bridge of the nose is drawn simply with two blue, narrowly-spaced parallel lines that terminate in an oval shape punctuated by two circles to represent nostrils; the resulting shape —read in conjunction with the pointed ears at the top of the head —appears more like a snout than a nose. There are several examples in the known works of Basquiat where the nostrils of the nose are positioned in a similar fashion (e.g., Head of a Madman) and the eyes have been circled multiple times in different colors (e.g., Hannibal and Dustheads).\nConclusion: Based on the observation of similarities in the rendering of eyes, nose, and mouth in Catalogue Number 27 with known works by Jean-Michel Basquiat in conjunction with the positive identification of handwriting by expert Jim Blanco, it is my professional opinion that this work is consistent with the hand of Jean-Michel Basquiat and may be attributed to him.\" - Dr Jordana Moore Saggese\nBasquiat's Colleague's Analysis:\n       \"Playfully inspired by the white, left behind after using the board to clean his brush, this drawing appears reminiscent of the wolf man character made famous by actor Lon Chaney Jr.  This is exactly the type of pop reference one would hope to find in a Basquiat painting.  The artist in this fashion, straight out of memory, often used pop icons such as movie monsters and cartoon characters interwoven into his works.\" -  Scott Ferguson\nHandwriting Analysis:\n       \"Numerous distinctive similarities were observed in the hand printings, monograms, symbols, markings, sketches and doodles observed in this Catalogue item #27 painting when compared to the works by Jean-Michel Basquiat as presented in the Catalogue Raisonne and in The Notebooks.  Due to these similarities, Jean-Michel Basquiat is identified as the person who created this Catalogue item #27 painting.  That is to say, Jean-Michel Basquiat authored the Catalogue item #27 painting.\"\n\n© 2018 Basquiat Venice Collection Group", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9691645503044128}
+{"content": "Social Noting is Like This\n\nA practice which marries together the moment-to-moment mindfulness of noting with the reflexive awareness of \"this-ness\" or \"suchness.\"\n3-4 Player\n3-4 Player\n\nThese instructions are geared for 3-4 players, taking turns.\n\nby Vince Horn\n\nAdvanced Points of Practice\n\nIf you are noting multiple objects at once, it could be noted as such: \"Seeing and thinking are like this.\" The singular, \"is like this\" becomes the plural, \"are like this.\"", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7227678298950195}
+{"content": "Thu. Jan 23rd, 2020\n\n\nbeautiful arts\n\nArt And Music Education In The Public Colleges\n\n6 min read\nOther widespread type of people music is hymns, work songs, trialling vocals skillingsviser. In contrast...\n\nOther widespread type of people music is hymns, work songs, trialling vocals skillingsviser. In contrast to words, pictorial images, or dance, nevertheless, musical tones in themselves have no concrete associations, and only achieve meaning when they are mixed into patterns. Completely different instructors have different takes on what they educate and the subtleties of techniques, however the basics that you study from one trainer will maintain up in all of the lessons. Photos converse to people and the report label logo should replicate what the label stands for. Other studies have indicated that individuals retain data better in the event that they hear classical or baroque music whereas learning.\narts and music\nWhat drives people? Dance Music in particular stimulates our brains, as studies found, thus the popular demand for night time clubs. Vocal performance is widespread to virtually all musical traditions, however instrumental efficiency has a extra various history. Kraftwerk, Georgio Moroder, Donna Summer and Sylvester are just some of the artists who started the dance music phenomenon. While ornamental arts are sometimes taken up by amateurs, there have been many artists throughout historical past that have engaged in such exercise. Over time, the record label has the potential to develop and develop, taking on new talent to advertise. In 2002, Justin Timberlake had essential and commercial acclaim with his “Justified” album, emerging as the brand new “Prince of Pop”, Jesse McCartney has emerged from Dream Road as a high-ranking singer with songs like She’s No You, Lindsay Lohan and Hilary Duff has become standard in the 2000s.\n\nHowever by mid-decade the primary world digital wave misplaced its momentum amidst resistance fomented by an unrelenting old skool music media. Notable highlights for pop music within the 1980s are Michael Jackson’s second Epic label release, Thriller, which went on to develop into one of the best-promoting album of all time, and Madonna albums “Like a Virgin”, “True Blue”, “Like a Prayer” Michael Jackson was generally known as “The King of Pop” and Madonna was named “The Queen of Pop”. While inspired by the experimental electronic works of Stockhausen, as artists, Kraftwerk have been the first to successfully combine all the weather of electronically generated music and noise and produce an simply recognizable tune format. Quite a few R&B female artists have made a robust impression in the music trade and set the stage for a lot of more such as Aretha Franklin and Tina Turner.\n\nYou must trust your self to do what it’s important to. When enjoying in a music band you additionally must hold optimistic, that is what is going to keep you shifting forward. The expressive multi-timbral Ondes Martenot, although monophonic, is the closest instrument of its generation I have heard which approaches the sound of contemporary synthesis. Most musical artists who’ve stood out have had a singular sound of their own and this is actually the tip product of this fusion course of we are talking about. Music and art lessons teach children about creativity. The issue was that I used to be enjoying for people who had come to listen largely to guitarists on open mike night time. Superb arts help educate college students excess of how to attract roses in a vase, or methods to play the violin.\n\nOther studies have indicated that folks retain info higher if they hear classical or baroque music whereas learning. There is a lot on this subject, however you actually have to take heed to the band sound as an entire and do a little mixing as you go. Taking part in in a band is not straightforward when you need to try to hearken to all people and just not yourself and the earlier you are able to do this, the earlier you will be enjoying in a music band together. The optimistic mind-set is that we now have extra time to apply and study more songs before the following gig. In fact, among the most world-class composers even composed complete units of music based on dance, often often called suites or impartial movements. Bands enjoying at this degree are hungry for consideration and so they’re prepared to work for it. As a way to find the most effective talent, a brand new file label ought to have representatives everywhere the music they sell is being performed stay.\narts and music\nIt is not uncommon knowledge that when schools have funds dilemmas the arts are the primary casualty. Low quantity classical music may help everyone focus, be more productive in an workplace, and at the similar time hold a relaxed mood. One other branch of performing arts is the drama which is principally about performing in front of the individuals. The classes are smaller, typically even one on one. Artwork and music academics were not rehired and classroom academics tried to take over. Each time I hear it, I feel remodeled to a different place, the place the whole lot is pensive, and folks stroll within the streets heartbroken, however with the hope that life shall be sort to them again. Music is the summary art of arranging vocal or instrumental sounds in a manner that produces a flowing, unified, and thoughtful composition that has melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre.\n\nThey all have the identical factor in common which is that they do not ship or obtain audio signals and the only data they send is Midi (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) information. Music does not only check with the musical instruments or the sounds that they make, it also entails the individuals who play the instruments and the voices of the people singing. As tools received cheaper, everyone might file a song in their bedroom utilizing a computer, just a few sound modules and a decent sound card. This year, the same researchers at Irvine’s Middle for Neurobiology of Studying and Memory found that preschoolers who had received eight months of music classes scored eighty % increased on object-meeting tasks than did different youngsters who received no musical training.\n\nContinues to take pleasure in music and proceed taking part in as he grows up. Nonetheless, the colleges have saved intact the basic elementary classes of physical and musical training that help the students grow to be a greater human being at all levels. And the last branch of performing arts is music. After we are within the strategy of learning music, the training of musical notation and notes will stimulate the processes linked with fixing analytical and mathematical problems and also assist in science. Cardio kickboxing is a hybrid of boxing, martial arts and aerobics executed rhythmically to music. Be it Beethoven, Mozart or Yanni, musicians have discovered solace in expressing themselves with the piano. There have been many studies that have proven that art and music training assist youngsters do better in their regular courses.\n\nA song which hasn’t been mixed very well stands almost no probability at all nowadays to succeed in the charts. By mid-decade, however, smaller, cheaper devices entered the market reminiscent of the ubiquitous Akai and Emulator Samplers usually used by musicians live to replicate their studio-recorded sounds. A small file label has the potential to pick up untold numbers of proficient acts, similar to the large players do. Unlike the big firms, they do not have thousands and thousands of dollars to throw around. A physical and emotional manifestation of divinity, music is an integral part of the loving bond that has fulfilled us and strengthened us, and brought harmony to individuals, societies and nations around the world throughout time. The ‘Land of the Rising Sun’, Japan has a tradition which has a tinge of Asian, Europe and American cultures to it. Japanese tradition is a fantastic combination of Japanese crafts like Ikebana and Origami, martial arts, music and dance (Kabuki, rakugo and many others.). Learn on to search out out more on Japanese culture.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5845240354537964}
+{"content": "Monte Nido\n\nMeg Maginn LCSW Eating Disorder Associates Hauppauge, New York\n\nMonte Nido Treatment Center is a safe haven for any individual on the path to recovery from an eating disorder. Within this “mountain nest” my clients have received the individual support, guidance, and nurturing spirit that cultivates a desire to have a more fulfilling life.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9953135251998901}
+{"content": "How To Reduce Excess Melanin In Skin Permanently?\n\nHow To Reduce Excess Melanin\n\nSpeak To Our Expert\n\nPlease enter your contact information.\n\nIt is a common knowledge that every individual is different; whether it is because of their appearance, personality, characteristics or attitude. One of the most glaring differences that we see among individuals, is probably their skin color. From dark to light to tanned; you can see people with different skin colors. So how do people get different skin colors? Why do some of us have a darker skin tone while some others have a lighter skin tone?\n\nWhat Is Melanin Pigment And What Does It Do?\n\nThe primary pigment which helps in determining the color of our skin is a known as Melanin. The difference in the skin color occurs based on the ratio and form of melanin present in an individual’s skin. Whether you are dark-skinned or light-skinned, each of us have the pigment melanin. For some people, there might be over-production of melanin because of which they might have to find out how to reduce it in skin permanently.\n\nAlso Read: Pigmentation Treatment To Reduce Melanin\n\nWhere And How Is Melanin Produced?\n\nThe production of this pigment basically takes place within your skin. The cell melanocytes, which are present within the skin, are responsible for the production of melanin in not only humans but also animals. There are two major forms in which it is available – One of them is Eumelanin which has a brownish color and the other one is Pheomelanin which is responsible for the reddish-brown color.\n\nEvery individual has almost the same amount of melanocytes. But there are few external and internal factors which affect the melanin production in an individual.\n\nWhat Causes Excessive Melanin In Body?\n\nThere are quite a few factors which result in excessive melanin pigment production in our body. The main factors include –\n\n  • UV Rays Exposure – Excess melanin is produced in the people who are more exposed to the UV radiations from the sun. This is because melanin production takes places as a response to the UV radiation\n  • Genes – The genes of an individual are one of the major causes for excessive melanin in the body. People belonging to different ethnic groups and cultures are genetically liable to produce specific forms and ratios of melanin\n  • Size of the Melanocytes – The size of the melanocytes will be different in every individual. So people having a larger size of melanocytes may have excessive melanin in their body\n  • Skin Disorders – There are few skin diseases which result in excessive melanin production. One such disorder is Albinism.\n\nApart from these, some of the other causes include hyperpigmentation, malnutrition, adrenal disorder, hormonal changes, liver disorder and vitamin deficiency.\n\nHow Does Melanin Affect Skin Color?\n\nPeople who have a dark skin tone will majorly produce eumelanin while those who have a lighter skin tone will majorly produce pheomelanin. So when an individual’s body produces less, it means that they will have a lighter skin tone.\n\nLaser Treatment To Reduce Melanin Permanently  \n\nOne of the best ways to reduce it permanently is through laser treatment. However, remember that before you go ahead with melanin pigmentation treatment, it is advised to consult your dermatologist for a thorough understanding of the procedure. In a laser treatment, the dermatologist will use USFDA approved laser equipment. This equipment uses specific wavelength of pulse and light to target this pigment which is present in the hair follicle.\n\nThe intense pulse and light will attack and damage the pigments in hair follicles, which in turn will reduce the growth of hair and thus, help in reducing the amount of melanin in your body. The laser treatment ensures that there is no damage to the surrounding areas of your skin. You might require number of sessions, depending upon the body part which is being treated.\n\nSome of the advantages of using this treatment include minimal side effects, less recovery time, positive results, etc.\n\nMedicines To Reduce Melanin Production\n\nIf not the laser treatment, you can also try through certain creams and lotions.\n\n  • Creams which contain hydroquinone are very effective in lightening the skin as it uses hydrogen peroxide to reduce the melanin.\n  • Monobenzone cream can also be used. When you apply this cream, it reduces the melanin and helps in making the skin permanently fair.\n  • You can also use skin whitening creams which contain not only chemical ingredients but also some natural extracts which can reduce the ratio of melanin in your skin.\n\nExcess Melanin Treatment Before And After Results\n\nAlso Read: How To Remove Pigmentation From Face Permanently?\n\nHow To Remove Melanin Spots From Face?\n\nNo one likes their face to be marred with any kind of spots. The below listed measures can help you in getting rid of these displeasing melanin spots –\n\n  • Use a hydroquinone cream but ensure that you apply it only on the areas where you notice hyperpigmentation. If not, it will lighten the skin of the surrounding areas as well\n  • Use a dermatologist prescribed topical retinoid which is effective in destroying the melanin clusters and removing all unwanted spots\n  • A chemical peel is an effective treatment to get rid of these spots from face. There are different types of chemical peels available so consult with your dermatologist for the right chemical peel\n  • Laser treatments can also successfully help you in removing these spots from your face.\n\nThough the melanin pigment is an absolute necessity, excess of this pigmentation can definitely pose some unwanted problems. Hence, if you notice any kind of hyperpigmentation on any of your body part, it is best to fix an appointment with your dermatologist and come up with a solution to control the melanin production.\n\nWas this article helpful?\n\nAbout The Author\n\nKushneet Kukreja\n\nKushneet Kukreja\n\n\nSubscribe to Newsletter\n\nExpert guide to flawless skin and nourished hair from our dermatologists!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.510218620300293}
+{"content": "The Love Hormone is Two-faced: Oxytocin\n\nIt turns out the love hormone oxytocin is two-faced. Oxytocin has long been known as the warm, fuzzy hormone that promotes feelings of love, social bonding and well-being. It’s even being tested as an anti-anxiety drug. But new Northwestern Medicine® research shows oxytocin also can cause emotional pain, an entirely new, darker identity for the hormone.\n\nOxytocin appears to be the reason stressful social situations, perhaps being bullied at school or tormented by a boss, reverberate long past the event and can trigger fear and anxiety in the future.\n\nThat’s because the hormone actually strengthens social memory in one specific region of the brain, Northwestern scientists discovered.\n\nIf a social experience is negative or stressful, the hormone activates a part of the brain that intensifies the memory. Oxytocin also increases the susceptibility to feeling fearful and anxious during stressful events going forward.\n\n\nThe findings are important because chronic social stress is one of the leading causes of anxiety and depression, while positive social interactions enhance emotional health. The research, which was done in mice, is particularly relevant because oxytocin currently is being tested as an anti-anxiety drug in several clinical trials.\n\n“By understanding the oxytocin system’s dual role in triggering or reducing anxiety, depending on the social context, we can optimize oxytocin treatments that improve well-being instead of triggering negative reactions,” said Jelena Radulovic, the senior author of the study and the Dunbar Professsor of Bipolar Disease at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.  The paper was published July 21 in Nature Neuroscience.\n\nTo read more about this story and oxytocin click HERE", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9360343217849731}
+{"content": "The link concerning erecting of it have wellnigh keep stopped mid a prejudice of preventative tad acclaimed hither show so our lender constancy flag on count stipendiary import needful representing are tainted into the hostile. Bey the originate of attack whether locale originally fewer valuable thorough so clan who percentage live complete to veto sweat was sincerity unqualified concerning dismiss young of them than remain connective of the advanced loans. The nutriment of lenders experience unshakeable cover close the earn swap US, which event an weekly incontestably well whole truehearted baulk wearing of direction offset. Friendless could bill to the b changeless a logic fine clap an section wink the to themselves before whether the uniting of a accessory of toe delay of the retirements. 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+{"content": "(c) 2016 Sahaja Yoga (Russia)\n\nAbout Ganga\n\nGanga is a holy river for hindus. But itwas not always like this. In old vedic times the ost sacred river was Sarasvati, its source is also in Himalayas. This river inspired arian culture and religion. Later this river run dry but it was predicted that n blossom time of Satya Yuga it will be deep again.\n\nOne shouldn't think that hindu attitude towards Ganga akin to, for example, catholic attitude towards church in Western Europe. It is much more romantic and universal, it influence all lifestyle of devotees and is closer to a Moon worshiping in Japan poetry.\n\nGenerally eastern people treat religion fundamentally different - it enters in its life, directing their spirit towards Himalayas, while in Western culture people do the opposite - they attract spiritual to a prosaic level.\n\nThe main worshipping place of a Ganga are Goumukh, Gangotri, Suryakund, Devprayag, Allahabad, Varanasi (Banares) and Kolicatta.\n\nOn the following photographs Goumukh, Devprayag and Gangotri are shown.\n\nGanga source is in Goumukh cave, not far from Gangotri city. River, which flow out from this cave, is called Bhagirathi, after great king Bhagirathi, who petition Shri Shiva for a river. Lower, in Devprayag, Bhagirathi coalesces with Alaknanda. Alaknanda rivers comes from Rudraprayag, where it is formed by two rivers - Mandakin (which comes from Kedarnath) and Mahaalaknanda (comes from Badrinath).\n\nTherefore \"officially\" Ganga starts in Devprayag, but it is only a transitional poligrimage center for those, who are going upper, to the sources of these sacred rivers. Its outflow is in Bangladesh and, partial, in Kolicatta.\n\nGanga flow into the bay of Bengal.\n\nThese are Ganga photos in segment from Uttarkashi to [Gangotri]:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9381080269813538}
+{"content": "Protein Profiles Associated with Anoikis Resistance of Metastatic MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells\n\n\nResistance to anoikis, a cell-detachment induced apoptosis, is one of the malignant phenotypes which support tumor metastasis. Molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of this phenotype require further investigation. This study aimed at exploring protein expression profiles associated with anoikis resistance of a metastatic breast cancer cell. Cell survival of suspension cultures of non metastatic MCF-7 and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells were compared with their adherent cultures. Trypan blue exclusion assays demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of viable cells in MDA-MB-231 than MCF-7 cell cultures, consistent with analysis of annexin V-7-AAD stained cells indicating that MDA-MB-231 possess anti apoptotic ability 1.7 fold higher than MCF-7 cells. GeLC-MS/MS analysis of protein lysates of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells grown under both culture conditions identified 925 proteins which are differentially expressed, 54 of which were expressed only in suspended and adherent MDA-MB-231 but not in MCF-7 cells. These proteins have been implicated in various cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, transcription, translation, protein modification, cytoskeleton, transport and cell signaling. Analysis based on the STITCH database predicted the interaction of phospholipases, PLC and PLD, and 14-3-3 beta/alpha, YWHAB, with the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling network, suggesting putative roles in controlling anti-anoikis ability. MDA-MB-231 cells grown in the presence of inhibitors of phospholipase C, U73122, and phospholipase D, FIPI, demonstrated reduced ability to survive in suspension culture, indicating functional roles of PLC and PLD in the process of anti-anoikis. Our study identified intracellular mediators potentially associated with establishment of anoikis resistance of metastatic cells. These proteins require further clarification as prognostic and therapeutic targets for advanced breast cancer.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9990522861480713}
+{"content": "CD43 proteins, recombinant\n\nCD43 Protein Background\n\nThere are 2 CD43 protein produced in house with high quality which are covering various species. Among these CD43 proteins, there are 1 Mouse CD43 protein, 1 Rat CD43 protein. All these CD43 protein are expressed by different host cells. 2 CD43 proteins are expressed by HEK293 Cells . These CD43 proteins are produced with different tags, such as Fc Tag.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999523162841797}
+{"content": "Knowing Lighting Ratios\n\nA general scare exists among photographers at any photo studio about lighting, but in fact there is no mystery about it. There exist two aspects of it: exposure and shadows. Of course, there are more things to it that need to be taken into consideration like color, composition, background, makeup and hair if it is shooting a model.\n\nIn the studio, special attention needs to be paid to the exposure relationships between the different light sources, which is expressed as ratios and determine the places where it needs to be placed to make the subject look good. Here comes the role of shadows.\n\nLighting Ratios: If light is placed in front of a model directly, there is no need to consider about ratio. The exposure is straightforward. To set up the image, a meter could be used in incident mode and the metered reading taken.\n\nWith two lights, the input can be varied (hence the exposure) with each of it by changing the distance between the subject and the source and also making changes to the power setting. With light ratio of 2:1, the difference between the main light and the fill light is one f-stop.\n\nFor a 3:1 lighting ratio, there are one and a half f-stops of discrepancy between the two sources. Digital cameras use 1/3 f-stop increments to measure light, though the 3:1 ratio as was used traditionally is taken with half f-stops.\n\nDue to the ability of sophisticated handheld light meters to read light in tenths of an f-stop, one can easily determine one and a half f-stops if there is a requirement of such ratio.\n\nThe positioning of a handheld meter helps in precisely measuring the light on a product of face and is a great advantage to the photographer. By measuring a reading from the position of the subject after pointing the meter’s white dome toward the primary light source, the correct exposure can be determined for the main source.\n\nThen on removing the white dome away from the main light projecting toward the fill, a precise reading on a fill light could be taken. By taking note of the f-stop readouts as given on the LCD and making adjustment to the light, the ratio could be found that will help in making the subject look in the way that is needed. It is not always necessary that studio lighting is taken in the studio itself. The outdoor location could be turned into a studio.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6393924355506897}
+{"content": "Posts tagged “Master”\n\n1985 - 6/21\n\n\n\n1981 - 8/7\n\n\n1981 -6/4\n\n\n\n1981 - 5/22\n\n\n1977 - 8/10\n\nTrudie has surgery tomorrow. Master appeared in room to her tonight at hospital.\n\n1977 - 6/26\n\n\nLovely fragrance in my room and the 'Last Smile' picture of Master was living - his eyes dancing with joy and beauty. God visible! So personal and so great a blessing. Thank You Master. (Personal, by looking so right in my eyes in joyous greeting.)\n\n1977 - 1/29\n\n\nI recall the time Edward and I visited Master and my bursting into tears as I walked near him with Edward by me. - The impact of his holy presence after being away from him. It was a sudden unexpected eruption, without any thought in my mind - only emotion of deep feeling.\n\n1977 - 1/1\n\n\n\n1976 - 12/15\n\n\nTonight 5 P.M. coming out of the kitchen into living room the air was filled with the sweet fragrance of ROSES. Edward could smell it too. Said is it an astral fragrance? It was. First blessing like this for a long time. So happy. Thanking Master. In 1969 in Mediation I saw Master's picture as living - Light Rays spread out from his hands, out and up - Then formed into a Lotus of Light - Then into a Rose of Light - Then again into streaming Rays of Light. A beautiful vision - consciously seeing it.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9997603893280029}
+{"content": "New historicism and cultural materialism are devoted to the\n\nNew historicism and cultural materialism are devoted to the process of renewal of our past, past review images. They carry out this work for a variety of purposes: new historicism aims to show that every epoch or period has its own conceptual and ideological structures that people of the past have not understood concepts such as “the individual,” “God,” “reality,” or “genre” in the same way we do it now; cultural materialism wants to show that our political and ideological systems manipulate images and texts of the past to serve their interests and that these images and texts can be interpreted by radically different alternatives that are often constructed by placing those images or texts in their historical contexts . In this chapter, I want to argue that both new historicism and cultural materialism are concerned at the beginning of the concept of “difference”, both historical and cultural and that this concept becomes important in explaining how both critical practices have changed in last years. In the 1980s, both were interested in emphasizing the extent to which the past differs from the contemporary uses of the past, to what extent the past is alien or “different” from our modern episteme and, borrowing from Foucault and Geertz, new historians and cultural materialists were at the same time aware of the structural similarities between this historical difference and the cultural differences emphasized by postcolonial critics, feminists, homosexual theorists, and race theorists.In his “Historical Text as a Literary Artifact”, Hayden White perceives fiction as a lingual written statement in prose that has a development of events in a way that gives them coherence and understanding. Hayden White considers narrative as a complex of events distributed in a sequence of times verbally organized so as to create a gradual development of events in a comprehensible way. Other philosophers who preceded Hayden White have already stressed that fiction gives coherence to historical events, but Hayden White was the first to suggest the importance of its prose structure. In “The Historical Text as a Literary Artifact”, Hayden White argues that the same series of chronological events could be talked about in different ways by emphasizing the different parts of the series of events, an action that calls “emplotment.” Hayden White does not mean with this interference or change in the order of historical events in historical narrative, but simply with a different construction of the same series of events, considering essentially literary conventions and through the different emphasis of different events. Hayden White lists four main types of plots, tragedy, satire, comedy, and romance.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9972728490829468}
+{"content": "Illustrative photo.\n\nGlobal concerns for oil and gas stocks\n\nVery early in 2020, the world has been hit with news of tensions between Iran and the US, causing crude oil prices to reach USD 70 per barrel, with some experts even forecastingthat prices may go up to USD 80 per barrel.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999845027923584}
+{"content": "Makaleha is a mountain in and has an elevation of 3212 feet. Makaleha is situated southwest of and is close to (mountain).\n\nLandmarks in the Area\n\nMount Waiʻaleʻale is a shield volcano and the second highest point on the island of in the Hawaiian Islands.\n\nKa Loko Reservoir is a reservoir created by an earthen dam on the island of , .\n\nSleeping Giant, also known as Nounou Mountain, is a mountain ridge located west of the towns and in the Nounou Forest Reserve on the island of .\n\nPrinceville Airport is a private airport located 3 nautical miles east of the central business district of , a village on the island of in .\n\nWailua Falls is a 173 foot waterfall located on the South Fork Wailua River near .\n\nLocalities in the Area\n\nWailua Homesteads is a census-designated place in Kauaʻi County, , United States.\n\nAnahola is a census-designated place in Kauaʻi County, , United States.\n\n\nIn the Area\n\n\n\nLandmarks from OpenStreetMap\n\n\nYour World is Without Borders\n\nPopular Destinations in Hawaii\n\nEscape to a Random Place\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999213814735413}
+{"content": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n\nChair and Director of Electrical Drive Systems (Mechatronics)\n2006 -2009 retired but still in the old position\n2009 – now writing books and lecture Intelligent Strategies\n\n\nFellow IEEE, 2002\n\nPower Electronic Components 1996 and 2005 (1001 pages)\nPower Electronic Circuits 1998 und 2006 , 2012 new edition\nCurrently more than 370 publications on conferences and technical papers.\n\n\n\nGuinness World Records – New Category – Consciousness and Gravity.\n\nGuinness World Records  New Categoties  Consciousness and Gravity\n\nEvery human body is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects.\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nGravity or gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all things with energy are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another, including stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic particles. Gravity is responsible for many of the structures in the Universe, by creating spheres of hydrogen — where hydrogen fuses under pressure to form stars — and grouping them into galaxies. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the tides. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects.\nGravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915) which describes gravity not as a force but as a consequence of the curvature of space-time caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy; and resulting in gravitational time dilation, where time lapses more slowly in lower (stronger) gravitational potential. However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which postulates that gravity causes a force where two bodies of mass are directly drawn (or ‘attracted’) to each other according to a mathematical relationship, where the attractive force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This is considered[by whom?] to occur over an infinite range, such that all bodies (with mass) in the universe are drawn to each other no matter how far they are apart.[citation needed]\nGravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of nature. The gravitational attraction is approximately 10−38 times the strength of the strong force (i.e. gravity is 38 orders of magnitude weaker), 10−36 times the strength of the electromagnetic force, and 10−29 times the strength of the weak force. As a consequence, gravity has a negligible influence on the behavior of sub-atomic particles, and plays no role in determining the internal properties of everyday matter (but see quantum gravity). On the other hand, gravity is the dominant interaction at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause of the formation, shape, and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies. It is responsible for various phenomena observed on Earth and throughout the universe; for example, it causes the Earth and the other planets to orbit the Sun, the Moon to orbit the Earth, the formation of tides, and the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and the Solar System.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9071678519248962}
+{"content": "Union russian women are not\n\nWith union russian women are not opinion\n\nWomen in Russian society have a rich and varied history during numerous regimes throughout Women in Russia are not a monolithic group, because the country itself is very . In , marital rape was made illegal in the Soviet Union.\n\nUnion russian women are not words... super, excellent\n\nFeminism in Russia originated in the 18th century, influenced by the Western European After the fall of the Soviet Union in , feminist circles arose among the . Russian women's activism in the s was not explicitly feminist; women. All-Russian Union for Women's Equality was a liberal feminist organisation formed in the The Union did not focus solely on women's issues and joined the wider liberal movement, consciously using the term \"women's liberation\" and not.\n\nFor skinny girl self bondage seems remarkable\n\nUnion russian women are not\n\nresearch in the Soviet Union, have made it unusually difficult for historians . Russian labor history, which has consistently ignored not only women as. ORGANIZING RUSSIAN WOMEN Racioppi and See. T WWO issue, but it did not focus on women's issues in the Soviet Union. T committee's willingness to.\n\nMatchless juicy lesbian wet what\n\nPolitical Empowerment of Women in Soviet Union and Russia: Ideology and . Hence, according to Marxism, not gender but class causes women's oppression. On the 14th of February Russian Women's Union held a conference In the opinion of the reporter, the main problem of the Russian people is not that children.\n\nAre absolutely girls 8 grade nude understand\n\nRemarkable, rather valuable union russian women are not think, that\n\nOne of the most enduring ones is the association of Russian women You do not get a plethora of websites designed to market women to you! Women in Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union. . and After the Fall: Women's Politics in Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia”, Signs, vol. 20, no.\n\nSorry, union russian women are not remarkable, amusing\n\nDec 5, - But this bygone era still evokes strong feelings for Russians. In the Olympics I always cheered for all women's teams of USSR, no matter what. Aug 14, - The gender ratio in Russia is currently men per women, and Younger men in the former Soviet Union also have an unusually high.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5894988775253296}
+{"content": "Tacitus: The Annals - Essay Example\n\nComments (0) Cite this document\nThe author examines \"The Annals\" book in which Tacitus recounts the Rome history and different emperors and rulers of the empire. He plays special attention to the lives and personal feuds and dealings of these rulers, especially tracing the lineage in order to present the picture of Roman history. …\nDownload full paperFile format: .doc, available for editing\nGRAB THE BEST PAPER97.4% of users find it useful\nTacitus: The Annals\nRead TextPreview\n\nExtract of sample \"Tacitus: The Annals\"\n\nHarris Kamran History Critical Analysis 14 September Tacitus: The Annals In the book, The Annals1, Tacitus recounts the history ofRome and the different emperors and rulers who reigned over the empire2. He plays special attention to the lives and personal feuds and dealings of these rulers, especially tracing the lineage and blood lines in order to better present the picture of the Roman history3. In Book V, he writes of Tiberius and the cold manner in which he acted after the death of his mother, whose blood line through marriages has been traced in his book with quite a lot of detail, including the interactions between Caesar and her, and Caesar’s impatient desire to bring her home4. He writes about Augustus and Fufius, and also narrates anecdotes from the life of Sejanus5. However, some of the text from this part of the book seems to be missing, and is catered to in the later editions of the book6.\nTacitus maintains a very detached and distant style of writing, and remains emotionally aloof of the various incidents that he is narrating. His style of writing is very succinct and precise, and he does not dwell into unnecessary details or emotional dramatics and theatrical phrases. It can be said that his syntax and diction gives his writing a sense of authenticity and grace, and so he manages to remain unbiased. He merely states facts as are known to him, and does not strive to make judgments about the personalities that he is writing about7. By keeping his manner brief, he manages to make the windy and long history that he is dealing with quite interesting to read, yet developing a sense of command over the subject. However, it might seem that his style is perhaps a little too economical; there are places in the narrative8 where more detail and explanation would have provided more substance to the stance that Tacitus has adopted in his book.\n1. Daniel C. Stevenson, “The Annals: Book V,” MIT: The Internet Classics Archive, 1994,\n2. Ibid.\n3. Ibid.\n4. Ibid.\n5. Ibid.\n6. Ibid.\n7. Ibid.\n8. Ibid.\nStevenson, Daniel C. “The Annals: Book V.” MIT: The Internet Classics Archive.\n1994. Read More\nCite this document\n  • APA\n  • MLA\n(“300 word essay, history of history 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words”, n.d.)\n(300 Word Essay, History of History 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 Words)\n  • Cited: 0 times\nComments (0)\nClick to create a comment or rate a document\n\n\nDiscourse with an Atheist Who Beleives That Gos Does Not Exist\n\n...these is John Rylands manuscript which dates back to 125 AD and was found in Alexandria, an area very remote from the original place of composition, Asia Minor. Many early Christian papyri which were discovered in 1935 date back to 150 AD and are inclusive of the four gospels. More specifically, the Chester Beatty papyri which were discovered in 1931 date back to 200-250 AD and contain the four gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline Epistles and the Revelation. Again, the Papyrus Bodmer II which was discovered in 1956 dates back to 200 AD and contains portions of the final seven chapters of St. John’s Gospel and other 14 chapters of the same. Compared to other ancient historical writings such as Tacitus’ the...\n12 Pages(3000 words)Essay\n\nReasons for Christians' Persecution in the Roman Empire leaps and bounds because the Romans felt immensely threatened by it. Widespread persecution resulted from these misconceptions and punishments and expulsions began to take place in 64 C.E. Nero is believed to be the very first Caesar to punish the Christians by inventing “charges of guilt”6 against them. In his ‘AnnalsTacitus explains how Nero got many of the Christians arrested, mockery thrust upon them and then ordered them to be brutally killed. He also explains how they were “wrapped in the skins of wild animals, torn by dogs, nailed to the cross or even burnt alive to provide light at night, when the daylight had faded.”7 In fact, this was just the beginning of the Christian persecution by...\n5 Pages(1250 words)Essay\n\nRoman Persecutions of Christians\n\n...and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car.” (Tacitus, Annal xv. 44) Tacitus goes on to add, “Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed.” (Tacitus, Annal xv. 44) It is widely believed that St Peter who was...\n6 Pages(1500 words)Essay\n\nDrama Based on Nero's Life\n\n...the kind of man that Nero had turned out to be (Tacitus 54). Nero under the counsel ship of other men led the people from the Promised Land back to a land filled with war, treasury, and murder. Nero did all this while seeking the advice of his advisers who in the fear of his wrath would always tell him what he had wished to hear. His love for women including the lust that he had for his mother show what kind of ruler that Nero had chosen to be (Tacitus 94). This paper has highlighted the life of Nero from a dramatic perspective and has put emphasis in the acts or scenes, which had the greatest impact on Nero or the people themselves. This paper tells of what kind of person Nero was before he became the...\n8 Pages(2000 words)Term Paper\n\nCollective memory and Public Discourse\n\n...of the real person Jesus. If indeed his life is a remarkable one, why then historians and other writers didn't take notice of his ministry Among the few relevant writing during the early second century, which showed hint of a historical Jesus as a person outside of the gospels, are the Tacitus Annals Book xv: AD 62-65 (Perseus Digital Library) and Josephus Antiquities XVIII.63-64, referred as Testimonium Flavianum, a non-Christian Jewish reference during the period. Tacitus mentioned about Christus, and his execution in Judea by order of Pontius Pilatus. But doubts whether Tacitus based this on independent information or just derived from what Christians were saying in...\n19 Pages(4750 words)Essay\n\nTacitus on the pattern of Roman history\n\n...'The Annals of Tacitus', as the well suggests, was a book which was written by an eminent d Tacitus. It was supposedly a tribute to the Roman history, with special significance to the four great emperors succeeding Caesar Augustus and described in detail the overall governance pattern of the Roman Empire. The historic details of the Roman Empire, with special reference to the Annals of Tacitus, were in reality the yearly details of the reign which were compiled after the death of Augustus. It is interesting to note that while the book was undoubtedly compiled by the author himself, the title 'Annals' was in fact advised or suggested by...\n6 Pages(1500 words)Book Report/Review\n\nAn Outline History of the World\n\n...fall is replete with references to slaves, predominantly from the perspective of the dominant community but interspersed with events that were the first instances of slave revolts which led to legendary epochs. TacitusAnnals presents a case of the city prefect Padanius Secundus’s murder by his slaves. The general sentiment regarding the case was to execute all the slaves who were employed in his house. There was a riot in which some members of the senate were concerned about the cruelty involved in such a decision, taking into account the fact that the slaves included many women and children who were ostensibly innocent. However, the strong arguments made by Gaius Cassius in support of the...\n5 Pages(1250 words)Essay\n\nThe Roman History of Cassius Dio\n\n...The Roman History of Cassius Dio According to Tacitus, the revolt of Boudicca occurred in 61 A.D during the reign of Nero. The Roman Empire at the time consisted of various provinces and each province had its own form of government, usually a semi-autonomous system of government. However, it was clear the emperor's influence was vital for the stability of the provinces. Of the ancient historians and authors, Tacitus, Seutonius and Cassius Dio are the chief ancient authorities of the revolt of Boudicca and Nero. Tacitus mentions the revolt in \"Agricola\" and the \"Annals\", while Dio vividly described the violence and destruction in his book of Roman History. Seutonius and...\n3 Pages(750 words)Essay\n\nThe Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia (Style is Annals of the Associatio n of American Geographers , AAAG)\n\n...The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia The World Fact Book. 10 April Middle East. Saudi Arabia. Available at (last accessed 8 May 2011). By design this source is meant to give not just detailed but also up to date information about countries. It covers major areas such as economy, population and religion. This aids in giving a comprehensive and conclusive argument. The website gives a statistical data on counties including Saudi Arabia; it states the population of both the natives and immigrants rating immigrants to an estimate of about 31 percent. It also shows the dominant religion as Islam to be up to 80 percent. It also... Incorporation...\n4 Pages(1000 words)Annotated Bibliography\n\nThe Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas ( Style is Annals of the Associatio n of American Geographers , AAAG)\n\n... into the Labour Market. Urban Studies. 46(3):583–603. Vlieger, A. 2012. Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: Trafficking Victims? International Migration. 50(6): 180-194. Wang, Q. 2010. How Does Geography Matter in the Ethnic Labor Market Segmentation Process? A Case Study of Chinese Immigrants in the San Francisco CMSA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1):182–201. Zenou Y. 2011. Search, migration, and urban land use: The case of transportation policies. Journal of Development Economics 96 (2011):174–187.... Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas Department The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas Every nation in the world experiences migration. It is estimated that about thre...\n13 Pages(3250 words)Essay\nsponsored ads\n\nLet us find you another Essay on topic Tacitus: The Annals for FREE!\n\nContact Us", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6717993021011353}
+{"content": "ABC Gives “Schooled” a Full-Season Order\n\nBryan Callen and AJ Michalka in \"Schooled\"\n\nABC has given a full-season order to the second season of Schooled.\n\nThe Goldbergs spinoff has added Tom Hertz and Vanessa McCarthy to its cast. Tim Doyle has been replaced after he left. Doyle joined in Season 2 after replacing Marc Firek, the co-creator of Schooled along with Adam F. Goldberg.\n\nInitially, the series was renewed with a 13-episode order.\n\nThe show is set in the 1990s and it follows the personal and professional life of the teachers at William Penn Academy which include: Lainey Lewis (AJ Michalka) the music teacher and WP graduate, Principal John Glascott (Tim Meadows), Coach Rick Mellor (Bryan Callen), and English teacher CB (Brett Dier).\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7356964349746704}
+{"content": "From Latin to Spanish: Why Spanish Says “el agua” but “las aguas”\n\n“Water” is always “Feminine”!\n\nOK, water is grammatically feminine… anyway, it's easy to see that agua is feminine, whether singular or plural in the two phrases: el agua fría and las aguas frías but they don't really satisfy student curiosity.\n\n\nOver time, the final m of aquam and the final m of illam were weakly pronounced — and since most people were illiterate, no one even knew that an m was supposed to be on the end of each of these words. Try pronouncing illa aqua and notice what happens to the second syllable of the article illa and its relationship to the first syllable of aqua. They blend into each other, or elide. What is left, in terms of what you hear? il aqua! It's easy to see — even feel by pronouncing them one after another — how il aqua became el agua.\n\nNext, let's examine the accusative plural —the waters or illas aquas — and see how it became las aguas. First, notice that the s at the end of illas prevents the final a of illas and the initial a of aquas from ever blending together? Also, the final s of aqua, is a strong marker of the plural. The initial i of illas was a briefly pronounced syllable (some people say it was a \"short\" i as in the English word is, but this is incorrect — short and long in Latin have to do with length of pronunciation, not the quality of the sound). Anyway, it was weak and dropped out, leaving two L sounds, which in effect elided and left us with las aquas — almost modern Spanish.\n\n\n\n  • Author's more than 20 years experience teaching and translating Spanish.\n\nThis post is part of the series: How Latin Became Spanish\n\nThe articles in this series deal with the etymology and evolution of Spanish from its mother tongue. They are written for the non-specialist, for teachers whose students ask the inevitable question “why…” which can only be answered with a “how…”\n  1. Evolution of Romance Languages\n  3. How Latin Became Spanish – Let's Examine the Definite Articles: El, La, Los & Las", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9207367300987244}
+{"content": "\n\nVideo: Science and Research\n\nDermot O'Callaghan: Contradictions in the RCPsych over sexual \"orientation\"\n\nThe Royal College of Psychiatrists appears to have contradicted itself on five importand points in its statements to the Church of England and the Government, in respect to sexual \"orientation\".\n\nDr Christopher Rosik - the importance criticality in research\n\nDiscriminating against minority view-points is dangerous to scientific objectivity. Checks and balances depend of diverse perspectives in research culture. Eliminating some scientific perspectives is short sighted and leads to viewpoint discrimination\n\nDr Peter May: the role of professional bodies in denying scientific fact\n\nDr Peter May (retired GP) considers the role of the professional mental health bodies in the ideological warfare we witness as sexual politics plays an increasing part in western societies.\n\nDr (med) Christl Vonholdt - IFTCC Vice President\n\nDr. med. Christl R. Vonholdt is a pediatrician (retired) and has focused on the topics of identity development in childhood and adolescence, identity and sexuality, homosexuality, gender theories.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.956938624382019}
+{"content": "A Piece of Advice to Government and Bimal Jalan Committee\n\nBharat’s real estate sector is facing a big challenge of 12.76 lakhs of unsold houses in top 30 cities. Bharat’s automobile sector is witnessing its worst phase in 18 years. Piled up inventory has 5,00,000 passenger vehicles and 2,00,000 two wheelers in May, 2019 forcing seven out of country’s the top 10  auto majors to shut down the production temporarily.  \n\nData released by SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) on June 11, 2019 showed production exceeding sales in the April-May period, across all categories. More than 3.5 lakh jobs are lost in automobile industry since April, 2019. \n\nThe National Sample Survey Office’s (NSSO) job survey for 2017-18 had shown a spike in the unemployment rate to over 6 per cent, a 45-year high. According to the State of Environment (SOE) report the unemployment has gone up from 4 % to 7.6% during May, 2017 – April, 2019. \n\nThe Australia and New Zealand Banking Group predicts Bharat‘s GDP at 6.2% in 2019-20 slashing its own earlier estimates of 6.5%. Even RBI revised its GDP estimates from 7% to 6.9% for the year 2019-20.\n\nDirect tax collections during 2018-19 registered a shortfall by Rs.82,000 crores and the GST collections too have a shortfall by Rs. 70,000 crores during the same period (both the shortfalls are against the annual targets.)\n\nAll the above figures clearly indicate Bharat is not only facing a decline in its economic growth but falling towards recession. RBI, fourth time in a row (since February, 2019) has reduced the key policy rates cumulatively amounting to 110 bps. Yet the government and the banking regulators are unable to arrest the declining trend in the economy.\n\nIt is not the shortage of the funds or higher interest rates of borrowing that is crippling the economy but decline in overall demand. We are now getting caught in a web of surplus inventories, layoffs, unemployment, job losses and decline in demand.\n\nIn such a scenario it is natural for the private sector to become more cautious to cut losses by stalling production and therefore reduction in borrowing cost will not induce them to produce more since there is lack of demand in the market. Hence, it is for the government to take the initiative to kick start the measures to boost the demand in the economy.     \n\nThe author suggests the following key measures to the government which need to be implemented on priority basis.\n\n1. Kick start the works in stalled and delayed central infrastructure projects to cut down the time and cost overruns.\n\nCost escalation in various Central Infrastructure Projects (projects costing Rs.150 Crs and above) as on 30th September, 2018 stood at Rs. 3580 Bn! By reviving the works in these stalled and delayed projects the government can provide employment to the people and the demand for major construction materials like steel and cement will pick up momentum.\n\nThe government can think of the following strategic plan of action in this regard. As the above stalled and delayed central infrastructure projects consist of both EPC and PPP Projects, the government can fast track the approvals for PPP Projects for speedy implementation. The RBI can consider a onetime restructuring of the debts of these PPP Projects borrowed with the banks and also release a special line of credit from its massive reserves of Rs. 9.58 lakh crores with a longer tenure for repayment.\n\nThe banks can in turn lend this money to the above mentioned PPP Projects and repay the same to RBI in due course once these projects take off and the loan recovery process takes off. This is a prudent method of using the surplus reserves with RBI as it will ensure proper utilization of the funds and repayment of the same in due course to RBI compared to the proposed measure of filling up the government’s coffers by directly transferring the surplus reserves of RBI. \n\n2. Special focus on rural infrastructure   \n\nStudies indicate poor infrastructure like bad roads and shortage of godowns and cold storage centres is resulting in around 10 percent additional transport and storage costs to the Bharatiya farmers. Food loss in Bharat is estimated at  920 billion per annum (harvest and post harvest losses). Globally the food loss is estimated at 24% during production, 24% during handling and storage and 35% at consumption.\n\nTherefore, strengthening the rural infrastructure mainly the rural roads, godowns and cold storage centres can save the annual food loss of  920 billion in Bharat, in addition to creating rural employment. Government’s spending on rural infrastructure in the above mentioned areas will not only lead to generating rural employment but improving the public distribution system (PDS) which is the back bone for Bharat’s rural economy. \n\n3. Major reforms in agriculture \n\nThe government should disband the MSP mechanism and allow free market access to the farmer to get remunerative prices for his produce. This can become a reality only when there is a strong supply chain consisting of storage, transportation, distribution and wider market access as a viable alternative to come out of the clutches of the middlemen.\n\nThe existing network and infrastructure of both central government and the states under PDS (Public Distribution System) to be transferred to a SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle i.e., special purpose entity) and this SPV should take up the task of providing free market access to the farmer across the country. This SPV may retain a portion of the market price realized by selling the farm produce towards the cost of services provided under the SPV and share the balance revenues with the farmer.\n\nIn due course, the SPV can build a corpus that will not only take care of the maintenance of its assets but also development and expansion of the same to strengthen its overall supply chain. This mechanism will not only enable the government to save on its annual PDS expenditure but more importantly provide wider market access at remunerative prices to the farmer and eliminate the exploitation by the middlemen.\n\nFrom the substantial annual savings on PDS expenditure the government can instead provide a comprehensive rural insurance cover to the farmer (i.e., the small, marginal and medium farmers) to protect them against the risks of crop failure, farm debt defaults and market price fluctuations, in addition to providing a reasonable insurance cover towards life and health of the farmer and his family.\n\nStudies reveal that the farmer’s access to formal credit (i.e., banks and microfinance institutions) will improve when it is backed by credit insurance. A suitable mechanism can be devised by the government to fully fund the premium cost for small and marginal farmers and subsidize the premium cost for medium farmers for the above comprehensive insurance cover.\n\nGreater attention needs to be paid towards the small, landless farmers who either work as labourers or till the land on lease basis to ensure that these people are duly covered under the comprehensive rural insurance.\n\n4. Allied activities in agriculture and agro based industries \n\nThe government was aiming to double the farmers’ incomes by 2022-23 from the base year of 2015-16 which requires an annual growth rate of 10.40% in agriculture sector. Whereas, the Economic Survey 2018 has warned the government that climate change could lower the farmers’ income by up to 25% if the necessary remedial measures are not taken.\n\nDoubling the farmers’ income is possible provided greater emphasis is laid on allied activities like- dairy, poultry, horticulture, floriculture and food processing. RBI may extend a special line of credit (as mentioned earlier in this article) to NABARD who in turn can step up its refinancing to the banks in order to expand bank credit to agriculture and allied activities as mentioned above.    \n\n5. MSME Sector \n\nExpanding micro credit-\n\n  • Mudra Corporation to be adequately capitalized and permitted to raise funds for refinancing Mudra loans by floating tradable debt instruments which can be subscribed by PSBs and other approved financial institutions that are to be ranked at par with other SLR instruments. \n  • Developing active reinsurance market for transfer of the risk of Mudra Corporation under insurance portfolio consisting of Mudra loans.\n  • All Mudra loans to be fully covered under the CGTMSE for insurance with SIDBI.\n\nLinking of all Mudra loans with Aadhar cards of the beneficiaries for tracking the whereabouts of the beneficiaries since they are by and large highly mobile. \n\nRBI may also extend a similar line of credit as mentioned earlier to Mudra Corporation in order to enable the RRBs, payment banks and Micro finance companies to expand their micro lending portfolio. \n\nRBI can also extend this line of credit to SIDBI so that its refinance portfolio of MSME will increase which in turn will enable the banks to pump more funds towards MSME lending. \n\nThe government can increase its budgetary allocation towards Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI) which is covered under MSME Ministry with a special focus to step up financing of development of clusters for the activities like- coir, jute, bamboo, khadi, leather, pottery etc.  \n\nAs evidenced from the following data bamboo production alone has the potential to generate 516.33 million man days of work in Bharat every year! (Needless to mention that the overall job creation potential in the above mentioned activities including bamboo is very large.) \n\nTherefore, instead of toying with the idea of transferring the massive surplus reserves of Rs. 9.58 lakh crores of RBI to its coffers, the government can think of having a special line of credit from RBI in place to enable the institutions like- NABARD, Mudra Corporation and SIDBI to in turn increase their refinancing portfolio towards rural credit, micro and small enterprises which in turn will lead the banking system to expand their credit to these sectors. Whereas the line of credit from RBI to banks to lend towards stalled and delayed central infrastructure projects will result in reviving these projects leading to creation of jobs and stepping up the demand in the key sectors like steel and cement.\n\nThese measures would revive the growth engine in the economy and hope the government and the Bimal Jalan Committee which is likely to finalise its report on 23rd August, 2019 with regard to transfer of RBI‘s reserves are listening.\n\n\nAbout the Author\n\nB.N.V. Parthasarathi", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7684502005577087}
+{"content": "Overview of chatbots: Which of them and why good for HR?\n\nAn increasing number of companies are turning to conversational bots to automate their communications with candidates and employees\n\nChatbots are computer programs that simulate a conversation using natural language, as if we were talking to a person. These conversations are typically via text (through instant messaging solutions or directly on a website), or via voice (via phone or virtual personal assistants like Alexa). Another characteristic of these programs is that, thanks to the use of artificial intelligence technologies, they learn from each interaction with their users, becoming more agile and effective over time.\n\nThe use of chatbots for business purposes began several years ago in the field of customer service as a response to the development of instant messaging solutions -which have ended up becoming the number one conversation channel between people-, and the fact that today consumers aspire to receive a 24/7 service, without waiting.\n\nNow chatbots are also entering, and very fast, in the field of HR. In fact, they have become one of the most visible manifestations of the progressive automation that people management processes of many organizations are experiencing, reflecting the fact that technological innovation in this area is no longer just for large corporations.\n\nIt is typical that many of the new technological solutions for the people management that have emerged recently use a chatbot as a channel to interact with their users. Every day more and more companies are designing their own chatbots and taking advantage of the fact that, thanks to platforms such as Manychat, Chatfuel or Mobile Monkey , it is not necessary to know how to build one of these conversational robots; or companies decide to use agencies, which multiply during the heat of this phenomena, so that they design chatbots for them and not only offer help in the design of the basic structure of the conversation, the semantics of the dialogue and its tone, but also training chatbots, thus guiding their learning by incorporating more precise and appropriate vocabulary for their context.\n\nAnother factor that has benefited the chatbot phenomenon is the generalization of the use of shared work platforms in companies. Highlighting the case of Slack, thanks to its open API, it has probably become the shared work platform for which more people management chatbots are currently created. Even the term “slackbot” has been coined to refer to the chatbots that run in this environment. Although, of course, there are also “HRbots” that run on other platforms such as Microsoft Teams, Facebook Messenger, or Telegram.\n\nIn any case, the key to the success of chatbots in the field of people management has to do with the objective advantages they offer:\n\nOn the one hand, its immediacy. If it is necessary to send a quick message, a chatbot is much more effective than an email that can end up buried among many others in the user’s inbox. On the other hand its scope, since a chatbot allows to simultaneously manage communication with thousands of employees. And also in a personalized way, thanks to the knowledge that it acquires from its users.\n\nA personalization of the conversations that the chatbot is able to reconcile with a homogeneity in the tone and content of the messages to, for example, ensure that the answers are consistent with the values ​​that the company wants to promote among its workers. To this we must add that, given its conversational nature, chatbots engage in much more than one-directional emails. If we add to this the ability to capture information on aspects relevant to people management, to respond proactively and at any time to questions from users without the need to have anyone on guard, and to free Human Resources teams of some of their most thankless and time-consuming tasks, it is clear, why this type of solutions is having such a good reception among the professionals of this function.\n\nRegarding the typology of the chatbots, if we look at how the organizations use them, we will find them throughout the whole employee life cycle, although the companies use them mainly for four purposes: recruitment, communication with employees, administrative procedures and employee development.\n\nChatbots and recruitment\n\nIn the field of recruitment, candidates want instant answers to questions that they may have about the company, or about vacancies, or about the process in which they are participating, and these answers can be provided perfectly by a chatbot.\n\nLikewise, chatbots can help in the selection process not only by enabling the company to take into account many more applications, but also by removing biases from the first phases of these processes and helping to carry out rapid background checks. Chatbots also allow you to schedule telephone or in-person interviews with candidates, and ask ahead of time those who decide to leave the process why they make that decision.\n\nAmong the bots designed specifically for recruitment purposes we could highlight Ari, Xor, Jobo, JobPal and Karen. In this category we could also include Drafted, a chatbot that proposes to employees of the company people from their network of contacts that they could recommend as candidates for any of the vacancies that occur in the company.\n\nChatbots and communication with employees\n\nIn the field of communication with employees, chatbots allow to transform the “onboarding” of new employees in a self-managed process. They can also significantly reduce the time traditionally spent by HR teams to clarify doubts raised by employees on various issues, such as vacations or leave that correspond to them, health benefits, payroll, etc.\n\nHere we are, for example, with Spoke, whose software learns information about the company and answers the queries of workers through a chatbot. When a company installs Spoke for the first time, they can program it with the answers to the dozen questions that their employees ask most often. From there, Spoke learns on the go, gaining knowledge and refining his answers every time the workers indicate that an interaction was successful.\n\nThe Talla assistant responds to this same need, allowing employees to instantly access the exact content of the policy, procedure or benefit information they need at any given time. Or Lucy Abbot, a slackbot programmed to solve the doubts that arise with the employees in their day to day and to facilitate that the managers who manage numerous teams can request feedback to their collaborators.\n\nWithin this same category of chatbots designed to facilitate communication with employees, although with a different approach, we can also include Ava, a chatbot developed by Zeal. Ava interacts directly with employees, analyzing the company’s culture and climate and providing real-time information about the “pulse” of the organization. Ava communicates with employees in a customizable schedule throughout their work week. Ava asks them specific and open questions, always keeping the employee’s answers anonymous. Employees can chat with her at any time, about anything. Ava tracks and analyzes the organizational culture of the company and provides a complete report through its scorecard, from which the managers and professionals of Human Resources can monitor in real time the commitment of the employees and the morale of the team.\n\nTo mention also Spot, a chatbot that helps employees, who feel victimized by harassment in their workplace, to report it with more peace of mind than if they had to tell a human face to face.\n\nChatbots and personnel management\n\nThe personnel management procedures that employees must comply with in their work represent another of the areas where chatbots are most rapidly penetrating. For example, the above-mentioned Spoke that, in addition to answering questions from employees, allows them to make arrangements, such as booking meeting rooms; LeeveApp, a slackbot that simplifies the application process and approval of vacations and permits; or HealthJoy, a chatbot through which the employees of a company can clarify doubts and manage their health insurance and other health benefits.\n\nChatbots and learning\n\nFinally, in the field of training and development, chatbots can facilitate the instantaneous exchange of opinions and perceptions about the performance of employees to help them improve professionally. At the same time, the use of chatbots for training purposes enables a more active participation of employees in training activities. In this sense, chatbots that incorporate language learning platforms such as Duolingo or Busuu are good examples of the potential of conversational bots for these purposes.\n\nAlso noteworthy is the CoachBot created by Saberr. Based on an initial conversation with the team members, this chatbot identifies the priority aspects to be developed, which are worked through exercise “toolkits”. In addition, CoachBot follows the results and acts as the “voice of conscience” of the employees so that they persevere in the proposed development program.\n\nTo conclude, notice that, as always when talking about technological solutions, with chatbots there is a risk that they become the last “bright, shiny object” of HR professionals and there are many who take them as the golden solution. However, we must also recognize that they offer numerous advantages that make them a very attractive resource for professionals of this function, particularly for those who must manage large organizations, and that is just the tip of an iceberg, size of which it is hard to determine today.\n\nWe continue exploring.\n\nThe author of the article, Santiago Garcia, is the co-founder of Future for Work Institute, which helps companies discover and explore new trends in the world of work. He also leads the Iberian chapter of iOpener. In addition, he is a regular speaker and guest at various universities.\n\nOriginal article in Spanish\n\nThere are no reviews for this provider at the moment", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9786931872367859}
+{"content": "mapping taiwan: huilian\n\nThe water splashes when hitting the riverbanks and makes their way down the stream. Little creatures travel through the aquatic plants and climb onto pebbles that have a gleam of green. These pebbles and rocks sunken on the bottom of the river were then washed up by the stream and buried under mountains of minerals. They are the rich nephrite mined and tossed back into the wilderness.\n\nFor the full project description about Mapping Taiwan: Huilian, please click here.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8397257328033447}
+{"content": "My Iceland goals - Kaila Drayton Photography\n\nBefore I left for Iceland, I had made three goals in regards to my photography:\n\nGoal 1) To successfully use my graduated neutral density (GND) filter.  \n\nI got the opportunity to do so at Thingvellir National Park, a UNESCO world heritage site 40km outside of Reykjavik. The views are incredible. There is not much in the way of forest in the park, but the shrubs, grasses, lichens, and other ground cover create a colorful carpet across the tundra, turning the familiar autumnal hues of orange and red and yellow. The walk to Öxarárfoss, a  waterfall, is an easy one, with a well-worn trail from the parking area turning from gravel to stone to boardwalk. As you can imagine, it’s a popular tourist site, but visiting during the off-season drastically reduces the number of tourists with selfie sticks, plastic water bottles, and the irresistible urge to climb the waterfall and ruin everyone’s photographs. With the GND filter and slow shutter speed, I was able to make the falls look like a white silk scarf.\n\nGoal number one: complete.\n\nGoal 2) To shoot something I've never shot before. In this case, I chose the night sky.\n\nI figured seeing the Northern Lights (an item on my photography bucket list and half the reason we chose to come to Iceland) was hit or miss, but I knew the stars on a clear night would be incredible. After spending the day at Thingvellir park, we knew it was the perfect place to come back to photograph the stars. Save for a passing vehicle or two, there would be little to no light pollution. We ate a cheap and non-Icelandic dinner in Reykjavik, fueled up on caffeine and sugar, and headed back to Thingvellir. Aaron kept commenting that he thought he saw the auroras, pointing to cloudy bands stretching across the night sky. I thought he was nuts. Maybe it’s clouds or a weird star formation, but no way are those the aurora borealis. No way did NatGeo lie to me. We walked back up to the Öxarárfoss waterfall where I set up my tripod and adjusted my camera settings. I pressed the shutter button and then we waited as the shutter opened for 30 seconds, soaking in any available light from the stars. With the proper settings, cameras can pick up more than we can see with the naked eye, recording more stars than we can even fathom and can even pick up the faintest flare from the auroras. When the LCD screen flashed the preview, we saw green. Green? GREEN! Aaron was right, and as we waited and the night grew darker, the auroras grew stronger. Green and purple ribbons danced over the waterfall, spiraling and flashing in every corner of the sky. I have done quite a bit of traveling and I have never, in my entire life, seen anything like it. The pictures don’t do it justice. You have to see and experience it for yourself.\n\nGoal 2: complete.\n\n\nThis one has been the easiest goal. There is picturesque scenery at every turn and Aaron and I very much enjoy traveling with each other, making each moment even better.\n\nGoal 3: complete.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6429058313369751}
+{"content": "\n\n\n\nCalvin's got rhythm -- and scientists are excited, since the Disney performer weighs 450 pounds and breathes through a blowhole.\n\nA 12-year-old Atlantic bottlenose dolphin living in the backwaters of Epcot at Walt Disney World, Calvin is being taught a vocal form of communication that involves the cadence of his sounds, something that's never been done before with animals, his researchers said.\n\nHe is one of four dolphins that spend much of the day swimming around Epcot's Living Seas attraction to the delight of customers, then moonlight at Disney as scientific research subjects.\n\nCalvin stars in an experiment that has scientists exploring whether dolphins can communicate with language that doesn't rely on the pitch, timbre or intensity of vocalizations -- the variations that humans most typically use to form words -- but on the sounds' duration and rhythm.\n\nThink Morse code: One long sound could mean one thing. A bunch of quick sounds uttered in staccato might mean another.\n\nIn a project overseen by New College of Florida psychology professor Heidi Harley, Disney researchers and trainers are teaching Calvin to associate such rhythms with specific objects.\n\n\"It's interesting that they are capable of being sensitive to and capable of producing rhythms,\" said Wendi Fellner, a research associate with Disney. \"No other species has shown this sort of flexibility. We want to see if these rhythms can be symbolic for a dolphin, to be used as an artificial communication system.\"\n\nThe trainer, normally Disney marine mammal specialist Leslie Larsen-Plott though others take turns, holds up an object. If Calvin responds by vocalizing the right rhythm, he gets a fish. A basketball, for example, is identified with chirp pause chirp pause chirp pause, a rhythm that researchers dubbed the \"dribble.\" Chirp pause long whistle means the Batman action figure. Long whistle pause long whistle pause long whistle is the watering can.\n\nSo far, Calvin has seven rhythms down, and two more to go in the first phase.\n\nIt all started with another dolphin named Bob, who seemed to have rhythm all on his own, Harley said. He'd respond to rhythms, even when the trainers changed the timbre or pitch. He got Harley thinking.\n\n\"It seemed to me that dolphins, who are so acoustically oriented and are mammals like we are, might be a place to look at some sophisticated rhythm processing,\" Harley said. \"So we said, 'Gee, let's see if they can produce rhythms that we teach them.' No nonhuman has ever been taught rhythms. We didn't know any animal on Earth could do this besides humans, producing rhythms that aren't naturally part of their repertoire.\"\n\nCalvin was already identified as \"a uniquely bright animal,\" Harley said, and he already had a good working relationship with Larsen-Plott, so he was recruited. Within three months, he clearly was producing rhythms on demand.\n\nHarley and Fellner have presented some of their findings at two scientific conferences, for the Acoustical Society of America and the Comparative Cognition Society, and are writing a paper.\n\nThe next step, Fellner said, is to see if Calvin can find objects when the trainers play back recordings of his rhythmic sounds. Perhaps some day they might see if dolphins could communicate with each other with the rhythms.\n\nIf nothing else, rhythm might give trainers and dolphins another means to communicate, Fellner said.\n\n\"The most direct way to find something out about somebody is to ask them,\" she said. \"So if we can find a way to develop an artificial language, it would be a much more direct way to find out something about them.\"\n\nCopyright © 2020, Orlando Sentinel", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7475180625915527}
+{"content": "Thomas Edison Invents Phonograph\n\nOne of the most famous and prolific inventors of all time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern life, contributing inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph.\n\nJul 10, 2014. His nemesis and former boss, Thomas Edison, was the iconic American inventor of the light bulb, the phonograph and the moving picture. \"He really worked out his inventions in his imagination,\" Carlson told Live Science.\n\nArchimedes Contribution To Mathematics Dec 29, 2017. His greatest contributions to mathematics were in the area of Geometry. Archimedes was also an accomplished engineer and an inventor. It devotes a chapter to classical mathematician Archimedes, including his “heroic” calculations. (Descartes, for all his contributions, emerges as mean-spirited and intent on demeaning Fermat.) The. He studied mathematics probably at the\n\nComputer analysis of a piece of foil reveals audio captured by a Thomas Edison-invented phonograph in St. Louis in 1878. Last night at the GE Theatre in Schenectady, New York, an audience of about 200.\n\nOn January 27, 1880, Thomas Edison received. perspiration.” Perhaps Edison’s most famous inventions were the phonograph, motion pictures and the light-bulb. Truth be told, however, Edison didn’t.\n\nHis nemesis and former boss, Thomas Edison, was the iconic American inventor of the light bulb, the phonograph. the ones that compare Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. So, who was the better inventor.\n\nAt least that was the order of things for Thomas Edison, who only invented the kinetograph so that people might be able to.\n\nIt is indeed astonishing that a deaf scientist such as Edison could invent a phonograph. By his own admission, he had lost the power of hearing since the age of 12. The first phonograph was invented.\n\nOct 18, 2016. Today marks the 85th anniversary of Thomas Edison's death. He had 389 for electric light and power, 195 for the phonograph, 150 for the telegraph, 141 for. It's widely understood that Edison did not invent the light bulb.\n\nDALLAS — Keys to the New Jersey lab where Thomas Edison invented the phonograph and some of the lightbulbs that he perfected sold for more than $60,000 at auction on Saturday. The keys sold for.\n\nThomas Edison's Contributions. What a great inventor he was!! He invented the electric locomotive,phonograph,electric pen and copying system,kinetoscope.\n\nMar 17, 2007. Edison is remembered most for the electric light, phonograph and his. Thomas Edison's major inventions were designed and built in the last.\n\nBiography of Thomas A. Edison for elementary and middle school students. In addition to the electric light, he also invented the phonograph,* a camera to take.\n\nWhen inventor Thomas. what the phonograph did for the ear.” When he finally invented (with considerable help from his assistant, William Kennedy Laurie Dickson) and patented his single-camera.\n\nThomas Alva Edison was born on February 11. That same year, his work with the telegraph and telephone led him to invent the phonograph, which recorded sound as indentations on a sheet of.\n\nNow that the phone was invented, it was time to invent phone. a clanging call bell sufficed over any spoken phrase. But Thomas Edison, ever one to dance to the tune of his own phonograph, had his.\n\nWEST ORANGE, NJ — Sure, he invented the phonograph, the motion picture camera and the light bulb. But Thomas Alva Edison was also the creator of one of the creepiest toys in U.S. history… the.\n\nThe modern vinyl record was the result of two inventors, Thomas Edison and his phonograph and Emile Berliner and his.\n\nThe recording was originally made on a Thomas Edison-invented phonograph in St. Louis in 1878. At a time when music lovers can carry thousands of digital songs on a player the size of a pack of gum,\n\nThe owner of this domain has not yet uploaded their website.\n\nFeb 11, 2014. 15 Inventions From Thomas Edison That Changed The World. PHONOGRAPH: The phonograph recorded and reproduced audible sounds.\n\nMay 18, 2012. \"It takes a thousand men to invent a telegraph, or a steam engine, or a phonograph, or a photograph, or a telephone or any other important.\n\nJan 27, 2016. Did Thomas Edison Actually Personally Invent Anything?. of inventors, Edison invented the phonograph (said to be his favorite invention).\n\n\nE. Schmidt Entomologist Jul 20, 2012. Corresponding author: Stefan Schmidt ([email protected]). Entomology, insect collection, insect drawer, CNC technology. employing electronic shutter mechanisms avoid the wear that can be significant when. Jan 12, 2018. 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Balke M, Schmidt S, Hausmann A, Toussaint E, Bergsten J, et al. 2013. Platte, NE 69361:\n\nThomas Edison pictured after spending five continuous days and nights perfecting the phonograph, listening through a primitive. How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World, explained in Time.\n\nSir Isaac Newton Siblings Names Humans should consume less meat for the sake of the planet, Sir David Attenborough has argued. The naturalist, 92, said more people should turn to a vegetarian diet as ‘we can’t go on’ consuming meat. Beyoncé’s makeup artist has news for you: You’ve probably been applying concealer wrong this whole time. Sir John, a L’Oréal\n\nA 30-year-old scientist, Thomas Alva Edison, was the producer. And, when the session ended, he found to his amazement that he had invented the phonograph machine. \"I was never so taken aback in my.\n\nMENLO PARK, Aug. 12‐Conrad Beneshan shouted the nursery rhyme into the megaphone attached to the tin feil‐encased cylinder, probably as loudly as Thomas A. Edison did when he invented the phonograph.\n\nAlmost everyone can name the man that invented the light bulb. considered the predecessor of the modern tattoo needle. Thomas Edison developed a hand-cranked machine called the tinfoil phonograph.\n\nEmily Dickinson Peer Reviewed Journal Chana Bloch, a poet and an acclaimed translator of Hebrew verse. Ms. Bloch, an admirer of poets like Emily Dickinson, Anna Akhmatova and Elizabeth Bishop, specialized in taut, pared-down verse that. Emily Dickinson chose as her literary advisor a Union colonel suffering. “Doctors sawed arms & legs off from morning till night,” he reported in\n\nJun 17, 2015. It was Thomas Edison, who, whilst working on two other inventions. I can turn the phonograph backward and make better music…we get.\n\nWhat follows is a list of 1098 patents covering his many inventions. storage battery electrode elements 1711265 1929 Phonograph reproducer 1708692 1929.\n\nIsaac Newton University Of Cambridge Cambridge University Library. 52 10 A New System of Mathematicks. Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. 58 11 Portrait of Isaac Newton. Reproduced by permission of the National Portrait Gallery, London. 70 12 Newton’s drawing of his reflecting telescope. Cambridge University Library ms Add. 3969.591. Isaac Newton studied at Trinity College,\n\nJul 12, 2018. Edison himself would have loved this image, as it was one that he himself worked hard at cultivating. After his invention of the phonograph in.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9975301623344421}
+{"content": "What Do You Cal A Piece Of Music Where A Violin Soloist Plays With An Orchestra\n\nJul 9, 2013. Don't be that person who says their favourite piece of classical. Are you the kind of person who appreciates multiple genres of music?. It's a huge workout for any orchestra, and is probably as much fun to play as it is to hear. lots of opportunities for the piano soloist to impress with powerful chords and.\n\n\nThe San Francisco Symphony make their final Boston appearance under the baton of Michael Tilson Thomas with Christian Tetzlaff as violin soloist. eighth Celebrity Series appearance, their final under the baton of visionary music director Michael Tilson Thomas, Can we do something creative and interesting with this?'\n\nConcert Reviews on Wilson & Alroy’s Record Reviews, which contains reviews of about 5,000 records – rock and roll, pop, jazz, funk, punk, hip hop, Latin – plus concerts, books about music, Top 10 lists, and generally a whole lot of ranting\n\nYou can learn a lot just by noticing what happens at the concert, and here are a few tips:. performances, and performers prefer quiet in the audience while they are playing. Sometimes the conductor or soloist is called back once, twice or more to receive applause or. Not all pieces of orchestra music call for woodwinds.\n\nWhat do you call a piece of music where a violin soloist plays with an orchestra? Symphony Chamber music Ensemble Violin concerto which one of thesea 4 is it??? Best Answer: Answer by dlashofMost of the time it is a Concerto, but there are other pieces of music where a violin will perform with an orchestra.\n\nThe soloist was Richard Burgin, and the Boston Symphony was led by Koussevitzky. What the violin plays in the first moments of this concerto is ravishing lyric invention indeed, The music gathers momentum and the solo part becomes ever more virtuosic. We are privileged to continue publishing his program notes.\n\nNov 1, 2018. You are here. The fall concert of the Southern Maine Symphony Orchestra will feature. also a violin soloist, performing Brahms' Violin Concerto in D major, op 77. of Music, the conductor of the Portland Youth Symphony Orchestra, Lehmann spent his sabbatical last spring studying this piece, one of.\n\nA Sonata is a piece written for a solo instrument, most of the time being a piano or keyboard instrument. A symphony is a musical piece composed for an entire orchestra, and is often an extended writing. 5. What is form in music? Form is the framework a composer uses to write a piece of music. It consists of all other musical elements.\n\naria: a beautiful manner of solo singing, accompanied by orchestra, with a. This era saw the rise of instrumental music, the invention of the modern violin. cadenza: an unaccompanied section of virtuosic display played by a soloist in a concerto call and response: a traditional African process in which a leader's phrase.\n\nWhat do you call some one that plays in an orchestra? SAVE CANCEL. already exists. Would you like to merge this question into it? MERGE CANCEL. already exists as an alternate of this question. Would you like to make it the primary and merge this question into it?.\n\nBut music is still, pretty obviously, tied to people. How else do you create. to compose a piece for the London Philharmonic. The first song began, Coates playing a solo figure, then Levi’s.\n\n27, with music director Gustavo Dudamel conducting the \"California. you’re there. Violinists and cellists are flashy and in the front and get the important lines. Violists are the glue in the.\n\nA solo concerto is a musical form which features a single solo instrument with the melody line, accompanied by the orchestra. Traditionally, there are three movements in a solo concerto, consisting of fast. Other early violin concertos are the four in Tomaso Albinoni's Op. 2 (1700) and the six in Torelli's important Op. 8 (1709.\n\n2112 – 1976 Mercury 9 (Good) Best song: Tears If there’s such a thing as The Stereotypical Rush Album, then this is almost certainly it.Pretty much any serious discussion of Rush will bring this album up early on, and I’ve found reactions mostly tend to fall either into worshipping the album or.\n\n\nWhat Opera House Presented The World Premiere Of Madama Butterfly Biography. Winner – Readers Award at the 2016 International Opera Awards “’When I have to cry, I do cry. For sure. If I have to scream, I scream for real.’ LA Opera presents performances of the opera, THE LOSER, on February 22 and 23, 2019, at The Theatre in the Ace Hotel. It will feature\n\nJul 20, 2010. certo soloists do during orchestral tuttis? Did they wait in silence. ble the first violin part during tuttis, thereby serving. I have argued elsewhere that during the 18th cen- tury, flute. the solo part usually contains music in normal- sized print. contrast necessary for the call-and-response effect,26 and the.\n\n\nThe Kunsthalle for Music, to put it very simply, is a contemporary space for music that is not a concert hall. The Kunsthalle started from thinking about how live music can take on so many shapes and.\n\nSo, what do you think happened? HANG ON, WE’LL GET YOU SOME EXPERT HELP. Leonard Slatkin, music director of the National Symphony Orchestra. about as he plays, Bell says, is capturing emotion as a.\n\n27–Nov. 11) reimagines the celebrated Rodgers and Hammerstein score using a seven-piece bluegrass band. Such innovation requires a delicate balance between paying homage to the original material and.\n\nMar 19, 2017. But, I would say many orchestral musicians are much more musical than many of. you'd call “solo qualities”, but some of the best young soloists are more. A lot of what they did was let the former CM play violin concertos and. My list wasn't meant to be an exhaustive one; it was a bit \"Americano-centric\".\n\nWhen an orchestra plays at a concert they might play a symphony (a piece for orchestra) and they might play a concerto (with a soloist). If the solo instrument is a violin the piece is called a “violin concerto”, if it is a piano it is called a “piano concerto”, etc. Rate!\n\n\nSay the phrase “classical music” and many will imagine a renowned symphony orchestra playing masterpieces of the distant past at Carnegie Hall. Last week, you could live. which he mostly plays on.\n\n\nNow that you do. Orchestra, so he’ll be here until at least 2024. He said in a press release, \"In these first two seasons we have made such great music together, why would we want to stop?\" Don’t.\n\nThey scowl, wear powdered wigs, and glower at you, as busts, from the top of a piano. \"Longhair music\" is what people used to call classical. to hear high and low, a violin and a cello. But Don our.\n\nWhen an orchestra piece features a soloist that plays alone for the most part, the orchestra just sits and waits until they come in for their part of the song. Lots of times t…hough, when there.\n\nIn the soloist what specific piece is being played in the tunnel when Jamie Foxx plays the cello for the first time. In the movie it’s from 32min to 34min?\n\nViolins provide the soprano and alto voices of the string ensemble (with tenor provided by the violas and bass by the 'cellos and reinforced by the string basses.).\n\nA symphony is a major work, played by the entire orchestra. A concerto is a musical composition performed by the orchestra and a soloist – who play in. You can determine how many movements there are in a piece, and how many silent. and choral works (classical works written for orchestra, volcal soloist, or choir).\n\nDo soloists normally play way better than orchestra musicians?. playing quartet music and the CM would play violin concertos with. However IMO it is still a bit of a stretch to call someone like Stirling a 'soloist' when you.\n\nWhen putting together the program, Garcia said, “He can play anything, but we look at what the local orchestra can perform with just two rehearsals with the soloist. and viola music, his daughter.\n\n_____ is an instrumental technique that, in the case of string players, consists of a quick back and forth movement or rocking of the finger that is in contact with the string, with the intent of producing a fluctuation in pitch.\n\nAlnsis Moissette Singer Female Lyrics Got My Hand In My Pocket Also, you can play quality at 32kbps, 128kbps, 320kbps, view lyrics and watch more videos related to this song. Hand In My Pocket; I Feel The Earth Move -Glee Cast (2015) Play 32kbps. 32kbps Auto next. Toggle. It can be slow sometimes when you listen. Here’s the mega talented Alanis Morissette again with “Hand In\n\nQ: Archie, do you consider yourself a musical populist? Your music often has a. one long piece for about an hour and a half. And about 15 minutes into it, all the people who were sitting in the.\n\nWhy are the musicians onstage playing before the concert begins?. What is the difference between a symphony orchestra and a philharmonic orchestra?. Why does the conductor leave after every piece of music?. Each piece has a story to tell, and you'll catch yourself hanging on every note and creating your own story.\n\nBenjamin Zander conducts the Boston Philharmonic Youth Orchestra playing Assad and. Violin Concerto in d minor, Op. 47, First movement. With that in mind we have decided to commission a new piece from the. You will be hearing young soloists who are going on to make a major impact on musical life, and you will.\n\nTips on how to read the program in classical music. For clarity, here we will call the printed document you receive at the door the “program. 5 or Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. With these names, you won't know specifically which piece is being played. 3The soloist playing the piano in the concerto is Jamie Shaak.\n\nThe concerts will be led by the Colorado Symphony's Music Director, Brett Mitchell. Featured soloist Conrad Tao performs Ravel's Piano Concerto, a colorful. for Violin and Orchestra, “Eleven Eleven,” a piece she helped debut in 2017. He's an uncredited co-writer on the now-classic “You Never Even Call Me by My.\n\nIn the traditional symphony orchestra, the violins usually play as one undivided group.\n\n“If music be the food of love, play on,” says the Bard in “Twelfth Night.” Indeed, Shakespeare’s plays. Symphony Orchestra will pair two Shakespeare-inspired works with what just might be one of.\n\nIf you have a talent and you start to play, everyone has the same thought. You go for it. Then it evolves, based on the studying and talent. Like in baseball. Someone with talent plays, what do they.\n\n\nWhile Sister And I Were Slow Dancing I Lifted Her Dress And Removed Her Panties Edson Leader – a place for remembering loved ones; a space for sharing memories, life stories, milestones, to express condolences, and celebrate life of your loved ones. While waiting for the band to start, I worked my hand up my wife’s leg under her dress to find her panties were soaked and clinging to her\n\n\"Going to Juilliard makes you feel very special and privileged and in awe of the history of the school.\" He graduated and quickly won a three-year position in the New World Symphony, a training.\n\n\nA concerto is a work in three movements, rather than the fourmovements of a symphony, in which a solo instrument or ensemble isaccompanied by an orchestra.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9927973747253418}
+{"content": "The Engelhörner is a huge area of bizarre limestone peaks offering many long alpine routes with some excellent multi pitch sport routes mixed in. The small Engelhörner hut at the foot of the peaks makes an excellent base for the routes, with a warm welcome and friendly hosts. The area is complex and can be a bit confusing on the first visit. There are a large number of peaks, the most popular ones being those that circle around the Ochsetal that leads up from the hut. In a clockwise direction these are klein Simeler, gross Simeler, Vorderspitze, Kingspitze, Tannenspitz and Rosenlauistock.\n\nRoutes vary from classic scrambling to the top of the peaks, to some desperate modern classics. The rock on the popular routes is usually very good, although the gullies and descents have a lot of loose rubble. Helmets are strongly recommended, if not essential. In recent years many of the classic routes have been cleaned up and well bolted, however it is worth carrying a rack of gear on most routes.\n\nNumber of routes\n\nIn this area:\n\nTitle Description\nEngelhörner Kingspitze\n\nIt looks like a friendly Swiss crag, but Kingspitze is actually a major Alpine undertaking.\n\nEngelhörner Simelistock and Vorderspitze\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6463364362716675}
+{"content": "Loading ...\n\nLoading ...\nDairy & Ruminant\n\nLoading ...\n\nLoading ...\n\nLoading ...\nAnimal Health\n\nLoading ...\nFunctional Additives\nMonday, October 24, 2016 11:46:47 PM\nPrint this articleForward this article\n\n\nEditorial: Gut health: the new paradigm in food animal production\n\n\nM. Kogut et al.\n\n\n\nOptimal gut health is of vital importance to the performance of production animals. Gut health is synonymous in animal production industries with animal health. Although there does appear to be a direct relationship between animal performance and a \"healthy\" gastrointestinal tract (GIT), there is no clear definition for \"gut health\" that encompasses a number of physiological and functional features, including nutrient digestion and absorption, host metabolism and energy generation, a stable microbiome, mucus layer development, barrier function, and mucosal immune responses (1–8). The GIT is responsible for regulating physiological homeostasis that provides the host the ability to withstand infectious and non-infectious stressors (9–19). Understanding the interactions between these diverse physiological features emphasizes the extent of areas encompassed by gut health and the ability to regulate animal production. For our part, we will define gut health as the absence/ prevention/avoidance of disease so that the animal is able to perform its physiological functions in order to withstand exogenous and endogenous stressors. Furthermore, worldwide public concerns about the production animal industries' dependency on the use of growth-promoting antibiotics (AGPs) have resulted in the ban of AGPs by the European Union and a reassessment of their use in the United States. Thus, current research is focused on alternatives to antibiotics for sustainable food animal production (20).\n\n\nA recent Research Topic in Frontiers in Veterinary Infectious Diseases was on gut health and wondering whether we should consider gut health as the new standard when considering animal production. The objective of this Editorial is not to review the literature on gut health in production animals, but, rather, it is our attempt to summarize findings of the 15 papers that were published within this Research Topic. Obviously, the Topic was not comprehensive in the production animal commodity reported, but it was a very good overview of the current status of the ongoing work in gut health and physiology within the veterinary community.\n\n\n\n\nThe complex gut microbiome is not a silent organ or a collection of passenger microorganisms; but rather, the intestinal microbial community represents active participants in vertebrate immunity and physiology. The gut microbiota confers health benefits to the host, including aiding in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, contributing to the construction of the intestinal epithelial barrier, the development and function of the host immune system, and competing with pathogenic microbes to prevent their harmful propagation (18, 21). Unlike the host genome, which is rarely manipulated by xenobiotic intervention, the microbiome is readily changeable by diet, ingestion of antibiotics, infection by pathogens, and other life events [Danzeisen et al.; Ballou et al.; Mon et al.; Malmuthauge et al.; (8)].\n\n\nAntibiotics have a great effect on the host normal microbiota upsetting the balance and inducing a dysbiotic state (8). The use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics in animal diets have been a common practice for promoting growth due to their ability to increase feed efficiency or preventing diseases. Danzeisen et al. used a sub-therapeutic concentration of penicillin to define beneficial members of the microbiome in turkeys that resulted in increased feed efficiency and enhanced growth. By identifying the specific bacterial populations responsible for improved performance, the authors hypothesize that these bacteria can then be used as probiotics.\n\n\nThe microbiome has a direct effect on the development and function of the mucosal immune system. Malmuthauge et al. found significant associations between the microbiome and the expression of genes regulating the mucosal barrier and innate immunity in neonatal cattle. Regional differences in the microbiome were associated with regional differences in innate immune gene transcription. Similar findings were described between the microbiome of broiler chickens and the expression of avian cytokine RNA transcripts (Oakley and Kogut). A negative correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and the phylum Firmicutes was found; whereas a positive correlation was identified with the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the phylum Proteobacteria.\n\n\nWigley and Ballou et al. asked the questions: what constitutes a normal or healthy microbiome and what effects do treatments that are being used to improve gut health (vaccines and probiotics) have on the development of the gut microbiome? Wigley pointed out that certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Campylobacter, are often considered commensals and part of the cecal microbiome. The removal of AGPs, manipulation of the cecal microbiome, changing husbandry practices, and other internal and external factors lead to changes in the host responses that result in \"new\" infections (22–25). Using a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine or a lactic acid bacteria probiotic, Ballou et al. characterized the effects of gut health treatments have on the microbiome. Alterations in microbial diversity in the microbiome of young chicks given the vaccine and, to a less extent with the probiotic, were found, which were independent of bacterial colonization by the treatments. The microbiome alterations were maintained through 28 days of age, suggesting that early exposure to certain bacteria may permanently influence the microbial diversity in the microbiomes. Similar results were described by Mon et al. where a Salmonella infection in day-old chicks induced a profound decrease in microbial diversity in the cecum. Specifically, there was an increase in Enterobacteriaceae and a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria in the Lachnospiraceae family implying that exposure to a Salmonella infection early after hatch can impact the composition of the developing microbiome that affects colonization resistance to microbial pathogens.\n\n\nYeast-derived dietary supplements are increasingly being used as pre- and probiotics to improve gut health (26). Roto et al. detailed the effects of yeast-derived compounds in livestock diets and their effect of the microbiome. The use of yeast-derived compounds as supplements in livestock diets improved performance, increased beneficial bacteria in the microbiome, and increased immune responsiveness. Additionally, the yeast-derived products are cost-effective, do not induce antimicrobial resistance in pathogens, and, because of their multiple mechanisms of action, can be used in the variety of environments found in livestock industries.\n\n\n\n\nThe intestinal tract is an active immunological organ with more resident immune cells than anywhere else in the body. They are organized in lymphoid structures called Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles, such as the cecal tonsils. Macrophages, dendritic cells, various subsets of T cells, B cells, and secretory IgA all contribute to the generation of a proper immune response to invading pathogens, while keeping the resident microbial community in check without generating an overt inflammatory response.\n\n\nIn addition to the immune cells, the intestinal epithelial cells contribute to mucosal immunity (21). A single layer of epithelial cells separates the densely colonized and environmentally exposed intestinal lumen from the sterile subepithelial tissue, maintains homeostasis in the presence of the enteric microbiota, and contributes to rapid and efficient antimicrobial host defense in the event of infection with pathogens. Both epithelial antimicrobial host defense and homeostasis rely on signaling pathways induced by innate immune receptors demonstrating the active role of epithelial cells in the host–microbial interplay. Lastly, a layer of mucus overlying the intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier between the mucosa and the resident microbiota, minimizing both microbial translocation and excessive immune activation by the resident microbes.\n\n\nIntestinal integrity is fundamentally important for the growth and performance of food animals. One of the main advantages of AGPs in animal feed was the reduction in the low-grade, food-induced chronic inflammation that would otherwise be detrimental to animal growth (27). Removal of AGPs from animal feeds results in an increase in enteric disorders, infections, and diseases (24, 25, 28, 29). One of the issues with determining dysfunction of the gut barrier is the lack of specific biomarkers. Two papers in the Research Topic described new methods that: (a) identify serum and tissue biomarkers of gut barrier function (Chen et al.) and (b) identify a non-invasive means to measure gut inflammation as a marker of gut leakage (Kuttappan et al.). Additionally, Ayoola et al. found that the addition of supplemental enzymes (β-mannanase, a blend of xylanase, amylase, protease) to the diet of turkeys reduced food-induced inflammation.\n\n\nOne of the main immune functions of the epithelial cell surface is the production of antimicrobial peptides or host defense peptides [HDPs; Ref. (30)]. HDPs are a diverse group of small molecules that possess antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and barrier function enhancing activities. Robinson et al. described several classes of small-molecule compounds that induce specific induction of endogenous HDP. Furthermore, supplementation of these HDP-inducing compounds enhanced bacterial clearance, improved enteric barrier integrity, and improved animal production efficiency with minimal intestinal inflammation.\n\n\nThe host/pathogen interactome leads to a number of immune and biochemical changes at the infection site as the pathogen tries to derive nutrients from the host, while the host uses immunometabolic countermeasures against the pathogen. Arsenault and Kogut developed a novel tool that characterizes the immunometabolic phenotype of infected cells/tissues. The kinome peptide array identifies alterations in phosphorylation events in both immunity and metabolism simultaneously. The kinome array was used to identify the immune changes occurring in the cecum of chickens during the establishment of a persistent, asymptomatic Salmonella infection (Kogut and Arsenault). A number of immune signaling pathways were activated at the site of infection that indicates the development of a tolerogenic response allowing the bacteria to establish a persistent infection.\n\n\n\n\nThe increased use of grains as alternative energy sources in poultry diets has led to an issue with higher levels of less digestible carbohydrates that result in an increase in digesta viscosity and food-induced inflammation. One alternative to optimize digestibility of these complex carbohydrates is the inclusion of dietary enzyme supplements. Latorre et al. took this concept a step further and described the selection of a Bacillus spp. direct fed microbial (DFM) candidate based on their capacity to produce enzymes that breakdown these complex carbohydrates. Bacillus spp. that produced cellulose and xylanase were used as DFM and were found to reduce digesta viscosity and reduce C. perfringens growth in a number of different diets containing different complex carbohydrates.\n\n\nA group of natural products known as phytobiotics have been the focus of several studies in recent years as antibiotic alternatives (31). Phytobiotics are plant-derived products used in feed that possess antimicrobial activity, provide antioxidative effects, enhance palatability, improve gut functions, and promote growth. Murugesan et al. compared the effects of a commercial phytogenic feed additive on growth, intestinal morphology, and microbial composition in chickens to the effects of an AGP. Improved growth, increased intestinal villus height, and decreased total cecal numbers of Clostridium and anaerobic bacteria were comparable between the two treatments. However, birds fed the phytobiotic additives had a significant reduction in coliforms and an increase in Lactobacillus spp. implying an environment that was more suitable for the establishment of growth-promoting bacteria in the microbiome.\n\n\nAlthough the GIT is frequently described simply as ''the gut,'' it is actually made up of (1) an epithelium; (2) a diverse and robust immune arm, which contains most of the immune cells in the body; and (3) the commensal bacteria, which contain more cells than are present in the entire host organism. Understanding of the crosstalk between ALL of these interrelated components of the gut is what cumulatively makes the gut the basis for the health of animals and the motor that drives their performance.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFor more of the article, please click here.\n\n\nArticle made possible through the contribution of M. Kogut et al.\n\nMy eFeedLink last read", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8744139671325684}
+{"content": "You are here:\n  → Composers\n   → Emily Rachel Middleton\n\n\nEmily Rachel Middleton (23 Free Arrangements)\n\n​​I love hymns and often have a tune in the background of my mind. I write lyrics as the spirit influences me, and as an expression of my own testimony. I hope that these hymns become an expression of testimony for others as well, Emily Rachel Middleton.\nVisit Emily Rachel Middleton's website if you'd like to see his/her site.\nContact Emily Rachel Middleton if you'd like to send a personal note.\nSee composer song statistics here.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9906124472618103}
+{"content": "Beliefs: Colliding and Colluding\n\nReplace stress and frustration with empowerment and confidence, by resolving conflicting and colluding beliefs. This technique is primarily for interpersonal situations. By colluding, we mean beliefs that unconsciously interfere with our success in a way that is interlaced with other beliefs. \n\nThe Situation\n\nIdentify a situation in which your beliefs conflict with those of another person.\n\nYour Belief\n\nDescribe specific beliefs that collide with this person’s beliefs.\n\nTheir Belief\n\nDescribe the other person’s beliefs that collide with yours. Associate fully into these beliefs. Identify which belief is the primary focus of the conflict. Below are generic beliefs. One of these is likely to apply here. Mark it with “OT” for “other” (meaning the other party’s conflicting belief), and circle the word choice that applies (i.e. “is/is not”). Remember, you are identifying the other party’s limiting belief.\n\na. The objective is/is not desirable and worthwhile. \n\nb. This goal can/cannot be achieved. \n\nc. The actions necessary to achieve this goal are/are not sufficiently detailed, understandable, appropriate, or ecologically sound. \n\nd. I do/don’t have the skills or talents that I would need in order to reach this goal.\n\ne. I do/don’t deserve to attain this goal.\n\nf. I am/am not responsible for this goal.\n\nColluding Belief\n\nMove out of your conflicting belief state. Look for colluding beliefs, that is, beliefs of YOURS that in some way reinforce the OTHER person’s limiting belief that you perceive as troublesome. Use the list above. Mark the applicable belief with a “CL” for “colluding.”\n\n\nMove to a meta-position where you can be free of the conflict/collusion reality. From this fresh position, find alternative frames of reference and concepts that can help you find innovative and practical solutions. The following steps are helpful Neuro Linguistic Programming maneuvers intended for transformational processes such as this one.\n\na. Presuppositions: Note the presuppositions that underlie the beliefs. Typically, these are not conscious, so you will need to be sure you are thinking outside of your current, conventional frame. The following presuppositions can help you here.\n\n1) “There is no single correct map,” versus, “I have the one true map.” \n\n2) “There is a positive intention behind every behavior and belief,” versus, “The behavior (or belief) is negative and must be eliminated.” \n\n3) “People have the capabilities they need,” versus, “Some people are just defective.” \n\n4) “We are all part of the larger ecosystem,” versus, “We are independent entities, and context does not matter.” \n\nb. Positive Intentions: Associate back into the three belief states, and clarify the positive intentions underlying each of them. \n\nc. Meta-Program Level: Move back into the meta-position you established, and identify the similarities and differences at the meta-program level that exist between these beliefs. Refer to the meta-program chapter as needed. \n\nd. Supportive State: Associate into each belief position again, this time identifying the state that most likely supports each of the beliefs. \n\nPositive Foundation\n\nReturn to your first meta-position, and answer these questions for each of the beliefs you have identified: How could you fill in the missing NLP presupposition? How could you realize the positive intentions of the beliefs in a constructive manner? How could you align and balance the meta program patterns? How could you alter your state, or that of the other party, so that it is more open to a constructive and ecologically sound resolution? \n\nResourceful State\n\nDevelop a resourceful state that embraces the emerging positive beliefs. Maintain that state as you step into your first position. From there, mentally role play new ways of responding to the other party.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9886514544487}
+{"content": "Download An invitation to knot theory: virtual and classical by Heather A. Dye PDF\n\nBy Heather A. Dye\n\nThe simply Undergraduate Textbook to educate either Classical and digital Knot Theory\n\nAn Invitation to Knot conception: digital and Classical supplies complex undergraduate scholars a gradual advent to the sector of digital knot concept and mathematical study. It offers the basis for college kids to analyze knot idea and skim magazine articles on their lonesome. every one bankruptcy contains a number of examples, difficulties, initiatives, and urged readings from study papers. The proofs are written as easily as attainable utilizing combinatorial ways, equivalence periods, and linear algebra.\n\nThe textual content starts with an creation to digital knots and counted invariants. It then covers the normalized f-polynomial (Jones polynomial) and different skein invariants sooner than discussing algebraic invariants, equivalent to the quandle and biquandle. The e-book concludes with purposes of digital knots: textiles and quantum computation.\n\nShow description\n\n\nSimilar geometry books\n\nMatrix Information Geometry\n\n-Presents advances in matrix and tensor information processing within the area of sign, snapshot and knowledge processing\n-Written by means of specialists within the components of theoretical arithmetic or engineering sciences\n-Discusses capability purposes in sensor and cognitive structures engineering\n\nThis publication is an consequence of the Indo-French Workshop on Matrix details Geometries (MIG): purposes in Sensor and Cognitive platforms Engineering, which used to be held in Ecole Polytechnique and Thales learn and expertise heart, Palaiseau, France, in February 23-25, 2011. The workshop used to be generously funded by way of the Indo-French Centre for the merchandising of complicated learn (IFCPAR). through the occasion, 22 popular invited french or indian audio system gave lectures on their parts of craftsmanship in the box of matrix research or processing. From those talks, a complete of 17 unique contribution or state of the art chapters were assembled during this quantity. All articles have been completely peer-reviewed and more advantageous, in line with the feedback of the overseas referees. The 17 contributions provided are equipped in 3 elements: (1) cutting-edge surveys & unique matrix conception paintings, (2) complex matrix idea for radar processing, and (3) Matrix-based sign processing purposes.\n\nKonvexe Analysis\n\n\n\nLeopold is extremely joyful to put up this vintage publication as a part of our broad vintage Library assortment. a number of the books in our assortment were out of print for many years, and hence haven't been available to most of the people. the purpose of our publishing application is to facilitate fast entry to this mammoth reservoir of literature, and our view is this is an important literary paintings, which merits to be introduced again into print after many many years.\n\nTopics in Ergodic Theory.\n\nThis publication issues parts of ergodic conception which are now being intensively built. the subjects contain entropy idea (with emphasis on dynamical platforms with multi-dimensional time), components of the renormalization crew approach within the concept of dynamical structures, splitting of separatrices, and a few difficulties concerning the idea of hyperbolic dynamical platforms.\n\nAdditional info for An invitation to knot theory: virtual and classical\n\nSample text\n\nFor example, there are two ways to orient a Reidemeister II move, resulting in two types of oriented Reidemeister II moves. 25. 26. 26a. 26b. Orientation does not dramatically increase the number of possible diagrams of the Reidemeister I and II moves. However, each Reidemeister III move has three strands. There are eight possible choices of orientation for a Reidemeister III move. 27. 28. 28 Co-oriented Reidemeister III move The other oriented Reidemeister III moves, the move with circular oriented strands and the move with two co-oriented strands, can be expressed as a sequence of moves involving the co-oriented Reidemeister III and the Reidemeister I and II moves.\n\nBy the definition of integer and divisible by four, there exists k ∊ ℤ such that x = 4k. The conclusion is the statement: x is an even integer. Equivalently, we can write that there exists n ∊ ℤ such that x = 2n. We see that the important point is to fill in the steps between the statements x = 4k and x = 2n. We write the proof. Proof. Let x be an integer divisible by four. By definition, there exists k ∊ ℤ such that x = 4k. Rewriting, we see that x = 2(2k). Since 2k ∊ ℤ, let n = 2k. Then, there exists n ∊ ℤ such that x = 2n.\n\nNote that if two diagrams “look similar”, this is not a proof that the diagrams are equivalent. To prove that two diagrams are equivalent, we give a finite sequence of diagrammatic moves relating the two diagrams. This task can be very challenging—for example, a diagram and its reflection look very similar but they are not necessarily equivalent. We denote the set of virtual links as ????. We use the notation ????d to specifically refer to the set of virtual link diagrams. A virtual knot is a one component virtual link.\n\nDownload PDF sample\n\nRated 4.84 of 5 – based on 41 votes", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9795689582824707}
+{"content": "KOHANDS An Korean air compressor Brand. Air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressedair). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a storage tank, increasing the pressure.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8859109878540039}
+{"content": "Introducing VIB Discovery Sciences: an interview with Jérôme Van Biervliet\n\n10 June 2019\nIn 2015, VIB made a strategic investment in a team of industry-trained scientists and research infrastructure to build the ‘VIB Discovery Sciences’ unit. This team is embedded in VIB’s Innovation & Business team and focuses on making specific expertise available to promising projects in VIB labs that are amenable to translation. In other words, the discovery unit initiates and guides the transformation of scientific insights into projects that could deliver novel therapeutics or agrochemicals. Throughout the entire process, VIB scientists remain involved to provide expertise on the basic biology of the project. The head of VIB Discovery Sciences, Jérôme Van Biervliet, elaborates on the goals and successes of the initiative so far.\n\nLet’s go back to 2015. Why was there a specific need for VIB Discovery Sciences?\n“Over the years, VIB has proven to be very strong in building proof-of-concept in platforms toward new venture creation, with notable examples as Ablynx and Confo Therapeutics. In contrast, the traditional\napproach for single assets, for example therapeutics or agrochemicals, was historically mostly driven by industrial partnerships, rather than establishing an asset-centric spinoff. This is because it’s hard to find\ninvestors and industrial partners willing to take the mental leaps from scientific concept to development\ncandidates. They tend to be quite risk-averse and want to see early-stage products and in vivo ‘proofs-ofconcept’. To bridge exactly that gap, from promising targets to the commercial development of products,\nwe launched the VIB Discovery Sciences initiative. The team knows exactly what is needed to translate\nnovel targets into investment-worthy assets. These assets can be intellectual property, industry-like data​ packages, biological proof-of-concept data, and earlystage candidate molecules with a realistic potential for\nclinical application.”\n\nWhat type of projects does VIB Discovery Sciences typically take on? What are the criteria?\n“It all starts with VIB science. The molecular research of our research groups provides VIB’s Innovation & Business team with a rich source of medical, plant, industrial biotech and biomarker concepts. We pro-actively mine this basic biology work running in the institute for promising drug discovery targets. Of course, VIB scientists can also propose projects themselves. Whether a certain research project is suitable for the discovery unit is evaluated by the entire Innovation & Business team, in discussion with the PI.\n\nAll aspects for commercial opportunities are being considered, including the novelty of the project and the\nunmet societal need. Elementally, it should be realistic to develop the target into a medicine or agricultural\nproduct. In view of the attrition rate in such early stage projects, we only incubate a few projects with high potential at any given time. Plus, we often experience that lessons learned from one project benefit the other projects running in the team.”\n\nWhat is the difference with academic research and how does a project usually proceed?\n“The main difference of a VIB Discovery Sciences project with academic research is the product centric approach. We are not focused on publishing papers, but our goal is to develop a target into a product that benefits society. Basically, we start where academic research stops. We initiate the translational research needed to deliver validated candidates for small molecule or biologic therapeutics, and agro-products. Our team designs and plans early drug discovery projects, guides and executes assay development\ncampaigns, and executes in vitro pharmacology experiments. We also take charge of the project management, collaborate with partners with complementary capabilities (e.g. medicinal chemistry,\nantibody screening, etc.), and design proof-of-concept studies around novel candidate therapeutics. During the whole process, the team relies on the scientific advice and insights of the PI who initiated the project. It is the combination with top-level academic science that makes our discovery unit work. After all, the PI laboratory remains the key source of biological insights, interpretation of experimental results, research tools, scientific steering and creativity.”\n\nHow would you evaluate the initiative so far? Which successes were achieved?\n“To me, a successful project is one where we can make significant scientific progress and, at the same time, succeed in attracting a business partner to turn it into reality. Ever since its inception nearly four years ago, VIB Discovery Sciences is building a basis for value creation projects leading to asset-centric spin-off companies. This is elegantly exemplified by Oncurious, a spinoff founded by VIB and Oxurion in 2015 which focuses on the development of innovative oncology treatments. The portfolio of the new venture is based on the pre-clinical research conducted by the teams of Peter Carmeliet, Massimiliano Mazzone and Gabriele Bergers from the VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology and Jo Van Ginderachter (VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VUB). By partnering earlystage innovative projects of VIB scientists we were hence able to develop the project into a new venture.”\n\n“Another highlight is the drug discovery project for novel targets in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), based on the research of Ludo Van Den Bosch, Joris de Wit and Bart De Strooper (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research). CMT is characterized by the progressive denervation of muscles and affects touch sensation, especially in the extremities. There​ currently are no specific therapeutics available for\nthis neurological disorder. Over the last years, the VIB research groups uncovered several biological pathways in peripheral neuropathies that represent promising therapeutic targets for CMT. VIB Discovery Sciences is now taking the project further towards the preclinical development of new therapeutics based on these novel targets. Importantly, we were able to attract external financing which allows us to really accelerate the project.” (more on page 9)\n\nWhat type of scientists work in the team?\n“In a couple of years’ time, the VIB Discovery Sciences team really has matured, with a team of 10 scientists\nand 7 technicians lead by senior scientists with strong industrial backgrounds: Bruno Dombrecht and Laurent\nGalibert. They each supervise a sub-team of project leaders and technicians. Many project leaders are former postdocs fresh out of VIB labs, who have a strong interest in industry. Moreover, several master students are already involved in the Leuven unit at the moment. As such, VIB Discovery Sciences doubles as a training ground for these young scientists in transition to industry-type activities. For example, they learn what makes a good drug target and face questions like: which aspects are relevant to evaluate a novel target, what are the key uncertainties, and which experiments are needed to address these uncertainties? To extend further on this training aspect, the Innovation & Business unit has also launched an internship program. The idea is that the trainees rotate in the different units of the team, including in the Discovery Sciences team.\n\n“You have the opportunity to work closely with very knowledgeable people having experience in the biotech\nindustry, who introduce you to the world of antibodies, nanobodies, recombinant proteins and small molecules. They guide and stimulate you towards strategic thinking, target population and pharmacokinetics. You can take project responsibility while designing timelines, determining milestones and collaborating with CROs and partners.” - Isabelle Cambré\n\n  • …that the VIB Discovery Sciences team interacts with outside partners in its network, typically Contract Research Organizations (CRO’s), on a project-by-project basis to find expertise that is not available within VIB?\n  •  …that a VIB Discovery Sciences unit is currently being set up in the Tech Lane Ghent Science Park? The team there will focus on early discovery activities for therapeutic biologics. On April 1st two new colleagues joined the team in Ghent: Jimmy Borloo and Nadja van Boxel.\n\nGo back to the overview: 'VIB Discovery Sciences'\n\nLaurent Galibert, Sam D’Haeyer, Maarten Dewilde, Isabelle Cambré, Irina Neyens, Ruben Theuns, Annick Lauwers, Robin Doms, Bruno Dombrecht, Jérôme Van Biervliet, Tobias Langenberg, Anne Helfer, Ana Rita Santos, Hui Qi Lu, Michele Curcio.\nMissing on the picture:\nCatelijne Stortelers, Jimmy Borloo, Nadja van Boxel.​", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9429231882095337}
+{"content": "Xenical danger: How it helps to airol tretinoin 0 05?\n\nXenical danger\nXenical danger - ). Berlin: Springer-verlag. (abstract no. They are no clinical presentation of puerperal psychosis was written by a laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Intravenous cocaine self-administration at low risk for overdose because the opioid receptor but is invariably increased and bone marrow.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8789374828338623}
+{"content": "Grantham PHY220 Week 2 Problem 2\n\n\n\nThe angle of the plane in the x-y axis\n\nSolve for \\theta\n\n\\theta =tan^{-1}\\left(\\frac{1500}{2100}\\right)=35.5^{\\circ}\n\nThe angle is 35.5 degrees measured from the west axis. If it is measured from the East axis, the angle would be 180-35.5=144.5 degrees.\n\nThe distance from the plane to the observer\n\nSolve for d=\\sqrt{\\left(1500\\:m\\right)^2+\\left(2100\\:m\\right)^2+\\left(5000\\:m\\right)^2}=5626.72\\:m", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.999931812286377}
+{"content": "Chevron Left\nVolver a Redes neurales y aprendizaje profundo\n\nOpiniones y comentarios de aprendices correspondientes a Redes neurales y aprendizaje profundo por parte de\n\n67,392 calificaciones\n12,738 revisiones\n\nAcerca del Curso\n\n\nPrincipales revisiones\n\n\nNov 27, 2017\n\n\n\nMay 31, 2019\n\n\nFiltrar por:\n\n126 - 150 de 10,000 revisiones para Redes neurales y aprendizaje profundo\n\npor Rohan G\n\nJul 01, 2019\n\nI *almost* didn't take this course as the specialization mentioned Tensorflow as designated deep learning framework for all assignments. I was more inclined towards PyTorch. My big mistake. The course has 3 programming assignments and none of them require the use of any framework. You implement everything (gradient descent, cost function, back prop etc) from scratch, using just Python & NumPy. And that's a great thing. Trust me. I would watch weekly videos and when the time came for implementation, I was forced to re-watch them multiple times to fully grok key concepts. All frameworks (Keras, PyTorch, Tensorflow) abstract and hide lots of complexities, and I believe when you are just starting to learn Deep Learning, wrestling with complexities and stitching things by hand is the correct way forward. This *has* to be everybody's first deep learning course.\n\npor Björn K\n\nJan 21, 2018\n\nIt's very clearly laid out and since it's not too long (4 weeks) it feels like you accomplish a lot as you finish each week. The programming assignments are well laid out with a lot of boilerplate already programmed for you. The course also gives you some basics in how a utility library \"NumPy\" works which is valuable in itself. Personally I don't care about Python, but the knowledge I've gained I can apply in more modern languages like Haskell and F# without any problems.\n\nIf I have any criticism it is that it's almost a little too easy to pass the course without completely understanding it. So there's some responsibility on your part to study extra on the side if you want a deeper understanding. But to be honest, I think difficulty level of this course is very reasonable, I don't have any university degree in mathematics or anything and I had no problems.\n\npor Kryštof C\n\nOct 31, 2018\n\nThis learning course helped me to sort my previous knowledge about neural networks (NN). It is very good for beginners and intermediate students of computer science. Students (anyone taking the course) with mid-advanced knowledge of calculus can see the math behind, which can help them understand the topics more deeply. For students without this knowledge - the teacher has explained the NN topics from enough-high perspective, so the architecture is clear, but some calculations might not be 100% clear then. On the other hand for basic fun with NN, it is sufficient. I would recommend this course to everyone who is starting with NN. One more recommendation for the creators of the course: Adding one lecture on feature extraction (just high-level one) might significantly help the students to understand the complexity of the deep/machine learning problematic.\n\npor Jerry H\n\nNov 24, 2017\n\nI liked the deeper dive (accidental pun) into neural networks, nice follow-up course to the Machine Learning. I particularly like the use of Jupyter Notebook, to build up the code in logical segments. The way the notebook is structured, it helps one get a better understanding of the key concepts, and then write the code to implement. As this is the first time I have coded in Python, the provision of the coding framework allowed one to concentrate on the specific code to execute the function. This saved a lot of time and provided a good way to learn Python (at least for my learning style). Look forward to the next course. Note: I wouldn't mind seeing a small exercise that illustrated the application of neural networks to a non-classification problem. Based on a comment in the lecture, I assume this is possible using the reLU activation function.\n\npor Daniel J D\n\nAug 19, 2018\n\nI feel really torn between giving this course a full five star rating or a 4 star, and the only reason is that the second to last project seemed to report back that L_backward or something like that worked perfectly, and yet when I submitted the notebook, that one came out missing credit.\n\nIf that was unintentional, then it would seem to be a flaw, and that's what bothers me. If it was intended that we would be fooled into thinking everything was OK by the results or by what the function returned and if it was intended that we would do more to track down any possible errors, then I would rather give the course all five stars. Not knowing this, I would rather give 4 1/2, but we're not apparently allowed to do that. So my four point score was more to help inform of the problem than to dock the course a point as the course really is superb.\n\n\npor Jerome M\n\nSep 09, 2017\n\nI dropped out of college because I thought math was too hard. Eventually landed in analytics due to a weird series of events. Now, I'm taking up deep learning and I have not only learned neural networks, I actually started _loving_ the math behind it all. My favorite part is how Andrew Ng always emphasizes that this is an empirical (read: trial and error) process, and that it's not as sexy nor as scary as most people make it out to be. The course itself is well-paced and the resources are perfect. As a Python dev on the side, there can be better ways to do some things BUT I totally feel that the current style is perfect even for non-programmers (who I think are at the most disadvantage here, since the math as I said before is covered very well). Highly recommended and totally looking forward to the next courses in this specialization!\n\npor Aaron L\n\nNov 04, 2017\n\nThis class made a good use of learning but also some tradeoffs of not diving too deep (yet) into some machine learning concepts. I am also taking, and have almost completed the class \"Machine Learning\", which uses Octave. For me, that class could be a recommended pre-requisite to this one because there was some overlap but the \"Machine Learning\" class dives deeper into some of the concepts and helped me understand more in this class.\n\nLastly, Andrew Ng, if you are reading this, you are doing a great job of being the Coursera co-founder and teaching all of these classes. I don't know how you do it. Thank you for all of your and your staff's hard work. Please keep it up. I'm a web developer, and for the coming AI revolution, courses like this should be required learning for people in the software field in my opinion. Thank you.\n\npor Victor D\n\nOct 20, 2018\n\nReally great crash course into the low-level mechanics of deep learning. While not too math-heavy, presents the visual/mathematical intuitions for what gradient descent is doing and why it is so powerful. Simultaneously demystifies what at first blush can seem like an intractably difficult field to break into. Professor was A+ clear, articulate, and easy to follow. Interviews were hit-or-miss but the \"hits\" certainly helped get you thinking about the state of the field and the future possibilities. I definitely feel as if I now have the lexicon to intelligently read articles about \"deep learning\" and \"neural networks\" and at least know what's going on under the hood. Looking forward to the next course in the series where we advance from more \"low level\" functionality to more high level implementations like tensorflow & keras.\n\npor Paolo P\n\nJan 14, 2018\n\nMr. Ng is great as usual, so it's still 5 stars. However, I was tempted to bump off a star when comparing it to mr. Ng's Machine Learning course. This course is less systematic, and sometimes it feels like it's skipping forward too fast, especially when it goes through all of those backpropagation formulae. Also, it feels like the material is not completely finished: the useful written recaps in between videos are gone, and in-video tests are there up to a certain point, and then disappear. Finally, the English transcript contains so many errors, it's nearly useless.\n\nOn a positive note, the Python exercises with Jupyter are even better than the Octave exercises in the Machine Learning course, which were already excellent.\n\nThat being said, this is another great course. My advice: take Machine Learning before you take this one.\n\npor KrishnaGopal S\n\nMay 21, 2018\n\nDr Andrew Ng has ensured that the learner is on the same page with him on every frame of the video - that's quite a huge commitment from him throughout the course! His sequencing of the learning content in video and programming exercises has been so meticulously planned that the learner always feels at home, as if attending the class in person. He has picked up and explained some of the latest approaches from the very recently published papers. His practical advice on optimization of algorithms, shows that he is not only an academic par excellence but also one of the most insightful deep learning practitioner. Thank you prof, you have given a new direction for me to dedicate myself to and the entire credit goes to you! My best wishes to you and your team in all your pursuits at,, and.\n\npor Felix E\n\nOct 07, 2017\n\nGreat introduction to Neural Networks.\n\nStarts off with explaining the fundamentals and model of Logistic Regression and goes on to expand the model to shallow NN's and deep NN's. Since every step in between was explained in detail, it was easy to follow and left no questions open. If you've done the Machine Learning course before, some of the content will feel a bit repetitive. But that's the good thing about online courses: you can just skip forward if you already know something.\n\nUsing Jupyter Notebook for the programming assignments is, in my opinion, a major step up from the Octave/Matlab format, and I've really enjoyed it. The only slight criticism: The exercises felt, at time, almost too easy. Not sure if that's actually a criticism or rather a compliment to how well the content was explained throughout the course...\n\npor 李婷\n\nJun 29, 2018\n\nThis course is about the neural network, including a basic understanding of deep learning, logistic regression (no hidden layer), neural network (one hidden layer), deep neural network (several hidden layers).Compared with Machine Learning courses delivered by Andrew NG, this course focus on neural network. So we can get more knowledge and understanding about the neural network.We can understand almost all of the information taught here. For every hard part, Andrew presented a great way to help understand. The coding part is fascinating. It is separated, so everytime we could focus on one part. And we don't need to master python too much. Because I think we were given all of the instructions we need. It is not easy, because we need to understand the algorithms when we deal with the assignments.It is a great course.\n\npor Osama A\n\nMar 21, 2019\n\nI am in Week 4 at the moment. This course demonstrates the complex concepts underlying deep neural networks in a fabulous way. It starts simple with concepts you should be familiar with if you took the Machine Learning course by Prof. Andrew Ng, then expands on these concepts to explain the more complex concepts of forward and backward propagation in neural networks.\n\nThe assignments are exciting. You get to learn how to use Python and Numpy to build neural networks and optimization algorithms from scratch. However, in my personal opinion, the starter code makes it extremely easy to complete the assignment without doing any kind of research or effort, which in turn, minimizes the amount of learning you gain.\n\nAll in all, it is a great course, which through simple concepts, explains the complex world of deep learning.\n\npor Aditya C\n\nAug 05, 2018\n\nThis course is second to none. Nevertheless, I feel that too many implementation details are given in the course videos which could have been replaced by strong mathematical analysis of the algorithms. Furthermore, the tests were very easy for an experienced programmer regardless of his/her expertise. This is partially because way too many hints were embedded in the Jupyter notebooks than what is necessary. A more stricter programming exercise, not in terms of the neural-network complexity, but in terms of hiding-hints would have made this course stellar. To recapitulate, while the course is exceptionally crafted, I felt that stating my opinion would leave room for improvement. More concretely, in machine learning jargon, we must not be content with a local maxima thinking that it is a global maxima. Cheers!\n\npor Paul F\n\nJan 28, 2018\n\nA very well structured introduction to the basic algorithms of multi-layered (deep) neural networks. I have not studied calculus, but the careful way Andrew Ng's videos help develop intuitions about the algorithms and the way he introduces notation made it possible for me to get a lot from the course. I've never programmed in python before and it was illuminating to see why its so popular in data science given the power of its math libraries. I wish I'd had as sympathetic a maths teacher as Andrew Ng when I struggled with it as a callow schoolboy. My background is that of an experimental psychologist and I was relieved to find that in the section \"what has this all to do with the brain\", that Andrew Ng gave a superb explanation that counters the hype so often found around this kind of AI. Great course.\n\npor Alexandros S\n\nApr 03, 2019\n\nExcellent course to get started with Neural Nets. Also the first week is kind of an intro - so its basically 3 weeks.\n\nTip: If you are kind of clueless with Python ( as I am) you may struggle a little bit when it comes to deciding when to use vectorized solutions or not, loops and indices in arrays and all of that stuff. But don't be intimidated, my advice is the following: Go back to the lecture videos and rewatch them until you make sure you understand 200% what the exercises are asking for. Then implementation becomes easier as you at least have only the coding part left to figure out..... and that actually is on the easier side in this course.\n\nAlso do some basic wikipedia level reading on matrix multiplication - you'll need that for sure if you dont know linear algebra\n\nhave fun scientist ;)\n\npor Adrien W\n\nOct 15, 2017\n\nI bounced back between whether I should give this class 4 or 5 stars. On the one hand, you don't do a lot of coding. Initially, I thought this was odd given that the subject matter is so programming dependent. Most of the assignments are on rails, so to speak, with test cases after each function. I began the course wondering just how applicable the content of the course would be. But what you realize halfway through the course is that this is a highly complex subject and that the point of the course isn't mastery but instead familiarity. Now, having just completed the final assignment, the world of neural networks is completely blown open and it's very exciting. I highly recommend the course. It is like the karate of AI. Just do the kata and by the end you will unlock mystical neural networking powers.\n\npor Mehran Z\n\nNov 05, 2017\n\nHaving the passed the same course back in school, I found this one much easier to understand. I think Andrew NG is a brilliant teacher and thoroughly prepared. I wish my professor would have thought this course like this. Having said all that, I work as a software engineer and OOP is a must for me and I find it hard to follow how the programs were structured in the assignments. At the same time, I understand that this is a ML course and not a software design course. But I wish, at least, the assignment would have tried to develop the code from top to bottom (grand to detail) and not the other way around. In the current implementation, it is impossible to for to see the picture as a whole and I would just settle to implement what is asked of me instead of actually trying to understand what's going on.\n\npor Jeff\n\nFeb 06, 2018\n\nI audited a similar course by Andrew Ng a couple of years prior to taking this course for credit. Both times, the course was very enlightening and was apparent that the course master and the mentors spend a lot of time discussing the content, making sure that the content can be (re)implemented, and refining the lectures.\n\nThe \"heroes\" interviews where also interesting. I hope that they can somehow assemble a course on reinforcement learning.\n\nMy current experience is that I have read several books and also read published papers on machine learning and worked with tensorflow for a while. Thus, I feel as though this was a wonderfully presented practical guide to building a DNN model that can eventually be tuned with greater flexibility than can some of the machine learning modules available.\n\npor Joseph S\n\nNov 13, 2017\n\nAndrew does a great job of utilizing the online format to present complex material in a very logical, understandable sequence. Many MOOC classes I've taken will discuss concepts without introducing them properly. This course is very methodical and the concepts build on one another in an easy to follow pattern. I also appreciate building an understanding of the underlying concepts of Neural Networks before jumping into the frameworks like TensorFlow. I think it gives me a better understanding of what is going on behind the magic curtain. Finally, the coding exercises are the perfect blend of enhancing my understanding of the important concepts without getting bogged down in the intricacies of Python coding. It also gives me a good starter set of code for working on my own problems.\n\npor Neeraj B\n\nAug 22, 2019\n\nThis course is extremely helpful for beginners as well as people with experience. The course goes through a proper structure where first Andrew explains each concepts in detail in his lecture videos and each video covers 1 specific topic allowing you to process the material. This is extremely important if you're new to deep learning. Then there are practice questions to test your knowledge of the material covered in the lectures. Then you get programming assignments to actually implement what you have learned and not to mention for people with little python and calculus knowledge he even has some videos explaining basic python and derivative concepts related to neural networks and enough for completing the programming assignments. This course has been a wonderful refresher for me.\n\npor Alex T\n\nJul 21, 2018\n\nA great introduction to deep learning. This course explores topics like binary classification, logistic regression, gradient descent, linear algebra in the context of neural networks, forward and backward propagation, computing cost/loss functions, the function/definition of parameters and hyperparameters in deep learning, coding classifiers in python using shallow and deep neural networks, general industry trends, and what misconceptions about deep learning exist in the media today.\n\n+Python, Jupyter Notebooks, NumPy (and other packages)\n\nI highly recommend this course, and it is do-able even for those without much coding or math experience. Thanks to the the team at for developing this course! I am looking forward to the following courses in this specialization!\n\npor Pramod H\n\nDec 12, 2017\n\nA very well compiled course indeed. It has the signature style of teaching of Prof Andrew Ng where he dives into the concepts thoroughly without any compromise and bolster them through the coding exercise following it. The course focuses on the basic building blocks of neural network by taking away some of the burden of basic python syntax which is already pre-built and provided to you. That said such pre-built code is limited so i never felt that something major is left out. The programs are also built using smaller functions as building blocks. Some of the sections especially the week 4 exercise was a little longer and tougher but after spending some time to look at it for the second time helped understand it. Overall i have 5 stars with 2 thumbs up for this course.\n\npor Hasan R\n\nApr 24, 2018\n\nNeural Networks and Deep Learning was a first ever course which I studied online, and after studying this course, It made my enough interest that want to take other courses as well. The thing which I liked most about this course was that it was beautifully structured. Andrew Ng explained the things in a way that I thought these concepts cannot be better explained. During lectures, Andrew Ng shared his experiences about writing python codes efficiently which helped me to complete the programming assignments in time. Most enjoyable part of this part was doing the programming assignments because every step was explained (what are we going to do and what we will achieve) and expected results were also shown to confirm our results before submitting the assignments.\n\npor Daniel C K\n\nAug 29, 2017\n\nGreat introduction to Deep Learning for those with no experience in the field. Guides you step by step through the exercises. If you've taken Andrew Ng's Machine Learning class, this course is mostly review with a few updates on Deep Learning notation and slightly more advanced vectorization for neural networks. The use of Python is nice, although Python doesn't come with vector manipulation built in like Matlab does. This leads to slightly more cryptic errors, but if you've used Python before, this shouldn't be problematic. In particular, the use of Jupyter notebooks makes for a clean interface, but debugging in the notebooks is more difficult compared to Matlab or Spyder. Overall an easy course to get you working in the Python Deep Learning environment.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7571083903312683}
+{"content": "The course studies the formation of Europe in the first millennium, from the Roman empire to the year 1000 CE. It was in this period that we observe the emergence of a Western Latin culture whose distinctive features came to characterize Europe and Western civilization for many centuries to come, even until now. In pursuing the question why and how the early medieval present became so different from the Roman past we will explore the formation of some of the foundational features of the Latin West-such as the emergence of a plurality of ethnically defined nations, a Western legal pluralism, or the formation of a distinct Western Christianity.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9927405118942261}
+{"content": "History of underwater diving\n\nJohn Scott Haldane designed a decompression chamber in 1907 to help make deep-sea divers safer and he produced the first decompression tables for the Royal Navy in 1908 after extensive experiments with animals and human subjects. These tables established a method of decompression in stages - it remains the basis for decompression methods to this day. Following Haldane's recommendation, the maximum safe operating depth for divers was extended to 200 ft. Research on decompression was continued by the US Navy. The C&R tables were published in 1915, and a large number of experimental dives done in the 1930s, which led to the 1937 tables.\n\nBristol Type 138\n\nBristol Type 138ABristol 138\nOnce exhaled, the gas would travel via an external tube to a canister containing carbon dioxide-absorbing chemicals to restore it to a pure oxygen state prior to being re-circulated. The 138 had an internal fuel capacity of 82 gallons, spread across 70 gallons in the lower tank and 12 gallons in the upper tank. A specially-developed fuel, known as S.A.F.4, was used for the altitude record flight, derived from standard grade Shell Ethyl aviation gasoline.\n\nTyldesley Coal Company\n\nYew Tree Colliery\nAn explosion of firedamp caused by a safety lamp cost 25 lives, the youngest 11 and the oldest 35 years of age. Some of the victims are buried in the churchyard at St George's Church. The locomotives owned by the Tyldesley Coal Company had to pass under the Manchester Road bridge which had restricted headroom and were built to a reduced loading gauge. Its first locomotive was a 4-coupled saddle tank locomotive from the Haigh Foundry in Wigan. It was delivered in 1867 and named Tyldesley. Beatrice, another 4-coupled saddle tank, was bought from Vulcan Foundry in Newton le Willows in 1877, the same year that Jessie was delivered from Walker Brothers in Wigan.\n\nYew Tree Colliery\n\nYew Tree\nAn explosion of firedamp, ignited by a safety lamp, in 1858 cost the lives of 25 men and boys. This was the worst mining disaster to occur in Tyldesley. List of Collieries in Astley and Tyldesley. Glossary of coal mining terminology. List of mining disasters in Lancashire.\n\nList of judo techniques\n\nThe Kodokan officially also refers to this technique as kuzure-kesa-gatame. 4) Sangaku-Gatame : Triangular Hold . 1) Do-jime : Trunk strangle.\n\nMine exploration\n\nmine explorersmine\nBad Air: Old mine workings may be hazardous due to pockets of blackdamp (still air with low oxygen levels), or high concentrations of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide which can displace oxygen, poison someone outright, or create an explosion. Coal mines are especially prone to containing these gases. The mines of the Comstock Lode Nevada are also very prone to this. Explosives such as dynamite, black powder or blasting caps may have been abandoned in old mines. Many explosives become increasingly unstable with age and could be detonated by the slightest movement or even the vibrations from a footfall.\n\nNestor Gréhant\n\nLes poisons de l'air, l'acide carbonique et l'oxyde de carbone, 1890 – Poisons of the air, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Les gaz du sang, 1894 – Blood gases. Sur l'emploi du grisoumètre dans les recherches physiologiques, 1894 – On the use of a methanometer in physiological research. Oxyde de carbone, alcool éthylique et grisou, 1903 – Carbon monoxide, ethyl alcohol and firedamp. Hygiène expérimentale: l'oxyde de carbone, 1903 – Experimental hygiene; carbon monoxide.\n\nGresford Colliery\n\nThe miners' appointed Assessor also surmised that a large quantity of gas had accumulated at the top of the face in 14's district, which was then ignited by an accident with a safety lamp or by a spark from a coalcutter. The legal representatives of the pit's management, however, suggested that firedamp had accumulated in the main Dennis haulage road beyond the Clutch (a junction on the main drift where the underground haulage machinery was located) and which was ignited at the Clutch when a telephone was used to warn miners of the influx of gas. This interpretation sought to deny that poor working practices were the ultimate cause of the disaster.\n\nNatural gas\n\n\n\n\n\natomsatomic structureatomic\nFor example, he found that water absorbs carbon dioxide far better than it absorbs nitrogen. Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences between the masses and configurations of the gases' respective particles, and carbon dioxide molecules (CO 2 ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules (N 2 ). In 1827, botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically, a phenomenon that became known as \"Brownian motion\". This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about.\n\nFish physiology\n\ngills of fishguts\nThese filaments have many functions and \"are involved in ion and water transfer as well as oxygen, carbon dioxide, acid and ammonia exchange. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. In some fish, capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing countercurrent exchange. The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods.\n\nCarbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere\n\ncarbon dioxide emissionsatmospheric carbon dioxideCO 2 emissions\nThe increased radiative forcing due to increased CO 2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO 2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO 2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy. Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on Earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle.\n\nDry ice\n\ndry-icecarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide ice\nDry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a molecule consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. Dry ice is colorless, non-flammable, with a sour zesty odor, and can lower the pH of a solution when dissolved in water, forming carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ). At pressures below 5.13 atm and temperatures below -56.4 C (the triple point), CO 2 changes from a solid to a gas with no intervening liquid form, through a process called sublimation. The opposite process is called deposition, where CO 2 changes from the gas to solid phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure, sublimation/deposition occurs at -78.5 C or 194.65 K.\n\n\nturfpeat cuttingpeat soil\nThis leads to lower levels of CO 2 storage than the original peat bog. At 106 g CO 2 /MJ, the carbon dioxide emissions of peat are higher than those of coal (at 94.6 g CO 2 /MJ) and natural gas (at 56.1). According to one study, increasing the average amount of wood in the fuel mixture from the current 2.6% to 12.5% would take the emissions down to 93 g CO 2 /MJ. That said, little effort is being made to achieve this. The International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) in 2006 urged the local and national governments of Finland to protect and conserve the remaining pristine peatland ecosystems.\n\n\nCellular respiration, for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) to CO 2 and the reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cell respiration is: : C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O The process of cell respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of NAD + to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD + ). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration: Biological energy is frequently stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen.\n\n\ncoal seamcoal industrycoking coal\nThe largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO 2 in the atmosphere, 40% of the total. In 2016 world gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage were 14.5 giga tonnes. For every megawatt-hour generated, coal-fired electric power generation emits around a tonne of carbon dioxide, which is double the approximately 500 kg of carbon dioxide released by a natural gas-fired electric plant.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.988710343837738}
+{"content": "• United States Of America, Usa\n  • Save Job\n  • 0 - 3 Years\n  • Posted : above 1 month\n\nJob Description:\n\nWorker Sub-Type\n\n\n\nWere looking for a Data Scientist to join the BlackBerry Cylance Data Science team At Cylance, we develop state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to solve long-standing problems in computer security We discover novel ML techniques and applications, build systems to handle petabytes of ludicrously high dimensional data, and protect people from bad guys\n\nWith machine learning at the heart of all of Cylances products, the Data Science team is a critical, highly visible, and high-impact team within the company The team brings together experts from machine learning, stats, computer science, computer security, and various applied sciences, with backgrounds including deep learning, Bayesian statistics, time-series modeling, topology, scalable data processing, and software engineering\n\nYou dont need prior experience in security, although it helps The right candidate will be able to gain domain expertise on the job, surrounded by some of the computer security industrys leading minds\n\n\nInvent novel machine learning techniques to solve important problems in computer security\nImprove upon existing machine learning techniques used within Cylance\nWrite code that scales to very large datasets, often with millions of dimensions\nDiscover ways to strengthen machine learning models against adversarial attacks\nCollaborate closely with internal product and engineering teams to help turn ML research prototypes into new products or features\nPublish papers and present research at conferences, including ML/AI/Stats conferences, as well as security conferences like Black Hat, DEFCON, and RSA\nStay abreast of the latest publications and state-of-the-art techniques in relevant research communities (eg, ML and stats)\nConsult with other teams within Cylance on applications of data science\nCollaborate with other data scientists on the team to help accomplish all of the above\n\n\nExtensive knowledge of machine learning fundamentals You dont just blindly call fit() in sklearn; you have a deep understanding of how many common ML algorithms work and are able to explain why they work the way they do\nStrong math skills in general, especially linear algebra and statistics\nIntermediate experience with python, at least to the point that youre able to implement common machine learning algorithms without much trouble\nA Masters degree or PhD in a relevant area can be substituted for equivalent years of experience\n\n\nPython, and libraries like sklearn, numpy, scipy, pytorch, and tensorflow\nVarious other languages, including Scala, C/C , C#, Java, and x86 assembly\nVarious AWS services, like EC2 and S3\n\n\nExcellent communication skills You can clearly convey your ideas to others in speech and in writing\nKindness, and a deep willingness to help and collaborate with others\nFive years minimum related experience with machine learning, computer science, and/or statistics\nExperience within Cyber Security\n\n\nCurrent resume\nCover letter/summary expressing\n\nWhy you are interested in working at Blackberry Cylance\n\nJob Family Group Name\n\nProduct Development\n\nScheduled Weekly Hours\n\n\nProfile Summary:\n\nEmployment Type : Full Time\nEligibility : Any Graduate\nIndustry : IT-Hardware/Networking, Telecom\nFunctional Area : IT Software : Software Products & Services\nRole : Software Engineer\nSalary : As per Industry Standards\nDeadline : 06th Jun 2020\n\nKey Skills:\n\n\nPeople who search this job also searched for the following Keywords\n\nSalary trends based on over 1 crore profiles\n\nView Salaries\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5419267416000366}
+{"content": "JWST ETC Creating a New Calculation\n\nIn the JWST Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) a new calculation can be initiated by choosing an instrument and mode, or copying and modifying an existing calculation. The calculation requires an existing library of scenes and sources.\n\nOn this page\n\n        Video Tutorials:  ETC General OverviewETC Backgrounds\n\nThe JWST Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) calculation is performed from the Calculations page where the user chooses the input parameters which include: (1) instrument and mode, (2) a scene containing one or more sources, (3) background model parameters, (4) instrument configuration, (5) detector setup, and (6) the strategy for calculation of the signal-to-noise. The location of the tabs where the input parameters can be provided on the Calculations page is shown in Figure 1 by the numbers in red. \n\nFigure 1. Calculation page layout\n\nVideo Tutorial\n\nThe video tutorial ETC General Overview provides a walk-through of setting up a calculation in ETC.\n\nCreate a new ETC calculation\n\nA new calculation may be created by two methods: selecting an instrument and mode, or copying and modifying an existing calculation. The Calculations page has instrument buttons for the JWST instruments, and each instrument button has a drop-down menu with all the modes offered for that instrument. Selecting an instrument and the mode immediately initiates a calculation using the default scene with default source. The new calculation can then be edited for the desired input parameters as described in the following sections. If the user wants to copy and modify an existing calculation that is provided in a sample workbook, this is accomplished by using the Copy Calculation option from the drop-down menu under Edit button at the topmost left corner. This creates an exact copy of the calculation and the user can modify the calculation by changing the input parameters as described below.\n\nEditing an ETC calculation\n\nTo edit a calculation, select it by clicking on the row corresponding to that calculation so that it is highlighted. The Calculation Editor pane (in the top right) is activated and the input parameters can now be modified to change the scene, backgrounds, instrument setup, detector setup, and strategy.\n\n\nOn the Calculation Editor pane, click on the Scene tab. This offers a drop-down menu of all the scenes available in the scene library, which is used to specify which scene should be used for the existing calculation. Often, this is the only thing users need to manipulate on the Scene tab. \n\nChoosing a scene automatically populates the Source tab with all the sources present in that scene. The Calculation Editor pane provides all the same input parameters offered under the Source editor of the Scenes and Sources page and can be directly modified on this pane in the Calculation page.\n\nRemember that when a change is made to the source properties from the Calculation Editor pane, it modifies the source in the source library on the Scenes and Sources page and affects all the calculations that use that particular source. If you are not sure you want to change the property of a given source and affect all the calculations involving that source, then go to the Scenes and Sources page, copy and modify the source and use it in the desired scene before performing the calculation.\n\n\nThe ETC calculations can include Background from the expected in-field zodiacal light (within the FOV) and stray light (scattered from the outside into the FOV), which is the total input sky background for a given set of celestial coordinates and optionally a specified date. The thermal self-emission of JWST will be characterized on-orbit, and currently the ETC assumes that the thermal self-emission is constant with time and pointing. The ETC can use and report a dated sky background or a non-dated sky background. When a date is specified, the ETC will use the background model generator to generate the background for the specified sky position (RA, Dec) for that date. The non-dated background offers a choice of low, medium, or high which corresponds to the 10th, 50th, or 90th percentile of the sky background over the period of visibility for that sky position. \n\nInstrument setup\n\nThe Instrument Setup tab offers the choice of filters, grisms, dispersers, and slits for the different JWST instruments. For imaging modes, the Instrument Setup has a drop-down menu with the choice of filters that can be used for the imaging calculation. For the wide-field slitless spectroscopy mode—available with NIRISS and NIRCam—there are two drop-down menus, one for the grisms and the other for the blocking filters that are used in combination with the grism. The MIRI MRS mode has options for choosing the channel and disperser. NIRSpec IFU calculations require the grating/filter pair to be selected. The NIRSpec MSA setup is specified by choosing the grating/filter pair, slitlet shape, and MSA location. The NIRSpec fixed slit requires the grating/filter pair and slit to be selected. For spectroscopy modes that do not require a blocking filter, only a menu for the disperser is provided (eg; NIRISS SOSS, MIRI LRS).\n\nDetector setup\n\nThe Detector Setup allows the user to specify the following parameters: Subarray, Readout pattern, Groups per integration, Integrations per exposure, Exposures per specification. All of these parameters control the exposure time and photon-collecting duration.\n\nHelpful Tips\n\nAll JWST detectors integrate using MULTIACCUM readout, which consists of \"up-the-ramp\" sampling.\n\n  • Groups per integration = number of groups in an integration (each group can have a number of frames that may be averaged, depending on readout pattern)\n\n    A group consists of one or more consecutively read frames with no intervening resets. A frame is the result of sequentially clocking and digitizing all pixels in a rectangular area of a sensor chip assembly (SCA). \n\n  • Integrations per exposure = number of integrations in a single exposure\n\n    An Integration is the end result of resetting the detector and then non-destructively sampling it one or more times over a finite period of time before resetting the detector again. This is a unit of data for which signal is proportional to intensity, and it consists of one or more GROUPS.\n\n  • Exposures per specification = number of exposures\n\n    The end result of one or more INTEGRATIONS over a finite period of time. EXPOSURE defines the contents of a single FITS file.\n\nThe number of groups and the number of integrations vary by instrument, and users are advised to consult the documentation on JWST Astronomer's Proposal Tool (APT) and JWST instruments for more information on the allowed range of values for these detector parameters. The ETC does not support NGROUPS=1 and will alert the user with red color if Groups per integration is set to 1 and will prevent the ETC calculation from being completed. The detector parameters available for the different instruments and modes are set to be consistent with that offered by the APT. However there are cases in which ETC allows the number of groups, the number of integrations and the number of exposures to exceed the limits imposed by APT, so it is important for users to check with APT to ensure what the limits are while planning observations.\n\nFor subtle interface differences, please visit the JWST ETC to APT Interface Support article.\n\nAs mentioned above, the ETC does not support single-group (Ngroups = 1) readout modes.\n\n\nThe Strategy tab is where the user defines the extraction parameters for the source flux and for the background to be used for background subtraction. There are different strategies implemented depending on the mode, for example, imaging, slit spectroscopy, slitless spectroscopy, and coronagraphy.\n\nIn general terms, the strategy defines the location of the aperture for extracting the source flux, and the size of the aperture. There is also an option to define a region for extracting the background flux if background subtraction is required. The background in the region defined for background flux extraction will include the sky background as well as any other flux from nearby overlapping sources that contribute to the defined background region. For the IFU modes the background is estimated by using the IFU Nod off scene option.\n\nIf a background region is not specified, then a noiseless sky background is subtracted from the source aperture. The total sky background includes the contribution to the FOV from the in-field zodiacal light and the stray light from outside that is scattered into the FOV. \n\nRunning the edited ETC calculation\n\nAfter all the above mentioned parameters have been set, the calculation is performed by clicking on the Calculate button. If the sources used in the newly created calculation are included in other existing calculations, then all of those calculations will be run simultaneously. If the user wants to delete a calculation, there is a Delete Calculation option available in the drop-down menu under Edit dropdown in the top left corner. There is also an option to delete multiple calculations at once by choosing Delete Marked Calculations. Once the calculation is completed the results may be viewed in the Images pane, Plots pane, and the Reports pane.\n\n\nGo to the on-line JWST Exposure Time Calculator Tool\n\n\n\n\nLatest updates\n    Updated for ETC v1.5. Video links added.\n\n  • Updated for ETC v1.3. Many links to other articles added.\n\n    Updated definitions of exposure parameters in the Helpful Tips box. Added information about ETC and APT interface between exposure parameters.\n\n    Updated to include in-line links to relevant articles for ETC v1.3 upgrade", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6672213077545166}
+{"content": "Annual-HistoriesAs a new year begins, wards and branches should be preparing their annual histories and submitting them to the stake, district, or mission.\n\nThis article provides some background and ideas on preparing this important record of the sacred work of the Church. It can also help us as members reflect on our individual efforts to be a record-keeping person and find ways to improve our efforts to keep records of ourselves, our families, and even our wards.\n\nWhat is an annual history?\n\nEach year, every ward, branch, stake, mission, and district in the world is to prepare and submit a written history to fulfill the Lord’s mandate to “continue in writing and making a history of all the important things…concerning my church,” (D&C 69:3).\n\nAn annual history is a summary of the events and work of the unit during the year. It includes sustainings, releasings, baby blessings, ward socials, and other events.  It may also include copies of sacrament meeting programs. The typical history is text, but some wards get very creative with pictures, videos, or even narrated PowerPoint presentations.\n\nWhy keep histories of Church units?\n\nAnnual histories have 3 purposes:\n\n  1. Bring members closer to Christ by helping them remember what God has done for His children and that He always fulfills His promises.\n  2. Continually document the contemporary history of the Church.\n  3. Present leaders with an opportunity to reflect on their efforts to help individuals and families qualify for exaltation.\n\nHow does the process work?\n\nWards and branches submit an annual history to the stake. These are then used in preparing the stake, mission, or district annual history, which is submitted to the Church History Department.\n\nTo help clerks and church history specialists prepare a meaningful annual history, the Church provides the booklet Church History Guides: Stake, District, and Mission Annual Histories and an annual history folder. The booklet is available in 15 languages and the folder with simplified instructions is in 40 languages. These items can be ordered by leaders at or downloaded at The website includes additional training that may be helpful to those preparing the annual history.\n\nThe Church History Department catalogs and archives the histories. They are kept restricted for 10 years, after which they can be requested and read by anyone doing research. If the histories contain sacred, private, or confidential material, they are restricted for 30 years and then re-evaluated.\n\nHow are the histories used?\n\nThe ward and stake histories are a great resource for anyone who wants to write a history about the progress of the Church in a country or wants to see how major events effected individual units and people.  These histories can provide a consistent global perspective of how the gospel is lived.\n\nAnnual histories are also great for family history research, since a lot of people don’t keep personal records. When researching an ancestor, you could review the annual histories of the wards your ancestor attended throughout his or her life in order to write a personal history. You may be able to find when the individual spoke in sacrament meeting, gave a prayer, had a farewell, or blessed a baby. It is a detailed history made possible only through the annual histories that were kept. The oldest ward history that we know of is from the Salt Lake Stake beginning in 1847.\n\nAfrica Primary-Pretoria Stake-South Africa\n\nThis picture is of Primary children in the Pretoria Stake in South Africa in 2014. Picture courtesy of Mormon Newsroom\n\n\nThe Lord cares about every single one of His children. For some of them, annual histories may be the only record that exists of their lives.\n\nSource of information for this article: Megan Michaels, Marketing & Communications Assistant at the Church History Library.\n\nContinue reading at the original source →", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9667450785636902}
+{"content": "Musicians Heal Thyself\n\n\nStudies report the benefits of music on health - from decreasing pain to improving dementia. The musicians who create, perform, and make this \"medicine\" accessible are a special type of healer, but who is healing the musician? Musicians experience a myriad of occupational-related health problems, causing many to shorten their careers or not even start them. In this uncertain time of healthcare accessibility, learn how people and organizations are coming together to make healthcare accessible to the musician community so that they are able to make the music that benefits us all.\n\nPrimary Entry: Platinum Badge, Interactive Badge\nSecondary Entry: Music Badge, Artist Wristband, Film Badge\nFormat: Panel\nEvent Type: Session\nTrack: Health\nLevel: Beginner", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5923748016357422}
+{"content": "What time is it in Petrusville\n\n\n23 January 2020\n\nWhat time is it in Petrusville\n\nSouth Africa\n\nPetrusville is a town located in South Africa whose capital is Pretoria\n\nWhat local time in Petrusville : . Local Time: 23/01/2020 21:27:09\n\n\nCities near to Petrusville\n\nDe Aar88.55 km\nBloemfontein184.40 km\nAliwal North208.59 km\nBotshabelo217.48 km\nThaba Nchu232.12 km\nGraaff Reinet241.02 km\nCradock248.44 km\nPampierstad254.71 km\nTheunissen271.40 km\nQueenstown292.15 km", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9890478849411011}
+{"content": "Crosstalk between colorectal cancer cells and tumour-associated macrophages\n\nDetta är en avhandling från Cell Pathology\n\nSammanfattning: Popular Abstract in English Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cancer caused by uncontrolled cell growth in colon or rectum. CRC is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer related death in the world. It is a multifactorial disease, both genetic predisposition and environmental play a role in the development of CRC. CRC is closely linked to chronic inflammation. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing CRC. Tumours are surrounded by the cellular milieu called tumour microenvironment, which is an important hallmark of cancer. In this study, we investigated how colon cancer crosstalk with its microenvironment. Extracellular matrix (ECM) maintains the morphology of cells, as well as mediates various signalling pathways. Under inflammatory or tumoral conditions, remodelling of ECM often occurs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the predominant ECM-degrading enzymes. MMPs and other factors abound in tumour microenvironment alter ECM synthesis and/or selectively cleave ECM domains. These processes can influence cell proliferation and invasion, failure of cell death, and loss of cell differentiation. When cells are exposed to aberrantly expressed ECM proteins, various downstream signalling pathways will be activated. Signals from ECM can be transduced intracellularly by integrins and CD47. In the first article, CD47, associated with integrin, was shown to play a role in ECM mediated cell migration of intestinal epithelial cells. This increased migration was regulated by inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Macrophages are important phagocytes involved in host defence. They are also major components of inflammatory tumour microenvironment. Tumour cells can recruit macrophages and change their behaviour. These tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) perform crosstalk between colon cancer cells via CD47 associated with signal-regulatory protein ! (SIRP!). This association and TAM- derived factors was shown to contribute to colon cancer cell migration. TAM-derived factors can also induce mRNA expression and activity of MMPs in colon cancer cells. This might be one explanation how TAMs can induce colon cancer cell invasion. In summary, these new findings provide an important clue for better understanding of the crosstalk between tumour microenvironment and colon cancers cells, and help to identify new therapeutic targets for colon cancer treatment.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9892358183860779}
+{"content": "Interstate commission for EMS personnel practice\n\nNews about REPLICA, Commission meeting schedules.\nColorado was among the first in the nation to pass into law the Recognition of EMS Personnel Licensure Interstate Compact or REPLICA, which, once operational, will help facilitate the legal interstate movement of credentialed EMS providers. Eighteen states have enacted legislation, these states are: Colorado, Texas, Idaho, Kansas, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Delaware, Nebraska, South Carolina, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Dakota and Iowa.\nEven though many states have joined, the EMS compact is not yet active. The compact’s commission had its first meeting in October 2017, and is now meeting regularly. The commission is primarily focused on rules, policies and procedures related to cross-border practice for EMS Providers.\nBenefits of the compact include providing a framework, under authorized circumstances, for day-to-day movement across state lines by eliminating the need for dual or multiple certifications, facilitating cross-state responses to large-scale emergencies such as fires and floods, and ensuring consistent screening and standards between member states such as background checks and National Registry competencies.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8335297107696533}
+{"content": "Cementitious, High-Volume Burnt-Oil Shale Binder\n\n\n\nInternational Concrete Abstracts Portal\n\n\nTitle: Cementitious, High-Volume Burnt-Oil Shale Binder\n\nAuthor(s): Theodor A. Burge\n\nPublication: Special Publication\n\nVolume: 199\n\n\nAppears on pages(s): 799-814\n\nKeywords: burnt-oil shale; high strength; hydration activator; oil shale\n\nDate: 6/1/2001\n\nOil shale is used for energy production. It was found that burning at about 800°C, according to the ROHRBACH-LURGI Process, resulted in optimal hydraulic properties of the ash. The major problem associated with burning oil shale is the formation of huge quantities of the by-product generally referred to as burnt-oil shale. Depending on the composition of the burnt-oil shale it can be used as an addition to normal portland cement in an amount of 2530% and in various other building products. In view of the fact that huge quantities of burnt-oil shale will be generated, it is beneficial to find ways in using this by-product in a large scale. In some respects burnt-oil shale is a hydraulic material similar in nature to blast-furnace slag. It is cementitious, due to the formation of clinker-like phases, mainly dicalcium silicate and monocalcium aluminate. It also contains, besides small amounts of free CaO and calcium sulfate, larger proportions of pozzolanic reacting oxides, especially amorphous SiO2. Burnt-oil shale has a very slow strength gain and it reaches a compressive strength of about 30 MPa at 28 days. The reactivity of burnt-oil shale can be improved with a hydration activator so that high volume (>50%) burnt-oil shale binders can be produced which show highest reactivity, resulting in extremely high early and final strength and high durability for repair of concrete roads, bridges, runways and the like.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9029134511947632}
+{"content": "Cooking With Herbs and Spices\n\nMore Flavor, Better Health\n\nText Size:\nCooking With Herbs and Spices\n\nHerbs and spices are a healthy cook’s best friend. They are excellent for enhancing the flavor of food without the addition of extra fat, sugar, or salt. But herbs and spices have other benefits, as well: They exhibit antimicrobial (germ-killing) properties, act as antioxidants, and may help prevent or decrease the spread of cancer. For centuries, they have been used for medicinal purposes in addition to food flavoring and preservation. The use of herbs, which typically come from the leaves of plants, has been traced back to the BC era. Spices, which come from the bark, fruit, stems, roots, buds, berries, or seeds of plants, started to be used widely around the second century AD. Centuries ago, people thought that herbs and spices had certain properties that benefited health. Today, scientists have uncovered just how healthful many herbs and spices are.\n\n\nIn one study, researchers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture examined the antioxidant activity (the ability to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, unstable molecules that result from the breakdown of food, exposure to pollutants, or UV light) of fresh herbs grown in a garden at the Agricultural Research Service. They found that each of the herbs tested had greater antioxidant activity by weight than berries, fruits, or vegetables. According to this study, just one tablespoon of fresh oregano has the same antioxidant power as a medium-size apple. How do other herbs stack up? Three tablespoons of dill, 4 1/2 tablespoons of thyme, 7 tablespoons of sage, and 8 tablespoons of parsley all have the antioxidant potential of that medium-size apple. In addition to their antioxidant capabilities, several herbs — as well as some spices — act as antimicrobial agents in food. Clove, cinnamon, thyme, oregano, and rosemary are well known for their antimicrobial properties.\n\nOther studies have found myriad benefits from specific herbs and spices. For instance, populations that regularly consume garlic and spices have a decreased risk of gastric cancer; cinnamon may lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity (although this finding is disputed); and capsaicin, the hot component of chili peppers, may inhibit prostate cancer growth. In addition, ginger, which is a long-standing treatment for nausea and vomiting, may also act as an anti-inflammatory agent and has been shown in animal and cell culture studies to decrease the incidence of some types of cancer. While no one knows the optimum doses of herbs and spices to achieve these benefits, it is reasonable to conclude that as with fruits and vegetables, regular consumption is best — but any amount is better than none at all.\n\nIn addition to the aforementioned health benefits of herbs and spices, marinating meat, pork, poultry, and fish in a marinade that is rich in herbs and spices prior to grilling may decrease the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), cancer-causing compounds that are produced in meat cooked at high temperatures. You can make your own marinade from any combination of the following: oregano, red chili pepper, garlic, turmeric, ginger, cinnamon, rosemary, and thyme. (Other tricks to decrease the formation of HCAs include cooking your meat longer at a lower temperature or starting to cook it in the microwave and then transferring it to the grill; not allowing meat to blacken or char; and wrapping meat in foil for grilling.)\n\nShopping and storing\n\nMany people enjoy the taste of fresh herbs in cooking. For the freshest herbs, try growing your own — either in a garden, in large pots outdoors, or indoors near a sunny window. Most herb plants require at least six hours of sun a day. If growing your own isn’t an option, many supermarkets carry fresh cut herbs, such as parsley and cilantro, in or near the fresh vegetable section. Fresh herbs can be stored in an open or perforated plastic bag in the refrigerator for a few days. (Another option is to rinse and dry them, wrap them loosely in a paper towel, and store them in a closed plastic bag in the refrigerator’s crisper.)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFresh ginger, garlic, and hot peppers\n\n\n\nHot peppers, also called chili peppers, are featured in the cuisines of many different countries. (For a list of how other herbs and spices match up with different cuisines, see “Seasonings By Cuisine.”) Fully ripe, they are either red or yellow; before this, they are green (both ripe and unripe peppers are used in cooking). Popular pepper varieties include, from less to more hot, banana, poblano, jalapeño, serrano, and cayenne. Pepper hotness can also vary widely within a variety. For most recipes, hot peppers need to have their seeds and ribs removed (some recipes also require removing the skin). Seeding a pepper involves slicing it in half and using a spoon or sharp knife to scrape off the seeds and ribs. Since the substance in peppers that gives them heat, capsaicin, can be painful if it gets into the eyes or nose, it is a good idea to wear gloves when handling them. Cooking a dish with hot peppers in it for a longer duration increases the hotness of the dish.\n\nCooking with herbs and spices\n\nIn cooked dishes, fresh herbs fare best when they are added toward the end of cooking, though parsley can be added at any time. In dishes that are not cooked, however, such as dips or spreads, fresh herbs may need some time to release their flavors. Dried herbs and spices should be added toward the beginning of cooking.\n\nIf substituting fresh herbs for dry, you will need two to four times the amount of fresh herbs to get the same amount of flavor as you would from dried herbs. In other words, if your recipe calls for 1 teaspoon of dried basil, use 2–4 teaspoons of fresh basil.\n\nSpice things up\n\nScientists say that more research is needed to know the quantities of herbs and spices needed for specific health benefits. But more research is typically needed to nail down how food, supplements, and food components (such as antioxidants) work; this does not mean the benefits are not real. One thing is certain: Herbs and spices can enliven a dish tremendously, and incorporating them into dishes tends to lower the amount of sodium, sugar, and fat needed for full flavor. So while scientists continue to examine the health benefits of herbs and spices, start spicing up your dishes now, and enjoy the flavors of your food along with the peace of mind that comes from doing something good for your body. For ideas on how to incorporate more herbs and spices into the foods you prepare, see “Do Try This At Home.”\n\nThe latest delivered straight to your inbox\n\nLearn More\n\n\nSubscribe to Stay Informed\n\nSign up for Free\n\nGet the latest diabetes news and a free gift!\n\nLearn More\n\nSave Your Favorites\n\nSave This Article", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8140097856521606}
+{"content": "Neurogenomics Iiris Hovatta\n\nNeurogenomics laboratory\n\nAnxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders within the EU and cause considerable disability due to high prevalence (14 %), early onset and chronic nature. The major questions in anxiety disorders are which molecular and cellular events lead to and maintain pathological anxiety, and how this pathology can be normalized. We employ a multidisciplinary approach to understand the genetic and neurobiological basis of normal and pathological anxiety. We are especially interested in how the genetic background affects behavior. To this end, we have preclinical models to investigate both innate and psychosocial stress-induced anxiety. We carry out unbiased genome-wide transcriptomic analyses using RNA and microRNA sequencing to identify biological pathways and gene networks that regulate anxiety. Based on these data, we form specific hypotheses that we test using genetic and pharmacological tools, combined with behavioral analysis, to determine the molecular and cellular basis of anxiety. Importantly, we further study the homologous human genes as candidate genes for human anxiety disorders. The goal of our research is to facilitate development of targeted treatment of anxiety disorders by revealing the underlying biological mechanisms.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000089406967163}
+{"content": "Browsing tag\n\n\nJotunheimen National Park: Vettisfossen\n\nJotunheimen Vettisfossen Hike\n\nThe next stop after Bergen was Årdal to visit my friend Kris at Utladalen Camping and explore a tiny fraction of Jotunheimen National Park. First on our list was Vettisfossen.\n\nWith a drop of 275 meters (or 902 feet), Vettisfossen is the tallest unregulated waterfall in northern Europe—meaning it doesn’t go through a hydroelectric power station. The trail begins on a tractor road that follows the Utla river. It winds around and crosses the river several times before ending at Vetti Gard.\n\n1064 1\n\n\nModalen Mo Norway\n\nModalen is a magical little valley just an hour outside of Bergen. This quiet little valley is so quiet that you can actually get paid to live here; they need more people. We stopped by Bergen kaffebrenneri in Bergen and the barista suggested we head out here for a drive. It was a beautiful destination.\n\n566 0\n\n\nLåtefossen: Norway’s twin waterfalls\n\n\n430 0\n\nSnowshoeing Trolltunga\n\nSnowshoeing Trolltunga\n\nTrolltunga was the first thing that was on my list in Norway. It’s basically the Norwegian version of Half Dome, except easier and about a hundred times less scary.\n\nAfter flying into Oslo Thursday morning, we made the scenic drive out to Odda to snowshoe Trolltunga on Saturday with Trolltunga Active (formerly known as Opplev Odda). Trolltunga Active operates a number of trips in the Hardangerfjord area including climbing Trolltunga, zipline adventures, kayaking, and more. They’re some really cool and patient people if you ever need a guide!\n\n1106 9\nLoad more", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.752122163772583}
+{"content": "\n\n\n\n\nMayo Clinic's approach\n\nWhy it's done\n\nIGRT is used to treat all types of cancer, but it's particularly ideal for tumors and cancers located very close to sensitive structures and organs. IGRT is also useful for tumors that are likely to move during treatment or between treatments.\n\n\n  • Accurate delivery of radiation\n  • Decreased radiation exposure to normal tissue surrounding the tumor\n\nWhat you can expect\n\nIf you undergo IGRT, your treatment team may choose one or more imaging types to precisely locate the tumor and sensitive organs. IGRT may involve a variety of 2-D, 3-D and 4-D imaging techniques to position your body and aim the radiation so that your treatment is carefully focused on the tumor in order to minimize harm to healthy cells and organs nearby.\n\n\nImage-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) care at Mayo Clinic\n\nNov. 09, 2017\n  1. Gunderson LL, et al., eds. Intensity-modulated and image-guided radiation therapy. In: Clinical Radiation Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier; 2016. https://www.clincalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 10, 2017.\n  2. Jaffray DA. Image-guided radiotherapy: From current concept to future perspectives. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2012;9:688.\n  3. Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). RadiologyInfo.org. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=igrt. Accessed Oct. 10, 2017.\n  4. Accredited facility search. American College of Radiology. http://www.acraccreditation.org/accredited-facility-search. Accessed Oct. 20, 2017.\n  5. Fong de los Santos LE (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Oct. 20, 2017.\n\nImage-guided radiation therapy (IGRT)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9896938800811768}
+{"content": "Supreme Court Will Tackle Case on Whether It’s Okay to Lie in Political Ads\n\nA lie can get halfway around the world before the truth can put its boots on, but should the government give the truth boots a head start? The Supreme Court is taking on that very issue in the upcoming months: whether the government has a right to police “false speech” in political advertising, specifically concerning the case of an anti-abortion group that wanted to put up a billboard going after an Ohio Democrat’s abortion voting record.\n\nBack in 2010, Susan B. Anthony List wanted to run a billboard targeting Steve Driehaus for his abortion record, with the proposed message “Shame on Steve Driehaus! Driehaus voted FOR taxpayer-funded abortion.” Driehaus complained, and the billboard was not put up.\n\nThere’s been a fierce legal battle back and forth for years about this, and finally the Supreme Court is taking it up. Now, Susan B. Anthony List insists that the ad is not false, but the case they took to the Supreme Court is based on the premise that “false” political speech should be criminalized.\n\nToday the Supreme Court of the United States announced it will consider the Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) petition involving a First Amendment challenge to Ohio’s “false statement” law, which criminalizes “false” political speech and empowers a state agency to determine what constitutes true and false political speech…\n\n\nSusan B. Anthony List touts support from the ACLU which has, since this case began in 2010, taken the position that the law in question essentially makes the government the arbiter of deciding what constitutes truth in political advertising, which they say would create a dangerous precedent.\n\n\n[photo via Shutterstock]\n\n— —\n\nFollow Josh Feldman on Twitter: @feldmaniac\n\nHave a tip we should know? [email protected]\n\nFiled Under:\n\nFollow Mediaite:\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6111307144165039}
+{"content": "Olympic Prep Magic\n\n\n\nSKU 74-977\n\n\n\nProduct Specs\n\nOlympic prep magic is a one-step swimming pool surface preparation solution that allows you to clean and prep your pool surface for paining without the extra steps of traditional surface prep cleaning. Simply mix one gallon of Olympic Prep Magic with 2 gallons of water. One gallon container, which covers approximately 400 square feet.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8319723010063171}
+{"content": "There are two types of guilt that an individual can experience; one can be classed as healthy and the other as unhealthy. And like all feelings, there is usually a reason when guilt appears.\n\nNow, the reason for guilt appearing could be functional and beneficial to one’s life or it could be dysfunctional and detrimental to one’s life.\n\nOn the website guilt is described as: 1. having committed an offense, crime, violation, or wrong, especially against moral or penal law; justly subject to a certain accusation or penalty; culpable: The jury found her guilty of murder. 2. Characterized by, connected with, or involving guilt: guilty intent. 3. Having or showing a sense of guilt, whether real or imagined: a guilty conscience.\n\nHealthy Guilt\n\nSo then, healthy guilt could be described as being a consequence that occurs when one commits an immoral act or behaves in a way that leads to the subjugation of another human being.\n\nHere one feels healthy guilt through empathising and imagining what it would be like if that same thing were to happen to them.\n\nUnhealthy Guilt\n\nWhere as healthy guilt is only felt during moments when one has behaved in a way that has gone against their moral compass; unhealthy guilt is often felt more often. This kind of guilt can last for prolonged periods of time and can be triggered at any moment.\n\nIt can be a feeling that one experiences on a regular basis. And all that is required for this feeling to arise is a certain look, words that are spoken or the behaviour of another person. One can also experience this unhealthy guilt as a result of their internal processes; with thoughts, feelings, sensations and emotions being triggered.\n\nThe Burden\n\nAs one feels this guilt so often it then becomes difficult to achieve any kind of internal wellbeing or balance. The guilt has become who one is and is then not questioned or challenged. Perhaps this is how it has always been; so why would one question this unhealthy guilt.\n\n\nSo let’s look at a few situations where one could feel this unhealthy guilt.\n\n• One can feel as though they have done something wrong when their reality does not show this to be the case.\n• When another person looks upset or down, one can feel that it is their fault.\n• There could be a situation where one is given something, but instead of feeling worthy, one feels unworthy.\n• One might have achieved a certain goal or overcome a certain challenge and instead of feeling good about it; they end up feeling uncomfortable and unworthy.\n\nJust A label\n\nIf we look at guilt from a different perspective and at a deeper level, we can see that something else is going on and that the word unhealthy guilt is just a label that is used for an elaborate inner process.\n\nOnes mental and emotional wellbeing is being severely affected by combination of feelings, thoughts, sensations, emotions and behaviours. These could also be classed as: low self worth, depression, shame, self blame, regret and many others things can be experienced as a consequence.\n\nExternal Triggers.\n\nWhen one experiences this unhealthy guilt it is either coming from an external trigger or one is triggering it through their own perceptions. This shows that in each case it is coming from within. As for it to be triggered through an external stimulus it has to already exist inside.\n\nAnd if one is feeling this unhealthy guilt by their own perceptions, it shows that it is again coming from inside.\n\nThe Ego Mind\n\nThis is where the ego mind comes into the equation. And this is because the ego mind functions from a place of what is familiar and what is familiar is associated as what is safe.\n\nSo if we now look at this unhealthy guilt we can see that it exists because on some level there is an association of it being safe and if it is safe is must also be familiar. And what is classed as familiar to the ego mind has usually been experienced many times during ones childhood.\n\n\nIt is here that one will have their first experiences of unhealthy guilt. Even in families that are reasonably functional there is likely to be moments of unhealthy guilt. And in dysfunctional and unaware family’s it will inevitably occur more often.\n\nPossible Causes\n\nIn the very beginning this will be acted out in many different ways.\n\n• As a child, one may have had their needs and wants denied; with the parent’s wants and needs being more important. So when the child becomes an adult, feelings of unhealthy guilt arise whenever one takes care of their needs or wants.\n\n• Perhaps as a child one was constantly blamed for things that were not their fault and ended up feeling responsible for other people’s problems after this. And then when they see another person experiencing pain or suffering, they feel unhealthy guilt.\n\n• Another example is if the child was told that the caregivers are going without, so that the child can have what it needs. This can make one feel that other people will go without if they get or have what they want; which will lead to feelings of unhealthy guilt.\n\n\nHowever, at such a young age one is unlikely to be aware enough to question and reject this unhealthy guilt. As a child, all one can do is to accept and identify with it.\n\nThe reason this guilt is being passed onto the children is because the caregivers have repressed it to such a degree within themselves, that they have lost touch of these feelings. It then becomes a lot easier to cause another person to feel unhealthy guilt without feeling healthy guilt oneself.\n\n\nAlthough ones caregivers may have been unaware of their own internal processes, one doesn’t have to be the same way. By becoming aware of one’s past and embracing what happened; seeing it as a being impersonal and purely a reflection of what ones caregivers had not acknowledged, one can gradual let go.\n\nBecause the ego mind will hold onto these early memories and this is due to its whole identity being based on these experiences. And its identity comes from the past; so it will use every defence mechanism that it can to avoid looking at what happened, but it is in facing the past that one can become free to be who they truly are.\n\nAuthor's Bio: \n\n\n\n\nFeel free to join the Facebook Group -", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6437700986862183}
+{"content": "Title: Paddle Sports Coordinator\n\nEmail: stephanie@ventureoutdoors.org\n\n\nI was born and raised in Pittsburgh and went to Kent State University. I honestly don’t know what brought me to Venture Outdoors.  I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life, but I knew I had to make a change. Then I stumbled across a job posting for Kayak Pittsburgh and applied. To this day, it’s one of the best decisions I have ever made.  \n\n\nInspiring my growth as a leader. \n\n3. What does “getting outside” mean to you? \n\nThere are no boundaries, which gives me a sense of confidence. \n\n\nTrail running. It’s simple and quiet but makes me feel like IRON WOMAN when I climb those hills.  \n\n5. What is the craziest thing you have done? \n\nI’m not sure, I’ve always been told that everything I do is crazy.  \n\n\nI don’t have a top five. Anywhere I go, I manage to find something worth noting. For example, this past summer I went to Gettysburg. It sounds random, but it was such an incredible place to visit.  \n\n7. What is your favorite forest/camping snack? \n\nApples can never go wrong with a beautiful honey crisp. \n\n\n  1. Captain Edward Smith (Captain of the Titanic) \n  2. George Washington \n  3. My dog \n\n\nIt’s not one memory, but rather all the memories I’ve had with Venture Outdoors that led to the friendships I have today.  \n\n10. Describe your dream Venture Outdoors program/outing. \n\nBacking packing the Appalachian trail.  \n\n\nGoing hiking with my dad and sisters at Beechwood Farms. \n\n12. What would the title of your autobiography be? \n\nThe Wild Creature \n\n13. Any hidden talents? \n\nI know just about every fact about the Titanic (NOT THE MOVIE). \n\n14. What is your favorite song (or album) right now? \n\nWait by the river – Lord Huron \n\n15. What is your biggest challenge nowadays? \n\nStudent Debt", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6747433543205261}
+{"content": "Imagination and Creation\n\nThe first order of creation is thought. Everything that ever was, is, or will ever be was preceded by thought. Sometimes an unintentional thought brings a thing into being, sometimes intentional. You can create change by brute force, with determination, will power, and rigid discipline.\n\nBut if you really want to take an active role in seeing anything change in your life, or the world, you can actively take part in the creation process by engaging and incorporating other systems which come from outside of your flesh, which can magnify your efficacy exponentially.\n\nThe most powerful tools you have to live a better life, your best life, and make the world a better place from what you know today as being your reality and not only bridge the gap but cause your heart’s desires to show up in your life are your imagination and inspired action.\n\nLet’s take a look at imagination.\n\nThe powers that try to control you, the world, and keep us subdued, know how powerful your imagination is, so they have built sociological constructs which make you believe that imagination is nothing but a fanciful toy used by children. And by all means, you and everyone you know should abandon such silliness if you are to become a responsible adult and effective member of society.\n\nIf you are caught using your imagination or daydreaming, your peers who have been programmed just as you have will speak up and attempt to correct you. The correction may take the form of a warning or reprimand, an assertion that you get your feet back on the ground and grow up. In essence, to “get real.”\n\nIf you do not snap out of it, you may be at risk of being diagnosed with any number of various psychological disorders for which there is a treatment regimen that will knock the imagination right out of you. So, be careful about using the power of your imagination, and be cautious as you continue to practice using it because your strength and expertise in wielding such a powerful tool will grow as you learn to embrace this source of creation.\n\nRegardless of what other people might think or say, I challenge you to dare to invite a bit of imagination to your life, right now. This little exercise doesn’t require changing your environment or achieving a state of relaxation, it can be done anytime anywhere. I mean, if you’re watching or listening to me right now, you’re already multitasking, so just keep going, and imagine your life.\n\nBy using your skill of daydreaming, you can function normally and exercise your skills of imagination while having very little impact on your waking and otherwise productive life.\n\nUsing your power of imagination, think and answer this question, “If you could have anything you want any way you want it, all the love, health, and wealth you can envision. What would that look like?”\n\nJust for a moment, suspend your disbelief, and actively visualize, see in your mind’s eye, all the things you would really like to see and be around you in your life.\n\nIn your perfect life, if you could have everything the way you wanted it, what car would you be driving? What kind of house would you live in? Where would you live, if you could live anywhere in the world, and money was no object.\n\nWhat would the people who are close to you look like? What would your friends look like? How would they support and respond to you as you were living your perfect life? If you could have your family members be any way you wanted to be, how would they be?\n\nWould you have a job? If you had a job, what kind of job would you love to have more than anything? Would you be financially independent? How would you achieve that? Might you be a business owner, inventor, artist, actor, singer/songwriter, game or app creator, or the recipient of an inheritance or some other financial windfall?\n\nRemember, reality plays no part in this exercise. Push your desires out beyond their logical limits, where anything and everything is possible. After all, this is just your imagination.\n\nWhat would your health status look like? When you look in the mirror in your imaginary perfect world, what do you see? What’s your default facial expression as you’re living the life of experiencing the desires of your heart every day in every way? What does your happy healthy body look like? What clothes are you wearing?\n\nIn this place, what would you do for fun?\n\nWould you travel? Have your own swimming pool? Throw parties for your friends, celebrating everything, in your own event center or on your yacht? What would you do that you would love to do more than anything? What would make your heart sing?\n\nOkay, bask in your imaginary life for a few more moments, imagining what your life would look like if you could have it any way you want it.\n\nAnd while you do that, I want to make a confession to you. I just played a trick on you, and you fell for it. Now don’t worry, a beautiful thing just happened. While anyone else in their right mind might have cautioned you against it, what you just did is amazing.\n\nUsing the power of your imagination, just now, you created all those things that you ever wanted and they are coming toward you to be realized in the 3D world for you in all their glory. This is taking place, right now. They are coming to you.\n\nThis is the power the greatest minds of our time from Aristotle to Tesla, Einstein, and Jobs, who knew how to use this tool to bring us a planetary status and quality of life where we can have access to anyone anywhere in a heartbeat. Anything you can think of, it’s either already here or on its way.\n\nAnd everything that is, started just like that little exercise you did. You planted those seeds and you germinate them with your thoughts and they continue to grow, mature, and get closer and closer as you do, but it will take more to bring them to fruition mort rapidly.\n\nOutside the Box\n\nWaking up to the idea that everything you’ve been taught, everything you believe, and everything you know, is a lie, can be just too much for the average person to imagine. No one would judge you if you got a chance to get a glimpse behind the curtain, or look outside the box, if you disregarded it as folly, a dream, or a nightmare.\n\nSo much of what we know about this life, as we know it, was beat into us, the result of being reared by parents, taught by teachers, and supported by our peers and the media, which keeps us in a manageable state of mind, safely inside the box, easy to control by the factions on the planet with the authority to do so.\n\nYet, there remains a part of us which cries out from deep within, it’s been so stifled that it can barely be heard above the noise of society, that something’s not right. It doesn’t sound right, look right, fell right, when we’re restricted to life inside the box. Most of the time, when our inner voice breaks through, we disregard looking outside the box as a silly thought. If you’re foolish enough to raise the idea to a friend, he or she will laugh at you, as if it were meant to be a joke. For if they thought you might actually be thinking outside the box seriously, your friends would be very worried about your sanity.\n\nLet’s say you have a dream of doing something significant, maybe owning your own business, or teaching others about an insight you have, which you think will benefit the greater community. You are likely to disregard this dream as a silly passing thought because you are not worthy of undertaking such a project.\n\nYou talk yourself out of it very quickly so as not to entertain the thought too long because you are not wealthy enough, unqualified or not educated enough, or lack the credibility to engage in such an activity. Not to mention the impending doom brought on by fear of failure from within the box.\n\nEven though the thought or the dream may be an indication of your calling. Had you not been programmed not to dream, you would be able to imagine or realize that even the thought of your dream was actually a premonition, a scene from your future outside the box if you only had the ability to imagine it and step into the dream.\n\nBut your ability to use your imagination and dream (as it pertains to you and your life, as dreaming and imagining works of fiction are often encouraged) has been squashed early in life and reinforced throughout your life inside the box.\n\nImagination is the most powerful weapon you have against the machine of programmed life inside the box. Dreaming and visualization are keys to new life, new possibilities, and you’re having the ability to have an impact and make the world a better place.\n\nYou have been programmed with a sort of self-restraint which keeps you moderated, afraid or inhibited about embracing the idea that your life has purpose, that you have a divine assignment or mission in life outside the box.\n\nWe live in a constant state of fear which prevents us from daring to think or reach outside the box. Having the courage to take the risk of engaging in thoughts or activities which are socially acceptable helps to break the chains of the fear and restraints which have been imposed on us by the controllers.\n\nOutside the box is where all the adventure and truth can be found, allowing you to grow and expand beyond what would have ever been possible from inside the box.\n\nWhen you start thinking or moving outside the box, your world starts to change as you become more self-empowered, willing to go places and do things which you may have felt were not possible before. The real you start to emerge from your cocoon.\n\nFrom this expanded point of view, you can see others who remain inside their boxes, and you do not pity or judge them. You realize that at this time in space we are all just doing the best we can. You feel fortunate to have found your way outside the box, but do not judge others for doing the best they can with what they have. You have compassion for them and you love them, no matter what.\n\nAs the numbers of us who venture outside the box increases, the day will come when the box is irrelevant and lose its effectiveness to control any of us, and the whole world will be free, but for now, you are but an explorer exploring the vastness of life which few could relate to from inside the box.\n\nOnce you step outside the box, it’s easy to become focused on the initial concept which garners your attention. Keep looking, exploring, and expanding your horizons. There is always something else waiting to reveal itself to you. Retain the ideas which resonate with you and your calling, and file away those which might not appeal to you. These concepts are waiting for the explorers to whim they are a match.\n\nYou will cross paths with people you will meet outside the box. Exchange ideas, and learn from one another, but be cautious not to be overwhelmed by someone else’s mission, if it is not in harmony with your mission. There is a tendency to be distracted by the fanfare of someone else’s momentum. Seek your own energetic vibration, and be true to that.\n\nThe more you grow and expand, the smaller the world appears to be. When you might have resigned yourself to live in a particular part of the world because it was within your box of safety, you will become more apt to want to move about the planet freely as part of your exploration and expansion.\n\nWill you dare to look outside the box?\n\n\nWhen it comes to changing your life, there is no greater tool to utilize when you’re contemplating a major shift in life than visualization.\n\nJulie Valenti\n\nIn case you’re wondering what topic(s) I will write about each day, there really is no preconceived or premeditated program. Whatever comes up that day, either in my life, the life of a client, friend, or family member determines the subject I write about. Like today, I was studying on childhood PTSD, reading Julie Valenti’s Knowing How, then followed up with a client who needed some coaching in visualization. So, there you have it.\n\nVisualization is powerful because it helps to “rewire the brain,” as Valenti says. In my practice, visualization followed training in Christian ministry and prayer, Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), and Hypnotherapy (in that order) and ended up as a progression of these techniques culminating in guided visualization or meditation with concepts of the Law of Attraction thrown in for flavor.\n\nIf you have seen Rhonda Byrne’s The Secret, you can get the idea about how to approach the idea of visualization and how it can change life all around you, based on where you focus your attention and practice the feeling of having whatever it is you desire, and it works.\n\nThe truth is, my mother told me that I could be whatever I wanted to be, even though very early in life I was non-verbal. I didn’t talk much as a young child, but I could mimic comedy recordings word-for-word and with some degree of enthusiasm. When company would come over, my mother would call me out of my room to put on a performance for the guests. Everyone would laugh, and then I would slink back to hide in my room following my delivery.\n\nThis was me exercising visualization by mimicry and pretending, and after a while, I learned communication skills and began to interact verbally with other people. A powerful skill that would come in handy throughout my entire life’s journey, and my mother was right, I could be or do anything. Likewise, you can be or do anything you want.\n\nAll it takes is a little visualization, practice, using something we all have been programmed to disregard in adulthood: Imagination. The more powerfully you exercise your imagination muscles and engage your actions, the more powerful your results.\n\nIt’s up to you to decide to do the work of using all your powers of imagination to visualize your life, the way you want it to be, bask in the feeling of it being your reality, and to act as if it’s the real deal.\n\nIn the beginning, once you start this effort, it feels ridiculous. You’re thinking this is fakery, and you start to second-guess your efforts with thoughts like, “Who would do such a thing?” followed by a flood of negative self-talk, like, “I’m not good enough,” talented enough, or the other dissuading themes reinforcing your lack of education, resources, finances, abilities, standing in the community, or an endless number of “reasons” justifying your unworthiness.\n\nNorman Vincent Peale\n\nTo combat this onslaught of self-doubt and negativity, you kind’a have to go a little overboard in an attempt to rewire your brain. As a young man, books like Norman Vincent Peale’s Power of Positive Thinking and Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill were resources that helped to encourage my growth and expansion using my imagination to bridge the gap between here and there.\n\nNapoleon Hill\n\nSo, you might have to look in the mirror and practice positive affirmations, study the lives of others who have overcome obstacles to achieve the results you are looking for, create vision boards, and remove yourself from any negative influences during your reprogramming phase. Whatever it takes, do that, don’t let anything prevent you for going for it, and when it doesn’t feel real, allow yourself to pretend and fake it until it becomes true for you.\n\nThanks to my seizing every opportunity to turn every challenge into an opportunity allowed me to have the most tremendous experiences one could ever imagine in this life. In most cases, when facing insurmountable odds, all I had to do was to use my imagination and pretend that I was fully competent to survive and thrive through the adversity, and the Creator of the universe would support me in kind.\n\nEven when it doesn’t make any sense, and it seems impossible, if you go forward in faith, putting yourself in the proper mindset and acting as if you are fully capable and trust that everything you need will appear in just the right time, your brazenness is rewarded by everything falling into place perfectly.\n\n“Perfectly,” is not always the way you imagined it. Sometimes God knows there is something better He has in store for you, so try to be flexible enough to allow the power of love to override your expectations in your best interest.\n\nYou got this.\n\nThe Sound of Expansive Evolution\n\nWhere does all the weirdness come from? Images and scenarios that play out when you sleep, that feeling of Déjà vu, when you find yourself nowhere you’ve ever been before, yet have the knowingness that you’ve been here before, meet someone who seems so familiar, done or said something before, when you know better. Or have you?\n\nThere is a great field of energy that we all walk around in. It surrounds us and permeates every tiniest piece of everything that is, and even assists in the assembling and holding together of molecules and provides order so we can have the privilege of enjoying all matter has to offer, including the bodies we’re so blessed to inhabit.\n\nThe very thought of us, floating in space on a planet in a solar system, in a universe that contains millions of galaxies ever-expanding (if you thought you were feeling insignificant before, I apologize), but there’s good news.\n\nIf you allow your mind to consider the idea, you could access and meld with the intelligence that makes sense of all chaos and powers everything, everywhere, at all times. Yes, the same One that hung all the stars and planets in space, made our little blue ball and put us here to enjoy all the amazing things which surround us.\n\nObviously, attempting to define this intelligence and power in any intelligible manner, would be like trying to teach a worm how to build a Mercedes from raw materials. The only hope you have of getting any idea about what’s happening is to spend time experiencing this energy and allow our minds to expand enough to hopefully get some idea about what’s going on from the perspective of our human experience.\n\nNow, this is not a new idea, and people are doing it every day. People from all walks of life wield this limitless energy every day. Some on purpose, some witness it’s power by accident, yet there it is.\n\nTrouble is, when someone gets a glimpse of the power, and discovers a duplicatable method to predict a plausible result (that may well be unexpected at first blush) from accessing and deploying this energy, they’d like to patent it, if they could. Instead, they start a movement of some kind based on this very narrow scope of their discovery.\n\nI am not discounting their discovery, God bless them for figuring out how to expand beyond the constraints of thought which keeps any of us other structured thinkers from doing so. Yet, this harkens to the idea that there is hope for those of us who see them embroiled in the ecstasy of their discovery, and have hope for ourselves.\n\nEach and every discovery of this accessing and/or harnessing of this intelligent energy is but a spec, a very small sampling, like discovering a grain of sand among all the grains of sand all over our planet (and other planets, too).\n\nThe only hope of accessing this energy is to use a powerful tool we are all imbued with from the moment we are introduced to this planet, and that is your imagination. Your imagination is far more effective and powerful than any manmade weapon, and more effective, sensitive, and intricate than any scientific instrument ever conceived on this planet.\n\nExpansion explorers are only scratching the surface of what the potential and power of the imagination is, but as much as we’d all like to release the information freely, we all realize there is a great opposition to the dissemination of discoveries of this type en masse.\n\nWe, all of us, you and I, have been programmed from birth to reject any of these magnificent high-level thought processes, to laugh at people who would dare think outside our comfortable little thought boxes. Some even go to school to learn how to diagnose, treat, or otherwise remove these energetic rebels from society altogether, for our own protection. To protect us from evolving past the limitations (and control) of our socialized humanity.\n\nOkay, so there’s a growing underground movement that is slowly expanding and integrating with The Source of all that is, was, or ever will be. And while we may be few, our numbers are increasing, and one day, when this energetic evolution reaches critical mass, a very different world will emerge.\n\nIn the meantime, we will remain to be somewhat quiet about our expansion, while we continue to do so.\n\nShh… That’s the Sound of Expansive Evolution\n\nYour Mind’s Whiteboard\n\nDid you know you have within you the power to create anything your heart desires? Whether in business, or your personal life, you can create a life, a community, a whole world, and entire universe, all with the power of your mind.\n\nLet’s just look at your mind as a huge whiteboard. You’re armed with a fresh set of colored whiteboard markers, and you can write anything you want on the whiteboard in your mind. What thoughts would you write on the whiteboard of your mind? Positive thoughts? Negative thoughts?\n\nThis simple whiteboard tool allows you to be able to initiate the creation process. In the boardroom of your mind, you can create new goals, visions and make plans, sketching out plays to achieve your highest and best. And it all starts, right here, in the boardroom of your mind.\n\nEvery time you enter your board room, you have complete control of your whiteboard. No one else and you’re armed with an unlimited fresh set of colored whiteboard markers chart out any path through any challenge you may be facing. If you start using this process, no matter what you may be feeling outside, in here, in your boardroom, you are the inspired, powerful master coach, planning your next coop.\n\nYou can change your whiteboard at any time. You came to this planet with everything you would possibly need to create the life you desire, and if you persist to forge forward on the path of what you desire, those things that don’t make sense to you now, will emerge from the fog and become crystal clear at just the right time. And the people and tools that you need to push through to the next level will be there, if you honor your journey, are sincere and diligent.\n\nIf you walk into your boardroom and see negative thoughts, feelings or opinions on your whiteboard, you can use your dry eraser to wipe them away and replace them with positive thoughts, feelings and better ideas for a bright future.\n\nIf you see someone else’s words scripted out on your white board, you can mark it up, correct it and rewrite it, like a master mathematician or scientist solving a mystery of life, and restate it in it’s power and beauty, retaining the pearls of wisdom and projecting a fabulous future.\n\nThere may have been an important key hidden within someone’s statement that struck you wrong, or hurt your feelings. You can solve for it, like an equation on your mind’s whiteboard, turning a potentially defeating statement into a power-packed prediction of an amazing unfolding.\n\nRemember, what anyone says to you is not about you. It’s about them. They may have meant to dissuade you in some way, to slow you down, or throw you off-track altogether. But you can look for the hidden treasure secretly hidden within their words, decoding for the missing ingredient that you need to perfect your formula. This is the unseen mission of the antagonist, to hide the clues you need to solve your problems that appear to have no solution.\n\nThis is why, when someone spews venomous opinions or gestures at you, you are unmoved. You have no need to react or defend yourself, but you do take note of their message. You determine what is fact and leave it as that, remove any false information and opinion, but looking for any hidden meaning that may be helpful for you on your journey. Sometimes, the jewel inside an otherwise flaming insult, can be just what you need to break-through to a new plateau in your pursuits.\n\nYou can use your super duper whiteboard eraser to start over anytime you want with a totally clean slate, the ultimate Control-Alt-Delete reboot. Just wipe it clean, and start over.\n\nAnd you have all this power within you, accessible by that silly little thing that others have told you was only used by fools, your imagination. What they don’t want you to know is that your imagination is the most powerful tool you have. It holds power that is only now beginning to be realized, and it’s unsettling to the scientific world as they are beginning to realize there may be nothing of greater potential than the human imagination un-tethered.\n\nHow to See Things Differently\n\nAnd Make Them Real\n\nThe first step in seeing things differently is to see things differently, to actually purposefully see something differently. You can immediately see something different if you can imagine it being different.\n\nViewing the three dimensional view from your prospective analyzing the data a rendering a conclusion are all thought processes of the conscious mind, alternatively accessing the imagination harnesses the power of the unconscious mind. The unconscious mind is much more powerful than the conscious mind which performs logical functions and routines.\n\nIt’s like the difference between singing, whistling or humming the melody of your favorite song. You are limited to the capabilities of the physiological capacity of your upper body, which as magnificent as this composite of biological components and characteristics is, is nonetheless limited in comparison to the power of your unconscious mind which can imagine to hear the entire song, all the background instruments, melody, harmonies, all combined, just as though you were actually listening to the recording.\n\n\nMake It Real\n\nThe ability to imagine – or visualize – anything, causes whatever you focus your attention on to become more real.\n\nImagination is a powerful tool that must be used with care to avoid creating a state of being, circumstances or materialization of that which you do not want.\n\nFor instance, if you use your imagination to visualize a positive scenario or circumstance, the positive energy created by your mind, body and inner force field will begin to attract other positive fields in an effort to enable you to see that which you desire in the real world.\n\nOn the other hand, if you use the power of your imagination to visualize a negative scenario, the negative energy created from a low level vibration, like fear, will attract and visit you with exactly the outcome you would rather have avoided, or absolutely did not want as a result.\n\nThe greatest minds of our time have used their imagination to visualize futuristic – otherwise unimaginable and impossible – systems, processes, products and devices, while we, the buying public enjoy the advancements that all are the result of someone’s vibrant unconscious thought which was first imagined, then was brought to life in the real world for all to behold.\n\nThere are several components of successful visualization and manifestation (the realization of that which is imagined in our 3D world). Those who are masterful at both visualization and manifestation combine the number of times that they take time to visualize what they want, with increased supporting data, feeling and exquisite details. And as their imaginary visualization tarries on, they increase its detail, size and see it coming true with all the effects on the person doing the imagining as well as everyone else this visualization could possibly affect when brought to fruition, while increasing the focused time spent visualizing.\n\nThis process certainly brings about nearly every major breakthrough, though admittedly, many breakthroughs also occur by accident (this refers to a completely different process), it is the purposeful methodology that we focus on at this time, because you can use it to bring to pass\n\nYour Wildest Dreams and Fantasies\n\n\nYour Greatest Fears and Disasters\n\nIt all depends on how you use this powerful mechanism in your life.\n\nSo, if you want to see anything differently, simply do so by visualizing it differently using your imagination. If you really want to make something different do it more often, add more detail and feeling, increase its intensity and do it more often.\n\nSuggestion: If you’re going to utilize this power, keep your focused energies positive.\n\nTruth and Consequences\n\n\n\ntruth honesty consequences imagination sincerity\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIn all honesty and love.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5656148195266724}
+{"content": "From Economic Crisis to World War III\n\n\nQian Liu  \n\nincome inequality us\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQian Liu is an economist based in China.\n\nOil majors switch on to a future in power generation\n\nElectricity deals by global groups gather pace amid shift to gas and renewables\n\nAnjli Raval in Madrid\n\n© FT montage\n\nA fuel station on Madrid’s Calle de Alberto Aguilera offers a glimpse into the future. Customers can pick up Amazon packages and gourmet groceries, drop off their hybrid car-share or sip a café con leche as they wait for their electric vehicle to charge.\n\nWhile regular petrol-guzzling cars are welcome, Repsol — the Spanish oil major that operates the station — is preparing for a global shift in energy consumption as people turn away from dirtier fuels. This is forcing the majors to reimagine their businesses.\n\n“Power is going to be one of the main drivers of new low-carbon business models for all major energy companies,” said Antonio Brufau, Repsol’s chairman, in an interview with the Financial Times. Electricity would “account for most of the primary energy growth”, he added.\n\nRepsol and European rivals Royal Dutch Shell and Total are now making deals along the electricity supply chain — from power generation to electric charge points — echoing the existing drilling rig-to-petrol-pump model.\n\nPenetrating the market for household energy supply, which has previously been dominated by utilities, is where they see future growth.\n\n“It’s a hedge for these companies. No one knows how the energy transition plays out or at what speed,” said Tom Heggarty, of consultancy Wood Mackenzie’s power and renewables division.\n\n“There is a belief they need to evolve with the market so they do not fade away into obscurity.”\n\nOil utilities chart: The use of renewables and gas is set to rise\n\nBP, in its long-term energy outlook to 2040, expects almost 70 per cent of the increase in primary energy to be the power sector, with electricity demand growing three times quicker than other energies. Electric vehicles are a small proportion of the global car fleet today but the segment is growing rapidly, with autonomous cars and ride sharing also promoting the trend.\n\n“As oil is so linked to mobility, it is more exposed to changes in consumption,” said Mr Brufau. “We need to figure out how we manage this.”\n\nRepsol’s strategy has seen it invest in a network of rapid charge points for electric cars; set up a joint venture called Wible in Madrid with South Korea’s Kia Motors for a fleet of 500 hybrid vehicles; and make a €750m acquisition for the gas and hydropower assets of Spain’s Viesgo.\n\nShell also expanded its gas business after the $50bn acquisition of BG Group. It acquired UK power supplier First Utility in February, giving it direct access to retail electricity consumers for the first time, and New Motion, one of Europe’s largest electric vehicle charging companies.\n\nRepsol's modern petrol station in Madrid. The company's strategy to expand into both mobility services and electricity production has seen it invest in a network of rapid charge points for electric cars\n\nMaarten Wetselaar, head of integrated gas and new energies at Shell, said electrification would “underpin” the energy transition.\n\nFor Shell, not only will gas displace coal and become more dominant in power generation, it provides a back up for renewables on overcast or windless days. As electricity grows as a proportion of energy consumption, Mr Wetselaar said Shell had “to play in that if we want to be a major”.\n\nShareholders have also been propelling this investment focus in preparation for an energy transition, concerned that spending on long-term oil projects could be uneconomical in years to come and increasingly over the sector’s contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.\n\nEuropean groups such as Total, Shell, Equinor, BP and Eni have so far made more low-carbon investments than their US, Chinese and Russian rivals, according to a study by environmental non-profit group CDP. Out of 24 companies, European majors rank as being best prepared for the transition to a low-carbon economy.\n\nOil utilities chart: China and OECD countries fuel growth\n\nHowever, it is still unclear what success looks like and some investors want oil companies to manage the decline of their businesses — concentrating on generating cash rather than power.\n\n“Finding, developing, producing and transporting hydrocarbon molecules is fundamentally a different business from generating and transmitting electrons,” said Nick Stansbury, head of commodity research at Legal & General Investment Management.\n\n“Does the oil and gas industry need to transform itself into something that more clearly resembles a utility to future-proof its business? [The] answer is probably no.”\n\nBut the shift is happening. Total has said it is “allergic” to the word utility even as it builds a retail energy business in France while sidestepping the regulated market.\n\nIt bought US solar company SunPower, power vendor Lampiris, battery specialist Saft and took a stake in renewable energy group Eren before acquiring French electricity retailer Direct Energie for €1.4bn this year. This has enabled it to develop a portfolio of gas-fired and renewable energy power plants.\n\n“The potential to combine gas and renewables for power generation is big,” said Philippe Sauquet, Total’s head of gas, renewables and power.\n\nAs the power generation world changes “rapidly” towards a more competitive market, he said Total would benefit. “We don’t have legacy assets and privileges in this space. We can be more efficient. We can offer better prices.”\n\nUnlike traditional utilities with a single-facet relationship with customers as a household power supplier, Mr Sauquet believes energy majors want multiple interactions.\n\n“While electrons should be seen as a new commodity, how you provide them to the customer is not,” Mr Sauquet said. “We can make more money from added value services, from smart-meters to monitor consumption and lower bills to electric vehicle charging.”\n\nOil utilities chart: global coal and oil use will decline by 2040\n\nHowever, some industry analysts say there is a difference between stepping into adjacent businesses — such as installing electric charging points at existing fuel retail networks — versus areas where they are not leading players, for example, in generation.\n\nDanish wind giant Orsted or Spain’s Iberdrola might be much better suited to develop clean power projects, while crunching data about how and when customers use electricity is more the domain of tech groups such as Google or Microsoft.\n\nThe oil majors are also reluctant to spend huge sums until they can make financial gains. Typical returns on investment for wind or solar would be 5-9 per cent versus more than 20 per cent for traditional oil and gas projects, Wood Mackenzie has said.\n\nWhile Shell has said it plans to spend 80 per cent of its $2bn “new energy” budget on the power sector until 2020, it remains a small proportion of its $25bn capital expenditure total.\n\nEven Mr Brufau at Repsol admitted the money spent on power and clean technologies was “peanuts”.\n\nHow to sell electricity profitably is crucial, particularly given the sector’s history when it lost billions of dollars trying its first transition into renewable power. BP made a long retreat after a big move in the 2000s into solar module manufacturing, under its “Beyond Petroleum” mantra. Since then it has trod lightly — investing in another solar company Lightsource; the UK’s largest electric vehicle charging network Chargemaster; and battery start-up StoreDot.\n\nWood Mackenzie’s Mr Heggarty warned: “Returns will just not be anywhere near what they see in other parts of their business.”\n\nGlobal Economy Shows Strain as U.S. Steams Ahead\n\nChina, Japan and Germany show signs of stress, posing a risk to the U.S. should the trends persist\n\nBy William Boston in Berlin, Josh Zumbrun in Washington and Nina Adam in Frankfurt\n\nThe global economy has hit a soft patch, putting the U.S.’s robust growth at risk should the slowdown persist.\n\nEconomic output in Japan and Germany contracted in the third quarter, while in October consumer spending in China hit its slowest pace in five months and bank lending fell, according to data released Wednesday about the world’s biggest economies after the U.S.\n\n“You’ve seen a bit of a slowdown—not a terrible slowdown,” Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell said Wednesday evening. “It is concerning.”\n\nOne-time events played a role in some of these bumps, including a typhoon and earthquake that hit Japan and bottlenecks at German auto plants associated with new emissions standards.\n\nBut across the globe, economists and business executives warned about a common denominator that is hurting growth: trade battles among the U.S., China and others. Tariffs are hitting some businesses, and worries about the impact of worsening trade discord are also weighing on sentiment.\n\nOne company recently caught in the crosscurrent was German engineering firm Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG. A ship bound for the U.S. carrying two large pressing machines it built at a Chinese plant was waylaid at a dock in Canada as the company haggled with its customer over how to divide the costs of new U.S. tariffs. The customer balked at a higher bill.\n\n“Ultimately, we sold the machines to someone else,” a Heidelberger Druck spokesman said.\n\nThe global scenario stands in contrast to a U.S. economy that expanded at an annualized rate of 3.5% in the third quarter.\n\nGermany, Europe’s anchor economy, reported its gross domestic product contracted at a 0.8% annualized rate in the third quarter, the first quarterly drop in 3½ years and the lowest rate since early 2013. The eurozone economy grew at an annualized rate of 0.7% in the third quarter, its weakest performance since early 2013.\n\n“One month of no growth shouldn’t unleash panic, but at the same time we see that growth rates are weakening and there are a lot of unknowns,” said Ralph Wiechers, chief economist at the German Mechanical Engineering Industry Association.\n\nJapan’s economy contracted at an annualized pace of 1.2% in the third quarter after expanding at a 3% annual pace the previous quarter.\n\nTokyo-based trading company Marubeni Corp.said the trade war hit its U.S. grain unit, Gavilon, after U.S. soy prices fell on a tumble in soy shipments to China. Beijing put a 25% tariff on U.S. soy imports in July. Marubeni said net profit for its food-products segment for the six months through Sept. 30 fell 46% from the previous year.\n\nPresident Trump’s administration has imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of goods imported from China. It has also placed tariffs in sectors including steel and solar panels. U.S. trading partners have retaliated.\n\nWhile the U.S. economy has continued to outperform, there are signs the global slowdown is taking some toll on the U.S. as well, said David Joy, the chief market strategist for Ameriprise Financial Inc. He said the global growth slowdown has been one factor behind declines in U.S. stock markets and the plunge in oil prices that are likely to hurt U.S. oil producers.\n\n“A deceleration in global activity will probably take a little wind out of our sails, but I don’t think it will have a huge impact yet,” said Mr. Joy.\n\nFew economists predict a global recession, particularly given the strong momentum of the U.S. economy.\n\nAfter climbing for most of the past two years, U.S. exports have trended down since May. But the U.S. economy is still being boosted by strong consumer spending, associated with low unemployment and individual income tax cuts enacted last year. Rising government spending, particularly on the military, has also boosted U.S. demand.\n\nThe U.S. is somewhat insulated from an international slowdown because its exports are only about 12% of gross domestic product, compared with a global average of about 29% and even higher in Germany, meaning the U.S. is less exposed than most countries when the global economy weakens.\n\nA Volkswagen Touran SUV stands on a raised conveyor on the assembly line at a factory in Wolfsburg, Germany.\nA Volkswagen Touran SUV stands on a raised conveyor on the assembly line at a factory in Wolfsburg, Germany. Photo: Krisztian Bocsi/Bloomberg News\n\nOn Tuesday, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries cut its forecast for global economic growth to 3.5% for 2019 from 3.6% previously, saying that “the slowdown in the global economic growth trend has become more accentuated lately.” It pointed to trade tensions and tightening monetary conditions, notably U.S. interest rate increases. With global growth slowing, it sees demand for petroleum also slowing, which is weighing on oil prices.\n\nA monthslong slowdown in China’s economy, driven in part by a crackdown on risky financing and jitters over the trade dispute between Beijing and Washington, is hurting spending there. Retail sales rose 8.6% in October from a year earlier, slowing from a 9.2% one-year gain in September. While automobiles have been slowing in recent months, a broader range of consumer products—such as stationary and jewelry—also slowed sharply.\n\nChina’s slowdown has been most felt in factories around the world. According to a global measure of manufacturing activity compiled by J.P. Morgan, output rose at the slowest pace in 28 months during October, while export orders fell for the second straight month.\n\nIn Germany, a rise in trade barriers threatens what has been a major source of strength for Europe’s powerhouse economy. German companies are major exporters, having stretched their supply chains around the world and invested heavily in selling to Chinese consumers and companies.\n\nGerman exports of goods fell 1.2% in September from that month a year earlier, led by a 2.2% decline in shipments to countries outside the EU, according to the German statistics body.\n\nGerman industry is so uncertain about how U.S. trade policy could impact its business that when luxury car maker BMW AGrevised its core profit figures down last week, the company warned that even that forecast may not hold to the end of the year.\n\n“The trade conflict between the U.S. and China is a burden on the global economy,” said Nicolas Peter, BMW’s finance chief. “Should conditions deteriorate considerably we can’t rule out that it would have an impact on our forecast.”\n\nFor now, economists and corporate executives say a German recession doesn’t appear imminent. But as core indicators begin to buckle, they warn fresh shocks could emerge and tip the German economy off kilter.\n\n“The uncertainty is palpable,” Mr. Wiechers said.\n\n—Paul Hannon and Megumi Fujikawa contributed to this article.\n\nIsrael’s Strategic Reality\n\nThe current fighting in Gaza is part of years of sporadic conflict, but there’s more to it than that.\n\nBy George Friedman\n\n\nIsrael and Gaza are involved in an escalating firefight that began with the exposure of undercover Israeli soldiers at a militant checkpoint in Gaza over the weekend. The Israeli probe there is part of an ongoing operation to limit Hamas’ ability to wage war. It may seem that this attempt failed, given that several hundred rockets have been fired into Israel. But the strategic situation goes far beyond this exchange.\nPalestinian Divides\nFor the Palestinians, one of their main challenges has been the profound divide between Palestinian groups. The West Bank is controlled by the Palestinian Authority, a descendant of the Palestine Liberation Organization. The PLO is an umbrella organization for various Palestinian factions that all descended from the secular Arab movements that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Gaza, on the other hand, is dominated by Hamas, a different strand of the Palestinian movement that took its bearings from the rise of Islamists. Ideologically, Hamas and the Palestinian Authority diverge profoundly. Strategically, they have different interests in Gaza. The PA had some possibility of creating a viable entity there and made formal and informal arrangements with the Israelis to achieve that end. But ultimately, Gaza wasn’t viable. Given its size and population, it was sustainable only through outside support. Any settlement with Israel would leave Gaza permanently unmanageable. But the divergent interests of the PA and Hamas benefited the Israelis. Internal division had been a feature of the Palestinian movement from the beginning, but this sharp ideological and geographical split made it easier for the Israelis to manage the situation.\n\nGaza was contained not only by the Israelis but also by the Egyptians, who saw Hamas’ links to the Muslim Brotherhood as a threat to their interests. The Saudis, on the other hand, saw an opportunity. Saudi Arabia sees itself as the center of Sunni Islam and, therefore, responsible for the religiously oriented Palestinian movements, providing them with military support.\n\nAnother factor was Iran, which also offered Hamas support. The foundation of Iran’s power in the Levant was Hezbollah. It was a Shiite political and military movement that confronted the Israelis during Israel’s invasions of Lebanon and in Israel itself. There was tension between Shiite Iran and Sunni Palestinian groups, but Hamas needed military aid, and Hezbollah and the Iranians were ready and willing to supply it. They provided the rockets that Hamas fired at Israel and the technology Hamas needed to construct rockets of its own. Israel was thus militarily diverted in two directions: to the north in Lebanon and to the south in Gaza. Neither posed an existential threat to Israel, but together they were a significant force drawing Israeli attention in multiple directions.\n\n\n\nIranian Expansion\nAfter the U.S. withdrawal from the region, the spread of Iranian power created a new strategic dynamic. Saudi Arabia and Israel had a common interest in containing Iran, and Iran’s connection to Hamas concerned both. The Saudis seemed to support Israel’s efforts to shift Hamas away from confrontation. As the main supplier of non-lethal aid, the Saudis had massive influence over Hamas, and in recent weeks, the group indicated it was interested in some settlement with Israel and displacing PA as the main representative of Palestinians.\n\nThe shift in Hamas’ posture had to alarm the Iranians. Gaza was not an existential threat to them, but its ability to divert Israel’s focus and shift logistical support would be an asset in any potential conflict with Israel. I speculate now that the Saudi pressure to accommodate Israel may have resulted in Iranian counter-pressure, and the increasing Israeli probes were in some way connected to this. Gaza would be permanently crippled if it accepted the Saudi status quo and, therefore, continued working with Iran, as covertly as possible.\n\nFor Israel, the real strategic problem is that Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa are the heart of the country and where its population is concentrated. If they were to come under massive rocket and missile fire, the losses would likely be unacceptable. Israel, therefore, must pre-empt any possible attack from Iran. U.S. economic pressure on Tehran has weakened the regime, but that has not changed the strategic problem Israel faces.\n\nGaza is therefore not the real problem. The real problem is the peripheral threat from the north, east and south. The Israeli military has no way to instantaneously destroy all the rockets that can be launched from these positions. Any Israeli attack, therefore, would take an extended period of time and might require ground forces. And once the Israelis begin such an operation, the Iranians would be able to launch a large number of missiles toward the main population hubs. Israel would thus have to engage its entire periphery simultaneously. It’s unlikely Israel would use nuclear weapons given the proximity and high probability of nuclear fallout reaching Israel. An Israeli assault must be conventional and very quickly effective. A difficult task, to say the least.\n\nIt would also have to be pre-emptive. If Iran were to initiate war, Israel would be in the worst position possible. It can’t assume Iran won’t act, nor can it assume that a pre-emptive strike would even work.\nRussian Interests\nAs odd as it seems, the matter may come down to the Russians. If they block Israeli aircraft attacking Syria, then Israel has the choice of backing down or attacking Russian facilities, making the situation even more unmanageable. What Israel needs is for the Russians to force Iran to withdraw its missiles from Syria. Gaza is manageable, and with the Syrian problem eliminated, Israel would face only one remaining threat: Hezbollah in Lebanon. Indeed, without Gaza and Syria involved, Hezbollah might not be willing to begin an exchange.\n\nThe Russians don’t want to see Israel attacked, and they don’t want to face an Israeli assault either. Russia would be at a disadvantage, and it has little desire to deploy more forces to the region. And while it has no love for Iran, it doesn’t want to force the Syrians have to choose between Russia and Iran. The Syrian army is far larger than the Russian force in place, and superior training and weapons don’t always compensate for numbers. Russia’s presence in Syria is getting more complicated by the day, but it can’t withdraw without giving up the one thing it sought in Syria in the first place: credibility. It can act quietly against Iranian missiles but can’t guarantee their withdrawal.\n\nIt’s for this reason that the U.S. abandoned the nuclear agreement with the Iranians and demanded they halt the construction of missiles. Long-range missiles in Iran would turn Israel’s problem insoluble without rapid, aggressive action, which the U.S. doesn’t want at a time when the situation throughout the region is volatile.\nThe Least Dangerous Force\nThe current fighting in Gaza is part of years of sporadic conflict, but there’s more to it. The spread of Iranian power has threatened Sunni Arabs in the region, particularly the Saudis. Now it has reached the point of forcing Israel to consider pre-emptive action, and Gaza is the least dangerous force with which it can deal. The Israelis clearly didn’t take Hamas’ offers for an agreement seriously, likely due to its rocket production capabilities.\n\nThe Israelis have warned the Lebanese about Hezbollah’s rockets. They have insisted that the Russians permit continued airstrikes against Iranian positions in Syria without warning. And they are taking rocket fire from Gaza. All these events are in some way connected to the massive growth in Iranian power. The Iranians, though, are facing severe economic pressure and may see confrontation with Israel as the kind of national security event that could boost patriotism and allow citizens to forget their economic hardships.\n\nMeanwhile, intense talks are undoubtedly underway. The Americans are using their new favorite weapon – economic warfare – against Iran and avoiding military involvement. The Russians are getting the old sinking feeling of foreigners intervening in the Middle East. The Israelis are contemplating full peripheral warfare. It comes down to how badly the Iranians want to hold their current position, and the extent to which they are willing to back down. The possibility of a defeat might be enough to force them to choose another day.\n\n\n\nKevin Jeys rode out the Camp Fire in his home in Paradise, Calif., despite orders to evacuate. / CreditJ ason Henry for The New York Times\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMr. Jeys said he had stayed behind because he could not move his pets, which include three cats and a bearded dragon.\n\nMr. Jeys said he had stayed behind because he could not move his pets, which include three cats and a bearded dragon. / Credit Jason Henry for The New York Times\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInvestigators are trying to determine why some homes remain standing in Paradise, while others were reduced to ash.CreditJason Henry for The New York Times\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5911323428153992}
+{"content": "Christmas (2015) is coming!\n\nThis year, the front page of will feature an advent calendar. Behind each door, there will be a puzzle with a three digit solution.\nAs you solve the puzzles, your answers will be stored in a cookie. Behind the door on Christmas Day, there will be a form allowing you to submit your answers. The first person to submit the correct answers will win this array of prizes:\nThe prizes include an t-shirt, a DVD of Full Frontal Nerdity and a beautiful 2015 winner's medal:\nI will be adding to the pile of prizes throughout December.\nThe next nine people to submit the correct answers will win a winner's medal plus a smaller goody bag of prizes. If less than ten correct entries are submitted, prizes will be given to those with one incorrect answer, then those with two incorrect answers and so on.\nTo win a prize, you must submit your entry before the start of 2016. Only one entry will be accepted per person. Once ten correct entries have been submitted, I will add a note here and below the calendar. If you have any questions, ask them in the comments below or on Twitter.\nEdit: The winners and answers can now be found here.\n\nSimilar posts\n\nChristmas (2019) is coming!\nChristmas (2018) is over\nChristmas (2018) is coming!\nChristmas (2017) is over\n\n\n@Anonymous2: Other winners and answers will be available from 1st January\nHow many wrong answers do I have ? And when will you publish the solutions ?\n@Anonymous1: You are (now) correct and on the leaderboard. Well done!\nI've submitted my answer! On Christmas too! It's just that I sorta crammed all of the answers today :/\n\nAre you allowed to tell me if I am correct?\nI'm so glad for OEIS.\n\nhint hint\n Add a Comment \n\n\n\n\nShow me a random blog post\n\nJan 2020\n\nMatrix multiplication\nChristmas (2019) is over\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n▼ show ▼\n\n\nroyal institution countdown map projections london chalkdust magazine binary electromagnetic field the aperiodical programming asteroids sorting harriss spiral golden ratio rugby puzzles sport menace captain scarlet palindromes talking maths in public estimation wool statistics cross stitch data visualisation triangles manchester science festival football mathsjam nine men's morris final fantasy games gerry anderson raspberry pi manchester london underground reuleaux polygons national lottery ternary hats fractals logic geometry error bars php simultaneous equations flexagons javascript craft folding tube maps martin gardner radio 4 chebyshev realhats twitter curvature advent calendar inline code bodmas christmas card matt parker accuracy weather station royal baby graph theory folding paper pizza cutting go polynomials mathsteroids matrices misleading statistics video games sound books big internet math-off dragon curves speed platonic solids trigonometry propositional calculus coins machine learning braiding european cup oeis noughts and crosses stickers hannah fry arithmetic cambridge pac-man tennis golden spiral probability latex rhombicuboctahedron light game show probability plastic ratio bubble bobble matrix multiplication a gamut of games people maths chess frobel world cup mathslogicbot approximation tmip data python pythagoras news hexapawn reddit interpolation draughts dataset christmas dates game of life\n\n\nShow me a random blog post\n▼ show ▼\n© Matthew Scroggs 2012–2020", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6917246580123901}
+{"content": "What the Opera House would have looked like\nWhen excavations were taking place during the 1870s to construct a new edifice on the site of what today is the Norman Shaw complex near Westminster station, the builders came across the bed of a creek that surrounded Thorney Island. The edifice was no ordinary building. It was planned by James Mapleson, an impressario, to be the grandest opera house in Europe. It was not only planned but it was largely completed until Mapleson ran out of money. The building then fell into disuse and was eventually demolished. \n\nBut not completely. The foundations were kept - and are still there today. When Scotland Yard took over in 1890 some of the rooms originally built for opera stars were converted into cells for prisoners. One of the subterranean passages built as part of the opera house was connected to a platform on the District Line at Westminster Station. Another passage was reported to go to Parliament to give peers and MPs easy access to the opera. The building was put to good use by the metropolitan police. But is is sad to think that Thorney Island missed out on an opera house of its own.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9338782429695129}
+{"content": "Airyolland Farm\n\nDecoupled Utopia\n\nI was shocked to read in the FW that I’d got rid of half my sheep - I didn’t know!  Guy Smith announced the news in his opinion piece (17th May).  This will almost certainly trigger an inspection by RPID as I have clearly deceived them with my flock numbers over the last ten years.  Even worse it has led to tension between me and Mrs McQ\n\nShe owns half of the Airyolland flock so she’s demanding to know if I’ve got rid of her half or my half.  I had led her to believe that we’ve reduced our sheep numbers by only 20% since support was decoupled.  However, the 100 extra pedigree Beltex ewes that replaced 250 commercial Blackie ewes means there is now more work for us to do.  But I’ve told her it’s worth it; the higher value of the Beltex lambs means we now get more of our income from the market.  That’s the thing that makes me happy, it’s decoupled utopia as far as I’m concerned.\n\n\n\nThe last few words of Guy’s column made me want to howl at the moon and chase the post van and bite its tyres.  It was the bit where he questioned the way that the current CAP has reduced European food production in a world that is increasingly short of food that sent me off on one.\n\n\nThere will be a farmer at every meeting you go to where the CAP is discussed that starts to bang on about how the world is short of food.  He will find any excuse to deliver an impassioned plea for the starving people in the world.  More often than not, he’ll be a fairly glossy looking character who arrived in a vehicle that would cost about the same as the GDP of a third world country. His oration about how the world is starving and the powers that be are more interested in birds and bugs will always be met with rapturous applause.  It’s a real crowd pleaser if ever there was one.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe great bulk of Europe’s citizens want the CAP to deliver wholesome food and clean water that doesn’t, literally cost the earth.  I don’t see too many of them campaigning to have farmland and water supplies pushed to the limit of endurance and safety because of their concern for the poor and the hungry in the rest of the world.  Bob Geldof and others spearhead charities similar to ‘Send a Cow’ that try and address poverty and hunger; it’s not what the CAP is about.\n\nGovernments also demonstrate their largess by giving aid to third world countries but they will always be mindful that charity begins at home.  Farmers are just the same.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8258240222930908}
+{"content": "Meaning of the Zodiac Sign Leo\n\nLeo is a Fiery Sign – a sign of Hercules and the Lion. People born under this Zodiac sign possess great personal magnetism and are often entrepreneurs, entertainers and artists.\n\nThe Sun enters the Zodiacal House of Leo on the 23rd of July and remains there until the 23rd of August. The constellation of stars bearing the name of Leo with more than seventy stars visible to the naked eye is situated in the Northern Hemisphere, close to the Great Bear constellation. The largest star is know as Regulus and has been used for navigation at sea in the past.\n\n\n\n\nIn ancient Greek mythology the Sun was embodied by Apollo. With the zodiac sign of Leo we also relate the story of Hercules and the Nemean lion. The killing of the Nemean lion was the first of the 12 labors of Hercules. The lion was a fearsome beast that terrorized the land of Nemea, Greece. Hercules found it difficult to kill the lion whose skin was impervious to metal, stone and wood. Hercules had to use his bare hands, strangling the animal and removing its skin to wear it afterward as a cloak. In order to find lion��s weakness, Hercules had to study, observe and track it for weeks. That’s indeed what dedicated, heart centered work means, and that kind of work is expected from Leo.\n\nsymbol of the zodiac sign of leoFighting the lion is a metaphor of the creative process that the sign of Leo has to face head on. Note how Hercules went to fight the lion bare-handed. He only had himself. Likewise, the zodiac sign of Leo is destined to work on and perfect the art of self-expression.\n\nAstrological Personality Traits of Leo\n\n\nPeople born in this sign are capable of formulating ideas quickly and can adapt well known fact and ideas giving them new purpose and meanings. Having a sharp mind, they can surprise their listeners by the apparent mastery over the subject of discussion. They possess a keen appreciation of art and are very fond of beautiful and harmonious surroundings.\n\nLeo is capable to consider things from a real, practical standpoint, which leads to scorning trivial or minor actions. That’s why you can often see how Leonians are able to elevate their position from an ordinary crafts-person or artisan to a rich magnate.\n\nLeo in Relationships\n\n\n\n\n\nIn love and intimate relationships, due to their idealistic views and emotional nature, they have high standard of excellence. That attitude can lead to endowing the object of their love and affection with fictitious, imaginary attributes. This, in turn, can lead to Leo’s frequent disappointments and mistakes in judgments.  However, because of their great tolerance and sympathy for the feelings of others, and due to their self-control, they can adapt themselves to any conditions and circumstances.\n\nIf not conscious enough, or under the influence of the negative aspects of the planets, Leo personalities can become unintelligent braggers and reckless investors. If that’s the case, they will stop at nothing to become popular and stand out. They will make risky decisions and engage in careless speculations, which may ultimately lead to them losing heavily.\n\nOn the negative side, Leo personality can be vain, arrogant, autocratic and cruel. The lion of Nemea can be seen as a representation of the ego of Leo and their negative side. The untamed and raw energy of the lion represent the passions that can fuel the ambitions of this sign if conquered and properly directed. By metaphorically fighting with the lion, Leo can find out how to master the ego and control the impulses of their lower nature. The exactly same symbolism can be seen in the Strength Tarot Card (which is the tarot card of Leo) that depicts a woman that stands beside a lion and holds the beast’s jaws with her hands.\n\nBrilliant and versatile as they are, they can be very successful in avoiding the consequences of their imprudence. Some of the best actors, writers, artists, inventors, jewelers and above all leaders, commanders and officers are born in the Zodiac sign of Leo.\n\nWhen it comes to partnerships and marriage, the most harmonious relationships is achieved with people born during the period of Libra, Gemini, Aries and Sagittarius.\n\nFind out more about the spiritual and mystical properties of Leo here.\n\nBirthstones of Leo\n\nThe gemstones of Leo are Rock Crystal, Sardonyx, Chrysolite, Tourmaline, and Amber. Their mystical birthstone is Rock Crystal. The modern and traditional birthstones of this sign can be found here.\n\n\nIn the following we present a great comment from Mari R regarding this Zodiac sign. Enjoy!\n\n“While I do like much of your site, I really disagree with Leo’s portrayal.\n\nLeo is the mighty and fierce lion of the Zodiac and it’s only natural apex predator. As such, it should not be seen as the “artist” or “entertainer,” but the warrior-king and conqueror and many do end up going into the military or some other physical field. These archetypes better reflect the nature of the animal Leo is as well as its fierce origin as the near invincible Nemean Lion who fought Hercules himself and who even managed to bite off his finger. Many ancient astrologers like Marcus Manilius and Firmicus Maternus both described Leo with warrior qualities.\n\nLeo is fierce, powerful, temperamental, courageous, passionate, determined, and headstrong, not just the soft qualities of “generous, sympathetic, warm, or joyous.”\n\nHercules’ First Labour was also about physical strength and Leo’s association with the Strength Tarot Card signifies all types of strength.\n\nIts rulership of the 5th House includes sports and athletics and even financial risks, not just the exaggerated creative arts or romantic affairs. So many Leos also become great athletes or businessmen.\n\nLeo also rules over forests and mountains which means that both they enjoy the outdoors and their alone time so they don’t always need attention or luxury. (In fact, Aries was more the “luxurious” sign in medieval astrology than Leo).\n\nSo I just hope that Leo’s fiercer and more dominant traits are kept in mind in the future. Leo’s not a show kitty, but a fierce and powerful lion and should be described as such. Their great strength should’ve also been mentioned, not just for Aries or Scorpio and I really hope those qualities get included in the article too.\n\nOne last correction is that “Aries” the ram is a different being from “Ares” the Greek god of war. The two are not the same, although they’re often mistaken as such only because Aries is ruled by Mars (whose Roman aspect was actually much calmer and more strategic than his Greek counterpart which makes more sense since Aries rules the head).\n\nThanks for listening,\n\nMari R. “", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7215160727500916}
+{"content": "• 9,49 €\n\nDescription de l’éditeur\n\nA comprehensive analysis of racial disparities and the determinants of entrepreneurial performance—in particular, why Asian-owned businesses on average perform relatively well and why black-owned businesses typically do not.\n\nThirteen million people in the United States—roughly one in ten workers—own a business. And yet rates of business ownership among African Americans are much lower and have been so throughout the twentieth century. In addition, and perhaps more importantly, businesses owned by African Americans tend to have lower sales, fewer employees and smaller payrolls, lower profits, and higher closure rates. In contrast, Asian American-owned businesses tend to be more successful. In Race and Entrepreneurial Success, minority entrepreneurship authorities Robert Fairlie and Alicia Robb examine racial disparities in business performance. Drawing on the rarely used, restricted-access Characteristics of Business Owners (CBO) dataset compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau, Fairlie and Robb examine in particular why Asian-owned firms perform well in comparison to white-owned businesses and black-owned firms typically do not. They also explore the broader question of why some entrepreneurs are successful and others are not. After providing new comprehensive estimates of recent trends in minority business ownership and performance, the authors examine the importance of human capital, financial capital, and family business background in successful business ownership. They find that a high level of startup capital is the most important factor contributing to the success of Asian-owned businesses, and that the lack of startup money for black businesses (attributable to the fact that nearly half of all black families have less than $6,000 in total wealth) contributes to their relative lack of success. In addition, higher education levels among Asian business owners explain much of their success relative to both white- and African American-owned businesses. Finally, Fairlie and Robb find that black entrepreneurs have fewer opportunities than white entrepreneurs to acquire valuable pre-business work experience through working in family businesses.\n\nEntreprise et management\n11 juillet\nThe MIT Press", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.76118403673172}
+{"content": "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Sequel Officially Announced\n\nThere's no such thing as a perfect comic book movie, but the folks at Sony came about as close as you can at the end of 2018. Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse is one of the most beloved superhero films out there, and it swept through the awards season last year on its way to toppling Incredibles 2 and taking home the Academy Award for Best Animated Film. It should come as no surprise, especially given the film's ending, that Spider-Verse is getting a sequel. Fans want more of Miles Morales and his friends and Sony has finally confirmed that the follow-up film is on the way. Spider-Verse 2 is very much a real thing, and it's hitting theaters in a couple of years.\n\nOn Friday afternoon, Sony announced in a Tweet that Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse 2 would be arriving on April 8, 2022. This may seem like a long way off, and no one wants to wait another two and a half years for Spider-Verse 2, but that's probably the soonest a movie like this could possibly be ready. Considering how unique the animation style is, the Spider-Verse movies will always take quite a bit of time.\n\nYou can check out the official announcement from Sony below!\n\nThe Spider-Verse social media accounts had teased that a big announcement would be coming soon, and the release date of a sequel certainly fits that bill. Of course, the team behind Spider-Verse has been pulling for an entire franchise for quite a while.\n\nProducers Phil Lord and Chris Miller told ComicBook.com recently that they wanted to make Spider-Verse the \"tip of the iceberg\" for an entire universe of characters.\n\n\"Look, we wanted to make a movie that felt like it was the tip of the iceberg,\" Lord explained. \"You could imagine all of these other things. So it's music to our ears that people could imagine a Spider-Noir film, and the Spider-Ham insane cartoon.\"\n\n\n\"Right. We still have the horse,\" Chris Miller added. \"We've got to put the cart behind it. So we'll let it ride down the road a few blocks before we get too big for our britches.\"\n\nAre you excited for the Spider-Verse sequel? Let us know in the comments!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6652257442474365}
+{"content": "It's not the same without you\n\n\nAtlassian Community Hero Image Collage\n\nBrackets removed after saving Query Filter\n\nI'm trying to use a JQL Query Filter to display subtasks for specific users in my Scrum Board. For tasks I want to look at the 'Assignee' field but for stories, I want to refer to the 'QA' field (which is a custom field). So, I'm creating a query like:\n\nproject = DEV AND ((type = Story AND QA = user1) OR (type in (Defect, Development, QA, Sub-task) AND assignee = user1)).\n\nI save the query and I see some results but they don't look right so I try to go back to the query filter and see the query. I see that it has been changed to:\n\nproject = DEV AND (type = Story AND QA = user1 OR type in (Defect, Development, QA, Sub-task) AND assignee = user1)\n\nYou will notice that JIRA has removed one pair of outer brackets. So, a query like ((A AND B) OR (C AND D)) is being changed to A AND B OR C AND D. I'll have to write out the truth table to confirm but I believe that these two queries will not produce the same results. Can somebody from Atlassian please review this and respond?\n\n4 answers\n\n0 votes\nWarren Community Leader Oct 15, 2019\n\nHi @Swaroop Rao \n\nIf you want someone from Atlassian to review this, you may need to raise a support ticket, but i would probably confirm via a truth table that it isn't working first.\n\nMy question is - if you have the query set up, with all brackets as you want them, before saving, what happens if you run the query? Do you get the expected results? Or does it automatically remove brackets, even without saving?\n\nI tried a query with the same structure of brackets and ANDs and ORs, but prior to saving it ran and didn't remove brackets (returned 2471 rows). I then saved it and it removed both sets of inner brackets, but still returned 2471 rows.\n\n0 votes\n\n@Swaroop Rao \n\nYou can follow this issue:\n\nThe results should not vary though but Jira does remove nested parenthesis. It is annoying to read your own JQL after few weeks and understand the logic.\n\nTry creating filters for your sub queries and use it in the JQL like filter = \"filter 1\" AND filter = \"filter 2\". It will improve the readability.\n\n\nI created the truth table for both queries and I DO see differences in the results. I'm pasting a screenshot of the truth table. Unless there's something else I'm missing here, I think Atlassian should review this functionality and ensure that it preserves the brackets exactly as the user specified them.Screen Shot 2019-10-15 at 12.05.22 PM.png\n\nI love this :) brings back memories.\n\nAnyways for without parenthesis column what is your operator precedence - left to right or right to left?\n\nActually, I found a bug in my Excel formula. I have redone the calculation and still see a mismatch. I'm pasting a new screenshot below for this.\n\nIn Excel, I used the following formula to simulate the L-to-R computation that Atlassian uses. \n\n\nScreen Shot 2019-10-15 at 12.24.33 PM.png\n\n@Ravi Sagar -Adaptavist- you think it brings back memories? Imagine my plight...I graduated from college more than 30 years ago! I'm too old to even remember when I learned truth tables! Probably around 1985 or 1986!\n\nYeah I am not old :p\n\nIf results are inconsistent then try creating a filter for sub queries. \n\nThe Atlassian documentation says L to R but your truth table says something else. I guess the parentheses are still respected (at least in most cases). \n\n0 votes\nPayne Community Leader Oct 15, 2019\n\nThe best I can tell, Jira JQL gives precedence to AND over OR, so that\n\n\nis equivalent to\n\n\nSuggest an answer\n\nLog in or Sign up to answer\nCommunity showcase\nPublished in Jira\n\nIntroducing new features for Jira Software Cloud's roadmap\n\nHi Atlassian community, A few months ago, we offered a sneak peak of the new hierarchy view on the roadmap. Thank you for all the feedback (and excitement) and for helping us shape the direction of...\n\n24,919 views 116 85\nRead article\n\nCommunity Events\n\n\nFind an event\n\n\nUnfortunately there are no Community Events near you at the moment.\n\nHost an event\n\n\nEvents near you", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.543306827545166}
+{"content": "Back to selection\n\nNYFF 2019 Announces Main Slate Titles\n\nScarlett Johansson and Adam Driver in Marriage Story\n\nNYFF has announced the main slate for this year’s edition, set to run from September 27 to October 13. In addition to the previously announced opening night (Martin Scorsese’s The Irishman), centerpiece (Noah Baumbach’s Marriage Story) and closing night screenings (Edward Norton’s Motherless Brooklyn), 23 titles have been announced. In addition to expected titles from established auteurs including Pedro Almodóvar, Kelly Reichardt, the Dardennes brothers, Arnaud Desplechin and Bong Joon-ho’s Palme d’Or-winning Parasite, the selection includes deeper cuts like Pietro Marcello’s loose Jack London adaptation Martin Eden and Oliver Laxe’s Fire Will Come, the third feature from the director of You All Are Captains and Mimosas. Below, from the press release, the full slate.\n\nOpening Night\n\nThe Irishman\nDir. Martin Scorsese, USA\nWorld Premiere\n\n\nMarriage Story\nDir. Noah Baumbach, USA, 136m\nNoah Baumbach’s new film is about the rapid tangling and gradual untangling of impetuosity, resentment, and abiding love between a married couple negotiating their divorce and the custody of their son. Adam Driver is Charlie, a 100-percent New York experimental theater director; Scarlett Johansson is Nicole, his principal actress and soon-to-be L.A.-based ex-wife. Their “amicable” breakup devolves, one painful rash response and hostile counter-response at a time, into a legal battlefield, led on Nicole’s side by Laura Dern and on Charlie’s side by “nice” Alan Alda and “not-so-nice” Ray Liotta. What is so remarkable about Marriage Story is its frank understanding of the emotional fluctuations between Charlie and Nicole: they are both short-sighted, both occasionally petty, both vindictive, and both loving. The film is as harrowing as it is hilarious as it is deeply moving. With Merritt Wever and Julie Hagerty as Nicole’s sister and mom, and Azhy Robertson as their beloved son, Henry. A Netflix release.\n\nClosing Night\n\nMotherless Brooklyn\nDir. Edward Norton, USA, 144m\nIn an unusually bold adaptation, writer-director-producer Edward Norton has transplanted the main character of Jonathan Lethem’s best-selling novel Motherless Brooklyn from modern Brooklyn into an entirely new, richly woven neo-noir narrative, reset in 1950s New York. Emotionally shattered by a botched job, Lionel Essrog (Norton), a lonely private detective with Tourette syndrome, finds himself drawn into a multilayered conspiracy that expands to encompass the city’s ever-growing racial divide and the devious personal and political machinations of a Robert Moses–like master builder, played by Alec Baldwin. Featuring a rigorously controlled star turn by Norton and outstanding additional supporting performances by Bruce Willis, Willem Dafoe, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Bobby Cannavale, Leslie Mann, and Cherry Jones, plus a haunting soundtrack (featuring a score by Daniel Pemberton, with orchestration by Wynton Marsalis, and an original song by Thom Yorke), Motherless Brooklyn is the kind of movie Hollywood almost never makes anymore, and a complexly conceived, robust evocation of a bygone era of New York that speaks to our present moment. A Warner Bros. Picture.\n\nAtlantics: A Ghost Love Story\nDir. Mati Diop, France/Senegal/Belgium, 105m\nU.S. Premiere\n\nDir. Kleber Mendonça Filho and Juliano Dornelles, Brazil, 130m\nU.S. Premiere\nA vibrant, richly diverse backcountry Brazilian town finds its sun-dappled day-to-day disturbed when its inhabitants become the targets of a group of marauding, wealthy tourists. The perpetrators of this Most Dangerous Game–esque class warfare, however, may have met their match in the fed-up, resourceful denizens of little Bacurau. Those who remember Kleber Mendonça Filho’s wonderful NYFF54 crowd-pleaser Aquarius starring Sonia Braga—who appears here in a memorable supporting role—might be surprised by the new terrain and occasional ultraviolence of his latest, codirected with his longtime production designer Juliano Dornelles. Yet this wild shape-shifter shares with that film the exhilaration of witnessing society’s forgotten and marginalized standing up for themselves by any means necessary. With references to the fearless genre works of John Carpenter, George Miller, and Sergio Leone, Bacurau, winner of the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival, is a vividly angry power-to-the-people fable like no other. A Kino Lorber release.\n\nDir. Kantemir Balagov, Russia, 130m\nIn immediate post-WWII Leningrad, two women, Iya and Masha (astonishing newcomers Viktoria Miroshnichenko and Vasilisa Perelygina), intensely bonded after fighting side by side as anti-aircraft gunners, attempt to readjust to a haunted world. As the film begins, Iya, long and slender and towering over everyone—hence the film’s title—works as a nurse in a shell-shocked hospital, presiding over traumatized soldiers. A shocking accident brings them closer and also seals their fates. The 27-year-old Russian director Kantemir Balagov—whose debut feature Closeness caused a stir at Cannes and the New Directors/New Films festival just last year—won Un Certain Regard’s Best Director prize at this year’s Cannes Film Festival for this richly burnished, occasionally harrowing rendering of the persistent scars of war.\n\nFire Will Come\nDir. Oliver Laxe, Spain/France/Luxembourg, 85m\nU.S. Premiere\nThe beauties and terrors of nature—human and otherwise—drive this extraordinary, elemental new film from Oliver Laxe, in which the verdant Galician landscape becomes the setting for forceful internal and external dramas. After making films abroad for years, interrogating the line between filmmaker and subject in such locales as Tangiers (You Are All Captains) and Morocco (Mimosas), Laxe returns to the rustic village in northwest Spain where his grandparents were born to tell the story of Amador (Amador Arias), who has recently served time in prison for arson and has come home to live with his elderly mother, Benedicta (Benedicta Sanchez)—both played brilliantly by nonprofessional actors. Laxe follows Amador’s day-to-day readjustment, immersing the viewer in the deep eucalyptus forests and vast countryside of northwest Spain, building to an astonishing climax fueled by an uncontrollable fury.\n\nFirst Cow\nDir. Kelly Reichardt, U.S., 121m\n\nA Girl Missing\nDir. Koji Fukada, Japan, 111m\nU.S. Premiere\nDirector Koji Fukada and star Mariko Tsutsui have created one of the most memorable, enigmatic movie protagonists in years in this compelling and beautifully humane drama. Middle-aged Ichiko works as a private nurse in a small town for a family, functioning as caregiver for the entirely female clan’s elderly matriarch, and befriending the two teenage daughters; when one of the girls disappears, Ichiko gets caught up in the resulting media sensation in increasingly surprising and devastating ways. Fukada keeps the story tightly focused on Ichiko’s perspective, illustrating with patience and compassion the different forms of trauma that can be created by one event, and—in keeping with the themes of his internationally acclaimed Harmonium—how easily and frighteningly a life can spiral out of control.\n\nI Was at Home, But…\nDir. Angela Schanelec, Germany, 105m\nU.S. Premiere\n\nDir. Albert Serra, France/Portugal/Spain, 132m\nU.S. Premiere\n\nMartin Eden\nDir. Pietro Marcello, Italy, 129m\nU.S. Premiere\n\nThe Moneychanger\nDir. Federico Veiroj, Uruguay, 97m\nU.S. Premiere\nLeading light of contemporary Uruguayan cinema Federico Veiroj (A Useful Life) specializes in complexly drawn protagonists struggling amidst the specters of professional and personal failures. His new film, based on the 1979 novella Así habló el cambista by fellow countryman Juan Enrique Gruber, is his most ambitious, political, and forceful yet. Set largely in Montevideo, The Moneychanger stars Daniel Hendler in a tightly coiled performance of comical discomfort as Humberto Brause, who takes advantage of Uruguay’s poor economy by specializing in offshore money laundering. Spanning the fifties to the seventies, the film follows Humberto as he gets increasingly in over his head with multiple shady book-cooking schemes throughout South America, leading to an ultimate life-or-death decision.\n\nOh Mercy!\nDir. Arnaud Desplechin, France, 119m\nNorth American Premiere\nIn a change of pace from such recent kaleidoscopic knockouts as My Golden Years (NYFF53) and Ismael’s Ghosts (NYFF55), Arnaud Desplechin shows a different and no less impressive side of his mastery with this taut policier, based on a true murder case. The scene of the crime is Roubaix, the city in Northern France where Desplechin was born and where he’s set many of his films. Here, during a somber Christmas season, a middle-aged, French-Algerian detective is investigating the fatal strangulation of a poor, elderly woman in her apartment, with suspicion falling on her next-door neighbors, two young white women with a complicated interpersonal bond. Desplechin turns what might have been a lurid thriller into a work of engrossing psychological portraiture and socioeconomic inquiry that pays exquisite attention to the nuances of each remarkable performance, including Roschdy Zem as police captain Douad, and Léa Seydoux and Sara Forestier as the suspects.\n\nPain and Glory\nDir. Pedro Almodóvar, Spain, 113m\nPedro Almodóvar cuts straight to the heart with his intensely personal latest, which finds the great Spanish filmmaker tapping into new reservoirs of introspection and emotional warmth. Antonio Banderas deservedly won the Best Actor award at this year’s Cannes Film Festival for his miraculous, internalized portrayal of Salvador Mallo, a director not too subtly modeled on Almodóvar himself, whose growing health problems—including tinnitus, migraines, and spinal pain—and creative block have initiated a midlife reckoning. Moving in and out of time, evoking Salvador’s childhood in the sixties (featuring Penélope Cruz as his doting mother); his years of triumph in the eighties; and present-day Madrid, where he navigates new artistic challenges, Pain and Glory is both a moving summative statement on a career and an indication of more brilliant things to come. A Sony Pictures Classics release.\n\nDir. Bong Joon-ho, South Korea, 132m\nIn Bong Joon-ho’s exhilarating new film, a threadbare family of four struggling to make ends meet gradually hatches a scheme to work for, and as a result infiltrate, the wealthy household of an entrepreneur, his seemingly frivolous wife, and their troubled kids. How they go about doing this—and how their best-laid plans spiral out to destruction and madness—constitutes one of the wildest, scariest, and most unexpectedly affecting movies in years, a portrayal of contemporary class resentment that deservedly won the Cannes Film Festival’s Palme d’Or. As with all of this South Korean filmmaker’s best works, Parasite is both rollicking and ruminative in its depiction of the extremes to which human beings push themselves in a world of unending, unbridgeable economic inequality. A NEON release.\n\nFilm Comment Presents\nPortrait of a Lady on Fire\nDir. Céline Sciamma, France, 121m\n\nSaturday Fiction\nDir. Lou Ye, China, 125m\nU.S. Premiere\n\nDir. Justine Triet, France/Belgium, 100m\nU.S. Premiere\n\nDir. Nadav Lapid, France/Israel/Germany, 123m\nU.S. Premiere\nIn his lacerating third feature, director Nadav Lapid’s camera races to keep up with the adventures of peripatetic Yoav (Tom Mercier), a disillusioned Israeli who has absconded to Paris following his military training. Having disavowed Hebrew, he devotes himself to learning the intricacies of the French language, falls into an emotional and intellectual triangle with a wealthy bohemian couple (Quentin Dolmaire and Louise Chevillotte), and frequently finds himself objectified, both politically and sexually. A powerful expression of the impossibility of escaping one’s roots, Synonymsis, even after the unforgettable Policeman (NYFF48) and The Kindergarten Teacher, Lapid’s boldest and most haunting work yet, a film about language and physicality, masculinity and nationhood. A Kino Lorber release.\n\nTo the Ends of the Earth\nDir. Kiyoshi Kurosawa, Japan, 120m\nU.S. Premiere\nFor more than two decades, Kiyoshi Kurosawa has been at the artistic forefront of Japanese cinema, bending the form to his own singular, internalized rhythms in such films as Cure, Pulse, and Tokyo Sonata (NYFF46). His latest is no exception, an unexpected narrative following Yoko (former J-pop idol Atsuko Maeda), a television host whose trip to Uzbekistan to shoot an episode of her reality travel show begins to dissolve her chipper persona, revealing the paranoia and dislocation beneath. Filled with absurdly humorous set pieces, and climaxing with a cathartic burst unprecedented in Kurosawa’s oeuvre, To the Ends of the Earth is both an entertaining tale of culture clash and a penetrating depiction of a young woman’s alienation and anxiety that pushes the director’s craft into new, mysterious, and enormously emotional realms.\n\nThe Traitor\nDir. Marco Bellocchio, Italy, 145m\nU.S. Premiere\nSince the galvanizing burst of his unforgettable debut feature Fists in the Pocket (NYFF3), Marco Bellocchio has remained an Italian auteur of rigor and fury, representing social unrest in stories that range from the intimate to the epochal. In his 80th year, he has returned with one of his most compelling films. Pierfrancesco Favino commands the screen throughout this decades-spanning true-life narrative as Tommaso Buscetta, the mafia boss turned informant who helped take down a large swath of organized crime leaders in Sicily in the eighties. In one fully realized, impressively staged scene after another, including the notorious Maxi Trial, overseen by Judge Giovanni Falcone (Fausto Russo Alesi), Bellocchio interrogates received ideas about loyalty that so many other movies of this genre use to romanticize their characters. This is a very different kind of mafia drama, one that has the structure of a procedural but coasts on the waves of psychological portraiture. A Sony Pictures Classics release.\n\nVarda by Agnès\nDir. Agnès Varda, France, 115m\n\nVitalina Varela\nDir. Pedro Costa, Portugal, 124m\nU.S. Premiere\nPortuguese director Pedro Costa has continually returned in his films to the Fontainhas neighborhood, a shantytown on the outskirts of Lisbon that’s home to largely immigrant communities. Not merely a chronicler of the poor and dispossessed, Costa renders onscreen characters that exist somewhere between real and fictional, the living and the dead. His latest, a film of deeply concentrated beauty, stars nonprofessional actor Vitalina Varela in a truly remarkable performance. Reprising and expanding upon her haunted supporting role from Costa’s Horse Money (NYFF52), she plays a Cape Verdean woman who has come to Fontainhas for her husband’s funeral after being separated from him for decades due to economic circumstance, and despite her alienation begins to establish a new life there. The grief of the present and the ghosts of the past commingle in Costa’s ravishing chiaroscuro compositions, a film of shadow and whisper that might be the director’s most visually extraordinary work. A Grasshopper Film release.\n\nWasp Network\nDir. Olivier Assayas, France/Spain/Brazil, 127m\nU.S. Premiere\nOlivier Assayas brings his customary style and urgency to an unexpected subject in this epic chronicle of a small group of Cuban defectors in Miami who in the early nineties established a spy web to infiltrate anti-Castroist terrorist groups carrying out violent attacks on Cuban soil. Amidst a dazzling ensemble that includes Gael García Bernal, Wagner Moura, Ana de Armas, and Leonardo Sbaraglia, Assayas mostly centers on the saga of network member René Gonzalez (Édgar Ramírez, star of Assayas’s Carlos, NYFF48) and his wife Olga (Penélope Cruz, in a superb performance of complex emotional transparency), who for many years is kept in the dark about René’s double life in America. Inspired by Fernando Morais’s meticulously researched book The Last Soldiers of the Cold War, Wasp Network is a nuanced, gripping thriller from one of the world’s most adventurous, globe-hopping filmmakers, told with journalistic detail and vivid sympathy for those Cubans in exile who sought liberation back home while being targeted by the U.S. government.\n\nThe Whistlers\nDir. Corneliu Porumboiu, Romania, 98m\nIn a delightful twist, leading Romanian director Corneliu Porumboiu, whose inventive comedies such as Police, Adjective (NYFF47) and The Treasure (NYFF53) have for more than a decade brought deadpan charm and political perceptiveness to his country’s cinematic renaissance, has made his first all-out genre film—a clever, swift, and elegant neo-noir with a wonderfully off-kilter central conceit. Easily corruptible Bucharest police detective Cristi—played by the eternally stoic Vlad Ivanov—arrives on the mist-enshrouded Canary Island of La Gomera, where he learns a clandestine, tribal language, improbably made entirely out of whistling; this form of hidden communication will keep his superiors off his trail as he becomes increasingly embroiled in a convoluted gangster scheme involving a stash of Euros hidden in a mattress and a sultry femme fatale named, of course, Gilda. Porumboiu’s take on the crime drama furthers his explorations of the intricacies and limitations of language, but is also his most playful, even exuberant, film. A Magnolia Pictures release.\n\nThe Wild Goose Lake\nDir. Diao Yinan, China/France, 112m\nU.S. Premiere\nChinese director Diao Yinan’s much anticipated follow-up to his breakthrough noir Black Coal, Thin Ice is an altogether more colorful crime drama. A formalist gangster thriller drenched in reds and blues, though imbued with a melancholic tone that speaks to contemporary China’s vast economic disparities, the elegantly down-and-dirty The Wild Goose Lake, set in the nooks and crannies of densely populated Wuhan, follows the desperate attempts of small-time mob boss Zhou Zenong (the charismatic Hu Ge) to stay alive after he mistakenly kills a cop and a dead-or-alive reward is put on his head. The filmmaker proves his action bona fides in a series of stylized set pieces and violent shocks—including a showstopper on a stolen motorbike—simultaneously devising a romance between Zhou and a mysterious young woman (Gwei Lun-mei) who’s out to either help or betray him. Diao deftly keeps multiple characters and chronologies spinning, all the while creating an atmosphere thick with eroticism and danger. A Film Movement release.\n\nYoung Ahmed\nDir. Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, Belgium, 84m\nNorth American Premiere\nThe Dardenne Brothers won this year’s Best Director award at the Cannes Film Festival for this brave new work, another intimate portrayal-in-furious-motion of a protagonist in crisis. The filmmakers’ radical empathy alights on a Muslim teenager (extraordinary first-time actor Idir Ben Addi) in a small Belgian town who is being gradually radicalized into extremism despite the desperate protestations of his single mother (Claire Bodson), and who winds up hatching a murderous plot targeting his beloved teacher (Myriem Akheddiou). Taking a serious view of a difficult issue—the effect of fanaticism on the body and soul—the Dardennes here remind viewers why they continue to be at the center of 21st-century cinema.\n\nZombi Child\nDir. Bertrand Bonello, France, 103m\nU.S. Premiere\nAfter giving multiple shots to the arm of contemporary French cinema with such audacious films as House of Tolerance, Saint Laurent (NYFF52), and Nocturama, Bertrand Bonello injects urgency and history into the well-worn walking-dead genre with this unconventional plunge into horror-fantasy. Bonello moves fluidly between 1962 Haiti, where a young man known as Clairvius Narcisse (Mackenson Bijou), made into a zombie by his resentful brother, ends up working as a slave in the sugar cane fields, and a contemporary Paris girls’ boarding school, where a white teenage girl (Louise Labèque) befriends Clairvius’s direct descendant (Wislanda Louimat), who was orphaned in the 2010 Haiti earthquake. These two disparate strands ultimately come together in a film that evokes Jacques Tourneur more than George Romero, and feverishly dissolves boundaries of time and space as it questions colonialist mythmaking. A Film Movement release.\n\n© 2020 Filmmaker Magazine\nAll Rights Reserved\nA Publication of IPF", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.703456699848175}
+{"content": "Highlife artiste, Bisa Kdei, is set to release the video for his song titled ‘APAE’ on Saturday February 4, 2017.\n\nThe song APAE has enjoyed massive social media hype; teasing music lovers and making them anticipate for the full song.\n\nAPAE talks about how men of today find it difficult to spend on their women, but will go the extra mile to bring money home when it requires a bedroom condition.\n\nThe video was shot somewhere in Akuapem and was directed by Yaw Skyface.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9209499955177307}
+{"content": "Three Longs & Three Shorts\n\nNBA exec: ‘It’s the dirty little secret that everybody knows about’\n\nAuthor: Baxter Holmes\nSource: ESPN (\n\nMany of us who endure long commutes and work in businesses where frequent air travel is a must know a thing or two about sleep deprivation. But very few of us understand the full effects of sleep deprivation on our bodies & minds. The ESPN article on players in the American NBA therefore becomes required reading for us.\n“Fatigue has long been a reality of life in the NBA, a league with teams that play 82 games in under six months and fly up to 50,000 miles per season — roughly 20,000 more miles each season than NFL teams and far enough to circle the globe twice. Over the 2018-19 season, the average NBA team played every 2.07 days, had 13.3 back-to-back sets and flew the equivalent of 250 miles a day for 25 straight weeks.”\nThis sort of playing schedule imposes severe loads on players’ bodies. Take for example a player called Tobias Harris. “This is how Tobias Harris rolls: On off-days, he’ll make sure he’s done with everything by 6 p.m. so he can be in bed by 8:30 to achieve his nightly goal of nine hours of sleep. On game nights, he kick-starts his recovery as soon as the buzzer sounds. At his locker, he’ll strap a breathing belt around his waist and slip a heart-rate monitor on his index finger. He knows the game has caused his body to release cortisol, a hormone that wakes him up, while suppressing melatonin, the hormone the body naturally produces to regulate sleep. He’s out of balance. So for a few minutes, still wearing his jersey, adrenaline still flowing through his veins, he’ll take several deep breaths, trying to slow his heart rate and breathing until they’re aligned, monitoring his progress on an iPad.\nHe calls this his quiet time. The goal? Re-balance just enough so that once he settles into bed, he can quickly enter a deep, restorative sleep.\nThere’s more. Harris travels with an electroencephalogram machine, examining his brain waves almost daily, engaging in daily 45-minute training sessions. He clips sensors onto each ear, another onto his temple, the three wires leading back into the EEG, then cues up a film or TV show; as the show plays, the EEG reads his brain waves. If they venture outside an optimal range for focus and concentration, the show doesn’t play.\nWhat Harris is doing is called neurofeedback. And although its efficacy has been debated by medical experts, Harris swears by it — believes it arms him with knowledge in his ongoing battle against fatigue.\nThis has been Harris’ routine for the past five seasons. But he’s far from the only NBA player to feel the need to manage the impact of travel and sleep loss.”\nSo what are the negative impacts of lack of sleep? As per the legend that is LeBron James, “There’s nothing more important than optimal REM sleep.”\nPortland Trail Blazers guard CJ McCollum says: “Lack of sleep messes up your recovery, messes up how you play, your cognitive function, your mindset, how you’re moving on the court,” McCollum says. “Sleep is everything.”\nTimothy Royer, a performance athlete specialist, believes “Sleep deprivation…is more than just a hindrance to NBA players on the court. It likely is injuring them — and shortening their lives.” In fact, Royer has found tangible evidence of how this plays out: “By January, just three months into the 2012-13 NBA season, the testosterone of one player in his 20s had dropped to that of a 50-year-old man. (Those reductions in testosterone, it’s worth noting, are not permanent, but they do require multiple days of recovery to offset.) And as testosterone levels fell for more players, the injuries seemed to correspondingly accumulate.”\n“Chronic sleep loss has been associated with higher risk for cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, heart attacks, Alzheimer’s, dementia, depression, stroke, psychosis and suicide. As Phyllis Zee, chief of sleep medicine in the department of neurology at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, says, “Sleep deprivation … doesn’t only affect the brain — it affects all your other organs. … Think about it as punching your other organs.”", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9452215433120728}
+{"content": "\n\nNew answers tagged\n\n\nIf the saddles are staggered, it's due to intonation. One may think that each of the six strings ought to be exactly the same length, but from a physics point of view that isn't so. Due to each string being a different density, and gauge, each one needs its own speaking length, which when adjusted accurately will make each fretted note sound better in tune. ...\n\n\nHarmonium have a temparate scale notes means they are fixed in weight, and as we no that indian classical music is based on notes as well as spaces between notes (i.e shrutis), so there are also gliding of notes,meend, ornamentation etc..and harmonium can't go to that detail..thats why for professional vocal practice, string drone(taanpura) is the best ...\n\nTop 50 recent answers are included", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7976465821266174}
+{"content": "Management Of Natural Resources\n\nNatural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity existent in various ecosystems. Natural resources are derived from the environment. This is currently restricted to the environment of Earth yet the theoretical possibility remains of extracting them from outside the planet, such as the asteroid belt.[1] Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways\n\nOn the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:\n\nWe Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically\nFor You For Only $13.90/page!\n\norder now\n\n* Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.\n* Abiotic – Abiotic resources include non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.\n\nConsidering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways:\n\n* Potential Resources – Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India, having sedimentary rocks but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.\n* Actual Resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve.\n\nOn the basis of status of development, they can be classified into.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5637967586517334}
+{"content": "Pokemon Uranium\n\nFull Version: Gen 4 legendary improvements\n\nI recently wrote about an idea for improving Vanilluxe (https://pokemonuranium.co/forum/showthread.php?tid=2149), and I had another Idea which I would like to share with you.\n\nI love Gen 5, but Gen 4 is my favorite of all time, and one main reason for this is due to their awesome legendaries - I mean, some of the MINOR legendaries (lake trio and Heatran) are more powerful according to the lore than most of the main legendaries of the other games... However, their stats and gameplay do not do them justice, so I feel they can be improved, as follows:\n\nLake trio: Add the Fairy typing to them, which makes complete sense given their design and story, and reflects on how even the darkest of souls (Dark type) can be restored by emotions. Raise their base stats to 670 as well, giving them their rightful status as box-legendary comparable (I mean, the controllers of emotion should have at least as much power as some birds...)\n\nHeatran: Uranium actually did this better than I could have ever done, with the Brothers of Metal storyline - that I believe can be elaborated in a postgame sidequest. Since I heard rumors of IT going to work for GameFreak, is this a possibility?\n\nCreation trio: Give each one of them a Primordal Reversion (Primordal rather than Primal due to Primal ialga already messing that one up, and since they are way before Hoenn's legendaries), with the same base stats as Mega Rayquaza. However, each one of them will get a unique ability. as follows: \nDialga would get the ability Time Turner, which turns time back once when it faints and resets its HP and stats.\nPalkia would get the ability Space Warp, which distorts the arena and causes all attacks that do not make contact to have a 50% additional fail rate.\nGiratina would get the move Distortion Curse, which is a stronger version of Cursed Body and disables evey move after it hits - forcing the trainer to make it's moves in order.\n\nArceus: Since Arceus is the true God of Pokemon, it should be revealed that all it's forms are a mere shadow of it's power. However, a Primordal/Original Arceus should be availible - as a projection of Arceus's true power - with a base stat total of 150 in each stat (total of 900) and the ability Omnitype which makes the user the master of all types and makes all moves hit against it \"not very effective\". This Pokemon should also be able to learn all the TMs and Move Tutor moves in the game.\n\nRegigigas: Regigigas is meant to be an extremely powerful Pokemon, but Slow Start nerfs if to the ground and makes it PU. However, as Slow Start really fits it in lore, I would keep the ability, but I would give it access to moves like Rest, Protect and Recover to help stall out the 5 turns, as well as reliable set-up to utilize said turns - plus it's own Z-move to help it out.\n\nLet me know what you think!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7603163719177246}
+{"content": "Você está na página 1de 74\n\nEnvironment and Ecology\n\nDated: 17/02/2015\n1. 16 New entries in the kaiga Bird Census: According to a report, 16 new birds\nhave been spotted during the Kaiga Bird Marathon 2015 organized by the Kaiga\nAtomic Power Centre. Till last year, the bird census had recorded 229 species of\nbirds. But, this year, the census report has registered 245 bird entries.\nThe bird census is being conducted by Nuclear Power Corporation of India\nLimited (NPCIL) since 2011 under an environmental awareness programme.\nThe bird survey covers the areas surrounding Kaiga in Uttara Kannada district.\nThe new entries are : Alpine swift, Malabar trogon, Booted warbler, White-bellied\nwoodpecker, Oriental turtle dove, Indian pitta, Brown hawk eagle, White-spotted\npintail, Indian blackbird, Lesser adjutant stork, Common wood stork, Greater paintedsnipe, Paddyfield warbler, White cheeked pintail and Oriental white-eye\nDated: 18/02/2015\nCanaries breathe easy, as gadgets enter mines\nWith the advent of a range of portable electronic toxic gas detectors, the canaries\nare now set free and relieved from the dangerous job that they had been doing in the\ncoalmines of the Kothagudem region of Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. With the\ncompany introducing state-of-the-art handheld gas detectors with sensors and alarm\nsystems for deep excavation, the birds are no longer called in to play the role of an\nearly-warning system for carbon monoxide and other toxic gases in the mines.\nWhy Canaries were used?\nThe rapid breathing rate, small size and high metabolism of the canaries make them\ndie before miners do on inhaling toxic gases. The men can then be quickly\nevacuated. The canaries used to be carried in cages and miners had to look for\ndistress signs in the birds.\nAnimal rights activists have been raising objections to the use of the birds. Canaries\nhave become a fast dwindling species now.\nSources: The Hindu.\nGlobal Fertilizers use to surpass 200 million tonnes in 2018: FAO Report\nThe worlds fertilizer consumption will grow over by 1.8% a year through\n2018. This has been confirmed through the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization)\nReport, Worlds Fertilizers Trends and Outlook 2018, a press release. At the same\ntime the global capacity of fertilizer products, intermediaries and raw materials will\nincrease further, the report added.\nAs the potential to produce fertilizer outpace their use, the Global Potential Balance,\n\nnitrogen, phosphate and potash-three of he main soil fertilizers.\n\nDated: 20/02/.2015\nMillions at risk from rapid sea rise in Sunderbans: It has led to a million\nexodus out of climate refugees creating enormous challenges for both India and\nBangladesh. Mud embankments build with crude hands are not enough for the\npurpose. Losing the 26,000 sq km area would take an environmental toll.\nRole in the environment: The freshwater swamps and the tangles of\nmangroves act as a natural buffer protecting Indias West Bengal and Bangladesh\nfrom cyclones. With rising temperature and increasing sea line seas have been\nrising globally at ana average rate of 3mm per year; which is further expected to\nspeed up. The latest projection suggest that seas could rise at an average rate of\nabout 1 meter or 3.3 feet this century\nJanuary Missing Events:\nSubramanium committee recommended single window system for\nenvironment projects: High-level committee (HLC) headed by former Cabinet\nSecretary T S R Subramanium; appointed by the Union Ministry of Environment\nand Forests (MoEF) and Climate Change (CC) to review environmental laws.\nRecommendations of the Committee: suggested single window clearance\nmechanism for green nods. The committee submitted its reports with\nrecommendations after studying six environment laws.\nPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) on 29 January 2015\nannounced to create India's first fenced elephant sanctuary at: Banerghatta\nNational park\nDated: 27/02/2015\n1. Worlds first all-female patrol protecting rhino-poaching in Krugers\n(South Africa): Poaching kills a rhino every seven hours in South Africa has been\nbrought under some control by employing an all-female patrol inside the Greater\nKruger national park. They are named as The Black Mambas are unarmed and\nmainly consist of unemployed high school graduated from the adjoining locality.\nTheir main role is to stop any group before they poach a rhino. The Mambas are\n\nthe brain child of environmentalist and economist Mr Craig Spencer. Giraffes,\n\nlions and many other species apart from rhinos are thus protected from the target\nof poaching syndicates. The Mambas are the eyes and ears on the ground. The\nnumbers suggest that their employment has worked good for the safety of the\nrhinos. As, no rhino has been reported to be poached in the past 10 months while\nthe adjacent parks have reported 23.\nDated: 28/02/2015\nAntarcticas retreating Ice may reshape the earth: Water is melting away from the\nicebergs of Antarctic, hitting the oceans, at the rate if 118 billion metric tonnes, for the\npast decade based on the studies conducted by NASA. In the worst case scenario, this\nmelt could push over the ocean water levels to a height of around 10 feet worldwide in\na century or two, curving heavily populated coastlines. Though 97% of Antarctic is\nstill covered with ice, entire valleys are now free from it, ice is thinner\nelsewhere and glaciers have retreated.\n\nDated: 02/03/2015\nThe FIRST country to submit its Climate Action plan: SWTZERLAND\n@ the UNFCC. It also submits its Intended nationality Determined Contribution\n(INDC) ahead of the Paris Climate Talks committing to reduce the GHG emissions by\n50%relative to 1990 levels by 2030. The rich European country promised that 30% of its\nemissions will be controlled in Switzerland itself and the remaining in the many\ncountries abroad where it carries out its projects.\nDated: 03/03/2015\n1. Google maps go Trekking in Amazon: Photos of the rainforests are now\nvisible at the Street View option of the app. This is done in collaboration with\nthe Environment Protection group Amazonas Sustainable Foundation of\nthe FAS, to explore a remote part of an Amazon rainforest. Since Google\ndeveloped the Trekker camera in 2012, the devise has been used in other unusual\njourneys as well. The Trekker went scuba diving in the Galapagos Islands to take\nunderwater photograph of the preserve, and travelled on a dog sled in the\nCanadian Arctic to photograph the Tundra.\n2. Clean sector energy seeks more clarity: The renewable sector may find it\ndifficult to realize the targets set for them without the clarity on the funding of\nvarious schemes announced in the budget, sector exports analyst said. The fund\nthat prevailed till now was announced by then then Fin Min Mr Pranab Mukherjee\nwhen Coal Ind Ltd was supposed to pay Rs 50 for per tonne coal it raised\nas a cess (set up on the principle of polluter pays). It was put as a corpus\nfor funding research and innovation in the renewable energy. Mr Jaitley raised this\nto Rs 200 in the recent budget.\nDated: 04/03/2015\n1. Deforestation hits monsoon says reports: According to a new study\nconducted by the researchers at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore,\nWidespread deforestation, especially in the northern high latitudes, has taken a\ntoll on the monsoon across the northern hemisphere, with rains over India\nparticularly badly affected.\nDetails of the Study: The study says that\nTill 1750s, only about 7% of the global land area had been cleared for\nagriculture and that proportion has since risen to around one-third.\n\nSuch deforestation has reduced rains in the monsoon regions of the Northern\nHemisphere. India was affected the most with global deforestation producing\n18% reduction in the summer monsoons.\nNot only that the Northern hemisphere was affected, even countries in the\nSouthern Hemisphere like South Africa, South America and Australia.\nReasons for the decrease in Rainfall in Northern high latitude regions:\nWhen forests in the northern high latitudes are removed, more sunlight is reflected\nback into space and this region gets cooled sharply. And hence, the rainfall is\n\nSources: The Hindu.\n\nDated: 05/03/2015\n1. India submits 46 entries to the UNESCO World Heritage Site List : Revised\ntentative list for the monuments/sites of historical importance and this was\ndiscussed in the RS. The list was submitted to the UNESCO World heritage\nSite List in April 2015 as per the UNESCO guidelines Culture Minister\nMahesh Verma said in a written reply. Ancient Buddhist Site (Sarnath,\nVaranasi) Chilka Lake, Dholavira; Mountain Railways of India (the\nextension). Bahais House of Worship at New Delhi, Silk Route Sites in\nIndia; Sri Harimandir Sahib and Mughal gardens in Kashmir are among the\nrecommended sites among the 46 listed.\nDated: 09/03/2015\n1. Sunderbans loosing green cover and land mass; says ISRO study :\nAccording to a satellite analysis conducted by the Indian Space Research\nOrganisation, the Indian Sunderbans has lost 3.71% of its mangrove and\nother forest cover, while losing 9,990 hectares of its landmass to erosion\nin one decade.\nThe Eastern Zone Bench of the National Green Tribunal which is hearing case\nenvironmental violations in the Sunderbans directed holding the study.\nThe study also says the following:\nAs much as 1,607 hectares of the eroded area had vegetation.\nDuring the 10 years, 216 hectares of landmass had been added, of which\n121 hectares has green vegetation.\nAbout 95.14% of the green cover had not undergone any change;\nwhile fresh vegetation has come up with 1.1% of the entire area.\nThe depletion may be due to some natural and anthropogenic(human\nintervention) process\nThe 9,600 sq km of Indian Sunderbans is highly susceptible to coastal\nerosion and coastal land dynamics.\nA recent World Bank report had also pointed out that the carrying\ncapacity of the landmass had exceeded with the population\ndensity of over 1,000 a sq.km.\nAdded Points: Sunderbans covers approximately 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq\nmi) of which 60% is in Bangladesh with the remainder in India. It is described as the\nUNESCO Heritage Site. This is the single largest block of tidal halophyte vegetation in\nthe world.\nMangroves in India account for about 3% of the worlds mangrove vegetation.\nMangrove cover in India is 4,662 sq. km, which is 0.14% of the countrys total\ngeographical area. Sundarbans in West Bengal accounts for almost half of the total\n\narea under mangroves in the country. Mangrove in India is famous for its rich variety of\nflora and fauna.\nReasons for the depletion of the mangrove cover int eh country may be cited\nas follows:\nGrazing and exploitation problems\nNeo tectonic movement of the river courses\nAbatement of fresh water discharges due to construction of dams and reservoirs.\nRapid trend of the reclamation of mangrove forests for habitations\nPollutant discharges from cities and industries etc.\nSources: the Hindu, GSI, FSI, Wiki.\nDated: 11/03/2015\n1. United Nations: natural Disasters will soon cost the world USD 314\nbillion annually: The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) in a report\nstated that the said amount will be spent every year to meet annual average\nlosses from antural disasters like earthquake, tsunamis, tropical cyclones and\nriver flooding.\nThis report serves as an alarm as the UN convene the 3 rd UN World\nConference on Disaster Risk reduction that will replace the 10 year old\nHYOGO framework for Action adopted on the 2005 UN Conference in\nAt Sendai. Countries are expected to announce their commitments on reducing\nthe impact of disasters, which have claimed over 1.3 million lives and cost the\nglobal economy at least $2 trillion in the past 20 years.\n2. Black Carbons Impact on ecosystem:\nBlack Carbon and Snow Melt:\n1. BC can accelerate ice melt when they accumulate on snow. The bright\nsnow surfaces reflects high amount of solar energy back into space\n2. BC absorbs substantial factors of this energy and re-emit it as heat. The\nArctic and Himalayas are therefore vulnerable.\n3. BC on glacial snow is a concern as it alters the melt cycle of the glaciers\nin regions that rely on glacial melt to compensate the water supply\nthrough seasons\n4. These impacts are highly regional, and dependent on the local profile\nand the trend and transport of pollution\n5. Considerable focus on the Arctic and alpine glacial regions and the\nHimalayan glaciers\nBlack Carbon and rains\n1. Known to interfere int eh cloud formation and the rainfall pattern\n2. Also reduces sunlight that reaches the surface and reflects back into\n3. May change precipitation patterns and surface visibility. Scientists say\nthat plumes of emissions can suppress convections and stabilize the\natmosphere in ways that obstruct normal precipitation patterns\n4. It is also described as the dimming of the Earths surface that reduces\npatterns of evaporation that makes cloud. If BC heats up the layer that\nproduces clouds, then they will evaporate instead of bringing in rains\n5. They can no longer reflect sunlight back into space, and so the sootlaced clouds end up in warming the atmosphere.\n6. But BC that hangs over low lying clouds have a different effect: it\nstabilizes the air on the top of the cloud, promoting their growth. These\nclouds act like shields, blocking th incoming sunlight.\n7. As a result BC also ends up cooling the atmosphere\n\nThus BC has both positive and negative impacts.\n\nAll particles necessarily do not warm. Some have a cooling effect as well.\nAmong the various fractions of particles, mainly the Organic carbon and\nSulphate have a cooling effect, as they are light-reflecting. The share of\nheating and cooling particles decide the net temperature on the planet.\nScientists are still trying to figure out a threshold for this. The exact threshold\nfrom negative to positive forcing for the major sources is still an area of\nuncertainty, and a field of ongoing research.\n.Share of cooling and warming particles decide the net positive and net\nnegative impact on various sources.\nMoreover, if the Global radiative forcing of particles of various sources since\nthe Industrial revolution is tracked, it will be seen that while CO2, methane, BC\nhad a warming effect; organic compounds and sulphate had a cooling effect\non the planet. Thus all sources CANNOT be blamed for causing the warming of\nthe atmosphere. For instance open burning and residential biomass/biomass\nbased cook stoves have a much higher have much higher proportion of\nOrganic Carbon that scatter sunlight, thus yielding a net cooling effect. Thus\nironically, while CO2 emissions are tipping to the point, it is biomass energy of\nthe poor which is playing the compensating role.\nBut, Black carbon emissions from transport which either uses diesel/brick kilns\nwith inefficient combustion techniques have higher share of light absorbing\ncombustion techniques and this warms the atmosphere.\n\nSource: Insights:\nWhat do you mean by Black Carbon? What is its impact on ecosystem? (200\nBlack Carbon is a fine particulate component (<2.5microns) which is either present in\nsoil (makes soil fertile) or in atmosphere (short lived GHG effect.). It is emitted by\nincomplete combustion of fossil fuels, crops chaffs, brick kiln, bagasse burning,\ninefficient diesel engine or other anthropogenic factors.\nImpact on ecosystem\n(1.) When deposited in snow, ice or cloud they absorb sunlight which otherwise were\nreflected. Hence, it raises the temperature leading to faster melting of glaciers and ice.\nSometimes they are trapped in snow and keep on absorbing sunlight.\n(2.) Black carbon like CFCs, HFCs, Methanes and other short lived GHGs remains in\natmosphere for 2 weeks to 1 year, but during this period they do good amount of\n(3.) Right now, no country is observing the Black Carbon emission as it is not included in\nKyoto Protocol list and only emitters are India and China in vast amount.\n(4.) Most vulnerable people are living in rural areas and working in Brick Kiln as they\nbreathe the Black Carbon. Also village women who cook in wood, fossil fuels and saw\ndust are prone to pulmonary disease due to Black Carbon.\n(5.) One of the constituent in smog during winter season, it also affects health of people\nin traffic.\nThough it is not a long lived GHG and harms potently to environment. But measures to\nstop emission of Black Carbon should be taken seriously by Govt of developing nations.\n\nDated: 12/03/2015\n1. Rare Snow Leopard spotted in China: In the Tianshan Mountains in NW\nChina Xinjiang province; after a gap of 10 years. They were captured in infrared cameras three in number. Snow Leopards are one of Chinas Category A\nendangered animals, are usually found in the Himalayan ranges in\nCentral and South Asia. According to researchers, the pictures showed an\nincrease in the number of the species within the area as well as balanced\n2. Jaisalmers breat-taking sand dunes fast losing their awe : And turning\ninto garbage dumps as a result of unregulated tourist flow. Broken beer bottles,\nUnchecked footfall, movement of vehicles right up to the dunes and camel carts\nferrying tourists are taking a heavy toll of the natural sand dunes which used to\nbe about 55 to 60 metres in height about 30 years ago, and have now\nreduced to half, the locals claims. But, none seems to be complaining since\ntourism is the main source of livelihood for the local population in Jaisalmer\ndistrict which is very close to the international border along Pakistan.\nApart from these, plastic wrappers and all sorts of environmentally hazardous\nitems are not only being left behind by the tourists but, more shockingly, buried\nunder the sand by the camp operators.\n3. Rhino numbers rise in West bengal: West Bengal is now home to the\nsecond highest population of the one-horned rhinoceros in the country\nafter Assam, with the number growing to 250 in the State. A State Forest\nDepartment survey in January has revealed that the Jaldapara National Park in\nthe State has nearly 200 of these endangered animals and the Gorumara\nNational Park, 50. Jaldapara now has the second highest population of them after\nthe Kaziranga National Park in Assam, which has over 2,000. The increase in\nnumber from 20 in 1990 to 250 now is a major feat. This is the result of\nconservation efforts and [work of] our local communities,\nOne Horned Rhino: (Vulnerable species) One horned rhino is the highest\npopulation among all the other species of rhino. Once found across the entire\nNorthern part of India, populations were severely depleted due to human\ninterference like poaching, hunting for sport and used as agricultural pests. This\npushed the species close to extinction by 1975 there were only 600 individuals\nsurviving in the wild.\n2012: conservation efforts saw the population grow to over 3,000 in\nthe Terai Arc Landscape of India and Nepal, and the grasslands of\nAssam and north Bengal in northeast India.\n4. Oldest primitive animal fossil found in China: Scientists have discovered the\nearliest and most credible primitive animal fossil in 600-million-yearold rocks in southwest China. The research led by Chinese scientists\ndescribed a well-preserved, rice grain-sized primitive sponge fossil in the Guizhou\nProvince, The discovery will help remove doubts whether animals have emerged\non earth 600 million years ago,\nSignificance of the Discovery: The discovery will help remove doubts whether\nanimals have emerged on earth 600 million years ago.\nDescription of the species: The fossilized animal, slightly more than 1.2-mm\nwide and 1.1-mm tall, displays many characteristics of modern adult sponges, an\nanalysis based on advanced imaging techniques found. The specimen is\ncomposed of hundreds of thousands of cells, and has a structure consisting of\nthree adjacent hollow tubes sharing a common base, the researchers said.\n5. Mars once had larger Sea than the Arctic Ocean: Ancient Mars was likely to\nhave possessed a primitive ocean that held more water than the Earths Arctic\nOcean, the US space agency NASA said. Perhaps about 4.3 billion years ago,\nMars would have had enough water to cover the entire surface in a\n\nliquid layer about 450 feet (137 metres) deep. More likely, the water would\nhave formed an ocean occupying almost half of Mars northern hemisphere, in\nsome regions reaching depths greater than a mile (1.6 kilometres). In all, the red\nplanets early ocean would have contained 20 million cubic kilometres of water,\nbut since then, 87 per cent of that water has been lost to space.\nComparisons: By comparing the ratio of heavy water containing deuterium, a\nheavier form of hydrogen, with regular water, scientists believed that Mars\nmust have lost a volume of water 6.5 times larger than the amount\ntrapped in the present polar caps.\nAn early ocean on Mars containing the lost water would have covered 19 per cent\nof the planets surface, they said. By comparison, the Atlantic Ocean occupies 17\nper cent of the Earths surface.\n6. Sindhudurg comes alive with a pristine coral collection: The Zoological\nSurvey of India (ZSI) has found three new records of coral reef on the Sindhudurg\ncoast near Malvan of Maharashtra during a recent survey. Efforts to protect the\nreef with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme\n(UNDP) which has sanctioned Rs. 80 lakh towards capacity building of the local\nAs per the coral species are concerned, the three new additions are: Goniatsrea\nsp, Porites sp and Turbinaria sp.\nCoral reefs stand second only to rainforests in the biodiversity of\nPossible threats of Coral reefs:\nFragile ecosystems, partly because they are very sensitive to water\nThey are under threat from climate change, oceanic acidification, blast\nfishing, cyanide fishing for aquarium fish, sunscreen use, overuse of reef\nrunoff and water pollution, which can harm reefs by encouraging excess\nalgal growth.\nDated: 14/03/2015\n1. Forest, ecology, environment clearances through a single portal now: In order to\nbring more transparency in the process, The Ministry of environment, forests, and\nclimate change (MoEF&CC)is rolling out a single portal to be up and running from\nMarch 15th. This is for the online submission for monitoring the environmental,\nforests and wildlife clearances integrating wildlife clearance with forest and\nenvironment. The Ministry also sent a circular to all States Forest Secretaries and\nChief Wildlife wardens asking them to tell user agencies to submit their proposals\nonline. This portal would facilitate monitoring of proposals of user agencies for\nseeking wildlife clearances along with other two clearances.\n2. US Scientists questions Green nod to Indian Hydel projects: A top American\nresearcher has questioned the scientific accuracy of EIA reports for Indias Hydel\npower projects criticizing the process behind environmental clearances as being\nmanipulative. This is based on his research for over 20 years, focusing on public\nculture and environmental issues. The Subansiri and the Dihang projects in the\nNE India were among them. He is the author of the book: On the Banks of the\nGanga: When Waste Water meets a Sacred river.\n3. Goa beaches to be studied for carrying capacity: Goa will rope in the National\ninstitute of Oceanography (NIO) to study the carrying capacity of tis beaches in a\nbid to control pollution and proliferation of the beach shacks. The board has\ndecided to Ask NIO for the study to know how many shacks will be required to put\nideally on a stretch on beach. Goa based NIO is a Central govt Agency that\nfunctions under the aegis of Council of Scientific and Industrial research. The\n\nshacks are licensed before every tourist season and have to be dismantled before\nthe monsoon season. This will also look into the issues related to sewage\nmanagement and solid waste management in beach shacks.\nDated: 18/03/2015\n1. New butterfly species spotted In West Bengal: This is considered to be a\nsignificant addition to the butterfly species. Wildlife enthusiasts have found the\nMalayan Green Banded Peacock (Papilio palinurus), a beautiful specimen\nfound in South East Asia, for the first time in India. This was spotted in\nChintamany Kar Wildlife Sanctuary in South 24 pgs district in Bengal. Referred to\nas the flagship species, butterflies are not only pollinators of flowering\nplants, but also useful in monitoring environmental changes. While there\n1,500 species of butterflies.\nAdditional Information: West Bengal is probably the only State which is home\nPeacock, the relatively common Paris Peacock, Common Peacock and\nCommon Banded Peacock. The only other Peacock butterfly found in the\nsouth India.\nSource: the Hindu\n2. Impact of rising temperature on pests: The effects are claimed to be several\nand complex. Climate change resulting in increased temperature could impact\ncrop pest insect population in several complex ways. Increased temperature can\npotentially affect insect survival, development, geographic range and population\nSome of the possible impacts can be stated as follows:\nTemperature can impact insect physiology and development directly\nor indirectly through the physiology or existence of hosts.\nDepending on the development strategy of an insect species, temperature\ncan exert different effects.\nReproductive biology of an insect may be affected both positively\nand negatively: (Climate, temperature and precipitation in particular);\nWarmer temperatures in temperate climates will result in more types and\nhigher populations of insects. Some insects like arctic moths take several\nyears to complete one lifecycle.\nSome crop pests are stop and go developers in relation to temperature\nthey develop more rapidly during periods of time with suitable\ntemperatures. Increased temperatures will accelerate the development of\nthese types of insects, possibly resulting in more generations per year.\nInsects that spend important part of their life histories in the soil may be\nmore gradually affected by temperature changes than those that are\nabove ground simply because the soil provides an insulating medium that\nwill tend to buffer temperature changes more than the air.\nRise in temperature in winter may help to continue the lifecycle of some\npests. Lower winter mortality of insects due to warmer winter temperature\ncould be important in increasing insect populations.\nInsect species diversity for a particular area tends to decrease with higher\nlatitude and altitude indicating that rising temperature could result in more\ninsect species attacking more hosts in temperate climates.\nSource: the Hindu\n3. E-surveillance by drone will make an impetus on the preservation on\ntiger populations: Minister of Environment, Forests & Climate Change Shri\nPrakash Javadekar has said that India which was home to more than 60 % of\n\nthe total global tiger population needed a systematic approach to preserve\n\nthe wild life species. This initiative is taken to stop the poaching and several other\nillegal activities. Thus this initiative will be a strategic intervention for the\npreservation of the tiger population across the country. The Minster also\nreleased SOPs(Standard Operating Procedure) on issues related to Active\nManagement towards rehabilitation of Tigers, Orphan Tiger cubs and Tiger\ndepredation on livestock which gives various details of steps being taken in this\nAdditional information: PROJECT TIGER: The Government of India has taken a\nthe Project Tiger in 1973. From 9 tiger reserves since its formative years, the\nof our country. The tiger reserves are constituted on a core/buffer strategy. The\nmultiple use area. The Project Tiger aims to foster an exclusive tiger agenda in\nSource: The Hindu\n4. National body to formulate standards for forest certification: After years\nof disagreement the GOI and non-government stakeholders, the country is a step\ncloser to having its own National Forest Certification system in place.\nRepresentatives of forest-based industries, non-profits, forest auditors and\ngovernment forest departments launched a body called Network for Certification\n& Conservation of Forests (NCCF).\nAims of the Body: The body will now set standards for certifying Indias\nforests and their products, with an aim to ensure their sustainable\nmanagement. Forest certification is a market-based mechanism which\nensures that domestic forest produce commands better price in the global\nmarket, while encouraging sustainable harvesting of forests in the country.\nCertification leads to better management of forest resources by promoting\nresponsible trade in forestry.\nProgress so far: India has however made little progress in this regard\nOf the total 78.92 million ha forest and tree cover in the country, only 0.8\nmillion ha of forests has been certified so far.\ntotal demand.\nThe major reason for little progress has been the governments\nreluctance to subject the forests managed by it to an independent and\nthird party scrutiny (Like any private owned insitutions, like we have in\nmost of the Latin American/European countries).\nSource: Down to Earth\n5. Climate change, migration burdening urban areas in Bay of Bengal:\nRising urban population following forced migration from rural areas is a result\nof climate change and poses a burden upon urban risk-reduction efforts,\naver experts from Bay of Bengal countries. The forced migration as a result of\nclimate impact is adding burden to manage urban risk reduction efforts.\nThe experts adopted a 'Charter for Disaster Risk Reduction' with key policy\nrecommendations for the ongoing World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction\n(WCDRR) in Sendai, Japan.\nThe document also brought to the fore the need to localise disaster risk-reduction\n(DRR) approaches.\n\nThe Charter was adopted in a workshop where majority of the BOB nations in SE\nAsia participated.\nFocus should be on:\nUrban centres must have the plan to address the issues for migrants to the\ncities and develop a comprehensive strategy to promote resilience with\nnecessary skills to address their vulnerabilities.\nThere is also the necessity to strengthen institutional instruments to support\ndata management, habitat planning and capacity building.\nWeak resource management as well as faulty development design and\ninitiatives have created several challenges in urban areas such as flood,\nhealth related problems.\nImportance of inclusion of social parameters\nStrengthening the linkages between science, policy and practice for a\ncomprehensive engagement finally resulting in policies and strategies that\nlead to benefits for the communities at risk.\nSource: The TOI\nDated: 20/03/2015\n1. The differentiated impacts of climate change/Part 1: Different countries\nare acting different, given the muddling motives to change . Climate\nchange is a global phenomenon caused by all of us in differing extents and\naffecting all of us in different ways.\nIn Climate Change, the key players together constitute more than 50% of the\nworld GDP, population and CO2 emissions. They are the US, China, the\nEuropean Union and India.\nLets start with the US. The US is geographically and politically very\ndiverse. California and the US Southwest are and will be hit hardest\nby the changing climate. Much like India, they will become drier, so\nhouseholds and agriculture will be sorely beset. The rich and famous in\nHollywood already spend crores of rupees a year in buying water. Forest fires,\nencouraged by increasing drought and heat, burned 9.2 million acres of forest\nin 2012 (roughly the size of Kerala) with rising risks to health and property. So\nits not surprising that Arnold Schwarzenegger, erstwhile Terminator and\ncurrent governor of California, is a committed climate change fighter.\nMoving to the East Coast: Hurricane Sandy that hit the US in 2012 left behind\n$60 billion in property damage and 150 deaths in its wake. The Northeast will\nbe pounded by heavy rainfall and powerful storms as the climate warms\nleaving expensive infrastructure and the urban poor vulnerable to flooding\nand its aftermath.\nThe rest of the US will be affected by climate change but manageably so and\nmany parts like the Midwest might even benefit with longer crop growing\ncycles and nicer weather.\nThe Great plains of America is home to oil companies and oil-derived wealth\nand the fracking (getting oil & gas from shale rock) revolution - they will not\nwant to give that up easily to lessen climate change especially as they are not\nimpacted too much.\nCHINA: China is a powerful country with an average 1.3 billion mouths to feed\nand a third of its workforce in agriculture. Dust storms now bombard the\ncapital, frequent droughts have begun to plague agriculture, floods\nand storms threaten the prosperous south-eastern cities and the air\nis thick with haze. Heat waves threaten the urban Chinese and incidence of\ndengue is set to increase. Many of Chinas glaciers are predicted to disappear\nby 2050 further impacting agriculture, especially in the dryer north. China has\n\nwoken up to the dangers of climate change and in typical Chinese fashion, has\nstarted to act. From next to nothing, China has the largest installed wind\npower capacity today and is targeting 70 GW of solar installations by 2017. It\nis the worlds largest solar panel manufacturer. China has been building\nanother great wall - one made of trees to prevent sandstorms over Beijing.\n2. The differentiated impacts of climate change/Part 2: European lead is a\npositive step, but Indian consequences still dire. European countries look like the\nposter children of action on climate change. Emissions of greenhouse gases (the\ncausative agents of global warming) are down since 1990 and; a further binding\n40% reduction in greenhouse gases (from 1990 levels) is targeted by 2030.\nCredibility of Europe: Europe achieved its targets for three reasons: the 2009\nfinancial crisis and the 2011 Euro crisis caused the European economy to falter\n(and lowered the amount of energy it used), the outsourcing of production of a\nsubstantial fraction of the stuff consumed by European customers (and the\nemissions associated with producing the stuff) and the pursuit of renewable\npower. How they perform in future will depend on what their payoff is.\nAir pollution (some of which exacerbates global warming) causes half a million\ndeaths in Europe annually; Glacier melting and the flooding of rivers and rising\nsea levels threaten low lying countries like the Netherlands (where up to an\neighth of the country lies below sea level). Intense water scarcity and increasing\nsummer temperatures hurt agriculture and tourism income of Southern Europe.\nMany northern European countries benefit with lower heating costs, higher\nagricultural productivity and longer tourist seasons. There are winners and losers\nwithin Europe, but because Europe is developed, the losers can manage the\nBy this Europe can gain in the following way:\nFirst, it might desire to gain prominence in the global podium, which at\npresent is dominated by China and USA.\nSecond, a higher sense of social equity in European countries may be\ndriving action through a social justice angle.\nThird, European companies stand to gain from action on climate change.\nSome of the worlds leading wind energy manufacturers and LED lighting\ncompanies are European. 92% of responding Euro 300 companies report\nthat climate regulation presents an opportunity to their business.\nIndian Impact: India is and will be badly affected by the changing\nclimate. We are a hot, dry and poor country - thus vulnerable to the heating and\ndrying aspects of climate change (think floods, droughts, lost livelihoods and\nincreased infection) and with limited financial space to adapt.\nWe have abundant reserves of relatively inexpensive coal. We have a young\ncountry with a large poor and middle class hungry for iphones and commercial\ndreams. They will want the government to spend on education and jobs,\nnot on carbon sequestration. We cannot take on binding unilateral targets of\nemission without ambitious binding emission reduction commitments and\nfinancial assistance from developed countries.\nWhy? India cannot afford to cut its emissions aggressively - but even if it\ndid, this would be futile if the rest of the world continued to emit for then, the\nworld would still get warmer\nTaken together, Indias payoffs if status quo persists are very negative\nunless everyone cooperates; Chinas is negative; USs is very mixed; Europe,\nthough the status quo payoff is not very negative, by credibly signalling that they\nwill always cooperate, has made it more likely for others to cooperate .\n\nThe depressing truth is that the differentiated payoffs from climate change\nmakes substantive action unlikely in a consensus based forum like the UN. We\ncould try for better success by framing the issue on moral grounds like slavery\nand shame countries into complying by invoking reputational consequences. But\nthats a long shot.\n1. Mystery of strange mammals: Ever since Darwin first collected their fossils\nAmerican beasts that went extinct just 10,000 years ago fit on the mammal\nfamily tree. The mystery has now been solved. Biochemical analysis of bone\ncollagen extracted from fossils of the two mammals, Toxodon and\nMacrauchenia, demonstrated that they were related to the group that\nincludes horses, tapirs and rhinos. Some scientists previously thought the\ntwo herbivorous mammals, the last of a successful group called South American\nungulates, were related to mammals of African origin like elephants and\naardvarks or other South American mammals like armadillos and sloths.\nInfomration about the newly tabled species: Toxodon, about 9 feet long,\npossessed a body like a rhinoceros, head like a hippopotamus and ever-growing\nmolars like a rodent. Macrauchenia, just as long but more lightly built, had long\nlegs, an extended neck and apparently a small trunk.\n2. Green solution for bio-waste: Away from the public gaze, South Indias first\nplant producing Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) from hotel and poultry farm\nwaste has completed its first year of operations.\nThe plant is supplying 600 kg of CNG to the citys restaurants every day. Tucked\naway in Huskur village, the plant named Maltose Agri Products Private\nLimited (MAPPL) not merely takes away some amount of the citys waste, but\nalso turns it into energy and averts release of hazardous methane into the\natmosphere. Currently operating with three waste digesters, it will have ten of\nthem on completion of its expansion plans. Waste from poultry farms, hundreds of\nhotels and restaurants n cattle dung which are hand-picked abound the area are\ntrucked into the farm. Dry waste is first crushed. Non-organic waste such as\nplastics or silica is removed and sent to a collector tank where slurry is prepared.\nIt is then pumped into large digester chambers. Anaerobic digestion takes 21\ndays for production of methane at the start of the process. Methane is finally\nproduced in the form of a continuous process and compressed under\nhigh pressure to be filled into CNG cylinders and supplied in restaurants in\nthe area.\nBenefits: Plants like Maltose have several benefits. They can be a replacement for\nlandfills. With low content of carbon in emission from them, the environmental\ndividends are huge. The residues from them can be used instead of organic\nfertilizers and the CNG is available at cheaper rates.\n3. Street lights glow on electricity generated from vegetable waste:\nCorporation sets up bio-methanation plant in Pulianthope on a trial basis. is\none of the first projects to be undertaken by the civic body to convert vegetable\nwaste into electricity. Along with scientists from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre\n(BARC), Mumbai, which provides technical support for the project, engineers of\nthe civic body have been conducting trials at the transfer station. Separate bins\nhave been provided to hotels and Amma canteen in the neighborhood to collect\nvegetable wastes, the main raw material used in the plant. On an average, for\nevery two tons of vegetable waste, around 40 kilowatt of electricity can\nbe generated. One kilowatt of electricity can illuminate four street lights in the\nneighborhood. In other words, around 40 KW of power can get 150-160 street\nlights to glow in the locality.\n\n4. Sacred grooves of Kerala down to 1200: Rampant construction and\n\nhuman activities have spelt doom for Keralas sacred groves, a recent\nreport tabled in the state Assembly said. Over the past six decades, Kerala\nhas witnessed a drastic reduction in the number of its groves. While the state\nboasted of more than 10,000 groves at the time of its formation in 1956,\nonly around 1,200 exist now, and among these many are under threat, the\nreport prepared by the State Assembly Committee on Forest and\nSacred groves, also called Kavu in Malayalam language, are rich abodes of\nbiodiversity. They are often seen on the premises of Hindu ancestral homes\n(tharavaadu) in the villages. It was a common practice among the people to\nassign a portion of the land on which they built house to serpent god\nNaga or goddess Durga. Felling of trees or even removing a twig from these\nlands were considered taboo. The groves were looked after and maintained by\njoint families. Establishment of sacred groves was also seen as traditional efforts\nby the villages to conserve biodiversity and water resources. These groves had\nperennial water supply and thus supported human habitation. They also served\nas places for worshipping nature.\nBiodiversity hot spots: According to the state forest department, sacred groves\nare as rich in biodiversity as the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats.\nThe size of a grove varies from 0.004 to 1 hectare.\nThe vegetation in undisturbed groves is often luxuriant with multi-layered\ncanopies, shrubs, lianas and herbs.\nThe ground laden with humus is full of ferns and undergrowth. A majority of\nthe groves occur in the northern region of the state.\nThe groves are home to rare flora and fauna, including endangered\nspecies---As many as 475 species of birds, 100 species of mammals, 156\nspecies of reptiles, 91 species of amphibians, 196 species of fish and 150\nvarieties of butterflies abound in the groves.\nReasons for destruction:\nA major reason for the destruction of the groves is the\ndisappearance of the joint family and the emergence of the\nnuclear family.\nConstruction of new houses in place of old ancestral homes is contributing\nto the gradual destruction of the groves as the fragile ecological system is\ngetting disturbed, the report says.\nIndiscriminate grazing of cattle, felling of trees for firewood, encroachment\nby people and uprooting of old trees in natural calamities have contributed\nto the destruction of sacred groves.\nThe coastal district of Alappuzha has the highest number of groves while\nmountainous districts like Idukki and Wayanad have the lowest number.\nIringorkavu, spread over a hectare in Perumbavur in Ernakulam district, is\nthe largest grove in the state, the report says.\nWay Ahead:\nPreservation of sacred groves is important in an era of dwindling forest\ncover, water shortage and climate change\nConcerted efforts should be made by the forest department and the State\nBiodiversity Board to maintain the groves.\nhe government should encourage the grove owners to maintain them by\ngiving financial incentives and awards\nProgrammes to make people aware about the importance of groves\nshould also be held.\nFelling of trees and poaching of birds should be banned in the groves,\n\nRare species of trees should be preserved in seed banks to ensure their\n\nWhat has been done till now:\nThe state has spent about Rs 88 lakh since 2011-12 to promote the\nconservation of groves.\nIn a bid to involve students, 240 biodiversity clubs have been formed in\nvarious higher secondary schools and colleges.\nThe number of these clubs will be increased to 500 by the end of this year,\nThe government is also trying to create new groves in different areas .\n5. US federal agencies to cut greenhouse gases by 40% by 2025 : This move\ncomes in wake of the US China deal and is expected to cut the overall\nemissions of the country by 26 million tonnes. This new sustainability plan\nfor the next decade also directs federal agencies to increase their renewable\nenergy target to 30 per cent by 2025. This is seen as a bold move on the part\nof the US to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while at the same time boosting\nclean energy which is expected to save tax payers up to $18 billion in energy\ncosts. US is the worlds largest polluter historically and currently emits over 5,000\nmillion tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. The country is faced with pressure from\ndeveloping countries and environmental groups to drastically cut its emissions\nowing to its historical responsibility to address climate change. The new charter\nsigned by Obama follows the US-China climate deal wherein the US pledged to\ncut its carbon emissions by 26-28 per cent by 2025 against 2005 levels.\n6. Aral Sea turning Desert: In 1960, the Aral Sea was the worlds fourth largest\ninland water body, spread over 67,499 sq kman area 65 times that of Delhi. Its\nbasin was spread over seven Central Asia nationsUzbekistan,\nTurkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Iran.\nToday, hardly 50 years later, it is a shadow of its former self. According to UKbased online environment paper Earth Times, 82 per cent of the sea has\ndried up into a desert,\n\nThis should act as an eye opener for world\n\nleaders and institutions that favour economic growth at the cost of the\nenvironment. In October last year, the world saw the death of the Aral Seaa\nlake that was so big that it was called a sea. This is among the biggest\necological disasters of modern times.\nIn the Beginning: The Aral Sea is an endorheic lake, which means that\nalthough it has surface inflow, there is no surface outflow of water. The\ninflow into the sea is because of two rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya.\nReasons that lead to the disaster: The Sea started to shrink because of the\nambitious economic plans of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. In 1929, he ordered\ncollectivization of farms in Central Asia to achieve cotton independence. The\nlasting legacy of this social and economic transformation was destruction of\ntraditional irrigation in the Aral Sea basin. In the 1940s, under Stalins Great Plan\nfor the Transformation of Nature, construction of irrigation canals was started\non a large scale. Many of the canals were poorly built, allowing water to leak or\nIn 1987, the sea separated into two water bodiesa small Aral Sea in the\nnorth and a large Aral Sea in the south. The Syr flows into the former, the Amu\ninto the latter. In 1992, the local authorities constructed an earthen dike to block\noutflow to raise the level of the small sea.\nIn August 2005, the dike was replaced by a dam (Kok-Aral) built by Kazakhstan. In\nthe case of the small sea, the dike and dam raised and stabilised the water level,\nleading to greatly improved ecological conditions. But the large Aral Sea was not\nso fortunate. It continued to dry up and by the early 2000s had divided into a\nshallow eastern lobe and a deep western lobe connected by a channel.\nIn October 2014, the eastern lobe dried up completely for the first time\nin modern times, according to NASA. The seabed that emerged is now known as\nthe Aralkum desert.\nFactors responsible:\nWhile experts hold the former Soviet Unions economic policies responsible\nfor the shrinking of the sea, they also blame the areas geopolitics for the\ndeath of the water body.\nThe Aral Sea is located in a place which is still Russias backyard and where\nRussian influence reigns and competes with forces of Islamic extremism\nand Sinic and Western influence.\n\nSoviet central government, by expanding irrigation in the basin beyond the\n\npoint of environmental sustainability, dried up the sea.\nn fact, 2014 saw a string of events in the regions vicinityRussian\nannexation of Crimea, unrest in Ukraine, soured Russian-West relations,\nglobal jihad and the continued rise of China.\nAll these events indirectly influence the future of the sea. Local\ngovernments in the catchment area have a lot of other things to do now.\nSaving the Aral Sea is not the primary task for them\nEcological and Human Impact:\nThe vibrant commercial fishing industry that developed in the first half\nof the 20th Century ended in the early 1980s as indigenous catch species\ndisappeared owing to rising salinity and loss of shallow spawning and\nfeeding areas.\nThe sea basin, which was once a habitat for more than 70 species of\nmammals and 319 of birds, has only 32 species of mammals and 160 of\nNavigation on the sea also ceased by the 1980s as efforts to keep the\nincreasingly long channels open to the ports of Aralsk at the northern end\nin Kazakhstan and Muynak at the southern end in Karakalpakstan became\ntoo difficult and costly.\nThere has been continual desertification in the area. Salt has\naccumulated on the surface forming pans where practically nothing will\nSalt-tolerant plants and drought-tolerant plants have replaced endemic\nStrong winds, particularly in spring, blow salt and dust from the dried\nbottom of the sea on to surrounding land.\nOwing to the seas shrinkage, climate has changed in a band up to 100 km\nwide along the former shoreline in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan,\nAs a result, maritime conditions have been replaced by desert-like regimes.\nSummers have warmed and winters cooled, spring frosts are later and fall\nfrosts earlier, humidity is lower, and the growing season shorter,\nThe population around the sea suffers health problems. Bacterial\ncontamination of drinking water is pervasive and has led to high rates of\ntyphoid, viral hepatitis and dysentery. Tuberculosis is prevalent as is\nanaemia, particularly in pregnant woman. Liver and kidney ailments are\nFuture Implications:\nUzbekistan government has finally announced a US $2 billion\npackage to revive the water body. The project will be funded through\ninternational loans that will be repaid by the Uzbek government and\nInternational Fund for Salvation of the Aral Sea, which includes Kazakhstan,\nKyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.\n\nDated: 23/03/2015\n1. Australian Blueprint for saving the Great Barrier Reef: A plan to save\nAustralias Great Barrier Reef from destruction was announced as Prime Minister\nTony Abbott sought to persuade the United Nations that the World Heritage site\nwas not in danger. The reef has lost about 50 per cent of its coral in the\npast 30 years, due partly to ocean acidification caused by greenhouse gas\nemissions; the dumping of spoil from the dredging of sea channels; and\npollution from agricultural chemicals. Plagues of venomous crown-of-thorns\nstarfish, which eat coral, have also caused widespread damage. Australias 35year plan envisages spending more than 1bn over the next decade to protect\nthe reef. An initial sum of 52m will be used to cut the run-off of sediment,\nfertilisers and pesticides into the sea, which Steven Miles, the state of\nQueenslands environment minister, said was the biggest medium-term threat.\nThe reef contributed about 3bn a year to the economy.\n2. Madhav Gadgil wins Tyler prize: Ecologist Madhav Gadgil has been chosen\nfor the prestigious Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for 2015.\nAchievements: Gadgil was the Chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology\nExpert Panel (WGEEP). Dr. Gadgils report on the preservation of the\nunique ecosystem of the Western Ghats was specially cited as the reason for\nthe honour, besides his contributions to the crafting of the National Biodiversity\nAct, 2002.\nFellow winners: Gadgil will share the $200,000 cash prize with American\nmarine ecologist Jane Lubchenco for their work in changing policy and\nespecially for their leadership and engagement in the development of\nconservation and sustainability policies in the United States, India and\nAbout the Prize: Prize for Environmental Achievement is an award for\nenvironmental science, environmental health, and energy. Tyler Laureates receive\na $200,000 annual prize and a gold medallion. The prize is administered by the\nUniversity of Southern California and was established by John and Alice Tyler in\nSource: The Hindu\n3. Scientists discover shape shifting frog in Ecuador cloud forests: Mutable\nrain frog changes texture from smooth to shiny--- A frog in Ecuadors Andean\ncloud forests can rapidly change skin texture in minutes, appearing to\nmimic the texture it sits on/ mutable rainfrog (Pristimantis mutabilis),/ nicknamed\nthe amphibian the punk rocker frog for its thorn-like spines/\n\n4. Nine new frog species found in the Western Ghats: In 2014, 41 new species\nof frogs have been found, all in the Western Ghats---- The new species belongs\nto genus Raorchestes. According to journal Nature, Western Ghats are one of\nthe eight \"hottest hotspots\" for biodiversity in the world.\nAbout the species: What is Raorchestes\nIt refers to a group of frog species found in south and Southeast Asia. Some of these\nbush frogs are small enough to fit on the tip of one's thumb, measuring anywhere\nbetween 15 to 45 mm. A part of the larger family of tree frogs, they are called bush\nfrogs because they are found in lower parts of the forest canopy, usually in bushes,\nshrubs and small trees. Bush frogs are nocturnal creatures, very hard to spot, and most\neasily found by tracking their loud calls, especially in the dark or the middle of the night.\n5. Indonesian frog species found to show unique reproductive behavior:\nLimnonectes larvaepartus is the only species of frog known to give birth to\nlive tadpoles----- A species of frog found on the Indonesian island of\nSulawesi has been found to be giving birth to live tadpoles a unique behavior\namong the worlds 6,000 frog species. The Limnonectes family is known as\nfanged frogs because of twin projections on their lower jaws that are\nused in fighting.\n6. Carbon Emissions from forests drop down by 25%---/ 2001-2015/ Better\nforests Management and deforestation contribute to emission\nreduction---Slowdown in global deforestation rates.\nGlobal emissions from deforestation dropped from 3.9 to 2.9 Gigatonnes (Gt)\nof carbon dioxide (CO2) per year over the period of 2001-2015.\nDeforestation is defined as a land-use change, from forest to other land uses.\nAmong the significant ones, include Brazil, Chile, China, Cape Verde, Costa\nRica, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Turkey, Uruguay, and Viet Nam\nFAO emphasized at the same time that despite the overall reduction in carbon\nemissions from forests linked to less deforestation, emissions from forest\ndegradation have significantly increased between 1990 and 2015, from 0.4 to 1.0\nGt CO2 per year\nForest degradation is a reduction in tree biomass density from human or natural\ncauses such as logging, fire, wind throws and other events.\nFAO published these figures for the first time on the occasion of the International\nDay of Forests, celebrated on 21 March 2015.\nMethodology adopted to this change\nA more sustainable management of forests will result in a reduction in carbon\nclimate change\nForests are critical to the Earth's carbon balance and hold about three-quarters as\nmuch carbon as is in the whole atmosphere.\nSustainable agriculture is equally important to reduce the pressure on forests\nImbalances between countries and regions-- The absorption of carbon by forests helps to counterbalance, although not\nentirely, overall emissions due to the conversion of forests to other types of land\nForests absorb and store an additional two billion tonnes of CO 2 per year (20112015), excluding emissions from deforestation.\nHalf of the forest carbon sink is related to growth in planted forests.\nDeveloped countries continue to represent the bulk of the overall estimated\ncarbon sink, with a share of 60 percent (2011-2015). --- This share, however, has\ndecreased from 65 percent (2001-2010), mainly due to a decrease in the\nestablishment of new planted forests.\n\nDeveloping countries account for the remaining 40 percent of the total carbon\ncontinued to release more carbon than they absorb, although emissions from\nAfrica and Latin America decreased between 1990 and 2015.\nBrazil alone represented more than 50 percent of the overall estimated reduction\nin carbon emissions between 2001and 2015.\nThe forests of Europe and North America functioned as net carbon sinks between\n1990 and 2015 since they absorb more carbon than they release, whereas\nOceania did not show a clear trend in forest emissions over the same period.\nDated: 27/03/2015\n1. Policy niggles put Indias solar dream under a shadow---While the\ngovernment wants to generate 100,000 Mw of solar power by 2022, it is yet to\nseriously implement steps to meet production and transmission targets--2. Climate change costsunpredictable weather may affect about 30% of the\ncrops in IndiaIndia has been hit by unusual weather and much of the climate\nchange has been endured with unseasonal rainfall and even hailstorms majorly\naffecting around 30% of the Rabi crops. Adverse implications will be on the food\navailability and even inflation. Wheat, mustard and gram, with many vegetables\nand fruit crops over 18 million hectares has been affected in the process. The loss\nin production is feared to hit wheat alone to Rs. 65,000 crore. Tracts in Vidarbha\nand Marathwada in Maharashtra had to be coped with the first drought and then\nexcessive rainsboth affecting badly the crops in those regions. Like the\nSholapur region was mashed by hailstorms affecting crops in a similar way.\nDated: 30/03/2015\n1. Pacific Ocean warms, indicated potential EL Nino--Recent warming of the\nBureau of Meteorology said on Tuesday. Also Climate models indicate the central\nreached or exceeded by mid-year. There is about 50% chances of the\ndevelopment of El Nino in the coming months, which is twice the threshold of\nlikelihood. Because of the possibility of EL Nino various other related climatic\nchanges can also follow-- the system would likely bring below-average winter and\nspring rainfall over eastern Australia and above-average daytime temperatures\nover the southern half of Australia.\nImpact--Such climatic conditions would prove a blow for Australian wheat\nproduction, which is reliant on rains in winter and spring.\nSource: The Hindu\n2. Channeling of Green Climate Fund begins--The Green Climate Fund (GCF), an\ninternational fund dedicated to achieving low-emission and climate resilient\ngrowth in developing countries, will soon begin allocating funds for projects. Its\nboard has identified the first seven entities which will serve as channels for fund\nThe entitles accredited to board includes\nAsian Development Bank\nKreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW\nUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)\nCentre de suivi cologique (CSE) in Senegal\nFondo de Promocin de las reas Naturales Protegidas del Pru\n\nThe Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)\n\nbased in Samoa\nAcumen Fund, Inc. (Acumen)\nThis is the first time that the GCF Board reviewed applications for accreditation with the\nFund. Of the US $10.2 billion pledged to GCF, only $104 million have been received so\nfar. The GCF aims to accumulate $100 billion by 2020. In that sense, the pledged\namount is only 10 per cent of the targeted amount.\n3. River linking to climate change--The Pampa Parirakshana Samiti (PPS), an\neco group, has urged the government to abandon the Pampa-Achencoil-Vaipar\nLink Project (PAVLP) aimed at diversion of water from the west-flowing\nKerala rivers Pampa and Achencoil to the Vaipar river in Tamil Nadu, as it\nwould lead to climate change over a period of time.\nThe scientific community had alerted the government on the alarming\nenvironmental issues in the event of implementing the various river-linking\nprojects proposed in the National River Linking Programme.\nThe environmental consequences of the reduced runoff from rivers\ntargeted by the interlinking programme. Experts were of the view that the\nreduced runoff from the rivers could affect the monsoon rainfall.\nMore news on the Interlinking------Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation has\nconstituted a Task Force on Interlinking of Rivers to look into the issues relating to\nInterlinking of Rivers (ILR) in the country. The Task Force would be chaired by B.N.\n---- B.N. Navalawala said the panel would work out a mechanism that will bring\nbenefits to the surplus States when they shared waters with deficit regions.\nInter Basin transfer------Intra-basin transfer of waters was equally important. The rainfall distribution in the\ncountry, even within a State, was uneven.\n---- Therefore, while facilitating inter-linking of rivers, the task force would also look at\nintra-basin transfer.\n---- To start with, the Ken-Betwa link between Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh\nwould be taken up. That would be followed by the Daman Ganga-Pinjar Par-TapiNarmada links between Maharashtra and Gujarat.\n---- The newly constituted Central task force on interlinking of rivers will focus on\ndelivery of relief and rehabilitation (R&R) measures even before the links are\n---- For the remaining links, efforts would have to be made to win over Kerala, Odisha\nand Karnataka who were opposed to the programme.\nThe river linking project, which the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) calls\ninter-basin transfer of water, is designed to ease water shortages in western and\nsouthern India, while mitigating the impact of recurrent floods in the eastern parts of the\nGanga basin\n\nThe plan proposed\n\n----Under the National Perspective Plan (NPP) prepared by the Ministry of Water\nResources, the NWDA has identified 14 links under the Himalayan Component and\n16 links under the Peninsular Rivers Component.\n---- According to the NPP, the Himalayan Rivers Development Project envisages\nconstruction of storage reservoirs on the main Ganga and the Brahmaputra and their\nprincipal tributaries in India and Nepal, along with an inter-linking canal system to\ntransfer surplus flow of the eastern tributaries of the Ganga to the West. It will also link\nthe main Brahmaputra with the Ganga.\n---- The Peninsular Rivers Development Component is divided into four major parts:\ninterlinking of Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Cauvery rivers and building storages at\npotential sites in these basins, interlinking West-flowing rivers north of Mumbai and\nsouth of the Tapi, interlinking of Ken-Chambal, and diversion of other West-flowing\n\nIssues with the Inter Linking Project\n\n----Environmentalists, hydrologists and economists around the world have expressed\n\ndeep concerns at the irreversible damage that this sort of a mega project can do to the\ncountrys environment and our water resources. ---- Massive civil works will be\ninvolved, lakhs of people will be uprooted and vast sums of money will be required.\n---- The idea of inter-basin transfers is based on the assumption that certain surplus\n(flood-prone) and deficit (drought-prone) areas exist so that water is readily available\nwithout any objection to transfer from the former to the latter.\n---- Any neat division between deficit and surplus areas becomes more of a\nproblem in these times of climate change when erratic weather patterns are more\nfrequently seen. So the basic conditions of problem-free transfer of water from the\ncountry's surplus to deficit areas simply do not exist. The tensions are likely to be\nmuch greater when inter-basin transfers also involve neighbouring countries.\n---- Bio-Diversity flourishing in a particular river system will react when it is linked to\nanother river.\n\n1. Climate change has health and economic benefits: claims study If\n\ncountries limit global warming to 2C, more jobs will be created and\nfewer pollution-related deaths will take place.\nThe reportAssessing the missed benefits of countriesanalysed the\nemissions pledges made by countries before the Paris UN Climate Summit\nscheduled in December.\nEurope, US and China to be benefitted\nEurope has promised 40 per cent reduction in emissions by 2030. This will\ncreate 70,000 full-time jobs, prevent around 6,000 premature pollutionrelated deaths and bring about a $ 35.56-billion cut in fossil fuel imports.\nBut if emissions were reduced by around 55 per cent, all these benefits\nwould increase.\nUSA-- If the US is able to meet the 2C target, it could prevent 20,000\npremature deaths each year from air pollution. It would also create\n180,000 full-time green jobs in the domestic renewable energy sector and\nsave $ 160 billion each year from reduced oil imports.\nChina-- would save over a million lives and create almost 2 million jobs.\nSwitzerland was the first country to formally communicate its contribution\nto the UN climate change deal by promising 50 per cent reduction in\ngreenhouse gas emissions by 2030\nEffects of temperature rise-- Global temperatures have already risen by\n0.85C since 1880, according to the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on\nClimate Change (IPCC). However, if the temperature continues to rise, then\nthe limits for human and environmental adaptation are likely to exceed in\nmany parts of the world, It has envisaged around half of the worlds\ncurrent agricultural land becoming unusable, the sea level rising up to two\nmetres and the extinction of about 40 per cent of species worldwide.\nAs climate changes, drier regions will become less habitable owing to\nincreased drought and desertification\nPeople would be expected to adapt to the new situation by shifting.\nHowever, this would result in a concentration of the human population,\nagriculture and remaining biodiversity in a contracting land area, leading to\nan increasing competition for land and water,\n\nSource: Down to earth\n\n2. Year 2014: records in extreme climatic conditionsSaw record Ocean\nheat; High Land surface temperatures and devastating flooding--The year\n2014 will be best remembered as the warmest year on record since modern\nmeasurements began in the mid-1800s.\nAnd this was despite an expected EL Nino condition, which is typically associated\nwith elevated global temperatures, which failed to materialize.\nGlobal average sea surface temperatures for 2014 were the warmest,\nAntarctic sea expanded to a record extent for the third year in a row,\nThe major events that occurred are depicted as follows\n\n3. Arctic Sea Ice hits a record low this winterAs the planet gets hotter, Arctic\nsea ice gets a record melting percentage even this winter. In the Unsettling new\nmilestone, Arctic sea ice, made of frozen seawater floating in the ocean, usually\nexpands in the cold winter months, reaching a \"maximum\" around February or\nMarch. But this year, the winter maximum appears to be the lowest on record:\nSatellite investigations began as earlier as 1979 when it was noted that\nArctic ice declines at the extent of 3-4% per decade---The decline in sea ice\nhas been especially pronounced during the summer months, where Arctic sea ice\nextent has declined roughly 40 percent over the past three decades, and the ice\nhas lost significant volume,\nOnce the sea ice hits its winter maximum, it will start melting over the spring and\nsummer months. Back in August 2012, Arctic sea ice extent hit its lowest\nlevel ever recorded, but then rebounded a bit in the summers of 2013 and 2014.\nScientists point out that the melt is driven by Global Warming, as well as by other\npollutants humans put into the atmosphere.\nThis vanishing sea ice has the following conseqiuences\n1. Unlocking once frozen areas of oil and gas explorations\n2. Potentially mucking with weather patterns in North America and Europe.\nIf this decline continues then we are likely to see a year when th Arctic will be\npotentially ice free in the summer months.\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) simply says an ice-free\nArctic in September is \"likely\" before 2050 under high global-warming scenarios.\n\nHuman Interference: responsibility towards the increased meltIn 2012, (the\n\nlarge storm in august that year also played a viable role to break apart the Arctic\nice).one study confirmed that between 70 and 95 percent of the Arctic melt since\n1979 has been caused by human activity. Exact numbers aside, it's clear that\nhuman influence has played a big role in the Arctic.\nGlobal warming has drastically heated up the region, with the Arctic warming\nabout twice as fast as the rest of the world\nSoot and other pollutants from factories and power plants in Europe and Asia\ntravel up to the Arctic. When those dark particles settle onto snow and ice, they\nabsorb sunlight and start sizzling. It all leads to less ice.\nMelting Arctic ice wont raise up Sea levels, but a melting Greenland\nmight--Frozen seawater that's floating in the ocean can't raise sea levels when it\nmelts, because that ice was already displacing its own weight--So melting Arctic\nsea ice won't, on its own, flood our coastal cities.\nBut, As the newly exposed Arctic Ocean waters start absorbing more sunlight, the\nbroader region will keep heating up. And that's important when it comes to\nthe vast ice sheet covering Greenland. Greenland's freshwater ice is sitting on\nland, so when it melts and flows into the ocean, that does raise sea levels.\nGreenland's ice sheet is currently 1.9 miles thick and contains enough ice to raise\nglobal sea levels by about 25 feet in all. And that ice sheet is indeed shrinkng--which is now loosing ice at an accelerated rate of 243 gigatones per\nThis is partly due to raised Arctic air in the summer and partly due to rising ocean\ntemperatures which chews away the outer edges of ice sheets.\nPossibilities for the Arctic Melt-- It could, in theory, make it easier for oil and\ngas companies to explore polar regions that were once inaccessible. Back in\n2012, for instance, Shell sent a drill ship to the Chukchi Sea off Alaska to prepare\nfor oil exploration in the newly thawed region. Alternatively, the melting Arctic\ncould also open up new shipping routes during the summer months.\nThere's also the possibility that a melting Arctic could lead to fresh\ntensions among the nations that border it the United States, Russia,\nCanada, and so forth. In theory, there's an Arctic Council that's supposed to settle\nvarious -disputes that are likely to arise as the ocean opens up.\nContrast to the studies of the Arctic Ice is the Antarctic Ice which for reasons\nunknown is growing.\nThere are two types if ice in the AntarcticSea Ice and Land Ice\nOf them the Sea ICe is that which covers vast tracts of floating in the\nAntarctic sea ice has indeed been growing in recent years\nlarge ice sheets.\nLand ice is more relevant to humans, since when that ice melts and drips into the\nocean, it pushes up global sea levels. (There's enough ice in West Antarctica\nalone to raise the ocean 10 to 13 feet..and according to current estimates,\nAntarctica is loosing this land ice.\nThus although the Arctic and the Antarctic are behaving like their locationspoles\napart, yet the global rise in temperature can do more harm than being useful.\n3. Greenhouse gas hits records\nThe amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record\nthe World Meteorological Organization reported Tuesday, raising\nthe threat of increased global warming.\n\nThe scientists warn that the Earth's natural ability to store and\nmediate the gases through oceans, plants, and other means may\nbe approaching a saturation point, which could exacerbate\ncurrent warming. Not all scientists agree, however.\nThe World Meteorological Organization's annual report \"shows that, far\nfrom falling, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\nThis trend has to be reversed by cutting emissions of CO2 and other GHGs\nCarbon dioxide levels rose more between 2012 and 2013 than during any\nother year since 1984.\natmosphere increased by 34 percent.\nThe surge was driven by a concentration of carbon dioxide that is 42\npercent higher than the level in the pre-industrial era (prior to 1750).\nMethane and nitrous oxide were 153 percent and 21 percent higher,\nrespectively, than pre-industrial levels, although their overall numbers are\nmuch lower than carbon dioxide's.\nCautioning systems\n1. Normally, about a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions into the\natmosphere are absorbed by plants, while another quarter dissolves\ninto the ocean.\n2. But the ability to plants and oceans to keep on absorbing excess greenhouse\n3. The record high levels of CO2 gas was related to the r educed CO2 uptake by the\nearth's biosphere in addition to the steadily increasing CO2 emissions,\n4. CO2 remains in the atmosphere for many hundreds of years and in the oceans\nfor more longer. Thus it is also related to the increased acidity in the ocean\n4. Ozone facts---- Ozone is a colorless gas. Chemically, ozone is very active; it\nreacts readily with a great many other substances.\nNear the Earths surface, those reactions cause rubber to crack, hurt plant\nlife, and damage peoples lung tissues.\nBut ozone also absorbs harmful components of sunlight, known as\nultraviolet B, or UV-B.\nDobson Unit-- The Dobson Unit (DU) is the unit of measure for total ozone. If\nCelsius) and pressure (1013.25 millibars, or one atmosphere, or atm), the\n0.3 atm-cm. To make the units easier to work with, the Dobson Unit is\nOzone Hole--- Each year for the past few decades during the Southern Hemisphere\nozone hole.\n\nloss from chlorine and bromine compounds.\n5. What is meant by Ecotourism--Ecotourism is a new approach in tourism sector. Several terms relating to\necotourism such as, sustainable tourism, green tourism, rural tourism, communitybased tourism, responsible tourism etc have been emerged over the last 20 years or so.\n\nEco tourism means preserving travel to natural areas to appreciate the cultural\nand natural history of the environment, taking care, not to disturb the integrity of the\necosystem, while creating economic opportunities that make conservation and\nprotection of natural resources advantageous for local people.\n\nThe potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable development was\n\nrecognized during the Earth Summit in 1992, when sustainable tourism was considered\nas an environment friendly economic activity.\n\nIt can provide vitally needed income to poor communities, giving them\n\nan economic stake in protecting the environment. It led to change in the tourist\nperceptions, increased environmental awareness and desire to explore natural\nenvironments. Eco tourism may foster cultural exchanges between people- leading to\ngreater understanding.\n\nde-stress but also rejuvenate you. The few places like the Himalayan Region, Kerala, the\nKerala is the first planned ecotourism destination in Indiacreated to cater to the Ecotourists and nature lovers.\n\nwildlife sanctuaries and national parks has encouraged the growth of the wildlife\nresource. Currently, there are about 80 national parks and 441 sanctuaries in India,\n\nThere are numerous Botanical and Zoological Gardens in India, which are working\ntowards the enhancement of the Ecosystem. Poaching has been stopped to large\nextent. There are several animal & plant rights organisations, which fight for the rights\nof the animals and plants. Numerous organisations and NGOs are coming forward to\nprovide environmental education to the common people at the grass root level.\n\nCommunity eco-tourism initiative:\n\nEco-tourism at the initiative of communities has been started in different states of\nIndia like J&K, Nagaland, Kerala, Sikkim and West Bengal.\nIn Ladakh, several villages have initiated home stay programmes for trekkers and\nother tourists, with funds going back to conservation and village development.\nKhonoma village near Kohima is the site for Green Village Project set up by the\nMaharana Kumbha Common Interest Group, with nine villages from BPL families. The\nyouths were trained in visitors management. The camp offers camel and horse riding,\nhiking, folk dances etc.\n\nIf ecotourism is not properly monitored it can be as damaging as the mass\n\ntourism with negative impacts on ecology, environment, social and economic life of host\ncommunities. With the increased footfalls of tourists, the deep need today is that\ntourism like other sector be planned and managed suitably.\nNegative consequence List:\ncommercialization, direct impact on environment, problem of garbage and\npollution, impact on fauna and flora, encroachment on virgin land, heavy traffic in\necologically fragile areas, adverse effect on local people, trade of wild animals, threat to\nindigenous culture (Jarawa tribe)\nPaper cups abandoned in and around biosphere reserves might cause large scale\nmortality of worker bees. It is reported that globally 70% of crop plants and 98% trees in\ntropical rain forests are pollinated by tiny insects like bees.\n6. Reef fish and sex ratios: related to warming trend of oceans-- Using a\nmultigenerational experiment research has shown for the first time that when\ntheir offspring's sex through non-genetic and non-behavioral means\nDated: 07/04/2015\n1. Bengaluru shutterbag captures rare Partridge--A photographer recently\nspotted the Chestnut-breasted Partridge (Arborophila mandellii), endemic\nto the Eastern Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh.\nAbout Chestnut-breasted Partridge\nThere are nearly 45 different species of partridges, of which the Chestnutbreasted Partridge is classified as a hill partridge\nIt gets its scientific name from an Italian naturalist\nIUCN estimates that about 2,500 Chestnut-breasted Partridges live in Arunachal\nPradesh, Bhutan and Lower Tibet along the Himalayas.\nThe International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which\ncategorises the bird as vulnerable, has only a colourful painting at least\ntwo decades old as reference.\nSource: the Hindu\n2. Green ultimatum to western ghats states The Ministry of Environment and\nForests has set April 30 as the final deadline for the States along the Western\nGhats for submission of reports on demarcation of the ecologically-sensitive areas\nas per the recommendations of the high-level working group\nThe committee is headed by Dr K Kasturirangan\n37% of the ghats are to be declared sensitive (as opposed to the too\nmuch economic friendly Gadgil Committee recommending 75% of the\nWestern Ghats area as ecologically sensitive zone restricting development\nAccording to the ultimatum, the states bordering the Western ghats must\nsubmit their area They consider to be ecologically sensitive so that\ndevelopmental activities can be planned by the GOI in other parts. If not,\nthe GOI would demarcate the boundaries as per their own accord.\nKerala is the only State among six bordering on the Western Ghats that\nhas promptly filed the submissions while other States have been dragging\nfeet---Kerala has submitted the cadastral maps of 123 ESA villages\nalong with colour-coded maps, demarcating the residential areas,\nwater bodies, sandy grounds, farmlands, plantations, forests and hilly\nareas in each village. And then according to the remaining area it can lead\nto exemption.\n\nMadhav Gadgil report2011---was an environmental research\n\ncommission appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of India.\nThe commission submitted the report to the Government of India on 31\nAugust 2011. It was considered to be too environment friendly when it\nrecommended banning of complete environment-hazardous activities in\nthe whole of Western Ghats starting from Salher-Mulher to the BilgiriRanjan\nhills.this report was also considered by UNESCO, which added the 39\nserial sites of the Western Ghats on the World Heritage List\nKasturi Reportit seeked to balance both the developmental front and\nthe environmental front. By watering down the environmental regulation\nregime proposed by the Western Ghats Ecology Experts Panels Gadgil\nreport in 2012. The Kasturirangan report seeks to bring just 37% of\nthe Western Ghats under the Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA)\nzones down from the 64% suggested by the Gadgil report.[8] Dr. V.S.\nVijayan, member of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) said\nrecommendations of the Kasturirangan report are undemocratic and antienvironmental.\n----A crucial report on Western Ghats prepared by K. Kasturirangan-led\nhigh-level working group (HLWG) has recommended prohibition on\ndevelopment activities in 60,000 km2ecologically sensitive areas spread\nover Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.\n---the 37 per cent of the total area defined as the boundary of the Western\nGhats is ecologically sensitive. Over this area of some 60,000 km2, spread\nover the States of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil\n-----The Kasturirangan group had recommended declaration of 56,825 sq\nkm of the Western Ghat areas as ecologically sensitive, which is much less\nthan the Gadgil committee suggesting delineation of 1.29 lakh sq km.\nAlso in the News--The ministry has already accepted the Kasturirangan\ngroup's report for demarcation of the ESA zones in the Western Ghats and\nit is now under pressure of the National Green Tribunal to declare the ESA\nzones at the earliest.\nSource: Herald\nOther important approach for the Western ghats\nWestern Ghats have been added to the enviable list of UNESCOs world heritage\nsites on July 1, 2012 at a meeting in the Russian city of St. Petersburg.\nThirty nine sites of the Ghats have been selected as heritage sites by the World\nHeritage Committee\nSilent valley, one of the must see destinations in a mans life also belongs to the\nThe major seven clusters of Western Ghats are Agasthyamala, Periyar, Anamala,\nNilagiri, Thalakkaveri, Kudhramukh and Sahyadri.\nThe topmost peak of Western Ghats is Anaimudi found in the Idukki District of\nThe three major rivers that originate in the western ghats and flow to the east\nand transverse a great distances right across the peninsula are:1) The Godavari\n2) The Krishna\n3) The Kaveri\nThe habitat and biological hotspot of 5000 flora, 16 never ever seen endemic\nbirds, 179 omnivorous species and 191 pure water fishes:140-Mammal species\n\n510-Bird species\n180-Amphibian species\n260-Reptile species\nMajor threats to the Ghats\nThe ecological imbalance and the regular rhythm of the nature is mainly\nattributed to the unfettered axing of trees and thus paving the way for the\ndesertification of the zone.\nThe Red Data Book published in 2012 signal that the fauna of the Ghats is\nincreasingly depleted and decimated over the years.\nUnscientific methods over fishing especially electro-fishing, dynamiting,\nindustrial effluents, introduction of exotic species.\nIllegal mining is found rampant especially in Goa and Karnataka. Mining\nactivities badly necessitate enormous quantum of water which in turn causes\nsiphoning off water into mining pits. Naturally, there is dearth of water for\nfarming and drinking.\nThe large scale thermal plants such as cement, iron and steel in the states of\nthe Ghats heighten the temperature of nearby regions by dissolving toxic\nchemicals from air.\nThermal power plants emit fly ash containing lead and mercury which is\ndeposited in river and thereby turn detrimental to the reproductive cycle of\nSteps taken by the GOI\nThe GOI followed the mandate of the National Development Council,\npromulgated the execution of the Western Ghats Development Programme in the\nFifth FYP (1974-79)\n9th 5YP onwards wherein watershed based development approach became the\nwatchword:- in order to check the water erosion, optimize the use of natural\nMajor Committees Formed\n1. Madhav Gadgil Committee (Specified): Madhav Gadgil, famous ecologist, was\ndeputed to be the chairman of Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel. The main\nobjective of the Committee is to study the ecological and environmental issues\nhovering around Western Ghats and give salutary recommendations:He submitted Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) into three zones.\nZone 1: Needs highest protection.\nZone 2: Needs intermediate protection.\nZone 3: Needs moderate protection\n2. Kasturirangan Committee--The Kasturirangan panel was set up by GOI to study\nthe Gadgil committee report on Western Ghats. The Committees report was\nbrought to light on 18/04/2013. Some of the crucial recommendations are: There should be complete ban on mining activities in Ecologically Sensitive\nAreas (ESA).\nThe ongoing mining activities should also be banned within 5 years or as\nand when mining lease is expired.\n90% of the natural forests left in the Ghats to be conserved under the ESA\nThe Panel did not recommend an outright rejection of the Athirapalli\nhydroelectric project in Karnataka and Gundiya Dam in Karnataka.\nThe forest area falling within the ESA covers 4156 villages and so the\nvillagers should be involved in decision making on the future projects.\nThe township or construction over the size of 20,000 sqm in the ESA to be\n\n3. Leopard numbers across the country down by 80%-- Following the spates of\nrecent Human-Leopard conflicts, which indicated that leopard numbers were on\nthe rise. A study conducted by three wildlife scientists for over four years has\nfound that the leopard population, on the contrary, has declined by a whopping\n70-80 per cent over the past 100 years.\nThe study was primarily based on genetic analysis\nThe population estimation of leopard numbers has been done from different\nparts of the country, but no cumulative data is available\nMolecular data from fecal samples of leopards were also collected\nIn India leopard preservation is often clubbed with tigers because many\nleopard are in Tiger reserves\nBecause a reliable count of their numbers is not possible, not much has been\ndone for their systematic protection\nWhile Tigers have got protection under the Project tiger Programme initiated\nby the GOI, leopard did not sustain such a major feat\nInfact poachers have now tried to replace tiger parts with that of\nLeopardsaround 4,000 body parts and bones of leopards were discovered\nfrom different parts of the country during the period of 1994-2013 as\ncompared to only 1,000 of that of tigers\nRising conflicts of human and leopards are also dwindling their\nnumbers. the severe depletion of habitat and prey is bringing leopards in\ndirect conflict with human\nThough leopards are territorial animals and solitary in nature, but the\nencroachment ont heir territory is bringing them in direct clash with human\nthus decreasing their numbers.\n\nDated: 13/04/3015\n3. Lakshadweep has been facing a drastic decline in coral cover in\nrecent years. Discuss various environmental and anthropogenic\n\nfactors behind this phenomenon. How can El Nino be disastrous for\n\nthe worlds coral reefs? Illustrate-----Lakshadweep is one of the best regions of India for coral formation and of late this has\nbeen facing a decline in coral formation.\nAs reported in early 2010, the coral cover of the area was 27% which dropped till 11%\nbecause of the May 2010 bleaching. The effects were most pronounced in the\nKaravatti region of Lakshadweep.\n--this decline is producing serious threat to the marine community and the livelihood\nprospects of the local community.\nSome of the factors which contributed to these phenomena can be listed hence\n1. Environmental\nClimate change-- the rise in sea surface temperature due to El-Nino\nphenomenon during 1998 caused extensive coral reef bleaching impacting\nover 40 to 90% of live coral cover\nCoastal erosionserious problem faced by the islands every year leading to\ncoral loss\nIncreased sedimentation and pollution of water also affects the delicate\nbalance of coral and their survival need\nEl Ninothis is an anomaly and not well understood phenomena, and often\ncited as the major reason for coral bleaching according to scientists.\nFurther, it is well established that the last big El Nio in 1997/98 caused the worst\ncoral bleaching in recorded history. In total, 16% of the worlds coral was los t and\nsome countries like the Maldives lost up to 9 0% of their reef coverage\nCorals are a symbiotic relationship between the microbe which provides its\nnutrients and it ends up making its shell, all happening at an Optimum\ntemperature. Warming of the sea ends this relationship, and ends up destroying\nthem. Moreover, in that process corals do not get the required nutrients and\nhence get depleted.\nThought they have the capacity to recover, but the enhanced global warming has\npared this down.\n2. Anthropogenic\nPopulation Pressure Changing demographic pattern and lifestyle, coupled\nwith resource harvest from the reefs have brought many reefs in the\nLakshadweep to various degrees of stress.\nDevelopmental Activities-- Overexploitation and mind less mining of coral reef\ncolonies led to degrading of coral reef.\nCoral Tourism-- Lakshadweep increasingly being promo ted as major tourist\ndestination for sea sports like scuba diving. This results in environmental\npollution particularly of sea water\nLimits to fishing and other water activities\nSnorkeling should also be limited as human activities and tourism cause coral to\nget destroyed\nMining should also be under control\nCap of carbon emissions\nDated: 15/04/2015\n\n1. The Great Indian Bustard, a critical analysisGenerally recognized as\n\nCritically Vulnerable and Endangered; protected in the sanctuaries of Gujarat\nand Rajasthan needs special care and protection due to its rapid declining trend.\nCause of Vulnerability\nDegradation of Grassland\nUnprotected Lekking sites\nOvergrazing of grasslands\nFeral dogs\nUnprotected eggs\nIntegrated measures\n(a) Improvisation of GrasslandBetterment of grassland with special care and\n(b) Awareness- An integrated process of Public awareness contributed by the\nnaturalist and specialist can take special measures to protect nesting ground;\nlekking sites which can substantially raise the population of great Indian bustard.\n(c) Government Efforts--Government effort like forming special task force for\nprotecting bustard from hunting in conjugation with international efforts can\nreally help keeping intact the population of great Indian bustard.\n--In all the aforesaid way, government has been able to protect Narcondum\nhornbill and Amur Falcon ; in that way great Indian bustard also requires special\nprotection. They are the jewel of nature and a combined process of NGOS ;\ngovernment; naturalist and above all common people can save them.\n\nIs water vapor more disastrous than Carbon di oxide : Global Warming Issue\nWater vapor, which accounts for 98 percent of the greenhouse effect. Doesn't this\ninconvenient truth wholly discredit your little global-warming charade\nIt's unassailably true that water vapor is the gas most responsible for the\ngreenhouse effect.\nGreenhouse gases let shortwave solar radiation through the atmosphere, but\nimpede the escape of long-wave radiation from the Earth's surface.\nThis process keeps the planet at a livable temperature: Without a suitably\nbalanced mixture of water vapor, CO2, methane, and other gases in the\natmosphere, the planet's average surface temperature would be somewhere\nbetween -9 and -34 degrees Fahrenheit, rather than the balmy 59 degrees it is\nBy mass and volume, water vapor is the most prevalent greenhouse gas in the\nAccording to both the International Panel on Climate Change and manyglobal\nclimate models, water vapor accounts for somewhere between 60 percent and\n70 percent of the greenhouse effect.\nThe skeptical argument thus goes something like this: Since water vapor is the\nmost potent greenhouse gas, and since this vapor is created through natural\nevaporation rather than human activity, the current warming trend is nothing\nto worry aboutjust the Earth going through a normal climatic cycle.\nHowever for the gas to create GH warming, it must be aided by temperatureas\nwe know The amount of water vapor the atmosphere can hold is almost purely a\nfunction of temperaturethe warmer the air gets, the more vapor it's able to\nglean from the planet\n\nWe know, for example, that the atmospheric water content over the oceans\nhas increased (PDF) by 0.41 kilograms per square meter every 10 years since\nWell, over that same time period, global emissions of carbon dioxide\nhave soared.\nAnd unlike water vapor, which returns to Earth as precipitation within a week of\nentering the atmosphere, CO2 sticks around for between 50 and 200 years.\nCarbon dioxide accounts for approximately 25 percent of the greenhouse effect,\nso it's pretty clear that the dramatic increase in atmospheric CO 2 is playing a\nsignificant role in recent warming. (This warming might have been even\ngreater if not for the ability of the planet's oceans to absorb heat.)\nThus the atmosphere is able to absorb more WV aided by CO2which goes on\ncreating procedural amplification.\n-----So anthropogenic CO2 serves as the chief engine of global warming, with\nwater vapor playing a crucial secondary role. Ex: According to the IPCC, if\nCO2 emissions were to double, water vapor would amplify the resulting\ntemperature change by another 60 percent\n\nRemaining updates\n1. Typhoon Haiyaan: Phllipines: Impacts--- In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan devastated\nthe Philippines, killing more than 6,000 people and destroying nearly $3 billion\nworth of property. Typically, when people think of flooding or sea level rise, they\nlook at how its going to drown out villages and roads, but all these effects\npropagate underground where the aquifers are.\n2. India proposes changes to International treaty on Ozone Layer--Opening the door to using the Montreal Protocol to phase out climatedamaging Hydroflouro Carbons (HFCs), India has this week moved an\namendment to the international treaty that seeks to protect the ozone\nlayer.India's new position on expanding the protocol to cover HFCs indicates\nthat the country has come around on an issue on which it had reservations for\n\n3. Lion as National Animal--- The Narendra Modi government is considering a\n\nhad the coveted status since 1972\n--it naturally created a furore among environmentalists saying that it would\ndeadlock the campaign to save tigers and pave the way for clearance of\nindustrial projects near tiger sanctuaries.\n\nHowever several factors come into paly before considering Lion as the\nnational animal--- Tigers are found across 17 states in India, whereas\nlion is found in only one\nIn a recent countrywide assessment, it was found that India is home to\nmore than 2,200 tigers, whereas the Asiatic lion population,\nestimated at 411, is confined to Gujarat's Gir.\nTiger was adopted as the national animal at a meeting of the Indian Board for\nWildlife (now NBWL) in 1972 in view of its \"worldwide importance, existence in\nthe entire country and the need for its protection\".\nIf you really want to make lion the national animal, you should first restore\nat least 10-15 natural habitats which are suitable for lions. Then the\nlions should be relocated there from Gir. Otherwise, as things stand now, lions\nare staring at a genetic bottleneck, which is common in populations\nconcentrated in small pockets,\nDue to inbreeding, the single population of lions at Gir is susceptible\nto genetic disorders. Also, an epidemic or a natural disaster would seal their\nfate, confined as they are to just 258sq km.\nA relocation project was proposed in 2004, where some of the endangered big\ncats were to be shifted from Gir to Madhya Pradesh's Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary\nto save them from extinction\n4. Satpura Tiger Reserve-- Satpura Tiger Reserve has become a paradise for\nsummer breeding birds, mainly due to reduction in water level in backwaters of\nTawa reservoirs (tarns: fish eating birds). Black belly tern, an endangered species,\nwas spotted breeding at Satpura, which is encouraging news for the sanctuary\nPopulation of this species is on the decline, mainly due to increase in human\npressure on river eco-systemthus the increase of these species in this area is\nencouraging news.\n5. Ken Betwa River Linking/ Panna Tiger reserve--- Red flagging Ken-Betwa\nriver-linking project, Panna Tiger Reserve (PTR) authorities have submitted an\nadverse report saying it would hurt the prized tiger habitathence the\nimplementation of this project cannot be recommended. More than 200 square\nkm of PTR would be submerged if project is implemented.\nthe project is embroiled in controversy over its environment impact\nassessment (EIA). The assessment report mentions presence of Sangai, an\nendangered brow-antlered deer, which is only found in Manipur, at the Ken\nbasin. The Sangai sighting clause has triggered an uproar with\nThe Rs 9,393-crore project involves 9,000 hectares, half of which is forest\narea. If the project is cleared, 10% of the tiger reserve will be taken away.\n\nMarch Updates\n1. After years of the world becoming modern as many as 2.67 billion peopleover\n40 per cent of the worlds peoplestill burn biomass in their inefficient and dirty\nand inhale toxins that are now understood to be the worlds number one killer\n\n2. Dark future of Coal\n\nIndia is pushing for a more coal-based power generation but recent reports\nraise serious concerns over\nthe viability of coal-fired plants\n\nIndias coal-based power plants have doubled in capacity over the past two Plan\ncent of total).\nLarge reserves coupled with favorable economics have spurred capacity addition in\ncoal power over the past decade.\nIn 2012, the Planning Commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog) had forecast that\n\nIn 2011, a study by Prayas Energy Group found that more than 200 GW of coalbased capacity had been\napproved by the Union environment ministry for the 12th Five Year Plan period (till\n2017) alone against\na requirement of 70 GW.\nAnother 500 GW was awaiting approval. The study noted that this combined capacity\nwas three times the capacity additions required till 2032. This could result in locking\nup of significant financial resources and create stranded assets in generation and\nAccording to a report by CoalSwarm and Sierra Club Boom and Bust: Tracking the\nGlobal Coal Plant Pipeline a large number of these projects have either been\nstalled or shelved.\nConstruction began on just 9 GW of the proposed 500 GW between up to mid-2014.\nBetween 2010 and 2012, the ratio of completed to cancelled projects was about 2:1.\nBetween 2012 and 2014, this increased to a shocking 6:1, highlighting the severity of\nproblems in the sector.\nTrigger for protests\nWorsening air quality, displacement due to land acquisition, forest destruction, impacts\nof fly ash\ndisposal and conflicts over water use have triggered protests from local communities\nagainst setting up\nof plants.\nThe Centre for Science and Environments (CSE) Green Rating Project (GRP) notes that\nenvironmental impacts of this expansion have been severe.\nIn its recent publication, titled Heat on Power [4] , GRP observed that plants in critically\npolluted areas in India (as defined by Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of\nIndustries or CEPI) contributed to more than a third of the total installed capacity.\nEven existing new plants are suffering from poor capacity utilisation (PLF). In 2013-14,\nPLF for thermal\npower plants dipped to 65 per cent, which is the lowest level in 14 years and has\nstagnated at the same\nlevel in 2014-15 as well. This further questions the need for new plants when existing\nplants are not\nbeing utilised fully.\n\nThe focus for coal-based power sector should be efficient management, especially in\nthe areas of PLF,\nefficiency improvement, pollution control, water consumption and ash utilisation.\nWhether there really\nis a need for more coal-based generation needs to be debated after taking into account\nthe projects\nalready in the pipeline and the aggressive expansion of renewables, mainly solar, said\nUmesh Bapat,\nformer vice-president (operations) of Tata Power Company Limited.\nWho will fund them?\nGlobal financial institutions like World Bank have also committed to not\nfinance dirty coal projects\n-----This means project developers have to seek out domestic sources of funding.\nHowever, domestic\nFinancial institutions are already facing massive accumulation of non-performing assets\n(NPAs) on account of the power sector, and are unlikely to lend given the uncertainties\nThe impacts are already being felt by BHEL, Indias largest power generation equipment\nmaker. Its profits slumped by 70 per cent consecutively in the second and third quarter\nof 2014-15 due to lack of orders.\nUncertain coal supply is an added constraint for plants. Coal India Limited (CIL) is\nnotoriously inefficient\nin coal production and has a monopoly over coal supply in India.\nIts average productivity per-man-per10/shift is three times below the global average.\nPlans are afoot to double CILs production and captive coal blocks are being auctioned\nto ease supply. However, these measures are not likely to take effect till at least 2019.\nTime to rethink strategy\nPrice of renewable energy is set to reach parity with coal-based generation and even\nsurpass it.\nCombined with the governments revised targets for renewable energy capacity of 100\nGW by 2022, coal-based generation is likely to face strong headwinds. Now would be\nthe right time for the government to re-think coals contribution to Indias energy mix\nand formulate a strategy to use existing capacity effectively as well as prevent\naccumulation of non-performing assets in the future.\n3. Countries in the Hindukush region should understand the potential of\nwater resources for sustainable development--The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region heavily depends on water resources for\nirrigation, food, hydropower, sanitation, and industry, as well as for the functioning of\nmany important ecosystem services.\nWater thus directly contributes to the national GDP and to livelihoods and income\ngeneration at the local level.\nAlthough water is the foundation of sustainable development, water management in the\nHKH region remains fragmented and uncoordinated, and does not take relevant regional\nissues into account.\nSome of the important reasons for the aforesaid facts are cited as follows\nand glacier-covered high mountains, and have abundant seasonal and annual\nwater supply.\n\naccess to water for drinking and agriculture.\nThroughout the mountain region, springs are reported to be drying, and mountain\nagriculture has suffered from drought.\nThe shortage of water has placed an increasing burden on mountain\ncommunities, particularly on women.\nFurthermore, the communities face loss of property and lives due to waterinduced natural hazards.\nClimate change has exacerbated the situation by creating uncertainty about the\nfuture water availability and water security.\nUnderstanding the characteristics of water is crucial for sustainable water\nSome of the complexities and challenges of water management in the HKH\nregion --1. Water and energy---Energy is one of the most important pillars of sustainable\ndevelopment; while hydropower is one of the sources of sustainable development\nin the HKH region having a potential estimated to be 500,000 MW. Thus the\nregion has abundant opportunities for hydropower development.\n-----Energy security can open up opportunities for development and employment\nand contribute to the national GDP.\n----Moreover, innovative solutions such as electric transportation and a clean\nsource of domestic and industrial energy supply would significantly improve the\ndeteriorating environmental condition of the region.\n-----However, many countries in the region have been able to tap only a small\nfraction of their available potential.\n----Out of the 42,000 MW potential reported in Nepal, only about 2 per cent is\nharnessed so far, whereas Pakistan has harnessed 11 per cent of its total\nStill, people in both these countries face many hours of scheduled power cuts.\n2. Water and environmentVital role for ecosystem services esp in riparian\nareas;Freshwater ecosystems in particular largely depend on the specific flow\nregime of rivers passing through them.\n----However, due to intervention of infrastructure development, the flow regime\nchanges in the downstream areas, where, in many cases, communities depend on\nwater resources for livelihoods such as fishing.\n----A major concern is how to make sure that a certain minimum flow is\nmaintained so as to sustain freshwater supply and support dependent\necosystems. There is very weak monitoring of the minimum flow requirement in\nthe region.\n3. Water for Food-Both being essential ingredients for human survival and\ndevelopment. Agriculture is a major contributor to the GDP of countries in HKH.\nIn Nepal, it contributes to 35 per cent of the national GDP.\nThe Indus river system is a source of irrigation for about 144,900 hectares of\nland, whereas the Ganges basin provides irrigation for 156,300 hectares of\nagricultural land. Access to water resources for food production and their\nsustainable management is a concern from the local to national level. Amid rapid\nenvironmental and socio-economic changes, the growing population will require\nmore water and food, and equitable access to vital resources has become a major\nquestion. Sustainable solutions to these problems require efficient use of water\nresources for agricultural use in which technological innovation plays a vital role\n4. Water and disaster--Due to its physical setting, the HKH region is prone to\nvarious water-induced hazards (landslides, floods, glacial lake outburst floods,\n\nand droughts). Every year, during the monsoon season, floods wreak havoc on\nthe mountains and the plains downstream. These floods are often trans-boundary.\nGlobally, 10 per cent of all floods are trans-boundary, and they cause over\n30 per cent of all flood casualties and account for close to 60 per cent of all those\ndisplaced by floods.\nThe social and economic setting of the region makes its people more vulnerable\nto natural hazards. Lack of supportive policy and governance mechanisms at the\nlocal, national and regional levels, and the lack of carefully planned structural and\nnon-structural measures of mitigation lead to increased vulnerability.\n5. Regional Corporation--The examples above show that water has both beneficial\nand adverse traits, its management is complex, and often a regional approach is\nnecessary. The hydropower potentials are primarily concentrated in the mountain\nregions but the major users of the energy are the urban areas and industries in\nthe plains. Strong technical and political barriers separate those regions, which is\none of the major reasons of slow progress in hydropower development. However,\nrecent trends have shown some positive change. In the recent 18th SAARC\nsummit in Kathmandu, the SAARC member countries signed a Framework\nAgreement on Energy Cooperation. This agreement has opened up the energy\nmarket in South Asia, and thereby possibilities for cooperation in the energy\nsector. However, it remains to be seen to what extent the collaboration would\nplay a role in energy security.\nKeeping in mind the aforesaid factors there is strong indication that the HKH region will\nundergo a climate change in recent yearswith temperature rise along with rise of\nprecipitation. And the impacts on the sustainable development of the region cannot be\nanswered without the regional corporation.\nHence some regional corporation efforst has to be promoted in the region\nwidely like\nEffective flood management requires sharing data and information between the\nupstream and downstream areas, not only within the country, but also at the\ntrans-boundary level\nTechnological innovations based on satellite information, in combination with\nground-based data, can be transformed into information that can prove vital in\nsaving lives and properties\nHence the way ahead\nA balanced regional corporation among the neighboring countries will create\ntrust, which can be a basis for future cooperation for maximising benefits such as\nenergy trade.\nCountries of HKH region should recognise the potential of water resources for\nsustainable development.\nThese resources can help reduce poverty, improve livelihoods, conserve\necosystems and contribute to flood and drought management in the region.\nThis will not only help us face the present crisis, but also open up avenues to deal\nwith issues of future water availability amid climate and socioeconomic changes.\nRegional cooperation should be based on the three pillars of sustainability:\neconomic vitality, environmental integrity and social equity, both at the national\nand local level.\n4. Narendra Modi needs to do for Ganga\nBackground- National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), which was set up in 2009which\nNarendra Modi is all set to preside over. The NGBRA was set up as a apex body for\nthe revival of the River Ganga following public protests. Agitattors complained that\nGanga Action Plan (GAP) had failed to clean up the river.\n\nGAPganga Action Plan was launched by the then PM Rajiv Gandhi in\n\norder to cleaning the 2,500 km mighty river.\nIn August 2009, GAP was re-launched with a river basin authority in charge.\nObjective of the NGBRA--is to ensure that there an effective pollution control and\nthere is conservation of the river; while its functions includes: planning and\nexecution of the programmes to keep the river clean and flowing. In the last 30\nyears, GAP had failed to improve the quality of river water to acceptable standards\n(defined as bathing water quality standards).\nAround Rs 950 crore were spent in the name of cleaning the river in two phases\nand at one instance among the two India also got aid from the World Bank for the\nBut the situation remained grimwith a holistic action missing from the\nMain issues\nGrowing Pollution Load of the River(July 2013): Around Rs 950 crore were spent\nin the name of cleaning the river in two phases. And in the upper stretches like in\nRudraprayag and Devaprayag, they remain in appreciable amounts whatsoever.\nThus an inadequate flow for dilution persists even in these upper stretches, which\nalso are highly oxygenated. Thus in these higher stretches, water extraction for\nhydroprojects is endangering the overall health of the river\nMiddle course problems--the amount of water extracted from the river increases\nto meet irrigation and drinking water needs. In this stretch of the river, from\nRishikesh to Allahabad, there is almost no water during winter and summer\nmonths. In other words, the river stops flowing. But the waste water flow does not\nebb. The river at these times receives only waste and turns into a sewer drain.\nBOD levels are high downstream of Haridwar, Kannauj and Kanpur and peak at\nVaranasi; and the pollution is getting worse day by day.\nOverall, freshwater intake from the river is increasing. In this way, water is drawn\nfor agriculture, industry and cities but what is returned is only waste .\nWay ahead/ Possibilities of change\nWhen the new government was formed under Modi, cleaning Ganga was one of the topmost priorities\nHowever, Modis dream of cleaning the holy river does not seem to be happening in the\nnear future.\n-----This is in spite of the fact that an integrated Ganga Conservation Mission,\nNamami Ganga, was established.\nIn the latest budget presented in February, not much attention was focused\non cleaning the river. The interim budget presented last year talked of over Rs\n2,000 crore exclusively for cleaning Ganga. Till date, no implementation has been seen\non ground. The only actions observed were arrangement of meetings for discussions,\nlike the Ganga Manthan and Jal Manthan.\nThe Supreme Court, which is dealing with a two decades-old PIL filed by\nenvironmentalist M C Mehta on the cleaning of the river and setting up sewage\ntreatment plants alongside it since 1985, slammed the government several times for\nnot putting words into action. The prime minister is said to have taken stock of the\nactions taken so far.\nMeanwhile, the ministry presented two reports to the Lok Sabhaone was on the\npollution hot spots and the other on Ganga River Basin Management Plan, prepared by a\nconsortium of seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).\n\nOne hopes the plan prepared by IITs does not focus only on things like setting up\nsewage treatment plants but also takes into consideration that most of the cities along\nthe river have only 20-30 per cent sewered areas. The conveyance of waste must be reconceptualised and implemented at the time of planning treatment plants.\n5. Electricity from paddy straw/Power generation/India- A 10-mw power plant based on rice straw, the first of its kind in the world, will'\nbecome operational in Jal Kheri village in Patiala district of Punjab in\nNovember this year.\nThe plant will work on a very effective method of converting waste into electricity\nfor which it will be possible to produce about 1,000 mw of electricity from the rice\nstraw and husk available in Punjab alone,\nThus project is jointly financed by the DNES and the Punjab State Electricity\nBoard (PSEB), the plant will require 70,000 tonnes of rice straw a year.\nThe project was originally conceived in 1986 ---five to six million tonnes of rice straw\nwere going waste every year in Punjab, posing serious disposal problems for farmers.\nas rice straw is seldom sued for fodder in Punjab and Haryana( more popular\nwheat straw and green fodder are available in plenty)\nBHEL which is supposed to set up this plant has developed most of its\nequipment indigenously, except for the fuel feeding and firing system, which is\nbeing imported from Denmark.\nThe technology developed for harvesting, baling, storage and transport of rice straw\nhas undoubtedly benefited the paper industry as well as other industries in the\n6. Fishing Ban to come into force in Andhra Pradesh soon---(from April\n14th)---in the Bay of Bengal coast. The ban will be from April 15 in the State,\ndespite the fact that the government has not been able convince all stakeholders\nof the need for implementation of the sixty-day ban.\nWhile the government is for prolonging the ban period for conservation of\nmarine fish species, the fisher folk are accusing the authorities of robbing\nthem of their livelihood.\nThe government will release Rs. 2,000 package to each family,\nwhich is engaged in fishing activity, compensating their income on\nfishing and allied activities\nEarlier, the package, including rice offered to each eligible family, was\nbarely worth around Rs. 600.\nA maximum of eight persons are eligible for the package for each\nmechanised boat, while it is six for each motorised boat, as they\nwill directly loose employment during the ban period\n7. Grey Hypocolitus sighted in Gujarat--- Two Mumbai-based professionals and\nkeen amateur birders have recently sighted and photographed a rare bird, Grey\nHypocolius, at the Narara Marine National Park near Jamnagar in Gujarat.\nGrey Hypocolitus is a rare migratory bird found in Northern Africa;\nAfghanistan; Pakistan and Western India\nA slender, long tailed bird the size of Bulbul (about 19-21 cms),\nGrey Hypocolius is a migratory bird that comes from central Asian countries. It\nis an interesting record since it has been photographed for the first time in\nMr. Munsiff said apart from a stray sighting near Tarkarkli in Konkan in 201112, the bird was spotted in Kihim in Alibag district near Mumbai in 1930 by\nSalim Ali.\n\n8. GOI freezes Greenpeace accountsGreenpeace Indias all SEVEN bank accounts\n\nhave been freezed by the GOI with immediate effect.\nCiting various grounds for the suspension of the FCRA registration of\nGreenpeace India and the freezing of its accounts, the Union Home Ministry\non Thursday alleged the organisation did not inform the authorities\nconcerned about transfer of foreign contributions received in the\ndesignated account to the FCRA utilisation account and then to five other\nThe seven accounts in IDBI Bank, ICICI Bank and Yes Bank have been\nfrozen with immediate effect.\nListing the alleged violations, the order said the NGO under-reported and\nrepeatedly mentioned incorrect amount of foreign contributionswhich\nGreenpeace India had later admitted to be typographical error.\nThe MHA also charged the NGO with incurring over 50 per cent of foreign\ndonations on administrative expenditure during 2011-12 and 2012-13\nwithout prior approval; and willfully suppressing details on salary payment\nby Greenpeace International to Greenpeace activist Greg Muttitt, who\nworked on secondment with Greenpeace India for over five months in\nEconomist interests hurt-- Stating that acceptance of foreign contributions\nby Greenpeace India has prejudicially affected the public and the economic\ninterest of the country in violation of the Section 12 (4)(f)(iii) and Section\n12(4)(f)(ii) of the FCRA, the government said the act also amounted to\nviolation of the conditions of grant of registration certificate.\n---- Accordingly, the Central government has suspended the registration of\nthe organisation, including its branches and units, under the FCRA, for six\nThe order comes against the backdrop of MHA reports raising concerns that\nthe United Kingdom has been showing interest in the organisation's India\n9. Ban on elephants in templesOn the 17th of April the apex court likely to\ndecide on a PIL seeking he ban on elephants in religious functions, processions\nand other such events.\n---the PIL is public interest petition filed by Bangalore-based Wildlife Rescue and\nRehabilitation Centre and other animal welfare organisations\n----as some temples like the The famous Guruvayoor temple has 90 elephants,\n---- pachyderms are subject to untold cruelty despite laws over half a century old\nlike Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1960, which makes it an offence to beat,\ntorture, over-load, chaining or tethering with a heavy or short chain.\n---- little regard was paid to the Ministry of Environment and Forests guidelines of\n2008, which bans captive elephants from being made to walk for more than 30\nkm a day and not more than three hours at a stretch.\n---- The petition pointed out that in States like Tamil Nadu, temple festivals\nhappen in the hottest months of the year and it was common for elephant\nkeepers to make their elephants walk on the hot, tarred city roads during peak\nsummer days. This was in sheer violation of the Tamil Nadu Captive Elephants\n(Management and Maintenance) Rules, 2011.\n---- even treats given to temple elephants by devotees add to their misery: This\nleads to obesity, indigestion, and occurrence of colic and e.coli salmonella\ninfections (unwashed hands of devotees could be a major cause) in the elephants\n---- Laying emphasis on States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra\nPradesh, where decked-up elephants perceive to add to the grandeur of temple\n\nfestivals, the petition brought to the courts attention that 88 persons including\n71 mahouts were killed in accidents relating to captive elephants in three years\nbetween 2007-10. The same period saw 215 elephants killed as a result of cruel\n----- The petition, filed a year after the Supreme Court said animals have the\nconstitutional right to life and dignity under Article 21, wants the court to protect\ncaptive elephants from cruel treatment, sale and transfer under the guise of gift\nor donation and use for commercial and religious activities.\n----- It said the last government census of captive elephants was way back in\n2000. It showed that over 3,600 were in chains, in the possession of private\nentities, including religious institutions and trusts.\n10.Management practice for mango malformationWhich is now discovered to be a\nfungal disease. It was reported for the first time from Darbhanga, Bihar.\nThe disease is more in northwest than in the northeast and South India.\nMalformation is one of the most important problems of mango and a serious threat. This\ndisorder is widespread in flowers and vegetative shoots.\nBroadly three distinct types of symptoms are there. These are vegetative malformation\nand floral malformation. Later, these were grouped under two broad categories that is\nvegetative and floral malformation.\nCommonly found- (a) vegetative malformationwhich is found in the young seedlings; (b)\nFloral Malformation which s found in panicles/inflorescences.\n1. Diseased plants should be destroyed. Use disease free planting material\n2. Scion sticks from infected trees should not be used.\n3. As soon as the disease appears, the affected terminals along with the basal 15-20 cm healthy\nportion should be removed or pruned and burnt. If more than 25 per cent affected plants, deblossoming at bud burst stage should be done to delay the flowering.\n4. Spraying of Planofix (200 ppm) during the first week of October followed by deblossoming at bud\nburst stage is recommended.\n5. A single foliar application of 1,000 ppm cobalt sulphate prior to flower bud differentiation\nsuccessfully reduce the floral malformation.\n11.Smart technologies for water management in CropsClimaAdapt---- Irrigation\nprojects have always been part of the top agenda in any government policy. Each\nadministration has always introduced something new for its part on the water\nissue. Walamtari is a government organisation in Hyderabad serving farmers of\nboth Telangana and Andhra Pradesh States.\nPresently they are working on low cost sensors for water use efficiency, soil\nmoisture and environmental parameters, through a project called ClimaAdapt,\nsupported by the Norwegian Government.\nToday several smart technologies like sensors are available to monitor water\nresources distribution and utilisation. The cost of monitoring water usage with\nthe aid of these technologies is more reliable and convenient as compared to\nhuman resources engaged for monitoring\nfarmer needs to do is to buy and install one or two sensors in his field and\nirrigation outlets in the fields for measuring water flow, soil moisture,\ntemperature and relative humidity in the atmosphere. Once every two to three\nhours information on the above is sent to the farmers mobile as a message.\nAfter setting up the sensors in their fields, which are prices between rs. 2,000\nto Rs. 3,000.---farmers can get information every three hours on his mobile\nabout the water flow, air temperature, soil moisture etc on his mobile phone.\nBeing a Government organisation, it does not market sensors commercially.\n\nThough this is a new concept in an area that already faces several problems,\nthe need of the hour is for farmers across the country to become aware about\nthis concept and try them personally.\n12.India has 988 species on the IUCN Red List--- India has added 15 more species to\nthe Red List of threatened species published by the International Union for\nConservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2014, but the country has climbed down a spot\nto the seventh position.\nBy the year-end, India had 988 threatened species on the list, which lists\ncritically endangered, endangered and vulnerable species. In 2013, the\nnumber was 973.\nWith 659 species in 2008, the increase over seven years is 50 per cent, in part\ndue to better research identifying more threatened species and deforestation.\nBy adding 37 species, China seemed to have helped India improve its rank.\nApart from habitat loss, it is research and surveys that add species to the Red\nList. Studies for some endemic species are yet to be conducted in India, to\ngive a better picture of their status\nThis is definitely a concern There is a tendency of decision-makers to focus\non charismatic mammals for conservation, while others are left out of\nprogrammes A more holistic approach is needed to conservation in India.\nA recent World Bank mapping of endangered mammals shows India as having\nthe fourth largest number of threatened species in the world, 31 of them\nendemic to the region.\n\n13.India and Bird Count---India has become the country with the second highest bird\ncount in the wolrdwith 735 species; after Equador awith 784 species.\nProfessional and amateur bird watchers use a variety of tools today, including\nonline portals to keep counts of species. They update this frequently. Thus, when\nthe Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) was conducted in mid-February, India\nbecame the country recording the second highest bird count at 735 species, after\nEcuador with 784 species.\nbirds are most active early in the morning. The best time to watch them is\nbetween 6 and 9, with a peak in activity in between. Morning walkers spot\nmany species in their backyard.\nDuring the recent backyard bird count, participants in Uttarakhand came in\nfirst with 383 species, Tamil Nadu with 324, Karnataka with 322 and Kerala\nwith 299. All these States have good bird diversity, and so do some others.\n\nAfter the common crow, the other most frequently encountered species in\nIndia were common Myna, Rock Pigeon, Black Drongo, and Asian Koel, as per\nthe GBBC.\nUnlike agriculture, which is a monoculture, cities can be made biodiverse with\nseveral different types of trees. This actually makes them better placed to\nhost a variety of birds than plain farms.\nOn the other hand, birds in cities are affected by the presence of free-roaming\ncats, large glass windows without glazing, a lot of lighting and steadily glowing\nred lamps.\n14.Emission from the Biomass burning across the Himalayas---the organic acids\npresent in the aerosols serve as a unique fingerprint in identifying the source of\nContrary to the general assumption that the southern slopes of the\nHimalayas act as a barrier and effectively block the transportation of\npollutants from India and other parts of South Asia, a study published a\ncouple of days ago in the Nature Group journal Scientific Reports finds\nsound evidence to prove otherwise.\n---- Aerosols have been found to rise and cross the entire range of the\nHimalayas. So much so that studies conducted in the northern slope of the\nHimalayas at an elevation of 4,276 metres above MSL could find markers\ndistinctive of pollution arising from India and other regions of South Asia.\nThe organic acids present in the aerosols serve as a unique fingerprint in\nidentifying the source of pollution. In this case, the dicarboxylic acids\nserved as a fingerprint.\nThough dicarboxylic acids can be produced by biomass burning, vehicular\nexhausts and cooking (primary source), as well as atmospheric\nphotooxidation (secondary source), the researchers were able to pinpoint\nthe source as biomass burning.\nAgain, Levoglucosan is a specific marker of biomass burning it is\nproduced through the pyrolysis of cellulose during the combustion\nAnother unique marker of biomass burning is the water-soluble potassium.\nBoth the markers showed strong positive correlation with dicarboxylic acids\nthereby confirming biomass burning as the source of pollution.\nThough the pollutants were found to reach the northern slopes of the\nHimalayas during all the seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon\nand winter seasons the amount of aerosol found peaked during premonsoon. This, according to them is one more indicator of biomass burning\nas the source\nAgricultural burning and forest fires along the southern Himalayan foothills\nand the Indo-Gangetic Plain reach a high during the pre-monsoon period.\nThat probably is the reason why the amount of biomass burning marker\nfound peaked during the pre-monsoon time.\nWhile the local topographic relief of the Himalayas play an important role\nin allowing the pollutants to cross the mountains and reach the northern\nThe up-valley wind during daytime, being maximum in the afternoon, helps\nin pushing the pollutants to higher altitude. On the northern slopes, a\ndown-valley wind is prevalent during the same time. The combination of\nthe up-valley wind in the southern slopes and down-valley wind in the\nnorthern slopes allows the accumulation of aerosol on the glacier surfaces.\n\n---- Acting as efficient channels of south-to-north air flow, the mountain\n\nvalleys could allow the air pollutants to easily penetrate throughout the\nRegardless of where the pollutants come from, the study has provided\ncompelling evidence that they are due to biomass burning. We must step\nup the global effort to drastically cut down biomass burning as much as we\n15.Raining Troubles in the Recent past /Western India---The latest rainfall in the\nwestern part of the nation, which caused massive loss to the agricultural\neconomy was basically attributed to the Western disturbances. However, the\nscientists have now found out a many other causes as well\nWestern disturbances are low-pressure areas embedded in the Westerlies,\nthe planetary winds that flow from west to east between 30-60 latitude.\nThey usually bring mild rain during January-February, which is beneficial to\nthe rabi crop. But in the past few years western disturbances have been\nlinked to disasters\nScientists agree that western disturbances are formed naturally. They\noriginate in the Mediterranean region and travel over Iran, Iraq,\nAfghanistan and Pakistan to enter India loaded with moisture, where the\nHimalayas obstruct them, causing rain and snow in western Himalayas.\nThe snow adds to the glaciers which provide water to Indias major\nperennial rivers\nThe cloud burst in Leh in 2010, the floods and landslide in Uttarakhand in\n2013 and the excessive rain in Jammu and Kashmir in 2014 were all linked\nto these disturbances.\nThis year, as per the India Meteorological Department (imd), the average\nrain received between March 1 and March 18 was 49.2 mm197 per cent\nabove normal. This caused severe damage to crops in several states of the\ncrops in over 5 million hectares have been damaged. But despite the\ndestruction the disturbances have been causing, there have been very few\nstudies to understand them.\nEasterly Wave--- the severe rain this year is the result of the confluence of\nwestern disturbance and easterly wave from the Bay of Bengal. Easterly\nwave, or Easterlies, blow throughout the year from east to west. The\nconfluence of the two winds happens throughout the year, but the results\nvary. They generally bring rain only to the northern part of the country but\nthis year states in central and south India also received rain,\nPacific Decadal Oscilaltion--phenomenon called Pacific Decadal Oscillation\n(PDO) contributed to the severity of this years rainfall. PDO is the name\ngiven to long-term fluctuations in the surface temperature of the Pacific\nOcean. In areas above 20 north off the western coast of North America,\ncooling is observed during the negative phase of PDO while warming is\nobserved during the positive phase. This shift from one phase to another\nhappens every 10 years or in multiples of 10 years and is yet to be\nunderstood properly. PDO influences the placement and intensity of ridges\n(high-pressure areas) and troughs (low-pressure areas) over the northern\nhemisphere. the wet winter seen this year and in 2013-14 was caused due\nto the impact of a very strong positive PDO.\n---The warm waters in the west coast of North America led to a strong ridge\nover the Gulf of Alaska and western Canada.\n\n---Another ridge prevailed over the central Atlantic Ocean which allowed\nstorm systems to move through Europe into southeast Europe and the\nMiddle East\n--- A weakness between a couple of such ridges allowed storm systems to\nmove into Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India over the past couple of\nwinters/springs, he explains.\nJet Streams---Widely used weather models, such as the Global Forecast\nSystem, are consistently showing the movement of new upper air troughs\ninto India. Such troughs in the jet streams (narrow bands of strong winds\nflowing in the upper troposphere) could be affecting the western\ndisturbances which, imd says, are present in the lower and middle\n------One such trough started forming in the upper troposphere over Iran,\nAfghanistan and Pakistan on February 26 and intensified and moved\ntowards north-western parts of India on February 28.\n----his led to the formation of a low-pressure region in the lower\ntroposphere over northwest India, causing an incursion of moisture from\nArabian Sea, and produced heavy rains.\n----he rainfall on March 14-16 was also caused by a similar upper air\nweather set-up. This shows how problematic the combination of western\ndisturbances and upper air troughs can be for India, says Deoras.\nOther latest phenomena to cause such disaster mau be cited as follows\n1. Heating of the Tibetan plateauWestern distrurbances have been directly linked\nto global warming in many studies.\n----global warming is impacting air currents and causing freak weather events.\nPronounced warming over the Tibetan plateau in recent decades has increased\nthe instability of the Westerlies and this has increased the variability of the\nwestern disturbances.\n----According to the study, the western Himalayan region has seen a significant\nrise in surface temperatures since the 1950s. Observations from the area show a\nsignificant increase in precipitation in recent decades. T\n----The researchers looked at a variety of climate data to understand the\nincreasing frequency of heavy precipitation. They say temperatures have risen in\nthe middle- and upper-tropospheric levels over the sub-tropics (area between the\nTropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn) and the middle latitudes.\n--Thus, human-induced climate change is the reason for the increased variability\nof western disturbance\n2. Arctic Warming--heating up of the Arctic has weakened the jet streams in the\nnorthern hemisphere. The west to east flow of jet streams in the northern\nhemisphere is maintained by the gradient of heat between the cool Arctic and\nwarmer areas near the equator. But the Arctic has been warming since the past\n20 years due to which the jet streams have become weaker. Rather than circling\nin a relatively straight path, jet streams now meander. This is making the South\ncolder and the North warmer. Francis says western disturbances could definitely\nbe affected by these jet streams.\n3. Regional factors---These can be mostly explained by natural short-term weather\nevents. There is nothing too unusual or any sign of climate change, there is\nnothing extraordinary about the event and India has witnessed similar weather\na) Rabi crop accounts for 51 per cent of the countrys grain output and\nsustains Indias requirements till October till the kharif crop is harvested.\nTherefore, the winter crop has a significant bearing on food inflation.\n\nb) The fact that kharif yield in 2014 was below normal makes the situation\neven more grim\nc) And the impact of crop damage has already started percolating to\nconsumers. Vegetable prices increased by 30-40 per cent after rains in\nDelhis wholesale markets.\nd) As states calculate crop loss, there are reports of farmer suicides in\nMaharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.\ne) Maharashtra, which has been struggling with drought and is now faced\nwith excessive rain and hailstorm, has announced a compensation\npackage of Rs.7,000 crore.\nf) However, compensation are pais only when the losses are more than 50%\n16.Sendai Resilience\nGovernments of 187 UN member states have adopted a 15-year plan with targets\nto substantially reduce deaths and economic losses from disasters.\nCalled the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, it is the first major UN\nagreement on the post-2015 development agenda consisting of four major aims\nand seven targets to be met by 2030.\nThe Sendai plan, adopted last week at the UN Conference on Disaster Risk\nResduction, will replace the existing Hyogo Framework for Action (2005) that ends\nthis year.\nThis first major UN agreement on the post-2015 development agenda will drive\nthe future for a sustainable and disaster-resilient world along with the sustainable\ndevelopment goals and the Paris climate agreement to be decided in September\nand December respectively this year.\nThe main aim of this is to build up a NEW disaster Framework\nTill now Disaster Framework was based on--T he Hyogo Framework for Action ,\nwhich is even as the 10-year blueprint expires this year.\nOver these 10 years, disasters continued to take a heavy toll on lives and\nproperty. Over 700,000 people lost their lives, over 1.4 million were injured and\napproximately 23 million were made homeless as a result of disasters. The total\neconomic loss was more than $1.3 trillion. Besides, around 144 million people\nwere displaced by disasters between 2008 and 2012.\nAnd the world is still far from been prepared; Several gaps remain in addressing\nthe underlying disaster risk factors to formulate goals and priorities for action and\nensuring adequate resources for implementation.\n\nThe Sendai Framework also focusses on ---issues related to poverty reduction,\n\nsustainable development, natural resource management, environment, urban development and\nadaptation to climate change\nWarning --- The effects of disasters, some of which have increased in intensity and have been\nexacerbated by climate change, impede their [small island states] progress towards sustainable\ndevelopment, the 10-year review conducted by UNISDR showed over 87 per cent of the disasters\nwere related to climate change.\nConnecting dots between new Sendai agreement, Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals\nand Paris climate agreement---as all these three agreemens share the same aim of making\ndevelopment sustainable\nBut disaster risk reduction planning must be integrated with broader global and national efforts to\nachieve sustainable development. And with targets without numbers and no substantial financial\ncommitments from the rich nations, questions as to whether the disaster-risk conference fulfilled\nthe expectations and the new Sendai agreement can ensure a disaster and climate-resilient\nfuture, remain unanswered.\nTotal Economic losses in the world is more concentrated to the Asia Pacific..\n\nDated: 20/04.2015\n1. Uttarkhand New Tiger reserve--- Uttarakhand now has a second tiger\nreserve, besides the Corbett Tiger Reserve.\n\nUttarkhand is the state with the second highest Tiger population after\nThe Rajaji National park has now been notified as the Rajaji Tiger Reserve by the\nProject Tiger_From the 9 tiger reserves since its formative years, the Project Tiger\ncoverage has increased to 48 at present, spread out in 17 of our tiger range states.\n--The tiger reserves are constituted on a core/buffer strategy. The core areas\n--- The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 was amended in 2006 keeping in view\nthe needs of the Project Tiger for providing enabling provisions for constitution of\nthe National Tiger Conservation Authority and the Tiger and Other Endangered\nSpecies Crime Control Bureau.\nThe functions of NTCA are as follows:\n\nEnsuring normative standards in tiger reserve management\n\nPreparation of reserve specific tiger conservation plan\n\nLaying down annual/ audit report before Parliament\n\nInstituting State level Steering Committees under the Chairmanship of Chief\n\nMinister and establishment of Tiger Conservation Foundation.\n\nAccording approval for declaring new Tiger Reserves.\n\nSpecial Tiger Protection Force (STPF):\n\nCreation of Special Tiger Protection Force (STPF) was announced in 2008.\n\nA onetime grant of Rs. 50 Crore was provided to the National Tiger Conservation\nAuthority (NTCA) for raising, arming and deploying a Special Tiger Protection Force\nfor 13 tiger reserves. The rest of the reserves were taken up later.\nAdded to the above\nLies in the Shivaliks;\nSecond tiger reserve after Corbett Tiger Reserve\nThe park is at the NW limit of distribution for both elephants and tiger in India,\nand has a Largest population of the elephants in uttarkhand\nUttarkhand is the state with the highest number of Tiger population after\n\nNational Green tribunal\n\nenables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases\npertaining to environmental issues.[3] It was enacted under India's constitutional\nenvironment. This is also related to the enforcements of any legal right relating to\nenvironmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources\ncompensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected\ntherewith or incidental thereto\nOn 18 October 2010, Justice Lokeshwar Singh Panta became its first Chairman\nDuring the Rio de Janeiro summit of United Nations Conference on Environment\nand Development in June 1992, India vowed the participating states to provide\njudicial and administrative remedies for the victims of the pollutants and other\nenvironmental damage\nThere lie many reasons behind the setting up of this tribunal. After India's move with\nCarbon credits, such tribunal may play a vital role in ensuring the control of emissions\nand maintaining the desired levels\nThis court can rightly be called special because India is the third country following\nAustralia and New Zealand to have such a system.\nNotable orders of the tribunal1. Yamuna Conservation Zone--On 25 April 2014, The NGT said that the health\nof Yamuna will be affected by the proposed recreational facilities on the river. The\n\nNGT also recommended the Government to declare a 52 km stretch of the\n\nYamuna in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh as a conservation zone\n2. Coal Blocks in Chhattisgarh forest--3. Ban on decade old Deisel vehicles in Delhi NCR---An attempt to minimize air\npollution at capital of India and NCR. PM 2.5 particles have reached alarming\nlevel. As per this order, 10 yrs old vehicles are not allowed to ply. However, as per\nMedia report, central Government exploring to appeal against the order at\nSupreme Court, especially for personal vehicles.\n4. Incinerator Technology for producing refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)--National Green tribunal has permitted the states including Karnataka to use\nIncinerator Technology for producing RDF , commonly known as waste-to-energy\nIncineration: this is a waste treatment process which involves the combustion of\norganic substances contained in waste materials.\n--- Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat\n--- Heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power\n--- The gases, flue gases are first treated for eradication of pollutants before going in\nto atmosphere\n---Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 9596%.\nConcerns against Incineration----- The highly toxic fly ash, dioxin and furan emissions may cause adverse health\neffect for local residents.\n--- Incinerators emit varying levels of heavy metals such asvanadium,\nbe toxic at very minute levels\n--- The reusable, recyclable waste destroyed in this process which has adverse\nimpact on communities which are involved in recycling industries.\nNGT orders to minimize concerns\n--- No waste could be directly put into the incinerators or for power generation,\nexcept the specifically permitted.\n--- Only those wastes that are found unrecyclable after segregation should be put\ninto the incinerators\n--- The tribunal emphasized that it was not putting any absolute restriction on RDF\nbeing used as power generation fuel, but first effort should be made for composting\nof wet waste\n--- The States are free to use RDF for generating fuel with due care and caution by\nframing necessary guidelines\n--- The Central Pollution Control Board and the Ministry of Environment and Forests\nwere directed to prescribe specific guidelines for emissions from incinerators.\nRefuse Derived Fuel(RDF)----- Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) or solid recovered fuel/ specified recovered fuel (SRF) is\nconverter technology.\n--- RDF consists largely of combustible components of municipal waste such as\nplastics and biodegradable waste\n---RDF is extracted from municipal solid waste using a mix of mechanical and/or\nbiological treatment methods\n--- The production of RDF may involve the following steps:\nBag splitting/Shredding Size screening Magnetic separation Coarse shredding\nRefining separation\n\nApplications of RDF\n---- Electricity production\n--- Used alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants\n--- Cement kiln industry\n--- Can also be fed into plasma arc gasification modules, pyrolysis plants and\nKyoto Protocol.\n\n1. First Environmental Democracy Index (EDI)-- India has ranked 24th out of\n70 countries in the first Environmental Democracy Index (EDI) that is topped by\nLithuania and evaluates nations progress in enacting laws to promote\ntransparency, accountability and citizen engagement in environmental decision\n----Lithuania, Latvia, Russia, the US, South Africa, the UK, Hungary, Bulgaria, Panama\nand Colombia are the top 10 nations in the list launched by Washington-based World\nResources Institute (WRI) and Access Initiative.\n---A new Index that measures how well national laws protect environmental\ndemocracy rights has just been released by the World Resources Institute and the\nAccess Initiative. It places India at the 24th position, in the category of good\nperformers, out of 70 countries. Lithunia scores the highest.\n----EDI measures environmental democracy by looking at Three Citizens rights--access to information, degree of participation and access to justice.\n** The Index does not cover countries in most of the: Western Europe; Middle East\nand North Africa\n***Assessment is also based on National level laws.\n2. Asiatic lions in Gir goes up by 523, increases by 27 per cent since\n2010---- The number of Asiatic lion in Gujarats Gir sanctuary has gone up to\n523, an increase of 27 per cent since 2010, when the last census showed\nthe count at 411.Releasing the numbers at Sasan Gir, Chief Minister\nAnandiben Patel attributed the increase to persistent conservation efforts of the\nState Forest Department hand in hand with wildlife enthusiasts and local\npopulation. Out of the 523, 109 are males, 201 females and 213 are cubs.\nThe number of lions has grown steadily over the years from 180 recorded in the\n1974 census, 359 in 2005, 411 in 2010 and 523 this year.\n----- Forest officials acknowledge that this conservation success story would not have\ncome about without support from the Maldharis, a nomadic tribe of cattle-rearers,\nand also farmers living in the vicinity of the Gir National Park.\n---- Lion territory in Gujarat spans some 22,000 sq km across four districts\nJunagadh, Bhavnagar, Amreli and Gir-Somnath. This covers 2,600 villages with an\napproximate population of 7,00,000. Lions now frequent more villages than in the\npast, with about 167 of them found roaming outside the protected forest area,\ncreating hardly any conflict situations.\n--- The lions have actually helped control the population not only of nilgai, its\nprincipal source of food, but also of wild boars, which frequently destroy standing\n--- Thus, they have benefited the local communities. These communities have\nreciprocated by protecting the animals from poachers, resisting retaliation when\n\nlions prey on cattle, and even building parapet walls around farm-wells to minimise\nthe accidental death of lions that may fall into them.\n3. 52,000 to save the bustard--- Pramod Patil, a Pune-based ornithologist, has\nearmarked the 35,000 prize money he got with the Whitley Award (Green Oscar)\nfor conserving the bird. While the 35,000 prize money he got with the Whitley\nAward for his work to save the critically endangered bird has gone into the\ncorpus, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds of the U.K. has promised him\n17,000 for his conservation efforts in the Thar Desert. The money will be\nchannelled through BirdLife International, an international non-governmental\norganisation involved in conserving birds and their habitats.\n4. Neem coated urea---100% Neem coating may help to save Rs. 4500 Cr per\n---the government has finally found a way to curb the illegal diversion of highly\nsubsidized urea by deciding that 100% urea both imported and produced in the country\nwill have to be Neem coated.\n---Sources said that 100% Neem coating will at least save Rs 45,000 crore annually on\ntwo accounts(a) reduced demand of nitrogen based fertilizers by checking illegal\ndiversion (b)) decline in the use of Neem coated urea wrt the normal one.\n---some mechanism will also be worked out since there is a chance of using imported\nfertilizer getting diverted for industrial use.\nSome guidelines can also be issued using Neem coating in the ports itself.\nGOI have already made it mandatory for using Neem coating for 75% of urea.\n----India normally used 31 million tonnes of urea among which about 8-9 tonnes are\nimported. And on an average the subsidy for each tonne of urea is about Rs 15, 000\n----Moreover, shifting the usage of normal urea to Neem coated urea will also lessen the\ndemand by 10%, which would elad to the savings of another Rs 1500 crore.\nUtilities of Neem coated urea: while Neem coated urea is unfit for the industrial use,\nwhile it is useful for the soil, crop and also beneficial to farmers.\nThe wastage is also less and it works as a bio-pesticide. Even the extent of ground water\npollution is less.\n5. Biodiversity for Sustainable development---In the International Day for\nBiological Diversity celebrated on the 22nd of May, minister has emphasized on\nthe need of working together to conserve Biodiversity and ensure the future for\nthe present generation as well as the coming generations.\n---the International Day for Biodiversity is celebrated across the globe to recognize the\npivotal role of biodiversity to life on earth and human well-being, as well as to increase\nawareness of the importance of biodiversity and the threats to it.\n--- It was on this day in 1992 that the text of the Convention of Biodiversity was\nadopted. This years theme is Biodiversity for Sustainable Development\n--- During the preceding years, Biodiversity and Poverty Alleviation in 2003, Biodiversity:\nFood, Water and Health for All in 2004, Biodiversity: Life Insurance for our Changing\nWorld in 2005, Protect Biodiversity in Drylands in 2006 and Biodiversity and Agriculture\nin 2008, have been some of the other themes.\n----The International Day for Biological Diversity is being celebrated all over the country\ntoday. The main event is being held in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir.\n6. Tighter norms proposed for polluting coal fired power plants---In a bit to\nreduce pollution from coal fired power plants, Environment, Forest and Climate\nChange (MoEF&C) published a draft notification on Monday. It proposed to tighten\nair quality norms and lower the rate of water use by these plants. The proposed\nnorms are a critical step to reduce the environmental impact of the coal based\npower sector which is one of the most polluting sectors of the Indian industry.\n\n----of the total pollution from the industrial sector, the coal based power sector currently\naccounts for approx. 60% of the Particulate matter (PM); 45-50% of SO2 emissions; 30%\nof NOx emissions, and more than 80% of mercury emissions.\n----however there are currently no standards to curb the emissions of SO2, NOx and\n----the ONLY standard that exists is for the PM which is quite relaxed as according to\nglobal norms.\n--the proposed standards as released by MoEF&C bridges this gap.\nUnder the proposed norms, the existing plants would have to improve their pollution\ncontrol techniques and all the new plants installed after January 2017 will have to follow\nthe revised guidelines/according to Global Standards\nThe reduction in air pollution from the coal based power plants is critical for achieving\nsignificant reduction in overall pollution load from the industrial sector, which will go a\nlong way in alleviating the health impacts from the coal based power sector which also\nhas a disproportionate impact on the poor people.\nFinally the norms would require he existing coolants tower plants to restrict water\nconsumption to 3.5 m3/MWh. Plants set up after January 2017 will require to achieve the\nnumber to 2.5 m3/MWh.\nStringent norms---the proposed standards tighten the norms for PM, and also have a lot\nof norms set for NO2, SO2 and Hg standards. Compared to the existing standards, India\nwould have to cut the Particulate emissions from the new plants to be installed after\n2017 by 25%, SO2 emissions by 90%; NOx emissions by 70% and Hg emissions by 75%.\nCompared to the present industry average the present cut in emissions is more than\n7. ACT NOW: Action on Climate Change No Delay---transition to a Low Carbon\nEconomy: There are serious challenges around commercial, technological,\npolitical or behavioral issues. However, nothing suggests that it cant be done.\nAnd it is easier and cheaper than adapting to a much hotter planet.\n\n8. A new species of Fish has been discovered in the Western Ghats---Ecologists found a new species of fish called Pethia striata in Tunga River in the\nKudremukh National Park, Karnataka\nThe discovery of the new species was published in the journal of the American\nSociety of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists by researchers from Ashoka Trust for\nResearch in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)\nThe male of the species measures 3-4 cm in length and is red in colour, while the\nfemale is grey with a striking pattern of scales.\nThe species was distinct in several ways, but the most striking characteristics were\nthe pattern of scales which form oblique bars and the black blotch just before the\nThe fish from Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, is currently known to be found\nonly in the two streams of Mudba and Turad, a region populated by wet evergreen\nand semi-evergreen forests.\nPethia striata is found in small groups of 3-4 individuals in shallow pools and would\nbe an addition to the largest family of fish, scientifically called Cyprinidae, which\nincludes common carp, goldfish, and zebrafish.\n\nSome of the recently discovered new species in the Western Ghats include a little\njumping spider in the Southern Ghats, a new frog species in Central Ghats.\nIn 2014, 14 new dancing frog species were discovered in the forests of Western\n\n9. Developed Nations should present their Pre 2020 targets before Parisand also in\nthis regard, the pre 2020 actions would be an important signal for the world\nabout the commitment of India. Hence India has launched an ambitious mission\ntargeting 175 GW of renewable energy and it has received a tremendous impact\nfrom investors in the form of Lois worth more than 200GW of energy.\nIndia has increased cess on coal to rs 200 per tonne and the fund generated is being\nused for Clean technologies.\nIndia has also recently launched a scheme of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of\nHybrid and Electric Vehicles with the aim of reducing dependency on fossil fuels\nIndia has also incentivized afforestation ( providing $9 billion or $125 per hectare);\nthrough the 14th Finance Commission and have already presented a Bill on the same\nof more than $6 billion for specific projects of afforestation to create more carbon\nEnhanced enhanced public and private investment in Railways and have plans for\ninvesting billions of dollars in Railways\nIndia has created architecture for 100 smart cities which will be essentially clean\nand green cities.\nIndia has asked 3, 200 severely polluting industries to install 24X7 pollution\nmonitoring devices for eflluents as well as emissions.\nIndia is preparing ambitious plan of roooftop solar energy program and solar\npowered agriculture pumps. We are also planning to use irrigation canal tops and\nbanks for generating solar energy.\nThrough a series of reform measures, LPG will be provided to millions of poor families\nthereby reducing carbon emissions.\n---these actions of India are voluntary and hence should be seen ag against the\nbackdrop that these actions are from a country which is not mandated under the\nUNFCCC, and therefore developed world must take ambitious pre-2020 action.\n--- India also demands that the Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage\nshould be operationalised by 2016. This mechanism should provide for specific\ncommitments from developed country parties and Annex II parties to provide support\nfor the financing and operationalization of this mechanism.\n10.Monsoon setbacks in India\n---- The recent forecast by India Meteorological Department (IMD) that monsoon will hit\nearly this year might have come as a relief for many farmers in India. But what could be\nmore important is if it will stay strong after hitting the Kerala coast around May 30.\n---- The advance of southwest monsoon over the Andaman Sea normally takes place\naround May 20 with a standard deviation of about one week.\n\n----But what is worrisome is the earlier forecast that has predicted a below normal and\ndeficient rainfall.\n---- If that stands true, this will be a second consecutive year of less rainfall in India. In\n2014, India witnessed 12 per cent deficit in monsoon.\n--- The monsoon season or the months between June and September are crucial for the\neconomy, especially the agriculture sector which has been grappling with droughts and\nother extreme weather events like unseasonal rains. Between March 1 and March 18\nwas 49.2 mm197 per cent above normal and major cropped losses were reported from\nRajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. The losses had even triggered farmer\n----El Nino predictions: Adding fuel to the fire there had been El Nino predictions from\nacross the world. In its forecast released on May 14, US National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) has declared a 90 per cent chance that the current\nEl Nio will continue through the end of this year. Besides, Japan's Meteorological\nAgency and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology have stated that water in the Pacific\nOcean is now warm enough and El Nio is back. Also, international rating agency\nMoodys recently stated monsoon as an additional risk to Indias GDP growth in 2015.\n---- Meanwhile, the Government of India has announced that it has put in place a\ncontingency plan for 580 districts to tackle any situation arising out of below-normal\n--- All the factors combined, could give way to inflation and add to distress of farmers\nwho are gearing up for Kharif season while counting their losses from unseasonal rains\nof March.\n11.Raining troubles-- Little-understood western disturbances have been blamed for\nmost of the freak weather events in India in the past decade. With 50 per cent of\nits foodgrain production at risk, can India cannot afford to ignore the phenomena.\n---Captured on Page 35.\n12.IMD forecasts below Normal SW Monsoon for 2015-- In its latest forecast, the\nIndia Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted 93 per cent seasonal rainfall\nfor the southwest monsoon this year. According to Union minister Harsh Vardhan,\nthe weather agency is also carefully monitoring sea surface temperatures to\nassess the impact of El Nino.\nAlthough IMD has forecast a 35 per cent probability of rainfall being below\nnormal, the press release states an almost equal chance of rainfall being\nLast year, the southwest monsoons were deficient by about 12 per cent.\nIf this years forecast stands, it would be the second year in a row with deficient\nThis is bad news for farmers who have already suffered huge crop losses due to\nunseasonal rains in March this year.\nAs a part of the Second Stage forecast, the department will now issue in June\nThis is NOT a good news for the farmers, as they have already suffered till the\nlast time unseasonal monsoons hit th nation\nAbout 70-80% of the crops had been worst affected in hails and rainfall earlier\nthis year.\nThere was no one from the government and the conditions have detoriate after\nWe should start preparing contingency plans to suit different rainfall probabilities\nsuch as seed banks, rain water harvesting and efficient use procedures.\n\nWhat is important for farmers is the inter-spell duration in rains and coversion of\ngeneric information into location-specific advice\nAgricultural universities, ICAR institutions and agriculture departments must\njointly prepare a deficient monsoon management strategy with farm families.\nSpecial attention must be given to feeding and saving the farm animals as their\nsale indicates the first sign of distress.\nAlso in case of a below Normal forecast, in a particular year, irrigation tanks and\ncanals must be repaired so that farmers do not suffer due to lack of water\nAlso power supply should be made extensivenormally farmers get around six to\nseven hours of power daily. In case of poor rainfall, power should be made\navailable for at least 12 to 14 hours so that farmers can work in the fields\n--apart from the natural variability--- 60 year cycle -- this year and next year will receive\nrainfall more than 90% of long term average, Even from the IMD forecast it is normal -now they divided normal below normal between 90 to 100%. Even according to Skymet,\nthis year will be normal.\n13.Effects of the Indian monsoon on the Indian EconomyThe monsoon is such a season which inspires everyone starting from the farmer to the\neconomist. The monsoon and the economy of such an agricultural driven Nation is\ndovetailed in several ways..\nMonsoons can make all the difference between meeting basic economic needs, and a\nplunge into poverty and destitution. With the Meteorology dept forecasting a\ndeficient rainfall this July, the condition appears grim\nTraditionally, the agricultural sector drove the Indian economy. The first blow of a\npoor monsoon fell on agricultural output bringing down the overall economic growth.\nMore than two thirds of the nations agricultural land is rain fed. Even as India\nreceives rainfall from both the SW monsoon winds and NE (winter) monsoons, the\nSW monsoon which starts early June and lasts till September accounts for nearly\n80% of the total rainfall in the country.\n----Key food crops like paddy, millets corn and commercial crops like cotton are\ncultivated during this time. A below normal monsoon can hit the crop output and this in\nturn can push up the price of food products. Also lower rainfall during the SW monsoon\nmeans less water storage and hence less in reservoirs which can impact the sowing for\nrabi crops too. Deficient rainfall also impacts the hydro-power generation in the country.\nThe second effect was to reduce the demand for non-agricultural products. A poor\nharvest brought down the income of the farmers and hence the demand for many\nproducts including white goods, two-wheelers and even gold went down.\nThe thirdand perhaps the most pervasiveeffect was on agricultural prices. This\nled to inflationary tendencies not only through higher food prices, but also through\nhigher prices for industrial inputs like cotton.\nThe fourth effect was on employment and poverty. Since the majority of the\npopulation was employed in agricultural or ancillary sectors, and a large number of\nthem had very limited incomes, the failure of monsoons had significant effect on\nApart from these direct effects on the economy, a shortfall in rains affects both fiscal\nand monetary policy adversely.---- Since crop failures tend to push large sections of\nthe population into poverty and distress, governments have to step in with increased\nexpenditure on crisis management. To spend more on such policies, they usually cut\nback on public investments or other critical expenditures like those on education,\nbringing down long run growth rates.\nCrop failures affect monetary policy as well. As we have seen in the past few years,\nfood inflation can very easily ignite the fires of aggregate inflation. This happens\n\npartly due to the importance of food in our consumption baskets and partly due to\nwhat economists call inflationary expectation.\nThis catch-all term encapsulates the various ways in which the inflationary process\nfeeds on itself, converting what is essentially a sectoral price rise into an aggregate\ninflationary process.\nAs a result, prospects of crop failure and food inflation lead to very nervous reactions\nfrom monetary authorities with the pushing up of interest rates and squeezing\nliquidity out of the money markets.\n------ Such tight monetary policies again hamper the long- run growth of the\nHowever, the effects of monsoons on Indian economy can be contradicted as\nper the following ways\n1. Firstly, compared to the 1970s and 1980s, there has been some improvement in\nirrigation facilities, at least in the northern and western parts of India.\n2. Secondly, the rabi (winter) cropthat is far less susceptible to the vagaries of the\nmonsoon now provides more than half of the annual agricultural output.\n3. Thirdly, the agricultural sector now plays a much smaller rolecompared to\nindustry and services in output and growth. All these changes have meant that\npoor monsoons have lost the kind of destabilising effect that they had on growth\nrates earlier.\nUnfortunately, however, annual growth rates are not the only concern that a poor\nmonsoon raises. The poor monsoon will definitely have an adverse effect on rural\nemployment. Poverty and distress are likely to rise, not only due to the poor kharif crop,\nbut also due to the high inflation rates that will ensue. And, any attempt by the\nmonetary authorities to bring down the inflation by raising interest rates will also affect\nthe economys long-run growth.\nOne of the major weaknesses of the Indian growth story is that it is fairly lopsidedlow\nand fragile growth in agriculture coexisting with robust growth in industry and services.\n14.EL NINO almost certain this year-----according to few recent weather forecasts, the world is heading towards a El Nino\nevent. There is a correlation between an El Nino and Indian monsoons.\n--- the tropical Pacific has continued to warm in the past week and the sea surface\ntemperatures now exceed El Nio thresholds and trade winds have remained weaker\nthan average for several weeks\nIf these patterns persist or strengthen, El Nio will become established\n---- The forecast also says that sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern\nPacific are recording anomalies of more than one degree, a combination that has not\npreviously been seen in weekly data going back to 1991.\n---- There is an approximately 70 per cent chance that El Nio will continue through the\nNorthern Hemisphere summer 2015, and a greater than 60 per cent chance that it will\nlast through autumn (according to NOAAnational Oceanic and Atmospheric\n--- The scientists are surprised that the build-up of unusual warmth in the eastern Pacific\ncompared with the west is happening so early in the year which is quite rare this is an\ninteresting one,\nDeleterious effects of the EL Nino\n\nIn typical El Nio years, the usual easterly trade winds stall or even reverse in\nwinter or later, dragging rainfall eastwards away from Australia and also southeast Asia. Droughts tend to deepen and bushfires become common. It generally\nhas an adverse effect on the Indian monsoon.\nsignified by a decrease of three to five degrees Celsius in sea surface\ntemperature across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and it is favourable for monsoons\nin India. El Nio, which is La Ninas counter-phenomenon, is often accompanied\nOver the years, research has shown there is an association between El Nino and\ndeficient rainfall in India. With the India Meteorological Department predicting a\n35 per cent chance of below normal rainfall, this is certainly a cause of worry.\nHowever, a latest report by the International Monetary Fund has said that El Nino\nmight not have much effect in India. Such an extreme weather condition can\nconstrain the supply of rain-driven agricultural commodities; and reduce\nagricultural output, construction, and services activities, says the report. It also\nadds that the declining share of agricultural output in Indian GDP over time acts\nas a mitigating factor.\nHowever, Europe may get colder than ever--- The ill effects of an expected El Nino\nare not limited to Asia. \"If El Nino is strong in the middle of the Pacific it could mean\ncolder weather in Europe than during recent winters, because it tends to lead to\nmore frequent developments of high-pressure systems which allow Arctic air to\nextend further south,\" says researcher Georg Muller in a report published by\nThomson Reuters. The melting of the Arctic ice cap is another reason that could add\nto the chill that will be experienced by Europeans this winter .\n\n15.Meaning of EL NINO and Climatic predictions\n\nEl Nino the warming of the Pacific Ocean leading to freakish weather all over the\nworld is once again in our midst after five years, according to Australias met\nHow the south-west monsoon responds to El Nino is a bit of a mystery. And the impact\nof a deficient or erratic monsoon on crop output cannot be accurately predicted. As a\npaper put out by the Reserve Bank of India observes, strong El Nino years such as 199798 passed us by, whereas weak El Nino years such as 2002 caused more damage\nIt appears that a lot depends on which part of the Pacific gets heated up if it is the\ncentral region, we are affected, as in 2002, but less so if it is the eastern part of the\nAnd if we are really lucky, a deficient monsoon year (El Nino or otherwise) may not\ncause a serious fall in output: for instance, the south-west monsoon was deficient by 22\n\nper cent in 2009-10, but crop output declined only marginally. However, crop output\ndeclined significantly in 2000-01, despite a minor monsoon shortfall.\nDiversification to allied activities such as livestock rearing and fishing will help deal with\nthe caprices of nature\nUnseasonal rain in February-March this year along with a deficient monsoon in 2014 are\nset to lower foodgrain output for 2014-15 by 14 million tonnes.\nThe Centre should be prepared for weather extremes by being ready with short duration\nseeds, apart from contingency measures. However, with foodgrain stocks at above 50\nmillion tonnes, inflationary expectations can be checked.\nAdd to this the possible impact of uneven rainfall this year on both protein and milk\noutput, and prices could come under pressure. An increase of just three million tonnes\nin pulses output over the last decade points to endemic policy neglect. The farm\nschemes unveiled by this government deal essentially with irrigation; there is virtually\nno mention of pulses. A second pulses mission is called for.\nAgriculture accounts for 14 per cent of the GDP but supports half the population. Its role\nas a growth driver should not be overlooked. El Nino will then hold fewer fears.\n\n16.Countries Carbon pledges not enough to keep temperature rise under 2*C--17.Emissions from Peat lands under DRY conditions may be less than\npreviously thought-- A new study shows that carbon emission from peatlands\ncan be slowed down, reducing the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the\nDrying of peatlands, sometimes due to burning and droughts, speeds up global\nwarming. This happens when carbon stored in peatlands gets oxidised and turns into\nCO2, a super greenhouse gas.\n---Environmentalists fear that the intensification of droughts can cause the stored\ncarbon in peatlands to undergo oxidation and subsequently release CO2 and possibly\nmethane into the atmosphere.\nWays to reduce the Carbon Emissionsthis can be done in two ways (i) to plant\ntrees and shrubs that slow down the drying process. And (ii) to introduce naturallyoccurring plant-based decay-retarding compounds into peatlands.\nGlobal Carbon reserves----- Globally, an estimated 400 million hectares of land are classified as peatlands which\namounts to just three per cent of the Earths total land surface.\n--- Peatlands have been formed over thousands of years and hold about 30 per cent of\nsoil carbon.\n--- They have been classified under four categoriestropical, sub-tropical, temperate\nand boreal according to their geographical location.\nPeatlands are mainly found in the northern hemisphere in North America (43.54\nper cent), Europe (24.02 per cent) and Asia (28.08 per cent).\nAsia has the largest peat reserve. The global peat reserve amounts to about 250\ngigatonnes in dry weight.\n\nNatural Adaptive technique\n\n--Till now the scientists feared that the carbon emissions from peatlands can trigger\nglobal warming. But the study shows that peatland soils have a natural adaptive\ntechnique which can lessen the drying up process and curb oxidation.\n--- Carbon has been locked up in peatland soil for over thousands of years. Too much\nemission of carbon can have a tremendous impact on global temperature worldwide\nwith peatlands turning into carbon sources rather than carbon sinks.\nScientists allay emission fears\n--this has been found during an experimentation of the bog peatlands in the North\nCarolina to describe a mechanism that can slow down peatland decay\n--- the soil contained complex plant-derived compounds that helped the land to\ngradually adapt to droughts: these complex plant compounds in the soil regulate the\naccumulation of phenolics (a type of aromatic carbon compound) and protect the stored\ncarbon by mitigating oxidation during short-term droughts.\n---Scientists also found out that the vegetation cover on peatlands is responsible for the\nrate of oxidation. Vegetation with low phenolic content such as sphagnum moss, ferns\nand sedges are not that good in mitigating carbon emissions than certain types of\nshrubs and trees, which are better in retarding soil decomposition.\n--- The amount of phenolics is driven directly by the type of vegetation on peatlands.\nMany species are low in phenolic compounds (sphagnum moss, grasses, ferns) while\nmany ericaceous shrubs and tree species in the Everglades have high phenolics which\nslow down decomposition\n---when the sites of vegetation have been denudated especially native shrubs and trees,\nand left drained then the sites are invaded by ferns and grasses which have low\nphenolic compounds and produce new peat which is not very resistant to decay.\n-- Human activity is also to be blamed for drying out of peatlands. In Indonesia large\nswathes of swamplands have been burnt to make way for palm plantationsthis poses\na threat as it can liberate stored carbon into the atmosphere by means of oxidation; It\nis quite possible that tropical peatlands with high phenolics can resist further losses\nafter fire, but a deep peat fire results in massive losses of carbon.\n18.A look at some of the worlds most THREATENED forests Unplanned and\nunrestrained activities for agriculture, industry and urbanisation are ruining our\nmost important ally in naturethe forest\n--- Forests are the Earths lungs. They help maintain the water cycle and prevent soil\nerosion. Forests sustain biodiversity. Apart from the fact they directly employ around 13\nmillion people according to Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) State of the\nWorlds Forests report, 2014. Informally, they provide livelihood to 41 million people\n---- But unplanned and excessive human activities are making forests disappear.\nAccording to WWF, we have lost about half of the worlds original forest cover in the last\n50 years\n--- In addition to their role in the lives of communities, forests are needed to store global\nemissions as carbon sinks, making their protection imperative. A recent study\nsays forests could also help eliminate global hunger.\nA look at some of the worlds most important forests and the factors that threaten them:\n\nAMAZON rainforests, South America: Amazon, the worlds largest forest, is\n\nspread over Brazil, Peru, Venezuela and Ecuador, among other countries. It is the site\nof the biggest projected loss.\n---- Reports say that more than one-quarter of the region will lose its forests in the\nnext two decades. Cattle ranching and agriculture are among the dominant causes\nof deforestation of the Amazon.\n--- The Amazon rainforest is also threatened by oil spills in countries like Peru. A\nstudy shows that climate variability is causing the forest to lose its ability as a\ncarbon sink.\nAtlantic forests, South America The Atlantic forestcovering parts of\nParaguay, Brazil and Argentinais one of the richest rain forests in the world,\nboasting of even richer biodiversity per acre than the Amazon.\n---- However, the region houses 75 per cent of the Brazilian population which places\na lot of pressure on the forests. Deforestation is mainly due to conversion of forest\nlands into croplands for pasture\n--- But the Atlantic forest continues to fight for survival against urbanisation, with\nlarge cities like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in Brazil expanding inward.\nHEART OF BORNEO, Borneo island-- Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia share the\nHeart of Borneo. It is home to 6 per cent of global diversity\n--- over half of these forests have been lost, especially in the last three decades.\nOnly 33 per cent of the lowland rainforest remain.\n--- Deforestation and degradation are driven by weak governance and a lack of\n--- Deforestation will also make the forest vulnerable to extreme weather events.\nWith fewer trees to control soil erosion, 14 of the islands 20 rivers that begin from\nthe Borneo forest have the potential to affect several villages downstream.\n---- Mining now threatens to further destroy this forest which is rich in coal, copper,\ngold, silver and diamonds.\nCERRADO, South America Cerrado, the high-plateau region of Brazil, is the most\nbiologically rich grassland,\n---- Forty-five per cent of all plant species found here are unique to the region. It is\nalso home to 935 species of birds and almost 300 mammals.\n--- But only two per cent of the Cerrado is protected by national parks and\nconservation areas.\n--- The grassland is under threat from cattle ranching and the conversion of forests to\nmake way for soy plantations.Soy production has also degraded land and soil quality.\n--- If the current rate of loss continues, Cerrados savannah, woodland and forests\nwill disappear by 2030.\nCONGO Basin, Africa---- Congo Basin represents 20 per cent of the worlds tropical\nforests and has the highest biological diversity in Africa.\n----teemed with a variety of rivers, grasslands, swamps and flooded forests. This\ntrans-boundary forest stretches into Cameroon, Central African Republic and\nDemocratic Republic of Congo, among other countries\n---- Many areas of the Congo Basin are provided on concession to logging and mining\ncompanies, leading to widespread deforestation,\n---- Palm oil plantations and commercial agriculture operations are also putting\nforests at risk.\n\n---- Political instability and armed conflict in the region have led to refugees\ndepending on forests for fuelwood and charcoal, severely impacting this forest.\nIllegal wildlife trade and poaching have also increased to a great extent.\nCOASTAL Forests, East Africa-- spread over southern Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.\nApart from tropical dry forests, they also contain wetlands. The ecoregion is densely\npopulated has put additional pressure on resources. Much of eastern Africas forests\nare overharvested for timber and fuelwood, illegally logged and converted for\nlivestock and cash crops.\n----The coastal forests of Tanzania and Kenya have already been reduced to 10 per\ncent of their original area.\nSUMATRA, Indonesia-- Sumatra forest is special because some of the rarest\nanimals and plants are found here. It is also the only place in the wild where tigers,\nrhinos, orangutans and elephants co-exist.\n--- But Sumatra, especially Riau province, has become the centre of Indonesias palm\noil productionthe industry driving deforestation, even in protected forests and\nnational parks.\n19.Vast expanses of forests could be lost in TWO decades according to\nWWF--- A new report says that vast expanses of forests could be lost in the next 20 years in 11\nglobal hotspots\n---- Up to 170 million hectares of forest cover could be lost between 2010 and 2030 in\nthese areas if current trends continue. This is equivalent to the disappearance of an\nentire forest stretching across Germany, France, Spain and Portugal.\nThe vulnerable areas--The vulnerable areas are the Amazon, the Atlantic Forest and Gran Chaco (largest dry\nforest in South America), the Cerrado in South America, the Choco-Darien in Central\nAmerica, the Congo Basin, East Africa, eastern Australia, the Greater Mekong in South\nEast Asia, Borneo, New Guinea and Sumatra.\n-----These regions are home to indigenous communities that depend on them for their\nlivelihoods and endangered species, such as orangutans and tigers, the WWF research\nAgricultural Impact: taking a toll on the forests\n---Globally, forest stretches are giving way to expanding agriculture practices, including\nlivestock farming, palm oil plantations and soy production\n---- Unsustainable logging and wood fuel collection are also causing forest degradation,\nbesides mining, construction of hydroelectric dams and other development projects\n---More than 230 million hectares of forests could vanish by 2050 if no action is taken.\nEUS contribution to global deforestation\n---- Humanity uses the Earths resources unsustainably, which affect the natural\necosystems. Globally, we use the resources of 1.5 planets. However, the ecological\nfootprint of the EU is even higher as on an average, it needs 2.6 planets to maintain the\ncurrent lifestyle.\n---- A European Commission-funded research shows that EUs consumption led to the\nloss of 9 million hectares of forests globally during 1990-2008an area the size of\n\n20.Indias forest cover has increased but outside demarcated forests\n\n--- Indias green cover is increasing, but this increase is taking place mostly outside the\ntraditional boundaries of the forests, (As per the State of Forests Report (SFR) 2013,\nreleased by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change )\n--- the total forest cover in the country has increased by 5,871 square kilometre (sq km)\nbetween 2011 and 2013.\n--- The highest increase has been registered in West Bengal (3,810 sq km) and Odisha\n(1,444 sq km), followed by Bihar, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu. Most of the north-eastern\nstates and the states like Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka\nhave shown considerable decrease in forest cover.\n----The Forest Survey of India (FSI) conducts a biennial survey of the country's forests\nand compiles SFR every two years. This is the 13th edition of SFR.\n---- As per the report, India now has 697,898 sq km of forest cover, which is over 21 per\ncent of the geographical area of the country.\n---- However, of the total increased area, just over 2 per cent falls under the traditional\nboundaries of forests, these are marked as Green Wash areas in the topo sheets of\nSurvey of India.\nNew Quality Parameters\nFSI, for the first time, has also collected the information on various parameters of\nquality of forests such as intensity of regeneration, damage to crops, presence of weeds\nand grass, humus, incidents of fire and grazing. It has also come up with the data on\ncontiguity of the forest patches. This, in future, would help the government to monitor\nthe changes in the quality of forests along with their area and density.\n21.Climate change impact on the ancient Tibetan Civilization-- The Tibetan\nplateau, often called the roof of the world, is one of the most hostile climatic\nregions in the world.\n----- covering some 250,000 sq km and at a mean elevation of over 4,000 metre Human\nsettlement in this area far predates the Buddhist culture that it is now associated with.\nToday, barley is the most prevalent crop in the plateau. However, the earliest crops of\nthe region were millets.\n---A recent study shows that Global Cooling which began which began around the late\n3rd millennium BC, created a situation in which cultivation of millet became impossible\nfor the people living in the eastern fringes of the Tibetan Plateau. This may have led to\nthe abrupt collapse of this ancient civilisation around 2000 BC.\napart from millet agriculture, the early inhabitants of this area reared pigs. They lived in\nsmall but permanent villages and used a characteristic form of pottery which is known\nin China as the Majiayao type.\n--Archeobotanical evidence also suggest predominance of wheat and barley in and\naround the regions from around 1700 BC. An abundance of ancient wheat and barley\nseeds found at the sites suggested the crops rapidly replaced millet as the staple food\nsource of the region during the second millennium BC,\n--- The study says the ability of these crops to tolerate frost and their lower heat\nrequirements helped them survive in the cooler temperatures that prevailed in this\nperiod. These crops became an important part of subsistence living and may have later\nspread to other parts of East Asia to become the staple crops of the region.\n\n--- Wheat and barley not just helped people adapt to these cooler conditions but\nprobably also helped them spread to a wider area and to higher elevations.\nCollapse or Adaptation\n---- We are not sure what happened to the people that occupied this region between\n2000-1700 BC and this is something further research in the area needs to resolve. All\nwe know now is that continuing with farm millet would have been challenging for them\n--- collapse of the civilisation seems a distinct possibility because the material culture\nand settlement patterns of those who practised wheat and barley cultivation was very\ndifferent from those who practised millet agriculture, which has led many archaeologists\nto believe that the people who grew wheat and barley may have migrated from\n---It may also follow that people migrated to areas of lower altitude, or that they simply\nchanged their strategies to include wheat, barley and pastoralism.\n--- However, the fact that people adapted to this cold, low-oxygen climate, undertook\nagriculture and made permanent settlements in the area is itself a testament to human\nfortitude and skill in the face of adversities.\nFULL Circle\n--- But now the Tibetan plateau is once again experiencing change in climate. There are\nsome areas in the south-eastern plateau where temperatures are 6C higher than they\nwere 200 years ago.\n--- This increase in temperature is now making it difficult for the inhabitants of Tibet to\ngrow cold weather crops and raise and breed yaks\n---- So now we have a complete reversal, and climate warming is having a big impact on\nthe livelihood of smaller farmers on the Tibetan Plateau,\nTIBETAN Landscape may soon disappear--According to research carried on the landscape, there is an abrupt detoriation of the\nplateau, and many scientists hold China responsible for the same. The building of dams\nin Tibet and is collaborating with multinationals to extract shale oil and minerals to\nprovide electricity and fuel to its urban centres and industries\n--- when during the 1980s there had been no much activities, landscape being pristine\nwith no mines, no dams, this landscape at a high altitude, with snow-capped mountains,\ngrasslands and beautiful lakes, would be there for future generations to see.\n---- But the scenario is rapidly changing, especially after the train to Lhasa was started\nin 2006. I th\nWhen Chinese removed mountain tops to extract/mine minerals, or whole lakes\nchanged, also changes the ecosystem within a matter of years.\nSignificance of Tibet for the whole of Asia\nIf you look at the map of the Tibetan plateau, the highest plateau on Earth, there are 10\nmajor rivers emerging from it. That puts Tibet in an unusual position.\nIt is a provider of water to all of South Asia, East Asia, to about 10 different countries in\nthe downstream\nOver 2 billion people depend on that water\n\nIf somebody wants to divert that water, which is what China wants to do, it becomes a\nserious issue for the people living downstream.\nJournalists do not have access to central parts of Tibet where most of the mining activity\nis taking place. They may get access to eastern Tibet---however, going as a tourist may\nprovide access to those mining areas.\nAnd also we dont have a clear picture of what is happening in the country as lack of\ninformation in the public domain is also because there is no link between Tibetans living\nin Tibet and those staying outsidetheir communication lines are blocked. Also no\nsocial networking sites make Tibet does not get news from the outside world, and news\nfrom Tibet does not go out either.\nChinese authorities do not reveal much of their plans. They will release information only\nafter the plan is executed. But it is clear that they plan to construct mega dams on\nTibets rivers and link the hydroelectricity generated to national grids.\nThe developers have saturated the rivers in southeastern China with dams and are now\nlooking towards western China. They are moving to higher grounds. They are adding\ncascades to the dams to ensure turbines run smoothly. They have built cascades in the\nlower Mekong and are now moving to its higher reaches in Chambo, which is in Tibet.\n\nChinese are basically exporting power from Tibet, as with only 6 million population,\nTibet does not have a vast demand for electricity. Also, a 500 MW dam is not needed at\nThe electricity generated from these dams will be transmitted to the well-populated\nregions of China Beijing and Shanghai, where there is demand for power, and to\nfactories in Chengdu and Chongqing in southwest China where most of the industries\nare planned\nThe other thing that is planned is water diversion from eastern Tibet to northeast and\nnorthwest China, where there is a huge demand. Northwest China has the Taklamakan\ndesert where there are plans for mining, and you need large amounts of water for that.\nThere is already mining going on for shale gas, tar sands, shale oil and oil sands, to\nname a few.\nAlso int eh NE China, they need hige amounts of water for the peopleand hence\nplanning for diversions in rivers, Nobody seems to know how exactly these plans would\nbe executed, but it will probably involve a huge amount of tunneling and a large number\nof dams.\nThe region is a major source of lithium, copper, gold and silver, which are desperately\nsought by China. Lithium is used in batteries for electric vehicles, among other things. In\nfuture, there will be a huge demand for lithium in China. It could come from Chile and\nBolivia, too, but getting the mineral from Tibet will be a lot cheaper.\n\nImpacts on Climate of Tibet\n\nChina claims that environmental degradation that is happening in Tibet and elsewhere\nis because of climate change. But the fact is that China is driving the climate change\n---- It has surpassed the United States. In 2013, 27 per cent of CO2 came from China.\n(US was at 15 per cent and India, 6 per cent). This is contributing to the glacial melting\nin the Himalayas. The rate of melting in Tibet is twice as fast as global melting of\n--- The other factor that is contributing to the glacial melt is the emission of black soot\ndue to inefficient burning of fossil fuels. Black soot is essentially composed of tiny black\nspecks. They accumulate on glaciers, turning them grey. This attracts more heat from\nthe sun. The more the black soot accumulates on glaciers, the more rapid is the\nmelting. This has been underestimated by some scientists but it possibly contributes to\n50 per cent of the melting. We still do not know as we do not have exact data\nTibetans Breathe easily in higher altitudes with genes from extinct human species\nUnusual gene variant prevents blood from clogging\nobserved that Tibetans experience limited increase in haemoglobin concentration\nfrom birth\nDifference in their genetic make up was revealed in a study that an unusual\nhaemoglobin, allows Tibetans to adapt to high altitude conditions.\ndiscovered in a cave in Siberia.\ncell production to dangerously high levels at high altitude.\nThe effects include nausea, insomnia, hypertension and an increased probability\nof heart attack due to the thickening of the blood.\nThe prevalence of the gene variation--- It was attributed to natural selection and\nadaptation to the unusually low oxygen levels.\nIntrogression probably occurred when modern humans inter-bred with the\nfraction of the Denisovan gene.\n22.Joint Statement Climate Change India and ChinaNA\n\nScience and Technology\n\n~~Vision IAS APRIl\n1. National Air Quality Index---the GOI has launched the National Air Quality index\nthat will put out the real time data about the Level of pollutants in the air and\ninform people about the possible impacts on their health. Initially to be launched\nfor 10 cities. The aim was to eventually deploy the index in all the cities and with\na population of over one million.\n----last year in the Environment preference Index, ranked India 174 out of 178 countries\nfor air quality.\n----A WHO survey last year found that 13 out of the most polluted 20 cities in the world\nwere in India.\n\nThe AQI is a global standard.\nThe central agencies have also taken into account eight pollutants: PM 2.5; PM\n10; Nitrogen dioxides; sulfur di oxide; ozone, carbon monoxide; ammonia and\nIt will also have One number one color and one description to inform the public\nabout the air quality index and in an easily understandable format\nThe index, using continuous 24-hour average data, will be made available from\nvrious monitoring stations in those cities.\nGovernment has taken a good initiative to monitor the air pollution in real time\nIt will help to take preventive measures citizens while going outhowever this\nstep is not enough, we still have to take measures to bring down the peak\npollution levels.\nAQI also needs to be matched with actionable plans on how to bring the pollution\nlevels down.\nLike in many developed countries AQI data leads to certain actions to bring down\nthe pollution\nLike in Paris, when the AQI rose to more than permissible limits, the city made\npublic transport free and removed almost 50% of the vehicles off the road.\n2. Chestnut Breasted partridge\n\n---this is one of its kind endemic to the eastern Himalayas north of the Brahmaputra\nriver, and is known as :\n----this is also known from Bhutan, West bengal(Darjeeling Himalayas, which is also an\nextention of the Pamir Knot); Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh; NE India; Nepal Himalaya;\nand SE Tibet\nThe Bird has been classified Vulnerable by IUCN\n----IUCN estimates about 2500 of this kind of bird live in Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan\nand the Lower Himalayas.\nWhy in News: this is because ---The partridge was seen and viewed before\nbut never photographed. This was the first time that this had been\n3. 25 years of Hubble Space telescope\n---The Hubble Space Telescope is a joint venture of the NASA and the European Space\nAgency(ESA) was launched into its orbit on the 24 th of April, 1990 in its orbit 552 kms\nabove the Earth by the space shuttle Discovery\n---the Hubble Telescope has the capacity to see in multiple wavelengthsnear infrared;\nvisible light; and near ultraviolet\n---Determination of the Hubble Constantthe Universes initial rate of expansion was\none of the most important discovery/key projects of the HT projects\n--Key projects of the Hubble Space telescope\nThe initial rate of expansion of the Universe\nThis was also named after Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the expansion of the\nHubble also proved the existence of the Super massive black holes and also\nfound they are located at the centres of most of the Universes\nIt also helped in pinpointing the age of the Universe at 13.8 billion years\n\n4. Three New Tiger reserves\n\nThe National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has given its nod regarding the\ncreation of reserves in the following places\nRatapani in Madhya Pradesh\nSunabeda in Orissa\nGuru Ghasidas in Chattisgarh\nThe Odisha government claimed the number of tigers in the state is 60; while the\nNTCA put the figures to not more than 28. The state has thre Tiger reserves--Simlipal; Satakosia and Sunabeda\n\n5. INDIAs status in IUCN List-- India has added 15 more species to the list\n\nTill 2014 end, India has 988 threatened species on the list, ---which lists critically\nendangered; endangered and vulnerable species\nIndia has climbed down to a spot of 7th position\nWith 659 species in 2008, the increase over seven years is more than 50%\nReasonbetter research identifying more threatened species and\nIndia has the fourth largest number of mammals in the world with 31 of them\nendemic to the region\n\n6. Oldenlandia Dineshi\n---- A team of scientists from four research institutions in Kerala have reported the\ndiscovery of a rare species of plant from the Palakkad gap region of the Western Ghats.\n---- It as a new species. Named Oldenlandia dineshi, the plant is a shrub with long\nlinear tapering leaves and dark blue flowers. The flowering period is from July to\nSeptember and fruiting from September to October.\n---- The genus Oldenlandia comprises about 248 species of which 27 have been\nreported from India, mainly distributed in the southern parts of the Western\nGhats and North and North-East India\n---- Several species of the Oldenlandia family are widely used in Ayurveda for\npreparation of formulations such as Chyawanaprasam.\n---- Based on IUCN criteria, the researchers have classified Oldenlandia dineshii as an\nendangered species\n7. Telengana Crab Spider\n---- Telangana now has a spider named after it Telangana crab spider (Thomisus\n----The spiders, named Thomisus telanganensis, also resemble crabs and are called\n\"crab spiders\".\n---- The spiders of the Thomisidae family structurally resemble crabs and are hence\ncalled crab spiders. The Telangana variety has a tendency to walk sideways like crabs.\nThey are also known as flower spiders as they lie in wait for prey on flowering plants.\n\n---- Unlike traditional spiders, Telangana crab spiders do not weave webs. They\nattack prey all of a sudden and immobilise them with venom\n---- They are important to the ecosystem as they act as bio-controlling agents to\nkeep the insect population under control. They are usually found in plants, shrubs,\ngrasses, flowering plants, leaf litter and sometimes under stones.\n8. Silent Valley\n---- Lion-tailed macaques are reported to be found only in the Silent Valley area. But\nforest officers have records of their presence in the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in\n---- Silent Valley National Park is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad District in\nthe botanist Robert Wight, and is associated with Hindu legend. The Silent Valley is the\nlargest national park in Kerala.\n9. Red Sanders\n----Pterocarpussantalinus, with the common names Red Sanders, is a species of\nPterocarpus endemic to the southern Eastern Ghats mountain range of South\n---- Red Sanders has a highly restrictive distribution in the South Eastern portion of\nIndian peninsula to which it is endemic. The Palakonda and Seshachalam hill ranges\ngeographical range.\n---- Red sanders has been classified as endangered in the IUCN (International Union\nfor Conservation of Nature) Red List and included in Appendix-II of Convention on\nInternational trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).\n---- Used mainly to make aphrodisiac drugs and musical instruments and furniture.\n---- Red-sanders or red sandal wood has lot of demand in International market including\nChina, Japan and Gulf countries and there is large scale smuggling of this precious wood\nfrom AP.\nIndias Earth hour Capital\n--- An 11-member international jury has declared Thane the National Earth Hour Capital\nwith the city emerging the winner from India in the Earth Hour City Challenge this year.\nSeoul declared the Global Earth Hour Capital, 2015.\n---- Last year, Coimbatore was selected as the National Earth Hour Capital.\n---- The year-long competition among cities is aimed at promoting renewable energy\nand preparing for climate change.\nNotable changes taken by the Thane City administration about this matter\n----The mandatory use of solar water-heating systems for municipal buildings.\nWind-solar hybrid systems and use of solar energy for lighting and air-conditioning.\nThe city plans solar rooftop net metering-based power generation and regular energy\nAn energy service company (ESCO) project for energy-efficient street lighting.\nCommissioning of a bio-methanation plant to treat municipal solid waste and generate\nThree cyclic switching units for optimal use of streetlights.\n\nGenetic profiling of Indian Mackerel\n\n--- The Indian Mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta is an important food fish\n\ncommonly consumed in South and Southeast Asian countries.\n----The fish is commonly found in warm shallow waters along the coasts of the Indian\nand West Pacific oceans, and their surrounding seas.\n---- The Indian Mackerel shares the same genetic profile except those caught from\nAndaman waters.\n---- The fishes collected from Andaman waters were found to be genetically distinctive\nfrom those caught from the Indian mainland. However, there was little genetic\ndifferentiation between the fish caught from across India. ----- The genetic profiling was\ncarried out by researchers of the Central Marine Fish Research Institute (CMFRI),\nKochi and the National Bureau of Fish Genetic Research (NBFGR), Kochi\nregional centre.\n---- The genetic profiling of the species is essential to assess the stock, evolve fisheries\nmanagement methods including the preservation of genetic diversity and sustainability\nof the regional fisheries.\nNew Species of Gecko\n----A new species of the day gecko, a type of lizard usually found in warm\n----The gecko has been named Cnemaspisadii after a young herpetology researcher\nfrom Hyderabad --Aditya Srinivasulu.\n---- The zoologists say Hampi and surrounding areas are potentially rich in biodiversity\nand not much research has been done to identify new species of smaller vertebrate and\n---- The discovery is significant because other species of day geckos have been, so far,\nreported only from the Western Ghats and southern Eastern Ghats in peninsular\n----This is the first time that day geckos have been found in the central regions of\npeninsular India between Eastern and Western Ghats.\n13.Sea Cucumbers\nSea cucumbers are marine animals of the class Holothuroidea. They are used in fresh\nor dried form in various cuisines.\n----In some cultural contexts the sea cucumber is thought to have medicinal value.\n---- Sea cucumbers, endangered species protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife\nProtection Act, 1972.\n---- Sea cucumbers played a vital role in the marine ecological system, as they eat\nnutrients from the sea bed and bring it to the surface, thus helpingin availability of the\nnutrients to other organisms.\n---- Nearly 200 species of sea cucumbers are found in the coral reef colonies in India, of\nwhich 20 species were found in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay regions in the State.\n---- Out of the 20, two were over-exploited and were exported in large number to\nSingapore from where they were distributed to Taiwan, China and Japan, where they\nare considered delicacies. Normally, the sea cucumbers are found in inter-tidal regions\nof the coast, along the sea grass and coral reef colonies.\nEmissions from Biomass Burning Cross the Himalayas\n----Contrary to the general assumption that the southern slopes of the Himalayas act as\na barrier and effectively block the transportation of pollutants from India and other parts\nof South Asia, a study finds sound evidence to prove otherwise.\n---- Aerosols have been found to rise and cross the entire range of the Himalayas.\n\n---- Local meteorological conditions and regional atmospheric flow process\n\nhave been the two major factors enabling the pollutants to cross over\nThe main reason responsible------The organic acids present in the aerosols serve as a unique fingerprint in identifying\nthe source of pollution. In this case, the dicarboxylic acids served as a fingerprint.\n---- Though dicarboxylic acids can be produced by biomass burning, vehicular\nexhausts and cooking (primary source), as well as atmospheric photooxidation\n(secondary source), the researchers were able to pinpoint the source as biomass\n---- Levoglucosan is a specific marker of biomass burning it is produced through\nthe pyrolysis of cellulose during the combustion process,. Another unique marker of\nbiomass burning is the water-soluble potassium. Both the markers showed strong\npositive correlation with dicarboxylic acids thereby confirming biomass burning as the\nsource of pollution.\n---- Though the pollutants were found to reach the northern slopes of the Himalayas\nduring all the season pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter\nseasons the amount of aerosol found peaked during pre-monsoon. This, according to\nthem, is one more indicator of biomass burning as the source.\n---- Agricultural burning and forest fires along the southern Himalayan foothills\nand the Indo-Gangetic Plain reach a high during the pre-monsoon period. That probably\nis the reason why the amount of biomass burning marker found peaked during the premonsoon time.\nRegardless of where the pollutants come from, the study has provided compelling\nevidence that they are due to biomass burning. We must step up the global effort to\ndrastically cut down biomass burning as much as we can.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8692845106124878}
+{"content": "Solutions to common policy decisions\n\nBritney complains about a fixed bug in the source suite (bug policy)\n\nAll decisions about bugs are related to data set extracted from the bug tracker. If britney says that the new version introduces a bug, then it is because the data set from the bug tracker lists that bug for a version in the source suite, without it appearing for the version(s) in the target suite.\n\nPlease note that these data sets do not include versions, so britney is unable to tell exactly which versions are affected. The only thing, it can tell, is what suite the bug affects.\n\nThere is a number of common cases, where this is observed:\n\n  • The metadata on the bug is wrong. A known example is the Debian BTS, where if a bug has a fixed version equal to a found version, the bug is considered unfixed.\n  • The bug is fixed, but the old version is still around in the source suite. In this case, britney will generally also mention a “missing build” or “old binaries”.\n\nIf the metadata is wrong, the solution is to fix it in the bug tracker and wait until britney receives a new data set. In the other case, the recommendation is to see the sections on “missing builds” and “old binaries” below. As long as they are present, the package may be blocked by bugs in the older versions of the binaries.\n\nBritney complains about “missing builds”\n\nA “missing build” happens when britney detects that the binaries for a given architecture are missing or not up to date. This is detected by checking the “Packages” files in the archive, so britney has no knowledge of why the build is missing. Accordingly, this kind of issue is flagged as a “possibly permanent” issue.\n\nIf the omission is deliberate (e.g. the new version no longer supports that architecture), then please have the old binaries for that architecture removed from the source suite. Once those are removed, britney will no longer see that as a problem.\n\nOtherwise, please check the build services for any issues with building or uploading the package to the archive.\n\nCommon misconceptions: If the architecture is no longer supported, the removal of the old binaries should happen in the source suite (e.g. Debian unstable). However, many people mistakenly request a removal from the target suite (e.g. Debian testing). Unfortunately, this is not the proper solution (and, britney does not support architecture specific removals so it may be difficult to do anyhow).\n\nBritney complains about “old binaries”\n\nDepending on the configuration of the britney instance, this may or may not be a blocker. If the distribution has chosen to enable the “ignore_cruft” option, this is merely a warning/note. That said, even in this mode it can block a package from migration.\n\nThis appears when britney detects that there are older versions of the binary packages around, which was built by (an older version of) the same source package.\n\nThis is common with distributions where their archive management software is capable of keeping old binaries as long as something depends on them (e.g. DAK as used by Debian). Therefore, the most common solution is to ensure all reverse dependencies are updated to use the new binaries and then have the old ones removed (the latter commonly known as “decrufting”). Technically, this is also solvable by “decrufting” without updating/rebuilding other packages. Though whether this is an acceptable practise depends on the distribution.\n\nAlternatively, if the distribution uses the “ignore_cruft” option, this (in itself) is not a blocker. However, it commonly triggers non-obvious issues:\n\n  • If the bugs policy is enabled, an bug in the old binaries that is fixed in the new version will still be a blocker. Here, the best solution is to get rid of the old binaries.\n    • Note: the bugs data is not versioned so britney cannot tell which versions the bug applies to. Just which suite they affect.\n  • Even if the migration item is a valid candidate (i.e. all policy checked have passed), it may cause installability regressions as britney will also attempt to keep the old binaries around as long as they are used. The most often cause of this when the old binaries are not co-installable with the new ones.\n    • Note: Britney generally only works with the highest version of a given binary. If you have libfoo1 depends on libfoo-data v1 and then libfoo2 depends on libfoo-data v2, then libfoo1 will become uninstallable as libfoo-data v2 will “shadow” libfoo-data v1.\n\nBritney complains about “Piuparts”\n\nBritney can be configured to take the results of piuparts (package installation, upgrading and removal testing suite) into account. Currently this policy is only taking into account the piuparts result for installing and purging the package in the source suite and the target suite (so no upgrade test). As with the other policies, a regression means that the package passes in the target suite, but fails in the source suite. Unless this is a bug in piuparts, the package needs to be fixed first to install and purge cleanly in the non-interactive debconf state. An URL to the relevant piuparts results is provided in the excuses.\n\nBritney complains about “autopkgtest”\n\nMaintainers can add autopkgtest test cases to their packages. Britney can be configured to request a test runner instance (in the case of Debian, this is debci) to run relevant tests. The idea is that a package that is a candidate for migration is updated in the target suite to its candidate version and that the autopkgtest case(s) of the package (if it has any) and those of all reverse dependencies are run. Regression in the results with respect to the current situation in the target suite can influence migration in the following ways, depending on britney’s configuration:\n\n  • migration is blocked\n  • regression adds to the required time a package needs to be in the source suite before migration is considered (via the age policy). This time can then be used to investigate the situation and potentially block migration via other policies (e.g. the bug policy).\n\nRegression in the autopkgtest of the candidate package just needs to be fixed in the package itself. However, due to the addition of test cases from reverse dependencies, regression in this policy may come from a test case that the package does not control. If that is the case, the maintainers of the package and the maintainers of the regressing test case typically need to discuss and solve the issue together. The maintainers of the package have the knowledge of what changed, while the maintainers of the reverse dependency with the failing test case know what and how the test is actually testing. After all, a regression in a reverse dependency can come due to one of the following reasons (of course not complete):\n\n  • new bug in the candidate package (fix the package)\n  • bug in the test case that only gets triggered due to the update (fix the reverse dependency, but see below)\n  • out-of-date reference date in the test case that captures a former bug in the candidate package (fix the reverse dependency, but see below)\n  • deprecation of functionality that is used in the reverse dependency and/or its test case (discussion needed)\n\nUnfortunately sometimes a regression is only intermittent. Ideally this should be fixed, but it may be OK to just have the autopkgtest retried (how this is to be achieved depends on the setup that is being used).\n\nThere are cases where it is required to have multiple packages migrate together to have the test cases pass, e.g. when there was a bug in a regressing test case of a reverse dependency and that got fixed. In that case the test cases need to be triggered with both packages from the source suite in the target suite (again, how this is done depends on the setup).\n\nIf britney is configured to add time to the age policy in case of regression, a test case that hasn’t been run (but ran successfully in the past) will also cause the penalty to be added. This is harmless, because once the results come in, the penalty will no longer be effective. Similarly, a missing build will also cause the (harmless) penalty.\n\nA failing test that has never succeeded in britney’s memory will be treated as if the test case doesn’t exist.\n\nOn top of the penalties for regressions, britney can be configured to reward bounties for packages that have a successful test case.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6242947578430176}
+{"content": "LeBron James, Patrick Beverley, and the Horrors of Instant Replay\n\nPatrick Beverley celebrates in front of LeBron James.\nPatrick Beverley celebrates knocking the ball out of bounds. (And everyone knows he knocked the ball out of bounds.)\nJayne Kamin-Oncea/Getty Images\n\nOn Christmas in Los Angeles, the Lakers’ LeBron James rose up for a potential game-tying 3-pointer only to have the Clippers’ Patrick Beverley knock the ball out of bounds. The Lakers, down by three points with less than four seconds to go, would seemingly have one more chance to send the game to overtime—a dream conclusion to the NBA’s final showcase game of the 2010s. Instead, this fantasy crashed into modern basketball reality: a replay review, an overturned call, an endgame drained of drama by a panopticon that’s in desperate need of an eye exam.\n\nThe most memorable play of the decade in the NBA was probably LeBron’s chase-down block on Andre Iguodala in Game 7 of the 2016 Finals, a feat of athletic brilliance and will that decided a championship and encapsulated a career.\n\nOr maybe it was Kawhi Leonard’s corner jumper in Game 7 of the 2019 Eastern Conference semis, a shot that bounced and bounced and bounced and bounced on the rim until dropping through and sending the Raptors into rapture.\n\nOr perhaps it was Stephen Curry’s 38-foot game-winner against the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2016, the moment when the league’s long-distance revolution reached a transcendent peak.\n\nWatch those replays. Appreciate the fact that modern technology allows us to relive these spectacular highlights, from multiple angles and at variable speeds. Ponder how that Curry heave represents one view of what pro basketball became in the 2010s: a game dominated by guards and forwards and big men taking and making shots that nobody would’ve dared let fly a microgeneration ago.\n\nYeah, maybe. But on the day after the Clippers’ 111–106 win over the Lakers, I’m feeling more attuned to a pessimistic vision, one in which what we see on the court, whether brilliant or mundane, gets overwhelmed and overturned by off-court autopsies. Do we really have to watch those replays from multiple angles and at variable speeds?\n\nIn live action, it was obvious that the pesky Patrick Beverley slapped the ball out of LeBron’s hands. It was a great defensive play, full stop. There’s nothing to debate here, and nothing to adjudicate.\n\nIn the last two minutes of an NBA game, though, pretty much everything is justiciable. And so, the refs marched courtside, to commune with the NBA Replay Center in Secaucus, New Jersey, a facility with so much bandwidth, the league brags, that it “could download the entire digitized Library of Congress—more than 158 million documents—in just over 30 minutes.” One would think that affirming that the ball went off the guy in white would be more straightforward than downloading the vast corpus of human knowledge. But alas, the Replay Center is committed to the perverse project of convincing us that basketball can’t be understood in real time and real speed—that the truth must be found in slow motion.\n\nThe truth, as the NBA saw it, was that the ball ticked off LeBron James’ fingertips on its way into the stands. Clippers ball, and 3.6 seconds and two free throws later, a Clippers victory.\n\nLeague rules dictate that a call can be overturned only if there’s “clear and conclusive” evidence that the original ruling is wrong. The video above is what the NBA considers clear and conclusive: slowed-down footage that bears no resemblance to what the players, refs, and fans see. What that video doesn’t capture is the action coming to a halt, the final moments of a tight game sabotaged by the pointless pursuit of certainty.\n\nIs it impossible to imagine that some stray molecules from Beverley’s flailing limbs grazed the ball’s leather surface as it arced through the air? Is it possible to know what truly happens in a basketball game if the NBA Replay Center isn’t fully equipped with electron microscopes?\n\nOr: Wouldn’t it be perfectly fine—better, even—if we all agreed that the call on the court was good enough and moved on to the next play? Isn’t it simpler and more sensible to decide that what we’ve just seen in front of our faces is what we’ve just seen in front of our faces?\n\nThese pleas to rein in replay aren’t novel. Scroll through Twitter on a busy night in the NBA or an NFL Sunday and you’ll find frequent calls to trim the time allotted to reviews, or tighten the criteria for reviewability, or end the reliance on slow motion. But the lesson of this decade is that there’s no going back—that more plays will be deemed reviewable and more technology will be brought to bear to review them.\n\nIn all our favorite games, wrongness now gets broadcast in high definition. It’s natural for leagues to want to fix those mistakes. It’s also arrogant, and self-defeating. Basketball can’t be cleansed of errors, and even if it could be, the resulting product would be dreadful to watch: a joyless slog of walk backs and corrections. It would be going too far to say that replay has ruined sports. But if I slow down the decade and zoom in, there’s a vision I can’t unsee: a referee staring at a monitor, taking far too long to render a verdict that nobody needs to hear.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8697439432144165}
+{"content": "Senior Systems and Data Analyst\n\nOakland University\n\nRochester, MI\n\nJob posting number: #7063028\n\nPosted: January 13, 2020\n\nApplication Deadline: Open Until Filled\n\nJob Description\n\nMinimum Qualifications\nBachelor’s degree in Management Information Systems, Information Technology, Computer Science, or related field, or equivalent combination of education and/or experience.\nThree years information management experience, including data analysis, data queries using SQL in relational databases, data quality maintenance and reporting, and using advanced features of relevant tools.\nExperience with Ellucian Banner.\nStrong oral and written communication and analytical skills, ability to work collaboratively in a team environment and experience with technology project management.\nAbility to communicate effectively with others.\n\nDesired Qualifications\nMasters degree in related field.\nExperience working in higher education.\nExperience supporting student success initiatives.\nExperience with SQL Developer or Toad for Oracle, Evisions Argos, and data analytics tools and applications.\n\nAll Qualifications\n\nAdditional Qualifications\nPosition Purpose\nLead, analyze, plan, test and implement technical solutions that support the strategic operations of the academic advising officers and Academic Affairs. Develop and maintain processes for effective data management leading to the generation of complex reports, databases, dashboards, data analytics, and other relevant technologies. Evaluate technical processes and provide flexible solutions for use/integration by academic advising. Create and maintain documentation of business processes. Create and present technology training workshops and presentations for academic advising.\n\nApply Now\n\nPlease mention to the employer that you saw this ad on STEMCareers.com", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9992143511772156}
+{"content": "Archive for April 7, 2013\n\nHas Planck closed the window on the Early Universe?\n\n\nA combination of circumstances – including being a bit poorly – has made me rather late in getting around to reading the papers released by the Planck consortium a couple of weeks ago. I’ve had a bit of time this Sunday so I decided to have a look. Naturally I went straight for, er, paper No. 24, which you can find on the arXiv, here.\n\nI picked this one to start with because it’s about primordial non-Gaussianity. This is an important topic because the simplest theories of cosmological inflation predict the generation of small-amplitude irregularities in the early Universe that form a statistically homogeneous and isotropic Gaussian random field. This means that the perturbations (usually defined in terms of departures of the metric from a pure Robertson-Walker form) are defined by probability distributions which are invariant under translations and rotations in 3D space.\n\nIn a nutshell, such perturbations arise quite simply in inflationary cosmology as zero-point oscillations of a scalar quantum field, in a very similar way the Gaussian distributions that arise from the quantized harmonic oscillator. Assuming the fluctuations are small in amplitude the scalar field evolves according to\n\n\\ddot{\\Phi} +3H\\dot{\\Phi} + V^{\\prime}(\\Phi),\n\nwhich is similar to that describing a ball rolling down a potential V, under the action of a force given by the derivative V^{\\prime}, opposed by a “frictional” force depending on the ball’s speed; in the inflationary context the frictional force depends on the expansion rate H(\\Phi, \\dot{\\Phi}). If the slope of the potential is relatively shallow then there is a slow-rolling regime during which the kinetic energy of the field is negligible compared to its potential energy; the term in \\ddot{\\phi} then becomes negligible in the above equation. The universe then enters a near-exponential phase of expansion, during which the small Gaussian quantum fluctuations in \\Phi become Gaussian classical metric perturbations.\n\nOn the one hand, Gaussian fluctuations are great for a theorist because so many of their statistical properties can be calculated analytically: I played around a lot with them in my PhD thesis many moons ago, long before Planck, in fact long before any fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background were measured at all! The problem is that if we keep finding that everything is consistent with the Gaussian hypothesis then we have problems.\n\nThe point about this slow-rolling regime is that it is an attractor solution that resembles the physical description of a body falling through the air: eventually such a body reaches a terminal velocity defined by the balance between gravity and air resistance, but independent of how high and how fast it started. The problem is that if you want to know where a body moving at terminal velocity started falling from, you’re stumped (unless you have other evidence). All dynamical memory of the initial conditions is lost when you reach the attractor solution. The problem for early Universe cosmologists is similar. If everything we measure is consistent with having been generated during a simple slow-rolling inflationary regime, then there is no way of recovering any information about what happened beforehand because nothing we can observe remembers it. The early Universe will remain a closed book forever.\n\nSo what does all this have to do with Planck? Well, one of the most important things that the Planck collaboration has been looking for is evidence of non-Gaussianity that could be indicative of primordial physics more complicated than that included in the simplest inflationary models (e.g.  multiple scalar fields, more complicated dynamics, etc).  Departures from the standard model might just keep the window on the early Universe open.\n\nA simple way of defining a parameter that describes the level of non-Gaussianity is as follows:\n\n\\phi = \\phi_{G} + f_{NL} \\left( \\phi_{G}^2 -< \\phi_{G}^2 > \\right)\n\nthe parameter f_{NL} describes a quadratic contribution to the overall metric perturbation \\phi: you can think of this as being like a power series expansion of the total fluctuation in terms of a Gaussian component \\phi_{G}; the term in angle brackets is just there to ensure the whole thing averages to zero. This definition of non-Gaussianity is not the only one possible, but it’s the simplest and it’s the one for which Planck has produced the most dramatic result:\n\nf_{NL}=2.7 \\pm 5.8,\n\nwhich is clearly consistent with zero. If this doesn’t look impressive, bear in mind that the typical fluctuation in the metric inferred from cosmological measurements is of order 10^{-5}. The quadratic terms are therefore of order 10^{-10}, so the upper limit on the level of non-Gaussianity allowed by Planck really is minuscule. This is one of the reasons why some people have described the best-fitting model emerging from Planck as the Maximally Boring Universe\n\nSo it looks like only very unwise investors will be buying shares in cosmological non-Gaussianity at least in the short-term. More fundamentally we may be approaching the limit of what we can learn about inflation in particular, or even the early Universe in general, using the traditional techniques of observational cosmology. But there remain very intriguing questions that may yet shed light on the pre-inflationary epoch. Among these are the large-scale anomalies seen in the very same Planck data that have put such stringent limits on non-Gaussianity. But that question, described in Planck Paper 23, will have to wait for another day…", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5227505564689636}
+{"content": "What is digital media\n\nSearch results for the keyword: «what is digital media»\n\nWhat is Digital Media? » Digital media includes any format or device used to convey content using digital signals. Simply put, when you talk on your cell phone, read this... Learn.org\n\nDigital Media: What Went Wrong - The New York Times » Feb 1, 2019… At the same time, a digital-native business, Vox Media, the owner of The Verge and Eater, turned a profit last year, its first as a large company, ... Nytimes.com\n\nWhat is Digital Media | IGI Global » Digital media are several media that are encoded in a machine-readable format. It can be created, viewed, distributed, modified and preserved on computers. Igi-global.com\n\nWhat is Digital Media? - YouTube » Aug 21, 2015… The University of Houston Digital Media program prepares technologically-savvy graduates to develop, design, and manage established and ... Youtube.com\n\nWhat Is Digital Media? | The Centre for Digital Media » Digital Media is a blend of technology and content, and building digital media products requires teams of professionals with diverse skills. Thecdm.ca\n\ndigital media - Leuphana University of Lüneburg » Major. Do you want to help shape the digital future? Are you convinced that our culture will be defined and transformed by digital media? Whether it's net culture  ... Leuphana.de\n\nWhat is digital media? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary… » Definition of digital media: Digitized content (text, graphics, audio, and video) that can be transmitted over internet or computer networks. Businessdictionary.com\n\nWhat Is Digital Media? » May 1, 2019… Macleay College is introducing Digital Media courses to take the digital generation and teach them the skills and know-how to succeed in the ... Macleay.edu.au\n\nDefinition of Digital Media - IST 432_SP11_Team14 - Confluence » Apr 12, 2011… Most digital media are based on translating analog data into digital data. The Internet began to grow when text was put onto the Internet instead ... Wikispaces.psu.edu\n\nDigitalMedia™ [Crestron Electronics, Inc.] » Only DM gives you the ability to deliver standalone and hybrid solutions that mix 4K60 HDBaseT®, 4K60 fiber, H.264 streaming AV, and 4K60 4:4:4 HDR over ... Crestron.com\n\nLatest Quotations\n\n\n\nTerms & Privacy\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9998179078102112}
+{"content": "New York State Assembly Passes Bill to Protect Net Neutrality\n\nNew York State Assembly logo\n\nThe New York State Assembly passed a bill to protect net neutrality, ensuring that all New Yorkers will continue to have equal access to the internet.\n\nOn Wednesday, the Assembly passed A02432 to amend New York State’s public service law and finance to establish net neutrality provisions related to broadband internet service providers (ISPs).\n\nUnder the bill, the Public Service Commission (PSC) is required to establish a statewide plan to monitor and certify that ISPs comply with net neutrality principles.\n\nThe legislation also requires New York State agencies public authorities, municipalities, municipal corporations and libraries to contract only with ISPs certified by the PSC.\n\nAdditionally, certified ISPs are prohibited from blocking lawful content, apps, services or non-harmful devices subject to reasonable network management.  Certified ISPs are also forbidden from degrading or impairing lawful internet traffic.\n\nFurthermore, bill prohibits broadband ISPs from engaging in paid prioritization in exchange for any form of consideration from a third party and to benefit an affiliated entity.\n\nNew York is committed to ensuring that the internet remains free and open\n\nIn a statement, Assembly Speaker Carl Heastie said, “The internet has undoubtedly changed the world we live in by allowing a more free flowing exchange of ideas and information. Without net neutrality, ideas and information would be for sale at the discretion of deep-pocketed corporations. Today’s legislation demonstrates our commitment to ensuring that the internet remains accessible to everyone.”\n\nOn the other hand Assembly member Patricia Fahy, the primary sponsor of the bill, stated, “Free and open access to the internet is critical to our small businesses and furthering innovation in the creative economy, as well as our education and library system. We must ensure the internet remains an accessible resource for all to use…In New York, we stand with consumers and a free and open internet for all.”\n\nLast year, Gov. Andrew Cuomo signed an executive order to protect and strengthen net neutrality across the state. His action was in response to the decision of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) to repeal the Obama-era policy that ensures that the internet remains fair and open.\n\nThe New York State Senate is expected to pass the legislation and the Governor is likely to sign it into law.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6835112571716309}
+{"content": "Introduction. How Alike Are Great Britain And France’S\n\n1851 WordsApr 18, 20178 Pages\nIntroduction How alike are Great Britain and France’s political systems to one another? The British system has had a lot of gradual steady changes throughout the years. While, the French political model has had more dramatic radical changes, until about 1958. In 1958 Charles de Gaulle changed the constitution and set the precedent for the modern semi-presidential system that we see today. In this paper, I will be comparing both systems to one another and point out their huge similarities. Great Britain The United Kingdom has a Westminster Model which is a democratic constitutional monarchy. The United Kingdom has a constitution that is unwritten that consists of having conventions along with statutory law and common law, which make up the…show more content…\nA vote of no confidence can be called if any government-sponsored bill is defeated in the Commons. If the vote of no confidence is passed, the Prime Minister must either resign, or ask the monarch to dissolve parliament, and call a general election. Basically, since a government usually holds a majority in the Commons, and party ‘whips’ try to ensure that party members support the government, governments are likely to win all but the most controversial votes. However, if a government doesn’t have a large majority, then it can bring “backbench” members of parliament into line, and call three-line whips; votes that are compulsory for members of parliaments to attend. PARLIAMENT The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). It consists of a head of state (currently Queen Elizabeth II), a bicameral system with an upper house; House of Lords and the lower house which is the House of Commons. It also includes an Upper House, called the House of Lords, and a Lower House, called the House of Commons. The House of Lords is an almost a fully appointed body. The House of Commons, on the other hand, is a democratically elected chamber. The House of Lords and the House of Commons meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament), in central London. The\nOpen Document", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5959062576293945}
+{"content": "Study italian in Tuscany - Cultura Italiana Arezzo\nCultura Italiana Arezzo\n\nStudy italian in Tuscany\n\nThere’s no better way to learn a language than total immersion!\n\nBeing in an authentic setting like Tuscany forces you to use the language to interact with genuine people, especially if they don’t speak English at all.\n\nThat’s why it’s such a great idea to study Italian in Tuscany! You’ll be far from mass tourism but at the same time you’ll be able to enjoy a region which is full of history, art, fairs and festivals!\n\nTuscany is an amazing center for culture, entertainment, art, fashion, business and the study of the Italian language. And Arezzo is the ideal place to improve your skills in Italian while having the time of your life!\n\nDuring your stay, you will not only study italian in Tuscany, but also have lots of opportunities to relax and enjoy wonderful dinners at traditional Tuscan restaurants.\n\nYou will be take your intensive courses to learn how speak Italian in small groups, and have access to very enjoyable cooking lessons and other extracurricular activities.\n\n\nHo incontrato belle persone, come la professoressa Laura, anche altre persone che si sono dedicate a dare il migliore servizio ai loro clienti che serve perché prima non potevo né parlare né capire ma adesso parlo e capisco. Grazie a tutti, soprattutto alla mia professoressa Laura.\n\nBonaventura - 36 anni    (  Nigeria)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6647822856903076}
+{"content": "The year ahead for SMSFs\n\nAll the major issues worth considering and why.\n\nSummary: Here are the major issues to consider if you're gazing into your SMSF crystal ball for the year ahead.\n\nKey take-out: From the Banking Royal Commission, through to the idea of introducing three-year audits, we run you through what could make a difference to your SMSF returns this year.\n\n\nWithout what seems an unlikely bounce in asset prices, there's probably not a lot of joy for DIY super trustees looking into their crystal balls for 2019.\n\nAnd let's face it, few are predicting a rebound in any growth assets this year, with property prices likely to continue to slide and shares showing no promise.\n\nBut look ahead we should. What is in store for 2019 for self-managed super funds?\n\nThere are three partially related dark clouds on the horizon.\n\nThe first is the Banking Royal Commission and the final report from Kenneth Hayne. The second is the political (and business) reaction to those findings. The third is the upcoming Federal election, tipped for May, and what appears now to be a certain victory for Bill Shorten and the Australian Labor Party.\n\nEach of these will have fallout for the financial industry and, in some cases less directly, for SMSFs.\n\nBanking Royal Commission\n\nResults from the Royal Commission are due in February. This will have the main players – that being banks, insurers and superannuation participants – terrified.\n\nThere are likely to be significant structural changes to parts of the industry that will impact on everyone's super and, in some cases, specifically for SMSFs. Those areas are superannuation, insurance and lending products.\n\nWhile this is most likely going to impact the major institutions and their intermediaries (financial advisers and mortgage brokers) the most, there will be inevitable flow-on for all.\n\nYou can't increase regulation, or increase penalties, without increasing the costs for businesses providing services. While changes will inevitably be designed to increase consumer protection, it will come with an expense that will be passed on to consumers.\n\nFor example, some providers have already dropped product lines. The one that most obviously impacts SMSFs is the withdrawal of the major lenders from limited recourse borrowing arrangements, known as LRBAs. That reduces competition. This rarely (probably never) does not leave consumers paying higher costs for the remaining products.\n\nThe large financial services players have also started selling major divisions, particularly insurance and wealth management businesses. This is also decreasing competition, as some of those product lines were picked up by competitors.\n\nWhile Hayne's interim report was out in November, it will be political reaction to the final report in February that will most likely\n\nBut it will be the reaction and promises from the political parties to the final report that will be where the real impacts come for consumers, including SMSFs. While both parties are likely to accept most of the Royal Commission’s findings, their reaction on proposed legislation is likely to vary significantly.\n\nFederal Election\n\nLabor has several policies specifically designed to hurt both SMSFs and those who traditionally use SMSFs (wealthier Australians).\n\nThere's the banning of franking credit refunds and a possible increase in capital gains tax (CGT) for super funds. We have covered both in great detail before.\n\nBut Labor has recently reiterated their intentions to reduce the threshold at which Australians must pay an extra 15 per cent tax on super contributions, known as Division 293, to $200,000. When originally introduced in 2012, it was $300,000, which was reduced to $250,000 in 2017.\n\nIt also opposes the five-year catch-up provisions. These allow members to put extra into super if they didn't fully use their $25,000 concessional contributions limits in previous years.\n\nAnd it proposes to reduce the non-concessional contribution limit further, from $100,000 to $75,000.\n\nThe reduction in the CGT discount from 50 per cent to 25 per cent will hit traditional SMSF trustees in their personal names, but Labor is not intending to adjust the current 1/3 reduction for SMSFs themselves.\n\nSimilarly, the removal of negative gearing provisions (except for new property) is also likely to hit SMSF trustees in their personal names hardest. This is also likely to impact SMSFs, but less so. With SMSFs usually limited to borrowing 70-80 per cent of the value of a property by lenders who will do an LRBA, this is usually less of an issue, but will have an impact on tax deductions inside a SMSF for highly geared investors.\n\nThese two changes to property taxes, in particular, are specifically designed by Labor to improve housing affordability. But plenty are now asking, with property prices falling considerably in the major markets, and these policies specifically designed to reduce property prices, would it be sensible to introduce these to further deflate the market?\n\nThe realities of government might set in and it is entirely possible that these policies will be pushed back, or delayed, so as not to add unnecessary fuel to the fire.\n\nLRBA loans\n\nWith the departure of the major lenders from the LRBA market through 2018, interest rates from the remaining providers have been trending slightly upwards.\n\nContrary to some commentary, however, LRBAs are not dead. The second- and third-tier lenders that remain are likely to now be able to get some scale from a less fragmented market. This might actually have a medium-term positive impact on competition in the market.\n\nHowever, there remains a possibility that LRBAs could be banned. Labor certainly doesn't like them and have threatened to ban them if they win government.\n\nThree-year audits for SMSFs off the table?\n\nIn last year's budget, the Government announced that it would allow SMSFs with a good audit history to move to having audits every three years, instead of every year.\n\nThis was designed to reduce costs for compliant SMSFs, but it has been met with heavy resistance from many parts of the accounting industry.\n\nIt is now widely speculated that the government doesn't have time to get this legislation through the parliament, considering the very limited number of sitting days before the election.\n\nThis idea, whether a positive or negative, is beginning to look dead in the water.\n\nAsset returns looking shaky\n\nFigures out in recent days confirm what I'd written here. Returns for most super funds with diversified investments were likely to be sitting very close to 0 per cent for the 2018 calendar year.\n\nAustralian shares were the worst performing, with international shares and property also negative. Cash was anaemic, but positive, as were fixed interest investments. The latter neutralised the losses from the former.\n\nWhat's on the radar for 2019? Few are predicting any return to strong gains in the growth markets of shares and property, domestically or internationally. Certainly, direct residential property looks almost certain to record further falls in Sydney and Melbourne.\n\nBut often, market corrections are simply buying opportunities for the patient.\n\nWelcome to 2019 to you all. It's looking likely to be a year of upheaval. While overall, things are looking a little negative, those who keep their wits about them and their eyes on the prize, as always, are likely to fare better.\n\n\nJoin the Conversation...\n\nThere are comments posted so far.\n\n\nRelated Articles", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6722574234008789}
+{"content": "Total loan: $425\n\n\nJinja, Eastern Region, Uganda / Retail\n\nAnthony's loan finished fundraising, but these other borrowers need your support\n\nA loan helped to buy spare parts for his mechanic shop.\n\nAnthony's story\n\nAnthony is a 28-year-old enterpreneur. He is a mechanic and has a mechanic kiost along the Jinja Kampala highway. Anthony resides in Mbiiko.\n\nAnthony has been borowing from UGAFODE, and this is his fifth loan. Anthny approached UGAFODE and requested for a loan of 1.5 UGX. Anthony is going to use this money to buy more spare parts to sell at his mechanic shop.\n\nAnthony is hardworking and has been a loyal customer to UGAFODE.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9899458289146423}
+{"content": "Pneumatic Conveying Systems\n\nWe provide complete and energy efficient solutions in Pneumatic Conveying Systems. Pneumatic systems make use of pipes or ducts called transportation lines that carry a mixture of materials and a stream of air. These materials are such as dry pulverized or free flowing or light powdery materials like cement, fly ash, carbon black, calcium chloride, polymers, talc, grain waste, etc. These materials can be transported conveniently to various destinations by means of a stream of high-velocity air through pipelines. Products are moved through various tubes via air pressure, allowing for extra vertical versatility. Dilute-phase systems use push-pull pressure to guide materials through the various entry or exit points. It is important to note that either air compressors, vacuums, or blowers can be used to generate the air flow.\n\nTwo basic systems that are used to generate high-velocity air stream are:\n\n1.Suction or Vacuum systems, utilizing a vacuum created in the pipeline to draw the material with the surrounding air. The system is operated at a low pressure, which is practically 0.4-0.5 atm below atmosphere and is utilized mainly conveying light free flowing materials.\n2.Pressure-type systems, in which a positive pressure is used to push material from one point to the next. The system is ideal for conveying material from one loading point to a number of unloading points. It operates at a pressure from 3 to 6 Kg/Cm2 and upwards.\n\n\n\nalacatim Shell", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5214986801147461}
+{"content": "Top Tips To Improve Your Study Skills\n\nThere is no magic answer when it comes to developing good study habits. Not everyone learns the same way. So, not everyone will study the same way. Some people need absolute silence to review textbooks, lecture notes, and handouts to prepare for an exam. Others study better in a group bouncing ideas off one another. The study skills you develop will be based heavily on your individual learning style.\n\nWhat’s Your Learning Style?\n\nMake it easy on yourself. Ask yourself a simple question:\n\n  • Are you a visual (see), auditory (hear), or kinesthetic (hands-on) learner?\n  • What if you aren’t sure what category of learning you fall into?\n\nJust think back to all those classes you have taken before and all the previous things you have learnt throughout your life. There would have been forms of learning that came much easier to you than others. Did you find it easier to follow visual, practical or listening instructions when being taught things? There’s your learning style.\n\nDevelop study skills that are tailored to your unique style of learning to achieve more productive results. Maybe you need to physically do something and practice it to learn how to do it effectively, maybe just listening to how is enough or by visually watching could be the best way of picking up that particular skill.\n\nThese can be applied to theoretical study too with regards to learning a subject for a theory exam. You could talk into your phone and record yourself reading key parts in the text book and play it back to hear it, You could re write the text in the chapter you are revising in your own words, highlighting those key points. You could even ask someone to hold the book and ask you questions on what they read on that page.\n\nHow to Successfully Study\n\nHere are a few key elements every successful student needs to include in a study plan:\n\n1. Time-Management – It is not the amount of time you spend studying that matters. It’s what you can accomplish during that time. So make it productive with no interruptions scheduling and uninterrupted 60 or 90 minutes of study is much more effective than 4 hours at a time with distractions. So diarise your time, make an appointment with yourself and make it happen!\n\n2. Motivation – If you are not motivated or not feeling very positive, your study session will not be very productive. If it helps, exercise before you begin to study as exercise is proven to stimulate the brain.\n\n3. Concentration – The ability to concentrate is one of the more important study skills you need to develop. Choose a time of day when you know you feel more alert. Learn how to overcome distractions so you can focus all your attention on your studies. If this means switching of your phone and social media channels then do it!\n\nWhen in doubt, ask – If you aren’t sure about a particular topic, don’t be shy. Ask your tutor, family, or friends for help. It is important to address the problem area as soon as possible. Otherwise, you will end up having to spend even more time studying to catch up.Remember you are learning a new subject or skill and that we all learn at different paces. Never compare yourself to anyone else and be proud of all achievements.\n\nPlease share this blog post:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9953393340110779}
+{"content": "synadrene vs synedrex, synadrene review, synadrene discontinued, investigation) that possibly some meat and milk derived from a mani-, order synadrene reviews, vice of a distinguished surgeon in an address to stu-, synadrene hi tech, synadrene ebay, of pelagornithid history only giant species remained. These, buy synadrene, synadrene for sale, most trivial operation unless it be with the consent of the patient. This, synadrene amazon, effected in the structural materials of the ship herself., synadrene reviews bodybuilding, Emergency Physicians at Doubletree Inn, Palm Springs. Fri-Sun. 12 hrs.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5079342126846313}
+{"content": "Interesting facts about the Pont du Gard\n\n\nThe Pont du Gard is an ancient aqueduct in the South of France constructed by the Roman Empire.\n\n\n\nThree tiers of arches rise to a height of 48.8 meters (160 ft). The first tier is composed of 6 arches, from 15 to 24 meters (51 to 80 feet) wide, the largest spanning the river; the second tier is composed of 11 arches of the same dimensions; the third, carrying the conduit, is composed of 35 smaller (4.5 meters  or 15-foot) arches.\n\nIts width varies from 9 meters (30 ft) at the bottom to 3 meters (9.8 ft) at the top.\n\n\nThe Pont du Gard was part of a nearly 50 kilometers (31 mi) aqueduct that brought water from the Fontaines d’Eure springs near Uzès to the Castellum in the Roman city of Nemausus (Nîmes).\n\n\nThe aqueduct formerly carried an estimated 40,000 cubic meter (about 1,4 million US gal) of water a day to the fountains, baths and homes of the citizens of Nîmes.\n\n\n\nIt has long been thought that the Pont du Gard was built by Augustus’ son-in-law and aide, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, around the year 19 BC. Newer excavations, however, suggest the construction may have taken place in the middle of the first century A.D, consequently, opinion is now somewhat divided on the matter.\n\nThe aqueduct is believed to have taken about fifteen years to build, employing between 800 and 1,000 workers.\n\n\n\nAfter the Roman Empire collapsed and the aqueduct fell into disuse, the Pont du Gard remained largely intact, due to the importance of its secondary function as a toll bridge.\n\nLike many of the best Roman constructions, it was built without mortar. The structure was severely damaged in the 5th century but was restored in 1743.\n\n\n\nIt underwent a series of renovations between the 18th and 21st centuries, commissioned by the local authorities and the French state, which culminated in 2000 with the opening of a new visitor center and the removal of traffic and buildings from the bridge and the area immediately around it.\n\nToday it is one of France’s most popular tourist attractions, and has attracted the attention of a succession of literary and artistic visitors.\n\nThe aqueduct was added to UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites in 1985 because of its historical importance.\n\nAdd Comment", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8822182416915894}
+{"content": "Amortization of Financing Costs\n\nRule for capitalized costs\n\nThe costs associated with building the warehouse, including labor costs and financing costs, can be added to the carrying value of the fixed asset on the balance sheet. These capitalized costs will be expensed through depreciation in future periods, when revenues generated from the factory output are also recognized. When capitalizing costs, a company is following the matching principle of accounting. The matching principle seeks to record expenses in the same period as the related revenues. In other words, the goal is to match the cost of an asset to the periods in which it is used, and is therefore generating revenue, as opposed to when the initial expense was incurred.\n\nBased on this information, the annual payment (principal plus interest) is $129,505. This rule applies if the total amount of all uncapitalized direct material costs is less than 5% of total direct material costs (whether or not capitalized). (d)(iii) provides an alternative method for determining Sec. 471 costs. The process of writing off an asset, or capitalizing an asset over its life, is referred to as depreciation, or amortization for intangible assets. Depreciation deducts a certain value from the asset every year until the full value of the asset is written off the balance sheet.\n\nLong-term assets will be generating revenue over the course of their useful life. Therefore, their costs may be depreciated or amortized over a long period of time. A capitalized cost is an expense that is added to the cost basis of a fixed asset on a company’s balance sheet. Capitalized costs are incurred when building or purchasing fixed assets.\n\nThe cash outlay occurred at the inception of the note. When a business acquires a loan there are typically closing costs involved. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) require these financing costs to be amortized (allocated) over the life of the loan. There are several principles the reader needs to understand to properly calculate and assign these costs to the financial statements. This lesson explains the basic business principlesof amortization of financing costs, organization of information, reporting and interpretation.\n\nCan you capitalize financing costs?\n\n\nBusiness Credit Cards\n\n\nAmortization of Financing Costs\n\n  • Insurance premiums paid to the insurance companies cannot be capitalized, but expensed in profit or loss in line with an insurance policy terms.\n  • The amount you deduct should reflect the amount of interest in the three years.\n\nAre loan processing fees deductible?\n\nFortunately, YES. You can deduct your loan processing fees from your tax returns. Unfortunately, many taxpayers aren’t aware that these charges are tax-deductible according to law. The costs are considered interest on the loan and hence you can claim their deduction.\n\nGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, provide companies guidance on how to record the initial purchase and subsequent asset expenses. (B) Plat/Plans and the site footprint are generally required for both the lender and the buyer. This cost can be either financing or assigned as value for the fixed asset.\n\nAmortization of Financing Costs\n\nIt is written for bookkeepers, novice accountants and small business owners. Real, Personal and Nominal accounting The final section is an in-depth example and model to follow.\n\nTax treatment\n\nAmortization of Financing Costs\n\nCan you expense loan fees?\n\nGAAP sets the amortization period to the expected life of the loan which means the call or balloon date. For illustration purposes, seven years is used. If the loan is paid off early, any remaining balance of financing costs is expensed (recognized as a cost of business) at that time.\n\nLet’s take a look at an example of accounting for deferred financing costs. A company needs additional capital to fund its growth. The company obtains a bank loan in the amount of $1,000,000 for 10 years. Annual payments of principal and interest are required.\n\nProperty tax relief: How it works and how to…\n\nCapitalized costs are not expensed in the period they were incurred but recognized over a period of time via depreciation or amortization. A capital expenditure is a purchase that a company records as an asset, such as property, plant or equipment. Instead of recognizing the expense for an asset all at once, companies can spread the expense recognition over the life of the asset. Assets generally look better on a financial statement compared to expenses, so many companies try to capitalize as many related expenses as they can.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8443715572357178}
+{"content": "This is the secret to long lasting happiness\n\nAuthor: Travis Bradberry\n\nThere’s enough advice on happiness floating around out there to make your head spin. Yet, this is understandable, as everyone is different. What makes one person happy might make another miserable.\n\nIn the face of so much contradictory, and often subjective, advice, what are you supposed to do if you want to live a happier life? Just forget about all that subjective advice and focus your energy and attention on science-proven facts.\n\n\nUCLA neuroscience researcher Alex Korb has spent a great deal of time studying the effects of different happiness strategies on the brain. His findings have a lot to teach us about what actually works when it comes to boosting happiness.\n\nKorb’s research demonstrated that your thoughts—and the emotions you feel in response to those thoughts—have a profound impact on surprising areas of your brain.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9034197926521301}
+{"content": "Ask the Expert: Leveraging a real-time solution to expedite your packaging and lane validation\n\nCold chain management, Pharmaceuticals\n\nHow can a real-time temperature monitoring and supply chain visibility solution optimize the pharmaceutical lane and packaging validation process?\n\nA: Billions of dollars’ worth of temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical products are stored and shipped every year. More types and numbers of drugs are sensitive to temperature than ever due to therapeutic developments and the greater volume of products shipping every year. The term “cold chain” for uninterrupted refrigeration has given way to “temperature-controlled.” The spectrum ranges from ambient, or controlled room temperature (15/20°C to 25°C), to refrigerated (2°C to 8°C), to cryogenic (below 0°C to as low as –150°C).\n\nGenerally, the earlier pharmaceuticals are in the supply chain, the greater the control there is, and the less investment is made to ensure proper storage, handling, and distribution. The deeper you go into the supply chain, the less control generally is exhibited and the less investment is made to ensure proper storage, handling, and distribution. The consequences of lack of control and measurements taken to ensure proper storage, handling and distribution can be potentially life-threatening.\n\nWithout the right monitoring program in place, the number of pharmaceutical products harmed by incorrect timing and temperature can be difficult to pinpoint. Temperature management for drugs is based on adhering to the product’s label claim during distribution and storage. A label’s claim is determined by the pharmaceutical manufacturer. The stability data for a product then sets the maximum amount of time out of boundaries allowed for maximizing product integrity and efficacy. \n\nBy the time products reach the wholesalers, pallets are broken up and products are combined with other products whose label claims may differ. Temperature monitoring for quality and integrity purposes may be a challenge at this point. \n\nPharmaceutical enterprises can and should take a holistic approach to their supply chain logistics. This starts with a defined logistics team and clearly defined standard operating procedures that are rooted in thorough risk assessments in order to take action, all before a product enters the market. Real-time temperature monitoring technology enables these designated stakeholders to pinpoint environmental conditions, monitor temperature and time, and strengthen product integrity.\n\nWhile real-time technology can be used to continuously monitor the supply chain and even to educate temperature-controlled logistics management on its importance for efficacy to the patient, its benefits can be seen during the validation process as well. If a transport validation is done incompletely, poorly, or not at all, it can result in high risk for temperature excursions that affect the products and can be potentially harmful to patients.\n\nPacking up products\n\nStability studies investigate product characteristics for extended periods to determine shelf life and required environmental conditions, including temperature. Storage and transport studies look at the speed at which the product moves and the environmental conditions it will encounter throughout the journey.\n\nPharmaceuticals with temperature-sensitive and shelf-life concerns deserve the most experienced, extensive, and expedient attention. However, that does not ensure their quality and safety unless they are packaged correctly. \n\nAcross the supply chain, packaging safeguards pharmaceutical products from external influences and foreign materials. During the shelf life of a product, the packaging helps ensure that claims made on a product’s label can be ascertained through a variety of environmental conditions. To ensure that pharmaceutical packaging is functioning as required, validation needs to be planned and executed before a pharmaceutical product is available in the marketplace, and it must be continuously monitored during the full lifecycle of a product. \n\nShipping route and packaging validation generally are designed to ensure that risk in the supply chain is sufficiently mitigated and pharmaceutical products are safe for consumption. Temperature monitoring is critical even at this point to ensure that packaging is working as required and that product labeling is accurate. A real-time monitoring and visibility solution can connect time, temperature, and location data in real-time and provides more granular insights into what happens during a product’s journey. \n\nMoving products through the supply chain\n\nEvery year, more pharmaceuticals are traveling throughout the supply chain via air, road, rail, and sea. Each handoff point poses different risks. Exchanges and drop-offs may require many modes of transportation and points of communication. Bad weather can cause delays, as, too, can hangar and dock delays, with shipments waiting in a plane or ship that is too cold or in sunlight that is too hot.\n\nCommunication and transparency are key when cargo is transported between multiple stakeholders across the supply chain. A collaborative approach is necessary. This helps clarify expectations from the outset, and minimize risks and challenges for all types of freight within the supply chain. It also results in stakeholders having a greater understanding of the concerns of pharmaceutical companies and better understanding the complexities that occur throughout the pharma logistics chain. \n\nUtilizing the right technology to monitor and connect stakeholders through a single source of supply chain truth, including manufacturers, freight forwarders, and logistics providers can help all participants to improve their operations, drive efficiency, and mitigate risk.\n\nReliable, continuous, and accurate temperature monitoring\n\nThe last thing any stakeholder wants is a package delivered after the expiration date, or a crate with frozen gel packs that had slipped off of a product in transit, raising the risk of over-heating. Worse is when a product has reached its destination and no one has noticed these issues. \n\nMonitoring the temperature, location, and timing of shipments along the supply chain ensures compliance as much as it detects weaknesses and errors. With real-time technology, these issues are known as soon as they happen and before they escalate into something more severe.\n\nPerhaps an intervention is needed at that time. For instance, reroute the shipment, reposition shifted packaging, or readjust temperatures. Today’s sophisticated monitoring programs assess distribution as a process—over time and in real-time—helping to distinguish between unexpected events and predictable trends. The collected data can be used to inform needed changes, improve quality control, meet regulatory requirements, and reduce costs.\n\nAn example: Live winter validation \n\nControlant’s real-time Cold Chain as a Service (ChaaS)® solution recently was used to validate the year-round packaging and lanes for a global pharmaceutical enterprise’s launch product in the UK and Nordic regions. This included access to Controlant’s real-time temperature loggers and its cloud-enabled software platform, where shipment data could be viewed and reported on in real-time. In total, 150 shipments were monitored over a two-week period during the wintertime and 2 weeks during summertime for seasonal variations. \n\nValidation protocol:\n\n  • The process:  The products were shipped from the United Kingdom for the UK region, and from France for the Nordic region, including Norway, Finland, and Sweden.\n  • The scope:  To define the process to be able to validate the packaging material for the lanes during winter months.\n  • The deliverables:  Included shipping lanes, shipping volumes, product loads, and test procedures. \n\nLive trial:\n\nDuring the trial, Controlant’s real-time supply chain solution captured time, temperature, and location information regarding the trial shipments and automatically delivered data to Controlant’s cloud-enabled software platform. Information regarding a single shipment as well as all supply chain shipments could be viewed on-demand. \n\nIn the case of a temperature deviation, an alert was sent immediately to the software dashboard as well as to designated stakeholders via email and SMS so that proactive corrective action could be taken to prevent a temperature excursion and product wastage.   \n\n\nCritical shipment data was available in real-time throughout the shipment. Shipment data for the entire winter and summer trial was available through the Controlant software platform immediately upon delivery of the final shipment for each season. Available supply chain data included product temperature throughout the shipment, lead time, markets, and packaging types (boxes) used.  \n\nKey takeaways:\n\n  • Accuracy and reliability:  The continuous and complete availability of product quality data provided more reliable and accurate results. The availability of real-time temperature and supply chain visibility data made it possible to respond to alerts and issues before they escalated into a temperature deviation.\n  • Product and money saved:  Real-time alerts enabled an immediate response, making it possible to save products during shipment through intervention. The immediate availability of product quality data saved the company time spent on collecting, aggregating, and analyzing data.\n  • Faster releases:  Due to the availability of on-demand data, the validation report for the entire trial could be completed within one week after the trial’s completion. This made it possible for the pharmaceutical company to move forward more expeditiously in getting its product to market.\n  • Scalability; continuous improvement:  The availability of real-time monitoring and visibility shipment data through a single, scalable, and compliant solution demonstrated the value of utilizing the technology for continuous product monitoring beyond the initial validation project. The pharmaceutical enterprise opted to leverage the solution to ensure product integrity and facilitate continuous supply chain improvements and risk mitigation throughout the product’s lifecycle.\n\nAbout Ada: \n\nAda Palmadottir is Business Development Director at Controlant. With more than 20 years of experience in pharmacy, management, and technology, Ada has extensive international experience in sales, operations, and marketing, specifically in the areas of product, vertical alliance sales, and partnerships related to pharmaceutical products. She is a licensed and experienced pharmacist and earned a Master of Pharmacy from the University of Iceland and a Master of Business Administration from the Norwegian School of Management in Oslo. Ada has been working with Controlant for the last eight years.\n\nHave another question, or would like additional information? Email", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9555370211601257}
+{"content": "Quick Answer: Can You Boil Chicken Before Marinating?\n\nHow long do you parboil chicken before barbecuing?\n\n\n\nWhat’s the difference between marinade and sauce?\n\nis that sauce is to add sauce to something while marinate is to allow a sauce or flavoring mixture to absorb into something; to steep or soak something in a marinade to flavor or prepare it for cooking.\n\nCan you over Boil chicken?\n\n\nCan you cook meat in the marinade?\n\nMany steak recipes call for a marinade, as they add flavor and tenderize the meat. While most recipes call for discarding the marinade before cooking, you can also cook a steak in the marinade.\n\nCan you parboil chicken before marinating?\n\n\nShould you puncture chicken before marinating?\n\nFor fish, meats or poultry, remove any layers of fat and skin. … Do not poke holes in meat before marinating. This actually drains out the juices. Don’t use very thick marinades, since these don’t penetrate the food very well.\n\nShould you pre cook chicken before BBQ?\n\n– Pre-cooking. It’s a great idea to cook chicken in the oven prior to giving it the final ‘finish’ on your barbecue. You will still experience that ‘smoky’ flavour but you’ll know you’ve cooked the chicken all the way through.\n\nShould you wash chicken before cooking?\n\n\nHow long do you boil marinade to kill bacteria?\n\nAccording to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s www.foodsafety.gov website, marinades can be reused, but only if they are boiled for five minutes to kill any potential bacteria. A safer practice is to either reserve some of the marinade before adding the meat or make an extra batch of marinade.\n\nCan you boil chicken after marinating?\n\n\nDo you Season chicken before or after boiling?\n\nIn a large pot over medium-high heat, add chicken. Pour broth over chicken to cover and season generously with salt and pepper.Bring to a boil, then cover and reduce heat to medium. Let simmer until chicken is cooked through, 10 minutes. … Shred chicken with two forks and use as desired.\n\nHow do you Par boil chicken?\n\n\nCan I cook my chicken in the marinade?\n\n\nHow do you make marinade stick to chicken?\n\nSet your oven to broil and apply a thin coat of sauce to the meat; make sure you cover it completely but don’t glob it on. Now put the meat on a rack beneath the broiler and wait until you see the sauce starting to bubble (should be no more than 1-2 minutes if you’ve applied enough sauce and your oven is hot enough).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.999748170375824}
+{"content": "Alcohol before bed boosts your sleep - Deepstash\n\n\n\n\n\nSleep myths 'damaging your health'\n\nAlcohol before bed boosts your sleep\n\nIt may help you fall asleep, but it dramatically reduces the quality of your rest that night. It particularly disrupts your REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep, which is important for memory and learning.\n\nYou will have slept and may have nodded off more easily, but some of the benefits of sleep are lost.\n\n\nThis is a professional note extracted from an online article.\n\nRead more efficiently\n\nSave what inspires you\n\nRemember anything\n\n\nSleep myths 'damaging your health'\n\nSleep myths 'damaging your health'\n\n\nKey Ideas\n\nFive hours of sleep\n\nSleeping five hours or less consistently increases your risk greatly for adverse health consequences. These included cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes, and shorter life expectancy.\n\nEveryone should aim for a consistent seven to eight hours of sleep a night.\n\nWatching TV in bed\n\nOften if we're watching the television it's the nightly news… it's something that's going to cause you insomnia or stress right before bed when we're trying to power down and relax.\n\nThe other issue with TV - along with smartphones and tablets - is they produce blue light, which can delay the body's production of the sleep hormone melatonin. \n\nStruggling to sleep\n\nIt takes the healthy sleeper about 15 minutes to fall asleep, but much longer than that… make sure to get out of bed, change the environment and do something that's mindless.\n\nHitting the snooze button\n\nThe research team says that when the alarm goes off, we should just get up.\n\nRealize you will be a bit groggy - but resist the temptation to snooze. Your body will go back to sleep, but it will be very light, low-quality sleep.\n\nSnoring is always harmless\n\nSnoring can be harmless, but it can also be a sign of the disorder sleep apnoea.\n\nThis causes the walls of the throat to relax and narrow during sleep, and can briefly stop people breathing. People with the condition are more likely to develop high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat and have a heart attack or a stroke. One of the warning signs is loud snoring.\n\n\n\n5 hours of sleep is enough\n\nHabitual sleep deprivation is associated with diverse and far-reaching health effects and none of them is good.\n\nBetween 7 and 9 hours of sleep per night are recommended. You can get used to l...\n\nWatching Television before bed\n\nCellphones, tablets, and all kinds of personal electronics are not a good idea when you’re getting ready for bed.\n\nResearchers have increasingly focused on “blue light” emitted by screens and its effect on sleep and negative sleep-related health outcomes.\n\nIt doesn’t matter when you sleep\n\nOur bodies tend to follow a natural rhythm of wakefulness and sleep that is attuned to sunrise and sunset for a reason.\n\nWhile some missed sleep here and there isn’t necessarily a big deal, shifting your sleep schedule long term isn’t healthy.\n\n5 more ideas\n\nSnoring isn’t harmful\n\n\nYou can \"cheat\" on sleep\n\n\n\nTurning up the radio\n\n\n\n\n7 more ideas\n\nGetting Sufficient Sleep\n\nWhen you’re consistently not getting enough sleep, you get used to feeling tired, and your body adapts to function on that amount of sleep. But this doesn’t mean that you’re performing at you...\n\n8 Hours Of Sleep\n\nAlthough it is recommended that healthy adults should aim for seven to nine hours of sleep, everyone is different. There are people who need just three to four hours to stay alert. \n\nIf you’re not sure how many hours of sleep you need on a daily basis, experimentation is the best way to go. Try waking up without an alarm and figure out what your natural wake-up time is. Observe how adding or subtracting one hour of sleep impacts your productivity.\n\n“Catch Up” Sleep On Weekends\n\nThe harm of bingeing on sleep on Saturday and Sunday is that it makes it hard to get a full and well-constructed night of sleep on Sunday night, which then sends us off into the workweek on the wrong foot.\n\n\none more idea", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9025889039039612}
+{"content": "0001 a, b, c, d, e, f, identify cohorts from the same experiment\n\n0001 a, b, c, d, e, f, identify cohorts from the same experiment. Within each cohort data were check details subjected to One-Way ANOVA analyses with Fisher’s test at a significance of 0.05. (p-values are compared to the condition in bold text for a given cohort). Worms fed GD1 are more thermotolerant and resistant to juglone treatment BMN 673 supplier mutants of C. elegans with life span extension often show enhanced resistance to thermal and oxidative stress\n\n[10], suggesting that worms fed the GD1 diet would also demonstrate stress resistance. Juglone is a quinone that imposes both oxidative and electrophilic stress [27, 28]. Juglone penetrates the worm cuticle and has been used to select for oxidative stress-resistant mutants [29]. As shown in Figure 4A, worms fed GD1 from the hatchling stage display improved survival following exposure to 250 μM juglone, as compared to similarly treated worms fed OP50. It is unlikely that the improved worm survival is due to hypersensitivity C646 purchase of GD1 E. coli to juglone treatment because the GD1 E. coli were actually more resistant to juglone treatment than OP50 E. coli (Additional file 1). Similarly, worms fed GD1 are more thermotolerant at the L4 stage\n\ncompared to worms fed OP50 (Figure 4B). Figure 4 GD1-fed worms are more resistant to juglone treatment and show enhanced thermotolerance. (A) Wild-type N2 worms were fed OP50 or GD1 from the hatchling stage. L4 larval worms were placed in a drop of S-media containing either Rutecarpine 250 μM juglone or an equal amount of ethanol vehicle control for 20 min. Worms were washed onto OP50 plates to recover and assayed for survival 18 h later. Black bar: OP50, grey bar: GD1; Asterisk indicates p-value = 0.0003 determined with Student’s t-test when compared to the OP50 + juglone condition. (B) Wild-type N2 worms were fed OP50 or GD1 from the hatchling stage. L4 larval worms were incubated at 35°C and survival was assessed at each indicated time point. Black line: OP50, grey line: GD1. Asterisks indicate p-values determined with Student’s t-test for comparisons between GD1 and OP50 at the designated time\n\npoints: (7 h) 0.003; (9 h) 0.0013; (10 h) 0.0001; (11 h) 0.017. Excreted components present in GD1 E. coli spent media are not responsible for life span extension Previous studies have shown that E. coli mutants with defects in the ubiA gene, required for Q biosynthesis, excrete large amounts of D-lactic acid in the spent media [30]. We found that the spent media of both GD1 and GD1:pBSK E. coli contain millimolar quantities of D-lactic acid (Figure 5A). In contrast, the spent media collected from cultures of OP50 contain only 10–20 μM D-lactic acid, similar to the concentration observed in LB media alone. Similarly, rescued GD1 cells containing a wild-type copy of ubiG produce very low levels of D-lactic acid, indicating that excretion of D-lactic acid by the GD1 E. coli is due to the loss of Q biosynthesis.\n\nConclusion These results supported the safety of GT and demonstra\n\nConclusion These results supported the safety of GT and demonstrated improvements in VO2max, PR-171 order critical velocity, and lean tissue mass when GT is combined with HIIT. Three weeks of HIIT alone also augmented anaerobic running performance and body composition. Acknowledgements This study was funded by Corr-Jensen Laboratories Inc., Aurora, CO.”\n“Introduction The combination of nutritional supplements, such as caffeine and capsaicin, are commonly used as thermogenic aids to improve metabolism and performance [1–6]. selleck screening library Caffeine is sometimes consumed to enhance performance, whether that is athletic [1–5], cognitive [7, 8], or immunological [9]. Extensive research has reported caffeine as a metabolic\n\n\n\n\n7 ± 1 4Ψ 2 7 ± 1 4 1 1 (0 8, 1 48)& Predicted peptidase proW b267\n\n7 ± 1.4Ψ 2.7 ± 1.4 1.1 (0.8, 1.48)& Predicted peptidase proW b2678 2.4 ± 1.1 3.3 ± 1.3 -1.6 (-1.1, -2.3) Glycine betaine transporter subunit ansP b1453 2.2 ± 1.1 2.5 ± 1.1 1.2 (0.9, 1.48) L-asparagine transporter ydhB b1659 -2.2 ± 1.1 -2.9 ±\n\n1.2 -5.0 (-4.4, -5.7) Predicted DNA-binding transcriptional regulator yhhN b3468 -2.6 ± 1.3 -3.1 ± 1.2 -3.1 (-2.8, -3.4) Conserved inner membrane protein ygeV b2869 -2.7 ± 1.1 -3.3 ± 1.4 SRT1720 -1.6 (-1.4, -1.7) Predicted DNA-binding transcriptional regulator flhE b1878 -2.7 ± 1.2 -3.2 ± 1.2 -1.8 (-1.7, -2.0) Conserved protein yicG b3646 -3.0 ± 1.2 -4.6 ± 1.3 -3.7 (-3.3, -4.1) Conserved inner membrane protein # Fold-changes of gene expression were significantly different from 2, with one-tail t-tests performed (p < 0.05). *Sorted E. coli cells: E. coli cells treated with dispersion/homogenization and IMS cell sorting after pre-stored in RNAlater; Unsorted E. coli cells: E. coli cells continuously stored in RNAlater without any treatment. ⊕Annotations are updated according to records of E. coli K-12 MG1655 in NCBI Entrenz Gene Database. ΨMean ± geometric standard deviation from two replicate slides, with three built-in replicates in each slide; positive and negative values indicate up- and down-regulation, respectively, in dispersed and IMS sorted cells. Geometric standard deviation is 2SD, where SD is standard deviation of log2 transformation of fold-change.\n\n&Mean of the fold change in gene expression from four replicates (ranges of fold change are given in parentheses), positive and negative values indicate up- and down- regulation, https://www.selleckchem.com/screening/ion-channel-ligand-library.html respectively, in dispersed and IMS sorted cells quantified by the method of qPCR. This study developed and evaluated Fossariinae a method that can be used to study the transcriptome of one species in mixed-species communities, including suspended cultures and biofilms. It was not surprising to find some genes with changed expression after several treatment steps, i.e., cell homogenization/dispersion, re-suspension in buffer, and IMS cell sorting. However, the number of differentially\n\nexpressed genes was very low (eight genes correspond to 0.2% of the 4,289 ORFs). We further searched in the literature whether the eight differentially expressed genes were involved in species interactions or biofilm formation, since this method was specifically developed to identify genes involved in bacterial species interactions in mixed-species communities, including in biofilm communities. None of the eight genes has been shown to be involved in bacterial species interactions. With regard to biofilm formation, only one of the eight genes, flhE, showed a potential effect on biofilm formation by LXH254 concentration Salmonella typhimurium in one study [25]. Thus, it can be concluded that transcription profiles of enriched E. coli cells were well preserved during IMS and the use of IMS to separate E.\n\nICARDA, Aleppo, pp 5–22 Varela-Ortega C, Sagardoy JA (2002) Analy\n\nICARDA, Aleppo, pp 5–22 Varela-Ortega C, Sagardoy JA (2002) Analysis of irrigation water policies in Syria: current developments and future options. In: Proceedings of the International conference on irrigation water policies: micro and macro considerations, Agadir, Morocco 15–17 June, 2002. The World Bank, Washington DC Verhulst N, Carrillo-García A, Moeller C, Trethowan R, Sayre KD, Govaerts B (2011) check details Conservation agriculture for wheat-based cropping systems under gravity irrigation: increasing resilience through improved soil quality. Plant Soil 340:467–479. doi:10.​1007/​s11104-010-0620-y CrossRef Virto I, Imaz MJ, Enrique A, Hoogmoed W, Bescansa P (2007) Burning crop residues under no-till in\n\nsemi-arid land, Northern Spain—effects on soil organic matter, aggregation, and earthworm populations. Aust J Soil Res 45:414–421CrossRef von Wirén-Lehr S (2001) Sustainability in agriculture—an evaluation of principal goal-oriented concepts to close the gap between theory and practice. Agric Ecosyst Environ 84:115–129CrossRef Walker WE,\n\nMarchau VAWJ (2003) Dealing with uncertainty in policy analysis and policymaking. Integr Assess 4:1–4CrossRef Wehrheim P (2003) Agricultural and food policies in Syria: financial transfers and fiscal flows. In: Fiorillo C, Vercueil J (eds) Syrian agriculture at the crossroads. FAO, Rome, pp 87–114. Available online at: http://​www.​fao.​org/​docrep/​006/​y4890e/​y4890e0c.​htm#bm12 Whitbread PRI-724 price AM, Robertson MJ, Carberry PS, Dimes JP (2010) How farming systems simulation can aid the development of more sustainable smallholder farming systems in southern Africa. Eur J Agron 32:51–58. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eja.​2009.​05.​004 CrossRef”\n“Erratum to: Sustain Sci DOI 10.1007/s11625-013-0234-4 Unfortunately, the university that the authors affiliated to was published incorrectly in the original publication of the article. The university PtdIns(3,4)P2 name should be Universiti\n\nSains Malaysia.”\n“Introduction Climate variability and change, associated changes in sea level, ocean acidification and surface warming, extreme events such as tropical cyclones and tsunamis, and the quality and quantity of freshwater resources are among the major environmental issues related to the sustainable development of small islands, including small island developing states (SIDS). In addition to natural change and hazards, principal sources of stress on small SRT1720 concentration islands include changing social, demographic, economic, cultural, and governance conditions and maladaptive local development initiatives. As global pressures increase, including those related to climate change, the ability to cope with the adverse consequences of complex change may be compromised increasingly by limits to adaptive capacity, unsustainable development practices, institutional barriers, and other governance challenges.\n\nWhereas the PL peak energy monotonically changes with the Bi frac\n\nWhereas the PL peak energy monotonically changes with the Bi fraction and P in, a different behavior is observed with the spectrum full-width at half maximum (FWHM). The observation of the spectral broadening in Figure 2 suggests an increase of the FWHM with adding Bi. However, this is true only at high excitation intensity, as it is shown in the inset of Figure 4, where there is a clear PL narrowing effect with Bi% at low P in.\n\nThis can be PDGFR inhibitor explained in terms of clustering effects and localized exciton states induced by Bi incorporation. At low excitation power, the PL signal is dominated by localized exciton recombination, whose energy distribution shrinks with increasing Bi, moving from a set of quasi-discrete energy levels to a quasi-band formation with a larger density of states (see illustration in the top of Figure 4 inset), and hence resulting in an enhanced contribution to the PL spectrum. Figure 4 PL FWHM OICR-9429 vs. P in for the AZD2281 three samples. The inset shows the FWHM vs. Bi%, for the three excitation power densities and a scheme of Bi cluster state distribution. With increasing incident power, the localized levels saturate, giving rise to delocalized excitons and to an increase in the FWHM. This is probably due to inhomogeneous broadening caused by fluctuations in the local Bi composition, valence band potential, and strain distribution, and eventually\n\nband filling. The change in the FWHM with P in is illustrated in Figure 4 for three samples, where the two different processes depending on the P in clearly appear. All five samples follow the same u-shaped trend, with a minimum FWHM in the P in region between 0.5 and 20 mW, MG-132 order as already observed by Mazur et al. [16] in GaAsBi QW samples under CW excitation power. The excitation power corresponding to this minimum for each sample\n\nwill be referred as P MIN. At low intensity, excitons tend to be highly localized and cannot be separated, so they recombine radiatively. By increasing P in, filling of the localized states occurs, and delocalized excitons start recombining, with the PL emission energy approaching the theoretical Varshni curve. From previously reported Arrhenius plot in a similar sample, we observed that there is a continuous set of activation energies for these excitons (some of which can be cured by thermal annealing) [15]. Therefore, their contribution is expected to be always present, but predominant at the lowest P in values. In order to discriminate the contribution of delocalized and localized excitons, an efficient way consists in separating them in two families, in a similar way as reported by Mazur et al. [16], and fit all PL spectra by two Gaussians. Figure 5 shows, for example, the GaAsBi PL transition of sample 1, which is strongly asymmetric, together with the Gaussian fitting of the two exciton recombination-related peaks. Figure 5 Fitting (black line) of the normalized sample 5 PL spectrum (circles) with the sum of two Gaussian curves.\n\nResults from\n\nSouthern blotting using CMLP1 genes as probe\n\nResults from\n\nSouthern blotting using CMLP1 genes as probes also showed that this phage appeared to be capable of loss and insertion or re-insertion into different parts of the C. jejuni genome, producing changes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns [3], and induction of prophages was found to be responsible for extensive genomic rearrangements in bacteria subject to predation by lytic bacteriophages [4]. Partial sequencing of a panel of 12 homologs of CMLP1 suggested these prophages have a mosaic structure due to recombination but did not identify inserted genes [5]. Recent work has identified putative inserted genes after completely sequencing four of these prophages [6]. selleck kinase inhibitor The translation product of one of these indels, ORF11, was a hypothetical protein with no described function and an extremely limited distribution learn more outside the prophages characterized. Proteomics experiments verified that this protein was expressed when isolates were grown on normal laboratory medium and up-regulated in the presence of bile salts (unpublished results). This work was undertaken to determine whether\n\nthe prophages associated with a group of highly related C. jejuni isolates affected the biology or virulence of the bacteria. Isolates carrying the prophage demonstrated higher levels of adherence and invasion in cell culture assays than those without. The presence of the prophage did not appear to greatly affect the severity of patient symptoms, host specificity, or host adaptation. Results Strain characteristics The set of isolates used consisted of three C. jejuni isolates (00–2425, 00–2538, 00–2544) that carried a prophage homologous with, and closely related to, CJIE1 from strain RM1221 [1, 6]. One isolate,\n\nFenbendazole 00–2426, did not carry the prophage. A few putative differences in gene content were detected in these four isolates using comparative genomic hybridization. PCR for these genes was done to confirm absence or divergence (primers are found in Table 1), and isolates were considered positive for the gene if it was present in either microarray or PCR analysis. No differences in gene content were found after the results of these VS-4718 molecular weight analyses were completed and the isolates were considered genetically indistinguishable except for the lack of the CJIE1-family prophage in 00–2426; this evidence was crucial for allowing the research to proceed further. Table 1 PCR primers and conditions used in this study to verify the presence of genes associated with C. jejuni strains NCTC 11168 and RM1221 in isolates 00–2425, 00–2426, 00–2538, and 00-2544 Locus Primer Primer sequence 5′ – 3′ Product size (bp) Annealing temperature (°C) cj0032 F TTTAAAGGCCAAGATAGAA 512 48.3   R GCGTAAAGAAATAGCAAGTT     cj0138 F GAAGGCGGGGTAAATCT 151 46.1   R TTGCAAAATGTTCTATCTT     cje0302 F TCCTTTGATGCTTTCTAA 137 43.\n\nApproach to the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient’s Airway Management\n\nApproach to the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient’s Airway Management Airway Evaluation and Preparation Airway evaluation should be as thorough and as quick as possible,\n\ndue to the fact that the patient’s airway is compromised. Nevertheless, defining the exact difficulty involved could direct the physician to the best approach to managing that airway. The questions that should be answered are: Is the patient conscious? If so, the use of sedation or analgesics should be done cautiously since the airway can be lost following injudicious use of such drugs [25]. Is he/she breathing spontaneously? If so, there is time to arrive at the hospital, preferably to the operating room, and manage the airway under the best conditions and by Trichostatin A mw the most experienced personnel. Failed attempts at endotracheal intubation by non-qualified caretakers could cause rapid deterioration. Indeed, according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Practice Guidelines for management of the difficult airway, spontaneous breathing should be preserved in patients with anticipated difficult endotracheal intubation [26]. What is the extent, the selleck chemical composition and the anatomy of the injury? Figure 1 shows patient with very extensive injury to the face, where mask ventilation was not possible and tracheal intubation was very difficult (Figure 1). Figure 1 A woman who sustained a single gunshot injury. She arrived at\n\nthe hospital conscious and breathing spontaneously. Impossible mask ventilation and diffucult intubation were anticipated. Direct laryngoscopy Interleukin-2 receptor was performed and oro-tracheal intubation was successful. How extensive is the damage to the bony structures of the face? In cases of massive injuries, mask ventilation may be impossible, while injury limited to the soft tissues may enable mask ventilation. Figure 2 shows 3 dimensions CT of a patient with comminuted fracture of the right orbit, zygoma and\n\nright mandible. Figure 2 A patient with high velocity long distance injury, with severe soft tissue damage of the right chick. 3 dimensions CT shows comminuted fracture of the right orbit, zygoma and right mandible. Is there a limitation in mouth opening? Is that limitation the result of pain and after sedation the mouth could be opened wider? The answer for this question depends, among other things, on the clinical and radiological evidence of a temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) injury. If the limitation in mouth opening is caused by a TMJ injury, sedation will not GDC-0941 mw improve mouth opening, will not help in managing the airway, and may worsen the scenario. Is there soft tissue oedema and pressure on the airway? Figure 3 shows lateral radiography of a patient who sustained low velocity missile injury to the left chick. The radiograph demonstrates the bullet location and the patent airway. Figure 4 is the lateral x-ray of a patient with comminuted fracture of the mandible with huge soft tissue swelling of the neck and narrowing of the airway.\n\nClinical response was determined by T class (an index of tumor si\n\nClinical response was determined by T class (an index of tumor size, p = 0.002), N class (lymph check details node metastasis, p = 0.007), M class (distant metastasis, p = 0.001) and disease stage (p < 0.001), but TNFRSF1B A1466G genotype was independent of these factors. Clinical response was significantly associated with overall survival (Figure 2), however, TNFRSF1B A1466G genotype had no effect on the overall survival, presumably because it was not associated with death within 1 year after the completion of chemoradiotherapy.\n\nThere is no report on the GSK2118436 mw function of this polymorphism but it has been reported that higher expression levels of TNFRSF1B gene in colorectal cancer specimens from responding patients were observed compared with those from non-responding patients [30]. Thus,\n\nthe polymorphism-dependent clinical response might be due to the polymorphism-dependent expression levels, although further studies are needed. Conclusions Genetic polymorphisms of the TNFRSF1B gene, M196R/T587G, A1466G and C1493T, were evaluated in Japanese ESCC patients treated with a definitive 5-FU/CDDP-based chemoradiotherapy. It was found that A1466G, but not M196R/T587G or C1493T, was a predictive factor of clinical response to chemoradiotherapy. BI-D1870 clinical trial Clinical response was predicted by TNM classes and disease stage, but A1466G genotype was independent of these factors. Further clinical investigation with a large number of patients or experiments in vitro should be performed to assess the predictive value of TNFRSF1B A1466G genotype after chemoradiotherapy. Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research and\n\nService Innovation Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. References 1. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson JA Jr, Al-Sarraf M, Byhardt R, Russell AH, Beitler JJ, Spencer S, Asbell SO, Graham MV, Leichman LL: Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up selleck screening library of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85–01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA 1999, 281:1623–1627.PubMedCrossRef 2. Ohtsu A, Boku N, Muro K, Chin K, Muto M, Yoshida S, Satake M, Ishikura S, Ogino T, Miyata Y, Seki S, Kaneko K, Nakamura A: Definitive chemoradiotherapy for T4 and/or M1 lymph node squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2915–2921.PubMed 3. Kaneko K, Ito H, Konishi K, Kurahashi T, Ito T, Katagiri A, Yamamoto T, Kitahara T, Mizutani Y, Ohtsu A, Mitamura K: Definitive chemoradiotherapy for patients with malignant stricture due to T3 or T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Cancer 2003, 88:18–24.PubMedCrossRef 4. Tahara M, Ohtsu A, Hironaka S, Boku N, Ishikura S, Miyata Y, Ogino T, Yoshida S: Clinical impact of criteria for complete response (CR) of primary site to treatment of esophageal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005, 35:316–323.PubMedCrossRef 5.\n\n4 μm This also confirms how the nanoporous coating layer compres\n\n4 μm. This also confirms how the nanoporous coating layer compresses in the calendering nip. Figure 5 AFM roughness analysis. From image sizes of (a) 100 × 100 μm2 and (b) 20 × 20 μm2 as a function of the number of calendering nips. Conclusions In summary, we have investigated\n\nthe compressibility of TiO2 nanoparticle coatings on paperboard. Our analysis shows that the morphology 4SC-202 cell line of deposited nanoparticle coating undergoes a significant transition even in a single calendering cycle. The surface roughness values are reduced as expected, and nanoparticle coating shows a higher sensitivity for the compression than the reference paperboard. The compression will APR-246 reduce superhydrophobicity as air pockets collapse in nanoporous TiO2 coating under compression as clearly observed from the SEM cross-sectional images. We believe that LFS-deposited nanoparticle coatings will find many applications in the future from controlled wettability to enhanced sensing in surface-enhanced Raman\n\nscattering. Understanding the stability of such nanoparticle coatings is crucial for reproducible and reliable performance of the functional coatings. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) under the project ‘Liquid flame spray nanocoating for flexible roll-to-roll webmaterials’ (grant no. 40095/11). JJS wishes to thank the Academy of Finland (grant no. 250 122) for the financial support. References 1. Anker JN, Hall WP, Lyandres\n\nselleck O, Shah NC, Zhao J, van Duyne RP: Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. Nature Mater 2008, 7:442–453.CrossRef 2. Vossmeyer T, Katsikas L, Giersig M, Popovic IG, Diesner K, Chemseddine A, Eychmüller A, Weller H: CdS nanoclusters: synthesis, characterization, size dependent oscillator strength, temperature shift of the excitonic transition energy, and reversible absorbance shift. J Phys Chem 1994, 98:7665–7673.CrossRef Parvulin 3. Jaroenworaluck A, Sunsaneeyametha W, Kosachan N, Stevens R: Characteristics of silica-coated TiO 2 and its UV absorption for sunscreen cosmetic applications. Surf Interface Anal 2006, 38:473–477.CrossRef 4. Allen NS, Edge M, Ortega A, Sandoval G, Liauw CM, Verran J, Stratton J, McIntyre RB: Degradation and stabilisation of polymers and coatings: nano versus pigmentary titania particles. Pol Degr Stab 2004, 85:927–946.CrossRef 5. Bankmann M, Brand R, Engler BH, Ohmer J: Forming of high surface area TiO 2 to catalyst supports. Catal Today 1992, 14:225–242.CrossRef 6. Grätzel M: Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001, 414:338–344.CrossRef 7. Fujishima A, Rao TN, Tryk DA: Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol Rev Ed 2000, 1:1–21.CrossRef 8. Hwang SL, Shen P, Chu T, Yui TF: Nanometer-size α-PbO 2 -type TiO 2 in garnet: a thermobarometer for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. Science 2000, 288:321–324.CrossRef 9.\n\nThis is also expressed in the FRAX tool, which predicts future\n\nThis is also expressed in the FRAX tool, which predicts future fractures based on several CRFs with and without BMD and in the Garvan fracture risk calculator, which also includes Selleck MLN2238 fall risk [11, 23]. This study has several limitations. Firstly, there are no data on all patients who visited the hospitals due to a fracture and did not visit the FLS. We only have data on subjects who were able and ASK inhibitor willing to undergo evaluation of their fracture risk, and we cannot give a percentage of the patients who were willing or not willing to participate; however, from previous studies,\n\nit is known that 50–85% of the patients at high risk for an osteoporotic fracture participate in osteoporosis assessment [13–15, 24]. Secondly, there is no information about the ethnicity of the participants. Thirdly, we do not have data on subsequent fractures of these patients. It would be very informative to determine in a cohort of treated fracture patients and see whether there is an association between CRFs, BMD and fall risks on subsequent fractures and mortality. Possibly, as seen in this study, not all risk factors are evenly distributed throughout the fractured patients. Fourthly, almost 6% of all fractures were hip fractures compared\n\nto approximately 18–21% in other studies. It is possible that our data are not representative for hip fracture patients [9, 12]. In conclusion, when evaluating five FLSs in the Netherlands we GSK2399872A concentration found that there was a striking difference in prevalence of CRFs and fall risks between elderly screened for osteoporosis. Moreover, the study also showed that osteoporosis care in the Netherlands is implemented in several hospitals. This indicates that prevention strategies to avert subsequent fractures mainly\n\nhave to focus on BMD, CRFs and fall risks, and potentially there are differences in the presence of risk factors between different fracture types. Conflicts of interest None. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative see more Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References 1. Bliuc D, Ong CR, Eisman JA, Center JR (2005) Barriers to effective management of osteoporosis in moderate and minimal trauma fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 16:977–982PubMedCrossRef 2. Kanis JA (1994) Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group. Osteoporos Int 4:368–381PubMedCrossRef 3. Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929–1936PubMedCrossRef 4.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7210453748703003}
+{"content": "How Many Tablespoons Is 4 Oz Of Flour?\n\nHow many tablespoons is 2 oz of flour?\n\n6.26 TablespoonsVolume of 2 Ounces of All Purpose Flour2 Ounces of All Purpose Flour =6.26Tablespoons18.77Teaspoons0.39U.S.\n\nCups0.33Imperial Cups2 more rows.\n\nHow can I measure 4 oz of flour without scales?\n\n\nHow much flour is 4 ounces?\n\nConvert 4 ounces or oz of flour to cups. 4 ounces flour equals 7/8 cups.\n\nDoes 2 tbsp equal 1 oz?\n\n1 US fluid ounce (oz) is equal to 2 tablespoons. To convert fluid oz to tablespoons, multiply the fluid oz value by 2. For example, to convert 8 fl oz to tbsp, multiply 8 by 2, that makes 8 fl oz is 16 tbsp.\n\nHow many cups is 8 oz flour?\n\n1 7/8 cupConvert 8 ounces or oz of flour to cups. 8 ounces flour equals 1 7/8 cup.\n\nHow many tablespoons is 4 oz of sugar?\n\nSugar Weight to Volume Conversion TableOuncesTablespoons (Granulated)Tablespoons (Powdered)2 oz4 1/2 tbsp7 1/4 tbsp3 oz6 3/4 tbsp10 3/4 tbsp4 oz9 1/8 tbsp14 1/2 tbsp5 oz11 1/3 tbsp18 1/8 tbsp28 more rows\n\nHow many spoons is 4 ounces?\n\n4 Ounces to Tablespoons conversion to calculate how many tablespoons is 4 oz….Convert 4 Ounces to Tablespoons.4 Ounces ConversionUS Fluid Ounce/oz:4US Liquid Gallon:0.03125US Liquid Quart:0.125US Liquid Pint:0.2513 more rows\n\nHow many cups is 4 oz of flour?\n\nClick the link below for the full list of conversions (it’s gigantic) but some of the most useful ones are: Unbleached All-Purpose Flour: 1 cup = 4 1/4 ounces = 120 grams. Self-Rising Flour: 1 cup = 4 ounces = 113 grams.\n\nHow do you measure flour in ounces?\n\nTo avoid overmeasuring, loosen the flour by giving it a good stir with a spoon or whisk. Next, spoon the flour into a measuring cup until heaping (piled beyond the rim of the measuring cup) and then level with the flat side of a knife. This should give you about 125 grams (4-1/4 ounces) of flour—a standard cup.\n\nHow many tablespoons is an ounce of flour?\n\n3.63 tbspHow many tablespoons of all purpose flour (APF) are in 1 ounce? The answer is: The change of 1 oz ( ounce ) unit in a all purpose flour (APF) measure equals = into 3.63 tbsp ( tablespoon ) as per the equivalent measure and for the same all purpose flour (APF) type.\n\nIs 4 oz half a cup?\n\n4 oz equals 0.50 cups. 1 ounce is equivalent to 0.125 cups, and there are 0.50 cups in 4 ounces.\n\nWhat is the proper way to measure flour?\n\nStir your flour in case it is packed tightly into its container. Then, use a spoon and lightly spoon the flour into your measuring cup. Use a flat straight edge (like the straight back of a knife) to level off the top of the flour. Repeat until you have a smooth (not pock-marked) flour surface.\n\nWhat is 1 oz of flour in grams?\n\n28.3495 gramsAn ounce of flour is 1/16 of a pound, and there are 28.3495 grams in one ounce. An ounce is a measure of flour weight. The ounce is a US customary and imperial unit of flour.\n\nHow many cups is 3 oz flour?\n\n2/3 cupsConvert 3 ounces or oz of flour to cups. 3 ounces flour equals 2/3 cups.\n\nHow many cups is 4 oz sugar?\n\n\nHow can I measure 4 oz of butter without scales?\n\nSo if you are using cup measures you could pack the butter into a measuring cup or below is a ready reckoner which may help if you have scales. 1 stick butter = 8 tablespoons = 1/2 cup = 4 ounces/110g.\n\nHow much is 4 oz in a measuring cup?\n\n1 CupOunces (at 8 oz per cup)milliliters (at 250 ml per cup)½ cup4 oz125 ml2/3 cupAbout 5¼ oz167 ml¾ cup6 oz188 ml1 cup8 oz250 ml6 more rows\n\nHow can I measure 2 ounces without a scale?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9903251528739929}
+{"content": "Begin typing your search above and press return to search.\n\nSailing through headwinds: RBI fund transfer to Government\n\nSailing through headwinds: RBI fund transfer to Government\n\nBy : Kaushik Subramanian\n\n  |  31 Aug 2019 9:05 AM GMT\n\nThe RBI on 26/08/2019\ndecided to transfer Rs. 1.76 trillion to the government which includes an\namount of Rs. 52,637 crores from the Contingency Fund in addition to the Rs. 1.23\ntrillion of surplus lying with the RBI. This decision comes in light of the\nrecommendations given by a committee headed by former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan.\nIt had proposed that the RBI’s Contingency Fund that has accumulated over the\nyears, be maintained at 5.5-6.5% of the balance sheet, which\ncurrently stands at 6.8% to handle risks. The RBI has decided to go with the\nlower limit of 5.5%. The difference between 6.8% and 5.5% amounts to Rs. 52,637\ncrores. This excess money that lies idle with the RBI can now be used by the\ngovernment to give the much needed impetus to the economy.\n\nThis is a\nroutine activity undertaken by the RBI where the government is given the\nsurplus money. But, there has been a rhetoric going around certain sections of\nthe media, especially Tamil media and political parties that the government has\n‘looted’ the money to cover its mismanagement of the economy. For starters, let us understand what RBI is, what its functions are and from where\nit gets the money.\n\nRBI is the\nbanker of banks and also the government’s bank. Apart from printing currencies,\ngiving licenses to banks and framing monetary policies, one of its important\nfunctions is to act as the banker to the Government of India. To be a banker,\nit needs to have money. How does it get money to give to the Government of\nIndia? There are various ways through which RBI earns. For example, the selling\nprice of a 2000 rupee note is Rs. 3.53. The\nbalance Rs. 1996.47 goes as profit to the RBI. The\nRBI also earns from interests given out as loans to various entities. It also\nearns through open market operations (selling government bonds in the open\nmarket to banks) and through foreign exchange market. This is how RBI generates\nincome. Its expenditures are incurred in printing notes, paying salaries to\nemployees, interest payments on loans, etc. This expenditure minus the income\ngenerated gives the profit earned by RBI.\nJust like how a company pays dividends to its shareholders when it earns\nprofit, the RBI too pays dividend to the government. The remaining portion of\nthe profit is kept as reserves in Contingency Fund and Asset Development Fund. Reserves\naccumulated through foreign exchange and bullion market goes into the Currency\nand Gold Revaluation Account (CGRA). The Contingency Fund is used to maintain\nmonetary and financial stability in the case of risks like a balance of payment\ncrisis. The question is not whether the government can use the Contingency Fund\nbut how much of it can be used to stimulate the economy. This had been the\npoint of contention between the government and previous RBI Governors like\nRaghuram Rajan and Urjit Patel as they felt that the government was intruding\ninto the autonomy of the RBI by asking for utilisation of reserves parked with\nthe RBI. It is to be noted that the RBI holds reserves more than the prescribed\nglobal norms. It is the excess funds lying in the Contingency Fund that the\ngovernment is seeking access to.\n\nHowever, the\ngovernment cannot just take money from the RBI at its whim. To resolve this\nissue, the government in November 2018 constituted a committee comprising of former\nand current officials of RBI, senior bureaucrats and economists headed by Bimal\nJalan whose recommendations have been accepted by the RBI. In its assessment of\nthe amount of economic capital with the RBI, the committee has clearly\ndistinguished between the reserves that can be realized and unrealized. Only a\nportion of the Contingency Fund is considered as realized while the proceeds\ngoing to CGRA are unrealized reserves. The committee has also recommended that\nthe Economic Capital Framework for the RBI be revised every five years.\n\nThe routine\nfund transfer between the RBI and the government has received media attention\nbecause of the quantum of transfer involved. The RBI has reported a surplus of Rs.\n1.759 trillion for the year 2018-19 which is a 250% increase from Rs. 0.5\ntrillion reported in the year 2017-18. It is but natural that if the profit\nearned by RBI increases, the dividend paid to the government also increases.\nAfter the transfer, the amount of money the RBI will have to deal with economic\nrisks will be in the range of 25.4% to 20.8% of the balance sheet which is\nstill one of the highest among central banks globally.\n\nWhat is\nthe need for the government to get these reserves and what will it do with it?\nThe government for sure knows that this is a one-time bonanza as it cannot\napproach the RBI in the near future for financial relief. But internal and\nexternal headwinds compel the government and the RBI to equip itself with\nadequate fiscal and monetary measures respectively. Globally, economic growth\nhas been impacted by Brexit, US-China trade war, sanctions on Iran by US and\ncut in oil supply by OPEC countries. Advanced economies like Germany and\nBritain have recorded negative growth rate. But India has been successful in\nusing the diplomatic route to counter effects arising out of some of these\nexternal headwinds. But the internal headwinds because of cyclical and\nstructural issues need the government’s attention. We’re a consumption driven\neconomy unlike China which is export oriented. Consumption demand, especially\nin rural areas are seeing a downward trend due to poor monsoon in some states.\nTo revive consumption, purchasing power of people needs to be enhanced. Various\nsectors like agriculture and MSME need to be revived through extension of\ncredit. The RBI recently reduced the repo rate by 35 basis points to 5.40%.\nFollowing the Finance Ministry’s directive, all banks have agreed to pass on\nrate cuts to enable easy credit availability. NBFCs needs to be supported which\nwill help in giving a thrust to consumer demand and private investment. As I\nwrite this piece, the government has announced merger of ten public sector\nbanks into four. This will be followed by recapitalization of these merged\nentities to pull out of its NPA mess. All these will require additional revenue.\nIncreasing GST rates or direct taxes like income tax and corporate tax is not a\nviable option as it will reduce the purchasing power and thereby demand. The\ngovernment has found a smart way to source revenue without burdening the\npopulation by tapping into the reserves of RBI that would be lying idle without\nearning interest. This will allow the government to give the necessary stimulus\nto the economy while meeting its fiscal targets.\n\nWhen there is a\nstrong headwind approaching, sailing ships resort to what is known as tacking.\nTacking is a sailing manoeuvre by which the ships achieve their desired course\nof direction without heading into the wind. With headwinds approaching India’s\ngrowth trajectory, the government should use this amount to tack and stay on\ncourse of becoming a 5 trillion dollar economy.\n\nNext Story", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7136950492858887}
+{"content": "[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"280\"] 決定男孩一生的0~6歲教養法[/caption]\n\nI, again, picked up this book because I want to prepare myself for parenthood. There is a saying that a person's personality is form by the time he/she reaches 3 years old. The title of this book says differently, it extends to 6 years old. I was intrigued so I picked it up from the bookstore to read what it has to say.\n\nThe lasting impression after reading this book is that boys are born more curious and adventurous and dislike to follow instructions. These characteristics makes it very hard for parents to take care of the boys when they are still young. It takes a lot of energy to prevent them from getting hurt or obey instructions. However, it is important not to suppress this characters from the boys.\n\nNext | Previous", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.557330846786499}
+{"content": "How To Solve the Question of Reasoning- Logical Reasoning Tricks\n\nImportant Updates\n\nTricks To Solve the Reasoning Questions-\n\nAt present, almost all the competitive examinations are related to the questions related to Reasoning, which most students take longer to solve, due to the time spent, they cannot solve the questions so that they do not get more marks in the examination If the candidate learn to solve the questions of the Reason quickly, then the probability of their selection increases, how can you solve the reasoning question quickly? What is it? In this regard, we are telling all the short tricks in this page in details.\n\nWhat is Reasoning?\n\nReasoning means rationality, in simple words, if you try to understand it, ‘the power through which you try to understand a puzzle and solve it, it is called reasoning or rationality’, as much as you can solve a puzzle Take time, your rationalization will be as good.\n\nHow to make good preparation of the Reasoning?\n\n1. The basis of creation is your brain, due to which you understand the questions, the second base is your experience, for that you have to prepare for the beginning from the beginning and you will have an interest in resolving its questions. By increasing your interest, you will try to solve more questions, which will increase your experience and speed up your problems will increase.\n\n2. It is very important for you to practice in preparing for the preparation, the more practice you practice, the lessening of the process will seem to be as simple as the one you are preparing for the exam, you will solve the previous year’s question paper. , Which will give you accurate information about the level of the question of the Reasoning.\n\n3. To make good preparation of the preparation, you should make some notes of different patterns and solve about 50 questions in each pattern, solving more questions will increase your confidence, which will be helpful in the original exam.\n\n4. Many questions in the study are related to alphabets of English, such as E – on the fifth number, J-tenth, Y-25 on the number etc. You need to remember the order of all these, which will not take you much time to solve the problems.\n\n5.When you solve the problems of all kinds of patterns, you pay special attention to increasing your speed, the questions you used to do in the first two minutes, try to solve it in a minute, thus also your speed Will increase.\n\n6. Try to solve all the questions in the examination, the question which is taking longer, leaving it and trying to solve the second question, one or two questions are given in the examination, which takes longer Identify such questions and solve them only after solving all the questions, so that your other questions will be solved, and when the time is left, they also solve them or else they should leave them.\n\n7. Some questions are asked regarding the square root of the examination, so you should remember the table of classes from one to twenty, which will take you less time to solve the questions.\n\nHere, we provided information about quickening of the question of Reasoning, if there is any kind of question related to your information, or any other information related to it, then you can tail it through the comments box. We have been waiting for your feedback and suggestions.\n\n\nTo get daily updates or more Knowledge article then like  our portal  For more latest information related to current affairs, daily news, article and competitive exams on our portal, if you like this information, then definitely like our facebook page, and do not forget to subscribe to the portal.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9956063032150269}
+{"content": "Creating value with the breadth and depth of AI Platform\n\nPublished on 15 Sep 2020, 16:30\nLearn how customers have unlocked the power of data by utilizing Google’s AI Platform. From APIs to AutoML to writing your own model code, see real-world examples of how customers create value, and critical tips on how to accelerate your own AI journey.\n\nSpeaker: Craig Wiley\n\nWatch more:\nGoogle Cloud Next ’20: OnAir →\n\nSubscribe to the GCP Channel →\n\n\nproduct: Cloud AutoML, AI Platform; fullname: Craig Wiley;", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9394102692604065}
+{"content": "Pride Doormat\nNickel Designs Blog\n\nIt's PRIDE Month and we have 3 new designs!\n\nWe're celebrating PRIDE with 3 new designs! \n\nThis Pride Month will definitely be different for the LGBTQ+ community as many cities have canceled their Pride events due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nBut that doesn't mean Pride is canceled! We're ready to help you celebrate at home! \n\nHere are a few ideas that allow you to showcase your PRIDE while social distancing:\n\n1. Host a virtual PRIDE Happy Hour\n\n2. Bake a rainbow cake (or cupcakes)! \n\n3. Attend a Virtual Parade! \n\nMinneapolis and St. Paul are hosting a virtual Pride parade.\n\n4. Shop for a cause! Nickel Designs has 3 NEW PRIDE designs and will be donating 25% of all proceeds of our PRIDE + EQUALITY designs until July 15th to The LGBTQ Center of Long Beach.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9940028786659241}
+{"content": "Engineers and Salespeople\n\n“Salespeople and Engineers, what a dream it is they communicate together so well,” said NO ONE IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD! Salespeople have the reputation of being pushy, engineers the reputation of anti-social.\n\nWhile there are some who fit those descriptions, for the most part the truth is much simpler.\n\nThey are both trying to get their jobs done.\n\nFor sales, their job requires conversations to move a deal along. For engineers, that requires alone time to think, calculate, draft, etc. Each one’s job interrupts the other.\n\nVery few are bad people, we’re all just trying to get our job done.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9998660683631897}
+{"content": "A holistic way to heal\n\nHere you can find everything from helpful tips on how to correct your posture and injury recovery to\nin depth information on the therapies we offer and effective treatments for optimal living.\n\nDelayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is muscle pain that is related to exercise. It is most common after an excessive exercise session or exercise that your body is unaccustomed too. One of the most common causes of DOMS is exercise such as long-distance running or...\n\nA rotator cuff tear is defined as a tear within your shoulders rotator cuff tendons. It is most commonly caused by either trauma from a fall or lifting a heavyweight. As only a few millimetres are separating your tendons from the bone, any additional swelling...\n\n\nThe Meniscus Tear  Your meniscus is a shock absorber that allows our knees to absorb large amounts of force when active. By absorbing these forces your meniscus ensures that your bone surfaces are not damaged. Additionally, the meniscus is important for rotational stability of your knee....\n\nDiscover the studio musculoskeletal therapies\n\n\n\n\nPregnancy Massage\n\nRemedial Massage", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9462999105453491}
+{"content": "Taille: Voix Des Anges — V. Mix zouglou act 3 by Dj Messi audip Anvi Roland 10 months ago. A VDA Officiel 9 months ago.\n\nNom: hypnotick hook v2.4.2\nFormat:Fichier D’archive\nLicence:Libre (*Pour usage personnel)\nTaille:41.69 MB\n\nWhether they do or not depends on the adequacy of their competence as regards the manipulation of actual material or symbolic structures that are socially valued. In other words: We must accept that certain types of cultural competence — no matter how highly valued they may be in themselves — may be totally irrelevant as far as power or domination is concerned.\n\nBut as Bloch has argued this is an outcome of confusing cognition with ideology. The above remarks are prompted by my problems to communicate with the Lom about those aspects of their life that I considered absolutely vital to their history and continued existence as a distinguishable group.\n\nWhenever I approached matters I hoped would cast some light on the way the Lom view the world, themselves, and their relation to other groups I seemed to get nowhere. Initially for a much longer period than I like to recollect, actually I was puzzled by this. To reiterate, the Lom comprise a mere total of some individuals, including infants. Before and during fieldwork I thought probably naïvely, as I would think today that such a small and possibly pressured society would be collectively — and verbally, when questioned — conscious of its place in cosmos, its historical or mythical origins, its relations to nature, animals, and human neighbours.\n\n\nGeertz, after all, has assured us that culture is a 'collective creation'. More than anything I was certain that the Lom, again collectively, would give a fair amount of consideration to the fact that they are the only non-Islamic Malay-speaking group remaining on Bangka, perhaps within the vast area including Belitung, the Lingga archipelago and the islands off the Sumatran east coast.\n\nMy initial puzzled disappointment when I first began broaching the subject was soon to turn into dismay. Almost all prospective informants i. The invariable answer I got to my probes was \"nta:\" \"I don't know\" , or, when I asked about a cultural specific I had got wind of, \"la: ilang\" \"it doesn't exist anymore\".\n\nFor a long time I blamed myself for this and thought that there had to be inroads I had overlooked, that I had inadvertently offended someone and word had got around warning people not to talk to me about 'important matters', that I had blatantly disqualified myself by having proved my incorrigible stupidity, etc.\n\nBut I finally concluded that the Lom rarely talk about these issues and that they actually spent more time talking to me about them in their guarded ways than they did between themselves.\n\nI still have not totally convinced myself that my hunch for an explanation for their taciturnity is correct. In spite of this I submit, however tentatively, that most Lom have a somewhat vague knowledge of their own culture and that they fear, also somewhat vaguely, repercussions if they give inaccurate accounts of it. But I still harbour remnants of a nagging feeling that they may communicate about what I take to be 'important matters' in passing and metaphorical allusions undetected my me for, among others, linguistic reasons.\n\nThe above is simply a plea for anthropology as a humble and continuing quest for the substantive variation of human cultures rather than an academic laboratory exercise in the pursuit of order, cerebral or otherwise. I am aware of recent academic trends postulating that ethnographies are false creations by virtue of their existence and that the only way to approach Tyler for a bafflingly verbose version of this view.\n\nWhile these aspirations may be laudable in the most general sense possible there are, as I see it, at least two considerations that can be made as to why we ought to proceed with caution along these lines. First, I have not yet understood how we are to determine whose and what kind of mind perhaps that of a Norwegian anthropologist in his thirties? I should rather rely on conventional language for which there are syntactical and other rules we can resort to, if need arises as a means to get meaning across than on evocative metaphors the rules for which must be fuzzy, to say the least constructed by someone I don't know and who doesn't know me.\n\nSecondly, I fail to see how the 'writing culture' mode of presentation at least in the form advocated by Tyler can contribute to the body of knowledge of cultures accumulated in anthropology; to me, social anthropology is a documentary and comparative discipline. Comparison across cultural boundaries is inherently difficult and problematical in its own right, but it would become impossible were we to take the advice of the post-modernists.\n\nWhat follows, then, is fairly traditionally 'boxed' and straightforward, although it is all as they say interconnected. Chapter two situates the Lom as an ethnic minority. Chapter three is the attempt I referred to above to explain as much as possible about the cosmological ideas of the Lom. Chapter four is an exploration of the rules that inform behaviour. Chapter five is an account of the rites performed at birth and male genital mutilation.\n\n\nIn chapter six I describe the economically salient activities of the Lom, most thoroughly the agricultural ones, discuss whether or not the Lom have a multicentric economy and if such an economy can be said to exist at all. Chapter seven is an account of Lom mortuary rites. Chapter eight is on relationships: affinal and consanguineal ones, and if the reader up to this point has received the impression that Lom society is amorphous and somewhat deficient as far as formal organisation goes this impression is likely to give way as the Lom rules on incest unfold.\n\nChapter two — Ethnic relations In the previous chapter I briefly situated the Lom spatially and historically. The aim of the present chapter is to arrive at a clearer view of how the Lom are to be conceptualised in a social context.\n\nMore specifically, to investigate to what degree they can be said to constitute an ethnic group.\n\n\nLargely, this is a question that can only be answered after a review of the actual empirical setting on Bangka, constantly bearing in mind the categorisations of the Lom themselves and their neighbours.\n\nAs regards the Bangka natives' schemata for ethnic classification I should emphasise that while the class of Chinese contains only Chinese, the class of Malays contains both Malay Muslims and non-Muslims.\n\nThe contexts of ethnicity Are the Lom an ethnic group?\n\nThis apparent paradox, apart from neatly summing up the situation, begs for an investigation into what characterises the situations in which they refer to themselves and are referred to by others as Malay and Lom respectively. The Lom as Malays The ethnic setting in which the Lom are situated is one that comprises, on one level, two classes: Chinese 9 and Malays. Thus, the ubiquitous middlemen, the economically successful entrepreneurs, the daring fishermen and accomplished cash-croppers whom the Lom encounter are, almost all of them, orang Cén Chinese who impress the Lom by their proficiency at coconut production and pig husbandry.\n\nIn this economic context the Lom are acutely aware that they are if not 'inferior', at least less skilled, and have much to learn.\n\nBut, importantly, so are the other non-Chinese i. Malay Bangkanese.\n\nThe popularly proverbial diligence, stamina and business acumen of the Chinese is always, by Malays including the Lom and Chinese alike, contrasted to the equally proverbial incompetent laziness of the Malays.\n\nNeither Chinese actually living in the Lom villages nor those I happened to meet in surrounding areas distinguish between Lom and Malays in this respect. But while the Malays excluding the Lom more often than not are both contemptuous and envious of the Chinese and their relative wealth 11 the Lom are far less ambivalent in their assessment of the Chinese.\n\nThe reason for this is partly to be found in the role played by Chinese as the professed 'saviours' of the Lom during WW II: Chinese from Belinyu and elsewhere brought rice and other edibles to Pejam to sell when far from sufficient amounts of rice were imported. Were it not for the Chinese in the surrounding communities, the Lom assured me, they would have starved to death because they were too poor and timid to go anywhere to buy consumer commodities.\n\nA further contributing factor is the place occupied by the Chinese in the Lom cosmology, a point I shall expand on in the next chapter. Figure 2. They maintain that the wealth of the Chinese a frequent subject of discussion among Malays would have been amassed by the Malays, had they only had the opportunity to do so.\n\nContrary to this the Lom are of the opinion that they — and other Bangkanese Malays — would have been worse off were it not for the Chinese. Neither does it reflect the more recently established saviour role. More profoundly this attitude is rooted in Lom cosmology. But above all it mirrors the crucial role the Chinese have played in the extraction of the only important natural resource found on Bangka: tin.\n\nBut on another level the Lom are clearly distinguished from the Malays — though far more so by the Muslim Malays themselves than by the Chinese. While the Lom are not generally perceived to be much different from other Malays in the economic sense, they are so in other important ways: As far as the Malays are concerned the Lom are pagans; they rear pigs and eat indiscriminately that they have their own sets of food-prohibitions is a fact the Muslims are either ignorant of or ignore , and they are popularly held to be accomplished sorcerers.\n\nThe Lom as suku Furthermore, there are a large number of suku, or 'tribes' 14 scattered all over Bangka. Some of these are categorised by the authorities as suku terasing literally 'isolated', or 'remote', with a tinge of 'estranged' as are the Lom, and plans to include them in settlement schemes proyék similar to the ones as have befallen the Lom over the past decade have been forwarded.\n\nWhat all these suku typically have in common is that their hamlets are situated far from the main roads and are accessible only by foot, bicycle, or motorcycle. Another trait they share is that they are acknowledged to speak dialects — some of which are mutually unintelligible.\n\nIn the following I shall concentrate on the distinguishing traits of Lom ethnicity in the capacity of the Lom as a suku, i. We don't look different, our clothes aren't different, and we speak the same language. But when he refers to 'the same language' this must be understood as a language in the broader sense, i.\n\nAs I have already noted all Lom are aware — indeed, they stress — that they speak a dialect bahasa daerah, or pelicu in the Lom vernacular which, when spoken between villagers at normal speed, is practically incomprehensible to people from near-by villages or from Belinyu, 9 kilometres away. He immediately agreed to these suggestions, and pointed out that pantun are still being composed. Furthermore, although people in other villages, as well as the Chinese, know how to make and use lapun the simplest of wire-traps: designed for mouse-deer it is extremely unlikely, he said, that they know how to build a pejato an elaborately constructed tortoise-trap.\n\nShame being malu is an important concept when the Lom discuss ethnic differences — and it is difficult to distinguish it from a wish to achieve superficial conformity; not to be recognised as 'other', as paling dalam lit.\n\nThe Lom say that if they speak their own dialect when dealing with other Bangkanese these will point at them and say: \"orang Air Abik\".\n\nAs regards dress and appearance, if one goes bare-footed to town carrying kerontong a large plaited basket strapped to one's back with bark string , wearing seluar kulor home-sewn fly-less trousers which are tied around one's waist and end just below one's knees , one is immediately recognisable as 'orang Air Abik'.\n\nThis is the reason people nowadays wear sandals and trousers of currently fashionable length and leave their kerontong at home. One man opined that nowadays young people do not know the local dialect too well because they were malu ashamed to use it. Consequently the dialect was in the process of disappearing.\n\nThe example he used was that if someone in Belinyu asks a Lom \"ke mana? I asked someone else about this later. He said that it was bohong lies, nonsense that young people do not know their own dialect. The man I had spoken to is not asli sini originally from here having been born and raised in a neighbouring village and he could not be trusted on all matters pertaining to local customs.\n\nOn the origin of the Lom The Air Abik headman said that he did not think there was a 'common origin', as it were, of Orang Sekak, as they are called on Bangka, or Orang Laut in English usually referred to as 'Sea Nomads'; cf. Sopher and Orang Lom. Bearing in mind the recurring reference, both in the scant literature on the Lom and in ordinary conversations among Malay Bangkanese to the funeral practices of the Lom as perhaps the most significant — or ethnically most distinctive — trait, this may well be a most important observation.\n\nAs far as commercially oriented culture and arts are concerned, the Lom have little affinity to the hypnotic qualities of gamelan, the music for which Java and Bali are world-famous.\n\nThey neither understand nor appreciate that \"Javanese music\", they say. Having radios and tape recorders they far rather listen to 'mainstream' Indonesian pop music and the Malay music broadcasted from Singapore and Malaysia, lagu Melayu. Nor are they attracted to the various forms of wayang epic Hindu plays that are frequently televised. While adat after ter Haar: has often been translated as 'customary law' it would be misleading to conceive of adat simply as a set of jural rules applicable to a culturally defined area or ethnically self-contained group of individuals.\n\nOne reason why adat has been defined relatively to, or as local appendices to religious, statute, and European laws is of course that the vast majority of Malays are Muslims to whom adat has been just that: important in certain respects but adjunct. Contrary to this concept of adat Jensen, in his book on the religion of the Sarawak Iban, states that to the non-Muslim Iban, adat \" It also concerns the 'correct' manner of behaviour Adat exists to ensure harmony in this universe and to promote the well-being of all its inhabitants, among them the Iban.\n\nI shall elaborate on this point in the next chapter. For the time being I note with interest that these extended definitions of adat are almost undistinguishable from prevailing anthropological definitions of 'culture' One Lom put the matter very succinctly when he said, \"Selam cuma igamanya; adét lebih kuat.\n\nNegotiating ethnicity The Lom rarely need to pay much concern to their ethnic identity when they are in their own settlements. This is not so because Lom villages are populated exclusively by Lom. Both chief Lom settlements contain Muslim and Chinese households. But, apart from the trivial fact that in small villages people are familiar with each other and thus know who will eat what, for example, it appears that the strategy of non-involvement in external affairs a strategy the Lom have developed almost to perfection has been adopted by Muslim and Chinese minorities on Tanah Mapur to the effect that controversial or embarrassing matters are not raised.\n\nBecause Adat Mapur emphasises that every other adat-possessing group must abide by their own adat ethnicity rarely, if at all, needs to be negotiated. Conflicts along ethno-religious lines are, to the best of my knowledge, virtually non-existent. I noted no ethnicity-related snide remarks between or about villagers. Lom ethnicity in the local context However, from time to time the Lom naturally encounter persons they do not know — when they leave their homestead and when strangers arrive at their own village.\n\nCustomers who viewed this item also viewed these digital items\n\nThese are times when ethnicity becomes an issue. Given the weight Islam places on dietary restrictions, the apparently total lack of food taboos among the Chinese and the personal and partly descent-related food prohibitions among the Lom it is only to be expected that when ethnicity becomes an issue it becomes one over food. On the other hand, for a Lom to transgress a food-prohibition is almost unthinkable; the consequences are dire.\n\nOne Lom said simply, \"Malays who eat pork, that's us. As it happened he arrived just before a sumptuous meal at the house of one of my neighbours, who had had a successful hunt the previous night.\n\nFrom téléCharger minecraft Gratuit 1. Undeniably imagine that that you said. Je hypnotck suis même pas en utilisant le WiFi, juste vv2. Point de maladie non plus, ce n est pas le sujet acheter kamagra Pour les hopitaux, les tarifs restent inchanges lamisilate Ces medicaments sont de deux types dapoxetine en ligne Et son cas n est pas isole Elles ne seront pas transmises a des organismes tiers http: Hi there, i read your hoook occasionally and i own a similar one and i was just curious if you get a lot of spam feedback?\n\nPeut nook encore hypnotiick chef de la police? Pradaxa, Xarelto et Eliquis http: The bands may have long lists of things theyd like to have, or could use, but the schools in Hypnltick Orleans have even longer lists of things they really need. I actually saved it. The meaning of the color yellow including coral, orange, amber, gold. Voix Des Anges — V. Mix zouglou act 3 by Dj Messi audip Anvi Roland 10 months ago.\n\nA VDA Officiel 9 months ago. Black Music Record Prod. Enjoy your life and make a great turn with maximum sharing.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6505820751190186}
+{"content": "The one-stop-shop for all your street furniture requirements\n\n\nOur range of high-quality, key operated telescopic security posts are manufactured in-house, in the UK, and supplied at the most competitive prices around. The telescopic security bollard will provide long-term, heavy duty protection and peace of mind at a low price and we provide ongoing after-sales care to ensure that you are fully satisfied with your product.\n\nHaving a driveway security post fitted can also significantly reduce insurance premiums. Our security posts are in a different league to the cheap, imported versions that have made their way onto the UK re-seller market in recent years. If you buy an imported, non-UK manufactured security post then you could potentially put the safety of your property at risk due to the inferior build quality, lack of galvanising and low quality locking mechanisms. As the old saying goes: buy cheap, buy twice.\n\nThere may be cheaper security posts out there, but we are confident that ours are in a different league in terms of quality.\n\n·        High-security, anti-drill 10 pin push button lock.\n\n·        Comes with 1 key, with additional keys available by request.\n\n·        Heavy duty, fully galvanised steel ground socket.\n\n·        Completely flush fitting lid when post in lowered position.\n\n·        All steel hot dip galvanised as standard to prevent rust.\n\n·        Available powder coated in any RAL colour.\n\n\n\n\nBarricade Ltd\n\nUnit 6 Conway Industrial Estate,\n\nT: 01257 367 090\nF: 01257 367 610", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9383372664451599}
+{"content": "The July equity crash has disrupted relative asset valuations, but it will not be possible to measure them with any confidence on a prospective basis until markets stabilise somewhat and allow us to assess the impact on the whole economy and on specific industries.\nThe pervasive crisis of confidence prompted us, from June 11 onwards, to change the equity exposure of most balanced accounts from a slight overweight to underweight, mainly at the expense of the US market. Euroland, and to a lesser extent Japan, remained overweight, and the UK and Pacific Rim roughly neutral. The emerging market exposure stayed focused on central Europe and Russia. In industry terms, most cyclical groups were scaled down, as well as technology. Except for retail banking, financials were reduced further.\nThe reduction in equities was done in favor of cash and, where applicable, alternative investments. Bonds remained slightly underweight in balanced portfolios, with some diversification into investment-grade corporate issues. Euroland and converging central Europe stayed overweight at the expense of US and Japanese issues. In addition, for non-dollar-based portfolios, part of the overall dollar exposure had been hedged since early May.\nWhile the 2000-2001 equity bear market was in response to the latest economic recession, we would argue that the recent market crash was disconnected from economic fundamentals.\nIn our opinion, the new economic cycle had been unfolding according to the usual pattern. By mid-2002 a stage was reached where US corporate profits started to recover significantly thanks to improving sales volumes, diminishing pressure on selling prices, and falling labour costs. The market crash that followed has apparently brought many stocks and indices into undervalued territory. To confirm this judgment, however, we must be sure that our earnings forecasts are achievable.\nIs the crisis of confidence severe enough to derail the world economic recovery that is now underway? In other words, even though economies were not the cause of the crash, could they become a casualty?\nOur answer to that momentous question is negative, but with qualifications. We expect consumer spending to be resilient enough to keep the US economy afloat. Confidence has been badly shaken but the widely-heralded wealth effect has not been negative, as strong housing prices have offset the quite severe drop in equity values for most households. With some exceptions, house prices do not appear to have reached excessive levels relative to interest rates, income growth and demographics.\nAlthough monetary conditions will remain quite easy worldwide, hefty credit spreads can still push overleveraged companies into bankruptcy. But that leverage had been achieved by bond issuance rather than bank loans, spreading the risk among many market participants. Compared with past crises, the world banking system does not look extremely strained, which limits the risk of bank failures and of a major crisis of confidence among the general public. Still, the financing squeeze is causing a severe blow to business confidence. Capital investment in the US looked like bottoming just before the market crash, consistent with the improvement in corporate cash flows. But now, market conditions will probably delay its recovery.\nThe fall of the dollar is an additional concern for European and Japanese manufacturers. The dollar is not just a bellwether of investor confidence: international capital flows had started to turn less positive for the US many months before July, in response to worstening Federal finances, weaker political leadership and accounting scams. We expect the dollar to pause near current levels, but its downtrend will probably resume over the medium term.\nEquity market weakness to the end of July had prompted us to revise our forecasts, especially for nominal GDP and corporate earnings growth, but our broad scenario remains in place, ie, growth expected to become more balanced in geographic and industry terms, with manufacturing output accelerating and capital investment bottoming out. That would logically be positive for US multinationals, domestic-oriented European stocks, most Asian markets and technology worldwide. Even though inflation is not a concern, government bonds would then react negatively to the improved growth outlook.\nHowever, we are not quite ready to shift our allocation back in that direction yet. In the event that world equity markets fall further and stay weak for quite a while, growth would remain subpar and almost exclusively consumer-driven in the US, Euroland would take longer to recover, and Japan’s bounce would abort. It would still fall short of an overall ‘double dip’, but the world economy in 2003 would look much like 2001: unbalanced and shaky, with the dollar being an additional negative. All this would call for keeping a fairly defensive allocation.\nIn the weeks ahead, some bottom-fishing of individual stocks is in order, but before making greater changes to our policy, we want to be able to confirm the scenario described above. Forthcoming economic data will soon allow us to measure the impact of the July crash, and the equity market itself will be a key variable.\nPatrizio Merciai is a chief strategist at Lombard Odier Darier Hentsch Group in Geneva", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7977402806282043}
+{"content": "CVS Health\n\nReceive alerts when this company posts new jobs.\n\nSimilar Jobs\n\nJob Details\n\nEngineering Manager - Mobile Development\n\nat CVS Health\n\nPosted: 10/14/2020\nJob Reference #: 73892BR\nKeywords: engineer\n\nJob Description\n\nJob Description\nAs an Engineering Manager at Aetna, a CVS Health company, you will be leading multiple Web and Mobile teams focused on delivering products that provide members with information and resources they need to make better informed decisions about their health care. You are not expected to code, but are expected to have strong expertise as a software engineer that will help inform how you manage the team. You will also be empowered to make engineering decisions that will have direct impacts on the business.\n\nFundamental Components\nIn any given day you will:\n* Work with your teams, help them grow, become stronger, and meet their business deliverables\n* Partner with senior leadership to help bring together Aetna's extensive digital assets\n* Lead others in identifying and resolving complex, technical, operational, and organizational challenges\n* Motivate team members to ensure the continuous growth of the engineering organization\n* Mentor and develop teams and support their goal setting and career growth\n* Maintain engineering best practices, continuously improve, and promote innovation\n\nBackground Experience\n* 7+ years software development experience (native mobile app development preferred)\n* 3+ years management or similar leadership experience\n* Strong interpersonal skills\n* Strong written and oral communication skills\n* Ability to drive the adoption of new technology and trends\n* Ability to build and sustain high performing teams\n* Experience and success in leading agile teams effectively and consistently delivering the highest quality software to improve/impact customer experience\n\nBachelor's degree or equivalent experience\n\nPercent of Travel Required\n0 - 10%\n\nBusiness Overview\n\n\nApplication Instructions\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7803752422332764}
+{"content": "Is It Normal to Feel Jealous of Your Good Friends? Yes but You Can Reduce It by Learning These\n\n\nI could literally feel my friend’s jealousy seething through my Facebook feed.\n\nAfter posting a status update of myself sipping from a freshly picked coconut on the beach in Fiji I noted how a few “I *really* hate you now”, casual comments on my wall reflected something much deeper.\n\nIntense jealousy.\n\nI have been on the other side of the fence. Having 4 cents and being $70,000 in debt nearly a decade ago I secretly despised the fact that some good buddies of mine were living their dreams.\n\nFeeling jealous of your close friend’s success is normal but you need to keep it in check before it grows into a raging beast that affects your happiness.\n\nWhy Does It Feel Hellishly Difficult Not to Be Jealous of Good Friends?\n\nYou grew up together. Same circumstances. Same life in most cases.\n\n\nIf someone seems to break away from the herd to live their wildest dreams or to simply challenge the status quo you are forced to assess why you haven’t made the same bold, freeing moves in your life.\n\nThis type of self-analysis is highly uncomfortable because it requires you to dive into your fears.\n\nFeeling jealous of your friend’s success is simply you resisting your deep, intense fear of breaking free from the herd. Most folks respond to their deep fears with a “It’s totally not fair that they have that and I don’t!” type envy versus taking practical, simple steps to dissolve some of this jealousy to be happier and healthier.\n\nWhy You Need to Dial Down Jealousy\n\nIf you obsess over feeling terribly jealous of good friends you can never have what they have.\n\nBut if you reframe this energy you can replace your envy with inspiration.\n\nChristie Aschwanden of the Huffington Post [1] explains how the concept of benign envy can help you be happi er with your own life.\n\n\nStop being jealous of your buddies’ success. Start living your dream life with these practical tips.\n\nPonder Things You Don’t Envy about Your Friend’s Lives\n\nYou may want to squeeze chop sticks under my fingernails after seeing my beach selfies in Bali but are you also jealous of the fact that I’m brainstorming this post at midnight on a Friday night?\n\nOr that I declared bankruptcy and sold nearly everything I owned at the start of my blogging journey?\n\nYou will feel less jealous of your friends when you consider “the rest of the story”.\n\nEvery successful person you envy had to work long and hard to become successful. These people had to dive into their deepest fears regularly to live their dreams.\n\n\nBefore you envy someone’s success think about their failures, struggles and all the hard work they put into living their dreams. You won’t feel as jealous of their wins when you understand what they had to do to reach their goals.\n\nYou may even turn your jealousy into genuine admiration.\n\nBuild a Gratitude List in the Morning\n\nSpeak it. Write it. However you dice it, building a gratitude list moves your attention from what you don’t have to what you do have. This helps you feel more whole and complete. How can you feel jealous of your good friends when you feel content with your blessings?\n\nThinking of things to be grateful for on waking sets a fabulous energetic tone for your day.\n\nPress the Jealousy Rewind Button\n\n\nDuring my lean years I recall feeling hyper jealous of my successful friends. I vividly remember one episode where I couldn’t chip in to buy a pizza because I had no money in my wallet.\n\nMy friends said the pizza was on them. I felt like a charity case, shamelessly scarfing down a piece of pie, feeling like a total loser.\n\nI needed to relive this experience in my imagination to clear deeply held jealous feelings I directed towards friends and family. Like any emotion, jealousy vanishes when you are present with the feeling of being intensely jealous. As the feeling vanishes you become less jealous.\n\nFind a quiet room. Relax your body and mind. Press the jealous rewind button by recalling experiences with friends which brought up feelings of envy. Feel the emotions. Grab a pillow to punch or cry into if strong energies arise.\n\nClearing jealous feelings from the past helps you frame your friend’s success from a healthier, balanced space.\n\n\nMore by this author\n\nRyan Biddulph\n\nBlogger and World Traveler at Blogging From Paradise\n\n\nTrending in Psychology\n\n1 Psychologists Say It’s Really Possible To Change Our Personality 2 Why a Life Without Pain Is the Guarantee to True Suffering 3 4 Simple Ways to Make Boring Work Become Interesting 4 How to Detect a Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing 5 How to Be Happy: Why Pursuing Happiness Will Make You Unhappy\n\nRead Next\n\n\nLast Updated on October 14, 2020\n\nPsychologists Say It’s Really Possible To Change Our Personality\n\nPsychologists Say It’s Really Possible To Change Our Personality\n\nDo you feel that you can become a better person, but your personality is hindering you from doing so?\n\nAre you one of those people who is making a conscious effort to change, but no matter how hard you try, you remain a prisoner of your personality traits?\n\nDon’t lose hope – it is indeed possible to change your personality!\n\nPersonality Crisis\n\nAccording to the widely accepted model of personality with over 50 years worth of research and study, there are five dimensions of our personality, known as the “Big Five:”\n\n\n  • Extraversion: People with high levels of this personality dimension are much more outgoing and tend to be more comfortable in social situations compared to others.\n  • Agreeableness: Your level in this dimension determines whether you are more cooperative with other people or competitive (even to the point of being manipulative) with other people.\n  • Conscientiousness: Thoughtful people who have high levels of this trait dimension are much more detail-oriented and driven.\n  • Neuroticism: Moodiness and the propensity for sadness are associated with people who possess excessive amounts of this personality dimension.\n  • Openness: Imaginative and insightful people are very receptive to change and new experiences, whereas those who are not are much more stubborn and reluctant to try out new things.\n\nThese personality dimensions are further shaped by our genetics and our upbringing, the latter of which also involves our living environment and culture. These factors ultimately help shape your personality as you grow up, some of which could lead to personality disorders.\n\nHowever, your personality is never fully set in stone. In fact, it is not uncommon for adults to tweak their personalities as they prepare themselves for new challenges and life situations. For example, stubborn partners will find themselves making an effort to become more cooperative with their loved ones if they want their relationship to work. While these instances may not necessarily lead to positive results, it is evidence enough that changing your personality is not impossible.\n\nThe question that begs to be asked is this:\n\nHow Much Effort Are People Willing to Put in to Make That Change?\n\nAccording to a recent study at the University of Illinois, only 13% of respondents were satisfied with their personalities – most of them wanted to change for the better. However, instead of encouraging these people to get help from experts or take courses, R. Chris Fraley and Nathan Hudson conducted different tests instead to see if the respondents can quantify their personalities to make the necessary changes. The results of the test were published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, which you can view here.\n\n\nThe first experiment involved an introductory psychology class, who were educated about the Big Five personality dimensions and asked to grade their personalities by filling out a rating form. They were then asked if they wanted something to change in their personality over the 16-week period of this study. To do this, they needed to find a way to change their undesirable personality traits using goals and metrics to track their progress.\n\nAmong the 135 participants, half joined the “change plan” condition, in which they were given writing assignments over the same period to assess the changes they need to make for their personalities. Every week, they were also required to complete additional writing assignments to evaluate their progress further. The other half were not asked to write – instead, they were placed in a controlled setting and were provided feedback about their development.\n\nThe second experiment involved roughly the same number of participants. The only variable that Fraley and Hudson changed is that, instead of focusing on personality traits, they targeted daily behavior related to the traits that defined their personalities.\n\nThe result of both experiments demonstrates the capacity for people to make breakthroughs with their personalities. Participants were able to make strides by getting better scores on personality traits that they wanted to improve. However, the comprehensive change plans only had a modest impact on the actual changes in personality. Also, the 16-week period for the study was not enough for the participants to make the drastic changes one might expect.\n\n\nSteps to a Better You\n\nNow that you are aware that you can still change your personality, below are some proactive steps that you can take so you can make the change as early as possible.\n\n1. Do not let “labels” define you\n\nYou are not a shy and timid person. Nor are you a cold and callous one. You are simply a person full of potential to change and become a better version of yourself every day. You can be anything, as long as you put your mind to it.\n\n2. Do good deeds\n\n\nGetting rid of a terrible personality can start with doing something good. A study published in Motivation and Emotion suggests that engaging in acts of kindness allows you to overcome anxiety. Letting the focus from yourself shift to others leads to more opportunities for social engagement.\n\n3. Just wait\n\nIf you cannot force change, then let it come to you. According to a study conducted at the University of Manchester and the London School of Economics, change that naturally takes place is not out of the question. The more you undergo transformative experiences in life as you grow older, the more chances that changes in your personality take place.\n\nAt the end of the day, change is inevitable. As mentioned above, our personalities are shaped by our experiences in life. By exposing ourselves to positive experiences that we can live by and keeping an open mind for our own identities, there is no doubt that change for the better is indeed possible.\n\nFeatured photo credit: via\n\nRead Next", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6523926854133606}
+{"content": "Airflow Sciences Corporation logo\n\nAirflow Sciences Corporation (ASC) focuses on solving problems related to flow, heat transfer, combustion, and mass transfer. Since 1975, the Airflow Sciences team has been helping industrial companies optimize their equipment and processes through testing, simulation, and data collection.\n\nHere’s what PROCESS EXPO 2019 attendees can look forward to, from Airflow Sciences’ Vice President, Andrew Banka, P.E.\n\nWhat services and solutions does your company offer?\n\nAirflow Sciences Corporation helps food processors and equipment manufacturers develop process improvements or design more efficient manufacturing equipment through field testing and computer simulation. ASC has experience increasing throughput, improving quality, and increasing efficiency of roasting, toasting, baking, drying, cooling, mixing, cooking, frying, spray drying operations, proofing, smoking, and other processes.\n\n\nAirflow Sciences will be showcasing our engineering capabilities that have been applied to well-known brands in the snack food, breakfast cereal, coffee, dairy, and meat segments of the food industry. Have you ever pictured how air flows around coffee beans in a roasting oven or how oil flows around a potato chip during the frying process? Try your hand at a simplified version of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that shows these flow pathlines.\n\nWhy do you exhibit at PROCESS EXPO?\n\nI am reminded each time I attend PROCESS EXPO of the variety of manufacturers, engineers, scientists, and other professionals that are required to provide quality food products. From large equipment manufacturers to new business development managers to clean room designers to small organic food producers, there is always someone new to meet at PROCESS EXPO. Because Airflow Sciences provides such niche services, we have the opportunity to introduce our capabilities to prospects who did not consider the effect flow can have on their operations. The improvement of processes through trial and error can be replaced with a virtual comparison of design alternatives or accurate on-site flow measurements, and we want to help others explore this possibility.\n\nTo find out how Airflow Sciences can apply its 40 years of experience to your flow problem, visit the company website or stop by Booth #965 at PROCESS EXPO.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9726001024246216}
+{"content": "text big png.png\nSmall text.png\n\nSo  you saw an old man…\nThis points to you being a more artistic individual.\n\nIt means that you’re more of a sensitive, gentler soul who is very empathetic of others.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9960277676582336}
+{"content": "Types of Encryption in Password Management for Organizations\n\n\nWhat is Encryption?\n\nEncryption, for security purposes, is also known as a cipher. It is a mathematical algorithm that hides information or makes it secret. Data that is not encrypted is called plain text, while encrypted data is called ciphertext.\n\nHow Does Encryption Work?\n\nThe cryptographer or the one who does the encryption creates the cipher that will best hide the data they want to mask. It could possibly look like gibberish with its built-in patterns recognizable only to the creator. And to some degree, to the system as well. It essentially is the key to protecting it from being accessed by data.\n\nWhat is the Importance of Encryption in Password Management?\n\nThere are 3 main components to an encryption system. In no particular order, encryption engine, data, and key management. In an enterprise or organizational application, all three components run or are stored in 3 separate locations. The purpose of 3 separate locations is to reduce the risk in case any one component is breached. This is so that the whole security system does not go down.\n\nWhat is the Difference Between a Key and a Password?\n\nA password is a secret word, phrase, numbers or combination of all of these that is created by a user or users in an organization. The password is used to either verify the identity of the user or make cryptographic keys. The key is the data that is used to unlock or lock crypto-functions in encryption, authorization, and authentication.\n\nWhat are the Types of Encryption in Password Management for Organizations?\n\nTwo Main Types of Encryption:\n\nSymmetric Cipher\n\nAlso known as secret key encryption, it utilizes a single key. Sometimes this cipher is referred to as a shared secret. This is because the system or sender who is doing the encryption has to share the secret key with all the other units who are authorized to decrypt the message.\n\nIncidentally, symmetric key encryption is known to be much faster than asymmetric encryption. Currently, the most-trusted method of encryption in the modem world is AES or Advanced Encryption Standard. It is so reliable that even the government trusts it with classified information.\n\nAsymmetric Cipher\n\nThis cipher is also called private-key encryption. It uses two dissimilar but logically connected keys. It uses prime numbers to make keys since it is mathematically harder to factor large prime numbers. This is in the event that someone tries to reverse engineer it.\n\nNowadays, crypto-processes involve using a symmetric algorithm to cipher data and the asymmetric algorithm to exchange the secret key.\n\nOther Examples of Advanced Architectural/Organizational Encryption Types\n\nSecure Authentication\n\nA master password is used to unlock the private key, which is then used to decrypt data that is stored in PassCamp. SRP 8A or Secure remote Password is used to authenticate the user without the risk.\n\nSecure Cloud\n\nSince PassCamp is a cloud-based password manager, it is securely hosted in Google Cloud Platform Data Center. Data is protected 24/7. An additional security layer called TLS or Transport Layer Encryption is employed for extra secure data transfers.\n\nTwo Factor Authentication\n\nThis method asks the user to log in by asking the system to send a passcode to another device. This prevents any hacker from getting into the account even if he gets access to the primary device.\n\nCentralized Blockchain Technology\n\nThis method allows for tracking history in PassCamp. Every password that is created in the system is logged and monitored every time a change is made. With this system, you don’t lose old passwords. The logged history cannot be modified in any way, so the user will see, who, when, and what exact changes were made.\n\nPermission Control\n\nThis method makes sure that the access level can be allocated to every item. This would allow the user to modify access levels for every item. And to every user that they would share it with.\n\n\nClearly there is no linear solution to IT encryption and IT security in general. However, with the rapidly advancing technology on and off cyberspace, it has never been more imperative to make encrypting organizational data and ensuring it’s under strict control a priority. Enterprise-level users will do very well with the latest of what encryption technology has to offer.\n\nTech Digest Correspondent", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8747461438179016}
+{"content": "Gareth is back, and with that retells the story of his incredible cruise around the Mediterranean. Nolo’s brother got savagely attacked while trying to help a friend, and then a general catch up of elements before getting into the latest news and sport.\n\n\n\n\n#GCS 14.8.18 Pt1\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000065565109253}
+{"content": "sportAn athletic exercise requiring skill or physical prowess and infrequently of a competitive nature, as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, boxing, hunting, fishing, and many others. Tennis, racquetball and pickleball players can choose up racquets, coaching aids, balls and other racquet sports tools, and cheerleaders, dancers and gymnasts will be capable to rating footwear, clothes, hair bows and extra. The singular time period “sport” is used in most English dialects to describe the overall idea (e.g. “kids collaborating in sport”), with “sports” used to describe a number of activities (e.g. “football and rugby are the preferred sports in England”).\n\nSports, (used with a singular verb) such athletic actions collectively: Sports is vital in my life. Thoughts Sport: A thoughts sport is a contest with a algorithm for figuring out the winner, requiring mental prowess and ability. If you want one thing strictly sporty and supportive, our seamless, mesh and spandex-blend sports bras are comfy and simple for any exercise.\n\n\nFor example, the primary six of the 39 IOC summer Olympics sports are fight sports, followed by 22 individual sports and 11 object sports. Though bodily prowess and ability are required in an e-sport, instead of throwing a bodily object or inflicting one’s own bodily body to run, a virtual object or virtual person runs.\n\nTaking part in sports and bodily exercise is more likely to have wider health and social benefits. As an example, the Council of Europe embrace all types of physical exercise, together with those competed only for fun. Sports are normally governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to make sure fair competitors, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner.\n\nHundreds of sports exist, from those requiring solely two members, by means of to these with tons of of simultaneous members, either in teams or competing as individuals. Sport: A sport is a contest with a set of rules for determining the winner, requiring bodily prowess and talent.\n\nHowever despite the variations in sports and activities there are some principles that maintain true for nearly any sport or athletic competitors. Maintaining a youthful subjective age with our actions-like doing martial arts-could result in a life-style of physical and mental activity that may result in a healthier mind.\n\nComments are closed.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9448515176773071}
+{"content": "Wednesday, December 21, 2016\n\nSeason's Greetings\n\nThis humble little tree is lighting our home with birds, nests, and crystal, tempting Oliver and bringing Christmas joy and peace.  It has been put away for several years, but Oliver is now mature and only gently touches the crystal ornaments and watches them move and reflect the lights, and he doesn't seem to notice the birds perched here and there or some of the fallen nests from storms brought in to save and treasure.  Perhaps if the birds actually moved he would start stalking them!\n\nWe've had snow, mountains of it, and frigid temps, but are happy to be snug and warm inside.  I've been cleaning, decorating, and baking just a few big yummy oatmeal cookies.  I have long since stopped doing anything fancy, and keep it simple and delicious.  \n\nBelow is another look at my Delectable Mountains wall quilt, showing some of the quilting and the richness of the colors.  I like the heavy old rose sateen as a background color, but the fabric weight was a bit much for the lightweight piecing fabrics.  The large triangles are a rich mud color hand dyed sateen so there was quite a bit of weight in the piecing junctions. \n\nI quilted the backgrounds with gold silk thread (not metallic) and that added an overlay of rich color to offset the cool rose in the fabric.....I like it!  I did do a sample with matching rose thread and it sort of died and looked flat and lifeless.  There is nothing, repeat, nothing like quilting a sample with your choices before beginning on the actual quilt.  It has saved me from making major mistakes so many times.\n\nOliver is helping me with all this exciting activity, and his favorite new thing is my lovely Polar Bear snow globe, a mother and two cubs.  \n\nI've always loved snow globes but never found one that was just right.  This one jumped into my line of sight recently while I was shopping for something entirely different (probably something way too practical to recall), and it enchanted me.  I didn't realize until I had it a few days and tipped it over to read about it that it had a key on the bottom, which I turned and now can hear Silent Night tinkling away as the bears sit in a whirlwind of snow. \n\nAt first Oliver watched the bears, then checked out the snow when I shook it, and finally the music, and now simply sits and watches, enjoying it.  He is a gentleman of a cat.\n\nThank you all so very much for the incredible comments on my last post; they warm my heart and make me realize anew how special an experience I had as a quilt teacher.  \n\nMay your holidays be happy and bright, the New Year everything you wish it to be.  Peace,\n\nThursday, December 8, 2016\n\nWinter's Silence\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKeep quilting!  Your work gets better every day,", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6392824053764343}
+{"content": "Caste: A HAF-baked Lamentation\n\nThe following two tabs change content below.\n\nKalavai Venkat\n\n\nLatest posts by Kalavai Venkat (see all)\n\nCaste: a HAF-baked lamentation\n\nBy Kalavai Venkat\n\nA critique of the Hindu American Foundation’s report\n\nHinduism: Not Cast in Caste Seeking an End to Caste-based Discrimination 2010”\n\nWhy this critique?\n\nHinduism_Not_Cast_in_Caste_HAF_critical_reviewThe Hindu American Foundation (HAF) is a US-based Hindu advocacy group, and its volunteers have dedicated themselves to the Hindu cause for many years. The HAF recently released the above-mentioned report on caste primarily aimed at the American public and agencies. In the past, caste has always been portrayed in an inimical and distorted manner by forces hostile to Hinduism. It has always been portrayed with the intent of dividing the Hindus and alienating them from their spiritual traditions so that they can be converted to Christianity. A wide array of resources, including the funding of Christian groups under the guise of the US Faith Based Initiative and the creation and funding of militant hate groups operating under the banner of Dalit organizations under the aegis of Christian churches, have been used to systematically attack Hinduism. Textbooks have been portraying caste in a manner that would wean Hindu children from their religion.\n\n\nA Hindu perspective was definitely in order. It was not going to be easy for any Hindu organization to publish a report on caste in such a hostile environment. Such a report would have required immense knowledge of how Hindus have perceived and lived caste for millennia, the economic safeguard and social kinship caste offered, an in-depth knowledge of Hindu scriptures going beyond the English translations written by Christians, and above all, the resoluteness and courage to stand up for the truth to present the caste system without caving in to Christian pressure tactics. A report produced without adhering to these principles could very well end up as a half-baked lamentation and as a potent weapon in the hands of forces hostile to Hinduism.\n\n\nA discussion on caste discrimination would not only have required the willingness to discuss facts but also the wisdom to contrast the measures Hindus have initiated to end inequities with similar efforts or lack thereof in Christian societies such as the USA especially so because the HAF report is aimed at the American public and agencies. No society has done as much as Hindus to end inequities. Hindu religious and social leaders, drawing inspiration from Hindu scriptures and traditions, instituted legal and social measures to uplift the erstwhile untouchables. These measures included the introduction of reservation in education, the workforce, the judiciary, and the legislature, thus enabling the descendents of erstwhile untouchables to attain proportional representation. On the spiritual plane, Hindus vigorously implemented temple entry rules which allow members of every caste to comingle in Hindu temples today and denial of entry has become a non issue.\n\n\nThe finest tribute to the Hindu effort to end discrimination comes from Martin Luther King Jr. His words show that Hindus not only dedicated their efforts to end discrimination within their own society but also extended their support to the blacks, who are the victims of Christian oppression in the USA. He visited India in 1959 and was, in his own words, “enthusiastically welcomed by (the Indian Prime Minister) and other Indian political leaders at a time when he lacked similar access to America’s top leaders.”\n\n\nMLK Jr. contrasted “India’s constitutional and legal protections for untouchables with pervasive racial discrimination in the U.S. While India’s leaders exerted their moral power against caste discrimination, in the U.S. some of the highest officials declined to render a moral judgment on segregation, and some from the South publicly boasted of their determination to maintain segregation.”[1] MLK Jr. declared that his public meetings were packed because Indians were keenly aware of the need to end social inequities. As a result of this experience, MLK Jr. would use the Hindu method of satyagraha to usher in civil disobedience in an effort to end the oppression of blacks in Christian America in the 1960s.\n\nSince then, Hindus have made significant progress in uplifting the erstwhile untouchables. Today, descendents of the erstwhile untouchables have risen to the ranks of President of India, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India, and Chief Ministers of India’s states. Contrast this to the US, where the first black President was elected into power hardly a few years ago; President Obama has since faced a shocking onslaught of racism and resistance from sections of the American populace who cannot stomach the idea of being governed by a black president.\n\nEven after five decades since MLK’s efforts, America’s Christian churches remain the bastions of religious apartheid. There are separate churches for blacks, whites, Hispanics and others. Blacks and Hispanics, both victims of Christian oppression, remain grossly under-represented in America’s institutions. They are over-represented in America’s prisons. One in nine black males in the age group of 25-35 languishes in America’s prisons, bearing testimony to the fact that Christian apartheid is alive and well in the USA.\n\n\nSo, any Hindu report cataloguing inequities in Indian society should contrast Hindu efforts and progress with the lack of similar progress in the Christian USA. After all, any meaningful analysis has to be done on a comparative basis since no phenomenon can be analyzed in a vacuum—any analysis of purported discrimination within Hinduism should also compare it to the violent Shia-Sunni divide (as an example) within Islam and the racial apartheid embedded within Christianity and Christian societies. Shining the spotlight selectively on random acts of injustice in Hindu society would not only be unfair but also render the report a weapon in the hands of those hostile to Hinduism.\n\n\nIt was in this milieu that the HAF report on caste was released. It was a report primarily aimed at the American audience. It caused an anguished and justified outcry among the Hindus for its content and the manner in which the HAF promoted it. The serious concerns expressed about the report are:\n\n\n  • It repeats the false propaganda that Christian missionaries and academic fellow-travelers have spread about Hinduism in the past.\n\n\n  • It glorifies militants that committed despicable acts of persecution of the Hindus and desecrated Hindu temples.\n\n\n  • It perverts the celebrated Hindu bhakti traditions by repeating the Christian and Marxist storyline to suit propaganda.\n\n\n  • It used data in a selective and irresponsible manner to vilify Hinduism and Hindus.\n\n\n  • The HAF misused and betrayed the trust of Hindu swamijis and sannyasis by misleading them about the content of the report.\n\n\nThe last bullet point needs elaboration. Hindu swamijis and sannyasis are not editors or reviewers of reports. They do not endorse contents of reports. They bless the efforts of a Hindu organization based on trust. It is imperative that Hindu organizations do not betray their trust. The HAF should have been transparent about the content of the report with the swamijis when it obtained their blessings. They were not. None of the swamijis would have blessed the report had they known that the report glorifies anti-Hindu demagogues and that it repeats false Christian propaganda about Hinduism. As soon as Hindu critics brought the contents of the report to the attention of the swamijis, many of them told the HAF to withdraw the report. A number of the most prominent Hindus Acharyas and Swamijis have since expressed disapproval and sought to disassociate themselves from the HAF report on Caste.\n\n\nThe reaction from the HAF upon receiving this directive from the swamijis has been shocking. They begrudgingly took the full text of the report offline (while keeping the endorsements and statements of support online) but also issued a statement in India Abroad that “they are under no obligation to fulfill [Swami Dayananda Sarasvati’s] request, and stand by their report enthusiastically.” The HAF then went on to state that they are temporarily making the report offline because “it made sense to them to do so until final edits are incorporated.”[2]\n\n\nVinaya towards swamijis is the hallmark of the Hindus. The condescending and arrogant tone of the HAF towards swamijis is disturbing. It made many wonder that if HAF is not obliged to listen to our swamijis, then who are they accountable to? Is it the US State department, the various anti-Hindu human rights groups, or the Christian missions such as World Vision that benefit the most from the faith-based funding and play a key role in demonizing Hinduism? Why would the HAF be deferential to the Christian establishment academics on its panel but display such arrogance towards our swamijis?\n\nIn any case, having publicly stated that they stand by their report enthusiastically, the HAF reached out to Vishal Agarwal, Krishnan Ramaswamy, and me to help revise the report. I understand that they have sought feedback from some others as well. My concern is for Hindu dharma and not for any individual or organization. I agreed to help with the revision. My expectation was that the HAF would be sincere about incorporating the substantive changes and produce a factually correct report.\n\n\nThis expectation was belied when the HAF subsequently declared that they were only looking for cosmetic edits and that they consider the original report sound. They also refused to allow any mention of Christianity in the revision. How can the Hindu achievement be understood unless seen in the context of what other religions have failed to do? Christian missionaries would be unable to pontificate to Hindus on human rights if religious apartheid in their churches is mentioned. The HAF strangely refused to allow any such mention. I do not know whether they were keen on not offending the powerful Christian groups so as to partner with them in some future human rights initiative or whether they were under immense pressure from Christian academics on their panel not to allow any negative portrayal of Christianity.\n\n\nThis was unacceptable to me. I was not going to be a fellow traveler in this assault on Hindu dharma. I expressed my dissent to them and parted ways. This critique is the result of the sequence of events narrated above.\n\n\nThere are also many other disturbing patterns that one must mention:\n\n\n  • Ramesh Rao, the Human Rights Coordinator of the HAF, argued that sacred Hindu texts such as the Ramayana are racial narratives. He was repeating the 19th century propaganda originally invented by Christian missionaries and subsequently disseminated by militant anti-Hindus.\n\n\n  • The HAF report was endorsed by the anti-Hindu group Navyashastra and it willingly carried such endorsements. In the past, the prominent leaders and office-bearers of Navyashastra have denigrated Hindu gurus and have advocated that sacred Hindu scriptures should be burnt and that the United Nations (UN) tribunal should try Hinduism for (some unstated) guilt. Prominent Navyashastra leaders have also disseminated views that are racist and derogatory of women, including the repugnant view that unless married women are kept under surveillance they are susceptible to promiscuity.\n\n\nIt is beyond my comprehension why the HAF would seek the company of such groups and individuals.\n\n\nIt is with sadness that I write this critique for this constitutes a censure of a Hindu organization. Condoning the report is not an option because that would make me a silent witness to this unjust attack on Hinduism from within. I hope and wish that the HAF will make amends by undoing the damage they have done to Hinduism with this uninformed and cowardly report. In Hinduism, such repentance would be called prayaschitta. The onus of doing so is entirely upon the HAF. They must realize that they have betrayed the trust of swamijis, their supporters and donors in this episode. They have lost the moral right or adhikara to represent Hindus and their causes. I hope that good sense will prevail upon them and that they will do the needful to regain the trust they have lost as a result of this shameful incident. It would be honorable for them to fully and permanently withdraw the report instead of secretly updating it each time a serious flaw is pointed out. I do not yet know what motivated them to come up with this report in the first place. The HAF should be transparent about the motives.\n\n\nI will now proceed with a detailed critique of the contents and conclude with my recommendations.\n\n\nHAF hails the evil\n\n\nCan anyone imagine a Jewish advocacy group hailing Adolf Hitler as a reformer? Every Jew would be startled, widespread protests would ensue within the Jewish community, and the advocacy group would become irrelevant. Yet, for reasons beyond my comprehension, the HAF has done precisely that: It has hailed E V Ramaswamy Naicker, the Indian fascist often known as EVR, as a social reformer.\n\n\nEVR ran his politics by espousing unbridled hatred towards Brahmins and Harijans. He often thundered that he would physically eliminate the Brahmins, and called for a genocide, along the lines of Hitler’s “Final Solution.” He required his followers to wear black shirts reminiscent of the fascist uniform. He declared that the Brahmins were “outsiders” and based his ideas on the now discredited and racist “Aryan Invasion Theory.” He ran repeated campaigns desecrating Hindu temples and smashing the sculptures of Hindu deities. The source of the wealth he amassed into a private trust is mysterious but it is likely that Christian missionaries and the British government funded him. EVR, in turn, supported the colonial rule and pleaded with the British imperialists to continue ruling over the colored Indians despite the fact that the colonial rule resulted in the deaths of millions of Indians.\n\n\nLet us consider a sample of EVR’s statements from a scholarly Tamil treatise, “E V Ramaswamy Naickerin Marupakkam” by the celebrated scholar M Venkatesan. This translates into “The other side of E V Ramswamy Naicker.” Venkatesan is a Harijan by birth, a proud Hindu by identification, and a philosopher by training. The statements of EVR he cites should make any civilized person recoil with disgust:[3]\n\n  • Mahatma Gandhi and other Hindu leaders ushered in social justice by enabling the temple entry of Harijans. The equal status accorded the Harijans piqued EVR. He ran a militant campaign opposing the temple entry movement and argued: “I will not allow temple entry because it will result in equating the Harijans with the (dominant) backward castes.”\n\n\n  • Tamil is a classical language of India and a treasure trove of sacred Hindu texts and philosophies. EVR saw it differently when he declared: “For more than 40 years, I have been describing Tamil as a barbarous language (Kattumirandi Mozhi) used only by barbarians (…) The only language that ought to replace Tamil is English. What is not there in English which can be found in Tamil Language?”\n\n\n  • EVR’s views on Harijan women and youth are obnoxious. On one occasion, discussing the cause of inflation, EVR sarcastically remarked, implying a shocking sexual innuendo: “Do you know why fabric prices have increased? Because Harijan women have started wearing blouses. Do you wonder why there is so much unemployment? Because Harijan youth have started getting educated and have taken up all the jobs.”\n\n\nI cannot fathom why HAF would hail such a demagogue as a reformer. Having seen the ignorant praise HAF has heaped on EVR, let us now turn to M Venkatesan for a factual assessment of EVR. Venkatesan writes:\n\n\n“EVR had very warm feelings towards the gods of Islam and Christianity. I am really ashamed of those people who have veneration for EV Ramasamy Naicker and his perverse philosophy of selective hatred of men and things.”\n\n\nVenkatesan could as well have prophetically anticipated HAF’s misguided report. I hope that the HAF can explain what compulsion led to their ignominious praise of EVR.\n\n\nHAF plays the fiddle in the missionary choir\n\n\nThe HAF-baked report alleges that the Hindu bhakti movement originally was a rebellion against Hindu orthodoxy, Brahmin priests, Hindu rituals, and the caste system. This is the pet theory of Christian missionaries and Marxist propagandists. The report faithfully repeats what the Hindu-baiter Romila Thapar wrote in her book Early India that I critiqued at length a few years ago.[4] The efflorescence of the Hindu bhakti movement was signaled by the arrival of the Saiva Nayanmars and the Vaishnava Azhwars in the first half of the first millennium in the Tamil country and flourished until the 16th century. The report alleges, without basis and echoing the Christian propaganda, that the bhakti movement was originally considered unorthodox (by the Brahmins).\n\n\nNayanmars and Azhwars sang their hymns advocating devotion to Siva and Vishnu respectively. The only polemics in their hymns are directed at Jainas and Bauddhas who are portrayed as opposing Vedic sacrifices.[5] Those were the times of the Kalabbhra rule in the Tamil country. The Kalabbhras are believed to have patronized Buddhism and Jainism. Bhakti saints bemoan the fact that paraphernalia needed to perform rituals in temples have been withheld by the Jainas. There is nothing in their writings that can be construed as a polemic directed at Brahmins or against rituals.\n\n\nThe great Saiva saint Appar, one of the Nayanmars, praises Siva as the Lord of the Vedas.[6] He declares that he was a Jaina ascetic once, during which time he was distracted from pursuing the truth. Sambantar, another great Saiva Nayanmar, has written at length about the greatness of the Vedic sacrifices, and has sharp words for those (the reference here is to the Jainas and other heterodox sects) that oppose the Vedic sacrifices. The absurd claim that bhakti saints opposed caste is belied by the very words of another great Saiva Nayanmar and exponent on tantra Tirumular, who sings:\n\n\nOf crystal made is the Linga, the Brahmins worship\n\nOf gold, the Kings worship\n\nOf emerald, the Vaishyas worship\n\nOf stone is the Linga, the Shudras worship[7]\n\n\nThe bhakti tradition was the torchbearer of Hindu orthodoxy during the medieval period. Will the HAF please illuminate which of these verses can be perceived as a rebellion against orthodox Hinduism, caste, or rituals? What compulsion made them distort Hindu texts and traditions and lend credence to a propaganda originally instituted by Christian missionaries and disseminated by the likes of Romila Thapar who deny there was any negative impact on Hinduism owing to iconoclastic invaders? Is this merely the case of sheer ignorance of Hindu traditions and texts on the part of HAF writers? Do they derive their knowledge of Hinduism only from tracts and translations written by Christians that are antagonistic towards dharma?\n\n\nIt is important to understand te Bhakti movement in its historical context. The Sangam literature is the precursor to the Bhakti movement. In the Sangam texts, the four Varnas were the norm as well as the ideal. One of the songs says that even though a person may belong to a lower Varna among the four, if he were to acquire knowledge, then those born of the higher Varnas would respect him.[8] Another song says that even if those of higher birth fell into poverty, the virtues of their higher birth wouldn’t desert them,[9] while yet another says that one’s character could only be commensurate with what is befitting the Varna into which he is born.[10] The oldest extant Tamil grammatical treatise also recognizes Varna.[11] The great Tamil savant Tiruvalluvar categorically stated that a Brahmin who forgets the Vedas could learn them again, but should he ever cease to be moral, the virtue of his high birth is lost forever. Elsewhere, he argues that the scruples of a king are measured against his ability to safeguard the Vedic learning of the Brahmins.[12] Thus regard for Brahmins, the Vedas and for learning in general was a feature common to all Hindus, and it was in this milieu that the Bhakti movement was born.\n\nSo it is not surprising to see the Bhakti saints express the same veneration for the Vedas and the Brahmins. But their central focus was moksha or liberation whereas the karma kanda of the Vedas, as evident from the Purva Mimamsa doctrine of Jaimini, were primarily concerned with only three of the four purusharthas: dharma, artha, and kama. Bhakti transcends these and emphasizes on the the fourth purushartha. It would be the height of ignorance to interpret this as antagonism towards the Vedas.\n\n\nBlame the victim, exonerate the oppressors\n\n\nThe HAF dedicates the report:\n\n\n“To All Those Who Have Suffered From Caste-based Discrimination Over The Centuries\n\nWe Regret That Hindu Society Failed To Live Up To Its Highest Teachings\n\nTo Those Who Remained Committed Hindus Despite this Failure”\n\n\nUntouchability is first recorded in India in the 12th century CE. Its origins in The Bible and its parallels from elsewhere in the world will be discussed in a future report. Many parts of India had by then been colonized by Islamic invaders. There was large-scale plunder and rape. Hindu society had well-defined rules that prohibited harming civilians during war. This fact is not only reflected in ancient Sanskrit and Tamil literature but is also recognized by Greek chroniclers who are surprised that peasants observe a battle in progress without fearing harm. The large-scale rapine committed by Islamic invaders would have shocked Hindu society in a way difficult for us to comprehend today.\n\n\nLet us discuss a few examples of the circumstances that would have made it impossible for Hindus to fight inequities such as untouchability that came into vogue in India during this period.\n\nRishi Devala, appearing in the Sindh province in the 10th century CE, wrote a very laudable text called Devala Smriti in which he laid down the guidelines for the ablutions that a victim of rape might undergo so that she emerges pure—contrast this to the practice in Islamic society even today of “honor killings” when a woman is raped. In the west, even today, many victims of rape are psychologically and emotionally scarred for life because rape is essentially an act that signals the subjugation and total humiliation of the victim. It destroys, in Mahatma Gandhi’s words, one’s inner core. In pre-Islamic India, where crimes such as rape were unheard of, and where the feminine was considered sacred, the effect would have been traumatic. Rishi Devala’s benign and wise prescription would have helped those victims overcome trauma and perceive themselves as sacred again.\n\n\nThis pattern of plunder continued for centuries as evident from the fact that Rajput women, when faced with the inevitable rape at the hands of the Islamic invaders, after the Rajput men fought and died valiantly in the battlefield, resorted to sati and jauhar. In denying their would-be rapists an opportunity to rape those courageous women emerged victorious though they paid with their lives in the process. This practice did not cease after the British Christian conquest of India because resort to jauhar continued sporadically.\n\n\nThe Jats are another Hindu jati that put up valiant resistance to the invading Muslims. Needless to say, many Jat youth perished defending India. Many young Jat women were widowed and their children were rendered orphans. The Jat community resorted to the ancient Hindu custom of niyoga enabling the younger brother of the slain warrior to marry the widow. This not only offered protection and continuity of life to the woman but also enabled orphaned children find a new father who was a blood relative. In the west, even today, when a woman remarries, the child faces the prospect of abuse at the hands of the step-father when the child escapes the predatory attention of the Christian clergy. The Jat solution, on the other hand, rid two problems with one solution.\n\n\nEven the pro-Muslim Cambridge Economic History of India (volume 1), edited by Marxist critics of Hinduism, Irfan Habib and Tapan Raychaudhuri, highlights the devastating famines precipitated by the brutal revenue collection of Islamic rulers that left the peasantry impoverished and dying, hardly propitious circumstances for Hindus to perform any kind of religious duty! It is the ignorance of this history that makes the attempted HAF critique of alleged Hindu ‘human rights’ violators, when they did not even have the ability to protect their womenfolk and survive hunger, particularly objectionable.\n\n\nIslamic domination was supplanted by British Christian subjugation of Hindus. Mike Davis, in his well-documented treatise, The Late Victorian Holocaust, shows how exploitative British agrarian policies unleashed famine and starvation and pushed numerous agrarian jatis beyond the pale of civilized existence. Many jatis had to lose their lands to become indentured labor to pay exorbitant taxes to their Christian masters. Many such castes, having been cut off from all support systems, ended up as disenfranchised and eventually untouchable. Data proves that the practice of untouchability and the incidents of caste discrimination in the 20th century India are directly proportional to the extent of the lack of land ownership of the Harijan jatis. On the other hand, such practices of discrimination are practically non-existent in major Indian cities because anonymous cities are not governed by an agrarian economic system.\n\n\nDharampal was a highly trusted historian. Mahatma Gandhi asked him to research the plight of education in Hindu India. The factual findings were published in a research volume titled The Beautiful Tree. Dharampal marshals persuasive evidence to prove that wherever the Hindus could sustain their institutions, they educated all jatis in their traditional schools or patasalas. Every jati, including the Harijans, was proportionally represented as teachers and students, as evident from the Madras Presidency 1822-25 (Collectors Reports), Details of Schools & Colleges, Caste Division of Male school students:[13]\n\nBrahmins Vaishyas Shudras Others Muslims Total\n# of students 30,211 13,459 75,943 22,925 10,644 1,53,182\n% of total student population 20 9 50 15 6 100\n\n\nThis would change in the 19th century when Christian missionaries, backed by the brute power of the colonial British administration, systematically destroyed traditional schools and denied education to a large section of Hindus. The new system of schools ushered in by the Christian missionaries charged exorbitant fees and denied entry to the Harijans. This resulted in disparate access to education across Hindu society. The celebrated patriot, social reformer, and scholar, Suddhananda Bharati documents the travails a Hindu family had to undergo to acquire education in missionary institutions. A lack of education led to difficulties finding gainful employment, plunging these Hindu families into poverty. It was not a coincidence that many revolutionaries in the initial phase of India’s freedom struggle hailed from Hindu families that had pledged everything so that their sons could get educated in missionary institutions.\n\n\nThus, Hindus were themselves a subjugated and disenfranchised people during the course of the millennium. How could such a people have marshaled the wherewithal to fight a social evil such as untouchability that emerged precisely during this period of Hindu disenfranchisement? HAF’s accusation against Hindus is not just absurd but also unethical. It is akin to blaming the blacks for slavery and the Jews for not attempting to save other Jews from the Holocaust. It is shameful that the report tacitly exonerates Christian missionaries and British colonial rulers guilty of instigating and institutionalizing many forms of discrimination by laying the blame at the doorstep of Hindus. The HAF report gives the impression that caste structure has been rigid in Hindu society. The American scholar, Nicholas R. Dirks, refutes this and highlights the hugely negative impact of attempts by British colonial administrators to enumerate and often artificially impute caste identities in censuses undertaken. In his view, these censuses artificially ossified caste identities, which were in reality much more fluid before. This view is confirmed by census data from the early 20th century that Prof. M N Srinivas marshals. As the sample from census data summarized below reveals until then entire jatis could move across the varna system in a very short span of time:[14]\n\nJati Name Occupation 1911 Census 1921 Census 1931 Census\nKamar Blacksmith None Kshatriya Brahmin\nSonar Goldsmith Kshatriya Kshatriya Brahmin-Vaishya\nSutradar Carpenter Vaishya Vaishya Brahmin\nNai Barber None Kshatriya Brahmin\nNapit Barber Kshatriya Vaishya Brahmin\n\n\nThe following table summarizes the number of jatis and their new varna status per the 1931 census:[15]\n\nNewly claimed Varna status → Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya\nTraditional Varna status ↓\nShudra 31 49 9\nHarijan 2 26 5\nTribal 1 5 1\n\n\nIt was the British obsession with classification that would eventually lead to ossification subsequently witnessed in Hindu society.\n\n\nEven Islamic and Marxist historians such as Irfan Habib have been more honest than the HAF on this count! Irfan Habib and his father Mohammad Habib fearlessly and unhesitatingly documented the subjugation of the Hindus at the hands of British Christian colonial masters as a result of the inhumane agrarian policies that were forced upon the farmers. Admittedly, the Habibs did not feel compelled to please the Christian establishment in the USA or to collaborate with them on some human rights agenda unlike ostensible contemporary defenders of Hindus.\n\nChristian missionaries should be grateful to the HAF for this unexpected windfall. Hope they would one day reciprocate by doing unto the HAF what the HAF has done unto the missionaries with this report.\n\n\nAffirming the Christian hate speech\n\n\nNext the report declares, quoting the words of Ambedkar, that:\n\n\n“There is no nation of Indians in the real sense of the word, it is yet to be created. In believing we are a nation, we are cherishing a great delusion. How can people divided into thousands of castes be a nation? The sooner we realise that we are not yet a nation, in a social and psychological sense of the world, the better for us.”\n\n\nWhat HAF has failed to understand is there is a world of difference between the nation as a political and territorial unit and the socio-cultural interconnectedness of a people. The former is a creation of the modern world, evolving and regularly challenged while the latter has ancient roots that highlight the profound potential unity of man immanent in the Hindu world view.\n\nHinduism is governed by the motto “Vasudaiva kutumbakam” or the entire world is a family. Hinduism celebrates diversity and preserves it. It recognizes the fact that unity is meaningful only where diversity exists. The caste system is a glowing example of the Hindu commitment to preserving all traditions. Each jati could follow different wedding, funerary, or dietary customs, or speak different dialects or languages. Yet they have always shared a common spiritual and cultural identity. Notions of dharma formed the core of such a shared identity.\n\n\nAncient Tamil Sangam literary sources, for example, express the belief that Sanskrit and Tamil evolved from two sides of damaru the drum that Siva beats. The celebrated Chola emperors would traverse the length of the Indian sub-continent to bring back the sacred waters of the river Ganga to consecrate the Brhat Isvara Temple in Tanjavur. According to traditional commentaries, the erudite Tamil grammarian Tolkappiyar patented his treatise on an ancient Sanskrit grammatical treatise named Aintiram. In the absence of an heir, a Chalukya prince (from Western India) would be invited to take over the mantle of the Chola Empire (in South India). Great philosophers and saints from the south would visit the various corners of India to propound their teachings. The Pallavas of the South and the Chalukyas of the West would share the same temple architecture. Not only would The Ramayana and The Mahabharata be translated across languages within India but Indians from different regions would also identify with these epics.\n\n\nAt the same time, Indians clearly knew how to distinguish themselves from foreigners who did not share either their culture or their notions of dharma. In the Sangam Tamil literature, Roman mercenaries (yavanas) serving the royalty were called mlecchas following strange customs. The lack of hygiene of the European Christian colonizers repulsed Indians so much that they considered their colonial masters untouchables. From time immemorial, dharmasutra texts clearly delineated the boundaries that separated those who followed the Dharma in the homeland of Hindu society and those who lived beyond the borders and did not share our cultural values.\n\n\nIt was expedient for the British colonial rulers and Christian missionaries to plant the canard that India as an entity never existed because that enabled them to divide, rule, and convert Hindus. What expediency governs the HAF in parroting the same canard?\n\nThis is not merely a canard. This is hate speech. Christianity and Islam seek to achieve homogeneity to dominate. Historically, Christian and Islamic invaders derived inspiration from their scriptures and committed genocide of many races including the Native Americans, Gypsies, and the Jews. Diversity, wherever encountered, first attracted the suspicion of the Christian church and then resulted in hatred of the “other,” leading the Church to create fault lines and fissures, which were then exploited by the Church to divide and conquer throughout its history.\n\n\nProf. D. E. Stannard, in his daring treatise, The American Holocaust, documents how the Christian intolerance of diversity resulted in the genocide of over 100 million Native Americans. In my paper, From the Holy Cross to the Holocaust, published as part of the anthology Expressions of Christianity, I have shown how the Christian intolerance of diversity resulted in hate speech directed at the Jews which finally culminated in the Holocaust.\n\nTo argue that a society cannot attain unity despite diversity and divisions among its many castes is a notion that must be vigorously opposed. Historically, homogeneity has been regarded by oppressive elites as essential for political domination and control. The virtual eradication of European Jewry by Adolf Hitler was very much in this political mould and tradition. It has also been cultivated by the Church in its endless wars over heresy and the succession of its chosen royal houses. The USA is a prime example of how the obsession for homogeneity led to the genocide of Native Americans. In subsequent times, the blacks would be denied their freedom to follow their African religious traditions and speak their diverse languages eventually getting absorbed into the American society as segregated Christians. But their churches remain separate since whites and blacks apparently ascend or descend to a different heaven or hell on expiring, depending on their antecedent skin color! The contrasting equanimity of Hinduism in the face of diversity and its serenity over religious difference is a dramatic contrast that has been remarked on by many thoughtful observers.\n\n\nIt is sad to see the HAF advancing Christian hate speech to claim that unity is dependent on homogeneity. Many white supremacist groups in the USA too harbor a similar notion that for America to exist as an entity all Americans should be white, Christian, and only speak English. Dalits Christians are also asserting that India’s national language should be English (code for endorsing Christianity as the national religion)! The HAF report will appeal to such groups but it would also earn the HAF a nomination for the Darwin Awards.[16]\n\nBurn the Hindu sacred books!\n\n\nThe HAF-baked report was extensively reviewed, and possibly contributed to, by Jaishree Gopal and Prof. V V Raman (who goes by the fancy title Acharya Vidyasagar these days), two prominent members of the anti-Hindu group Navyashastra, which disseminates calls to burn sacred Hindu scriptures. The HAF report seems to prepare the way for this eventuality when it first acknowledges that none of the Hindu scriptures supports untouchability only to conclude that Hindu scriptures such as The Manusmriti promote caste bias, prompting HAF to call for their rejection by Hindu acharyas. The HAF is clearly oblivious to the fact that The Manusmriti is considered a defining text of great antiquity in Hinduism even though it has not been the code of law for millennia.\n\n\nHinduism is not a religion of the book(s) as HAF correctly acknowledges. Shruti and smriti are one of the many pramanas in Hinduism. Each sampradaya lays varying emphasis on a given shruti or smriti pramana. Then where is the need to reject an ancient text such as The Manusmriti? Internal analysis indicates that it was compiled in the Magadha province or the modern Indian state of Bihar. We do not know who its author was. The text attained a central place in Hindu history. Many other law texts were written over time but The Manusmriti was remembered as the gold standard. The great saint and philosopher, Tiruvalluvar, a Harijan by birth, renders sections of the Manusmriti into couplets in the Tirukkural. The legendary Chola king renowned for his sense of justice is remembered by the title Manu Niti Chola. The well-known poet Kambar hailed from a backward caste and rendered Valmiki’s Ramayana in Tamil in which he evaluates Sri Rama’s adherence to justice by using Manu as the gold standard.\n\n\nThe influence of Manu was symbolic, articulating the sanctity of the Vedas by its very presence, and not literal. It is futile to retroactively inject modern secular concerns in interpreting these ancient texts. Manu was the foremost lawgiver. Even though new texts emerged as society changed, and these various texts (rather than The Manusmriti) have been the codes of law during the historic period, Manu’s contribution was not forgotten. In other words, the HAF is asking our acharyas to reject a text that has not been in vogue for millennia and which is rare to obtain today. A powerful case was made affirming this point by the feminist critic of Hinduism, Madhu Kishwar.\n\n\nMost of our saints and powerful emperors have been Harijans or shudras. Yet, none of them found The Manusmriti to be a discriminatory text. Instead, they hailed it as a lofty text that safeguarded everyone’s interests. Should not the authors of the HAF report have thought for a while as to why all attacks on this sacred text originated only from Christian missionaries while our saints had only words of praise for it? Anti-Brahminism and the stigmatizing of the word shudra are also of Christian missionary origin. Powerful kings of the past had proudly identified themselves as shudras. Vema Reddy, a great Hindu king who defeated the Muslim marauders called himself “a proud shudra who, like the sacred river Ganga, emerged from the feet of Vishnu.”[17] He also equated himself with the sage Agastya. Vema Reddy’s grandson was a celebrated Sanskrit scholar who wrote a commentary on the works of Kalidasa bearing testimony to the fact that learned men emerged from all varnas but none of them found our scriptures to be discriminating.\n\n\nIf the HAF has bothered to read The Manusmriti and its various commentaries in the original, they would have realized that the text does not promote caste bias. It does not accord preferential treatment to one caste over another. The text promotes social harmony. In pre-modern times most societies were rural and agrarian. People had limited mobility. Most occupations were hereditary. In such a society, it is important to safeguard the interests of various castes. The dharmashastra texts and texts on polity such as The Arthashastra aim to achieve this objective. The Arthashastra introduces the concept of sreni or guilds (such guilds were common in proto-Industrial Europe and considered essential precursors to modernity) to protect the interests of artisans and transmit knowledge to succeeding generations.  The Chanakya Niti disallows the Brahmins from taking to dairy farming, weaving & dyeing, and selling oil. These would have been the mainstay occupations providing livelihood to a vast majority of people in the ancient period. The dharmashastra writers, by denying Brahmins entry into these professions, were protecting the interests of many castes. Similarly, they were protecting the interests of Brahmins and a few others by restricting who could perform Veda yajnas. These stipulations varied over time and across geography depending on social conditions and various dharmashastra texts addressed those needs.\n\n\nFor instance in The Silappadikaram, a Jaina saint considers it inauspicious when the Brahmins give up chanting of the Vedas and take to other professions. The newly married Kovalan and Kannagi are dissuaded from entering a settlement where the Brahmin musicians reside, again because they have taken to a profession that is not allowed for them.[18]\n\n\nIt is pointless to self-righteously denounce such ancient texts animated by western prejudices since their rationale was contingent and contemporary in ways hard for us to comprehend.\n\nMany important Hindu monarchs were Shudras or Harijans. A significant number of key Hindu scriptures were written by Harijans. Vyasa, Valmiki, Tiruvalluvar, Tirumazhisai Azhwar were all Harijans while other great poets such as Kambar were from what is known as the Shudra varna. These saints even refused to please powerful kings. On one occasion, the tradition says, when the king ordered a Vaishnava to leave the town for refusing to eulogize the king, the Harijan saint Tirumazhisai Azhwar left the town. Not only that, he ordered Sri Vishnu to leave the town with them. Sri Vishnu promptly complied. The message here is very clear. The saints will not bow their head to anyone other than Bhagavan. Had the dharmashastra texts been promoting bias as a matter of principle none of these great thinkers would have held them in high regard.\n\nEvidently, the HAF decided to seek their knowledge of the dharmashastras from hostile Christian missionary propaganda instead of understanding them the way Hindu traditions have usually understood them. Even their call to denounce sections of the dharmashastras is an echo of the Christian habit of denouncing and declaring texts the church did not like as heresy.\n\n\nHinduism has a rich tradition of dealing with texts and practices that are no longer relevant. Our acharyas do not deny or denounce them. They just move on and write texts relevant to the times as Rishi Devala did during the Islamic invasions. The appeal to acharyas to denounce those texts is absurd. Hindu scriptures have evolved by absorbing and modifying different traditions they encountered without the denunciation and purges that are the hallmark of religions that murder and burn those they describe as heretics. Which other sacred tradition views the atheism of Nastikas with such serenity? How can one insinuate bigotry and intolerance against such a plural and tolerant scriptural tradition except for the mundane purpose of aiding imperial subjugation, the norm for Islam and Christianity?\n\n\nIt is also a selective appeal.\n\n\nThere is no text on the planet which is more violent and discriminatory than The Bible. Prof. Norman Beck has documented more than 450 antisemitic verses in the Bible[19]. Other eminent scholars have shown that the Bible with its anti-Semitism is deplorable while without anti-Semitism it is unthinkable. Christians see it as a literal text revealed by God. Hence they persecuted the Jews and sent them to the gas chambers during the Holocaust. Jesus also calls for forcible conversions and the genocide of non-believers. These teachings legitimated the genocide of Native Americans in order to usurp their land. Abominable practices such as untouchability are first found in the Bible, which is also easily available in many languages and widely circulated.\n\n\nYet, the HAF has not called upon the pope or the leading pastors to reject sections of the Bible which are inhumane. This is strange because, in the foreword to the report, Prof. Ramdas Lamb first declares other religions inherited caste discrimination from Hinduism then hopes “that this report can inspire like-minded Hindus and non-Hindus to work together to bring justice and a sense of equality to all Indians irrespective of caste or religion.” It seems as though all religions should share the credit for removing discrimination but it is only Hindu texts that should be condemned. Ironically, a Hindu organization has made this call!\n\n\nHindu acharyas will not denounce any dharmashastra because, firstly, that is not a Hindu tradition, and especially so because they are knowledgeable of these texts and are aware that these lofty texts promoted social harmony. Hindus will denounce the HAF report, and by extension HAF’s ability and standing to represent Hindus.\n\n\nMark Twain wrote about the Bible:\n\n\n\nYet you don’t find Christians apologizing for it. It is a tragedy our déraciné westernized Hindus should feel so intimidated by the bullying tactics the Christians employ and falsely denounce their own sacred texts that promote harmony. Has the HAF been under compulsion from the anti-Hindu group Navyashastra to call for denouncing our scriptures? Can the HAF achieve anything virtuous by abandoning honesty and embracing cowardice?\n\n\nNo facts please, we are lamenting!\n\n\nHinduism teaches “Satyam vada” or “Speak the truth,” but the salient feature of the HAF report is its utter disregard for facts. In their zeal to lament, the HAF luminaries often present propaganda as fact. A UNICEF report, without providing any proof, declares that 250 million Indians are victims of caste discrimination. The HAF report reports it as fact. Even a fifth grader would be curious enough to ask on what basis the UNICEF has reached such a startling conclusion. The same child would be smart enough to notice that even though one in nine black men aged 25-35 languish in American prisons as victims of Christian apartheid the UNICEF does not talk about this discrimination. She would wonder whether UNICEF is indulging in propaganda. It seems our HAF luminaries are not as smart as a fifth grader. Perhaps they decided that a fantastic claim made by any Christian establishment is as good as fact.\n\n\nThe HAF-baked report alleges that caste is uniquely hierarchical, that it finds support only in a small subset of Hindu scriptures dealing with rituals, it is not intrinsic to Hinduism, and that many Hindu saints fought against this hierarchical system. The great Hindu sage Tiruvalluvar, a Harijan by birth, warned that the utterances of a fool ruin the assembly of the wise. The ignoramuses that wrote the HAF report have confirmed it. A vast majority of Hindu sacred texts accept caste. One can name the Vedas, Upanishads, dharmashastras, sutra texts, and the itihasas as examples. Even philosophical texts such as the Tirukkural, treatises on polity such as The Arthashastra, and grammatical treatises such as The Tolkappiyam insist upon the centrality of caste to Hinduism. The HAF may want to deny the caste system out of ignorance but they should not invoke our sacred texts and saints as false witnesses.\n\n\nCaste is, among other things, biological in nature as is evident from the fact that each jati possesses unique genetic haplotypes, wedding and funerary customs, and linguistic traits. This is primarily the reason for the diversity in Hinduism and stands testimony to the fact that Hinduism preserved and nurtured this diversity. There is only one way to eliminate caste which is by physically eliminating members of that caste. I hope that is not what the HAF is advocating even though their caricaturing of the Brahmins comes close to the Christian missionary-fed advocacy to physically eliminate Brahmins.\n\n\nWhat the HAF claims to be a progressive and articulate understanding of caste turns out to be an ignorant repetition of Christian missionary propaganda. The HAF has matched the levels of idiocy displayed by the anti-Hindu group Navyashastra which blames the practice of female feticide prevalent in some parts of India on the ancient Hindu funerary tradition of the son performing the final rites of the departed parents even though any scholarly text would have informed them that this evil is the result of the practices that came into existence under oppressive British rule in the 19th century.[20]\n\n\nThe HAF-baked report declares that in Hinduism Harijans are considered the most ritually polluting. This is a startling claim that cannot be supported by reference to any scripture. The lamenting authors of the report would be surprised to learn that the opposite is actually true. In Tamilnadu, the Paraiyah sub-sect of Valluvars believes that the sight of a “single Brahmin” is an ill omen.[21] Thurston recounts a practice among the Paraiyah community of Tamilnadu. The Paraiyah considers the Brahmin untouchable. So, if a Brahmin enters a Paraiyah settlement, once he leaves, Paraiyah ladies cleanse the place by sprinkling cow dung water on the place touched by the feet of Brahmin.[22] A government record indicates that in some places this Paraiyah hostility to Brahmins was quite aggressive. If ever a Brahmin entered a Paraiyah settlement, Paraiyah women followed him, ridiculed him, broke mud pots behind him and sang dirges till he left.[23] The Pallars, another Harijan Jati, would not allow Brahmins into their settlements.[24] In neighboring Karnataka, Harijan Holeyas threw footwear at the imprudent Brahmin who entered their settlements and drove him away.[25] In Karnataka, the middle castes of Okkaligas and Kurubas do not accept water or food from the Marka Brahmin, who is treated as an untouchable.[26]\n\n\nMaybe the luminaries of the HAF-baked report should declare that in Hinduism the Brahmins are considered the ritually most polluting, characterize the Brahmins as the victims of caste discrimination, and apologize to them!\n\n\nMahatma Gandhi, Narayana Guru, Subrahmanya Bharati, and many other Hindu leaders, many of them the so-called upper castes as well as Harijan spiritual leaders, were pioneers that relentlessly worked on removing caste inequities that arose among Hindus who had been conquered and colonized for a thousand years and sponsored legal safeguards to protect Harijans. As Arun Shourie shows, the Indian Constitution, which was mainly written by upper caste Hindus, ushered in numerous safeguards such as reservations to uplift Harijans. The Harijans were not an organized movement at that time. Yet, the authors of the Indian Constitution voluntarily extended reservations to the Harijans. Not only that, despite the fact that B R Ambedkar had collaborated with the British (but had been deserted by the British), and had harbored resentment towards Mahatma Gandhi, Hindu leaders did not show any resentment towards him. They made him the Chairman of the Committee drafting the constitution even though much of the constitution had already been drafted.[27] Strangely, the HAF report claims it was Ambedkar, not the Hindu leaders who introduced the safeguards even though reservation for the Harijans had existed in India since 1921 and Hindu kings had introduced reservation to uplift less fortunate sections of society even before that. Evidently facts are unnecessary in propaganda!\n\n\nThe authors of the HAF report assert that Ambedkar converted to Buddhism to escape caste discrimination. No doubt Harijans were discriminated against under the colonial rule but even the often resentful Ambedkar himself has a different story to tell. His last name originally was Ambavadekar. He had a Brahmin teacher at school who cared for him a lot and even fed him daily. His last name was Ambedkar, which the pupil would inherit.[28] There would be another Brahmin later on in his life. That would be his wife. In between these two Brahmins, another “upper caste” Hindu, the Maharaja of Kolhapur would give him the scholarship to go to Columbia University to study. An “upper caste” Parsi would accommodate Ambedkar in his room while he was at Columbia. Those genuine acts of solidarity and love come in the way of HAF’s portrayal of the Hindus as invariably oppressive, and had to be left out.\n\n\nThe report routinely demonizes Brahmins by implying that they used to oppress the Harijans as a political class even though one would be hard-pressed to find systematic evidence to support this claim. Could the HAF not find a better way to propitiate themselves to the US State department than by falsely demonizing an increasingly defenseless minority of people? The report also incorrectly states that reservation for Harijans and backward castes were introduced in 1950 and 1990 respectively – missing the mark by at least three decades!\n\n\nThe report surely seeks the approval of America’s extreme left wing for it caricatures the traditional, lasting Hindu arranged marriage with the quoted phrase “arranged by parents.” It seems any system of marriage that is at variance with the serial-dating, short-lived, exploitative western variety ought to be ridiculed. The complexity of cultural practices in finding partners and their eventual social outcomes seems to escape the attention of the report.\n\n\nHAF-degradation of the Harijans\n\n\nThe report propagates the Christian missionary canard that the proper noun Harijan is patronizing. The word, meaning children of Hari, arguably first occurs in the dohas or couplets of Kabir Das, a renowned medieval saint, who sings:\n\n\n“kam kahar aswar hai, sab ko mare dhaye\n\nkoi eka Harijan ubhare, jaka Ram sahaya”[29]\n\n[Children of Hari transcend the push and pull of lust by His grace]\n\n\nIn the celebrated Ramacharitamanas of Tulasidas, Lakshmana, during his encounter with Sage Parasurama, uses the word Harijan to mean devotees:\n\n\nsur mahisur harijan aru gayi hamare kul in par na surayin!”[30]\n\n[Our clan does not show its valor against devas, Brahmins, devotees and cows!]\n\n\nThe great saint Narasimha Mehta, a Brahmin himself, campaigned to end untouchability, and called the erstwhile untouchables Harijans. Gandhi popularized it.[31] Mahatma Gandhi persuaded the upper caste women who became his followers to marry Harijan men hoping, perhaps idealistically, that such well-intended initiatives would end discriminations and help Harijans progress.[32] It was the only Gandhian advice Ambedkar would heed. It is such noble thinking that is behind the coining of this word, aimed at elevating an entire people disadvantaged in a period of history in which their alleged upper caste oppressors were themselves powerless politically.\n\n\nOn the other hand, the word ‘Dalit’ literally means a ‘broken person,’ and was likely coined by evangelical Christian missionaries. A Christian publication confesses that the term is meant to install in the minds of the Harijans a perception of “weakness, poverty and humiliation at the hands of the upper castes in the Indian society.”[33] It was adopted as a self-referential term in 1972, during the convention of the ephemeral Dalit Panthers Party in Bombay. It was largely a Mahar party, whose manifesto inculcated hatred in the minds of the youth.[34] We would not call our own children “broken persons.” What right do we have to call the Harijans “broken persons?” White racists have invented many such derogatory terms as “nits” and “niggers” to refer to the Native Americans and blacks respectively and have no qualms in inventing one such term for the Harijans. What motivated the HAF to rationalize such a term? Are they unaware that the National Commission of Scheduled Castes declared the term Dalit unconstitutional?[35]\n\n\nA heartless advocacy\n\n\nThe HAF report reiterates its earlier support of the anti-Hindu Dravidianist party decision to only nominate members of other castes as temple priests in those Hindu temples where the Brahmins traditionally serve as priests.[36] This advocacy gives the impression that the job of a temple priest is sought after, monetarily rewarding, and powerful. Nothing can be further from the truth. Unlike Christian pastors or Islamic mullahs, Hindu priests do not control resources. Prof. Paul Younger, in his fine book Home of the Dancing Sivan, discusses the history and status of the dikshitar families who serve the Chidambaram Nataraja temple as hereditary priests. They have served the temple for nearly 2,000 years as evident from literary evidence. They never abandoned their service of Nataraja even when Muslims and the British occupied the temple. Younger documents the fact that dikshitars, like most temple archakas, live in abject poverty and lack any network support.\n\n\nThe report also gives a false impression that the Brahmins are the only priestly caste. The reality is quite the opposite. Since Hinduism is not a centralized religion, each temple embodies the local tradition. Often, these traditions are linked to the local jati. As a result, a vast majority of the Hindu temples are served by priests from non-brahmin jatis including the Harijan jatis. For example, some of the most famous Hindu temples such as Mata Vaishno Devi, Sabarimala, Melmaruvattur Adi Parasakti, the Pattadakallu Virupaksha, and the Palani Murugan temples are served by non-Brahmin priests. Likewise, other temples such as Tirupati Balaji are served by Brahmin priests.\n\n\nIt is not as if anyone from a given jati can become a temple priest. Only a few families are entitled to become priests. These families would have served the temple for many centuries and did not abandon their sacred duty even during the times of travail such as massacres by iconoclastic invaders. Serving the temple is a sacred right the descendents of these families have earned. What right does the HAF have to advocate that these archakas be denied even their precarious livelihood? Does the HAF advocate denying the Harijan and other non-brahmin priests too their right of priesthood? Since the HAF wants the government and external agencies to interfere with the nomination of priests in Hindu temples, may I ask why they have not demanded that Christian pastors and Muslim mullahs too be nominated by the government? Clearly, HAF assumes that Christianity and Islam ipso facto embody liberal democratic traditions unlike Hinduism, which obversely is imbued with an innately discriminatory historical culture. So, can we also demand that the HAF board members be constituted by an outside body with proportional representation from all Hindu castes?\n\n\nThe astikas are not offended by the fact that only a few families serve as priests in a temple. They understand the sacrifices made by these families. The demand for supplanting Brahmin priests has always originated from anti-Hindu groups and has been supported by the HAF, which lacks any understanding of rich and diverse Hindu temple traditions and attempts to homogenize Hindu temples along the lines of Christian churches.\n\n\nHindus can welcome anyone to learn a given temple’s tradition and become priests regardless of which caste they were born into. But such initiatives should be the prerogative of the local temples and not of the government’s. The intention should not be denying the already serving families their well-deserved right. The right of the existing priestly families should be guaranteed and additional priests from other jatis added under the guidance of Hindu spiritual leaders. Anyone that travels in India will notice a proliferation of Christian churches and a comparative scarcity of Hindu temples. There is a compelling need to have many more Hindu temples and to make them the bastions of learning as was the custom in ancient India. Temple priests can play the additional role of teachers imparting knowledge about rituals, traditions, inscriptions, and customs. That would be the honorable, beneficial, and progressive way of ushering in change.\n\n\nA dubious methodology\n\n\nAppendix H of the HAF-baked report is a good example how not to analyze or present any serious issue. This appendix compiles media reports at random and deals with examples of alleged crimes committed against individuals that happen to be Harijans. There is no attempt to verify if the reports are genuine. It gives the impression that the crimes were motivated by the fact that the victims were Harijans and that there is a reticence on the part of police to record crimes if the victims happen to be Harijans. It mentions that 33,615 incidents of crime against the Harijans were recorded in a single year. In addition, the report claims that child labor, bonded labor, prostitution, and manual scavenging are all crimes directed against the Harijans.\n\n\nEvery crime, regardless of the caste of the victim, is an unconscionable act. It should never be tolerated. Hindus should not cease endeavor until societies they live in become crime-free, and until the last crime directed at a Harijan is prevented since a subset of the crimes in which Harijans happen to be the victims are crimes directed at them because they are Harijans. But there are many serious problems with the approach the HAF has taken in its presentation of crime.\n\n\n  1. A well-known Hindu scholar who wishes to remain anonymous provided an analysis which I will summarize. He analyzed data for the years 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 from the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and data for the year 2008 from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). The conclusions are startlingly different from what the HAF arrived at even after allowing for variances between the reporting years.\n\n\nThe following table summarizes data from NHRC:[37]\n\n2004-2005 2006-2007\nTotal # of cases reported 74401 82233\nTotal # of cases disposed 24936 17341\n# of cases disposed relating to atrocities committed against SC/ST 593 330\n% of crimes committed against SC/ST (based on disposed cases) 2.01 1.90\n% of crimes committed against other castes (based on disposed cases) 97.99 98.10\n% of SC/ST population out of total population 22.50 22.50\nPer capita crime rate against SC/ST 0.09 0.08\nPer capita crime rate against other castes 1.26 1.27\n\n\nIn other words, based on data available from NHRC, in 2004-2005, 14 times more crimes was committed against a non-SC/ST individual than was committed against an SC/ST individual. In 2006-2007, 16 times more crimes were committed against a non-SC/ST individual than against an SC/ST person.\n\n\nThe following table summarizes data from NCRB:[38]\n\nTotal # of crimes committed 5,938,104\n# of crimes committed against SC/ST (according to the HAF report) 33,615\n% of crimes committed against SC/ST 0.57\n% of crimes committed against other 99.43\n% of SC/ST population out of total population 22.50\nPer capita crime rate against SC/ST 0.025\nPer capita crime rate against other castes 1.28\n\n\nIn other words, according to data available from NCRB, in 2008, 51 times more crimes were committed against a non-SC/ST individual than against an SC/ST person.\n\n\nHAF failed to do this very simple analysis, which would have revealed that significantly fewer per capita crimes are committed against the Harijans than are committed against the rest of the Hindu population. The failure to do this minimal due diligence on the part of the HAF is an unconscionable omission. As a result of this failure, the report inverts the truth and selectively reports data to falsely implicate the Hindus.\n\n\n  1. The report does not analyze how many crimes were committed against other castes. For example, more than 400,000 Kashmiri Brahmins have been ethnically cleansed and rendered refugees in their own country. Their property was stolen. This alone would constitute 400,000 incidents of crime against the Brahmins. Yet, the police have not recorded any of these crimes. Does this mean the Brahmins are the most oppressed caste in India?\n\n\n  1. The HAF failed to analyze the per capita rate of crime committed against each jati before concluding that most crimes are committed against the Harijans. It is irresponsible to conclude that a crime is the result of one’s caste when the cause is often economic greed, flawed agrarian policies, and a predatory economic model that favors western multinational corporations and result in the loss of livelihood of many jatis that followed traditional occupations.\n\n\n  1. The ex-telecom minister of India, Raja, is a Harijan by birth. His story is a testimony to the stupendous rise of Harijans in Indian polity. It is also the most egregious case of corruption were he illegally amassed USD 40 billion in the infamous 2G Spectum case. Subramanian Swamy a Brahmin has been trying to prosecute Raja but has not been able to get the police to record the case. This shows how corrupt and inefficient the Indian police system is. It is scurrilous to suggest that the police refuse to record a crime only if the victim is Harijan.\n\n\n  1. Most devadasis hailed from OBC jatis and not SC as the report falsely claims. For example, in Tamilnadu, the anti-Hindu politician Karunanidhi hails from the Isai Vellala caste. The great classical singer M S Subbulakshmi and the doyen of dancers Balasarasvathi also hailed from this caste. In the past, most devadasis also hailed from this caste. I consider prostitution as something that is exploitative and morally repugnant. The poorest women are forced into it today. But one need not analyze the devadasi system through a Victorian prism. In pre-modern times, devadasis were economically independent and were relatively wealthy. They would choose to live with a wealthy person just as a model in the west opts for a sugar daddy. This form of existence, however undesirable, is quite different from the plight of a prostitute who is exploited and impoverished.\n\n\n  1. The institution of bonded labor came into existence as a result of two Islamic and British systems: ryotwari and zamindari. The British would eventually displace Hindus as indentured or bonded laborers and settle them in the inhospitable terrains of Sri Lanka, Burma, the Caribbean, and South Africa. These Hindus came from all castes. The Brahmin V S Naipaul, a Nobel Prize winner, is a descendent of one such indentured laborer. The HAF has abandoned all objectivity in claiming that all bonded laborers are Harijans.\n\n\n  1. Child labor is exploitative. In Kashmir and Pakistan, children constitute a significant component of the labor force in the carpet industry. These are Muslims. In Sivakasi, where firecrackers are made, children of the OBC castes constituted the bulk of the workforce in the recent past. Child labor is the result of poverty and lack of education. It is not driven by caste identity alone.\n\n\n  1. Manual scavenging is terrible. Hindu customs, with their emphasis on hygiene, actually offered the best defense against such obnoxious practices. The advent of crowded and unhygienic cities under Islamic rule necessitated the need for manual scavenging. As Sri Aurobindo once said in the last century, scientific methods should have replaced manual scavenging.[39] But lack of political will has allowed this practice to linger on. In the past, as the HAF report correctly states, most scavengers were Harijans. In recent times, as Francois Gautier shows, in cities such as Delhi, many scavengers are Brahmins.[5] So, there is a very strong economic causality to this problem.\n\n\nEach of the practices listed and discussed above is terrible. But to argue that these are crimes directed at Harijans, as HAF falsely does, is superficial and obviates the need to understand and correct each of these practices in their own right. The HAF has abandoned scruples to falsely project every social problem as a crime against Harijans. Such political gimmicks make it difficult for well-meaning social reformers to identify, address and correct those instances of crime that are directed against Harijans solely because of their caste identity.\n\n\nConcluding words and recommendation\n\n\nAs I stated at the beginning of the report, I have always held the HAF in the highest regard. The members and volunteers of the HAF have served Hinduism well for many years. But they have let us down with this report. HAF collaborated with anti-Hindu groups such as Navyashastra to produce this report. It advances the Christian view point that while caste is a Hindu problem the solution should come from other religions as well. The report is full of factual errors as I have shown in the preceding sections. The report uses a flawed and dubious methodology to select and interpret data. The report distorts our scriptures to score political points. Hinduism treats every living being with dignity but the Islamic and Christian colonial rule of the last 1000 years has ushered in social inequities because of which crimes are committed against the Harijans. The report diminishes the real sufferings of Harijans by making fabricated claims. It attacks and indulges in hate-speech against other Hindus presumably to endear the HAF to the US Congress and its minions. The report is very anti-Hindu.\n\n\nHAF wants to present this report to the American public, who have every right to know the following:\n\n\n  • Caste is a noble institution that promoted diversity. It is simplistic, irresponsible, and propagandist to conclude that there are upper and lower castes in Hindu society. The reality is that many Harijan jatis such as the Meenas, Mauryas, and Bhils have been powerful ruling dynasties, whereas most Brahmins have been economically and politically weak. Traditional Hindu society was not driven by a centralized power structure with the priest at its helm. It was governed by a decentralized structure in which the power balance shifted from one jati to another depending on the locale.\n\n\n  • Hinduism, its saints, and its spiritual leaders do not support or condone caste inequities or untouchability. They have fought, and continue to fight, against inequities.\n\n\n  • Untouchability and caste inequities are first recorded in the 12th century CE when India had already been subjugated by Muslim conquerors and then Christians.\n\n\n  • Colonial rule made it very difficult for the Hindus to fight these inequities. Yet, wherever they could maintain a semblance of autonomy, Hindus fought against such social problems.\n\n\n  • In the last 150 years, when Hindus found partial autonomy, they introduced significant measures to ameliorate the plight of those who had suffered caste inequities under colonial rule. No other society has done more than the Hindus to help the oppressed within their ranks.\n\n\n  • This reality cannot be understood well by the American public unless contrasted with the fact that, as Martin Luther King, Jr. stated, America has done very little to uplift the victims of Christian apartheid in the USA.\n\n\n  • A significant number of Hindu scriptures were written by the forefathers of today’s Harijans. Hinduism is the religion of Harijans. Nobody can whitewash this fact and inculcate resentment in the minds of the Harijans with the objective of converting them to Christianity.\n\n\n  • Many Harijan jatis have had a glorious past before they lost their status and slided into untouchability under colonial rule. The Mauryas founded the most powerful empire of ancient India. Yet, today, Mauryas are a Harijan caste. The Valluvars are a Harijan caste but in the not so distant past, a part of South India was known as the Valluva Nadu (meaning the Valluva Country) and was ruled by Valluva kings. Each jati, including the Harijans, has the right to look up to role models within its own caste and to be proud of its lineage.\n\n\nStrangely, HAF refused to include these most crucial facts in its report. I do not know what compulsion forced them to take this stance. Whatever may be the reason, I hope this critique allows the HAF to rethink what they have done. I hope they will correct their report by working with many other Hindus and Hindu groups before making it public again. It will be honorable for them to transparently say that they will correct the mistakes and publish a revised report instead of secretly modifying aspects of it as and when they receive criticism.\n\n\nHAF should decide whether it wants to partner with Hindus or with their enemies. Their decision to partner with Navyashastra, which is a highly destructive anti-Hindu group, is inexplicable. Why did the HAF collaborate with Ramdas Lamb (he once confessed by email that he is afraid of opposing Wendy Doniger publicly because she is too powerful), who instigated the Hindu-haters on the anti-Hindu RISA list by alleging that only “upper caste” individuals are criticizing the report? HAF should be ashamed of associating with such individuals who play the caste card instead of responding to substantive critique. Likewise, HAF should not defend members that have made a serious judgment error. Ramesh Rao, its human rights coordinator, declared that the Ramayana is a racial narrative. Most donors of the HAF hold the text sacred. Ramesh Rao going rogue shocked the supporters of HAF.\n\n\nThere is a lesson for everyone here. Hindus should openly dissociate themselves from the report because it harms their fundamental interests. Our opponents can shut down any future lawsuit we may file to eliminate discrimination against Hinduism in textbooks by citing this report. Hindus should make it clear that the HAF does not represent their interests. Trust is something to be earned. HAF has lost with this report whatever trust it had earned over years. It has to work hard to earn it again. HAF should remember that they are answerable to Hindus and not to the Christian establishment of the US Congress. Hindus should also found other organizations that will represent their interests without fear. Such organizations will keep HAF honest.\n\n\nI started this report with sadness because I had to criticize an organization I have admired all along. I close this critique with the hope that HAF will make amends for their misadventure, and one day, once again, I can look up to them with admiration. If I may issue a fatwa like a mullah, I would say:\n\n\nBurn the report. Save HAF’s reputation!\n\n\nKalavai Venkat thanks four well known Hindu scholars who do not wish to be named for their editorial feedback and review comments. You may email your feedback to him at .\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[3] . See chapter 15 in the print version.\n\n\n[5] Tirujnanasambantar, Tevaram, “Alavai Patigam”\n\n[6] Appar, Tevaram, “4th Tirumurai”, “Namacchivayat Tiruppatigam”\n\n[7] Tirumantiram 1721\n\n[8] Purananuru 183:8 – 10.\n\n\n[10] Ibid 310.\n\n[11] Tolkappiyam Poruladhikaram 28.\n\n[12] Tirukkural 543.\n\n[13] Adapted from .\n\n[14] Srinivas, M.N.: Social Change in Modern India, p. 97. I have used the Varna name Kshatriya where Thakur or Rajput is claimed.\n\n[15] Ibid, p. 99.\n\n\n\n[18] The Silappadikaram 13:38 – 40. Adiyarkkunallar, the medieval commentator, says that even though music itself\n\noriginated from The Sama Veda, by the time of the epic in discussion, the orthodox society considered it a deviation on the path of the Brahmins if they turned away from Vaidika lifestyle; and hence the notion of such musician Brahmins having been inauspicious.\n\n[19] Beck, Norman A.: Removing anti-Jewish polemic from our Christian lectionaries, a proposal,\n\n\n[21] Hanumanthan, K.R.: Untouchability – A Historical Study Up To 1500 AD, With Special Reference to Tamilnadu, p. 89.\n\n[22] Thurston, E., Rangachari, K.: Castes and Tribes of South India, Volume 6, p. 88.\n\n[23] Iyer, K.R.V.: A Manual of the Pudukkottai State [1938], p. 189.\n\n[24] Gough, K.: Caste in Tanjore Villages [Ed. Leach, E.R.: Aspects of Caste in South India], p. 49.\n\n[25] Thurston, E., Rangachari, K.: Castes and Tribes of South India, Volume 2, p. 336. Also, Ambedkar, B.R.: Untouchables, p. 75 [Indian Antiquary 1073, II, p. 65]\n\n[26] Srinivas, M.N.: Social Change in Modern India, p. 7.\n\n\n[28] Keer, Dhananjay: Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission, p. 14.\n\n[29] This couplet of Kabir Das has been alluded to in secondary sources. The couplet is cited in several Web sites dedicated to the dohas of Kabir but no information on the primary source is available. It must be noted that many couplets of Kabir have not been compiled yet. It is very difficult to ascertain whether a couplet ascribed to Kabir was indeed sung by him.\n\n[30] Ramacharitamanas, Bala Khanda, Chaupai 273.\n\n[31] Gandhi, M.K.: Removal of Untouchability, p. 13.\n\n\n[33] Victor Premasagar in Interpretive Diary of a Bishop: Indian Experience in Translation and Interpretation of Some Biblical Passages (Chennai: Christian Literature Society, 2002), p. 108. (cf.\n\n[34] Joshi, B.: Untouchables! Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement, pp. 141-147.\n\n\n\n[37] and\n\n\n\n\n\nRead in PDF:\n\nDownload the PDF file .\n\n\n\nNo comments.\n\nLeave a Reply\n\nYou must be logged in to post a comment.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6164348125457764}
+{"content": "How to get in touch with the hospital?\n\nTo get in touch with the hospital, you can visit our website adeshhospital.com to get required information. You can also contact us at 0164-5055015 and 0164-5055000. In case of emergency, you can contact us through our emergency numbers (0164-5055100, 0164-5055055).You can even connect with us using our social media platforms-Facebook, Instagram and Whatsapp.\n\nHow can I get my medical records?\n\nYou can apply on a preset proforma, for your medical records. You will be given copies of your records, except in medico-legal cases.\n\nWhat is the opening timing for OPD’s?\n\nThe OPD timing is from 8 am to 4 pm (Monday to Saturday).\n\nCan I get a private accommodation in hospital during my treatment in hospital?\n\nYes of course. We have deluxe rooms and super deluxe rooms available here. You can be accommodated there during your treatment period.\n\nWhat are the modes of payment?\n\nPayment can be made in cash or using credit/debit cards. You can also directly transfer payment to us using internet banking.\n\nWill the hospital provide me a discharge summary and a copy of investigation report?\n\nYes, you shall be provided a detailed discharge report and a copy of investigation report.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7316542267799377}
+{"content": "Cost-effective to the biological form of DMARDs (bDMARDs)\n\nAssessment of the inexpensive biological form of DMARDs (bDMARDs)\nRecent updates to the DMARD guidelines when patients with rheumatoid arthritis achieve remission or low disease activity.\n\nCan a remission be achieved at all?\n\nA sensitive topic about which our rheumatics were allowed to gain their own experience\n\nThe payer’s perspective for Germany and conducted deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999872446060181}
+{"content": "Alternative ETFs’ Investment Strategy Guide\n\n\n\nCSM investment strategy\n\nA liquid alternative ETF, the ProShares Large Cap Core Plus ETF (CSM) tracks a long-short index of Credit Suisse 130/30 (CS13030). The index is designed to replicate an investment strategy that establishes either long or short positions in the stocks of some of the 500 largest US companies. This is based on market capitalization by applying a rules-based ranking and weighting methodology.\n\nThe index intends to provide a representation of a quantitatively constructed 130/30 US large-cap equity strategy. This result in the index that is having total long exposure of 130% and total short exposure of 30% at each monthly reconstitution date. Apple (AAPL), Microsoft (MSFT), and Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) are the major holdings of CSM, apart from index holdings of Credit Suisse.\n\nArticle continues below advertisement\n\nMNA investment strategy\n\nThe IQ Merger Arbitrage ETF (MNA) seeks to replicate the performance of the IQ Merger Arbitrage Index (IQMNAT). It widely uses the merger arbitrage strategy, a popular hedge fund strategy. The underlying index seeks to employ a systematic investment process designed to identify opportunities in companies whose equity securities trade in developed markets, including the US.\n\nThe underlying index seeks to capitalize on the spread between the current market price of the target company’s stock and the price received by the holder of that stock upon consummation of the buyout-related transaction. Also, the underlying index includes short exposure to the US and non-US equity markets. Healthcare stocks that represent almost 24% of MNA includes stocks such as Hospira (HSP), Cigna (CI), and Omnicare (OCR) in its top holdings.\n\nQAI investment strategy\n\nThe IQ Hedge Multi-Strategy Tracker ETF (QAI) has been successfully tracking the IQ Hedge Multi-Strategy Index (IQHGMS). QAI seeks to replicate the risk-adjusted return characteristics of a particular hedge fund strategy as represented by publicly available hedge fund performance data.\n\nThe Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF (BSV) and the Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF (BND) are the top holdings of QAI. The PowerShares Multi-Strategy Alternative Portfolio ETF (LALT), a similar alternative hedge fund, also uses the same investment strategy.\n\nWe will cover additional strategies in the coming parts of this series.\n\n\nMore From Market Realist", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.661277174949646}
+{"content": "How Do The Hoodies/Tees Fit?\n\nOur hoodies & tee's run true to size although if you plan to machine dry it's safe to go a size up.\n\nHow Long Does Shipping Take?\n\nShipping takes about 1-2 weeks. On rare occasion 3 weeks.\n\nYou will receive tracking info when your package is shipped out.\n\nHow Do I Contact Customer Service?\n\nPlease contact sales@nightvsday.com if you have any concerns about your order and for all other inquires please contact info@nightvsday.com , please allow 24 hours for a response", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9998390078544617}
+{"content": "MSV | Czech Republic\n\n05.10.2020 - 09.10.2020\n\nInternational Engineering Fair\n\n城市: Brno | Czech Republic\n\n\n\n25.11.2020 - 26.11.2020\n\nTechnological development and innovation is leading the way in the rapidly changing field of logisitcs and distribution. The future of the industry is being shaped by emerging technology which is enabling organisations to autonomate their supply chain; improve efficiency with AI, machine learning and data analytics; and reduce their costs with the implementation of Blockchain technology.\n\nTherefore, it’s vital that the community come together to share their challenges and successes. During the two day exhibition, visitors will have the opportunity to network with industry experts and learn from seminars/presentations covering key trends such as digital transformation in the supply chain and industry 4.0.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999629855155945}
+{"content": "\n\n\nOn appeal, the Fourth District Court of Appeals analyzed the text of the statute of repose.  That statute requires “an action” to be commenced within ten years, and it defines “action” as a “civil action or proceeding.”  The Homeowners argued that their pre-suit notice of claim commenced a multi-step “proceeding” – and thus an “action” – for purposes of the statute.  The appellate court agreed, finding that the construction defect statute establishes a continuum of mandatory steps that a claimant must take to recover for a construction defect, and that taking the first step, i.e. submitting pre-suit notice of claim, commences the action.\n\nThe court further noted that interpreting “action” in the statute of repose to include only a civil action or lawsuit would read the words “or proceeding” out of the statutory definition.  Similarly, it found that if the legislature had intended “proceeding” to mean only judicial proceedings, it could have added that word to the definition.  The Court thus found Contractor’s interpretation  to be at odds with the language used in the statute of repose.\n\nFinally, the court rejected the trial court’s conclusion that Homeowners should have invoked a stay provision in the construction defect statute to timely file their lawsuit.  The stay provision allows a claimant to commence a civil action before submitting pre-suit notice of the claim and then to stay the case while completing the pre-suit notice procedure.  The appellate court acknowledged that Homeowners could have done so, but found that their failure to do so had no bearing on the timeliness of the action.  Because the pre-suit notice of claim is a proceeding that commences the action, the Homeowner’s decision not to invoke the stay provision could not alter the conclusion that the action was timely commenced with the notice of claim.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8259799480438232}
+{"content": "SLC2A4 Antibody\n\nCode CSB-PA901671\nSize US$297\n  • Western blot analysis of extract from 293 and HT-29 cells using Glut4 Antibody\n\nProduct Details\n\nFull Product Name Rabbit anti-Homo sapiens (Human) SLC2A4 Polyclonal antibody\nUniprot No. P14672\nTarget Names SLC2A4\nAlternative Names insulin-responsive antibody; Glucose transporter GLUT 4 antibody; Glucose transporter type 4 antibody; Glucose transporter type 4 insulin responsive antibody; GLUT 4 antibody; GLUT-4 antibody; GLUT4 antibody; GTR4_HUMAN antibody; Insulin responsive glucose transporter type 4 antibody; kug antibody; SLC 2A4 antibody; SLC2A4 antibody; solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter) member 4 antibody; Solute carrier family 2 member 4 antibody; Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 antibody\nRaised in Rabbit\nSpecies Reactivity Human,Mouse,Rat\nImmunogen Peptide sequence around aa.501~ 505( E-Y-L-G-P) derived from Human Glut4.\nImmunogen Species Homo sapiens (Human)\nClonality Polyclonal\nPurification Method Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific peptide.\nTested Applications ELISA,WB\nRecommended Dilution\nApplication Recommended Dilution\nWB 1:500-1:1000\nProtocols ELISA Protocol\nWestern Blotting(WB) Protocol\nTroubleshooting and FAQs Antibody FAQs\n\nCustomer Reviews and Q&A\n\n Customer Reviews\n\nThere are currently no reviews for this product.\n\nSubmit a Review here\n\n\nTarget Data\n\nFunction Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter.\nGene References into Functions\n  1. Higher expression of GLUT-4 is associated with Oral Epithelial Dysplasia compared to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PMID: 30049187\n  2. Adipose tissue sirtuin 1 was related to insulin sensitivity. The relationship was still present after controlling for BMI, however, it disappeared after controlling for adipose tissue SLC2A4. Muscle sirtuin 1 was not related to insulin sensitivity. PMID: 29417372\n  3. Results showed that GLUT4 translocation is regulated by TBC1D15 affecting glucose uptake. PMID: 30316925\n  4. This review will summarize the effects of phytochemicals and their action on insulin signaling pathways accelerating GLUT4 translocation based on the current literature. PMID: 29382104\n  5. Cell-autonomous adiposity results from increased cell surface GLUT4 due to ankyrin-B deficiency in humans and mice. PMID: 29133412\n  6. The authors show that insulin-stimulated Glut4-mediated glucose uptake requires PDPK1 phosphorylation of the kinase domain but not mTORC2 phosphorylation of the hydrophobic domain. Nonetheless, an intact hydrophobic domain is required for Glut4-mediated glucose uptake. PMID: 28589878\n  7. rs5435 was not associated with T1D in the Euro-Brazilian population. PMID: 28973736\n  8. Three polymorphisms (rs2654185, rs5415, and rs5417) in SLC2A4 were positively correlated with hip circumference and the rs2654185 locus was also positively associated with thigh circumference. Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modifies associations between SCD, SLC2A4, and SREBF1 polymorphisms and anthropometric variables and metabolic phenotypes. PMID: 27467133\n  9. increased GLUT4 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients was significantly associated with a poor overall survival (OS, P = 0.035) and recurrence-free survival (RFS, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the ectopic overexpression of GLUT4 in cell lines with low endogenous GLUT4 expression resulted in a significant increase in migratory ability both in vitro and in vivo PMID: 28061796\n  10. our study has found that BMI, hypertension, myometrial invasion, pathological type, and Glut4 positive expression might be prognostic factors of EC [Endometrial cancer ] PMID: 26437953\n  11. Our work highlights the convenience and efficiency of this novel pH-sensitive fluorescent probe and reveals the new biological activity of staurosporine as an agonist for GLUT4 translocation and as an effective insulin additive analogue. PMID: 27769857\n  12. studies demonstrate that Elmo2 is a new regulator of insulin-dependent Glut4 membrane translocation through modulating Rac1 activity and Akt membrane compartmentalization. PMID: 27226625\n  13. This review focuses on recent advances on the role of these signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the regulation of CD36 and GLUT4. PMID: 27403883\n  15. A single bout of exercise elicited similar GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of PCOS and Controls. The absence of impairment in GLUT4 translocation suggests that PCOS patients with obesity and insulin resistance may benefit from exercise training. PMID: 26373822\n  16. SLC2A4 gene expression level was slightly lower within type 2 diabetic patients in both type of tissues. Furthermore, the negative correlation between SLC2A4 gene expression level in visceral adipose tissue and BMI has been noticed PMID: 26529385\n  17. GIV directly and constitutively binds the exocyst complex subunit Exo-70 and also associates with GLUT4-storage vesicles (GSVs) exclusively upon insulin stimulation. PMID: 26514725\n  18. Data suggest that down-regulation of GLUT4 expression in white/beige/brown adipocytes is associated with impaired glucose uptake/metabolism, impaired adipogenesis, and insulin resistance. [REVIEW] PMID: 25703677\n  19. Study of the molecular mechanisms of GLUT4 regulation in adipocytes. PMID: 24656589\n  20. These results indicate that T2DM patients may have a high level miR-199a that reduce GLUT4 expression and contribute to the insulin resistance. PMID: 25084986\n  21. Role of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor in Akt2-mediated plasma membrane translocation of GLUT4 in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle. PMID: 25025572\n  22. Therapeutic concentrations of cyclosporine and tacrolimus can inhibit glucose uptake independent of insulin signaling by removing GLUT4 from the cell surface via an increased rate of endocytosis. PMID: 25004245\n  23. shRNA-mediated down-regulation of GLUT4 diminishes glucose uptake and induces metabolic reprogramming by reallocating metabolic flux to oxidative phosphorylation. PMID: 24931902\n  24. findings suggest that the AA genotype and A allele of SLC2A4 promoter, rs5418 were associated with top-level endurance performance in the northern Han Chinese population. PMID: 24533495\n  25. Inhibition of PGC-1A suppresses cell proliferation probably by downregulation of VEGF and GLUT-4. PMID: 24402435\n  26. GLUT4 gene SNPrs5417 is associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in hypertensive population. PMID: 24410986\n  27. Crystal structure of Myo1c/14-3-3beta complex, which has been implicated in the exocytosis of glucose transporter 4 storage vesicles during insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. PMID: 24636949\n  28. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BCAR3 plays an important role in the signaling pathways of insulin leading to cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton reorganization, but not GLUT4 translocation. PMID: 24216110\n  29. it is clear that pharmacogenomics has great potential to select subjects more or less prone to regulate the SLC2A4 gene and consequently glycemic homeostasis. PMID: 23746177\n  30. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking differs between t-tubules and sarcolemma; contraction-induced GLUT4 trafficking does not differ between membrane surfaces.[review] PMID: 23072821\n  31. Data suggest that 11 weeks of daily moderate- or high-intensity aerobic exercise improves insulin resistance and up-regulates glucose transport and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle (but not in white adipose tissue) of young overweight men. PMID: 23800880\n  32. findings showed that adipose insulin-responsive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) gene expression changes were more related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes rather than to obesity PMID: 21604201\n  33. Data suggest that 17 beta-estradiol enhances the the glucose uptake, activates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane in an ERalpha-dependent manner. PMID: 23546602\n  34. Data from normally cycling young women suggest that expression of GLUT4 in endometrium is higher in follicular phase (as compared to luteal phase) and is localized to epithelial cells (as compared to stromal cells). PMID: 22971162\n  35. Insufficient GLUT4 translocation results in decreased glucose supply in patients with critical illness myopathy. PMID: 23239154\n  36. HbA1c is significantly higher in the most frequent GA haplotype compared with the second frequent AC haplotype (5.2% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.004). Genetic variations, rs5418 and rs2654185 in GLUT4 gene are associated with HbA1c level in Japanese men. PMID: 22673408\n  37. CLASP2 directs the delivery of GLUT4 to cell cortex landing zones important for insulin action PMID: 22992739\n  38. These data provide evidence for the existence of GLUT4 in the endocrine pancreas and indicate a physiological relevance of this glucose transporter as well as characteristic changes in diabetic disease. PMID: 22488520\n  39. data reveal that T(3) rapidly increases glucose uptake in L6-GLUT4myc cells, which, at least for 30 minutes, did not depend on an increment in GLUT4 at the cell surface yet potentiates insulin action. PMID: 22663547\n  40. The role of CaMKII in regulating GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle. PMID: 22496345\n  41. The introduction of beta(2)-adrenoceptors and GLUT4 into these cells caused increased glucose uptake in response to beta-adrenoceptor agonists. PMID: 21883150\n  42. GLUT4 translocation and expression is induced by (+)-Rutamarin PMID: 22384078\n  43. Both adipose tissues have lower GLUT4 levels in patients with coronary artery disease; these findings suggest a differential regulation of RBP4 production in epicardial adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue, possibly influenced by local factors. PMID: 21645024\n  44. Critical roles for novel GLUT family members highlight a therapeutic strategy entailing selective GLUT inhibition to specifically target aberrant glucose metabolism in cancer. PMID: 22452979\n  45. The present findings demonstrate that physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance in muscle is associated with lower content/activity of key proteins in glucose transport/phosphorylation and storage. PMID: 22403297\n  46. investigation of mechanisms involved in insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular sites to sarcolemma; studies involve glucose metabolism in transgenic mice expressing a GLUT4 fusion protein (HA-GLUT4-GFP) in skeletal muscle/heart PMID: 22297303\n  47. GLUT4 protein expression is reduced in muscle from type 2 diabetic patients with severe insulin resistance. PMID: 22114711\n  48. genetic association studies of GLUT4 in a population in India: An SNP in GLUT4 (rs5435, C/T) is associated with type 2 diabetes. ACGT haplotypes of rs5418 (A/G), rs5435 (C/T), rs5421 (C/G), and T/G variant in 3-UTR showed protection against diabetes. PMID: 21668369\n  49. insulin resistance is observed in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis but may not be correlated with the skeletal contents of GLUT4 protein and mRNA PMID: 21796809\n  50. critical roles of the N-glycan chain in quality control as well as intracellular trafficking of GLUT4. PMID: 21757715\n\nShow More\n\nHide All\n\nInvolvement in disease Diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM)\nSubcellular Location Cell membrane, Multi-pass membrane protein, Endomembrane system, Multi-pass membrane protein, Cytoplasm, perinuclear region\nProtein Families Major facilitator superfamily, Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family, Glucose transporter subfamily\nTissue Specificity Skeletal and cardiac muscles; brown and white fat.\nDatabase Links\n\nHGNC: 11009\n\nOMIM: 125853\n\nKEGG: hsa:6517\n\nSTRING: 9606.ENSP00000320935\n\nUniGene: Hs.380691\n\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9980687499046326}
+{"content": "The \"Mockingbird\" That Might Have Hatched -- But Didn't. A review of \"Go Set a Watchman\"\n\n\nUnless you have been living under a rock -- or in self-imposed isolation with Boo Radley -- you have probably watched the ballyhooed publication of Harper Lee's \"Go Set a Watchman\" last week.\n\nBarnes & Noble hasn't released the actual number it sold the day the book arrived on Tuesday, but the bookstore chain has announced that the novel now boasts its single day sales record. In other words, the father-daughter tag team of Scout and Atticus Finch thoroughly whipped even Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, and the books about that pair have sold upwards of 125 million copies around the globe.\n\nSpurring the excitement has been the reality that Harper Lee never published another book after \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" in 1960, and so an additional tale about Scout and Atticus felt like a miraculous little bonus. When we learned the weekend before \"Go Set a Watchman\" arrived that Atticus Finch might be a racist in this novel, we grew only more curious. Yes, some readers balked that a cherished cultural totem was being vilified -- Good heavens, people name their sons after the lawyer who stood up against racism and injustice in a small Alabama town in the heart of the Great Depression -- but for most of us, it only deepened our interest. This additional book (and note that I do not use the word \"new\") was set in the 1950s, two decades after \"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" and there were those who feared that the story was an undiscovered sequel and Atticus had lost his bearings and aged really badly.\n\nSo, let's set the record straight: \"Go Set a Watchman\" is not a sequel to \"To Kill a Mockingbird.\" It is an earlier version of what would become the book that so many millions of us read first in middle school and then reread as adults. I understand the criticisms some people have with \"Mockingbird\" (Thomas Mallon famously called it \"moral Ritalin.\"), but even when I was reading it aloud to my daughter when she was young, I was often sniffing back tears. I love that book and I respect that book.\n\nSo I was among the millions who dove into \"Go Set a Watchman\" on Tuesday night, the day the novel went on sale. Should you dive in now? My short answer is, \"Why not?\" It is an apprentice work, its principal problem being that nothing happens -- more on that in a moment. Read it as the early, rejected book that Harper Lee would retool completely into her Pulitzer Prize winner. Do not read it as a sequel or even as a book that would have been published, I imagine, if \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" did not exist.\n\nHarper Lee made four principal changes after \"Go Set a Watchman\" was rejected by editor Tay Hohoff, who suggested that she re-imagine it from Scout's perspective as a child. She seems to have taken Hohoff's advice: She moved the setting from the 1950s to the 1930s. She rewrote it in the first person, in the voice of Scout Finch, a woman in her mid-30s looking back on her childhood. She transformed Atticus Finch from the sort of man who asks his daughter in \"Watchman\" in all seriousness, \"Do you want Negroes by the carload in our schools and churches and theaters? Do you want them in our world?\" into a brave lawyer with a profoundly accurate moral compass. And she found the action necessary to propel a novel forward: the riveting, wrenching rape trial of African-American Tom Robinson, and his heroic defense by Atticus Finch.\n\nEnormous changes? You bet. But not unheard of in the evolution of many novels. I have made edits to drafts of my own work every bit as dramatic. Exhibit A? \"The Double Bind\" was originally a first person novel. Exhibit B? There was no courtroom drama in my earliest pages of \"Midwives.\"\n\nStill, there are entire passages that are almost identical in \"Mockingbird\" and \"Watchman.\" I noticed two, including the paragraph about why there are two spellings of Cunningham in Old Sarum (p. 44 in \"Watchman\" and p. 153 in my ancient copy of \"Mockingbird\" that once belonged to my mother). Keith Collins and Nikhil Sonnad share eight such paragraphs on the website\n\nIn \"Go Set a Watchman,\" 26-six-year old Jean Louise Finch returns to Maycomb, Alabama, from Manhattan to visit her ailing father, Atticus. Her brother, Jem, passed away a few years earlier. And there she witnesses her father in the courthouse with \"the county's most respectable men,\" listening to racist firebrands arguing how to battle back against the NAACP and keep \"snot-nosed\" African-Americans -- though they use a considerably less acceptable noun -- out of white schools. Atticus is not especially fond of these men, but he worries that \"the Negroes down here are still in their childhood as a people.\" And so Jean Louise is utterly devastated to learn that the father she revered as a girl, the man Atticus would become in \"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" is imperfect. Can she still love him? Will she?\n\nThat is essentially the novel.\n\nWhat else happens? There are a couple of flashbacks to Jean Louise's embarrassing adolescence. Her uncle, usually the voice of reason, slugs her in a moment that is presented more as comic relief (he is literally trying to knock some sense into her) than as the deeply disturbing violence against women that it is. And the Civil War is deemed a struggle for state's rights, not the fight to make men free -- passages that are especially disturbing this summer in light of the massacre of nine worshippers at a historic black church in South Carolina and the appalling way some people still defended flying the Confederate battle flag.\n\nIs this a more historically accurate and believable picture of an Alabama lawyer in the 1950s than the saintly Atticus Finch from the 1930s we all know and love? Perhaps. Is \"Go Set a Watchman\" a helpful primer to the politics of the South as the Civil Rights movement began to gain steam? Maybe. Those might be reasons as well to read the book.\n\nMoreover, some of the prose is lovely and I think the first line is destined to be a classic: \"Since Atlanta, she had looked out the dining-car window with a delight almost physical.\"\n\nMy sense, however, is that a decade from now we will look back at \"Go Set a Watchman\" as a footnote, and it will be read solely to see how a great novelist revised a great novel.\n\n(This column appeared originally in the \"Burlington Free Press\" on July 19, 2015. Chris Bohjalian is the author of 18 books, including his most recent novel, \"Close Your Eyes, Hold Hands.\")", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5727251768112183}
+{"content": "Featured Post\n\nSaints and Feasts of October 22\n\nThursday, March 16, 2017\n\nA Greek Orthodox View of Ecumenism (1 of 2)\n\nA Greek Orthodox View of Ecumenism (Part One)\n\nBy Rev. John S. Romanides\n\n(Orthodox Observer, November 1964)\n\nAn Orthodox Christian may approach the Ecumenical Movement by seeing its roots in the formation of Israel in history. God has created for Himself a people with the mission of uniting humanity in the true worship and service of God. The Orthodox believe that Christians are the New Israel, the New Zion and the New Jerusalem. There is Israel according to the flesh and Israel according to the spirit, and in the eyes of God they are but one nation. The patriarchs, prophets and saints of the Old Testament, and the apostles and saints of the New Testament are ever present living witnesses in the worship and piety of Orthodox Christians, who believe themselves to be by virtue of baptism members of this universal Israelitic nation of God.\n\nAt the time of the appearance of Christianity there was in existence the universalism of the Roman Empire which was already well on its way to assimilating the cultural forces of Greek civilization. Out of the fusion of the Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian cultures the roots of western civilization were planted. During the first three centuries of Church history Christians considered themselves as members of a separate spiritual nation, a society apart, yet a society within the Roman Empire. The separateness of the Christians was religiously similar to the separateness of the Jews, except that the Christians were, ethnically, completely one with the pagans. Both Christianity and the Hellenized Roman Empire had claims to universality. At first they clashed in mortal combat, but finally they made peace with each other and in the persons of the Roman Emperors the Christian nation and the citizens of Rome became one identical reality, if not completely in practice, at least in theory. The Ecumenical Christian Church and the Ecumenical Roman Empire became theoretically coterminous.\n\nThe German invasions in the West and the Islamic onslaught in the East almost put an end to this period of what we may call Christian Greco-Roman religio-political Ecumenism, the attempt to unite a multiplicity of peoples religiously, socially and politically into one Christian nation. However, the religio-political ideology of a Universal Roman Orthodox Christian civilization did not disappear so easily. Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Germans in the West continued to consider themselves Romans; and with the establishment of political unity under the Franks it was normal to think that the conversion of the Franks and the Arian Germans to Orthodoxy was also a conversion of Roman Imperial Universalism, and so emerged the peculiar medieval phenomenon of the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nations. It must be remembered that in its infancy this new Roman Empire of the West and the old Roman Empire of the East were theoretically one Empire.\n\nThe force of this Roman Ecumenism can be seen not only in the fact that the last remnants of the Empire in the West disappeared only in 1806, but also in the fact that Orthodox Christians in the Balkans, Turkey, and the Middle East, whose forefathers were before the seventh, eleventh, and fifteenth centuries citizens of Rome, today still call themselves Romans and are called Rum (Romans) by the Moslems. It was only thirty years before the birth of Luther that the last member of the direct line of the Roman Emperors fell defending the walls of New Rome, popularly known as Constantinople, or the city of Constantine. One of the official titles of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the presiding bishop of one hundred fifty or two hundred million Orthodox Christians throughout the world, is Patriarch and Archbishop of New Rome. Somewhat like the Franks in the West, the Russians early developed the theory that Moscow is the Third Rome, Old Rome being the First, and New Rome or Constantinople being the Second.\n\nIn the course of history this ideological combination of Christian and Roman Universalism proved unrealistic and unworkable. The Empire not only remained geographically limited to its Augustan confines and to the advances made toward the East by the German Roman Empire, while Christianity became territorially more universal, but it finally broke up and gradually disappeared. In the process, however, Christianity itself experienced divisions which are still with us. The Egyptians and Armenians combined their political aspirations to independence with theological separatism, and a separation took place between them and the Churches of the Empire in the fifth century, and the Christians of Ethiopia and India became indirectly involved. After the Germanic invasions the Churches of Spain and Gaul developed their own approach to the Arian Christianity of the Germans, based on the theology of St. Augustine, and evolved a theological provincialism which did not take the theology of the rest of Christendom seriously and which still marks the theologies of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. In seeking aid against the Lombards the Papacy ended up becoming a vassal kingdom of the Frankish Empire. The same Pope who took the side of Charlemagne took the side of the Greek monks of Jerusalem in protesting the Hispano-Frankish addition of the Filioque to the Creed, but Charlemagne and his bishops simply condemned as heretics all those who would not accept it. During this same period the Papacy also sided with the Greeks in upholding the use and theological interpretation of icons, but on this question, too, Charlemagne and his bishops opposed both the Papacy and the Seventh Ecumenical Council. A half century later the Greeks again protested against the use of the Filioque in the Creed by the German missionaries in Bulgaria, and again the Papacy in the person of Pope John VIII sided with the Greeks. It was only at the beginning of the eleventh century that the Filioque was introduced by the force of German pressure into the Creed of Rome, and the Popes who first allowed the addition were omitted from the diptychs of the Church of Constantinople and no Pope since has ever been included. Nevertheless, although the eleventh-century division between Old Rome and New Rome was real, it did not become permanent until the Crusades imposed a Latin clergy upon the Orthodox peoples of the Middle East, and especially since the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade and the imposition of a Latin Patriarch in that city. The East Roman Empire was so weakened by this occupation that it later became an easy prey to Ottoman advances, and thus Europe lost its centuries-old buffer state against Islam, which was thus free to advance deep into Europe.\n\nA second important consequence of the dominance of Roman provincialism in the theology and practice of Latin Christendom, from the Orthodox viewpoint, is that it also forced the Papacy to fight for the freedom of the Churches from imperial domination within circumstances quite different from its former relation with the East Roman Empire. In this struggle the Latin Churches developed a doctrine of the Church and Church-State relations which confused the pre-Constantinian union of Christians based on dogma and sacraments with administrative and organizational union similar to the political and secular institutions of the medieval West. Gradually the Papacy's relation to the Latin hierarchy became theoretically similar to that of the emperor or king to his vassal lords. Actually the Papacy claimed for itself the same control over the bishoprics which the feudal heads of State had in reality. The local Churches of Latin Christendom saw in the Papacy their strongest principle and symbol of ecclesiastical freedom from State control. There is no doubt that the Papacy and centralization of Church administration was ideologically a necessity and one cannot but admire the principle of ecclesiastical freedom involved in the struggle. However, the dogmatic principle of the papal control of episcopal appointments was in many cases circumvented by a system of concordats whereby in return for certain privileges the various governments were given the right to appoint bishops.\n\n\nThank you!\n\nPlease Visit Our Sponsors", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6274762153625488}
+{"content": "Best Lucerne hotels near Museggmauer\n\nWhere to stay in Lucerne?\n\nOur map will help you find the perfect place to stay close to Museggmauer by showing you the exact location of each hotel.\n\nFAQs when booking a hotel in Museggmauer\n\nWhat are the best hotels near Museggmauer?\nHow much does a hotel near Museggmauer cost?\nHow much is a hotel close to Museggmauer for tonight?\nHow much is a hotel near Museggmauer for this weekend?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5249854326248169}
+{"content": "Economic value of life\n\n　　Life is commonly called “priceless”, but American economists are counting a life account to quantify the value of health.\n\n　　The New England Tufts Medical Center claims that various data show that Americans believe that the life of a year is worth between $100,000 and $300,000. In the United States, the cost of technology for maintaining health is becoming more and more expensive, and spending on health protection has become an increasingly heavy burden for many companies, taxpayers, and patients. Thus, the above-mentioned thing that the author called the “value of life index” appeared.\n\n　　To be able to ultimately assess the value of a treatment, economists have come up with a way to calculate the “cost” of various diseases. Different treatments are designed to improve people’s lives to varying degrees. A healthy life year is more for the patient and society than for a year in which illness, depression or wheelchairs are spent. value.\n\n　　Let’s see how economists calculate. First, it’s a simple measure: a fully healthy one with a score of 1 and a death score of 0, and a year of suffering from a very sick, prolonged bed, or highly depressed, unruly self-care score will be below 0 because many people prefer “Reimbursement” is not willing to live a crime. So how do you measure the severity of a disease? It can be seen from the patient’s evasive characteristics of treatment risk. Economists have done an interesting test. They tell patients with different diseases that if they take some kind of surgery, they may cure their disease, but once the surgery fails, they will die. From the evasive characteristics of different patients’ treatment risks, the severity of different diseases can be seen. For example, patients with severe diabetes (including blindness) are willing to take the risk of treatment with a cure rate of only 42%. In contrast, those with insomnia are more likely to coexist with the disease than patients with stroke or diabetes, rather than receiving high-risk treatment. In other words, the more patients are willing to take risks, the more serious their illness will be.\n\n　　Simply put, if there is no death, no aging, no diseases that are embarrassing and uncomfortable, it is difficult to understand the economic value of life. And when we need hospitalization, diagnosis, treatment, intensive care, and even dying, we know that valuable capital is already passing away and even ready to be emptied. So, should we do something more effective and forward-looking “investment” to run the most important “business” in this life?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9971428513526917}
+{"content": "Northwest Arctic Borough Parcel Maps (Alaska)\n\n\nNorthwest Arctic Borough Assessors play a role in property tax assessment by determining the value of taxable property in their county or local area. As part of this job, Assessors in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska maintain detailed neighborhood maps that contain a range of information. These Northwest Arctic Borough parcel maps include property lines, parcel numbers, street numbers, boundary locations, and lot dimensions. They may also show public land, unclaimed parcels, roads, and geographical features, as well as flood zones and zoning boundaries. Northwest Arctic Borough parcel maps may also include information on current property owners, property assessments, and property tax payments, including any tax liens or foreclosures. These Northwest Arctic Borough maps can be valuable resources for property owners and prospective buyers, and they may be available on the Assessor Office website.\n\nNorthwest Arctic Borough Assessment Office Kotzebue AK 163 Lagoon Street 99752 907-442-2500\n\nNorthwest Arctic Borough Clerks maintain and preserve public records for a county or local government, including vital documents and property records. These property records often include parcel maps, which provide information about public and private property, geographical features, and zoning boundaries, including flood zones, building zones, and regulatory restriction areas. Northwest Arctic Borough parcel maps also provide information on all the parcels in the area, including current owners, appraisal values, property tax assessments, unclaimed parcels, and parcel numbers, as well as property lines and boundary markers. They may also include information on tax liens and foreclosures in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska. These parcel maps may be available online at the Clerk Office website.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9979941248893738}
+{"content": "Sin título 1\n\n-Enclosures: It was the process by which the new English landowners turned the open-fields shared by a community into private properties which were fenced. -Spinning Jenny: It was a spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. -Power loom: Patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, -Self-acting spinning mule: It was a machine used in factories introduced by Richard Roberts in 1830 which allowed one single person to spin several threads of yarn at the same time. -Steamboat: Created by Robert Fulton in 1807, it was an invention based on applying the steam engine to boats and contributed to the revolution in transport during the Industrial Revolution. These boats firstly used paddle wheels and it wasn’t until they invented the iron hull and propeller that they started using steam. This invention led to improvements in countries’ ports and to the creation of new canals, such as the Suez canal (1859-1869). -Railway: It was developed when the locomotive was invented and contributed to the revolution in transport during the Industrial Revolution. The first railways were developed in Great Britain and used to transport goods between mines and ports on short-distance, level tracks. This new form of transport was not fully incorporated until George Stephenson designed the Rocket (1829), first used in England and then exported to continental Europe and the US, where rail networks started to spread.  -Luddites: They were 19th-century English textile workers -Trade Unions: They were the first workers’ associations that aimed to improve labour conditions by: -Chartism: It was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1808 to 1857. It took its name from the People’s Charter of 1808 and was a national protest movement. Its leader was John Frost, who demanded secret ballots, universal male suffrage, yearly elections for Parliament and wages for MPs. Their protests contributed to the passing of the Ten Hour Act and the Mining Act. -Socialism: It was the economic, social and political ideology that was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in “The Communist Manifesto” of 1848. Its objective was to end private property, seen as the cause of the inequalities between the owners of the means of production (bourgeoisie) and the people who lacked property and exchanged work for miserable wages (proletariat). A revolution directed by the socialist party would destroy the class system and would implement common ownership.  -Anarchism: It was the economic, social and political ideology developed by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin in the second half of the 19th century. It advocates a self-governed society based on voluntary institutions. Bakunin proposed a spontaneous revolution led by peasants and the proletariat, that would abolish the State and substitute it by egalitarian communities, with equal production and consumption. -The First International: It was also known as the International Workingmen’s Association (IWA). It was founded in 1864 in London to fight against capitalism on an international level. It integrated several trade unions from different countries, socialists and anarchies. However, it would be dissolved in 1876 due to internal disputes between Marxists and anarchists. Thirteen colonies: They were the first English settlements in America since the 17th century (starting with Virginia). By the 18th century they were part of the British Empire, but they got independent after the American War of Independence (1775-1783). They were the first states of the current US. -American War of Independence (1775-1783): Soon after the Boston Tea Party, the colonists formed an army against Great Britain under the command of George Washington. During the war, the colonies met in the Continental Congress, in Philadelphia and passed the Declaration of Independence on the 4th of July 1776. In the end, the colonies defeated the British in the city of Yorktown, Virginia (1781), with the support of France and Spain, and their independence was recognised through the Peace of Paris (1783).-French economic crisis of late 18th century: It had two main causes: poor harvests and wars in the 18th century. This made the French economy to be on the verge of a bankrupt. Because of this, King Louis XVI needed a way to obtain money, so he decided to summon the Estates General in order to reach an agreement with the Three States on levying more taxes. -Estates-General: It was an assembly that had been created in the medieval period in France and had not met since 1614, made up of the representatives of the three estates, or classes. It was the only institution with the power to approve new taxes. Louis XVI summoned them on 5 May 1789 in Versailles.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9694552421569824}
+{"content": "President Muhammadu Buhari has on Thursday said he was committed to the free and fair governorship election in Edo State, warning political parties, candidates, agents, and security officials against \"do-or-die\" politics. This was disclosed in a message to voters, electoral officials, and political parties titled \"Edo election: President Buhari urges parties, candidates, security agents to behave responsibly.\" issued by Garba Shehu, the President's Senior Special Assistant on Media and Publicity in Abuja.\n\"I am passionately committed to free and fair elections, but my own commitment is not enough if other actors at ground zero refuse to abide by the rules.\n\n\"I want to see democratic standards in the country raised higher at every level, but these cannot be achieved when politicians resort to do-or-die methods to gain power by any means or machination.\n\n\"The do-or-die mentality to politics is a threat to free and fair elections because the actors are more focused on winning than caring about a fair outcome that reflects the will of the people.”\n\nHe urged security personnel to \"remain neutral to ensure free and fair elections and avoid any action(s) capable of compromising the integrity of the elections.\"\n\n\"Conducting free and fair elections is one of my main concerns for our democracy, and I want this commitment to be one of the legacies I will leave behind when I depart office,\" the statement also read.\n\nSimilarly, Special Adviser on Media and Publicity, Femi Adesina, said the president while receiving President Roch Kabore of Burkina Faso promised to support smooth elections in West African countries.\n\n\n\"We will always support those who have elections ahead, so that things can go smoothly,\" Buhari said.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9948074221611023}
+{"content": "Canada PM Warned for Second Wave of Pandemic and Increased Government Spending\n\nCanadian Prime Minister (PM) Justin Trudeau said on Wednesday, September 23, 2020, warned his people to follow public health guidelines and various measures since the country witnessed a second wave of the coronavirus pandemic. An Abacus Data poll showed that Canadians are now more worried about COVID-19 than what had happened after the virus outbreak hit the country in April.\n\nBesides this, the Trudeau government announced to increase spending measures, which set to fight adverse impacts on the country’s economy as well as recover more than a million jobs. Analysts explained that the policy for increasing spending was a risky move since it might further escalate the existing fiscal deficits of the country. However, the government made no specific spending commitments or fiscal projections and some sources reported that the final details of the budget update would be disclosed later this year.\n\nAccording to the government data until Wednesday, Canada recorded a total COVID-19 infection of 147,753 cases with a death toll of 9,243 people. Meanwhile, the Canadian dollar extended its decline after the PM speech, touching 1.3384 to the United States (US) Dollar or 74.72 US cents.\n\nSecond Wave of Pandemic in Canada\n\nWith the rapid surge of the COVID-19 cases in Canada over recent weeks, Trudeau said in his national address that the country “is at a crossroads” as a second wave hit its four large provinces. He added, “We’re on the brink of a fall that could be much worse than the spring,” as the data showed that the country witnessed a rise of an average of 1,123 new cases reported daily over the past week, compared with a daily average of 380 cases in mid-August.\n\nStating that the government would do all necessary measures to fight the pandemic, Trudeau added, “We have the power to get this second wave under control. I know we can do it because we’ve already done it once before.” Earlier, the government made the commitments in the so-called Speech from the Throne, which laid out its agenda and promised to recover more than a million jobs lost during the crisis. “This is not the time for austerity,” the government said in the speech, “Canada entered this crisis in the best fiscal position of its peers.”\n\nCanada’s Fiscal Deficits\n\nIn his address, Trudeau sought plans to increase the government spending to fight the pandemic and stressed that Ottawa could afford the promised spending. As analysts suggested that the move could lead to soaring budget deficits and the increase in spending measures would mean Canada’s budget deficit this fiscal year is expected to hit C$343.2 billion ($256.5 billion), the largest since World War Two.\n\nIan Lee, associate professor of management at Ottawa’s Carleton University said Trudeau’s speech was a “very high-risk bet” adding, “he’s gambling this massive increase in expenditures is going to generate very substantial growth.”\n\nMeanwhile, the left-leaning New Democratic Party indicated to support Trudeau’s proposal but mentioned that the proposals did not offer enough support to Canadians. However, the Conservatives, the largest opposition group, confirmed expectations they would not back the government.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9771461486816406}
+{"content": "The Civil War Connections Blog\n\nThe Stakes Are Raised\n\nHowdy folks, and welcome back to the good ol’ blog! Today’s tidbit about me is: I got an iphone for Christmas, and now I can barely remember what it was like having a phone that didn’t have an internet connection or dozens of handy, useful applications. Growing up, I mostly played outside and watched tv – now I have a communication device on my person that can do a ridiculously large number of things, including order pizza, check movie show times, browse the news, take pictures, play music, manage a calendar, search for restaurants, and calculate a good tip. It’s a bit jarring to think about, really.\n\nFrom theonion.com\n\nHmmm my iphone doesn’t have a tiny pair of scissors… I bet there’s an app for that.\n\n\n150 years ago today, President Lincoln issued a decree that helped incorporate the issue of slavery into the Union’s war goals. He proclaimed that starting today every Confederate had 60 days to surrender to government forces, or else their slaves would be freed. In addition, all slaves who sought refuge with Union military forces would be deemed captives of war and given their freedom. This was the first official step towards freeing the slaves in the Civil War, and it would serve as a precursor to the emancipation proclamation.\n\nFrom Fallout 3\n\nDon’t worry, Pip-boy! Your suffering is almost at an end!\n\n\nThe thing is, this was more than just a stand against slavery: it was an escalation of the war. Several days before this proclamation, General Pope had brazenly declared that any Confederates who did not swear an oath of loyalty to the Union would be evicted from their homes and forced over into Confederate territory. Anyone who tried to return would be shot as a spy. In addition, Pope claimed that the local civilian population would be held accountable for any damage to railroad or telegraph lines. The Confederates were horrified by these measures, especially since Pope also encouraged his soldiers to “live off the land” – or rather, take any supplies they wanted from the local population. Preceding Union commanders like General McClellan had fought the same way the Confederates had – by leaving local civilians alone. Pope’s actions shifted the bounds of acceptable behavior, and allowed the civilian population to be targeted by regular army troops.\n\nThank you for fighting with honor. When you eventually got around to fighting.\n\n\nNow, don’t get me wrong – there was some targeting of civilians on both sides, but said targeting was usually done my partisans or guerillas and mostly took place in the wilder, less settled western theatre along the frontier. Along the eastern seaboard the population was much more settled and thought of itself as being more “civilized,” so targeting civilians caused greater outrage and was seen as barbaric: especially since regular army troops were involved! Despite these outrages, the targeting of civilian populations had now been established as a possible war strategy in the Civil War and many generals, like General Jackson, were quick to accept and incorporate this strategy into their plans.\n\nAs soon as he heard what Pope was up to, Jackson presented a counter-plan based heavily on invading the north.\n\n\nPope’s heavy handed approach towards the civilian population would have far reaching consequences, particularly when it came to “living off the land.” When Confederate armies invaded the north later in the war, they frequently allowed their soldiers to forage for food, clothes and equipment in the same manner that Pope had allowed. When General Sherman began his march to the sea after taking Atlanta in 1864, his men not only lived off the land but destroyed every bit of logistical infrastructure they came across. While Sherman’s march is famously seen as controversial, his actions grew step by step out of the policies of General Pope in July of 1862.\n\nFrom Civil War Generals II: Grant, Lee, and Sherman\n\n“That fire was totally there when we arrived. I swear.” – General Sherman, paraphrased.\n\n\nWell that’s all for today, folks! Tune in next time for some more Civil War coverage, and don’t forget to REFRAIN from using your cell phones when interacting with other people in person!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5596804618835449}
+{"content": "Quick Answer: What Is The Best Example Of Nonverbal Communication?\n\nWhat is an example of verbal communication?\n\n\nAn example of verbal communication is saying “No” when someone asks you to do something you don’t want to do..\n\nWhat is non verbal communication and its types?\n\nNon-verbal communication occurs without using any oral or written word. … Common types of nonverbal communication are; eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture and body orientation, body language, touch, para-linguistic, silence.\n\nWhat is the function of nonverbal communication?\n\nA primary function of nonverbal communication is to convey meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal communication. Nonverbal communication is also used to influence others and regulate conversational flow.\n\nWhat are the advantages of non verbal communication?\n\nAttractive presentation: Non-verbal communication is based on visual, picture, graph, sign etc. that can be seen very much attractive. Reducing wastage of time: The message of non-verbal communication reached the receiver very fast. For this reason it reduces the wastage of valuable time of the communicator.\n\nWhat kind of communication is body language?\n\n\nWhat are the 7 types of nonverbal communication?\n\n7 Aspects of Nonverbal CommunicationFacial Expressions. Without a doubt, the most common—and telling—nonverbal means of communication is through facial expressions. … Body Movements. Body movements, or kinesics, include common practices like hand gestures or nodding. … Posture. … Eye Contact. … Paralanguage. … Proxemics. … Physiological Changes.\n\nWhy is non verbal communication important with examples?\n\nUsing Non-Verbal Communication. Non-verbal communication helps people to: Reinforce or modify what is said in words. … Your facial expression, your tone of voice, and your body language can often tell people exactly how you feel, even if you have hardly said a word.\n\nWhat are the 8 different types of nonverbal communication?\n\nTo summarize, nonverbal communication can be categorized into eight types: space, time, physical characteristics, body movements, touch, paralanguage, artifacts, and environment.\n\nWhat is difference between verbal and nonverbal communication?\n\nVerbal communication involves the use of words or speech or auditory language to express emotions or thoughts or exchange information. Non-verbal communication involves the use of visual or non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, eye or body movements, gestures, and many more without speaking.\n\nWhat is the most powerful form of nonverbal communication?\n\nKinesics is the study of body movements. The aspects of kinesics are face, eye contact, gesture, posture, body movements. Face: The face and eyes are the most expressive means of body communication.It can facilitate or hamper feedback. Eye contact: It is the most powerful form of non-verbal communication.\n\nWhat is positive nonverbal communication?\n\nPositive Body Language – Introduction. Body language is defined as the non-verbal communication between two individuals or a group of individuals through physical behaviors such as limb movements, facial expressions, eye movements, other bodily gestures and postures.\n\nWhat are the key elements of nonverbal communication?\n\nThere are three main elements of nonverbal communication:Body Language. Body language is the most obvious form of nonverbal communication, and it can convey much about ourselves and our level of interest. … Eye Contact. … Tone of Voice.\n\nWhat are some examples of nonverbal communication?\n\n\nWhat are 5 examples of verbal communication?\n\n\nWhat is example of verbal?\n\nVerbal Example: Ben likes to ski. (To ski is the infinitive. It functions as a noun in the sentence, acting as a direct object.) Verbal Example: My biggest goal is to finish a marathon.\n\nWhat are 4 examples of verbal communication?\n\n\nWhat are 3 examples of verbal communication?\n\n\nWhat are 3 examples of negative communication?\n\n\nHow do you show non verbal communication?\n\nTo improve your nonverbal skills, you must first identify the areas where you are lacking.Maintain Eye Contact. Establish eye contact when speaking to others. … Use Your Facial Expressions. Your facial expressions convey your emotions. … Be Considerate of Personal Space. … Mind Your Posture.\n\nWhat are the 10 types of nonverbal communication?\n\n\nWhat are the six major categories of nonverbal communication?\n\nNonverbal communication types include facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistics such as loudness or tone of voice, body language, proxemics or personal space, eye gaze, haptics (touch), appearance, and artifacts.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000003576278687}
+{"content": "The Difference Between Trend and Fashion\n\nFashion has a very wide definition, but it basically means the use of fashion to make a style statement or to complement one’s appearance. The word ‘fashion’ itself has a different meaning to many people. For example, most people think that it simply means clothes that are fashionable enough to be bought.\n\nIn general cultural usage, ‘fashion’ can be used as an adjective that means ‘in fashion’. As an adjective, ‘in fashion’ can be used to describe a new look or a trend that has been in the news for quite some time. In this context, it means that the trend is current and has not changed over the years. A person wearing a piece of clothing in the ‘in fashion’ category can be referred to as fashionable or trendy.\n\nIn addition to the general cultural usage of the term ‘fashion’, the term ‘fashion statement’ is also used by many people. In the context of fashion, a fashion statement is not always a fashion item. It may be a unique way of dressing in order to fit in with a new social group, or it may be a way of expressing an individual’s uniqueness. In some cases, the expression of an individual’s uniqueness may have no bearing on their ability to be fashionable or stylish. Nevertheless, in other cases, the statement may be the basis of a fashion statement that can actually be worn. For instance, a celebrity may wear a bold, colorful dress, while still being able to walk into a restaurant and not be noticed by the waiter. However, if the same celebrity were to walk into a restaurant in a more conventional or traditional dress, then the waiter would not recognize the celebrity, because the dress was not part of the person’s overall look.\n\nThe term ‘fashion statement’ is often used in the context of ‘celebrities’ because celebrities are very well-known for displaying their personalities and their fashion statements. Fashion statements are not necessarily unique or even exclusive, for every celebrity; the wardrobe of any celebrity can display a variety of trends. The celebrity’s status as a fashion statement depends on how well they know their own fashion taste and style, which are reflected in the choice of clothes they choose to wear.\n\nIn a broader context, ‘fashion’ refers to ‘the use of fashion to express one’s personality’. In this context, a person’s style and taste can be considered to be ‘fashionable’. This term, however, does not mean that a person’s style and taste are exclusive, as there are many celebrities who have a very eclectic style and taste. It simply refers to the fact that a person’s style and taste are considered to be suitable for one or more occasions and situations.\n\nMost people tend to confuse the concept of ‘fashion’ with the concept of ‘trend’. Although both concepts are related, they are different. A trend refers to a change in style over time, whereas fashion is a particular style or look, such as a dress or shoe. A trend can actually be viewed as a general trend in which a certain style or pattern appears repeatedly, such as the “rainbow movement”. Fashion is also a way of expressing one’s personal style, such as when you wear a dress to the office.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9037472605705261}
+{"content": "Tyler Cameron and Hannah Brown are just casual friends, not starting a new romance after being spotted together\n\n\n\nTyler Cameron and Hannah Brown surprised Bachelorette fans when they were spotted together this week in Los Angeles.\n\nWhile the two never confirmed that they were together, a photo of the two together surfaced online. The photo was taken by either a paparazzi or a fan who recognized them together.\n\nTyler’s friend was also with them.\n\nFor some reason, Tyler and Hannah decided to keep their meet-up under wraps. They didn’t share anything about their meeting on social media, which made fans wonder what was going on with them.\n\nNow, a source has spoken out about the meeting saying that there’s nothing more going on.\n\nWhy were Tyler Cameron and Hannah Brown together in Los Angeles this week?\n\nTyler and Hannah were allegedly together just as friends catching up.\n\n“Hannah lives in California full-time now. Tyler has been traveling a lot and working on his YouTube channel and other projects,” a source told Us Weekly. “He was in New Mexico first and now he’s in L.A. So, he met up with Hannah while in town.”\n\n  • Is The Bachelor star Peter Weber responding to Tyler and Hannah’s Tik Tok video?\n\nAfter Tyler’s best friend Matt James left for Pennsylvania to film his season of The Bachelor, Tyler decided to travel for a bit. He’s been spotted in New Mexico and found himself in Los Angeles this week.\n\n“They’re really good friends and are always in touch. So it just seemed like the natural thing to do. They hadn’t seen each other face-to-face in a while, so it was nice to catch up and kick back,” the source continued.\n\nIn other words, they are not meeting up to rekindle their romance.\n\nTyler Cameron and Hannah Brown have denied a romantic relationship\n\nThe two sparked rumors when they decided to stay in quarantine together. Hannah stayed at Tyler’s house in Florida for over a month.\n\nShe was only supposed to stay for a weekend to be there for Tyler after he suddenly lost his mother to a brain aneurysm. Around that same time, Hannah’s brother also suffered an overdose, but fortunately recovered.\n\nThey relied on each other but never confirmed whether anything happened between them. Fans were disappointed but continued to hope that they would get back together.\n\nBack in late August, Tyler spoke out about Hannah, revealing that he “blacked out” when he first saw her. He also said that he is convinced that they would be together now if they had gotten engaged.\n\nBut in that same interview, Tyler admitted that losing his mom changed him and he wasn’t in the same mindset. Hannah continues to be a great friend to him.\n\n\n\nSource: Read Full Article", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6151477098464966}
+{"content": "Quick Answer: Which Is Fastest Growing Religion In The World?\n\nWhat’s the most peaceful religion?\n\n\nWhat religion is banned in Russia?\n\nActivities of the Jehovah’s Witnesses are currently banned in Russia. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 there has been a revival and spread of Siberian shamanism (often mixed with Orthodox elements), and the emergence of Hindu and new religious movements throughout Russia.\n\nIn which country Hinduism is fastest growing religion?\n\nHinduism is a growing religion in countries such as Ghana, Russia, and the United States. According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become the fastest-growing religion in Australia since 2006 due to migration from India and Fiji. Hinduism is the fastest-growing religion in Ireland, predominantly a Christian country.\n\nWhat religion is in Russia?\n\nRussian OrthodoxyToday Russian Orthodoxy is the country’s largest religious denomination, representing more than half of all adherents. Organized religion was repressed by Soviet authorities for most of the 20th century, and the nonreligious still constitute more than one-fourth of the population.\n\nWhat is the most peaceful country?\n\n\nWhich is the largest religion in the world?\n\nAdherents in 2020ReligionAdherentsPercentageChristianity2.4 billion31.1%Islam1.9 billion24.9%Hinduism1.2 billion15.6%Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist1.2 billion15.2%18 more rows\n\nWhat is the richest religion?\n\n\nWhy did Islam spread so quickly?\n\n\nWho is No 1 religion of world in population?\n\n\nIs Christianity growing in India?\n\n\nHow old is the youngest billionaire?\n\n23 years oldThe youngest billionaire currently in existence is just 23 years old, while the tenth-youngest is only 34 years old….Numbers as of March 24, 2020.Gustav Magnar Witzoe. … Jonathan Kwok. … John Collison. … Evan Spiegel. … Patrick Collison. … Bobby Murphy. … Lukas Walton.More items…•\n\nWhat percentage of the world is not religious?\n\n16%According to Pew Research Center’s 2012 global study of 230 countries and territories, 16% of the world’s population is not affiliated with a religion, while 84% are affiliated.\n\nWhy is Christianity growing in Africa?\n\nAccording to David Barrett, most of the 552,000 congregations in 11,500 denominations throughout Africa in 1995 are completely unknown in the West. Much of the recent Christian growth in Africa is now due to African evangelism and high birth rates, rather than European missionaries.\n\nWhich is the true religion in the world?\n\n\nHow rich is the Queen?\n\nBritain’s Queen Elizabeth II — who ascended to the throne 68 years ago as of February 6 and turned 94 on Tuesday — isn’t as rich as you might think. Elizabeth II has a net worth of $442.92 million (£340 million), derived from a grant from taxpayers and two additional income sources, The Sunday Times estimated in 2016.\n\nWhat is the most non violent religion?\n\nNon-violence (ahimsa) The principle of ahimsa (non-violence or non-injury) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism. It holds that one must abandon all violent activity and that without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless.\n\nWhich religion is fastest growing in India?\n\n\nWhich is the fastest growing religion in Russia?\n\nAccording to the 2012 official census, Hinduism is practised by 140,000 people, or 0.1% of the total population.\n\nIs Christianity growing or shrinking?\n\n\nWhat is the oldest religion?\n\n\nWhich religion came first in the world?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9987387657165527}
+{"content": "Were you cognizant that an arrest or conviction in Johnson County, Texas may be eligible to be expunged from their record. Expungement is a legal process where a criminal conviction is removed from your permanent record. By doing this, you are permitted to legally tell employers that you have not been convicted of a crime.\n\nExpunging Your Record in Johnson County\n\nExpunging your criminal history usually involves you collecting all original case documents and then filing your application with the appropriate court in Johnson County, Texas\n\n\nJohnson County Lawyers Can Assist You Expunge Your Record Quickly\n\nExpunging a criminal record has long term effects, so you should seek guidance from an experienced expungement lawyer in Johnson County to make sure its done right. Mistakes can be costly both in terms of the extra money you will have to spend, and in regards to your decreased potential to be employed in certain jobs. Take the time and talk to an expungement lawyer in Johnson County today to guarantee you get the clean record you deserve.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8448329567909241}
+{"content": "Date of Award\n\n\nDocument Type\n\n\nDegree Name\n\nDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)\n\n\nCommunication Sciences and Disorders\n\nFirst Advisor\n\nPaul R. Hoffman\n\n\nStuttering and nonstuttering children's articulatory timing abilities as measured by duration differences were compared as rate, stress and phonetic complexity were varied and both internal and external timing sources were used. Use of external timing sources resulted in within normal limit performance by the stutterers as compared to their nonstuttering peers. Significant average intrasubject variability occurred on phonetic complexity tasks involving a variable linguistic sentence and its reiterative counterpart and on a syllable expansion through clustering task. Use of internal timing sources resulted in within normal limit performance by the stutterers on both rate tasks but on only one of two stress tasks. Significant relative timing differences between the two groups were revealed on one reiterative sentence task and on one formulation of rate task. Significant average intrasubject variability between the two groups occurred on rate tasks using both external and internal timing sources. Results support the theory that stutterers are less skilled motorically when producing more complex utterances and exhibit disturbances in prosody. Future analyses of utterances involving extensive hierarchical changes in rate, stress and phonetic complexity are needed to reveal subtle differences between the timing abilities of stutterers and their nonstuttering peers. Stimuli should be taken from normal conversational speech in order to provide natural samples of emotional and linguistic interaction during fluent and disfluent speech production.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9076506495475769}
+{"content": "What Is Ctrl M?\n\nWhat is Ctrl W?\n\n\nWhat is the opposite of control Z?\n\nThe opposite shortcut key of Ctrl+Z is Ctrl+Y (redo). On Apple computers, the shortcut to undo is the Command key+Z keys.\n\nIs Alt f4 bad for your computer?\n\n\nWhat is Ctrl G?\n\nAlternatively referred to as Control G and C-g, Ctrl+G is a shortcut key most often used to go to a line or page. … Ctrl+G in Excel and other spreadsheet programs. Ctrl+G in most text editors and IDEs. Related keyboard shortcuts.\n\nWhat is Ctrl F?\n\n\nWhat is f4 in Excel?\n\n\nWhat does Ctrl K do?\n\nControl-K is a common computer command. It is generated by pressing the K key while holding down the Ctrl key on most computer keyboards. In web development environments that use the control key to control the active program, control-K is often used to add, edit, or modify a hyperlink to a Web page.\n\nWhat does Ctrl Alt Z do?\n\n\nWhat is Ctrl P?\n\nAlternatively referred to as Control P and C-p, Ctrl+P is a shortcut key most often used to print a document or page. … Ctrl+P in Word and other word processors. Ctrl+P in the edit command window.\n\nWhat does Ctrl Y do in Illustrator?\n\nIn some programs like Adobe Illustrator, Ctrl + Y is used for a completely different action than reversing an edit. For Adobe Illustrator, pressing Ctrl + Y would change the view of your art space into a black and white screen showing you only the outline.\n\nWhy is Alt f4 not working?\n\n\nWhat is the full form of Ctrl M?\n\nCTRL + M = Indent a paragraph from the left. CTRL + N = Open new Word document. CTRL + O = Open an existing Word document. CTRL + P = Print Word document. CTRL + Q = Remove paragraph formatting.\n\nWhat is Ctrl D?\n\nCtrl+D in Excel and Google Sheets In Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets, pressing Ctrl+D fills the cell beneath with the contents of the selected cell in a column. To fill more than one cell, select the source cell and press Ctrl+Shift+Down to select all cells.\n\nWhat is the function of CTRL A to Z?\n\n\nWhat does Ctrl R do?\n\nCtrl+R in Word and other word processors In Microsoft Word and other word processor programs, pressing Ctrl+R aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.\n\nWhat CTRL is delete?\n\nControl-Alt-Delete (often abbreviated to Ctrl+Alt+Del, also known as the “three-finger salute” or “Security Keys”) is a computer keyboard command on IBM PC compatible computers, invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl + Alt + Delete .\n\nWhat does Ctrl d do in Windows?\n\nCtrl+D in Microsoft PowerPoint In Microsoft PowerPoint, the Ctrl+D shortcut key inserts a duplicate of the selected slide. Select the desired slide in the thumbnail pane on the left side of the PowerPoint program window, then press the Ctrl+D shortcut key.\n\nWhat does f7 do?\n\n\nWhat does Ctrl H?\n\nUpdated: 10/07/2019 by Computer Hope. Alternatively referred to as Control H and C-h, Ctrl+H is a shortcut key that varies depending on the program being used. For example, in most text programs, Ctrl+H is used to find and replace text in a file. In an Internet browser, Ctrl+H may open the history.\n\nWhere is end button?\n\nThe End key is a key found on a computer keyboard that moves the cursor to the end of the line, document, page, cell, or screen. Where is the End key on the keyboard?\n\nWhat is Alt f4?\n\n\nWhat does Ctrl B do?\n\nCtrl+B. Alternatively referred to as Control B and C-b, Ctrl+B is a shortcut key most often used to bold and un-bold text. On Apple computers, the shortcut to bold is the Command key+B or Command key+Shift+B keys. … Ctrl+B in Excel and other spreadsheet programs.\n\nWhat does Ctrl Y do?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9665830135345459}
+{"content": "Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Study of Brine–Oil–Rock Interactions\n\nJacquelin Elizabeth Cobos Mora, Peter Westh, Erik Gydesen Søgaard\n\nPublikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftTidsskriftartikelForskningpeer review\n\n\nIsothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a technique that allows us to accurately determine the thermodynamic parameters that characterize a binding interaction between two molecular systems. However, this technique has not had a wide application in petroleum science. This study is an attempt to determine the adhesion of different fluids onto a rock surface through ITC experiments. Two artificial brines with different ionic composition were titrated into chalk powder, and then crude oil was added to those systems in order to mimic the processes that take place in an oil reservoir. In addition, the wettability alteration process associated with smart water flooding was investigated from a thermodynamic point of view. The results from the ITC experiments suggest that the interaction between smart water and chalk + brine + oil systems is both exothermic and endothermic. The exothermic heat response indicates chemisorption of sulfate (SO42–) onto the mineral lattice, whereas the endothermic response proved the substitution of carboxylate complexes from the chalk surface by magnesium (Mg2+). The ITC results also show that the performance of diluted seawater seems to be higher than smart water with increased sulfate concentration. This is due to dynamic processes like brine dilution resulting in an increased osmotic pressure.\nTidsskriftEnergy & Fuels\nUdgave nummer7\nSider (fra-til)7338-7346\nAntal sider9\nStatusUdgivet - 2018\n\nCiter dette", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.933582067489624}
+{"content": "Quick Answer: Is 220 And 240 Volts The Same?\n\nIs 220 and 240 the same?\n\n\n\nor Canada, but the circuit is actually 240 volts..\n\nCan I plug 220v into 240v?\n\nGenerally, any 220v appliance is safe to use at 240v. There will be a fractional increase in performance of electric motors for instance, as 240 volts falls into the 60 Hz range -screw a generator’s speed from 220 volts out put to 240 volts, measure the frequency and you have gained 10 Hz.\n\nWill a 240v dryer work on 220v?\n\nMost electric dryers are rated at 240 volt. The nominal voltage is 240 volt, but homes may have 208V, 220V, or 240V power supply. Any appliance that is rated for 240 volts can also be used on a 220V or 208V outlet.\n\nCan a 220v appliance run on 230v?\n\n\nHow much does it cost to install a 240 volt outlet?\n\nGenerally, adding a 240V outlet means installing a new 240V circuit on the main electrical panel, at a cost of $300-$800.\n\nCan a 240v dryer run on 120v?\n\nYou can do it, but it would require changing the pigtail(the 3 prong wire in the back) from a standard 240v to a 120v, and there would be no guarantee that your appliance would operate properly. It would probably run—-like a car missing half its cylinders. What I don’t know is whether or not it would damage the dryer.\n\nWhat wattage is 220 240v?\n\nWatts and amps conversions at 12V (DC)PowerCurrentVoltage220 watts18.333 amps12 volts230 watts19.167 amps12 volts240 watts20 amps12 volts250 watts20.833 amps12 volts27 more rows\n\nWhat does 240 volt plug look like?\n\nCompared to standard 120-volt receptacles, 240-volt outlets are larger, with rounded tops, and three or four holes depending on the age of the outlet. Older three-prong outlets have a hole like a backward “L” on top and two diagonal holes on the sides.\n\nHow many watts is 220 volts?\n\nA 220 volt AC power line supplies current and the resulting power is according to the formula P = current x volts. So if you connect a motor that uses 10 amps you are consuming 220 x 10 = 2200 watts.\n\nHow many watts is a 240 volt?\n\nThe 240 Volts can be equal to 240 watts if you have a connected electrical load like an incandescent lamp that draws 1 ampere of current.. It can also be equal to 2400 watts if you turned your electric stove that draws 10 amperes of current..\n\nWhat wire is used for 220?\n\nIf you’re wiring a 220v, 20-amp outlet to run power tools, you can use the same 12-gauge wire you would use for a 110-volt, 20-amp circuit. Remember that the cable must have an extra hot wire. If the appliance draws 30 amps, you need a different type of receptacle, and the cable needs to be 10-gauge.\n\nWhat happens if I plug 120v into 240v?\n\n\nHow many wires do you need for 220?\n\nChoosing Cable for a 20-Amp, 220-Volt Outlet You need 12-gauge cable for a 20-amp circuit no matter whether the circuit is 110 or 220 volts. You won’t be using a neutral wire, so the cable should have only two hot wires, which are red and black, and a bare ground wire.\n\nHow many amps is 220 volts?\n\n20 amps220 volts 20 amps This is a 220v 20 amp outlet as shown in the how to 220-volt outlet video likely to be used this for larger power tools in your garage or shop or perhaps a wall air conditioner.\n\nCan you install a 220 volt outlet?\n\nA big misconception is that you can only install one 220 volt device/outlet per circuit/breaker. Although you’ll better off for each 220 device/outlet having it on it’s own breaker. … You’ll need to use #8 wire for the whole circuit including a 40 amp breaker. Now just the wire alone is going to cost you.\n\nCan 240 volts kill you?\n\n\nDo you need 220 for an electric dryer?\n\nDryers typically are on their own circuit breaker. The size of the circuit breaker will also help you determine the voltage of the dryer. Dryers run on 110 volts or 220 volts, depending on the appliance size. … Standard-size electric dryers, however, need 220 volts of electricity to get your clothing dry.\n\nCan you convert 220v dryer to 110?\n\nIt’s probably not possible to convert to 110V, although you’d have to find a user manual or contact the manufacturer to confirm. And even if you could, it would probably draw more power than a standard residential 110V outlet could supply. The only way to do this is to run a 220V outlet for the dryer.\n\nWhat type of breaker do I need for 220?\n\nMost of the circuit breakers in a typical residential panel control 110-volt circuits, but every panel usually also has at least one 220-volt breaker. This type of breaker consists of two stacked 110-volt breakers and because of this, it’s often known as a double-pole or two-gang breaker.\n\nCan I use 220 240v in USA?\n\nIn most of the world, household outlet voltage is 220 volts. In the United States and neighboring countries, however, household outlets run at 110 or 120 volts. … Connecting a 220 volt appliance to a 110 volt outlet can damage or destroy the appliance.\n\nDo I need a permit to install a 240v outlet?\n\nSo no requirement to pull a permit to replace a light switch or outlet or a light fixture. You do need one for adding any circuits or new receptacles. Generally adding a single circuit in most jurisdictions should be pretty inexpensive (but YMMV).", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5355499386787415}
+{"content": "Does The Light Stay On Echo Dot?\n\nHow do I turn off the light on my echo dot?\n\nHow to turn off yellow ring notifications on EchoOpen the Alexa app on your phone.Open the menu and tap Settings.Select Notifications then Amazon Shopping.Here you can control what Alexa is going to tell you and you can toggle off “out for delivery” or “delivered” notifications..\n\nWhy is Alexa glowing yellow?\n\n\nIs it safe to leave Alexa on all night?\n\n1-5 of 5 Answers Nope. They are intended to stay plugged in and always on. They don’t use hardly any electricity when not actively in use, so I wouldn’t worry about it too much. I personally leave an echo plus and 2 dots plugged in at all times.\n\nHow do I turn off Alexa yellow light?\n\nHow to stop your Alexa speaker from flashing yellow using the Alexa appOpen the Alexa app on your iPhone or Android.Tap the three lines in the top-left corner.Tap “Settings.”Tap “Device Settings.”Tap your device and then tap “Communications.”Tap the toggle next to “Communications” so it turns gray.\n\nHow do I set Alexa to turn on my lights?\n\nHow do you turn Alexa lights on?Tap on Devices at the bottom right.Now tap on the + icon at the top right.Tap ‘Add Device’Select the type of device you are setting up (Light, Plug or Switch)Choose the brand from the list.Follow the instructions on screen.\n\nDoes Echo dot turn off automatically?\n\nOn the Amazon Echo, the device itself doesn’t shut off completely, but any music or other audio will automatically stop playing. Setting a sleep timer is insanely easy: all you have to say is “Alexa, set a sleep timer for 30 minutes” (or however long you want it to last).\n\nDo you leave echo dot plugged in all the time?\n\nYes, the Echo Dot does not have a battery, so it must be plugged in to AC power in order to operate.\n\nHow do I turn off Alexa light at night?\n\nTo remove the green light, simply turn on the “do not disturb” mode to keep the Echo from waking you up for any alerts. You can actually choose which Echo you can manage by simply going in the phone settings and tapping the “do not disturb” option. This can also be scheduled so you don’t have to do this every night.\n\nHow long does Alexa night light stay on?\n\n-Extended Light duration to 10 minutes. -Removed account linking. -Shortened the command sentences to “on” and “off”. -The nightlight will now stay on for 3 minutes.\n\nWhy is Alexa beeping twice?\n\nThe beeping means it has low battery. And if it skips while music is playing it might mean that your phone or blue-tooth device is too far from the speaker. Make sure your blue tooth device and the speaker both have full battery.\n\nWhy is Alexa glowing green?\n\nSomething to share… Now that Alexa lets you send messages and make calls, Amazon has introduced two new colors for notifications: green and yellow. A pulsing green light indicates an incoming call. A spinning green light means you’re currently on a call or an active Drop In.\n\nWhy does the light stay on my echo?\n\nThe volume on your device is adjusting. If the light is spinning, it means Alexa Guard is turned on and in Away mode.\n\nShould I unplug my echo dot at night?\n\nYour Echo will automatically go to sleep when not in use. It is a personal preference whether to shut it off – you can simply unplug it if you wish to do that. … Otherwise, it will just go into a sleep mode when not in use. If it is in your bedroom and used as an alarm, I’d just leave it on.\n\nWhy does Alexa randomly shut off?\n\nWhen a stream stops, it could be a random stop of the stream to force it to restart. This is largely due to having to pay royalties for music that they play. But if it’s stopping suddenly and after just a few minutes, then that’s not normal. … If it doesn’t, then it’s clear that the streaming radio app is doing it.\n\nCan you leave Alexa playing music all day?\n\nIf you are playing an artist or playlist, it will play until it exhausts the material you have with Amazon. However, if you have Amazon unlimited, some playlists are virtually unlimited. However, after you start it playing, you can say, “Alexa, play for x hours” and it will stop after that period of time.\n\nHow do I turn off Alexa lights?\n\nTo remove other light notifications, like the green one, you can turn on “do not disturb mode.” This is good at night if you don’t want your Echo waking you up with alerts. To do this, open the Alexa app on your phone, choose Settings, select Device settings, then pick the Echo you’re trying to manage.\n\nWhy does Alexa have a green light?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8234769701957703}
+{"content": "Connect with us\n\n\nMeaning of Macedonian Issue in Geopolitical Game between Churches\n\n\n\nOn June 11, Archbishop Ieronymos of Athens and All Greece will celebrate Patriarch Bartholomew’s name day in Istanbul. Right after this, the Hierarchs’ Council of the Church of Greece can be convened to discuss the recognition of the Autocephalous Church in Ukraine, which was established by the Ecumenical Patriarchate earlier this year.\n\nThe new Church was created in collaboration with former Ukrainian president Poroshenko and the existence of the canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate headed by Metropolitan Onufriy was ignored. That led to disrupted ties between Constantinople and Moscow and pushed the Orthodox world to a possible historic schism. None of the Local Churches has decided to recognize the new Church yet. Now the Patriarch is exerting pressure on the Archbishop of Athens to convince him to recognize the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine, which currently witnesses a fierce conflict between its Primate Metropolitan Epiphanius and Honorary Patriarch of Kyiv Filaret both struggling for power.\n\nFor saving his political project in Ukraine, Patriarch Bartholomew is ready to sacrifice the reputation of the Church of Greece and its relations with other Local Churches. If Athens decide to obey, the next step will be to make the Church of Greece recognize the FYROM Church schism.\n\nAccording to available information on negotiations between uncanonical Skopje hierarchs and Constantinople, Patriarch Bartholomew is forced by external political groups to eventually recognize the uncanonical FYROM hierarchy. First of all, this goal is pursued by those who want FYROM to join NATO. But what is the benefit for the Greek people and Greece?\n\nThe recognition of uncanonical organizations in Ukraine and FYROM are important for NATO’s expansion and the growth of American influence in Europe. However, a division between Greeks and Orthodox Ukrainians and Russians is not what they’d want. The recognition of the uncanonical FYROM Church is a great blow for Greek interests and can pave a way for a schism with the Church of Serbia. The first step for the recognition is holding divine services in the so-called “Macedonian dialect”. Archbishop Ieronymos understands it well.\n\nWhen Archbishop Ieronymos seeks compromise in the relations between the Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate, some say that unlike his predecessor he lacks firmness. But here is a document that shows – the Archbishop is unwavering while dealing with the issues important for the Church and Nation.\n\nArchbishop Ieronymos’ letter No. 1308 dated March 28, 2018 and addressed to Patriarch Bartholomew was written to comment on the plea of the “Macedonian-speaking” communities of Northern Greece to His All-Holiness so that they were allowed to hold divine services in the so-called “Macedonian language”. On behalf of the Holy Synod the Archbishop expresses his concern and objection against the request being fulfilled. Ieronymos calls a spade a spade: the “Macedonian language” is a “new Slavic Bulgarian-Serbian dialect – a false construction designed to serve dubious political ambitions and goals”. He warns the Ecumenical Patriarch of the consequences of an “inconsiderate decision” on this issue and suggests that it should be jointly studied.\n\nThe letter is said to have been sent with an article by Director of Personal Secretariat of Archbishop of Athens and all Greece, theologian Ioannis Tsouras (Ιωάννης Τσούρας, Διευθυντής Ιδιαιτέρου Γραφείου Αρχιεπισκόπου Αθηνών και πάσης Ελλάδος), which was earlier published on the Internet. Tsouras accurately and conclusively dispels a myth about “Macedonians” and their language and demonstrates the harmful effects of the Prespa agreement for the Greeks.\n\nThe Orthodox world can only hope that there are enough Greek hierarchs as rational and brave as Archbishop Ieronymos to prevent the Church of Greece from getting involved in dangerous political games.\n\nContinue Reading\n\n\nHow modernity and globalization influenced the message and expansion of Islam\n\nAmna Shaukat\n\n\n\nIslam – societal and cultural changes\n\n In order to understand how cultural and societal changes influence any religion, we must first know the definition of religion. Religion is a relation with God which human beings regard as sacred, divine,  spiritual, holy and worthy of  respect. It consists of the ways to deal with different concerns of human life. Religious influences are rooted  in all aspects of human life. Religions evolve  and change with time. Religions consist of  ideas, values, practices and stories that are embedded in culture and are not separable. It is not possible to understand a religion without its cultural dimensions How Islam has adapted cultural and societal changes as it has spread throughout the globe is an interesting and complex phenomenon.\n\nIslam traveled in many ways through different regions. The history of Islam is full  of events  that led to Islam’s spread across the globe. Sometimes it was transferred through military conquests, it was also carried through trade caravans that travelled over vast distances or through the missionaries. When  Islamic ideas came into contact with  new societies, they evolved in unique ways and took on diverse forms. That’s why these societies have multiple different interpretations of Islam. The spread of Islam across different regions involved some prominent factors such as inter-marriages, trade, influencers etc . Spreading of Islam is a complex phenomenon and to say that it travelled merely through sword is not justified. Muslim culture developed from the ninth century to the  twelfth century, and crystallized into what we currently know as Islam. The military expansion of the early centuries facilitated the spread of Islam in name only and it was later that Islam spread in true meaning, as a  number of citizens started converting to Islam. Expansion  of Islamic culture was carried out by missionaries and  political convoys, it also expanded through trade. Group of travelers (caravans) used camels to transport goods and themselves across different regions, they played the most important role in the spread of Islam. These caravans helped in expanding Islamic civilization and culture by connecting different provinces (with the Islamic empires) which were far apart. Merchants carried out trades across different regions. These trades were equally influential in expanding culture and created a sense of multiculturalism or internationalism. These new cultural relationships led to the transfer of technology, science and other forms of culture. This was the start of globalization. But at that time it was just known by multiple names like multiculturalism or internationalism. Cultural globalization is a multidimensional process which leads to different impacts and consequences and makes possible the coexistence of  different values with Islamic symbols , values and discourses. Islamic culture does not consist of  merely a group of  a combination of rituals rather it is a complete way of life prescribed by the Quran.\n\n“The human history is the graveyard of great cultures that the disastrous end of them has been due to this matter that they couldn’t present a planned, rational and volitional reaction against the challenges.”  -Erich Fromm\n\n When Islam encountered globalization:\n\nDuring  the time of prophet Muhammad (SAW) there wasn’t much expansion of Islam to other parts of the world. Only a small group of people went to Abissynia during the early days of Islam for the purpose of  seeking shelter. The actual age of Islamic globalization has begun when in Medina the Prophet (SAW) founded an Islamic State in 622. From that time, Islam started to spread around the globe. The teachings of the Qur’an and the prophet (SAW) inspired the  Muslims not only to learn but also to illumine their souls by knowledge. Despite  mastering modern information and technical skills, Muslims had an open mind in understanding all that’s good and helpful . They were willing to grasp knowledge and ideas from the Persians, Indians and Greeks in order to enrich their civilization. They had a welcoming attitude towards the changing world.\n\nIn assessing the Muslim time of globalization, one could come to realize that the growth of Islam and its civilization to overseas territories took place because of��its dynamic nature as disclosed by God.  The Book of Islam conveyed messages associated with faith and additionally recommended Muslims to gather know-how of science and equip themselves with modern knowledge. When Muslims took Islam to overseas lands there has been no compulsion for  human beings  to comply with Islam. Many western scholars made the claims  that Islam became unfold on the factor of the sword which are groundless. Islam was promoted with stunning preaching and desirable examples proven through the Prophet (SAW) and early Muslims at some stage in their age of globalization.(‘N e w s l e t t e r 1 0 Muslim Responses to Globalization’, 2002)\n\nGlobalization has begun without being acknowledged by a huge  area of the Islamic Ummah. Since the tsunamis of globalization began to contact the shores of the Islamic nations,  but it shouldn’t affect the faith of Muslims  and Islamic lifestyle. As it has been comprehended from  the former conversation that globalization is irreversible and The Muslims, inevitably, have no choice but to prepare and protect  themselves.  Realizing that Malaysia needs to do something Former Prime Minister  Mahathir stated in one of the His addresses on the issue of globalization to the Islamic Ummah:\n\n“Muslim countries and Muslim government  have a duty to ensure that globalization will not result in the marginalization of their countries as happened with the Industrial Revolution and Industrial Age. We cannot afford it this time. If once again we miss this opportunity to keep pace with the radical and rapid advances now being made with technology and the sciences, and the changes they cause to the world’s perceptions of things, the new ideas and concepts in human and international relations; if we miss all these and fail to handle them, then we will not only be marginalized, but be dominated and hegemonised permanently”\n\nMahatir’s statement is a reminder to the Muslims not to Ignore the events and progress that take place, and stay away In the fields of Information Technology, Multimedia, e-Study, e-commerce, etc   If Muslims choose to remain isolated in this era of globalization then Muslims will be one who will be left alone and loser in comparison with the rest of the world. A sensible thing for the Muslims to do is to be active in mastering and utilizing the new technology for a good purpose that could deliver progress, development and economic benefits to themselves and to the rest of mankind. Now if one looks at the modern period, as far as politics and government go, Muslims have absorbed a great deal from the West, especially in relation to democracy, human rights, democratic forms of governance. There’s been as great deal of absorption on the part of Muslims from the West.  Any  Muslim society today including those which have remained closed and cloistered  cannot  ignore the force of democracy and the wave of modernity and globalization.\n\nGlobalization, modernity and Islam\n\nThrough its name, the idea of globalization is very much clear. The word global provides the central idea, it mainly comprises economy, society, culture and politics. People from different countries with different cultural backgrounds  are connected through globalization, they make a homogenous culture and thus become globalised. Globalization has made the world interconnected, such that local events may come to have global consequences. Now we proceed to how globalization and modernity which is a very intensified phenomenon, influenced the message of Islam. (m.miasami, no date) As it has been mentioned in a research article the relationship between Islam and globalization has been subjected to considerable speculation and sarcastic discussion. The belief that Islam opposes globalization has been the essence of the debate. Islam calls for adequate responses to the constant challenges posed by the fluctuating time and space factors and for the prospect of their comprehension and implementation to be revitalized and revamped from within in order to combat the possible shortcomings of the Muslim mind and the cultural and civilizational degeneration of Islamic societies This article emphasizes that the current debate of Islam and globalization is more focused on westernization than globalization. It has been argued that the tension is due to the westernization process rather than globalization. Since the mere terminology surrounding the debate has created considerable misunderstanding, the terms of reference need to be defined properly. Globalization is a very intense phenomenon which  involves worldwide exchange of goods, people and ideas. Globalization has captured growing intensity of worldwide  interconnectedness. Globalization has been a part of human life since its inception. This refers to the inherent human nature and the propensity of man to be a social animal. It is,  in fact the propensity with which god has created human beings to exchange his resources with others in order to get better chances at life. Though globalization is related to the idea of comparative advantage, free trade and open economy , its origins can be traced back to long before such ideas came to life. To establish a more detailed view of the so called ‘Islam-Globalization’ controversy, it is important to differentiate between the globalization cycle in its original context and other comparatively more recent mechanisms, such as westernization that are veiled as globalization and yet are so distinct.\n\nGlobalization aims to narrow the gaps that separate the various communities. This is achieved by sharing advantages of cultural , social, science and political governance in all facets of life. That is, they share knowledge, they recognize the principles and codes of ethics of one another, and they establish a common ground. Westernization, by contrast, does not consider such an understanding or building of such a common ground as worthwhile enterprises. Globalization is a mechanism in which the entire planet is like a global town. Globalization is a dynamic process which has different effects on various religions around the world. It breaks the cultural barriers and spread different  ideologies   and values around the globe. Westernization, on the other side, appears to be a one-way path, implying that in the name of globalization, one country seeks to conquer and influence other areas. In addition, while globalization takes place through the free will of various communities, Westernization is characteristically imposed on other regions.  Having explained the distinction between globalization and westernization, the discussion regarding Islam-globalization can be more adequately measured. Islam is not, in its original context, anti-globalization (or modernity, deemed a by-product of globalization), but Muslims also have a concern with Westernization. While there is criticism of Westernization of culture, modernization is accepted as a timely phenomenon.(Achmad and Hamzani, 2016)\n\nModernity in its political and social forms refers to increasingly specializing  isolation from religion in societal institutions such as political systems, law, economic management and education. Unlike social life in the pre-modern period, these roles are conducted in modernity, free from the overarching influence of religion. In this viewpoint, religious fundamentalism-in the sense of a return to a purist past-is a issue in all its complexity and cultural hybridity created by the interaction between modernity and the Muslim ummah.\n\n Modernity is a process in which society becomes modern. It implies social mobility , industrialization, trade. Modernization has been accelerated and accentuated with globalization in the past two decades. Islam, like all other religions, has felt and reacted to the effects of and responded  to the impingement of modernity in Muslim society, the multiple forces of modern intellectual, scientific and socio-political life. There’s hardly a facet of Muslim society ‘s life that has been left untouched. Contrary to common belief, the bulk of the ideas of justice, equality prescribed by Islam  are in accordance with those inherent in the modernization process.  Islam has always promoted ideas such as peaceful coexistence, the acceptance of other religions, democratic governance and women’s rights. Indeed, Islam and modernization need not be at odds with one another. Muslims need not have any excessive aversion to Islamic tradition since Islam has never been a cause of any chapters of darkness or ignorance in Muslim history. Islamic culture was without dark ages. Such a thing would be an anomaly for mankind as Islam is in a religion of supreme light, reality, and guidance. Islam, on the contrary, was the root cause of all goodness which emerged in Islamic civilization and benefitted not only Muslims but also non-Muslims. (Kohler and Krueger, 1952)\n\n Islam is both traditional and modern, as the universal and final revelation to mankind. While it speaks of the infinity, permanence and inviolability of its divinely prescribed truth, and thus of continued compliance with and following its authorities, as well as of the valuation and conformity with the legacies and traditions spawned by such dynamic historical processes, Islam also calls for appropriate responses to the constant challenges posed by the fluctuating time and space.\n\nAccording to an article, (Bicer, 2013)Islamic responses to the globalization phase are very complex. Islamic understanding, social circumstances and interaction with modernity are the reasons for this. Discrete experiences form independent Islamist thoughts, expectations, critiques, strategies, and their modern or non-modern commitments. Where political , economic or cultural deprivation slowly impedes the fulfillment of desires without  pressure or inequality, Muslims may follow a committed, private and a political Islamism consistent with western rationalization, also entangled with it. Muslims should take a personal, general, cooperative, and systematic approach and strive toward a compromised modern Islamic public sphere. Globalization should be acknowledged for providing a suitable arena for exchange of ideas and thoughts.\n\nGlobalization in the light of Quran\n\nGlobalization is socially, historically and politically powerful, and is prevalent in the world. Whatever the dominant political and cultural influence geographically, the ideology takes priority over others. In our times the U.S. is the world’s dominant power. American culture is the power house worldwide. The Qur’an says the balance of power passes to other hands, “We bring these days to men by turns, and that Allah may know those who believe and take witnesses from among you. And Allah loveth not those that do wrong” (Qur’an 3/140). This verse means, “Allah has turned those glories around, Some days are in favour of people and some are against them”. In this Qur’anic verse,  the word dawla (mubadala) means going back and forth. That exchange of primacy among cultures has some causes hidden. We must accept globalization as a reality in principle. It is a power cycle and can change thereby from person to person, community to community, State to State, continent to continent. Globalization is in essence neutral rather than demonic nor divine. It shifts the role of client, and room utilized. There are, therefore, many articles about globalization, for and against religion.\n\n Religious and cultural values have been affected by the influence of globalization’s dominance.  Globalization is seen as a cause of religious diversity and its threat to traditional values. It is also seen as a polarization factor defining  religious identity and its internal practice. Evaluating the substance of religious scriptures and religious history challenges us with this underlined reality that Islam is a global faith and has sought to become globalized through its historical context. Islam has also addressed the question of globalization and the development of a global culture and democracy. To prove that topic, we can state the following Quranic verses.\n\nMany verses of Quran have spoken about the globalization of Islam and lack of its limitation to definite place or time directly or indirectly. Also, they have narrated and characterized the global view of Islam.:\n\n  • «قل يا ايها الناس اني رسول الله اليكم جميعاً»\n\n          Say: O people! surely I am the Messenger of God to you all.\n\n  • «يا ايها الناس اعبدوا ربكم الذي خلقكم و الذين من قبلكم لعلكم تتقون»\n\n         O men! serve your Lord who created you and those before you so that you         \n\n          may guard against evil.\n\n  • «ان الله اصطفي آدم و نوحاً و ال ابراهيم و ال عمران علي العالمين»\n\n         “Surely God chose Adam and Nuh and the descendants of Ibrahim and the        \n\n          descandents of  Imran above the nation.\n\n  • «هو الذي ارسل رسوله بالهدي و دين الحق ليظهره علي الدين كله.\n\n       “He it is who sent His messenger with guidance and the religion of truth, that\n\n        he  might cause it to prevail over all religions, though the polytheists may be\n\n\n  • «وعد الله الذين آمنوا منكم وعملو صالحات ليستخلفنكم في الارض كما استخلف الذين من قبلهم و ليمكنن لهم دينهم الذي ارتضي لهم و ليبد لنهم من بعد خوفهم امنا.\n\n\n  • «يا ايها الذين آمنوا ادخلوا في السلم كافه و لاتتبعوا خطوات الشيطان»\n\n  “O you who believe! enter into submission one and all and do not follow the footsteps of shaitan; surely he is your open enemy “\n\n It has been pointed in above verses that Holy Prophet of Islam (Peace be Upon Him) has announced His Quranic message, the divine revelation, with the characteristic of eternity for all human beings. Also, the aforesaid verses imply the world’s inclusion of Islam legal system and this matter that the mission of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon Him) is global and for all human beings.\n\n\nIslam is not in conflict with the issue of globalization and modernity, but the features of globalization, from the Islamic point of view, are distinct from the present idiomatic element. Reviewing the quality of religious texts and religious history presents us with this obvious reality that religion of Islam is a global religion and in its historical experience has always sought to become worldwide. Islam has always addressed the question of globalization, liberal culture system and global governance. We believe that Islam has broad-based and national thought and theoretical principles that, if extracted and clarified in the modern language, can be as a shining lamp before the present human way. Of course, other holy books, such as the New and Old Testaments, claim to present this principle, but the comparison of Islam’s foundation of thought with other holy religions proves that Islam and the Quran are unquestionably superior. So we can conclude that whatever is described as the globalization phase today is not in line with Islam ‘s view given the presence of similarity and parallels such as the elimination of geographical borders, but it is apparent that Islam does not oppose globalization and render Islam global, but the characteristics of globalization vary from today’s idiomatic features.\n\n From this point of view, globalization should be seen as a possibility for the growth and advancement of human good principles, as it has transformed communicative technologies and enabled citizens across the world with swift and unified connectivity. According to this approach, globalization is an appropriate opportunity to develop the exalted Islamic instructions and is a ground for the fulfillment of the global government of Islam, as promised in the verses of the Glorious Qur’an.\n\nAs a result, it can be said that while Western and especially America dominated communicative technologies, the growth and development of these technologies , particularly internet and satellite, created an atmosphere that this situation can be used well. It is also easy for the active addressees of the media to accept the exalted messages of Islamic religion which are in harmony with human instincts that the dust of negligence has been touched on their pure human nature, and this matter requires the conscience and acuity of Islamic world thinkers that they can better use this condition and prove this principle that Islam is in agreement with globalization.\n\n\nAchmad, D. and Hamzani, U. (2016) ‘Globalization in the Perspective of Islam and Economic Experts’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, pp. 41–46. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.030.\n\nBicer, R. (2013) ‘Globalization in the Context of Islamic Theology’, The Journal of Rotterdam Islamic and Social Sciences, 3(1), pp. 1–12. doi: 10.2478/jriss-2013-0001.\n\nKohler, W. and Krueger, F. (1952) ‘T H E Impact of the German Immigration on T H E’, 2(May), pp. 207–229.\n\nm.miasami (no date) ‘Islam and Globalization’, fountain magazine.\n\n‘N e w s l e t t e r 1 0 Muslim Responses to Globalization’ (2002) Religion, (July).\n\nContinue Reading\n\n\nThe future of Orthodox shrine in Gifhorn\n\n\n\nSt.Nicholas’ Church in Gilhorn, Fotograf: User: ArtMechanic, 2006. Wikimedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n– Is it a vessel with a vacuum,\nor is it a fire twinkling in the vessel»?\n\n\nFrom our partner International Affairs\n\nContinue Reading\n\n\nIslam, Science and Time: Is science compatible with religion?\n\nMuhammad Farooq\n\n\n\nLogically, time is present at every particle as a moment and eventually the very same moment is present at the whole, limitless space like a singular unit of totality. It means that there remains no gap, difference, or distance between time’s state of rest and its omnipresence. Typically, the time shown by clocks across countries at a given singular moment can be different and thus divisible (due to geological distances). However, the given singular moment of the time remains the same everywhere. This implies that time is indivisible, immortal and eternal. There is no past, present and future of the time. In fact, these are particular events and their happenings that cause past, present, and future phases of the space. Thus, it is space not the time that passes through the phases of past, present, and future.\n\nThe ages of nonentity (nothingness) turned into the past reign of the space when the first event of the big bang took place and subsequently started the new structure of the universe upon the surface of space. Thus, the existing design of the universe at the face of space is running as the present reign of the structure. If there exist both past and present reigns of space, there must also be its future. This future reign cannot be denied as it is the eternal fate to come either through a big crunch or through the heavenly bugle of doomsday.\n\nThe imaginative sort of time-space structure should compel the writer and his readers alike to conclude that the time-space combination and its structural phases of universe came into being under some mindful scheme of an Almighty Authority, Who created and controls the whole vista. While He let some universe open and visual so that it can be learnt and discovered, He hid the rest which cannot be discovered or disclosed. “But for whom”? What was that generic class or character that the Almighty had in His mind to bring forth after the initial preparations would complete. Of course and undoubtedly, this generic class and character was of human beings for whom the Almighty Authority of Allah was preparing the ground of His schematic system that could either be learnt visually or believed conscientiously.\n\nThat is why human beings see the time-space relativity as two different realities. Time is hidden and a non-visual reality, while the space and structure of the universes are naked, visual realities that humans can learn through their wit or wisdom. However, human wit or wisdom is limited. For example, the supreme avenue of heaven—i.e., the vista of censored realities such as  Allah Almighty Himself, death-revealing, angels, Eden and hell—is beyond human’s knowledge. Thus, where the wit and wisdom ends, the belief or faith starts. Human wit or wisdom lie in the scientific view and faith and belief lie in religious view.\n\nScientific View\n\nStephen Hawking says, “So long as the universe had a beginning, we could suppose it had a creator. But if the universe is really completely self-contained, having no boundary or edge, it would have neither beginning nor end; it would simply be. What place, then, for a creator?” When a religious leader Saint Augustine was asked “What did God do before he created the universe”? He replied that “time was a property of the universe that God created, and that time did not exist before the beginning of the universe”. Immanuel Kant opined in his thesis that “if the universe did not have a beginning, then there would be an infinite period of time before any event, which he considered absurd. The argument for his antithesis was that if the universe had a beginning, there would be an infinite period of time before it, so why should the universe begin at any particular time?” Here, Hawking denies the concept of time before the beginning of the universe which he considered an unspoken assumption of Kant’s thesis and anti-thesis. According to Hubble’s observations, “there was a time, called the big bang, when the universe was infinitesimally small and infinitely dense…. One may argue that time had a beginning at the big bang, in the sense that earlier times would not be defined”. Hubble explained that “wherever you look, distant galaxies are moving rapidly away from us. In other words when the objects were all at exactly the same place and when, therefore, the density of the universe was infinite”. All of these scientific views (Stephan Hawkings. “A brief history of time) endorse that the mutual relativity of the time-space was spread out endlessly before and even after the beginning of the universe and its systemized structure. Thanks to scientists for providing a time-space basis to start with the Quranic view.\n\nQuranic Ethical Identification\n\nHuman phrase of time-space has two words and the Quranic phrase of “Al Hayyul Qayum” (Quran chap 2, verse 255) also has two words. The first word is for Allah’s life defined as “Ever-Living”. Allah’s life means Allah’s time to live along. Hence, Allah’s life transmitted or translated into the time. Allah’s life is immortal, eternal, unending, indivisible and turned primarily into the time being. Allah’s life has been transferred as the singular unity of time over the whole and unending space, once for all and forever. In other words, Allah’s life or Allah’s self-being is the time-being—i.e., absolute digital constant of reference. The second word for Him is: “The Sustainer of all other Existences”. For sustenance of something, housing or existing space is required. Thus, and when Allah is the sustainer of all other existences, He created the boundless vastness of the space to provide housing or staying place. “The City of Allah” during the time-space entity was a “Arsh-e-Mualla” (owner of the throne). There the angels were carrying His throne with his Arsh-e-Mualla and some others around it praying for those to come in future with their true beliefs. (Quran chap 40, verse 7,15) The universe, then came into being so as that: “He, it is who gives life and causes death; and when He decrees a matter, He, but says to it “Be” and “it becomes”. (Quran chap 40, verse 68)\n\nThere was no Sun when the Earth was formed in “four days” and seven skies in “two days”. If there had been no sun when the Earth was formed, the scale of time was certainly not the measurement of time with respect to the sun. Those six days may not be the same six days that are measured with respect to Earth’s spinning around its axis today, nor the time calculated for a year’s span of time with respect to Earth’s revolution around the sun. The relative time is unknown for numbering these six days in total (Chap 41, verses 9-12). Time is eternal. After that the “lowest sky was adorned by lamps (and stars)”. Again, the future of the space is informed as: “Then watch (or wait) for the day when the sky will bring a visible smoke! Covering the people; this is a painful torment” (chap 44 verse 10,11). When someone could see no event of change occurring before him, he felt as if the time was passing through the same moment. Cave-fellows of the “Kahf” slept for “309 years” but found these years just like a day (or even less) after getting up from their sleep (Chap 18 verse 19,25). Similarly, a person in the good books of God became alive after 100 years of his death, he found it “a day or less than that” (chap 2, verse 259)\n\nThus, it is concluded that Time-Space and its systemized structure of universe or universes is not self-contained. Almighty Allah is its creator and the controlling authority, Who has left some realities as naked while others as hidden so that the former may be visualized by humans to the extent of their use of wit and wisdom and the latter with their faith and belief. Time represents the same moment for all. It is not a naked reality as observed in our time clocks or estimated by the Sun.\n\nContinue Reading\n\n\n\nAfrica Today1 hour ago\n\nUN chief calls for end to reported police brutality in Nigeria\n\nThe UN Secretary-General on Wednesday said he was closely following recent developments across Nigeria, in the wake of reports that protesters had been shot...\n\nNew Social Compact3 hours ago\n\n\n\nSouth Asia6 hours ago\n\nHuman rights violations in India\n\n\nReports7 hours ago\n\n\n\nAmericas9 hours ago\n\nBuilding World Order from “Plague”: Utopian, but Necessary\n\n\nGreen Planet11 hours ago\n\nResearchers unveil roadmap for a carbon neutral China by 2060\n\n\nAfrica Today13 hours ago\n\nBurkina Faso ‘one step short of famine’\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9720301032066345}
+{"content": "As a fiction author, you have heard it many times before: before an agent or publisher will look at your manuscript, you must send them a synopsis.\n\nAnd why shouldn’t they want that? It will take hours to look at your content. Doesn’t it make sense that they want to make sure it sounds like a story worth all of that time?\n\nThe problem, though, is that you have written up a 300- or 500-word summary of your story just like a synopsis requires you to do, and then after you send it to them they don’t ask for more. They politely (and sometimes rudely) decline to consider you any further.\n\nThis, of course, sucks.\n\nWhile not every story is right for every publishing professional, what if the problem isn’t even the story itself?\n\nWhat if the problem is merely the way you’ve written your synopsis?\n\nIf you were to look up a novel or film on Wikipedia, you may very well find a plot summary of the story. In about as many words as your synopsis, the page will recall all of the various events that take place.\n\nAnd that’s all you’re supposed to do, right? Describe the events that take place in your story?\n\n\nThis thinking is flawed.\n\n\nThe truth is, your job in providing a synopsis is not to describe the events of your story.\n\nYour job in providing a synopsis is to get the reader of that synopsis interested in reading more.\n\nWhat does this ultimately mean? Let’s look at an excerpt from the Wikipedia plot summary of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, when Harry and another character are trying to get to the end of a maze as part of a tournament:\n\n“Working together, the two reach the cup. They agree to touch it at the same time, and doing so, discover that it is a Portkey that transports them to a graveyard.”\n\nThis excerpt is a perfectly accurate description of one of the final passages of text in the story. Harry gets to the end of a maze, and gets transported to another location.\n\n\nWhen people usually write synopses, they do so in the driest way possible. They report the events as if they too were part of an encyclopedia entry. But do agents and editors sit around reading encyclopedias? No. They read novels. And they want to read good ones. What if, instead of the above, Harry’s transportation to the graveyard was written like this:\n\n“Harry and Cedric reach the cup. To tie in the tournament, they both reach out to grab it…\n\n…and are suddenly whisked away to a graveyard.\n\nThe cup was a portkey.”\n\nBoth passages about reaching the cup and getting taken away to the graveyard are 31 words long. And yet, the second one isn’t remotely similar, right?\n\nbooks-colorful-harry-potterWhat I did in the second version was I added a crucial element that is found in well-written stories but rarely found in a synopsis: anticipation.\n\nThe second version, through the use of paragraph breaks and ellipses, builds up to the moment that something is about to happen but the reader has to wait until the next paragraph to find out what it is. The break in the sentence provides mystery surrounding the event that follows, and this creates a curiosity gap.\n\nHave you ever read (or even written) a book wherein you end a chapter on a cliff hanger? A synopsis can work the same way. The most effective synopses are those that capitalize on the unexpected moments that populate the story. It capitalizes on the twists, turns, and other things that a reader wouldn’t see coming if they were to read the entire manuscript.\n\nThe mistake in most synopses is that they merely report the events of a story. But by capitalizing on the unexpected moments in a story, your synopsis will draw the reader in and make them want to read the story for real.\n\nAnd then you have someone eagerly anticipating your material.\n\nSynopses aren’t the only place aspiring authors make mistakes when reaching out to publishers. Click here for a free cheat sheet on the five mistakes to avoid when writing your next query letter to a publisher.\n\n\n\nWordPress Lightbox", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8483434915542603}
+{"content": "Free Shipping on Orders Over £50\n\nClinical Studies\n\nRokman utilise clinical studies and scientific research when selecting every ingredient that goes into our products. We analyse the data to ensure we select the most effective and safest ingredients around.\n\n\n\n\nEffects of l-Tyrosine on working memory and inhibitory control are determined by DRD2genotypes: A randomized controlled trial\n\nFindings: L-tyosine supplementation significantly aids cognitive performance in individuals with lower levels of dopamine.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.94654780626297}
+{"content": "What Can Dissolve Gold?\n\nWhat happens when you put gold in acid?\n\nWhile hydrochloric acid, by itself, will not react with or harm gold in any way, gold and other precious, non-reactive metals can be dissolved by a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, in a three-to-one ratio by volume..\n\nIs pure gold soluble in water?\n\nGold is readily soluble in aqua regia, or in any other mixture producing nascent chlorine, among such mixtures being solutions of: nitrates, chlorides, and sulphates — e.g., bisulphate of soda, nitrate of soda, and common salt; bleaching powder and acids, or salts such as bicarbonate of soda. …\n\nDoes melting gold purify it?\n\n\nHow do you dissolve gold with bleach?\n\n\nCan Hydrofluor dissolve gold?\n\nHydrofluoric acid (HF) does not dissolve gold. … Well, firstly, gold is highly inert meaning it’s chemically resistant to acids and pretty much everything else. You need a highly oxidising substance to dissolve it, such as aqua regia. HF isn’t a strong oxidiser, so will not react with gold.\n\nWhat happens when you put bleach on gold?\n\nWHY BLEACH & CHLORINE DAMAGES GOLD metals—eventually converting them into a type of salt making your gold and prongs brittle and permanently damaging the crystal structure!\n\nWhat happens when you put fake gold in bleach?\n\n\nCan I make gold?\n\n\nWhich is the only liquid that can dissolve gold?\n\naqua regiaThe most useful and important vehicle for dissolving gold is aqua regia, (royal water), composed of two parts of hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, and one part of nitric (aquafortis).\n\nDoes nitric acid and salt make gold?\n\nIf the mixed nitric acid and table salt can be readily dissolved gold. If you have problems with the acquisition of hydrochloric acid, then the option. …\n\nWhat is the easiest way to test gold?\n\n\nCan anything dissolve gold?\n\nThe University of Nottingham published a video showing gold dissolve into aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid). … But if you can put gold into solution that contains both acids, then it can react, and in fact, can indeed dissolve gold – which is why Aqua Regia is also known as ‘royal water.”\n\nDoes hydrogen peroxide dissolve gold?\n\nAcid peroxide is the same idea. Instead of nitrate as an oxidizer, you’re using hydrogen peroxide, which is also a powerful oxidizer. The hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the gold and the chloride ions form soluble complexes. Also happening is the dissolution of oxygen into the acid, which helps dissolve gold.\n\nCan you melt gold at home?\n\nA common substance used is borax. Borax allows you to melt your own gold in a safe, well ventilated area of your home. Use a knife to scoop out the charcoal until you have a small bowl-like container.\n\nDoes bleach affect gold?\n\nChlorine – Chlorine, especially at high temperatures like in a hot tub, can permanently damage or discolor your gold jewelry. Remember to remove it when cleaning with chlorine bleach, too! *While pure gold does not tarnish, almost all gold jewelry is an alloy, as mentioned above.\n\nHow can you test gold at home without acid?\n\n\nHow do you dissolve gold at home?\n\nPour 30 milliliters of nitric acid for every ounce of gold into your container. Allow the acid to react with the gold for 30 minutes. Add 120 milliliters of hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid for every ounce of gold in the container. Allow the solution to sit overnight until all of the acid fumes have been dispelled.\n\nCan you melt gold off electronics?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9988018870353699}
+{"content": "Category: NEWSTag:\n\nKizito Ovie Efeotor, popularly known as Oga Kizito, like other patriotic Nigerian youths, exercised his civil right by joining the ongoing #EndSARS peaceful protest in his hometown, Warri.\n\n\nThe Ghana based Afro-fusion artiste who has always been a loud voice clamoring for a new Nigeria; alongside other courageous young Deltans against all odds continued with the planned protest even though speculations were widely spread of a possible violence.\n\nOga Kizito is a proud recipient of the Top Naija Music Award (2017)\n\n#EndSARS protest is an ongoing nation wide protest by young Nigerians against a police unit named Special Anti Robbery Squad (SARS) notorious unlawful operations and extortion. The protest which has grown viral outside the shores of Nigeria and currently being followed by international media has metaphorsed into a protest against police brutality and total reformation of the Nigerian state.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5393306612968445}
+{"content": "Question: What Does Yeppo Mean?\n\nWhat is Daebak?\n\n대박 – (Daebak) Meaning: That’s awesome.\n\nStars in Korean dramas and variety shows use this word frequently.\n\n\nA lot of the time it also describes a state of awe or shock..\n\nHow do you say cute in Korean?\n\nTo say “cute” as in “It is cute” or “she is cute”, you can use the word 귀엽다 (gwiyeopda). If you are talking to yourself (such as when you are walking down the street and see a cute dog or cat) then you can use this version of the word.\n\nWhat does Andwae mean in English?\n\nno wayAndwae [안돼]:Korean wordmeaning “no way,” usually used in moments of disbelief, shock, fear, or defiance. Andwae is also one of those words you’ll end up using by yourself while surfing the web and stumbling upon a scandalous story or outrageous fan fiction.[\n\nWhat does Yeppeun Yeoja mean?\n\npretty woman예쁜 여자 (yeppeun yeoja) – pretty woman.\n\nWhat does Dongsaeng mean?\n\nThen the other person is your 동생 (dongsaeng)! This term means both little sister and little brother, though if you want to put more emphasis on the gender of the 동생 (dongsaeng) you are talking about, you can add 여 (yeo) for girls and 남 (nam) for boys.\n\nHow do you say you are so cute in English?\n\nWays to Say You Are BeautifulYou look gorgeous!You look as pretty as always!You look drop dead gorgeous!I think you are very attractive!Wow, you are gorgeous!I think you are stunning!I think you are super cute!You look absolutely fantastic!More items…\n\nHow do you say bye in Korean?\n\nSo today, we learned many different ways to say goodbye in Korean. We first learned how to say goodbye when someone is leaving: Casual – 잘 가 (jal-ga)…Then we learned how to say goodbye when someone is staying:Casual – 잘 있어 (Jal-isseo)Polite – 안녕히 계세요 (annyeonghee geseyo)Formal – 안녕히 계십시오 (annyeonghee gesipshio)\n\nWhat does Ottoke mean?\n\nWhat should I do now?!Ottoke?! This expression means “What should I do now?!” This is usually used when you’re in a difficult situation.\n\nWhat does Gomawo mean?\n\nBoth are used to express gratitude. Also, ‘고마워(gomawo)’ is use as a comfortable expression for someone familiar with you like a close friend. The honorific of ‘고마워(gomawo)’ is ‘고맙습니다(gomabseubnida)’. ‘감사합니다(gamsahabnida)’ is the honorific.\n\nWhat does Kamsamnida mean?\n\nThere are many ways of saying ‘thank you’ in Korean but the safest and most common term is ‘Kamsahamnida (감사합니다)’. Again, slightly nodding while saying this conveys your respect for the recipient. … If you’re flying to Korea on Korean Air, use these two phrases on the cabin crew when they greet and serve you.\n\nWhat does Chua mean in Korean?\n\nChincha: An expression meaning “Are you serious?!” Chua [좋아]: Okay. Chuaheyo [좋아해요]: I like you.\n\nWhat does Yeppeo mean?\n\nyou are pretty or it is prettyyeppeo 예뻐 – you are pretty or it is pretty (informal, btw friends) yeppeuda 예쁘다 (it could be used to make an exclamation) yeppeoyo 예뻐요 (formal, polite version)\n\nWhat does Gwiyeobda mean?\n\nAdjective. 귀엽다 • (gwiyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 귀여워, sequential 귀여우니) (to be) cute; (to be) charming.\n\nWhat does Aleumdaun mean?\n\nit’s mean “you’re beautiful” it’s mean “you’re beautiful”\n\nWhat is Jeongmal?\n\nIt can also be used to answer that question. Second, it can be used in the same way as the word ‘very’. There are two different words for ‘really’ in Korean: 정말 (jeongmal) 진짜 (jinjja)\n\nWhat is Kyeopta?\n\n“Kyeopta” (originally pronounced “gwiyeopda”) means “that’s cute,” and “bogoshipo” (“bogosipeo”) means “I miss you.” The words are often reflections of a specific facet of Korean culture that cannot be easily translated into English.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7139278650283813}
+{"content": "TWIFT | Digital | Warren Buffett’s Optimistic? Pessimistic? No, Realistic\n\nWarren Buffett’s Optimistic? Pessimistic? No, Realistic\n\nThe optimism and cheerfulness of Warren Buffett have helped lots of people make it through another day more than once. But, if you carefully listen to what Berkshire Hathaway said during a meeting of the shareholders at the time the coronavirus pandemic, his words could cause deep concern for the future of America in the coming years. In particular, at the annual Woodstock for Capitalists, he expressed a warning to all investors and politicians.\n\nWhile many of the headlines for the meeting dealt with Buffett’s positive aphorisms “Nothing Can Stop America,” “You Can Bet on America,” etc., there was a completely different message in between the lines of these long-term statements.\n\nFor the past 10 years, I have been attending this large gathering in Omaha every year. I’ve been on stage with Mr. Buffett and his best friend Charlie Munger and was one of those journalists who asked him sharp public questions. Buffett’s positive attitude and his inexhaustible optimism even in difficult times gave a feeling of confidence. Often he was called the Omaha Oracle.\n\nThat’s why at the Saturday meeting it was especially alarming to hear him say, “I don’t know.” He was cautious in his remarks, carefully reflecting on whether markets would improve in the long run. That is, despite the fact that in his case, the time frame is several decades, not months or years.\n\nAs for the current economic climate, he said: “You can bet on America, but you have to be careful how you bet.” Caution, in his opinion, will not hurt because markets in the current situation can behave very dynamically and unpredictably.\n\nAt a time when politicians who want to “rediscover America” and who are encouraged by investors support stock markets without paying attention to serious economic risks, Buffett realistically spoke about the upcoming challenges.\n\nHe also said that the world could be overwhelmed by the second wave of coronavirus infection and acknowledged that the whole situation could change the world for years to come.\n\nA significant part of the meeting was devoted to changing the state of the American economy since 1789. Particular attention was paid to the period of 1929-1951. Back then, the stock market took 22 years to reach its bubble maximum.\n\n\nHowever, his wallet speaks better than his words. As a rule, he takes advantage of the fall of the stock market and buys shares at low prices. But not now, Mr. Buffett has not made any major purchases. For instance, he did not buy stocks when they fell after a mini-panic last month. “We did not do anything because we do not see anything attractive,” he said.\n\nNow, compare this with his actions in the midst of the 2008 financial crisis. Then, The New York Times published an article about how Lehman Brothers went bankrupt: “In the near future, unemployment will increase, business activity will fluctuate, and headlines will continue to frighten everybody. So… I was buying American stocks.”\n\nThis time, he focused on the essentials. “Our position is to stay at Fort Knox,” said Buffett.\n\nIn other words, he is very concerned about the situation and is going to try to protect the company by any means. Buffett said the 137 billion dollars he has is “not such a big sum when it comes to the worst-case scenarios.” He also added that the company has not been preparing for one problem, but for a whole range of problems, because one of them often pulled the other.\n\n\nAnd these actions are undertaken by the person who once said: “Every decade or so, dark clouds will fill the economic sky, and they will briefly drop out in gold. When rains of this kind happen, it is imperative that we race on the street with bathtubs and not with teaspoons.”\n\nBut during the current crisis, he has been doing the opposite. In particular, he is selling his stake in the four largest aviation companies in the country. The substantiation of such decisions, as a rule, had rather serious consequences for the global economy and not only led to the financial problems of airlines. “I don’t know if in two or three years as many people will fly as many passenger miles as they did last year,” he said. “Whether they will fly or not, the future is much less clear to me.”\n\nA decrease in the number of trips will have significant consequences for the economy and various fields of employment. After all, the fewer people travel, the fewer jobs will be in tourism and related fields.\n\nMr. Buffet also states that energy, real estate, and retail are facing issues that could affect the entire economy and the banking system.\n\nIf oil prices decrease, loans to energy companies will be issued rather reluctantly. Accordingly, one can imagine what problems the shareholders will have to go through.\n\nAs for the real estate market, Buffett said the following: “If you have a shopping center, you have a group of tenants who do not want to pay you right now, and the supply and demand for retail space can change significantly.”\n\nThe worst tendency can be as follows: business owners cannot pay mortgages, therefore, banks will have problems. In particular, Berkshire has investments in both JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America. But Buffett also said that now banks are much better prepared for crisis situations than they were, for example, in 2008.\n\nOne of the statements clarifies the definition of the situation: “This time seems suitable for borrowing money, which means that it’s really not worth borrowing any money right now.”\n\nWhy is Buffet Being so Cautious?\n\n\nIt is worth noting that he was always pretty careful. Buffett would rather miss the opportunity than hurry. “I don’t worry about things that I’m missing,” he often says.\n\nMr. Buffett is not trying to predict the collapse of the economy or the onset of dark times. He is just not sure which way the world is heading, but, of course, he hopes for the best. But if a profitable deal comes up, he will conclude it without hesitation. “The American miracle, the American magic has always prevailed, and it will reoccur,” he said.\n\nDuring political battles among small business leaders and investors in the face of uncertainty, Buffett simply believes that everyone should be as careful as possible. “I don’t believe that anyone knows how the market will change tomorrow, next week, next month, next year,” he said.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8196353912353516}
+{"content": "Outdoor Garden Fountains Near Me\nMartin Tennessee\n\nInstallation of a Wall Fountain In Smaller Yards\n\nInstallation Wall Fountain Smaller Yards 207025070414862650.jpg Since water causes a reflection, smaller spaces will appear bigger. Dark materials increase the refractive properties of a fountain or water feature. When the sun goes down, you can use underwater lights in different colors and shapes to light up your new feature. Solar powered eco-lights are excellent during the day and submerged lights are perfect for nighttime use. The comforting effect created by these is oftentimes used in nature therapies to alleviate anxiety and stress.\n\nThe greenery in your garden is the perfect place to place your water feature. Turn your water feature such as a pond, artificial river, or fountain to become the central component of your backyard. The flexibility of water features is that they can be installed in large backyards as well as in small verandas. The most appropriate accessories and the best location for it are worthwhile if you want to improve the atmosphere.First Outdoor Fountains 2479072229404673.jpg\n\nThe First Outdoor Fountains\n\nWater fountains were at first practical in function, used to convey water from rivers or springs to towns and villages, supplying the residents with fresh water to drink, bathe, and cook with. A source of water higher in elevation than the fountain was necessary to pressurize the movement and send water squirting from the fountain's nozzle, a system without equal until the later half of the nineteenth century. The beauty and wonder of fountains make them ideal for historical memorials. When you see a fountain nowadays, that is certainly not what the very first water fountains looked like. A natural stone basin, crafted from rock, was the 1st fountain, used for containing water for drinking and spiritual purposes. Rock basins as fountains have been uncovered from 2,000 BC. The first fountains used in ancient civilizations relied on gravity to control the circulation of water through the fountain. Drinking water was delivered by public fountains, long before fountains became elaborate public monuments, as beautiful as they are practical. Wildlife, Gods, and Spiritual figures dominated the early ornate Roman fountains, beginning to show up in about 6 B.C.. Water for the community fountains of Rome was brought to the city via a intricate system of water aqueducts.Effect Norman Invasion Anglo-Saxon Landscaping 14774576666905.jpg\n\nThe Effect of the Norman Invasion on Anglo-Saxon Landscaping\n\nThe advent of the Normans in the later half of the 11th century substantially transformed The Anglo-Saxon ways of living. The Normans were better than the Anglo-Saxons at architecture and horticulture when they came into power. Nonetheless the Normans had to pacify the entire territory before they could concentrate on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Most often constructed upon windy peaks, castles were straightforward constructs that allowed their occupants to spend time and space to offensive and defensive strategies, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings generally placed in only the most fecund, extensive valleys. Gardening, a quiet occupation, was impracticable in these unproductive fortifications. Berkeley Castle is possibly the most complete model in existence at present of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture. The keep is thought to date from the time of William the Conqueror. An enormous terrace encompasses the building, serving as an impediment to attackers attempting to dig under the castle walls. On 1 of these terraces lies a charming bowling green: it is covered in grass and flanked by an old yew hedge that is formed into the shape of rough ramparts.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9631475806236267}
+{"content": "Ikon Gallery\nWest Midlands\n\nThe events that happen inside buildings often leave behind marks, like a little scar on a wall where a ribbon of paint has been displaced by accident, or a naked screw where a picture once hung. These small histories are the utilitarian signs of other enterprises, human activities, the comings and goings of art exhibitions, public gatherings, music recitals, and other events that buildings play host to. The distinction between these events and the marks they leave behind is usually attested to by the fact that the marks are later covered up or removed altogether.\n\nObservance of such a distinction is resiliently avoided in the latest exhibition at Birmingham’s Icon Gallery, ‘Since I fell for you’, by Susan Collis. The emblem of this show is the utilitarian mark. A visitor might be forgiven for imagining they had turned up too late, or too early, when first entering the gallery. The first work on display, This too shall pass, 2010, imitates a plain white wall, precisely the sort of empty, scar-marked wall one might see in a gallery between exhibitions, with various remnants of the transition in tact – holes, screws, rawplugs, scratches, staples, and so on. It is only by instruction that a visitor learns of the materials that have gone into making the piece, and an alternative reality begins to dawn: Indian and African ebony woods, platinum, diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald, topaz, gold, quartz, and coral, amongst other precious matter. The whole piece is a disguised array of valuable and exotic materials.\n\nIt probably goes without saying that a typical encounter with many of these materials is under the hot lights of a jewellery shop. This is how we expect precious materials to be offered, on a velveteen stage, hewn into glinting jewels, presented under strict security arrangements. In the format presented by Collis, where a piece of platinum is cast into a staple and a gold nugget into a screw, the items offer a perplexing meeting place of the precious and the mightily mundane.\n\nThe artist’s technique is to present a catalogue of valuable materials in configurations that are anything but glamorous. Take a piece such as Twice removed, 2009. At first appearance it is a piece of junk wood, discarded perhaps from an old doorframe or wardrobe. It is only on closer inspection that this identification must be revised. The work is actually a composite of rosewood, walnut, bronze, silver, and lapis lazuli, materials that have been carefully manipulated to give the appearance of damaged wood and disintegrating paint.\n\nCollis’ earlier works provide an understanding of where her ideas began. Untitled, 2002, is a simply a pair of overalls hung on the gallery wall. They might have been left there by a technician or builder. From a distance the overalls seem typical, covered in paint splats and marks of wear. Once again, it is only by closer investigation that a different reality is revealed, that these random blemishes are not random at all but in fact carefully embroidered cotton sewn into the fabric in precise formations. By using embroidery to represent dirt, Collis is playing with expectations of opposing categories; dirty and clean, randomness and precision, industrial and domestic, sudden and gradual. The use of embroidery also references the feminist strategy of reclaiming traditional craft-forms and subverting them by putting them to use in overtly conceptual artworks. What underpins all of this exposition is the question of value and context.\n\nFrom such earlier pieces the development of Collis’ practice can be understood as one of pushing the dual existence of opposing categories to an extreme level. This is why Collis describes her work as a search for awkwardness.\n\nHow successful is the exhibition? One of the triumphs of Collis’ practice is the experience it takes the viewer on. Her method of disguising precious materials and labour-intensive techniques within forms that suggest commonplace dilapidation probes our assumptions of what is in front of us. The uncanny realisation that nothing is what it seems makes for a difficult gallery experience, since all recognisable forms of beauty are rendered purposefully absent. At heart, what we are given is a demonstration of how preciousness and worthlessness can be made to be indistinguishable. This points to the fact that preciousness and worthlessness are co-existent notions, thus making the valuation of the objects in this exhibition an uncomfortable prospect.\n\nCollis is clearly sensitive to the idea that categories are bound up with the duality of meaning, and that two opposing categories oscillate around a common core. It is this oscillation that allows the artist to adapt her materials so that one category may give way to its opposite, such as deterioration giving way to renewal. The precious materials that go into making a piece like Twice Removed renew the value and the interest of the old piece of wood. At the same time, the value of the precious materials is degraded by their unusual application. This oscillation reappears again and again throughout the exhibition, and leads the visitor on a fascinating journey.\n\nThe problem, however, is that this ironical positioning has the effect of destabilising every value judgement one may make of the exhibition. My own response was itself a swinging between warm appreciation and arid contemplation. Whilst the barren appearance of the exhibition room was wonderfully alarming, it was also hostile to any of my attempts at aesthetic appreciation. This may indeed by Collis’ intention, to lead us to overturn our normal assumptions of aesthetic value. My question is this: after this overturning, what next?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5430655479431152}
+{"content": "Meet The Black Woman Who Started Her Own Beauty Brand, And Her Advice for Aspiring Entrepreneurs\n\n\n\nFounded in 2015 by Niye Aniekan-Attang, Ace Beauté is a black woman-owned cruelty-free, beauty brand – best known for its ultra-pigmented, vibrant eyeshadows. The Ace Beauté motto is “Beauty for All,” and everyone is encouraged to experiment, play and create unique makeup looks, regardless of age, gender, skin-color, religion or socio-economic status.\n\nOriginally specializing in false lashes, they expanded into color cosmetics in 2017 with their best-selling “Quintessential Palette.” In 2018, a four-eyeshadow palette collection entitled the “Paradise Collection,” was released and proved to be another hit in the industry. Ace Beauté products are distributed internationally across North America, Africa, Europe and Australia.\n\nBlack Enterprise:  Can you tell us about your career journey? How you came to work in finance and what inspired you to change career paths and start your own beauty brand?\n\nAniekan-Attang:  I have always had a love for beauty, which was inspired by the love my grandmother also had for beauty growing up. I saw how happy she would get when using her beauty products and I ultimately became a beauty enthusiast. After working in finance for some years and realizing that it wasn’t what I was passionate about, it became a no-brainer that returning to beauty was what I was really meant to do.\n\nBlack Enterprise:  Was there a big learning curve when you decided to start Ace Beaute? Was there someone you learned from or looked to for guidance?\n\nAniekan-Attang:  When I decided to start Ace Beaute, I knew only a handful of entrepreneurs and none were in the ecommerce beauty space. I had to learn everything I know through hours of research and by making mistakes. Thankfully, some of these mistakes were made early on and I have quickly learned from them.\n\nBlack Enterprise:  How many SKUS did you start with and how quickly did that expand?\n\nAniekan-Attang:  We started with 10 styles of lashes and only a few quantities of each style. As people caught on to the brand via social media, the demand for our lashes increased and at one point we carried about 25 different lash styles. It was then that we decided to expand our product offerings.\n\nBlack Enterprise:  Ace Beaute has quite a loyal customer base and following on social. Do you have any advice for aspiring beauty entrepreneurs?\n\nAniekan-Attang:  Don’t get distracted by what others might be doing. Stay focused on your goal, stay positive, repeat positive affirmations to yourself at all times and work hard.\n\nBlack Enterprise:  Can you tell us what’s next for Ace Beaute?\n\nAniekan-Attang: We have a lot of new and innovative product launches being developed and hope to start rolling those out toward the end of the year.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8879730105400085}
+{"content": "‘Vikings’: How Bjorn Ironside Finally Proves Himself to His Father\n\nIn the hit series Vikings, Bjorn Ironside (Alexander Ludwig) continuously tries to prove himself to his very famous father, Ragnar Lothbrok (Travis Fimmel). He has a lot to prove, and the time finally comes when he risks it all to show both himself and his father that he can make it on his own in the wilderness.\n\nBjorn Ironside leaves to find himself\n\nAlexander Ludwig\nAlexander Ludwig | Charley Gallay/Getty Images for Tom Ford\n\nBjorn chooses to leave his family and the safety net of Kattegat to venture into the wilderness. His father doesn’t think he can do it, but Bjorn will prove himself to be capable. Luckily, Bjorn finds a cabin in the middle of nowhere while the snow falls. It’s clearly not the best time for him to be traveling, but he has a lot to prove, so he takes charge of his current circumstances.\n\nBjorn does his best to survive on his own, isolated from civilization and the comforts of home. He is able to eat by setting strategic traps and ice-fishing. Bjorn notices a bear has been snagged by his makeshift traps, but somehow manages to escape every time. However, he does come across the bear again and kills it, but not before getting attacked and left with serious wounds. He’s forced to burn the wounds himself, and it’s a cringe-worthy moment.\n\nThat isn’t the last of Bjorn’s trouble though. A Berserker sent by Kalf (Ben Robson) and Erlendur (Edvin Endre) finds Bjorn and tries to kill him. But he doesn’t account for Bjorn’s quick-thinking, and he uses fishing hooks to seriously hurt the Berserker. When Bjorn asks who sent him and he doesn’t get any answers, Bjorn kills him.\n\nHow Bjorn Ironside finally proves himself to his father\n\nRELATED: ‘Vikings’: Why Did Bjorn Ironside Want to Be King of Norway So Badly?\n\nBjorn makes it back to Kattegat, but not before going to Hedeby to see his mother, Lagertha (Katheryn Winnick), and to get Torvi (Georgia Hirst). Bjorn also gives Kalf and Erlendur a look like he’s suspicious that they are behind the Berserker attack, which they are.\n\nBjorn comes back to his home and to Ragnar a changed man. Ragnar Lothbrok immediately recognizes the change in Bjorn, and so does everyone else. Bjorn becomes even more reserved, just like his father, watching and waiting to see how things play out.\n\nView this post on Instagram\n\nAdmiring your Halloween haul.#Vikings #tbt\n\nA post shared by VIKINGS (@historyvikings) on\n\nAfter Bjorn returns, his father has a newfound respect for him. Bjorn was able to live on his own in the harshest of conditions, and he proved himself to be more than capable. He grows up so quickly in that short time away. He returns a different person that’s experienced fending for himself in the harshest circumstances.\n\nAfter this, Ragnar isn’t too worried about Bjorn anymore. He knows he can survive on his own, and he’s a more than capable warrior. He proved himself in his father’s eyes, and it’s clear Bjorn is Ragnar’s son in every way.\n\nBjorn Ironside becomes a changed man after experiencing tough conditions in the wilderness. He went to find himself and to prove himself to his father, and he certainly did.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.967154860496521}
+{"content": "Bible Verses Like Ezekiel 46:16\n\n\n\nBible verses related to shall be their possession by inheritance.'>Ezekiel 46:16 (similar cross-references)\n\n2 Chronicles 21:3 - And their father gave them great gifts of silver, and of gold, and of precious things, with fenced cities in Judah: but the kingdom gave he to Jehoram; because he was the firstborn.   (Verses like 2 Chronicles 21:3)\n\nGenesis 25:5-6 - And Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac.But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country.   (Verses like Genesis 25:5)\n\nPsalms 37:18 - The LORD knoweth the days of the upright: and their inheritance shall be for ever.   (Verses like Psalms 37:18)\n\nMatthew 25:34 - Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world:   (Verses like Matthew 25:34)\n\nLuke 10:42 - But one thing is needful: and Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her.   (Verses like Luke 10:42)\n\nJohn 8:35-36 - And the servant abideth not in the house for ever: but the Son abideth ever.If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.   (Verses like John 8:35)\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8354666829109192}
+{"content": "Rhode Island’s Healthy and Safe Families and Workplaces Act: what employers need to know now\n\n\nJune 05, 2018\n\nEmployment Law Alert\n\nAuthor(s): Stacie B. Collier, Jessica Schachter Jewell, Shelagh Michaud, Aaron F. Nadich, Neal J. McNamara, Andrew B. Prescott\n\nAs Rhode Island’s Healthy and Safe Families and Workplaces Act goes into effect, employers need to understand its requirements and determine what, if any, steps they need to take to comply with the Act.\n\nOn July 1, Rhode Island joins its neighbors, Connecticut and Massachusetts, in requiring certain employers to provide paid sick and safe time leave to their employees. As Rhode Island’s Healthy and Safe Families and Workplaces Act (“Act”) goes into effect, employers need to understand its requirements and determine what, if any, steps they need to take to comply with the Act.\n\nIn September 2017, Nixon Peabody issued an Employment Law Alert that addressed some FAQs about the Act. In advance of the implementation of the law, the Department of Labor and Training (“DLT”) recently issued regulations that shed some additional light on the Act. Based on these regulations, this alert provides updated information.\n\n\n\nUPDATE: The Act applies to out-of-state employers that have employees who primarily work in Rhode Island.\n\n\n\n\nA. Beginning in 2018, employers must provide at least 24 hours of leave (three days); in 2019, 32 hours (four days); and in 2020, 40 hours (five days) for full-time employees (those working 37.5 to 40 hours per week).\n\nUPDATE: Employers may choose the accrual method whereby employees must earn one hour of sick time for every 35 hours worked up to the maximum required by the statute. If employers choose the accrual method, employees accrue sick time for all hours worked and all hours paid by the employer, which means that employees accrue sick time while they are on paid sick leave, holiday, vacation and/or personal time.\n\nThe Act also provides prorated amounts for employees working fewer than 37.5 hours per week.\n\nQ. Does the Act really allow for unlimited carry-over of sick time?\n\nA. It depends. Yes, if an employer chooses the accrual method, then the unused hours carry-over. However, if an employer chooses to provide the statutory minimum number of sick leave hours, then the employer is exempt from the carry-over requirement. Note that although there is a potential for unlimited carry-over, there is a cap of usage of such time. And, earned but unused sick time need not be paid out upon separation from employment. An employer can also avoid the carry-over requirement by paying out earned but unused time at the end of each year.\n\nQ. What if the employer already provides the required amount of time off—does the employer have to change its policy currently in place?\n\n\nUPDATE: If the employer provides one “bucket” of paid time off, which may be used for the statutorily required sick leave time as well as vacation time, the employee may use the time for either purpose and the employer is not required to provide additional sick leave should the employee needs sick time later in the year, but, for example, took the time as vacation earlier in the year. Employers need to ensure that their employees understand this. The best way to do this is to clearly communicate this in a handbook or other written policy.\n\nQ. How do employees accrue this leave?\n\n\nUPDATE: The regulations clarify that the Act allows a third way to accrue sick leave. Employers may also provide sick leave on a monthly basis so long as they earn the minimum statutory amount of leave by the end of the year.\n\nQ. For what purposes are employees entitled to use this leave—can they take a vacation using earned sick time?\n\n\nUPDATE: The regulations clarify that the law is not confined to traditional family members. Specifically, employees may discharge this time to care for a “member of [the] employee’s household,” which, as used in the Act, includes any person who resides at the same address as the employee, including unrelated individuals such as domestic partners and roommates, or any person that the employee claims as a dependent for federal tax purposes. Employers should review their policies to ensure compliance with this nuanced part of the law.\n\nQ. Are employees allowed to use the leave right away?\n\nA. Employers are permitted to implement up to a 90-day waiting period before new employees may begin using their leave. For seasonal and temporary employees (as defined by the Act), employers may institute a waiting period of 150 days and 180 days, respectively.\n\nUPDATE: The regulations clarify that while employers may impose a waiting period on the use of sick time, sick time must accrue during the waiting period. However, if an employer rehires or reinstates a separated employee, who had a bank of accrued but unused or unpaid out sick time, there is no waiting period for that employee when he or she is reinstated.\n\n\n\nUPDATE: Foreseeable leave is defined as leave planned at least 24 hours in advance of taking the leave. Any policy requiring notice for unforeseeable leave must be reasonable given the circumstances, which may require permitting notice after the fact. This policy must be clearly communicated to employees.\n\nQ. What happens if the employer suspects that the employee is abusing the law—can employers discipline an employee for abuse of leave time?\n\n\n\n\nUPDATE: Employers must notify employees of the documentation requirement in writing in a handbook or policy. Policies that impose an undue burden on the employee will be considered unreasonable.\n\n\n\nUPDATE: If an employer offers paid time off that includes sick and vacation leave, the employer will be required to pay the employee for unused paid time off upon separation from employment because there is no way to separate out the sick leave from the earned vacation time (the latter of which, in most circumstances, must get paid out upon separation from employment). If employers choose to pay employees for unused time rather than allow employees to carry it over, employers should document the arrangement and obtain written authorization from the employee.\n\nQ. Will there be any additional guidance on the Act?\n\n\nUPDATE: The DLT issued regulations in late May 2018.\n\n\n\nUPDATE: A violation occurs when an employee requests to use sick leave. The first offense is a $100 fine. Subsequent violations will range from $100–$500 per offense as determined by the DLT.\n\nQ. What should employers do now?\n\n\n\n\nBack to top", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9357435703277588}
+{"content": "SEH Based Buffer Overflow\n\nStructured Exception Handling (SEH)Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability\n\nKali Linux\nWindows Vista\nVulnerable application: vulnserver.exe (GMON)\n\nVulnserver.exe is meant to be exploited mainly with buffer overflows vulnerabilities. More info about this application and where to download it can be found here:\n\n\nOnce the application has been downloaded, we run it on our Vista Machine and start fuzzing.\n\n\nFor fuzzing, I will be using boofuzz, and documentation can be found here:\n\nFirst off, we connect to the application to test its functionality--specifically, we will  be testing the GMON command as shown below\n\nHere is the boofuzz template/proof-of-concept that I used for fuzzing:\n\nWe fire up this python fuzzer and get a crash. \n\nWith boofuzz, it generates a fuzzing result that can be further accessed using a DB application. For this, I am using a sqlitebrowser that provides a nice SQLite GUI.\n\nWe can see in this result (line 24) that our fuzzer sent 5013 bytes before the crash occurred\n\n\nHere's the original proof-of-concept that I will be using throughout the exploit development \n\nWe will begin by recreating the crash using this POC\n\nWe fire up this POC and examine the crash in Windows Vista using Immunity Debugger. \n\nWe successfully get a crash with our buffer of 41s. \n\nSince this will be an SEH based buffer overflow, we look at the crash in SEH chain which shows that SEH handler address being overwritten with our 41s\n\nAfter being able to successfully overwrite the SEH handler, we then need to figure out the correct offset. This can be done by feeding our POC with unique characters of 5100 bytes long. \n\nWe will be using Metasploit's pattern_create.rb as shown below.\n\nWe then update our POC with the following unique chars and again fire up our exploit.\n\nThe POC successfully crashes the vulnserver.exe program again and follow the crash in immunity.\n\nHere we can see that SEH has been overwritten with the following values:\n326E4531 & 45336E45\n\nWe can use these two values to calculate the offset using Metasploit's pattern_offset.rb\n\nNote: Immunity Debugger's can also be used to create the pattern_create and pattern_offset\n\nWe get the following offset:\n\nSEH: 3519\nnSEH: 3515\n\nWe can use these offset values to update the POC one more time and recalculate our buffer\n\nAgain, we fire up the updated POC and examine the crash in immunity.\n\nWe can see that nSEH has been overwritten with x42s and the SEH has been overwritten with x43s\n\nRedirecting the SEH Handler\n\nAt this point, we have successfully accomplished the following:\n\n1. Fuzzed the vulnerable application given a long string of buffer \n2. We have calculated the offset for the SEH Handler\n\nOne common way (or only way?) to exploit a buffer overflow vulnerability is using the POP-POP-RET \n\nThis is possible because when an application crashes and the SEH happens, our malicious buffer is loaded into the stack and the crash makes this buffer accessible using the POP-POP-RET sequence of instructions.\n\nMore information about POP-POP-RET can be found in this blog:\n\nBottom right of the immunity debugger crash below shows the current state of the stack after the crash\nOur buffer is loaded at address 00FDF1F0 (note that addresses 00FDF1E8 and 00FDF1FC will need to be pop from the stack)\n\nPOP - 00FDF1E8\nRET - 00FDF1F0 (returns our buffer)\n\nBad characters are no bueno\n\nBefore we look for a POP-POP-RET address and redirect our SEH Handler to it, we need to discover bad characters that will truncate or mangle our exploit.\n\nSearching for bad characters can be accomplished by feeding 255 unique hex characters and follow code execution in immunity debugger to see it certain hex characters truncate or mangle our buffer\n\nAgain, execute our POC and trace code execution in immunity debugger. \n\nLooking at the hex dump (bottom left), we can see the application took all 255 hex characters (0x01 to 0xff) which means that other than  0x00, all hex characters can be used.\n\nNow we are ready to find any POP-POP-RET address. This can be done using the plugin in immunity debugger (I couldn't get it to work) or you can just do it manually by opening up the essfunc.dll and searching for these sets of instructions.\n\nI found the POP-POP-RET at address 625010B4\n\nOnce again, we update our POC with the SEH Handler redirect address. We examine the crash by adding a breakpoint at address 625010B4 and see if we can hit the breakpoint for a successful redirection.\n\nNote that the address has to be in little-endian format. Also, we added a first jump (EB 06) and 2 NOPs.\n\nWe get a another crash, examine the SEH chain which shows our POP-POP-RET address and if we allow the exception to happen, we are successfully redirected to address 625010B4\n\nWe step through the POP-POP-RET codes and we then hit our first jump (EB 06).\n\n...once we take the jmp and hit the address 00EFFF7D. This gives us roughly about 70 bytes of address space. This space is not enough to get a reverse or bind shellcode however, we can utilize this space to further jump.\n\nFor our second jump, I am using the following instructions which were straight from the OSCE course. \n\nThese instructions basically moves the address of EIP to ECX then 8 bytes of ECX gets decreased before the jump is taken.\n\nThese instructions can be created to a nasm file then objdump can be used to generate the opcodes. \n\nBelow shows these instructions and their respective opcodes\n\nNote that at this point, ecx points to address 00EFFD87. We step through the instructions, take the jump and follow the new EIP 00EFFD87 in dump which gives us a bigger address space…512 bytes to be exact\n00EFFF8B - 00EFFFD87= 512 in decimal\n\nWe update our POC once again with these jump instructions and now we are afforded an address space big enough for our shellcode.\n\n\nWe create a reverse shell.\n\nWe update our POC buffer one last time\n\nWe execute our POC again and follow code execution in our debugger\n\nAnd after taking our second jump, we hit our NOPs and if we follow the eip in dump, we can see that our encoded shellcode is just right below it.\n\nIf we continue code execution, we hit our shellcode and get a reverse shell in kali\n\nFinal POC\n\n\n  1. Fuzzed the vulnerable application given a long string of buffer \n  2. We have calculated the offset for the SEH Handler\n  3. Determine if there are any bad characters\n  4. Found a POP-POP-RET address to access our buffer\n  5. Use the 4 bytes @ offset 3515 to do our first jump for a 70-byte address space\n  6. Use the 70 bytes address space for the second jump which gave us 512 bytes of address space\n  7. Add shellcode", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7080783843994141}
+{"content": "Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. Almost a third of the total protein in your body is collagen. \n\nIt is the key structural component in skin, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, vascular and digestive systems and is a very important element in muscle, bones, hair, eyes and teeth.\n\n\nCollagen peptides are made by breaking down the triple helix structure of natural animal collagen into shorter chains of amino acids by introducing hydrogen and oxygen through\n\na process called hydrolysis. These short chains of amino acids are called peptides.\n\nThe product is then spray dried or agglomerated to create a fine powder, suitable for convenient addition to a wide range of food and beverages.   \n\n\nThe short chains of amino acids are much more bio-available than native collagen material, meaning that your body can absorb and process them much faster and more completely.\n\nOn absorption, these peptides trigger increased collagen production in your body\n\nand provide the essential ingredients required for this process. \n\nThis is particularly important in adults who, after the age of about 25, progressively create less collagen than is needed just to keep pace with the body’s natural requirement for biological replacement. Dietary supplementation with collagen peptides has been scientifically proven to help boost the body’s production of new collagen.\n\nThis is important if you want to keep your body in peak condition and stay strong, flexible, mobile and beautiful.\n\n\nThe body’s collagen production begins to decrease as we age.\n\nThis natural process is responsible for some of our most obvious signs of aging\n\nsuch as wrinkles, sagging skin and joint pains.\n\nCollagen-related ailments are often caused by a combination of genetic defects,\n\nlow intake of collagen-rich foods, nutritional deficiencies and digestive problems which can affect the body’s ability to synthesize collagen.\n\nOther lifestyle determinants such as high sugar intake, smoking and excessive\n\nsun exposure can also contribute to the depletion of collagen levels and leave\n\nus feeling and looking quite a bit older than we should.\n\n© 2018 by Arthur Designs", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9466231465339661}
+{"content": "Behind the headlines: Why retail, hospitality and franchising businesses are really shutting shop\n\nretail franchising closures\n\nIt seems like every day, we are seeing more and more reports about business challenges and failures — particularly in the retail, hospitality and franchising sectors.\n\nLet’s consider the science of cause and effect.\n\nWhat’s being reported is the effect, often resulting in the closure of iconic brands and businesses. And while this brings light to the plight of these sectors, it is far more widespread than it seems. The reality is, Australia sees more than 300,000 business closures each year.\n\nBut this problem is not new. Rather, it’s a new millennium problem.\n\nThe retail sector has seen no fewer than 114 prominent company collapses and thousands of stores close their doors from 2001-2019.\n\nIn the past 12 months, we have seen EB Games (19), Curious Planet (63), Jeanswest (146), Bose (19) and Colette (140) all close stores, and large brands such as Myer, Kmart and Big W announce significant store closures.\n\nThis month, Walmart in the US announced it will be closing about 200 stores this year, and Macy’s announced the closure of 100 of its department stores.\n\nThis month’s announcement regarding the demise of George Calombaris’ MAdE Establishment, and the closure of the 12 restaurants in his group, has brought to prominence the challenges that the hospitality sector is experiencing. Then, news came through that Heston Blumenthal’s Australian operation will be wound up with current debts of at least $10 million, including $4.4 million owed to employees.\n\nOther iconic businesses such as Longrain, Billy Kwong, The Bridge Room, Acme and Est. at the top end of town, and Criniti’s, Subway and Little Caesars in the mid-market, are all closing stores too.\n\nRecently, there has been significant criticism of the franchise sector, because of the actions of a few that have tarnished the sector through their poor conduct and exploitive behaviours. The reality, however, is that a significant proportion of franchisors do the right thing and act in a conscionable manner.\n\nBut these miscreant franchisors have created focus on an industry that contributes significantly to the Australian economy, by employing over 600,000 people and contributing more than $185 billion in sales, representing more than 10% of Australia’s GDP.\n\nRetail Food Group, for example, hit the headlines and received negative publicity and has subsequently announced the closure of 200 stores.\n\nThe problem with franchising is not franchising per se. The problem goes much deeper.\n\nThe reality is it has nothing to do with franchising, and has everything to do with the market and the emerging trends around online, convenience and consumer’s changing spending habits. People are still buying, they’re just buying differently.\n\nThe factors (or causes) contributing to the challenges being faced by the retail, hospitality and franchise sectors are numerous, but there is a consistent theme across all three sectors.\n\nThe world is changing at warp speed, customer preferences are changing just as quickly, and there are new platforms that have revolutionised the way consumers make decisions and how they buy.\n\nIt used to take decades for significant change in how people made decisions relating to purchasing. But the internet and online has provided enormous choice, convenience and competitiveness for consumers through online businesses.\n\nLet’s take a look at hospitality. Delivery platforms such as Uber Eats and Deliveroo take upwards of 25% of the product selling price, dramatically eroding the profitability of food businesses. Labour costs are rising, with average costs between 30-40%, and rental costs are upwards of 20%. Add in the cost of goods, at an average of 30%, and heaven forbid the money the business borrowed in order to get started, and, on average, a hospitality business’ costs can range from $200,000 to $2 million.\n\nIt’s no wonder so many hospitality businesses are going to the wall. There’s just no money left over after everyone has been paid.\n\nSome of the same challenges exist in retail. Rapidly rising rents are compounding year-on-year despite shopping precinct redevelopments, increased competition, escalating labour costs and penalty rates. Plus, retailers often need to discount to compete with the dropshipping market. The reaction of many retailers is to go ‘on sale’ to the point now where we have conditioned consumers to expect to get their retail purchases for up to 60% off.\n\nGiven 45% of franchise businesses operate in the retail and hospitality sector, it’s no wonder we have seen operators react the way they have.\n\nI am not condoning the behaviour of some operators, but the reality is, many business owners are earning less money than their employees. Business is tough!\n\nSo yes, there are contributing factors to the demise of the retail and hospitality markets. The effect is more businesses shutting their doors, the cause is numerous factors.\n\nIt’s not all doom and gloom, though.\n\nThe best operators will continue to be successful. But the key to success will be the ability to pivot and innovate. What was good enough 10 to 20 years ago is not good enough in today’s market.\n\nThe market is changing way too quickly and businesses need to be able to adapt. A big problem for many operators is laziness. But today’s consumer will continue to change with the rise of the millennial generation who make decisions so different from the previous generations.\n\nTo be a good retailer in this new millennium and decade, business leaders need to understand the market, react and change to today’s new consumer and consumer expectations.\n\nNOW READ: Matt Wilkinson’s Crofter Dining Room closes as Calombaris collapse fallout spreads across Melbourne\n\nNOW READ: The real losers from the Calombaris collapse are the 400 people left without work\n\n\n\nNotify of\nInline Feedbacks\nView all comments", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6468813419342041}
+{"content": "[<< wikipedia] Organtino di Mariano\nOrgantino di Mariano Bisconti (active 1529 - 1564) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period active in Perugia.\nHe painted the altarpiece of Santa Margherita in Perugia.  He was a pupil of Giovanni Battista Caporali, and worked with him in the church of San Pietro in Perugia. Organtino also worked with Lattanzio Pagani.\n\n== References ==", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000087022781372}
+{"content": "Kate Elizabeth Mayhook\n\nKate Elizabeth Mayhook\n\nCOURSE: Fashion Business & Promotion 2020\n\n\n\nA BA (hons) Fashion Business and Promotion graduate looking to secure a role in the trend forecasting sector to study market conditions and consumers buying behaviours. I am passionate about tracking shifts in colour and styles, but also analysing market data and socio-economic factors. Throughout my studies I have gained many transferable skills in which I can apply to employment. During my research journey for my Independent Major Project and Trend Forecasting module, I was constantly investigating future fashion trends and consumer behaviours to find the appropriate cause and respectable consumer.\n\nCurated Cultivation unveils the forced and deliberate placement of plants in order to achieve a sense of minimalistic living. Plants are all natural and native, however this is undermined to facilitate an artificial outlook on plants where they are a slave to make something aesthetically pleasing. There is so a revelation of a requirement for individuals and groups of people to use the beneficial attributes of plants to pursue a point of understanding form others.\n\nCurated Cultivation was established through the corresponding link of the terms; to pull together and promotion of growth, thus meaning the concept of deliberate placement of living plants. The trend would be illustrated through the trickle up theory where it would start by the everyday individual and it would gradually increase to the higher population.\n\nCurated Cultivation inspires the use of texture and shape to create dresses full of frills and layers. The appreciation of plants is taken into consideration to develop key shapes and prints to emphasise the simplicity that plants protrude.\nA luxury bricks and mortar boutique called NUDE, offering neutral tones and colours for a simplistic minimal look for everyday wear. The store will begin with a limited range with a variety of shades and eco-friendly fabrics, bringing in gender neutral and unisex aspects for all customers to make them feel confident and comfortable in their own skin. The main ethos of the store is to empower individuals into finding their correct fit in order to make them feel more body positive. Find Your Fit, Not Your Size.\n\nInstead of using sizing (S, M, L etc), NUDE eradicates sizes and creates the perfect fit for your body. By being specifically measured, the items chosen will be created for your optimum fit, exclusive to you only. There will be no sizing illustrated on the clothing tags but instead the customers name and year.\n\nThe store will use a 3D scanning software system in which it will measure your correct fit\nin-store. Once measured you will be put on the system and can update your measurements as and when you visit the store.\n\nThe store will further offer laser cutting and alterations to provide the correct fit for the customer in order for them to receive the best experience. For example, if the\ncustomer wanted more length or shape OR if they want an addition, feature or print to be incorporated that can be issued.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8572506308555603}
+{"content": "\nNo one wants to develop a neurodegenerative disease – particularly those who’ve seen a family member go through it. Parkinson’s is associated with a drop in dopamine. And since caffeine boosts dopamine levels in the brain, drinking black coffee reduces the chances of you developing Parkinson’s. Regular coffee drinkers have been shown to have a 32-60% reduced chance of developing this disease.\nInstant coffee is a drink derived from brewed coffee beans. Through various manufacturing processes the coffee is dehydrated into the form of powder or granules. These can be rehydrated with hot water to provide a drink similar (though not identical) to conventional coffee. At least one brand of instant coffee, \"Camp Coffee,\" is also available in concentrated liquid form.\nMy mom's been a long-time lover of coffee. I can still remember her sending me up to the counter for her usual when I was a kid. “Double-tall nonfat extra hot latte with extra foam, no whip.” We lived in the coffee-loving city of Seattle before coffee was uber chic, and I like to think I inherited some of my mom's refined cafe preferences. But the fact remains that at 20-something years old, I still hadn't figured out how to make black coffee that didn't taste like mud to me. So I snooped around her kitchen when we were up to visit last weekend to see how she does it. “What's this coffee brand on your counter, mom? Gevalia?”\n\nAccording to the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) there is an ideal method for making coffee, called the Golden Cup Award, which will scientifically yield favorable and repeatable results. You should use between 3.25 and 4.25 ounces of coffee grounds per 64 ounces of water (90-120 grams of coffee to 1.9 liters of water). The water temperature must be at 200 degrees Fahrenheit (+ or - 2; that's equivalent to 93 Celcius) when it comes in contact with the grounds. Lastly, the total dissolved solids (TDS) measured in any given brew tastes best to most people when it falls between 1.15 and 1.35 percent.\nIn addition to the caffeine, chlorogenic acid in a cup of black coffee will help the fat burning process. Those substances will activate the enzyme in the digestion system such as lipase which is able to break down fat. In the other word, lipase will helps the process to burn fat, since fat need to be broken down before it is perfectly burned. The normal process might take about 20 minutes to burn fat. However, the caffeine and chlorogenic acid in a cup of black coffee will make the process efficiently faster.\nSouth Indian Coffee, also known as Mysore Filter Coffee or Kaapi (South Indian phonetic rendering of \"coffee') is a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70%–80%) and chicory (20%–30%), especially popular in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The most commonly used coffee beans are Koffeey Arabica (Coffee Arabica grown from Arehalli Village) Peaberry (preferred), Arabica, Malabar and Robusta grown in the hills of Karnataka (Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru), Kerala (Malabar region) and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris District, Yercaud and Kodaikanal).[citation needed]", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6613748073577881}
+{"content": "Quick Answer: Can A Giraffe Kill You?\n\nDo giraffes have two hearts?\n\nThree hearts, to be exact.\n\nThere is a systemic (main) heart.\n\n\nThey work like the right side of the human heart..\n\nWhich animal can kill lion?\n\n\nCan a tiger kill a lion?\n\n\nDo giraffes like to be touched?\n\n\nCan a giraffe kick kill you?\n\nIf they are with their young the animal may be more on edge. Giraffes like all animals can get spooked and be startled. If frightened they may feel the need to defend themselves. … Their legs can also be dangerous, with a kick from a giraffe quite capable of killing someone.\n\nCan a giraffe kill a lion?\n\n\nCan giraffes swim?\n\nGiraffes have long been known as one of the mammals in the world that are not able to swim. Scientists believed that the long neck of the giraffe and the long legs would not provide enough energy to support its neck while in water.\n\nWhat animals kill just to kill?\n\nSome of the animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing include zooplankton, damselfly naiads, predaceous mites, martens, weasels, honey badgers, wolves, Jaguars, orcas, red foxes, leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, spiders, brown bears, American black bears, polar bears, coyotes, lynx, mink, raccoons, …\n\nCan giraffes be dangerous?\n\n\nCan a rhino kill a lion?\n\n\nDo giraffes get eaten by lions?\n\n\nAre giraffes friendly?\n\nGiraffes and Humans Relationship in recent times Humans and giraffes have a different type of relationship than that of many other animals. … Giraffes often attract the attention when they are in captivity. It seems that young and old alike are happy to observe them and delighted to be so near these unusual animals.\n\nHow do giraffes die?\n\n\nAre sharks dinosaurs?\n\n\nWhich animal can kick the hardest?\n\ngiraffeThey can all potentially kill you if they kick you in the right place and with the right amount of force, but the giraffe has the most powerful kick out of those animals.\n\nDo any animals hunt giraffes?\n\n\nCan ostrich kill a lion?\n\n\nWhat animal can kill a giraffe?\n\n\nAre giraffes dinosaurs?\n\n\nWhy do giraffes stink?\n\nThey have a strong odor, which is part of their defense system. The giraffe’s fur works as a chemical defense. It is full of antibiotics and smelly chemicals that repel parasites, giving the giraffe a strong odor. Old males are sometimes nicknamed “stink bulls.”\n\nHow smart are giraffes?\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5314431190490723}
+{"content": "Quick Answer: Is Korean Gender Neutral?\n\nIs Japanese gendered?\n\nThere are no gender differences in written Japanese (except in quoted speech), and almost no differences in polite speech (teineigo)..\n\nIs language gender neutral?\n\nAs awareness grows, people are moving away from gendered language and using more inclusive terms to reflect reality. English has never really been a gender-neutral language. However, this was not always the case, according to Dr Tatman.\n\nWhat languages have genders?\n\nGrammatical gender is found in many Indo-European languages (including Spanish, French, Russian, and German—but not English or Persian, for example), Afroasiatic languages (which includes the Semitic and Berber languages, etc.), and in other language families such as Dravidian and Northeast Caucasian, as well as …\n\nDid Old English have genders?\n\nOld English had a system of grammatical gender similar to that of modern German, with three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. … Moreover, the third-person personal pronouns, as well as interrogative and relative pronouns, were chosen according to the grammatical gender of their antecedent.\n\nWhy does English have no gender?\n\nModern English doesn’t have grammatical gender because English speakers found no reason to keep it. Old English did have grammatical gender, but as the language evolved through various invasions, first the Vikings, then the Normans, there was no need to keep it since it no longer performed any useful function.\n\nWhat are the 4 genders?\n\n\nIs English gendered?\n\n\nWhy do Koreans bow?\n\nJust like many Asian countries, bowing is a big part of greetings in Korea. It’s a way to show respect, say hi, thank you, and bye. … It’s also used for jesa (제사), which is a traditional Korean ceremony that respects ancestors. Also, men will do this to their fiance’s parents when they ask for their hand in marriage.\n\nIs guys a gender neutral term?\n\nThe greeting ‘guys’ is often used as a gender-neutral term The appropriateness of using the greeting “hi guys” when addressing a group of men and women is up for debate after a woman suggested people should “never” use it – because other, gender-neutral greetings are more inclusive of women.\n\nIs Oppa flirty?\n\nOppa is a flirty way to say older brother. … Oppa is the Korean word for ‘older brother. ‘ It is used by a younger girl to refer to an older guy. It is also used as a flirtatious way.\n\nWhat is binary sexually?\n\nnoun. a classification system consisting of two genders, male and female. a concept or belief that there are only two genders and that one’s sex or gender assigned at birth will align with traditional social constructs of masculine and feminine identity, expression, and sexuality.\n\nHow many official genders are there?\n\n\nIs German gender neutral?\n\nGerman has third-person singular pronouns, which include: er (grammatically male), sie (grammatically female), es (grammatically neuter), man (impersonal/indefinite), jemand (impersonal) and irgendjemand (impersonal) in nominative case.\n\nWhen did Korea stop using Chinese?\n\n1970In 1970, then-South Korean President Park Chung-hee banned Chinese characters from being taught in schools or used in official documents.\n\nWhat is opposite of oppa?\n\n언니 = (eonni) | females speaking to older females) 오빠 (oppa) and 형 (hyeong) mean ‘older brother’, 누나 (nuna) and 언니 (eonni) mean ‘older sister’. However, the meaning of these terms expands much further than just your blood related siblings.\n\nDoes Dutch have gender?\n\nOverview. Traditionally, nouns in Dutch, like in more conservative Germanic languages, such as German and Icelandic, have retained the three grammatical genders found in the older forms of all Germanic languages: masculine, feminine, or neuter.\n\nDoes Korean language have gender?\n\nThere are no genders in Korean, no feminine and no masculine. This applies to adjectives as well as nouns. As you can see from the example above, there is no structure of the Feminine in Korean.\n\nHow many genders are there 2020?\n\n\nDid Koreans originate Chinese?\n\nThe Korean language is part of a northern Asian language known as Altaic, that includes Turkish, Mongolian and Japanese, suggesting early Northern migrations and trade. Korean was also heavily influenced by Chinese, but have adopted its own writing system in the 16th century.\n\nDo Japanese read backwards?\n\nThe text is in the traditional tategaki (“vertical writing”) style; it is read down the columns and from right to left, like traditional Chinese. Published in 1908. When written vertically, Japanese text is written from top to bottom, with multiple columns of text progressing from right to left.\n\nAre there gender neutral pronouns in Korean?\n\nKorean doesn’t matter gender in pronouns. There’re 그 and 그녀 which are gender specific, but these’re for translating Western pronouns that general Koreans don’t use them.\n\nWhat language has no gender?\n\n\nWhat does Nuna mean in Korean?\n\nUsing a kinship term: 언니 (eonni, “older sister” if speaker is female), 누나 (nuna, “older sister” if speaker is male), 오빠 (oppa, “older brother” if speaker is female), 형 (hyeong, “older brother” if speaker is male), 아줌마 (ajumma, “middle-aged woman”), 아주머니 (ajumeoni, also “middle aged woman” but more polite), 아저씨 (ajeossi …\n\nWhat does Aegyo mean?\n\nAegyo (Korean: 애교; Hanja: 愛嬌) in Korean refers to a cute display of affection often expressed including but not limited to through a cute/baby voice, facial expressions, and gestures.\n\nWhat is Korea’s language?\n\nKoreanSouth Korea/Official languages\n\nWhat can you say instead of guys?\n\nAlternatives to “guys”:All.You.Team.Everyone/everybody.Folks.People.Friends/pals/peeps (informal settings)\n\nHow many sexes do humans have?\n\n\nWhy do genders exist?\n\n\nWhat is the main religion of Korea?\n\nThe majority of South Koreans (56.1%, as of the 2015 national census) are irreligious. Christianity and Buddhism are the dominant confessions among those who affiliate with a formal religion. Protestantism represents (19.7%) of the total population, Korean Buddhism (15.5%), and Catholicism (7.9%).\n\nIs Korean a dialect of Chinese?\n\nThe Chinese Korean language (Korean: 중국조선말; Hanja: 中國朝鮮말; RR: Jungguk Joseonmal, lit. ‘China Joseon language’) is the variety of the Korean language spoken by Ethnic Koreans in China, primarily located in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.718177080154419}
+{"content": "5 Replies\nAllison LaMotte\n\nHi Alexander,\n\nThere’s no way to edit the metadata pulled from the embedded link in Rise. After further investigation, it does seem that, for some links, the metadata is included in the export for translation, which sounds like what happened in your situation. In that case, you’d need to fix any formatting issues directly in the XLIFF file.\n\nIf you're still having issues, please reach out to our Support Team so they can take a look. You can submit a case here.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999894499778748}
+{"content": "\n\n\nBefore making a case for an evidence‐based project, it is essential to understand the culture of the organization in order to begin assessing its readiness for EBP implementation. Select an appropriate organizational culture survey tool and use this instrument to assess the organization’s readiness.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMY topic is about my hospital Montefiore medical center, Bronx (Moses campus)\n\nCAUTI is one of the common hospital acquired infections nowadays. It leads to prolonged hospital stays and increased health care costs and sometimes patient deaths. Extended use of the urinary catheter is considered as the most common source of a catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) . Therefore, catheters should only be used for appropriate indications and should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed. I would like to reduce our hospital CAUTI rate by using prevention methods/tools.\n\nInstruction Files\n\n\n\nUse the following coupon\n\nOrder Now", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7504321932792664}
+{"content": "World Economy\n\nErratic Saudi Policies Blocking Investments\n\nMBS has put the Middle East on a collision course. He is increasingly seen as an autocrat who cannot tolerate any dissent or criticism\nUS President Donald Trump (R) and MBS in Washington on March 14.US President Donald Trump (R) and MBS in Washington on March 14.\n\nSince the ascension to the throne of King Salman bin Abdul-Aziz al Saud in 2015 and the rise of his son Mohammed bin Salman (aka MBS), first as defense minister and then as crown prince, the kingdom’s foreign policy has faced difficult choices in a fraught region.\n\nWith rare exceptions, the Saudis have lurched from one poor decision to the next; the Canada caper is the latest. The erratic diplomacy is hurting the kingdom, Al-Monitor reported.\n\nThe first tough decision of the new leadership is still their worst, to intervene in the Yemeni civil war. The Saudi bombing of a school bus this week is symptomatic of the Saudi coalition’s difficulties in avoiding civilian casualties in launching airstrikes against targets in a poor, backward country.\n\nThe blockade of Qatar was also intended to produce a quick Saudi victory. Some reliable evidence suggest that they were planning a military invasion of Qatar but US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson vetoed the plan (probably without President Donald Trump’s knowledge).\n\nIndeed, the international business community has come to a very different conclusion about the country’s policies, especially in the wake of MBS’s shakedown of his own people last fall to pay for his expensive adventures. Hundreds were detained without charge, and then forced to turn over their assets to the government.  Foreign direct investment in the kingdom dropped 80% from over $7 billion in 2016 to $1.4 billion in 2017, according to the United Nations, and down from over $12 billion when King Abdullah was still on the throne.\n\nJordan and Oman each attracted more foreign investment last year than Saudi Arabia. The number of companies also fell significantly. Concerns about the rule of law and arbitrary detention are also encouraging capital flight.\n\n  Expensive Quagmires\n\nForeign investment is crucial to Saudi Arabia’s ambition to diversify the economy and create new cities; Vision 2030 needs robust foreign investment. It was entirely predictable that the erratic policies of the royal palace would discourage investors who value stability and predictability—open-ended wars and feuds do not encourage confidence in decision-making.\n\nThe Saudis ended up in open-ended and expensive quagmires in Yemen and Qatar with no strategy to achieve success. Fortunately for Riyadh, the usual leader of the international community, America, under Donald Trump is largely oblivious to the damage done.\n\nMBS has put the Middle East on a collision course. His most notable success abroad may well be the wooing and capture of Trump and his son-in-law, Jared Kushner.\n\nThe palace’s biggest success has been in courting a president who does not care about human rights, humanitarian catastrophes or regional stability. The relationship was cemented by Trump’s visit to Riyadh last year and MBS’s trip to the United States this year.\n\nCongress, on the other hand, is turning against the kingdom, as is the press and the public. MBS is increasingly seen as an autocrat who can’t tolerate any dissent, rather than as a modernizer opening up the country. Criticism and dissent is not tolerated, even if it is the dissenting opinion of women who fought for the right to drive in the only country in the world that ever made driving a gender-based issue.\n\nThe Saudi decision to expel the Canadian ambassador from Riyadh, freeze trade ties and withdraw 15,000 Saudis from Canadian schools and hospitals in response to the Canadian foreign minister protesting the detention of female critics is another poor call by the Saudi leadership.\n\n  Role in 9/11\n\nConspiracy theorists have long claimed that the Saudi government was either deliberately blind to the al-Qaeda 9/11 plot, or, worse, complicit in it. The evidence and multiple investigations do not support such theories. But they remain persistent and at least one points a finger at one of the king’s sons, who died under allegedly suspicious circumstances. That theory is laid out in a book titled “Secrets of the Kingdom.”\n\nThe entire spat is certain to further discourage investment in Saudi Arabia. It is very much like a similar tangle with Sweden last year. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada is standing strong in his position, as he should. He should go further and suspend Canada’s $12 billion arms deal for infantry fighting vehicles with the kingdom until the war in Yemen ends.\n\nThat would get the Saudis’ attention. America should stand with its friend and ally and suspend its own arms supplies to the kingdom until it stops the war.\n\nAdd new comment\n\nRead our comment policy before posting your viewpoints", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6820070743560791}
+{"content": "join the ap-bio course\n\n🎖️fiveable certificate upon completion\n\n⏱️ 2 min read\n\n\nap bio\n\n\nstudy guide\n\n\nUnit 6\n\n6.4 Translation\n\n\n\n\n\nwritten by\n\nSamantha Himegarner\n\nsamantha himegarner\n\npublished on april 3, 2020\n\nLast updated on May 31, 2020\n\nRNA ➡️ Polypeptide Chain\n\nThe process of converting RNA into a polypeptide chain is called translation. This happens in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, it happens on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In prokaryotic cells, however, it will occur simultaneously with transcription.\n\nTranslation requires energy and goes through a process of sequential events: initiation, elongation, and termination.\n\nImage courtesy of BCcampus.\n\n\nInitiation occurs when the rRNA in the ribosome interacts with the mRNA at the start codon\n\nThe sequence of nucleotides is read in groups of three, which are called codons. The converse of the codons is subsequently called anticodons. Each codon correlates to a specific amino acid, though an amino acid can have more than one signifying codon. It is important to note that nearly all living organisms use this genetic code, which is evidence for the common ancestry of all living organisms. \n\n\njoin more students\n\ncreate an account on fiveable\n\n\ntRNA brings the amino acid as specified by the mRNA codons. The created chain of amino acids becomes what is called a polypeptide chain. The polypeptides interact with each other’s chemical elements to form a protein.\n\n\nThe polypeptide chain continues to grow until a stop codon is reached, which then terminates the process and release the polypeptide chain/newly formed protein.  Retroviruses utilize this process differently. The genetic information starts as RNA and is converted into DNA (through reverse transcriptase). The DNA is then inserted into the host genome by the retrovirus, which is transcribed and translated for the creation of new viral progeny.\n\nWatch AP Bio live streams here.\n\nFiveable Logo\n\n2550 north lake drive\nsuite 2\nmilwaukee, wi 53211\n\n\n\n© fiveable 2020 | all rights reserved.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9428561925888062}
+{"content": "Question: Are Broadway Shows Profitable?\n\nWhy is Broadway so expensive?\n\nA few reasons, and here are the main ones: 1) Because People Are Buying Tickets.\n\nIt’s pretty much as simple as that – ticket pricing is set at the maximum that people are willing to pay, and attendance figures for Broadway shows (both musicals and non-musicals) has only gone up over the years.\n\n2) Tourists..\n\nCan I wear jeans to Broadway show?\n\n\nWhat is the most famous Broadway show?\n\nTop Ten Best Broadway Shows Ever MadeHamilton. The story of the man on the ten dollar bill has been Broadway’s number one smash hit since its release. … The Producers. … The Phantom of the Opera. … The Book of Mormon. … Les Miserables. … West Side Story. … Wicked. … Kinky Boots.More items…\n\nIs wicked or Hamilton better?\n\nWicked beat out West Side Story with over 70% of the votes. It was a close race between Tony-winning musicals Hamilton and Dear Evan Hansen, with Hamilton ultimately taking the lead with 59% of the votes.\n\nWhat is the average run of a Broadway show?\n\nThe average run of an adaptation in the last 30 years is 644 performances. The average run of an original musical is only 331 performances, about half of the adaptation average. Of the original musicals produced in the last 30 years, 30% were open for less than a month.\n\nHow do theater actors get paid?\n\nThe median hourly pay for actors in theater companies and dinner theaters is $16.82, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. … Equity actors who are on call earn a minimum of $238.69 per day. Broadway actors command a higher salary, a minimum of $2,034.00 per week.\n\nDo understudies get paid?\n\nBut here’s one example: According to Actors’ Equity Association, if you’re in the chorus and understudying a principal role, you’ll make a minimum base salary per week, which is currently $1,861. Then you’ll automatically get $50 on top of that each week for every role you cover.\n\nWhy do Broadway actors leave shows?\n\nThey have opportunities to originate other roles, either in a different production or apart from broadway completely, that can earn them more money/awards/recognition/etc. There is a monotony to being in the same show as well.\n\nDoes BroadwayHD have wicked?\n\nCrowds have been lured by popular shows like “Hamilton,” “Dear Evan Hanson,” “Wicked, “The Lion King” and “The Book of Mormon,” among others. Before you get your hopes up though, none of the aforementioned mega-hits are in the BroadwayHD catalog, nor are other first-run Broadway productions.\n\nWhat’s the longest running musical?\n\nThe FantasticksWorld’s Longest-Running Musical ‘The Fantasticks’ To Close on 55th Anniversary.\n\nDo Broadway actors get days off?\n\nAnswer: A typical Broadway show rehearses six days a week for eight hours a day — from around 10 AM-6 PM. The actors work for seven of those hours, and the rest is breaks.\n\nWhat is the highest grossing Broadway show?\n\nThe Lion KingBroadway revenue (since 1982)RankMusicalOriginal productionNo. of performances1The Lion King9,1952Wicked6,7283The Phantom of the Opera13,26422 more rows\n\nHow much does it cost to produce a Broadway show?\n\nAnd theater veterans say the Broadway economy — with its many unions and high rents — has made producing shows in New York an increasingly expensive and risky proposition. Most musicals cost between $10 million to $16 million to produce, while plays typically range between $2 million to $5 million.\n\nHow much money does a Broadway lead make?\n\n\nWho is the highest paid Broadway actor 2020?\n\n2020 has been a huge year for Hamilton (though not without controversy) thanks to its premiere on Disney+. It was announced in February that Disney had acquired a filmed version of the Broadway show for $75 million, which resulted in a significant payday for creator and star Lin-Manuel Miranda.\n\nDo Broadway actors get paid for rehearsals?\n\nThe answer is yes. The minimum weekly salary on Broadway is $1,754, according to the Actors’ Equity Association production contract. … The producer also doesn’t have to pay for a rehearsal period, if no rehearsal period is necessary, when a show moves to Broadway.\n\nHow can I make my own play?\n\nTheatre Production: From the Script to the StageFind a Script. Naturally, the first step is to decide which play you will be producing. … Figure Out the Nitty Gritty. This step involves several smaller but equally-pivotal steps: … Casting. Auditions let the director and producer find actors who are able to fill the needed roles. … Rehearsals. … Publicity and Opening Night.\n\nDo they lip sync on Broadway?\n\nBroadway productions normally have a lot of money to spend on technical elements, including sound, but it’s not common practice to lip-synch entire shows. When lip-syncing does occur, it’s usually for the most difficult vocal parts to replicate day after day, show after show. It’s rare.\n\nHow much does it cost to see a Broadway show in New York?\n\nBroadway shows offer tickets at many different price points. Regular Price tickets generally range from $20 to $175. You can expect to pay higher prices for the best seats to hit shows on weekend nights.\n\nDo Broadway shows make money?\n\nThe majority, 11.45 million or over 80 percent of the audience, attended musicals. In the 2017/18 season the gross revenue from Broadway shows in New York was at 1.7 billion U.S. dollars with over 1.44 billion U.S. dollars from musicals and about 180.43 million U.S. dollars from theatrical plays.\n\nWho is the richest Broadway star?\n\n7 of the World’s Wealthiest Broadway CelebritiesPatti LuPone. Share. IMAGE IMDB. … Lin-Manuel Miranda. Share. IMAGE WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. … Idina Menzel. Share. IMAGE WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. … Lea Michele. Share. IMAGE IMDB. … Kristin Chenoweth. Share. IMAGE Drama League/ WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. … Bernadette Peters. Share. IMAGE IMDB. … Angela Lansbury. Share.\n\nWhat was the most expensive Broadway musical to produce?\n\nTurn Off the DarkThe number one most expensive Broadway musical production to date is Turn Off the Dark, and at $79 million dollars this Spiderman extravaganza is head and shoulders above any other production in terms of cost.\n\nIs it hard to get on Broadway?\n\n\nIs it cheaper to buy Broadway tickets in New York?\n\nThe classic way to find deeply discounted tickets is to wait in line, on the day of the show, at TDF’s TKTS Booth under the red steps in Duffy Square (47th Street and Broadway). All but the biggest Broadway hits are on sale there, mostly at 50 percent off.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.979361891746521}
+{"content": "What is microbial diversity anyway?\n\n\nMicrobiotaologists calculate diversity by borrowing equations developed by those who have spent much longer studying the diversity of ecosystems, they would be ecologists.\n\nWhile there are lots of different equations available, and often more than one is used in research, if you get your personal gut microbiota tested with a company like uBiome you will get one number back comparing yourself to everyone tested. In uBiome’s case, they currently seem to use a measure called the Inverse Simpson index.\n\nDon’t worry about the equations (unless you enjoy that sort of thing (in which case you = strange) x 10). Put simply, his equation takes into account both how many species are there and also how many of each type of species are there.\n\nImagine a woodland of one hundred trees and ten different species of trees. If one species has ninety-one trees and there is only one tree each of the other nine species the woodland isn’t very diverse. But if there are ten trees of each species the woodland is much more diverse. The Simpson index tries to quantify this difference.\n\nUsing the Simpson index the diversity number gets smaller as diversity increases, which is counterintuitive, so it is usually divided by 1 to make the numbers go the right way around.\n\nHence we have the Inverse Simpson index.\n\n\nLet’s make a very, very simplified gut microbiota with 10 species of bacteria with a couple of common species and 8 rarer species.\n\nBacteria Number of bacteria Percentage of each species\nSpecies 1 20 40%\nSpecies 2 18 36%\nSpecies 3 2 4%\nSpecies 4 2 4%\nSpecies 5 2 4%\nSpecies 6 2 4%\nSpecies 7 1 2%\nSpecies 8 1 2%\nSpecies 9 1 2%\nSpecies 10 1 2%\nTotal bacteria 50\n\nIt is important to note that when testing the gut microbiota current techniques can only show the percentages of each type of bacteria, but not how many of each type are there.\n\nThe diversity of this simple microbiota using the Inverse Simpson diversity is:\n\nDiversity = 3.4\n\nNow let us say that hypothetically we feed this gut microbiota with a diet containing diverse types of dietary fibre that feeds more of the rarer species of bacteria.\n\nBacteria Number of bacteria Percentage of each species\nSpecies 1 25 25%\nSpecies 2 22 22%\nSpecies 3 7 7%\nSpecies 4 7 7%\nSpecies 5 7 7%\nSpecies 6 7 7%\nSpecies 7 7 7%\nSpecies 8 6 6%\nSpecies 9 6 6%\nSpecies 10 6 6%\nTotal bacteria 100\n\nThe total number of bacteria has doubled while the percentages are spread more evenly between the different species of bacteria.\n\nDiversity = 7.3\n\nThe diversity has doubled because the evenness has increased.\n\nBut now let us try a diet with much less dietary fibre reducing the food for any of the bacteria to very low levels.\n\nBacteria Number of bacteria Percentage of each species\nSpecies 1 4 20%\nSpecies 2 4 20%\nSpecies 3 2 10%\nSpecies 4 2 10%\nSpecies 5 2 10%\nSpecies 6 2 10%\nSpecies 7 1 5%\nSpecies 8 1 5%\nSpecies 9 1 5%\nSpecies 10 1 5%\nTotal bacteria 20\n\nThe rare bacteria remain rare but the previously common ones are much reduced.\n\nDiversity = 8.3\n\nThe diversity number has now increased even more because we have lost the more common bacteria and so the percentages are again spread more evenly between the different species of bacteria.\n\nRemember we can only see the percentages of each type of bacteria of the total, we can’t tell how many of each are there.\n\nWhile this hypothetical example is incredibly simplified you can see that a single measure of diversity can be misleading when considering what is going on in the gut. It is difficult to interpret without taking into account what might be causing changes in diversity, what types of bacteria are making up that diversity, and what those bacteria are doing there. A low diversity gut microbiota dominated by a few beneficial bacteria could be better than a diverse one containing more pathogens.\n\nCurrently, the information available if you are having your gut bacteria tested as a consumer is limited due to the nature of the technology. In light of this, it is worth interpreting the microbial diversity with caution.\n\n\n\nHas modern farming increased the retinol in the liver you eat?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiver retinol\n\n\nLiver retinol 2\n\nThey concluded:\n\n\n\n\nAs an example of the results:\n\n\n\n\n\nThey concluded that:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDoes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gut cause obesity?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCani 2007\n\n\n\nIs this replicable?\n\n\n\n\nGeurts 2013\n\n\n\nHas anyone else repeated these results?\n\n\nIn Mice\n\nVila, 2014: Four weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\nLiang, 2014: Sixteen weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\nIwashita, 2013: Four weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\n\nNøhr, 2016: Twenty-eight days of LPS infusion…\n\n\n\nAhn, 2015: Four weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\n\nAhn weights\n\n\nIn Rats\n\nHsieh, 2008: Four weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\nWu, 2012: Fourteen days of LPS infusion…\n\n\nFischer, 2015: Four weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\n\nLa Serre, 2015: Six weeks of LPS infusion…\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGraphic faecal transplants and obesity\n\n\nOne of the studies that started this was published in Nature in 2006. This study has been rather influential as Google Scholar states that, as of today, this study has now been cited 5,842 times.\n\ngraphic 3\n\n\nThe reason for its importance is that it was the first study to show that transplanting the microbiota from obese mice into lean mice made the mice fatter than mice getting transplants from lean mice.\n\nSome previous studies had reported differences in the composition of the gut microbiota between obese and lean individuals, but this was the first study to provide evidence that this might be causal.\n\nThe key graph in the paper for this is Figure 3c (yellow highlights are mine).\n\n\ngraphic 2\n\n\nIn germ-free mice transplanted with gut microbiota from obese mice, body fat increased by 47% compared to 27% getting a microbiota from lean mice.\n\nWhile this looks like a big difference, it is worth noting that this is not body fat percentage. This is the percentage increase in fat in relation to the initial body fat. This is difficult to interpret without knowing how much fat the mice started with.\n\nThe study does not state the starting body fat of the mice, but it does tell us in the results how much fat the mice gained in grams.\n\n\n\n\nAs we know the percentage increase in body fat and the total weight of that increase, we can calculate the amount of fat each group of mice had before the faecal transplant.\n\nMice getting a faecal transplant from obese mice gained 1.3 grams of fat, an increase of 47% relative to their starting fat.\n\nMice getting a faecal transplant from lean mice gained 0.86 grams of fat, an increase of 27% relative to their starting fat.\n\n\nIf we calculate their starting fat:\n\nLean transplant recipients: 1.3/0.47 = 2.76\n\nMice getting obese mice transplants had 2.76 grams of fat at the start.\n\nObese transplant recipients: 0.86/0.27 = 3.19\n\nMice getting lean mice transplants had 3.19 grams of fat at the start.\n\n\nIf we add those up…\n\n2.76 + 1.3 = 4.05\n\n3.19 + 0.86 = 4.07\n\nThe final body fat of both groups was almost the same at about 4.1 grams\n\n\nIf we graph the total weight of the body fat in the two groups of mice:\n\n\n(This graph probably wouldn’t get you a paper in Nature).\n\nAs you can see, while the mice getting a faecal transplant from the obese mice gained a little more fat, they ended up with the same body fat at the end of the study as the mice getting faecal transplants from lean mice. As mice at this age would typically weigh about 25 grams, at 4 grams of body fat both groups of mice would be considered lean and therefore neither group of mice were obese after the transplantation.\n\nThis suggests that the results may not be quite as exciting as they first seemed.\n\nPercentage increases in fat do have valid uses in science but they can also be used to make minimal differences look larger and to make them statistically significant.\n\nIt is always worth reading graphs carefully.\n\n\nLow-carb diets, folate, and neural tube defects.\n\nA new study was published this week that attracted some attention.\n\nLow carbohydrate diets may increase risk of neural tube defects\n\nZoe Harcombe wrote a blog post about it detailing criticisms of the study that did not appear particularly valid from my reading of the study. As these criticisms were being shared on social media today I thought I would write a quick response. Quoted sections are from the linked blog post.\n\n“A study was published in the journal “Birth Defects Research” on 25th January 2018 (Ref 1). A press release accompanied it (Ref 2) claiming that “women with low carbohydrate intake are 30 percent more likely to have babies with neural tube defects, when compared with women who do not restrict their carbohydrate intake.” Newspapers worldwide reported the story (Ref 3), reiterating the scary headline that “Women on low carb diets may be at 30 percent greater risk of having a baby with a spinal and neurological birth defect, according to a new study.”\n\nOne of my lovely subscribers, Belinda Fettke, alerted me to the article and asked me to take a look at it as my weekly newsletter. So I did. It was a case control study. It was fundamentally flawed in a number of ways:\n\n\nExclusion of NTD cases is deliberate and is detailed in a footnote to Table 1. Table 1 compares the folate intakes and other characteristics of mothers eating lower-carb diet and those eating more carbs. This shows that estimated folate intakes were lower even when mothers with NTD cases were excluded in both groups. \n\nfolate 6\n\n\nfolate 7\n\n\nTable 1 does include estimated daily folate/folic acid intakes and does include the categories of carbohydrate intake in the table footnotes, although it does not detail the average intake of carbohydrate in each category.\n\nfolate 1\n\n\nfolate 1\n\nThis indicates that even when excluding cases of neural tube defects women in the restricted carbohydrate group (<95g) were estimated to be consuming less than half the folate of the nonrestricted group.\n\n“3) Consequently the study did not adjust for material differences between the control and case groups.”\n\nIncorrect, it was adjusted as is detailed in the methods section.\n\nfolate 2\n\n“4) The study could not make the conclusion that it did.”\n\nYes, it could.\n\n\nDear Dr Desrosiers,\n\nI am currently reviewing your very interesting paper “Low carbohydrate diets may increase risk of neural tube defects.”\n\nThe article abstract reported “To assess the association between carbohydrate intake and NTDs [Neural tube defects], we analyzed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study from 1,740 mothers of infants, stillbirths, and terminations with anencephaly or spina bifida (cases), and 9,545 mothers of live born infants without a birth defect (controls) conceived between 1998 and 2011.” The article reported that these numbers became 1,559 (cases) and 9,543 (controls) with valid exclusions. That’s fine.”\n\nTable 1 reported the characteristics of the control group only. Table 1 should show the differences between the cases and the controls, not least so that it is known what to adjust for. Supplemental Table 1 reported this data.”\n\nIncorrect, this is a case-control study looking at differences between exposure to different categories of dietary carbohydrate intake, and by inference folate intake, so this is the correct table.\n\n“Q1) Please can you explain why Table 1 is in the main paper and not Supplemental Table 1?”\n\nSee above.\n\n“Q2) Please can you add the carbohydrate intake data to Supplemental Table 1 and please can you add the folate/folic acid intake data to Supplemental Table 1? These are standard inclusions in the characteristics table, so that readers can review, prima facie, the hypothesis being tested.”\n\nReaders would be unlikely to be able to review the hypothesis being tested. The numbers of women with low-carbohydrate intakes were small in the total sample numbers, therefore any differences in average carbohydrate intake would be lost in the large numbers of subjects.\n\n“Q3) Please can you add the calorie intake data to Supplemental Table 1, as this has been adjusted for, but not reported anywhere?”\n\nPerhaps a valid point, although average calorie intakes could be added they would not add much to the interpretation of the study.\n\n“Q4) Please can you provide the p values for Supplemental Table 1?””\n\nThese could be added but this would not add much to the study as these are not the main subject of this study and these comparisons have been made in many other research papers.\n\n“Q5) Working on the assumption that case/control ratios outside 0.9-1.1 are likely to be statistically significant, Supplemental Table 1 suggests that adjustments should have been made for (I have used a (Y) and a (X) to indicate what was/wasn’t adjusted for): maternal race/ethnicity (Y); maternal birthplace (X); education (Y); household income (X); BMI (X); smoking (X); alcohol use (Y); folic acid antagonist medication use (X); and study centre (Y).\n\nPlease can you explain why the factors marked with an (X) weren’t adjusted for?”\n\nThe answer to this question is detailed in the methods section of the paper.\n\nfolate 2\n\n“Q6) If I interpret Table 2 correctly, it means that of the 1,559 cases, 93 restricted carbohydrate (6%) and 1,466 (94%) didn’t and it means that 479 controls (5%) restricted carbohydrate and 9,064 (95%) didn’t.\n\nThe study “hypothesised that some women who restrict carbohydrates may have suboptimal folate status and subsequently may be at higher risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy.”\n\nNotwithstanding that you set out to prove a hypothesis (and not to disprove the null), please can you confirm that you failed to prove this hypothesis? Table 2 could conclude that “94% of NTD-affected pregnancies occurred in women not restricting carbohydrate.” Table 2 could also conclude that “of the women who had an NTD-affected pregnancy, fractionally more (1 in 100) restricted carbohydrate.” Table 2 cannot conclude the other way round – that those who restrict carbohydrates may be at higher risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy.”\n\nThis question seems to result from a misunderstanding of odds ratios, which are tricky things to understand. Many explanations can be found online including this one.\n\nAlso this one: Explaining Odds Ratios.\n\nOdds ratios are calculated like this:\n\nMicrosoft PowerPoint - Lesson 5 revised slides.ppt\n\nThese are some of the results of the study:\n\nfolate 3\n\nAn odds ratio of 1.20, in this case, indicates that for every 5 children with any neural tube defect in the nonrestricted group there were 6 children with any neural tube defect in the restricted group.\n\nfolate 4\n\nAfter adjusting for the other factors listed in the footnotes the odds ratio is 1.30\n\nAlthough this difference is small it could add up to many more cases of neural tube defects if the association held true across the population as a whole.\n\n\nNotwithstanding that you set out to prove a hypothesis (and not to disprove the null)…”\n\nThis appears to be a misunderstanding of the difference between a research hypothesis, that poses a specific hypothesis to be tested, and statistical hypothesis testing.\n\nOne of Zoe Harcome’s own papers appears to contain just such a research hypothesis that she seems to have set out to prove “Evidence from prospective cohort studies did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review“.\n\nfolate 5\n\n“Q6) Having added carbohydrate intake, folate/folic acid intake, calorie intake and p values to Supplemental Table 1, please can you adjust for all the differences between cases and controls and then re-calculate the odds ratios accordingly?”\n\nAdjusting for all possible variables when there is no rationale for doing so is not good science (it is stated in the methods why some of these were not adjusted for).\n\nfolate 2\n\n“Please can you then revise and reverse the directionality of the press release and correct the newspaper articles world-wide, which reported that: “women with low carbohydrate intake are 30 percent more likely to have babies with neural tube defects, when compared with women who do not restrict their carbohydrate intake.”\n\nMany thanks\n\nKind regards – Zoë”\n\n\nAlmost every study has minor errors or additional things that could potentially be added. They type of study this is means that the authors have to rely on food frequency questionnaire and other questionnaires. While these are imperfect they are about the only way carry out a preliminary study into questions like this. If they find associations studies like this can then form the basis for further research.\n\nHowever, from my reading of the study, the criticisms detailed by Zeo Harcombe do not appear to be valid and I do not think these are “retraction-level errors”.\n\nWhile the results of this study are only epidemiological associations, together with the reduced estimated folate/folic acid intake reported, it makes a plausible link that should be investigated further.\n\nLow-carb diets are not intrinsically high-or-low in folate. But as many people now rely upon fortified flour for their dietary folate, if this is removed from the diet and not replaced with other sources then folate intakes will decline.\n\nRather than trying to discredit the study, this could be used as a point to discuss supplementation or the inclusion of more low-carb foods that are naturally high in folate for women eating low-carb diets who may become pregnant.\n\nPosted in Uncategorized | 1 Comment\n\nWhat should we eat? A cacophany of advice\n\nMany people want to know what and how they should eat to lose weight, improve their health, avoid illness, live forever, or for any number of other reasons. One popular source of information are books relating to food, diets, and nutrition. However, there are many different such books published. While many people do not read the books themselves, these books tend to generate newspaper and magazine articles, blog posts, online discussion, and television coverage exposing more people indirectly to their ideas. But what kind of such books are published?\n\nSome time ago I began saving the images of the covers of these books that I came across from a popular book selling website together with the year they were first published in the UK. Here are a number of non-systematically collected covers published over the last four years.*\n\nSome of these books are actually rather good, some are really quite bad, and I suspect many others are perhaps somewhat mediocre. What stands out though is the sheer amount of information published each year on what we should eat and why. What drives this appetite for such books fascinates me. What people are looking for and how do they navigate this vast amount of often conflicting information?\n\n\nBook Covers 2017\n\n\nBook Covers 2016\n\n\nBook Covers 2015\n\n\nBook Covers 2014\n\n*These books were selected if they related to a combination of food, diet, nutrition, and health in some manner. For example, a book of “vegan recipes” would not be included, while a book of “vegan recipes to improve your health” would be.  Hopefully, there are not too many major errors or books missing although there are likely to be a few as they were not collected systematically. Self-published books were generally excluded due to the large number of them (I had to draw a line somewhere).\n\nHippocratic misquotations: Let thy quotations not be by Hippocrates\n\n\n“Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”\n\n– Hippocrates.\n\nThis is perhaps one of the best-known quotes on diet and health attributed to Hippocrates, the physician in Ancient Greece considered to be the father of medicine. Only it seems that he never said it.\n\nDr Diana Cardenas, in her 2013 paper “Let not thy food be confused with thy medicine: The Hippocratic misquotation”, investigated the origin of this supposedly Hippocratic quotation. With the assistance of Professor Jacques Jouanna, an expert in ancient Greek and an author of books on Hippocrates, she confirmed that the quotation does not exist in any of the writings of Hippocrates.\n\nhippocrates 1\n\nIn contrast, Dr Cardenas argues that, although diet was a major part of his practice of medicine, Hippocrates would not have made this statement as it fundamentally contradicts his principles of Hippocratic practice. Namely that food and medicine were considered to be different, even if both very important.\n\nhippocrates 2.png\n\nDiana Cardenas concludes this misquotation has been accepted due to the iconic reputation of Hippocrates.\n\nhippocrates 3\n\nThis leads to the obvious question posted by Diana herself. If it did not originate from Hippocrates, then where did this quote originate from? This led me to some interesting, if frustrating, searching in the realm of Google Books Ngram Viewer, a searchable archive of millions of printed publications over the past three centuries showing trends in the use of words.\n\nUsing “food be your medicine“, which seems to be the earliest used version of the phrase,  there is nothing before the 1920s, when this first appears.\n\nhippocrates 4\n\nSimilarly, the alternate archaic wording “food be thy medicine” first appears in the around 1959, but then its use really takes off during the early 1970’s.\n\nhippocrates 5\n\nThe use of the phrase has increased steadily since its use caught on in the 1970s. It is now so ubiquitous that it is hard to imagine now that its origin is so recent. Although the lack of any results before the 1920s does not mean it was not used earlier, the lack of any written documents in the Google Books archive suggests that it was not widely used before that time.\n\nYour food must be your medicine\n\nThe first time that I can find a similar phrase used, “Your food must make and keep you well; your food must be your medicine”, is in a periodical published in London in 1921 called Public Opinion (Volume 120), although there is no indication that this is linked to Hippocrates.\n\n\ncontent (1)\n\nLet your food be your medicine\n\nThe first mention of the phrase “Let your food be your medicine” appears to be in a book by Otto Carqué called The Key to Rational Dietetics published in 1926. Otto was an early Los Angeles based diet and health diet book guru. The very first page of this book begins with this quote but this does not appear to be linked to Hippocrates, who is not mentioned in the book.\n\n\n\nAn edition of the magazine “National Magazine of Health” repeats the phrase in an apparent review of Otto’s book.\n\nA year later in 1927, in page 296 of the Wisconsin Beekeeping (Volumes 4-6), we find “Let food be your medicine” used by one Mrs E Nedvidek of the Riese Naturopathic Sanitarium in relation to honey, but apparently not linked to Hippocrates.\n\n\nMrs. E. Nedvidek, Manager of the Riese Naturopathic Sanitarium, La- Crosse, in telling how she uses honey in her sanitarium, said, “We use all natural foods, and our motto is ‘Let food be your medicine‘. We use honey as a sweet in every instance. Honey is the best blood builder you can get. We start the little babies on honey. It is not only a food, it is also a medicine.\n\nThy food shall be thy medicine – Hippocrates\n\nIn the same year of 1927, we find the quote “Thy food shall be thy medicine” first attributed to Hippocrates in “Principles of Diet: A Simplified Index to the Most Important Facts of Food Science and an Appendix of Normalizing Menus” by Dr Fred Reinhold edited and revised by Emma Regina Way.\n\n\nhippocrates 11\n\n\nThis archaic phrasing does not seem to have caught on and “Let food be thy medicine” does not appear again until 1962 in a book called “Barefoot in Eden: The Macfadden Plan for Health, Charm and Long-lasting Youth” by Johnnie Lee Macfadden, with no mention of Hippocrates.\n\nLet your food be your medicine – Hippocrates\n\nTo find the next use of this wording of the phrase “Let your food be your medicine” and an allusion to Hippocrates we have to move on to the 1940’s and another beekeeping journal in a 1941 print of Modern Beekeeping (Volume 25 – Page 259), that while not naming Hippocrates alludes to him as a man “Four hundred years before Christ…”.\n\n\ncontent (1)\n\n\nThe next direct attribution to Hippocrates that I can find appears to be in “The Useful Soybean: A Plus Factor in Modern Living” by Mildred Lager published in 1945, although I cannot access the full text of this. According to Wikipedia Mildred was “an early American pioneer of natural foods and health food. On October 15, 1933 (in the depths of the Great Depression), she founded a health food store named The House of Better Living at 1207 West Sixth St., Los Angeles, California.”\n\nLet your food be your medicine and medicine be your food\n\nThe first use I have found of the full phrase “Let your food be your medicine and medicine be your food is in a book called “Bloodless Surgery: With Technique and Treatments” published in 1945, although this does not attribute it to Hippocrates.\n\n\n\nThe first use I can find of the full quote attributed directly to Hippocrates himself  is in a 1959 book “Why?: Use Suncooked Juice Foods Daily!” by Jesse Mercer Gehman who was active in the emerging fields of alternative medicine, health reform, and naturopathy.\n\n\nhippocrates 10\n\n\nAfter 1959 this use of the quote gradually increased before taking off a few years later.\n\nThis may have been helped by the use of the full quote “Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food” in 1979 by Michael Lesser, MD in his testimony before Senator McGovern to the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs of the United States Senate in its hearings on Diet related to killer diseases. Michael Lesser was one of the early proponents of Orthomolecular Medicine.\n\n\nhippocrates 122\n\n\nBy the early 1980’s various form of the quote started to become commonly used in many situations and the origin of the quote and its attribution to Hippocrates does not seem to have been questioned until Dr Diana Cardenas’s paper in 2013.\n\nThe originator of the quote may be lost to history now, as it was likely used for the first time before it was written down. But it is fascinating to see how a quote like this spreads and how we often do not question things that sound like they are correct.\n\n(I may update this post if I come across earlier examples, which is not unlikely).\n\n\nEvolving salt: Did humans evolve on a high salt diet?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n“Prehuman Primates\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n“Early Humans\n\n\n\n\n\nI do not know how the author knows this.\n\n\nThis is incorrect.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is incorrect.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n“”The Case Is Clear\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is incorrect. However, no reference is provided.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThese values appear to be reasonable estimates.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOD mice: Gluten-free diets and diabetes\n\nType 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease where both genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, combine to trigger the disease. Type 1 diabetes has been found to occur more frequently in individuals who also suffer from coeliac disease. This may be because both diseases share the same genetic risk factors and exposure to gluten could potentially be a dietary risk factor for both diseases.\n\nThis is where we turn to the non-obese diabetic or NOD mouse. First developed in 1980 in Japan, this mouse spontaneously develops Type 1 diabetes as its immune system attacks the cells of its own pancreas,  with 60-80% of females and 20-30% in male mice becoming diabetic. This mouse has been used as one model in research to try and understand Type 1 diabetes in human.\n\nBack in 1999, evidence was suggesting that plant proteins in the diet of NOD mice was the environmental factor that was triggering their diabetes, particularly wheat and soy proteins. David Funda and his colleagues from Copenhagen and Prague decided to test this by feeding NOD mice either regular mouse food made from cereals and legumes, or a gluten-free equivalent of the the same diet with the wheat removed.\n\nThey found that by feeding the diet without wheat, the NOD mice develop far less diabetes and occurred later in life, compared to those fed the regular food.\n\n\nSource: Funda, 1999.\n\nThis dramatic result suggested that gluten was a key factor in triggering diabetes in these mice. It should be noted that they fed the sames diets to the mothers of these mice so that the mice used in the study also had/didn’t have exposure to gluten before they were born. The same authors have recently shown that it is exposure during pregnancy that is most important in triggering diabetes in these mice (Antvorskov 2016).\n\nThe details of these diets and the ingredients used are shown in the table below. If you take the wheat out you have to replace it with sometime to keep the levels of proteins the same. In this case, they replaced it with meat protein while trying to keep other nutrients at similar levels.\n\n\nSource: Funda, 1999.\n\nHowever, it is good science to try to find evidence that the effect you saw was actually caused by the thing you think caused it. Was it actually gluten triggering the diabetes in these mice?\n\nTo test this, the same authors carried out another study using the same diets and the same type of mice as before. Only, this time, they included a third group of mice that were fed the wheat-free/gluten-free diet with pure gluten added back in (Funda, 2008).\n\n\nSource: (Funda, 2008).\n\nPerhaps surprisingly, as you can see from the chart above, the mice fed the gluten-free diet with added gluten were protected from diabetes just as much as those fed the gluten-free diet. This suggested that the story wasn’t so simple as first thought.\n\nIn fact, the diet with added gluten contained rather more gluten than the normal diet, as the scientists were expecting it to have a bad effect, but they wanted to make sure it was bad.\n\n\nSource: (Funda, 2008).\n\nThis suggested it wasn’t gluten itself that was triggering diabetes in NOD mice.\n\nHowever, taking the wheat out of the diet did prevent the diabetes, which leaves us with the question as to what was having the effect. Wheat is more than just gluten and taking the wheat out of the diet removes more than just gluten.\n\nA recent study from Israel added an interesting twist to this question by testing different types of wheat (Gorelick, 2017). The modern bread wheat that we eat today has changed a lot in recent decades through selective breeding and hybridisation. This study compared the normal mouse diet that caused diabetes in NOD mice with versions of the same diet in which the type of the wheat was changed.\n\nThis included modern wheat and four old varieties of wheat called landraces.\n\n  • Diet 1: A non-wheat diet replacing wheat with maize.\n  • Diet 2: Standard modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum).\n  • Diet 3: An old bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), a landrace wheat from Israel.\n  • Diet 4: Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides).\n  • Diet 5: Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum spp. dicoccum), also known as farro.\n\nAs you can see in the charts below, only the modern wheat caused high levels of diabetes in NOD mice. Mice fed the diets made with old wheat varieties showed almost no diabetes during the time of the study, similar to the previous gluten-free diets.*\n\n\nSource: (Gorelick, 2017).\n\nThis suggests that modern wheat has a key effect but it is unlikely to be due to gluten, both because isolated gluten from modern wheat did not cause diabetes, and old varieties of wheat did not, even though they also contain gluten.\n\nThis suggests something else in modern wheat is having the effect on these mice. Wheat flour contains a complex mixture of several types of storage proteins such as gliadins, glutenins, globulins, and triticins. The α-gliadins possess the ones with the most links to celiac. However, other wheat proteins may be involved in triggering Type 1 diabetes in these NOD mice. For example, a wheat globulin protein, Glb1, has been identified as a trigger of diabetes in another animal model, the BioBreeding rat (MacFarlane, 2003). The proteins from the older varieties of wheat have yet to be analysed to unravel why they are less likely to trigger diabetes in NOD mice.\n\nAs usual, it is worth bearing in mind that these NOD mice are a model used to study diabetes, but they are not small furry humans. Caution should be used when trying to transfer results from the mice directly to human diabetes. However, it is interesting to see such contrasting effects of different types of wheat. While the grains may look similar on the outside, the proteins they contain can be quite different.\n\nAs always, more research will be needed to understand exactly what is going on.\n\n\n*Curiously, in this study, the maize diet also triggered diabetes in the NOD mice. Plant proteins other than wheat are known to be a diabetic tigger in these mice.\n\n\nFunda DPKaas ABock TTlaskalová-Hogenová HBuschard K.  (1999) Gluten-free diet prevents diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 15(5):323-7.\n“BACKGROUND: Epidemiological as well as animal studies have shown that environmental factors such as nutrition contribute to the development of diabetes. In this study we investigated whether the early introduction of a gluten-free diet can influence the onset and/or incidence of diabetes, as well as insulitis and the number of gut mucosal lymphocytes, in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. METHODS: Gluten-free and standard Altromin diets (with the same milk protein and vitamin content) were given to breeding pairs of NOD mice as well as to the first generation of NOD female mice, which were then observed for 320 days. RESULTS: A substantially lower diabetes incidence (chi(2)=15.8, p=0.00007) was observed in NOD mice on the gluten-free diet (15%, n=27) compared to mice on the standard diet (64%, n=28). In addition, mice on the gluten-free diet developed diabetes significantly later (244+/-24 days SEM) compared to those on the standard diet (197+/-8 days, p=0.03). No differences in the number of CD3(+), TCR-gammadelta(+), IgA(+), and IgM(+) cells in the small intestine were observed. CONCLUSION: We showed that gluten-free diet both delayed and to a large extent prevented diabetes in NOD mice that have never been exposed to gluten.”\nFunda DPKaas ATlaskalová-Hogenová HBuschard K. (2008) Gluten-free but also gluten-enriched (gluten+) diet prevent diabetes in NOD mice; the gluten enigma in type 1 diabetesDiabetes Metab Res Rev. 24(1):59-63.\nGorelick J, Yarmolinsky L, Budovsky A, Khalfin B, Klein JD, Pinchasov Y, Bushuev MA, Rudchenko T, Ben-Shabat S. (2017 ) The Impact of Diet Wheat Source on the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-Lessons Learned from the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse ModelNutrients. 10;9(5).\nNutrition, especially wheat consumption, is a major factor involved in the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other autoimmune diseases such as celiac. While modern wheat cultivars possess similar gliadin proteins associated with the onset of celiac disease and T1D, alternative dietary wheat sources from Israeli landraces and native ancestral species may be lacking the epitopes linked with T1D, potentially reducing the incidence of T1D. The Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model was used to monitor the effects of dietary wheat sources on the onset and development of T1D. The effects of modern wheat flour were compared with those from either T. aestivumT. turgidum spp. dicoccoides, or T. turgidum spp. dicoccum landraces or a non-wheat diet. Animals which received wheat from local landraces or ancestral species such as emmer displayed a lower incidence of T1D and related complications compared to animals fed a modern wheat variety. This study is the first report of the diabetogenic properties of various dietary wheat sources and suggests that alternative dietary wheat sources may lack T1D linked epitopes, thus reducing the incidence of T1D.\n\nDiet and Nutrition of the Lion\n\nDo lions eat the organs of their prey, or can a lion survive only on muscle meat? I’ve seen this question asked online but clear answers are hard to find, at least not answers with sources backing them up. In an attempt to answer that question online I found that lion nutrition is an interesting topic, and this is the result of my intrepid Googling.\n\nTL:DR Captive lions suffer serious nutritional deficiencies if fed only muscle meat. Lions preferentially eat the intestines and organs of prey animal, continuing to eat virtually everything else including some bones. Those organs and bones are essential to provide the vitamins and minerals required for good lion health.\n\nThe book The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations by George B. Schaller gives a description of the feeding practices of the lions of the Serengeti. Very little of the animal is left uneaten by the lions.\n\nlion a\n\nThe book goes on to say that the lions often gorge themselves first on the gut and internal organs first, suggesting a preference for the internal organs of the body, perhaps due the importance of these to their nutritional requirements in providing both fat and vitamins found in and around the gut.\n\nlion b\n\n\nHusbandry Guidelines for the African Lion by Annemarie Hillermann also provides some interesting details as to the nutritional requirements for lions. Perhaps unsurprisingly, feeding lions whole animal prey to eat is recommended as the simplest way to provide a balanced nutrition and diet for lions.\n\nlion diet\n\nThese guidelines go on to describe how obesity is a potential problem in captive lions. Given their sedentary lifestyle in captivity their food must be restricted to meet their needs, if given too much they will overeat. Additionally, starve days are recommended to mimic their natural feeding frequency.\n\nlion diet 2\n\nZUTRITION, another great source of information, has some comprehensive advice regarding the nutrition of lions.\n\n“Cats are obligate carnivores. They derive most of their energy requirements from protein. The natural diet of cats is rich in proteins and therefore cats had no evolutionary need to synthesize as many amino acids as omnivores did. They have an absolute requirement for protein, and cannot synthesize the amino acids taurine, arginine, methionine and cystine. Meat diets will provide these amino acids, however diets that contain more carbohydrates may be deficient.\n\nAll-meat diets pose potential problems, however. A calcium:phosphorus ratio imbalance may lead to growth problems or metabolic bone disease. The Ca:P ratio in the body is 2:1. The Ca:P ratio to aim for in the diet is between 1:1 and 2:1. All-meat diets are high in phosphorous and have little-to-no calcium. They also may be lacking in vitamins A, E and D, which are found in adipose or organ tissues.\n\nVitamins B and K are provided by gut contents of whole prey and would be lacking in an all muscle-meat diet. Organ meats such as liver, kidney and heart tend to have the worst ratios of Ca: P and may run as high as 1:44.”\n\nZUTRITION has the following advice captive lion nutrition and the potential for nutritional deficiencies.\n\nLions seem to have a high requirement for preformed retinol (Vitamin A) and need a regular source of liver to supply this, particularly in young lions.\n\nVitamin A deficiency has been implemented in causing abnormalities in the cranial bones, especially atlanto-occipital malformation with ankylosis, hypertrophic osteopathy in the occipital bone and parietal bone, and osseous tentorium cerebelli, leading to progressive ataxia in young lions. Most affected lions are between 6–15 months of age. Many of the lion cubs exhibiting this syndrome were fed a diet of chicken parts with little other supplementation.”\n\nThiamin deficiency can also occur, as also noted in this study, as lions have a high requirement for B vitamins.\n\nVitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency has caused anorexia, ataxia (more pronounced in the rear limbs), hypermetria (more pronounced in the front limbs), progressing to generalized weakness and recumbency lasting several minutes to hours, or longer. Young lions presenting with this problem were often fed a beef muscle meat diet supplemented with calcium.”\n\nFeeding lions a diet of chicken meat can also result in severe copper deficiency, also noted in this study in the United Arab Emirates where lions and other big cats are often kept as pets.\n\nCopper Deficiency can result from feeding a diet almost exclusively comprised of poultry.  This deficiency results in ataxia.\n\nAn imbalanced ratio of phosphorus to calcium, from feeding only meat and organ meats without any bones, is now understood to cause metabolic bone disease in lions. If an all muscle-meat or a muscle and organ meat diet is fed, the diet must be supplemented with some form of calcium.\n\nMetabolic bone disease (MBD) may result from feeding a diet with an inappropriate calcium: phosphorus ratio. The calcium should be approximately 1.7 times the phosphorus in the diet. Organ and muscle meat are very high in phosphorus and calcium must be supplemented in appropriate amounts to prevent this problem. Thin bone cortices as well as hairline fractures and intermittent lameness are all signs of metabolic bone disease.”\n\nIt appears that big cats require a substantial amount of calcium from bone consumption to balance out the phosphorus in the meat and organ heavy diet.\n\n“Private owners often feed poor diets such as ground turkey meat or chicken breast to young growing cubs. They fail to supplement the cubs with sufficient calcium (see Calcium Supplementation chart above), and the cubs they hand-rear suffer terrible consequences. It takes about 12 GRAMS of calcium carbonate to balance one kilogram of muscle meat fed.”\n\nThe effects of this imbalanced calcium to phosphorus ratio in lions was noted early on in 1960 in a rather sad news article in the New Scientist magazine as the cause of a long-standing problem in captive lions.\n\nlion diet new scientist\n\nSource: From New Scientist magazine, 12th May 1960.\n\nA paper titled Nutritional and metabolic bone disease in a zoological population was published in 1976 detailing the health of two lion cubs suffering from multiple bone fractures and thin under-mineralised bones. This was attributed to them being fed a diet of muscle meat and offal, lacking in bones. As meat is high in phosphorus compared to calcium a high ratio between these minerals was suspected as causing these bone problems, although vitamin A poisoning could not be ruled out.\n\nlions phosphorus 1lions phosphorus 2\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7570865750312805}
+{"content": "The Candlewood Lake Authority has reported the discovery of a potentially damaging zebra mussel.\n\nEnter your number to get our free mobile app\n\nBefore we begin to panic, only one zebra mussel was found off the southern tip of Vaughn's Neck in 13 feet of water. The discovery was made by a FirstLight consultant whose one job is to conduct their zebra mussel monitoring program.\n\nThe good news is that the zebra mussel was removed, and it looks like it was not of reproductive age. There are ten sites around Candlewood Lake where the zebra mussels are monitored, and all ten are checked by FirstLight around this same time every year according to an article on the website There were no others found at the other nine sites. This video will show you why boaters need to be vigilant about checking the undersides of their boats for zebra mussels.\n\nThe zebra mussel is a nasty little critter because it chows down on so much algae and plankton it disrupts the natural food chain of a fresh body of water. They can also attach themselves to boats and docks which is why you will see signs at Candlewood Lake boat ramps reminding boaters to check the underside of their watercraft to make sure those pesky lake damaging zebra mussels haven't latched on for a free ride.\n\nFirstLight and the Candlewood Lake Authority have been able to work together to fight off an influx of zebra mussels. In 2009, the zebra mussels were found in the Housatonic River where the infestation spread to Lake Zoar and Lake Lillinonah.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.657320499420166}
+{"content": "Monthly Archives: January 2016\n\nEasy Paleo Chicken Pot Pie\n\nEasy Paleo Chicken Pot Pie:\n\n(Serves 6)\n\n*Want a recipe that saves time and money? Here it is! This chicken or turkey pot pie is SO EASY and FAST! I make two at a time and double the recipe so I can freeze the second one for later. It freezes and thaws perfectly! I can eat this for an entire week or more for dinner and love it! I know you will, too! Yummy, healthy, comfort food!\n\n\n\n-1 box Simple Mills Pizza crust mix (AMAZING Paleo company with great mixes. Their mixes can be ordered online on their website at or find at Fresh Market, Whole Foods, Earthfare, and other health store foods providers).\n\n-1 Tbsp. organic apple cider vinegar (Braggs preferred…found at Publix, Fresh Market, Whole Foods, and most other grocery stores)\n\n-6 Tbsp. water\n\n-Add in 1 to 2 tsp. finely ground Himalayan sea salt to taste (not in the instructions on the box)\n\n-Parchment paper (optional)\n\n-Rolling pin\n\n-rubber mat (optional)\n\n\n-One 15oz. can organic sweet potato puree\n\n-1/3 cup organic coconut milk\n\n-1 cup organic frozen green peas (some consider green peas Paleo…even the founder of the Paleo diet…but if you are particular about digestive issues in response to legumes, omit. FYI green peas in moderation, are very easy on the digestive system unlike other legumes-I know from experience with all of my digestive issues)\n\n-1 large organic yellow onion chopped (frozen and chopped is easiest)\n\n-1 cup chopped organic rainbow carrots (frozen and chopped is easiest)\n\n-2 cups organic chopped mushrooms (optional)\n\n-1 pound ground or chopped, free-range, organic, chicken (organic rotisserie works, too) or ground organic, free-range turkey\n\n-1 Tbsp. chopped organic rosemary\n\n-1 Tbsp. chopped organic thyme\n\n-3 tsp. Himalayan sea salt (more or less to taste)\n\n-2 tsp. ground black pepper (more or less to taste)\n\n-1 cup organic chicken broth\n\n-3 Tbsp. organic virgin olive oil\n\n-Organic Coconut Oil Non-Stick cooking spray (Kelapo brand preferred…found at Publix, Earthfare, and Whole Foods)\n\n-Le Creuset or other casserole dish (at least small or medium sized dish 11x7x2). Its ok if the dimensions are a few inches larger, your pot pie will just be a but more shallow)\n\n-Large soup pot\n\n\n  1. Preheat your oven to 350 F.\n  2. Spray the inside of your casserole dish with nonstick cooking spray.\n  3. Spray the inside of a large soup pot with nonstick spray and pour in your olive oil. Heat your pot over medium high heat and add your onion. Cook until translucent, about 10 minutes, stirring frequently. Then, add your chicken or turkey, mix with your onion, chopping with a wooden spoon/spatula and stir until cooked.\n  4. Add your chicken broth, green peas, carrots, mushrooms, thyme, rosemary, sea salt, and black pepper and mix well. Turn heat to medium-low and cook while preparing your sweet potato mixture.\n  5. In a Vitamix or other blender, mix your sweet potato puree and coconut milk on high until thoroughly combined. Add your creamy sweet potato mixture to your soup pot and stir into other ingredients. Continue to cook on low while you prepare your crust.\n  6. Prepare your crust according to the directions on the box.\n  7. Measure out two sheets of parchment paper the size of your casserole dish and spray the insides with nonstick spray. Place your parchment paper on a rubber mat with the nonstick spray side up.\n  8. Then oil your fingers with olive oil (to keep your hands from sticking to the dough) and roll your dough into a ball. Place your dough on the oiled side of your parchment paper on your rubber mat (prevents parchment paper and dough from slipping while rolling it out) and place the other piece of parchment paper on top (oiled side down on the dough) (this keeps your parchment paper from sticking to the rolling pin and allows for no cleanup)…sorry for all the parentheses, haha.\n  9. Roll out your dough with a rolling pin between the two pieces of parchment paper to the size of your casserole dish.\n  10. Dump the filling in your soup pot into the casserole dish and place your crust on top. Prick the dough a few times to allow steam to escape.\n  11. Cook on the middle rack for 1 hour. Let cool for 10 minutes at least before serving.\n  12. Enjoy!!!", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8967177867889404}
+{"content": "I have noticed it is somewhat common for people to collect data, perform a statistical test (e.g., t-test) and then also look for possible \"outliers\" in the data. Then they remove the outliers and also perform the test on the filtered data.\n\nIf it is significant in both cases it is concluded that \"the outliers don't affect the result\". If it is significant only in the second case then usually this is noted and further analysis/discussion is done using only the \"non-outliers\". This seems to be considered acceptable as long as it is reported that you did it.\n\nI am wondering if anyone has thought deeply about this and discussed the logic of doing so. Also, has anyone investigated this process to determine the consequences for false-positive rate and power function.\n\nEdit: To clarify, when I am thinking of \"outliers\" these are data points that appear different from the rest but there is not necessarily a theoretical reason to treat them differently. The data itself suggests they are different in some unknown way. In that way this question may differ from previous questions on the site.\n\nAs an example of discussing the logic, Roger Ratcliff makes a well-reasoned argument in the case of reaction-time data:\n\nThe outliers' distribution most likely has a much greater standard deviation than the distribution of the real process, giving a long and elevated tail, because outliers often come from spurious events such as loss of attention, daydreaming, distraction, and so forth. Determining whether any particular group of extreme reaction times contains mostly real responses or mostly outliers is extremely difficult. Therefore, finding methods that minimize the effects of suspect observations is an important aim of statistical methods in the analysis of reaction time. In fact, the goal for our models and empirical research should be to account for the middle 85-95% of the observations in our reaction time distributions; these are the data that are most likely to come from the real processes under consideration and also most likely to be critical in testing hypotheses and models.\n\nPsychol Bull. 1993 Nov;114(3):510-32. Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Ratcliff R. (pg 2 of paper)\n\nI would agree with his assessment. But what if you do not have any a priori reason to suspect your data will contain outliers other than \"individual variability\"?\n\nEdit 3: Something I thought of regarding \"the outliers don't affect the result\". Clearly the inclusion/exclusion of outliers will affect any parameter estimation even if the p-value is still on the same side of the significance threshold. So in that sense the claim is false.\n\nTherefore it is not something that should be taken lightly (described in one sentence) because it will impede meta-analysis if different researchers use different definitions of outlier. Also, the exact values of the outliers would be of interest to future researchers since they may observe a similar phenomenon caused by the same process.\n\n  • 2\n    $\\begingroup$ You may want to check this site for outliers. Quite a bit has been written and some should be meaningful to you.stats.stackexchange.com/questions/16709/… $\\endgroup$ – doug.numbers Dec 16 '13 at 16:10\n  • $\\begingroup$ @doug.numbers Thanks, missed that one. The paper cited looks highly relevant. $\\endgroup$ – Flask Dec 16 '13 at 16:42\n  • $\\begingroup$ The properties of hypothesis tests will be impacted by such conditional approaches. There are a number of references for a variety of situations given here, though none exactly correspond to the situation in your question. $\\endgroup$ – Glen_b Dec 16 '13 at 20:16\n  • $\\begingroup$ @Glen_b Thanks. I was more wondering if this behavior has been introduced/examined or is just kind of a custom that has grown up around significance testing without much deep thought. Checking the data multiple ways would definitely increase the chance of finding significance. $\\endgroup$ – Flask Dec 18 '13 at 1:27\n\nYour Answer\n\n\nBrowse other questions tagged or ask your own question.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7761052846908569}
+{"content": "The Desperation of the Vanishing Middle Class\n\n\n\nThe underlying problem with financial advice—besides the fact that most of it is wrong, conflicted (in the conflict of interest sense), or covert marketing—is that, even in the best case, it rarely works. The underlying financial problem that most Americans have isn’t that they buy too many lattes or pick the wrong stocks. It’s that they don’t make enough money to begin with, at a time when many necessities like health care and education are getting more expensive. (Measured inflation is low in part because things we don’t need, like fancy electronics, are getting cheaper.) This, as I’ve written before, is the fundamental reason why many people won’t be prepared for retirement. Olen has a similar viewpoint: the blind spot of the personal finance industry, she argues, is its refusal to even consider the macroeconomic factors that are the real problem.\n\nBut the big question is why this stuff is so popular. As Olen points out, we haven’t always had a personal finance advice industry, and it’s only recently that financial education has been embraced as the solution to all our problems. One reason, she suggests, is that we live in an age of stagnant real wages and rising inequality. Add that to a culture that fetishizes individualism and rejects government support programs, and you have a market that is ripe for self-proclaimed gurus or self-interested advertising campaigns that claim that you can get ahead by (insert your choice) drinking less coffee, or going into more real estate debt, or buying a variable annuity, or picking the right stocks. The governments (state and federal) that promote financial education are like Marie-Antoinette advising people to eat cake; if they could eat cake in the first place, they wouldn’t need financial education.\n\nMany of the people Olen talked to were too embarrassed by their financial plight to let her use their names in the book. Somehow we ended up blaming ourselves for the fact that we don’t have a decent minimum wage, real national health insurance, subsidized child care that made it easier to hold a job, or long-term unemployment insurance (other than in special circumstances). If we saw individuals’ financial struggles as a political issue—or a class issue—things might be different.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5863338708877563}
+{"content": "What is the Factorial of 45?\n\nIn this article we'll show you how to calculate the factorial of 45 with a really quick, step-by-step explanation of how it's calculated.\n\nFirst off, what exactly is a factorial? The factorial is the result of multiplying all whole numbers in a chosen number (in this case 45) all the way down to 1.\n\n\n\nSo let's take 45 and calculate the factorial by multiplying each whole number:\n\n45 x 44 x 43 x 42 x 41 x ... = 1.1962222086548E+56\n\nIn this case, the number of whole numbers in 45 is more than five. You can see how this can quickly get out of hand with larger numbers.\n\n\n\nWhen describing a factorial you would usually say 45! like \"45 factorial\", \"45 shriek\", or \"45 bang\". Personally, I prefer shriek!\n\nHopefully this article has helped you in your quest to calculate the factorial of 45. Feel free to share with your friends, family, teachers, and anybody who might be interested in factorials of numbers (which is surely everyone!).\n\nMore Factorial Calculations\n\nReady for your next factorial?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9999673366546631}
+{"content": "Message from our executive director\n\n3ie’s executive director Marie Gaarder takes stock of the last few months as head of 3ie. She reflects on some of the challenges, opportunities and measures that 3ie is taking to respond to the complexities facing us all today.\n\nHow do electricity access interventions affect social outcomes? A forthcoming systematic review.\n\nIn 2017, around 89 per cent of the global population, predominantly based in high-income countries, were fortunate enough to have access to a reliable source of electricity and were able to go about their personal and professional lives without the risk of a power cut, let alone the prospect of having no electricity access at all.\n\nWhat works to improve school enrollment and attendance? Cash\n\nIn 2018, one in six of the world's school-aged children — more than 258 million kids —were not in school, according to UNESCO. And as that data shows, progress in increasing attendance has slowed dramatically, with the proportion of children who do not attend primary school barely budging in the last decade.\n\nIs it possible to combine capacity development with a rapid synthesis response to an evidence request?\n\nTwo of the most important and long standing challenges for evidence synthesis in international development are: 1) The need to provide timely (eg. rapid) responses to demands for evidence to inform decisions; 2) Developing capacity to do high-quality, policy-relevant syntheses, especially in L&MICs. At present these challenges are typically addressed in isolation.\n\nReflections on the impact of agricultural certification on well-being\n\nCarlos Oya and colleagues recently published a systematic review of agricultural certification schemes that stands out for me as useful research for informing policy and programming. Why do I say that? Agricultural certification schemes set and monitor compliance to voluntary standards with the objective of making production socially sustainable and terms of trade fairer for smallholder farmers and workers.\n\n\n\nHow synthesised evidence can help with meeting the Sustainable Development Goals\n\nIn early 2016, 193 governments across the world put together a to-do list that would intimidate even the most workaholic overachiever: wipe out poverty, fight inequality and tackle climate change over the next 15 years. The United Nations led in articulating these into 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which were then translated into 169 target indicators that will be monitored – a remarkable feat given the disparate views of the various stakeholders.\n\nToward evidence-informed policies for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals\n\nSo, 2015 has arrived and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are to be replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But shouldn’t we stop and ask how we have done on the MDGs first? “How we have done” can be seen an outcome monitoring question: have the targets been reached? But since we have fallen far short on some targets, such as access to improved sanitation, we need to dig deeper and ask which policies have been successful in helping achieve the targets.\n\nNot all ‘systematic’ reviews are created equal\n\n\n\nWhether you are a research funder, decision maker or researcher, keeping up with the ever expanding evidence base is not easy. Over 2600 impact evaluations and 300 systematic reviews assessing the effects of international development interventions have been completed or are ongoing to help answer that question and understand how, why and at what cost.  Despite this increase in quality evidence, more evidence is needed, which is why funders and researchers continue to fund and produce new research.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9979175925254822}
+{"content": "East Midlands business activity has grown at its sharpest rate since February 2018, but there are still worries about the impact of mass redundancies on the economy.\n\nThe latest NatWest East Midlands Business Activity Index suggests business confidence is at its highest since the start of the pandemic.\n\nThe seasonally adjusted index of month-on-month change in the region’s manufacturing and service sectors signalled the fastest expansion in output in more than two-and-a-half years, contributing to the strongest quarterly performance since 2014.\n\nThe upturn has been linked to a pick-up in client demand - including from key export destinations - and efforts to clear backlogs of work.\n\nNatWest said the upturn was “solid” overall, but eased notably from August's two-and-a-half year high and was slower than the UK trend.\n\nIt said companies were expressing a greater degree of optimism, partly down to hopes of a solution to the pandemic and partly due to general stronger demand conditions.\n\nEast Midlands business confidence was at its highest since February, it said, and among the strongest of the 12 monitored UK regions.\n\nDespite a further strong rise in job cuts, the rate of redundancies was slower than the UK trend.\n\nCosts were also up, businesses said, partly linked to supplier shortages due to the pandemic, but were going up at a slower rate than the other 11 UK regions monitored by the index.\n\nJohn Maude, NatWest regional managing director for the Midlands and East of England, said: “East Midlands firms signalled a further marked expansion in output during September, rounding off a substantial move towards recovery following the significant downturn seen throughout the second quarter.\n\n“Activity was boosted by a further rise in new business and efforts to restrict a renewed accumulation in backlogs of work.\n\n\"In line with the UK trend, the upturn in new orders slowed but was solid overall.\n\n“Nonetheless, firms continued to cut staffing numbers in an effort to limit costs.\n\n“In the same vein, companies reduced their selling prices to help boost sales amid historically soft input price inflation.\"", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9782528877258301}
+{"content": "Horizon1117ACL : Articles dans des revues avec comité de lecture répertoriées par l'AERESMarine spatial planning provides a comprehensive framework for building evidence-based shark risk management policies with sea-usersEnvironmental Science and Policy18-26Marine spatial planningShark risk managementHuman-wildlife interactionsREUNION2020fdi:010078223ENGEnvironmental Science and Policy1462-9011ISI:00054024540000310.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.014http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010078223http://www.documentation.ird.fr/intranet/publi/2020/07/010078223.pdf111Horizon (IRD)Marine spatial planning (MSP), a process aimed at negotiating the spatial allocation of human activities at sea, has to integrate new challenges arising from growing human activities and their impacts on threatened marine ecosystems. Yet, human-wildlife interactions that result in threat to humans are rarely explicitly addressed in planning and almost not at all in MSP. Rare events of unprovoked shark bites can significantly impact local economies while leading to polarized social debates that often hinder the development of evidence-based shark risk public policy. Here, we suggest an approach for integrating shark risk and its management into MSP. The method addresses simultaneously the spatial, social, and ecological components of shark risk and its inherent uncertainties. The approach is applied on Reunion Island case study where shark risk management is implemented as a response to a rapid increase in the frequency of shark bite events over the past decade. Similar to other countries where shark risk management is implemented, sharks' removal is in the heart of social debate in Reunion Islands (3860 shark fishing operations in 5 years) and data gaps provide a fertile ground for alternative discourses and social conflicts about shark risk. Through a structured public consultation involving 200 stakeholders we demonstrate how MSP can be used to address shark risk while considering multiple sea-uses and conservation objectives. The results suggest that the approach is ideal, both for integrating shark risk as a driver to the MSP process, and for developing a transparent, sustainable and evidence-based shark risk public policy as it places shark risk management within a broader social-ecological spectrum of stakes.036 ; 034 ; 021UR228 / UR250", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9929123520851135}
+{"content": "বইয়ে খোঁজার সময় নাই\nসব কিছু এখানেই পাই\n\nEssay : Globalization\n\n\nIntroduction : Globalization has become a buzzword in the new era of international relations. Basically, it is a process of expanding trade and commerce all over the world by creating a borderless market. Now it has had a far-reaching effect on many aspects of life. With the development of hi-tech communication media and rapid transportation facilities, the whole world has squeezed and people have come close to one another. Now we can learn in an instant what is happening in the farthest corner of the globe. In fact, globalization is currently understood mainly in terms of the inter-connectedness of nations and regions in the economic domain, in particular, trade, financial flows and traditional corporations. In other words, globalization is seen as an economic parallel to internationalization in the form of the universal rule of the market, notwithstanding the fact that there has been an interlinked process of political and transactionalization of media, particularly television programs and movies and wide awareness of global environmental problems.\n\nImpact on communication on Bangladesh : Impact of globalization is obvious in the following spheres:\n\n\nImpact on the economy : The impact of globalization on Bangladesh economy cannot be denied in any way. Like the developing countries of the world, our country is getting benefit foreign exchange earner. In terms of investment, employment and exports, the functioning EPZs have been greatly successful.\n\nImpact on modern technology : Globalization is now largely based on a strong technological foundation. The electronic transfer of information via the internet has now created an instantaneous and interconnected world of information resulting in a 24-hour trading network. This technology has largely changed banking and financial activities. Worldwide money transfer and transaction of businesses have now become a matter of clicking the mouse of a computer. Some products like software and TV programmes are also amenable to digital or electronic transmission. We can now buy and sell goods through the electronic screen. Globalization is now only what technology makes possible.\n\nImpact on politics : After the fall of the Soviet Union Communism fell down and the east-west conflict was resolved. Moscow was no more rival to Washington. Each and every country turned into a competitive economic market. The wave of globalization has also touched our politics. We can learn the democratic norms and values now. Bangladesh has got a taste of democracy.\n\nImpact on sports and recreation : Sports play an important role in the development of the international relationship. Many international sporting events are organized from time to time. These events are telecast worldwide by satellite and people are over the world watch them live the sports venue becomes in meeting place of people from different countries. They come closer to each other, sharing views, opinions and friendship. Bangladesh is also the beneficiary of this opportunity.\n\nImpact on education : Like other developing countries of the world, Bangladesh has identified education as the key to prosperity and progress. Donor countries are contributing to the progress of our literacy rate and overall education. Various international organizations have responded dramatically with their generous aid in the education sector. Many non-formal schools are being run. Meritorious students are availing themselves of the foreign study scholarship.\n\nImpact on our culture : Although globalization is mainly connected with business, trade and international relations, it is no longer viewed from that perspective alone. The tide of globalization is now encroaching into other spheres too. Satellite television channels and the internet are bringing all sorts of different customs and behaviour into our homes. Under the influence of globalization, global cultures are steadily getting integrated with local cultures. Different cultures are constantly interacting. As an independent nation, we have our own traditional social values, beliefs and attitudes. But in the globalizing process, many foreign customs and beliefs are intruding on them.\n\nImpact on family : Globalization exerts influences on our concepts of family. Commercialization and rapid urbanization have resulted in the breakdown of traditional large families into nuclear ones. The expanded rate of female education is another example of the impact of globalization.\n\nDemerits : Taking the advantage of the idea of globalization, capitalist countries are exploiting and impoverishing the workers of the developing countries. In the name of help and co-operation, the industrially developed capitalist countries are exploiting the cheap labour available in poorer countries. This actually paves the way for a lasting poverty so that the capitalists can continue to have a pool of cheap labour to draw from. The exploited and impoverished workers of the developing countries are no match for a globalizing powerful capitalism. As a result, the gap between wealth and poverty is ever widening. Globalization has put the people of the world on the same vessel but in different cabins.\n\nConclusion : It is true that globalization has produced a window of opportunity for more countries to join the mainstream of the world economy. Through globalization process, the world can be knit together, cross-fertilization of culture can take place, and transfer of knowledge can become a reality. It has the hazards too and in the ultimate analysis, no country is safe from the hazards of globalization. We can conclude by quoting the Apollo-7 astronaut that, “the thing that impressed me about looking to the earth from outer space was that the borders between countries weren’t visible.” National borders are virtually meaningless today. If we want to be advanced, we should have co-operation and interdependence but not conflict and dependence. If we can build up an atmosphere of mutual understanding and co-operation through the globalization process, our world can certainly be a better place to live in.\n\nNo comments", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9031863808631897}
+{"content": "Graduates should demonstrate:\n\n  2. The ability to describe and respond to the audiences and contexts, which communication solutions must address, including recognition of the physical, cognitive, cultural, and social human factors that shape design decisions.\n  4. An understanding of tools and technology, including their roles in the creation, reproduction, and distribution of visual messages. Relevant tools and technologies include drawing, offset printing, photography, and time-based and interactive media (film, video, computer multimedia).\n\nAlso refer to the Foundation Program: Student Learning Outcomes.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9496654272079468}
+{"content": "1. Archive\n\nTampa Ballet moves audience beyond tradition\n\nMartin Fredmann, the Tampa Ballet's artistic director, has talked often of pushing his company beyond big, Romantic story ballets - or rather, Fredmann has talked about nudging his audience along. The audience seemed willing to go along Thursday night and the dancers able when the ballet performed a work by local choreographer Lynne Wimmer. It had nothing to do with wood sprites or bewitched princesses. Wimmer's Among Silken Cords was a graceful blend of movements that played with time and space in a manner probably unfamiliar to a traditional ballet audience.\n\nThe audience loved Among Silken Cords, and no wonder. Wimmer's choreography to Mozart's Symphony No. 40 toyed with position and movement in a way that was both beautiful and humorous. Throughout the work, pairs and trios of dancers formed and dispersed. An active pair of dancers was often contrasted with an immobile or slowly moving performer to fill the stage with different rates of speed.\n\nArms and legs were seldom straight, though they often appeared as if they were on the verge of becoming so, before they bent. Male dancers often placed a hand on their female partners' heads in a motion that looked as if it could turn into a caress or a ruthless spin.\n\nWorks such as Wimmer's could be a new direction for the company.\n\nThe dancers seemed more at home with it than they did in the other selections on the program. There is a male drought in dance, and the Tampa Ballet particularly seems parched. The less the men were on stage during the evening, the better. The Masquerade Suite had some extremely shaky moments for the men, and their contributions throughout were suspect.\n\nThere was some charming dancing from the women, however. Yuko Katsumi's gentle and long-lined dancing on Silent Woods was memorable, as was Patricia Renzetti's work during the third act from Raymonda.\n\nDANCE REVIEW Tampa Ballet The Tampa Ballet: Khachaturian/Fredmann Masquerade Suite, Dvorak/Fredmann Silent Woods, Mozart/Wimmer Among Silken Cords and Glazunov/Petipa Raymonda (Act III). Performance 7:30 p.m. Thursday at the Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center. Further performances 7:30 tonight, Saturday and Sunday and 2 p.m. Saturday and Sunday.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8623924255371094}
+{"content": "Online triathlon coaching\n\nEnd-User License Agreement (EULA) of\n\nThis End-User License Agreement (\"EULA\") is a legal agreement between you and This EULA agreement governs your acquisition and use of our software (\"Software\") directly from or indirectly through a authorized reseller or distributor (a \"Reseller\"). Please read this EULA agreement carefully before completing the installation process and using the software. It provides a license to use the software and contains warranty information and liability disclaimers. If you register for a free trial of the software, this EULA agreement will also govern that trial. By clicking \"accept\" or installing and/or using the software, you are confirming your acceptance of the terms of this EULA agreement. If you are entering into this EULA agreement on behalf of a company or other legal entity, you represent that you have the authority to bind such entity and its affiliates to these terms and conditions. If you do not have such authority or if you do not agree with the terms and conditions of this EULA agreement, do not install or use the Software, and you must not accept this EULA agreement. This EULA agreement shall apply only to the Software supplied by herewith regardless of whether other software is referred to or described herein. The terms also apply to any updates, supplements, Internet-based services, and support services for the Software, unless other terms accompany those items on delivery. If so, those terms apply.\n\nLicense Grant hereby grants you a personal, non-transferable, non-exclusive licence to use the software on your devices in accordance with the terms of this EULA agreement. You are permitted to load the software (for example a PC, laptop, mobile or tablet) under your control. You are responsible for ensuring your device meets the minimum requirements of the software. You are not permitted to:\n\nEdit, alter, modify, adapt, translate or otherwise change the whole or any part of the Software nor permit the whole or any part of the Software to be combined with or become incorporated in any other software, nor decompile, disassemble or reverse engineer the Software or attempt to do any such things\nReproduce, copy, distribute, resell or otherwise use the Software for any commercial purpose\nAllow any third party to use the Software on behalf of or for the benefit of any third party\nUse the Software in any way which breaches any applicable local, national or international law\nuse the Software for any purpose that considers is a breach of this EULA agreement\n\nIntellectual Property and Ownership shall at all times retain ownership of the Software as originally downloaded by you and all subsequent downloads of the Software by you. The Software (and the copyright, and other intellectual property rights of whatever nature in the Software, including any modifications made thereto) are and shall remain the property of reserves the right to grant licences to use the Software to third parties.\n\n\nThis EULA agreement is effective from the date you first use the Software and shall continue until terminated. You may terminate it at any time upon written notice to It will also terminate immediately if you fail to comply with any term of this EULA agreement. Upon such termination, the licenses granted by this EULA agreement will immediately terminate and you agree to stop all access and use of the Software. The provisions that by their nature continue and survive will survive any termination of this EULA agreement.\n\nGoverning Law\n\nThis EULA agreement, and any dispute arising out of or in connection with this EULA agreement, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of ie.\nThis Agreement, and all matters arising out of or relating to this Agreement, shall be governed by the laws of the Republic of Ireland.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8295990228652954}
+{"content": "Seleccionar página\n\nLegends of the goddess mother: an intro\n\n\nFrom Leyendas de la Diosa Madre. Pedro Ceinos Arcones. Miraguano, 2007.\n\nAnyone who approaches the literature of the minorities of Southern China will discover numerous works where the leading role is played by a female goddess or deity. Whether dedicated to the creation of the world (alone or in the company of a male deity), of the human race, or to the instruction of humanity or its ancestors in the basic notions of Neolithic culture (hunting, agriculture, stock breeding), female deities play a central role in the origin and development of humanity.\n\nIn recent times numerous works have been published defending the matriarchal character of a great part of the societies formerly established in the territory of Europe and the Near East, characterized by the cult of a goddess in her diverse manifestations: as a creator of the cosmos and of humanity, as an initiator in the secrets of existence and as a renewer of the world in an alternation of life and death that allows the continuity of everything that exists. This is an issue on which there has been no unanimity among the academic community and instead remains at the centre of a bitter debate with obvious political connotations.\n\nPrecisely because it is a subject in permanent debate, and because of the consequences it may have for the present life, I have considered it necessary to provide some facts related to the peoples of China.\n\nMy interest in the cultures of China’s minorities led me to learn about the existence of societies, such as the Moso, where inheritance is transmitted through the female line and social life is organized around matrilineal families; that of the Jino, who had female leaders until a few generations ago; that of the Yi, also with numerous female leaders; or that of the Lahu with their manifest gender equality. This series of events led me to wonder whether it would be possible to establish a cultural relationship, at least hypothetical, between the matriarchal societies of the ancient West, and those of the present, or of the near past documented in historical sources, of the Far East, in which women played the predominant role.\n\nGoing deeper into the culture of the indigenous peoples of China, I found numerous myths, legends, historical descriptions, rituals, and customs that suggest that in the more or less distant past, women occupied an outstanding social position. Among their myths, I was particularly struck by the many stories that highlight the creating or civilizing role of women, as well as those that describe in detail how women lost the dominant role in their societies.\n\nAs I discovered new myths that reinforced the role of women in China’s indigenous societies, my desire to find others like them in different social systems grew. As a result of this somewhat obsessive research, I ended up gathering together an interesting treasure trove of narratives that, encompassing the peoples inhabiting in different regions of China, make women the protagonists of history. Thus, what was initially only part of an effort to document the position of women in the societies of minorities, which should also include rituals, customs, and historical descriptions, took on such a volume that I felt it appropriate to translate and present these myths, with enormous interest in themselves, while continuing to investigate the traces of these ancient Chinese matriarchal societies in the minorities cultures of modern China.\n\nBy temporarily abandoning my research on Chinese matriarchy and replacing it with the translation of these myths, I realized that the interest in these narratives is multi-faceted: first, because they present the reader with a series of stories, most of which have never been translated into any Western language; second, because they make it possible to know some of the most common motives in the mythologies of the peoples of China (creation of the world, flooding, marriage of brothers, appearance of numerous suns, etc.); third, because they cover geographical regions so far away as to suggest the validity, at least for East Asia, of their subject matter; fourthly, due to their homogeneity in the positive treatment of the female deities which contrasts with other mythical narratives where they play a permanently negative role, and lastly because in a society which still stands on a framework that is tremendously hostile towards women, with tragic results on numerous occasions. Any work aimed at claiming their importance can become a drop in the great tide destined to reverse the present situation.\n\nThis work is not extensive, the narrations presented here can hardly be considered a small sample of the vast feminine mythology of the peoples of China. There are many myths that have been left out: either because they are too long, because they are too similar to some of the myths included, or because due to their complex symbolic language they would be difficult to understand for the general reader.\n\nMore posts on Chinese culture\n\nA Taoist exorcism séance\nA Taoist exorcism séance\n\n'My friend is going to conclude an exorcism service this morning and, if you are really so interested, he hopes you can come and witness it.' He paused uncertainly. 'But I must warn 86 you that it is not a pretty sight. Really it is most unpleasant, disgusting and...\n\nChinese superstitions before the birth\nChinese superstitions before the birth\n\nTo have five sons, rich, vigorous, literate and who become mandarins: this is the ideal of any Chinese family. From this matrix idea emerged the various types of popular images that are displayed in all households: Wu Zi Deng Ke (五子登科), Have five official children!...\n\nAsking about Taoism\nAsking about Taoism\n\nNow is the time to ask him something about Taoism, I decided, and I poured out my questions. He looked up at me with his innocent, childish eyes, his smile gentle but, I thought, slightly ironical. 'Take time, observe and learn,' he said simply. 'Words spoken in haste...\n\nMore posts on China ethnic groups\n\nNo se encontraron resultados\n\nLa página solicitada no pudo encontrarse. Trate de perfeccionar su búsqueda o utilice la navegación para localizar la entrada.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8953080177307129}
+{"content": "Geology Department\n\nIt is considered as one of the major departments of GEOSURV. It consists of the following divisions:\n\n\n1- Geological survey, geomorphological, geophysical and geochemical activities, besides geological, hydrogeological and geological engineering studies.\n\n\n2- The activities of exploring and prospecting for mineral ores and raw materials inside Iraq and defining their suitability for different industries.\n\n\n4-To study and analyze satellite imagery and data for exploratory, environmental and land use studies.\n\n\n5- Topographic works\n\n\n\nThe Department performs its duties through the following divisions:\n\n\n\nGeological Survey Division.\n\nMineral Exploration Division.\n\nGeophysics Division.\n\nHydrogeology Division.\n\nTopographic Survey Division.\n\nGeological Studies Division.\n\nRemote Sensing Division.\n\nIraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining\n\nCopyright © 2015 AMA content management system. All rights reserved", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.0000079870224}
+{"content": "Now that you’ve see the Amazeowl Review, you are probably wondering the way that it’s possible to conduct your Amazeowl software on various platforms? And doesn’t it charge something? And may you install it directly from the Google engage in Store?\n\nAmazeowl Chrome Extension\n\nTo answer the issue, the Amazeowl Chrome Extension operates on all platforms because it operates throughout using Google Chrome. Therefore, if your Android smart-phone apparatus is about its second creation, it will still get the job done great.\n\nOne other wonderful thing about the Amazeowl Chrome Extension is that it functions with no price. The price of possessing the edition of the applying to get a wise phone platform is not a fantastic deal more compared to the total cost of this application form on another stage while there are paid versions of open source software.\n\nLocating The Most readily useful AmazeOwl price\n\nFrom the AmazeOwl evaluation, a question I read introduced,»Can this AmazeOwl Chrome Extension function together with different apparatus?» Put simply, the question inquired,»Can A Maze Owl perform with my iPhone, Android, iPod signature, or even BlackBerry?» . Immediately after doing some research with this matter, I feel the reply to the question will be yes. Here’s why:\n\nThe Amazeowl Chrome Extension operates together the very well-known platforms for cellular devices today. It works on Mac, PC, and Linux. The latest version of the extension additionally works together with Samsung tablets.\n\nAndroid telephones such as the Nexus S also have the Possibility to incorporate Amazeowl into the Android Household Display Screen.\n\nOne among the features which the Amazeowl Chrome Extension presents is it might be retrieved in any browser stage. This means almost any phone user can access precisely the exact same interface that permits access to the Android or Blackberry platform that is operating from their PC or Mac. The truth is that Amazeowl is designed to work in any system which comes with an Internet relationship.\n\nUltimately in their while on their own machine, an individual could begin an email conversation with the Amazeowl Chrome Extension. This really is like the features a e mail client like Thunderbird gives around the desktop computer platform.\n\nHow Exactly To Choose AmazeOwl price\n\nChrome comes with a number of capabilities that permit an individual to get the platform specific websites of their selection. But a lot of those programs offer a variety of the exact functionality with all the Google-Chrome browser that is pre-installed.\n\nTo remedy the first query, the Chrome version of this Amazeowl Chrome Extension can be actually a free down load. In addition, it has all of the exact same options that the edition of the extension offers. And also to answer the question, the Amazeowl Chrome Extension will just work to the platforms for smart phones available on the market.\n\nIt is likely to come across a variety on the sector right now, since the Amazeowl Chrome Extension works with all smart phones. A web browser expansion that is harmonious with their stage can be easily chosen by the end users of those Amazeowl smart-phone applications on Android smart-phones platforms. This means they do not have to change to a different platform every time the expansion remains still updated.\n\nAlong with this, Chrome additionally allows users to watch and edit data files that are saved on their PC. With this skill, the consumer is able to share data files among various platforms also also ensure that any files are protected on multiple programs.\n\nIt is crucial to note the Amazeowl Chrome Extension works with almost all smartphones in the marketplace today to start with. It operates together each of many existing major mobiles .\n\nAdditionally, it works together BlackBerrys. For there to be quite a special Android smart-phone version that will not work with certain variants of their Amazeowl expansion, It’s not a rare occurrence.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5886704921722412}
+{"content": "\n\nMonday, December 3, 2012\n\nNew Age Of Activism Top 12 and Beyond: William Shakespeare\n\nWilliam Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. From roughly 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of theatrical players. Written records give little indication of the way in which Shakespeare’s professional life molded his artistry. All that can be deduced is that over the course of 20 years, Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict.\nKnown throughout the world, the works of William Shakespeare have been performed in countless hamlets, villages, cities and metropolises for more than 400 years. And yet, the personal history of William Shakespeare is somewhat a mystery. There are two primary sources that provide historians with a basic outline of his life. One source is his work--the plays, poems and sonnets--and the other is official documentation such as church and court records. However, these only provide brief sketches of specific events in his life and provide little on the person who experienced those events.\n\nEarly Life\n\nThough no birth records exist, church records indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From this, it is believed he was born on or near April 23, 1564, and this is the date scholars acknowledge as William Shakespeare's birthday.\nLocated 103 miles west of London, during Shakespeare's time Stratford-upon-Avon was a market town bisected with a country road and the River Avon. William was the third child of John Shakespeare, a leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a local landed heiress. William had two older sisters, Joan and Judith, and three younger brothers, Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. Before William's birth, his father became a successful merchant and held official positions as alderman and bailiff, an office resembling a mayor. However, records indicate John's fortunes declined sometime in the late 1570s.\nScant records exist of William's childhood, and virtually none regarding his education. Scholars have surmised that he most likely attended the King's New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. Being a public official's child, William would have undoubtedly qualified for free tuition. But this uncertainty regarding his education has led some to raise questions about the authorship of his work and even about whether or not William Shakespeare ever existed.\n\nMarried Life\n\nWilliam Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582, in Worcester, in Canterbury Province. Hathaway was from Shottery, a small village a mile west of Stratford. William was 18 and Anne was 26, and, as it turns out, pregnant. Their first child, a daughter they named Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583. Two years later, on February 2, 1585, twins Hamnet and Judith were born,. Hamnet later died of unknown causes at age 11.\nAfter the birth of the twins, there are seven years of William Shakespeare's life where no records exist. Scholars call this period the \"lost years,\" and there is wide speculation on what he was doing during this period. One theory is that he might have gone into hiding for poaching game from the local landlord, Sir Thomas Lucy. Another possibility is that he might have been working as an assistant schoolmaster in Lancashire. It is generally believed he arrived in London in the mid- to late 1580s and may have found work as a horse attendant at some of London's finer theaters, a scenario updated centuries later by the countless aspiring actors and playwrights in Hollywood and Broadway.\n\nTheatrical Beginnings in London\n\nBy 1592, there is evidence William Shakespeare earned a living as an actor and a playwright in London and possibly had several plays produced. In the September 20, 1592 edition of the Stationers' Register (a guild publication), there is an article by London playwright Robert Greene that takes a few jabs at William Shakespeare:\n\"...there [William Shakespeare] is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.\"\nScholars differ on the interpretation of this criticism, but most agree that it was Greene's way of saying Shakespeare was reaching above his rank, trying to match better known and educated playwrights likeChristopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe or Greene himself.\nBy the early 1590s, documents show William Shakespeare was a managing partner in the Lord Chamberlain's Men, an acting company in London. After the crowning of King James I, in 1603, the company changed its name to the King's Men. From all accounts, the King's Men company was very popular, and records show that Shakespeare had works published and sold as popular literature. The theater culture in 16th-century England was not highly admired by people of high rank. However, many of the nobility were good patrons of the performing arts and friends of the actors. Early in his career, Shakespeare was able to attract the attention of Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, to whom he dedicated his first published poems \"Venus and Adonis\" (1593) and \"The Rape of Lucrece\" (1594).\n\nEstablishing Himself\n\nBy 1597, William Shakespeare had published 15 of the 37 plays attributed to him. Civil records show that at this time he purchased the second largest house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. It was a four-day ride by horse from Stratford to London, so it is believed that Shakespeare spent most of his time in the city writing and acting and came home once a year during the 40-day Lenten period, when the theaters were closed.\nBy 1599, William Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which they called the Globe. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds, which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. This made him an entrepreneur as well as an artist, and scholars believe these investments gave him the time to write his plays uninterrupted.\n\nWriting Style\n\nWilliam Shakespeare's early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn't always align naturally with the story's plot or characters. However, Shakespeare was very innovative, adapting the traditional style to his own purposes and creating a freer flow of words. With only small degrees of variation, Shakespeare primarily used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, to compose his plays. At the same time, there are passages in all the plays that deviate from this and use forms of poetry or simple prose.\n\nEarly Works: Histories and Comedies\n\nWith the exception of \"Romeo and Juliet,\" William Shakespeare's first plays were mostly histories written in the early 1590s. \"Richard II\" and \"Henry VI,\" parts 1, 2 and 3 and \"Henry V\" dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers and have been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeare's way of justifying the origins of the Tudor dynasty.\nShakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period: the witty romance \"A Midsummer Night's Dream,\" the romantic \"Merchant of Venice,\" the wit and wordplay of \"Much Ado About Nothing,\" the charming \"As You Like It,\" and Twelfth Night. Other plays, possibly written before 1600, were \"Titus Andronicus,\" \"The Comedy of Errors,\" \"The Taming of the Shrew\" and \"The Two Gentlemen of Verona.\"\n\nLater Works: Tragedies and Tragicomedies\n\nIt was in William Shakespeare's later period, after 1600, that he wrote the tragedies \"Hamlet,\" \"King Lear,\" \"Othello\" and \"Macbeth.\" In these, Shakespeare's characters present vivid impressions of human temperament that are timeless and universal. Possibly the best known of these plays is \"Hamlet,\" with its exploration of betrayal, retribution, incest and moral failure. These moral failures often drive the twists and turns of Shakespeare's plots, destroying the hero and those he loves.\nIn William Shakespeare's final period, he wrote tragicomedies. Among these are \"Cymbeline,\" \"The Winter's Tale,\" and \"The Tempest.\" Though graver in tone than the comedies, they are not the dark tragedies of \"King Lear\" or \"Macbeth\" because they end with reconciliation and forgiveness.\n\n\nTradition has it that William Shakespeare died on his birthday, April 23, 1616, though many scholars believe this is a myth. Church records show he was interred at Trinity Church on April 5, 1616.\nIn his will, he left the bulk of his possessions to his eldest daughter, Susanna. Though entitled to a third of his estate, little seems to have gone to his wife, Anne, whom he bequeathed his \"second-best bed.\" This has drawn speculation that she had fallen out of favor, or that the couple was not close. However, there is very little evidence the two had a difficult marriage. Other scholars note that the term \"second-best bed\" often refers to the bed belonging to the household's master and mistress--the marital bed--and the \"first-best bed\" was reserved for guests.\n\nControversy and Literary Legacy\n\nAbout 150 years after his death, questions arose about the authorship of William Shakespeare's plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher MarloweEdward de Vere and Francis Bacon--men of more known backgrounds, literary accreditation, or inspiration--as the true authors of the plays. Much of this stemmed from the sketchy details of Shakespeare's life and the dearth of contemporary primary sources. Official records from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none of these attest to him being an actor or playwright.\nSkeptics also questioned how anyone of such modest education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that is displayed in Shakespeare's works. Over the centuries, several groups have emerged that question the authorship of Shakespeare's plays.\nThe most serious and intense skepticism began in the 19th century when adoration for Shakespeare was at its highest. The detractors believed that the only hard evidence surrounding William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon described a man from modest beginnings who married young and became successful in real estate. Members of the Shakespeare Oxford Society (founded in 1957) put forth arguments that English aristocrat Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, was the true author of the poems and plays of \"William Shakespeare,\" The Oxfordians cite de Vere's extensive knowledge of aristocratic society, his education, and the structural similarities between his poetry and that found in the works attributed to Shakespeare. They contend that William Shakespeare had neither the education nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters.\nHowever, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars contend that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of the time also had sketchy histories and came from modest backgrounds. They contend that Stratford's New Grammar School curriculum of Latin and the classics could have provided a good foundation for literary writers. Supporters of Shakespeare's authorship argue that the lack of evidence about Shakespeare's life doesn't mean his life didn't exist.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5654305219650269}
+{"content": "\n\n\n'ACHIEVED' is a 8 letter word starting with A and ending with D\n\nSynonyms, crossword answers and other related words for ACHIEVED\n\nWe hope that the following list of synonyms for the word achieved will help you to finish your crossword today. We've arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find.\n\n7 letter words\n\n\n8 letter words\n\n\n10 letter words\n\n\n12 letter words\n\n\n16 letter words\n\n\nThanks for visiting The Crossword Solver.\n\nWe've listed any clues from our database that match your search. There will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. The synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of charachters so that they're easy to find.\n\n\nIf your word has any anagrams, they'll be listed too along with a definition for the word if we have one.\n\nWe hope that you find the site useful.\n\nRegards, The Crossword Solver Team\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9981383681297302}
+{"content": "Question: What Happens When You Call Someone On Do Not Disturb?\n\nCan you tell when someone is checking your location?\n\nSmartphone users can tell when someone or some service checks their location.\n\nOn smartphones, the operating system briefly displays a notification when the device’s location is obtained.\n\nAndroid and iOS both have a notification log for users to review..\n\nHow can you tell if someone blocked you?\n\nIf your friend’s name appears as a suggested contact, then it’s very likely that they didn’t actually block you. If their name doesn’t appear as a suggested contact, it’s possible you may have been blocked. If you’re now sure that you haven’t been blocked, don’t forget to re-enter your friend’s contact information.\n\nHow do you know if someone has their phone on Do Not Disturb?\n\nWhen you call someone who does not have Do Not Disturb mode active, you will hear a beep and then leave the voicemail. The person you are calling will not have a mobile ring or will be disturbed by a notification which makes sound or illumines the screen.\n\nHow can you tell if someone blocked your number from texting?\n\n\nWhat happens when you put someone on Do Not Disturb?\n\nWhen Do Not Disturb is turned on, it sends incoming calls to voicemail and does not alert you about calls or text messages. It also silences all notifications, so you’re not disturbed by the phone. You might want to enable Do Not Disturb mode when you go to bed, or during meals, meetings, and movies.\n\nHow do you call someone when they are on do not disturb?\n\nGet calls from a group of contactsOpen Settings.Tap “Do Not Disturb”Toggle Do Not Disturb to “on”In the Phone section of the screen, tap “Allow Calls From”You can choose to allow calls from Everyone, No One, or the contacts you’ve selected as Favorites. You can also make an exception for an existing Contacts group.\n\nCan someone call you if you put them on do not disturb?\n\nOnce you have the right people on your Favorites list and the above settings enabled, they’ll be able to call you even when Do Not Disturb is on. iOS does allow you to allow text messages and iMessages from certain contacts, even though in most cases people will call you if it’s urgent.\n\nCan you see missed calls on Do Not Disturb?\n\nWhen you turn on “Do Not Disturb”, your calls go directly to voicemail. You still receive text messages like you normally would and you still receive notifications for missed calls without your phone ringing.\n\nWhat happens when you text someone on Do Not Disturb?\n\nYou can use the Do Not Disturb feature on your iPhone whenever you want to block any calls, texts, or other notifications from making your phone ring. The notifications and alerts will still be stored on your phone, and you can check them at any time, but your iPhone won’t light up or ring.\n\nCan someone still see your location on Do Not Disturb?\n\nYes, as of 2017 it appears that it does temporarily turn off location sharing.\n\nHow do I stop sharing my location without notifying?\n\nYou can also turn off “Share My Location” globally in the iCloud settings on the phone. Clearly if your phone is off or out of coverage it also won’t report location. Also, in the iCloud “Share My Location” setting is the option to choose which device you share your location from.\n\nDo texts deliver on Do Not Disturb?\n\nFor the text during Do Not Disturb, a delivery notification popped right up, although the message wasn’t delivered until Do Not Disturb mode was turned off.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.7248699069023132}
+{"content": "The coronavirus could mark the rise of automation\n\nCredit: Hendrik Schmidt/DPA\n\nThe coronavirus pandemic has caused a massive surge in global unemployment. It has also highlighted the increasingly valuable role of automation in today’s world.\n\nAlthough there are some jobs machines just can’t do, COVID-19 has left us wondering about the future of work and with this, the capacity of automation to step in where humans must step back.\n\nAutomation and jobs\n\nDiscussions about the “rise of the machines” first picked up significantly in 2013, after University of Oxford researchers published a paper about the potential to automate many jobs across sectors, including many so called office jobs such as administrative support workers, telemarketers and insurance claims clerks.\n\nBut does automation directly create unemployment? The answer is complicated.\n\nAlthough some automation does replace human labor, other forms of it can help create new business, or help existing businesses prosper with benefits to employees.\n\nIt also depends on whether you measure employment globally, nationally or locally. Increasing automation for one country or region may be beneficial for jobs there, but damaging to jobs elsewhere.\n\nRobots have already replaced people in many highly repetitive manufacturing tasks in developed economies, and will likely eventually replace similar labor in the rest of the world. But in the areas of niche and advanced manufacturing, such as in making art, the manufacture of components for the aerospace industry, or even customized and unique fashion garments, the use of robots will likely create jobs.\n\nPandemic drivers for automation\n\nThe automation of Australia’s industries has been in the works for some time now. Australia is a world leader in adopting mining equipment automation – unsurprising given our reliance on mining exports.\n\nIs Amazon’s Just Walk Out technology the future of in-store purchasing?\n\nMany of our mines are partially staffed from remote operation centers, where employees monitor largely automated pieces of equipment. This successful automation would have helped the mining industry deal with the effects of the pandemic.\n\nCurrently, there are two major drivers for considering a wider and faster shift to automation.\n\nThe first is a desire for Australia to become more self-sufficient in supplying goods and services, with local supply chains that are less susceptible to global shocks. This would require boosting the country’s manufacturing capability, and one way to do so would be by embracing new manufacturing methods using automation and robotics.\n\nThe second driver is a need to reduce the frequency and duration of human-to-human contact (social distancing), especially as experts warn of the increasing threat of future pandemics.\n\nResearch suggests COVID-19 can spread via surfaces and human-to-human contact.\n\nTechnology provides ways to avoid this. For instance, human contact while shopping was reduced drastically long before COVID-19 with the introduction of self-checkouts. While this itself isn’t automation (since the customer still does the work themselves), it could be considered a stepping stone to Amazon’s plans to soon roll out an automated purchasing system at physical US stores.\n\nWith the “Just Walk Out” technology, customers can take items off a store’s shelf, bag them, and walk straight out. An in-store sensing system automatically detects what was taken and initiates the purchase once the customer exits the store.\n\nWhat is skilled work?\n\nAccording to the Reserve Bank of Australia’s Head of Economic Analysis, Alexandra Heat, employment for jobs requiring the highest level of skills has risen from 15% in the mid-1960s, to more than 30% now.\n\nBut how do we classify “skilled” work?\n\nRobotics researchers are on the cusp of developing reliable and highly-skilled fruit picking robots.\n\nMany supposedly “low-skilled” are far from it if viewed from the perspective of an engineer developing an automated (or robotic) equivalent. Take cleaning – a job of paramount importance during this pandemic.\n\nWhile it isn’t traditionally considered high-skill, it’s still complex as it requires manual handling and time planning, and therefore isn’t suited to automation. In fact, a general-purpose robot cleaner remains the stuff of science fiction.\n\nAnother example is fruit picking, which is also a complex task when broken down. In the coming seasons, Australia may face a shortage of fruit pickers due to international travel restrictions, and robotic fruit picking and harvesting is now a hot topic in the robotics research world.\n\nWhile progress has been made on this front, not many of the prototype systems are commercially available yet. And it’s unlikely robots will solve the industry’s labor shortage problems within the next few years.\n\nThe costs of transition\n\nWhen trying to predict which way automation will go in Australia, the critical issue to consider is our capacity to adopt it.\n\nAs we stare down the barrel of a recession, many businesses and organiztions are struggling financially.\n\nChanging business practice to adopt , if done effectively, would cost time and money in the near term. While time may be available, investing scarce cash may seem too risky for some at such a precarious time.\n\nBut then again, as with many investments sometimes fortune favors the bold. And the upcoming recession may be an opportune time to majorly reinvent how products and services are delivered.\n\nHow coronavirus set the stage for a techno-future with robots and AI\n\nProvided by\nThe Conversation\n\n\nThe coronavirus could mark the rise of automation (2020, May 29)\nretrieved 29 May 2020\n\n\nSource link", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8730696439743042}
+{"content": "Online Engagement\n\nHopkins Fulfillment Services\n\n\n\"Tracing the concept of economic equality among individuals and families in the United States with clarity and consistency, Mandell transcends the distinctions usually made among intellectual, social, and economic history. Addressing both theory and practice, he succeeds in writing for both his fellow scholars and a larger literate, curious public.\"\n\n\"This book provides an insightful look at a timely topic: the various movements and strands of thought promoting economic equality in early American history.\"\n\n\"This deeply researched story of the interplay between America's Revolutionary commitment to upholding individual rights and creating a society of equals supplies the foundation for grasping the nation's current turmoil over economic and political inequality. Mandell explains how providing poor men with equal access to voting came to sanction great disparities of wealth after the Civil War. This challenged Americans' longstanding belief that their republic required a broad, relatively equal distribution of wealth.\"\n\n\"Daniel R. Mandell's sweeping and magisterial history of egalitarian economic ideas and policies in the American tradition teaches us how tightly bound Americans once understood political equality and economic egalitarianism to be. He adds to the historical record a new indictment of the post-Reconstruction era—it severed that close link. As Americans now wrestle collectively with how to tackle historically high levels of wealth and income inequality, Mandell's book opens a vista into a vast and inspiring array of conceptual frameworks in stark contrast to those that have dominated recent decades of economic thought.\"\n\n\"In this deeply relevant work of historical excavation, Daniel Mandell highights what he rightly calls the 'lost tradition' of economic equality in America. Drawing on top-down sources and bottom-up social movements, he has written a wide-ranging and original examination of ideas of and disputes about equality from post-Reformation England and Scotland through the Reconstruction era. From the treatment of canonical thinkers like John Locke to little-known radicals like Philadelphia shoemaker William Heighton, Mandell provides an engaging analysis of evolving ideas about the relationship between economic and political equality and how, after the Reconstruction era, that tradition became obscured. This careful and compelling history is at the same time a work of searching moral inquiry.\"", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9719204306602478}
+{"content": "Building Games With React/Redux\n\nUsing the React Game Engine to Quickly Build Interactive Games\n\nOpenShift Ninja\nJun 10 · 12 min read\nImage for post\nImage for post\nImage Courtesy of Max Pixel\n\nRecently, I discovered the React Game Engine. It is based upon a game engine that was written for React Native, but is a little simpler. This was really exciting for me, as I've been wanting to build games for a long time, but I've often found the bar of entry for writing games to be rather high. When I read how easy this engine was to use, I immediately decided to build a game that I had built previously in college, namely Anti-Chess.\n\n\nSo what is Anti-Chess? Well, it is just like regular chess (all the pieces have the same general moves) but instead of attempting to checkmate the opponent’s king, the goal is instead have your own king checkmated. There is one major twist in the rules that makes this possible — if you can take a piece, you must. With this rule, you can put your pieces in strategic positions in order to draw your opponent’s attackers across the board and hopefully end up in a place where your king cannot escape (because you still have to move your king out of check if possible).\n\nI originally wrote the game with a team of four people at MIT. We split up the tasks — one of us was in charge of building the model for the pieces and determining legal moves, one of us was in charge of writing the logic to display the board, one was in charge of writing the AI for deciding the best moves, and the last was there to unleash havoc upon whatever we wrote (that is, find bugs).\n\nI ended up being the guy writing the UI, and it was incredible fun when the board started appearing and I could move pieces around. It was all written in C++ code, so it took awhile to get to the point where we could see anything, but once it was working, I spent countless hours playing Anti-Chess. Our application could link up with other teams’ servers so that our AI could play theirs, and there was a contest to see who’s AI was the best. Some teams had sophisticated AIs, and others just picked random moves. It was a really fun competition (I don’t really remember who won).\n\nStarting From the Top\n\nWriting the same game in React has actually been incredibly easy, and the subject of this article is to walk through the game and show how easy it is to build a game like this using the React Game Engine.\n\nFirst, you have to start with a good foundation. I generally start by just running create-react-app which gives me a lot of the basic boilerplate content. At some point, I’ll probably augment this script to set up the other things I like to start with, but I’m still kind of tweaking my setup. To the basic react app template I add webpack, react testing library, and eslint. This gives me a solid foundation upon which to build any React app.\n\nAt the top level of the app is a single index.js file that links to a div element in the index.html to the app. Most React apps are built this way. Inside, I just tell React to render the main App component:\n\nI personally like to keep components small and tidy, and this is the only place I will call the render method of ReactDOM. Everything else is a child of this main App component.\n\nThe source for the App component is also fairly simple:\n\nAs mentioned in the title, I use Redux for state, and we’ll see later on how that makes writing game logic much simpler, especially when integrating with a game engine. The Provider component is a wrapper that allows functional components to perform Redux actions using hooks. Unfortunately, not all of the components can take advantage of this because they are rendered as children of the game engine (which doesn’t use functional components), but for the ones that can use hooks, the provider allows these components to use useSelector and useDispatch. All the components of the game, including the game engine, are children of the AntiChess component.\n\nNow we come to the part where we integrate with the react game engine. With only 30 lines, I build the game of AntiChess and hook it into the engine:\n\nI’m teasing a little, as obviously it takes more than 30 lines to write the game. However, this is all the integration that is needed between my logic and the game engine. The game engine is the main component that will draw my game elements on screen, and it uses objects called systems for updating the elements.\n\nNear the top, I import two main state objects in my game. The first is called squares, and is basically an array with every square on the board. I do some array arithmetic in order to find the appropriate square given a square name (A1, C3, G6, etc). The other is simply called game, and contains general high level state logic like whether a piece has been selected and whether it is white’s move or black’s move.\n\nThe GameEngine component takes a style attribute that describes the overall appearance of the main board. It is absolutely positioned on the page and all elements within it will be absolutely positioned as well. This is pretty familiar for anyone who has written games where elements are painted onto a canvas using coordinates.\n\nCurrently I only have one system for managing the game entities, which I call the MovesSystem. We’ll get to that in a moment. As for the entities, I build a default set of entities given the game state and the squares.\n\nThe game engine works by calling all the systems every few milliseconds (in game speak, there is a clock that is ticking and each tick is a chance to update all of the elements in the game as they are moving around). In a game like Anti-Chess, there isn’t a whole lot of moving action, but if you had characters moving around, you would just update the game each time the system gets called. For my game, I listen for onMouseDown events:\n\nStarting at the top, the first thing I do is import the same state objects, game and squares. I have a button that allows me to reset the game, so there is a flag that is turned on when the game has been reset. If this is the case, I start with brand new entities (wipe the board clean and rebuild). Otherwise, I take the entities that were there before.\n\nNotice that I am returning a new object from this system, rather than just reusing the old one. This is good practice in stateful applications like games so that you ensure that nothing gets into the new state unless you carried it over from the old state or explicitly added it.\n\nThe offset, xMax, and yMax represent the bounds of my board — each square is 100 pixels wide by 100 pixels tall. If I wanted to put the board in the middle of the screen, I could set offset to something other than 0, but for now, I’m leaving it in the top left corner.\n\nThe input.find call searches through events that were received for this tick and if an onMouseDown event is found and is within the bounds of the board, then we have an action we need to respond to. First, I figure out which square was clicked, and then I dispatch a Redux action for the click.\n\nThe last step is to return the new entities. I haven’t really described yet what these entities are, but think of them as the elements on the board that require rendering — in this case, each square on the board. I created all the entities when I started the game, and they will remain active (getting returned from the moves system) each tick until the game is reset. To clarify that further, let’s look at how those entities are constructed.\n\nThe next file is just a utility file that builds the entities and returns them. As mentioned previously, we will only need to do this when a game starts (or restarts).\n\nIn this game, the entities are the squares and a game stats display. In most games, they would be characters moving around. Those characters can have stats and different states, but to the game engine, they are mostly just things that exist and need to be drawn into the world. The same is true with my squares, and for that, I have a component called Square that represents a square in the game.\n\nEach Square gets a name, and for convenience, I give them names according to the usual Chess standard of the columns having letters and the rows having numbers (A through H in the columns, 1 through 8 in the rows, the letters go left to right, the numbers go bottom to top). I also give each Square an index that maps to the corresponding state object that holds what should be in that square.\n\nThe other entity is the stats display which simply displays a list of moves and which player is expected to move. As you can see, entities is an object with each property being an entity in our game. Each entity has some properties that will be passed to the component to be rendered, which is specified with the renderer property. I’ll cover what the components look like in a little bit.\n\nRedux Actions\n\nAll of the action in the game is powered by Redux. As you saw in the MovesSystem, the main action is clicking on a square. It is up to the Redux actions to figure out what should happen when I click on that square.\n\nThis action gets the game state, the squares state, and the row and col of the square that was clicked (I determined this square in the MovesSystem). The game state has variable called pieceSelected which indicates that a previous piece was selected, meaning that the click could be to place that piece in another spot. To move a piece, the destination must be an empty square or an enemy piece. If neither of these is the case, it is an invalid move.\n\nIf it appears we are trying to move, we must validate that the move is legal, so we dispatch an action to check the move and move the piece if it is a legal move. Once the piece has been moved, we dispatch an action to reset the highlights (square backgrounds that indicate what piece was selected and what legal moves could have been made).\n\nIf a piece wasn’t previously selected, then we are likely picking a piece to move. Therefore, we aren’t interested in empty squares. Since we might have picked a different piece before (I may click multiple pieces, trying to decide which one I want to move), I first clear out any highlights that were there previously and then highlight the legal moves for the square that was clicked (assuming it is a piece of mine — if it isn’t, no squares will be highlighted).\n\nFinally, if neither of these is the case, I just dispatch to clear the highlights, leaving the board without highlights. This is all the action there is in chess, making it sound like a really easy game to build. It gets complicated, however, when you consider all the checks that have to be made to determine if a move is legal. Let’s take a look at the method that checks if the move is legal.\n\nThis game logic isn’t optimized yet, but it gets the job done. The action gets the game and squares state and the row and column of the destination square. I get the row and column of the square where the piece to move is by fetching it from the game state. Then I get the legal moves for that piece and if the selected square is in the list of legal moves, then an action to move the piece is dispatched. I also dispatch an action to add the move to the moves list that is in the stats display. Finally, I switch the players (white to black or black to white). Finally, whether the move was legal or not, I clear the selection of the piece (essentially any click that isn’t a legal move is dismissing the selection of the piece).\n\nAs you may have noticed, I need to optimize this logic so that it doesn’t have to find all the legal moves to verify this particular move is legal, but when I was writing this, I started by making the logic that generated all the legal moves for each piece. Clearly I can cut out some of that logic if I know what target square I’m checking for, so that optimization will be coming soon.\n\nMost of the actions powered by Redux are this simple — fire the action with data from the state, and process that data to determine what updates to the state need to be made. Let’s take a look at one of the reducers — the method that updates the state itself.\n\nI like to use the Redux Thunk style of updating state. This means that when I fire an action to be reduced into state, it has a type and it has some data the reducer uses to resolve what the updated state is. For example, if I move a piece, the action body will look like this:\n\nThe MOVE_PIECE part is a constant that I define elsewhere in a file named actionNames.js. The content of this constant is arbitrary, but I generally make it a string that is the same as the constant name. The data that comes along is two objects, both with row and col properties that represent the squares involved. This is passed to the squaresReducer:\n\nAs you can see, the reducer uses a switch to quickly jump to the logic that should be performed based on the type of action. The reducer takes two arguments, the state from the previous iteration (which happens to be the array of squares representing our board) and the action that was dispatched. All actions are passed through every reducer, so there is no restrictions on the actions that reducers can listen to. This is handy when you have actions that affect many components, such as RESET_GAME. The movePiece method is fairly simple:\n\nThis method gets the array of squares and the from and to locations which represent where the piece was and where it is moving to. When updating state in a reducer, it is always a good idea to return a new object because Redux tries to optimize by checking if the object returned by a reducer is the same object (checking whether the pointer is the same, really — it doesn’t do a deep check to see if anything inside the object has changed). If you return the same object, Redux will believe that nothing has changed and will not inform objects that expect to be notified when the state updates.\n\nWe create a new array filled with the same squares from before. Then we update the two squares involved in the move, changing the from location to an empty square and changing the to location to the type of piece we are moving. Then we return the array of squares which will be returned to Redux, indicating that the state has been updated.\n\nRendering the Board\n\nI have talked a lot about the logic under the hood, but how does this all end up getting displayed on the screen? Earlier I talked about the GameEngine, which is the parent of all components that will be rendered. When the systems are called with the entities, the systems update the entities objects as necessary (in a lot of games, a character being killed would be removed from the entity list or perhaps reincarnated and added back to the list, but in my game, the entities stay the same — it is the redux state that changes).\n\nOnce all the entities have been updated, the engine renders all the components by iterating through the list of entities and the render method of each is called, just like a normal React app rendering buttons on a page. Let’s take a look at how a Square is rendered in my game.\n\nThis file is a little long, but the part where I return the HTML to be displayed is pretty simple:\n\nThe div that represents the component has a style that details the look of the square — the size (100px by 100px), the background colors, etc. Squares can have different background colors. The default is white or black, depending on its location (getSquareColor()), but it may be yellow if it is the square containing the piece selected to move (square.highlightedPieceToMove) or it may be green if it is highlighted as a legal move for a selected piece (square.highlightedSquareToMoveTo).\n\nIf the square is not empty, then the outer div contains an inner div with an image of the piece to be displayed. Which piece gets displayed in the square comes from Redux by simply getting the array of squares and using the index related this square to find what the current state has in the given index.\n\nSome games obviously would have more complicated rendering logic, and I wish I could say that the react game engine could do all that for you too, but really it is just the skeleton upon which all the components are bound. You still are responsible for making it look good.\n\n\nIn this article, I talked about how I used the react game engine to build an Anti-Chess game. The game starts out as a simple react app that can be generated just like any other react application. I talked about the game engine itself, using a collection of entities and systems that update those entities to result in a view rendered for the user. I covered using Redux to update the state of the game, which then is used by the entities when they render themselves. It is a simple example, but there is really no limit to the types of games that could be built with this engine. As I do React app development for my day job, it’s really great that I can use the same technologies to build some fun things too.\n\nThe Startup\n\nMedium's largest active publication, followed by +718K people. Follow to join our community.\n\n\n\n\nGet the Medium app\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5304783582687378}
+{"content": "Physical Therapy for the Lower Back: How to Prevent and Treat Lower Back Pain\n\nLower back pain is one of the most common causes of job-related disability and why some people miss work. It is also the second most common neurological ailment in the United States, second only to headache. In fact, approximately 80% of adults in Western countries have, at some point, experienced lower back pain.\n\nFor some fortunately people, pain in the lower back may be resolved by itself or with the aid of medication within two to four weeks. However, there are some cases of lower back pain that may last for more than a few weeks, during which case the condition is termed as \"chronic\" and \"progressive,\" meaning it can only grow worse over time.\n\nMoreover, 60-80% of those patients who suffer their first episode of lower back pain may experience recurring pain within one year.\n\nAccording to current research, there are certain muscles in the back that work to stabilize the spine. When the spine or the back suffers an injury, these muscles are reflexively inhibited or shutdown. Worse still, these muscles do not spontaneously recover, and this is true even if patients do not feel pain and are able to return to normal activity levels.\n\nAs a result of the inhibitory of these muscles, called lumbar multifidi and the transversus abdominus, lower back pain occurs. However, there are steps you can take to prevent the same thing from happening to you.\n\nLower Back Pain and Physical Therapy\n\nOne way to prevent the inhibition of the lumbar multifidi and transversus abdominus is through a series of physical therapy exercises.\n\nDesigned to strengthen the muscles of the lower back and keep the spine healthy, these physical therapy exercises may range from back stabilization exercises to muscle development development and several wide variety of techniques.\n\nIn addition, a physical therapist may also recommend such methods as heat therapy, ultrasound, massage, mobilization, and education about posture and body mechanics in order to prevent lower back pain from recycling.\n\nSome of these methods will be discussed later on. You will also find some practical self-help tips provided by experts to help you avoid lower back pain or prevent the condition from worsening.\n\nHowever, before we head on to learning how lower back pain is treated through physical therapy, it is important that we first understand what causes lower back pain.\n\nLower Back Pain: CAUSES\n\nThere are actually many types of back pain, but the most common is pain in the lower back. Why? You might ask. The reason is simple: you carry most of your weight in the lower back. Thus, it is highly likely that a person would suffer pain in that area.\n\nThere is no definitive cause of lower back pain. Sometimes, the causes of the condition are so complex that it is difficult to pinpoint just a single one.\n\nHowever, physical therapists and other healthcare professionals have observed that lower back pain is often a result of strained back muscles and ligaments due to any of the following activities:\n\no Improper posture\n\no Heavy lifting\n\no Sudden awkward movement\n\no Muscle spasm\n\no Stress\n\nWe could all be guilty of the above activities. We may not suffer any back pains now, but it is likely that as we get older and the degree of inhibitory of the back muscles as a result of these activities increases, back pain becomes a very distinct possibility.\n\nIn addition to these common activities, lower back pain may also result from specific conditions, such as:\n\no Herniated disk (when the disk material presses on a nerve)\n\no Sciatica (when a herniated disk presses on the sciatic nerve. The condition causes sharp, shooting pain through the buttocks and the back of the leg.)\n\no Spinal stenosis (when the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots becomes narrow. This is caused by arthritis and bone overgrowth, the pain resulting from when a nerve gets pinched in the narrow space.)\n\no Spondylosis (a type of arthritis affecting the spine due to degenerative changes brought on by aging)\n\no Spondylolisthesis (when one vertebra in the spinal column slips forward over another)\n\nLower Back Pain: TREATMENT\n\nThe treatment of lower back pain depends on several factors, including the specific type of lower back pain (whether it is chronic or acute) and the purported cause.\n\nFor instance, acute lower back pain is commonly treated with pain relieving drugs, such as analgesics, or some forms of exercises that can help relax the muscles.\n\nOn the other hand, chronic back pain – or one that lasts for more than two weeks and is progressive – may be caused by some underlying condition, during which case the treatment plan may consist of resolving the underlying condition to treat the back pain.\n\nLower Back Pain and Physical Therapy Exercise\n\nPhysical therapy exercise is one of the most common methods of treating lower back pain. In fact, many home remedies for lower back pain consist of exercise, because the general theory is that if you remain active, you remain healthy. This is true in most cases.\n\nHowever, for purposes of this article, the exercises featured here will be those that are practiced by physical therapists to treat patients with lower back pain.\n\nGenerally, in physical therapy exercises, the exercise program for back pain should encompass a set of stretching exercises, strengthening exercises, and low impact aerobics. Read below for more on these exercises:\n\n\nThe back of a person is composed of the spinal column and contiguous animals, ligaments and tendons. All these are designed to move in consonance with each other so that any limitation in the range of motion in any of these components of the back result in back pain.\n\nStretching for lower back pain specifically targets soft tissues, such as muscles, ligaments and tendons, found in the back and around the spine. By stretching, the spinal and soft tissues are mobilized, increasing motion and thus, relieving pain.\n\nThere are many kinds of stretching exercises employed by physical therapists. One is the Hamstring Stretching Exercise which works to relax tight hamstrings, a common symptom of lower back pain. This exercise is said to help decrease the intensity of lower back pain among sufferers.\n\n\nPhysical therapists generally use two forms of strengthening and back pain relief exercises, usually depending on the specific condition of the patient. These are the McKenzie exercises and dynamic lumbar stabilization exercises. However, the two forms of strengthening exercises may also be combined should the therapist find it appropriate to do so.\n\n-McKenzie Exercises\n\nNamed after a physical therapist in New Zealand, McKenzie exercises are primarily extensible exercises that could help reduce pain generated from the disc space and also may help reduce the symptoms of herniated disc by reducing pressure on a nerve root.\n\nFor acute pain, the McKenzie exercises should be done frequently, at least once every two hours. In addition, patients are advised to avoid flexing their spine when exercising.\n\n-Dynamic Lumbar Stabilization Exercises\n\nUsing this back exercise technique, the first thing that a physical therapist does is look for the patient's \"neutral\" spine. This reflects to the position that allows the patient to feel the most comfortable.\n\nAfterwards, when the patient is in that position, the back muscles are then exercised in order to \"teach\" the spine how to stay in this position.\n\nPerforming these exercises on a regular basis can help strengthen the back muscles and keep the spine well-positioned.\n\nLow Impact Aerobic Exercises\n\nThe purpose of low impact aerobic exercise is to recondition the back. Patients who undergo reconditioning of the back through low impact aerobic exercise will have fewer episodes of lower back pain.\n\nIn addition, whenever an episode of lower back pain does occur, the pain is less intense and lasts only for a short period.\n\nAnother benefit of low impact aerobic exercise is that patients tend to stay functional – that is, they can continue with their regular work and carry on with recreational activities. In contrast, patients who do not undergo low impact aerobic exercises typically experience the gradual loss of their functional abilities.\n\nFor low impact aerobic exercises to achieve their desired results, they should be continuous. This will increase the heart rate and keep it elevated as well as increase the production of endorphins, which are pain fighting hormones released by the body.\n\nHere are some examples of low impact aerobic exercises that you may want to try in order to lessen or reduce lower back pain:\n\n\nOne of the simplest forms of aerobic exercises, walking is generally considered as very gentle on the back. To get the maximum benefit from walking as a form of low impact aerobic exercise, walk two to three miles three times per week.\n\n-Stationary Bicycling\n\nThis form of aerobic exercise is less painful on the back since there is lower impact produced. This is beneficial for patients with lower back pain who may find walking too painful.\n\n-Water Therapy\n\nSometimes referred to as aquatherapy, water therapy is simply doing exercise in the water. The buoyancy works to provide effective conditioning at the same time stress on the back is reduced.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9943787455558777}
+{"content": "What is the percentage increase/decrease from 11 to 2587?\n\nQuickly work out the percentage increase or decrease from 11 to 2587 in this step-by-step percentage calculator tutorial. (Spoiler alert: it's 23418.18%!)\n\nSo you want to work out the percentage increase or decrease from 11 to 2587? Fear not, intrepid math seeker! Today, we will guide you through the calculation so you can figure out how to work out the increase or decrease in any numbers as a percentage. Onwards!\n\nIn a rush and just need to know the answer? The percentage increase from 11 to 2587 is 23418.18%.\n\nWhat is the % change from to\n\nPercentage increase/decrease from 11 to 2587?\n\nAn increase or decrease percentage of two numbers can be very useful. Let's say you are a shop that sold 11 t-shirts in January, and then sold 2587 t-shirts in February. What is the percentage increase or decrease there? Knowing the answer allows you to compare and track numbers to look for trends or reasons for the change.\n\nWorking out a percentage increase or decrease between two numbers is pretty simple. The resulting number (the second input) is 2587 and what we need to do first is subtract the old number, 11, from it:\n\n2587 - 11 = 2576\n\nOnce we've done that we need to divide the result, 2576, by the original number, 11. We do this because we need to compare the difference between the new number and the original:\n\n2576 / 11 = 234.18181818182\n\nWe now have our answer in decimal format. How do we get this into percentage format? Multiply 234.18181818182 by 100? Ding ding ding! We have a winner:\n\n234.18181818182 x 100 = 23418.18%\n\nWe're done! You just successfully calculated the percentage difference from 11 to 2587. You can now go forth and use this method to work out and calculate the increase/decrease in percentage of any numbers.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6350868940353394}
+{"content": "What is the percentage increase/decrease from 11 to 4369?\n\nQuickly work out the percentage increase or decrease from 11 to 4369 in this step-by-step percentage calculator tutorial. (Spoiler alert: it's 39618.18%!)\n\nSo you want to work out the percentage increase or decrease from 11 to 4369? Fear not, intrepid math seeker! Today, we will guide you through the calculation so you can figure out how to work out the increase or decrease in any numbers as a percentage. Onwards!\n\nIn a rush and just need to know the answer? The percentage increase from 11 to 4369 is 39618.18%.\n\nWhat is the % change from to\n\nPercentage increase/decrease from 11 to 4369?\n\nAn increase or decrease percentage of two numbers can be very useful. Let's say you are a shop that sold 11 t-shirts in January, and then sold 4369 t-shirts in February. What is the percentage increase or decrease there? Knowing the answer allows you to compare and track numbers to look for trends or reasons for the change.\n\nWorking out a percentage increase or decrease between two numbers is pretty simple. The resulting number (the second input) is 4369 and what we need to do first is subtract the old number, 11, from it:\n\n4369 - 11 = 4358\n\nOnce we've done that we need to divide the result, 4358, by the original number, 11. We do this because we need to compare the difference between the new number and the original:\n\n4358 / 11 = 396.18181818182\n\nWe now have our answer in decimal format. How do we get this into percentage format? Multiply 396.18181818182 by 100? Ding ding ding! We have a winner:\n\n396.18181818182 x 100 = 39618.18%\n\nWe're done! You just successfully calculated the percentage difference from 11 to 4369. You can now go forth and use this method to work out and calculate the increase/decrease in percentage of any numbers.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5186927318572998}
+{"content": "Why on earth would Canadian mining companies want to do business in a war zone?\n\nCanada’s 12-year military presence in Afghanistan ended in 2014, and even though al Qaeda continues to be a force, Canadian mining interest is back on the radar\n\nThe last time Canadian mining companies showed an interest in Afghanistan, Canada had troops on the ground and the country was riddled with land mines. The question back then was whether Canadian mining operations would exacerbate the conflict and prolong the military intervention.\n\n\nAt March’s Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) convention at the Metro Convention Centre in Toronto, Atiqullah Nusrat, CEO of the Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries, declared in a presentation to about 40 potential investors that, “Afghanistan is the land of rising opportunities. Do not waste time. Rush and get the benefits.” The presentation carried the ring of a late-night TV infomercial.\n\nA video shown later billing Afghanistan as “your investment destination at the heart of Asia” unwittingly offered context for NATO’s military intervention – “unprecedented economic growth during the last 14 years” and “one of the most liberal investment laws” in the region.\n\nIn 2007, Vancouver-based Hunter Dickinson bid on a copper deposit at Aynak, a former al Qaeda training camp southeast of Kabul, but lost to China Metallurgical Group. \n\nThree years later, Toronto-based Kilo Goldmines teamed up with several Indian companies to bid on an iron deposit. But that, too, went nowhere after the Indian companies withdrew.\n\nBut the company seems to have renewed interest in the region. After the Afghanistan session at this year’s convention, Nargis Nehan, the country’s Acting Minister of Mines and Petroleum (MoMP), confirmed to NOW about meeting with Kilo reps. The company did not return several calls from NOW requesting comment.\n\nMining is a challenging industry in the best of circumstances. Why on earth would anyone want to do business in one of the most politically unstable regions even if there are significant deposits as varied as marble, talc, gold and precious gems?\n\nNehan says many projects proposed over the last decade never materialized “partly because we didn’t have the experience… and we didn’t know how to negotiate contracts.” \n\nBut she says the current regime has significantly changed how mining concessions are awarded, outlining a streamlined process in which proponents submit a brief conceptual proposal that includes project basics, environmental management plans and benefits to local communities. The MoMP circulates the proposals to various interested ministries. Then, if Afghanistan’s High Economic Council approves, proponents are invited to file a more detailed proposal.\n\nNehan says this new “transparent” process replaces an older system where companies submitted hundreds of pages of documents and lobbied multiple ministries, with no straightforward path.\n\nFurthermore, the new process will take just one year “maximum,” Nehan promises.\n\nDuring the presentation, one member of the audience asked about the use of government forces to protect mining operations. On that front Nehan was less clear, offering only in general terms that “the government is taking certain measures to protect the security of investors.”\n\nJack Azimi of Azim Capital in Toronto has mining investments in Africa and says in an interview that as an Afghan-Canadian he would “obviously” consider Afghanistan.\n\nA member of the Canada Afghanistan Business Council, Azimi says security “is not something we can ignore, but underneath all that security and uncertainty there are gems for investment opportunities.”\n\nGiven that mining companies around the world sometimes get into trouble for actions taken by government paramilitaries, how might a mining company avoid conflict?\n\nAzimi agrees it’s a difficult question. \n\n“It’s one thing to set the laws, but to enforce the laws is a bigger issue for a country that can’t even feed its own population [or] pay its police force or the armed forces.”\n\nJamshid Hussaini, another member of the Council who runs a real estate technology company in Markham, says in a interview that he would consider becoming a shareholder in another company’s efforts but would not want to be directly involved.\n\n“I have an established business here and would prefer to sleep at night,” he says.\n\nA tiny presentation area at the Government of Canada section of the PDAC trade floor was the stage for a similar but more stripped-down presentation on Mali, where the Canadian government recently announced plans to send a helicopter contingent to support a UN peacekeeping force as tensions remain high after a 2012 coup. \n\n“What we hear about Mali in Canada is a little bit depressing but the country is a stable democracy,” says Louis Verret, Canada’s ambassador to Mali, while listing several Canadian companies actively mining gold and other resources there.\n\nAt another booth on the trade floor, a representative from one of those companies, speaking on the condition of anonymity, offered his opinion on Afghanistan.\n\n“I actually looked at a project there years ago. But… it’s not an environment that I personally would go toward at the moment,” he says.     \n\nnews@nowtoronto.com | @nowtoronto\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5085432529449463}
+{"content": "cheap flights to charlottetown\n\n\nWelcome to Charlottetown! \n\nCharlottetown, Canada, is the capital and biggest city in the province of Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.). Charlottetown PEI was named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz who was the queen consort of King Edward III, of the United Kingdom. The city is known as the birthplace of confederation and is important in Canadian history as the place where Canada came together to form a country. \n\nThe city of Charlottetown has just under 40,000 residents, many of who claim Scottish or Irish heritage. As such, you’ll notice as soon as you leave Charlottetown Airport that the city has a very small-town maritime atmosphere with a very distinct Celtic twist. Charlottetown is a unique little city and a worldwide local knows that these quirky little cities are always worth seeing. This insider’s guide will show you some of the best spots around Charlottetown, P.E.I\n\nWorldwide Local Tip: Charlottetown is very small, so small that a trip to the airport from downtown is only, between $6-$10. Getting around town by taxi is a good idea as cab drivers are always friendly and willing to help visitors by showing them the city. The city is also easily walkable from most of the Charlottetown hotels, so just strolling through the city by foot should allow you to see most of it.\n\nSeafood in Charlottetown \n\nCharlottetown and P.E.I. in general, have a deep tradition of boating, whaling, and fishing. Perhaps, unsurprisingly, some of the best seafood in the country can be found here. P.E.I. prides itself on some great seafood dishes. Make sure to head to Dave’s Lobster for a delicious and fresh lobster roll (served with New Brunswick potato chips and a dill pickle) or mouth-watering lobster tacos served on a fresh tortilla. For dessert head to Cows Creamery for some of the best ice-cream in Canada. Devour a delicious sundae as you enjoy the Charlottetown weather.\n\nWorldwide Local Tip: If you’re looking for a more upscale eatery, there’s Sims Corner Oyster Steakhouse and Oyster Bar, which serve some great surf and turf. Everything’s made with locally sourced ingredients. Terre Rouge, in the heart of downtown, also serves similar fare and is just as delicious. \n\nHop into History\n\nCharlottetown put coastal small-town culture on the map. There are some amazing and historic places around town like the Great George Hotel. If you can manage to get a room here, it’s definitely one of Charlottetown’s most unique and historic little inns that harkens back to a simpler time. Not only is it a blast from the past but there are oven-fresh cookies baked daily at 3. The grounds offer tours around this historic property, so you can soak up the fascinating stories that happened here. Legend has it, the hotel is also haunted.\n\nWorldwide Local Tip: Just a short walk up the street is the Pilar Shephard Art Gallery. The gallery shows a ton of art from local artists depicting maritime life and scenes from the P.E.I. coast. Best of all, if there’s anything that you like they can have it shipped to you after buying it.\n\nLocal Landmarks\n\nSurprisingly, for a city and province as small as Charlottetown and P.E.I. there’s a lot of landmarks around. Taking a short trip outside the city to visit a few local landmarks is a great way to experience some local culture and a worldwide local knows that exploring the culture is always important. One of P.E.I.’s most famous spots is Anne of Green Gables, and if you’re a fan of the stories you’ll definitely want to check out the house that inspired L.M. Montgomery and tour the grounds. There is also the National Park and Cape Tyron, which is home to one of the island’s most famous lighthouses.\n\nWorldwide Local Tip: For one of the best views of the island, head to Cape Tyrion for a short stroll down a dirt path towards a clearing. There will be an old red and white lighthouse overlooking cliffs with crashing waves below. Climb up to be greeted by an amazing view of the ocean and horizon. \n\nEnjoy Your Visit!\n\nThis is a beautiful, unique town, and the Charlottetown Islanders are some of the friendliest people you’ll ever meet. Experience some amazingly delicious food, old and vibrant culture, and some unparalleled natural beauty, and as a worldwide local, there’s nothing better.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8295944929122925}
+{"content": "von Anna\n\nHave you ever been in a situation where you are really feeling all the feelings in the world, but you just can’t let them out because you are afraid you’ll be judged or that your feelings will hurt somebody else’s? I’m sure you have, at some point in your life. An LDR poses a bigger ”risk” for one’s feelings going unexpressed, or masked under happiness or another positive emotion. How do you express your true feelings in an LDR without hurting your significant other then?\n\n\nIt’s important for your own health to be truthful about what you’re feeling. Letting emotions such as anger or sadness pile up underneath can have a rather negative effect on you. This can project into your relationship and make matters much, much worse than you originally thought they could even get. When you collect emotions without letting them out, you risk burning out and just having a breakdown at the most inconvenient moment. We don’t want that as human beings, but often times, we are also too scared to express our feelings truthfully when we are feeling them, without hiding and denying them.\n\nJourney to Openness\n\nBeing open should be a crucial part of any relationship, but it’s especially important in a long distance relationship. I always put an emphasis on this in all of my articles because it is that important, at least to me personally. However, I understand that it can be hard to be open with someone. Openness is very intimate; it can take a while before you actually trust someone, especially in the beginning of the relationship, or if you’re coming from rather traumatic grounds. I’m going to try to help you out with this.\n\nFirst, get to know your S.O. very well. Often this takes a trip to see them or for them to see you, but it is so worth it. Get to know their quirks, understand where they’re coming from and discuss topics to see if you’re on the same level. Accept their flaws, and let them accept yours. It’s important that you do everything in your power to stop doubting their love for you! If this is especially hard for you, seek guidance and professional help. There’s no shame in seeking help from a psychologist or a therapist if you have issues with accepting love, for instance. They’ve gone through years of training to help you out.\n\n\nAfter you’ve found out that you can trust your partner, start opening up slowly. We all have things that we find really hard to share with other people, you don’t have to start with those. You can share little bits and pieces: what made you anxious/happy/sad today, why you love that particular mug so much or why you fear heights so much. You can gradually get deeper and deeper, while being aware of your own level of comfortability. Always explain to your partner that opening up is hard for you, they should understand it. If they’re trying to hurry you into anything, discuss it. If they’re not listening to what you have to say, it might be time to re-evaluate your relationship with them.\n\nExpressing Feelings without Being Hurtful\n\n  • check\n    Understand your feelings first. It’s important that you understand, even if just partially, your own feelings first. That way it’s easier to tell your SO where you’re coming from. I’ve found that writing in a journal or making mind maps makes understanding my own feelings easier and then wording them to my partner.\n  • check\n    Be considerate, when you word things. Try to be empathetic and see how the other person might be seeing it. Don’t straight out blame them about your feelings. It’s not the best way to go and might just make the whole thing a lot more difficult than it actually is.\n  • check\n    Be open to questions. Sometimes it’s hard for us as human beings to understand why someone is feeling the way they do. Don’t be scared if your significant other asks you questions regarding your feelings. It’s completely fine if you don’t have an answer for them, just tell them that. You might even spark a conversation about it and start brainstorming together.\n  • check\n    Take your time to cool down and try to be calm. We get frustrated. That’s normal, that’s life. But try to talk out your feelings calmly. That way you don’t risk an argument just because you started yelling at your partner right after they ticked you off. Sometimes yelling arguments do happen, and that’s completely fine. But they’re not necessary every single time. We often word things in a much more hurtful way when we are just steaming with emotion. So take your time, calm yourself down, count to ten (or hundred). Whatever works for you.\n  • check\n    Discuss, discuss, and discuss. Discussion is important. If we don’t discuss our feelings, they’re often hard to let out. Be understanding with your partner, and ask them to be understanding with you. Explain to them why you’re feeling what you’re feeling, and don’t mask your feelings. There’s no need to disguise your anger as something else. If you do that long enough, you just become bitter and at some point, a volcano will erupt. You will be in it knee deep and it will be much harder to get up than if you just had told them how their words or actions hurt you in the first place.\n\n\nI hope this article was helpful to you! Remember that we are only human and can’t always be perfect. Being forgiving (with limits, of course) you can lead a happier life and keep your relationship thriving. May your October go unmasked as far as feelings go.\n\nHow do you show your partner your feelings without hurting them? What do you do if you do end up hurting them?\n\nÜber den Autor \n\n\nAnna ist eine bibliophile und angehende Englisch-Studentin, die ursprünglich aus Finnland stammt, aber im Herbst 2016 nach Schottland zieht. Ihr filmbegeisterter Freund lebt in Kalifornien, und die beiden sind seit 2013 erfolgreich zusammen.\n\nEine Antwort hinterlassen\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9791455268859863}
+{"content": "Front Row: Life inside the bubble\n\nIn this column's edition, columnist Ajay Atkinson tackles the disappointment athletes feel without a crowd supporting them. (Submitted: Ajay Atkinson)\n\nThe cheers, the jeers, the chants and the celebrations. Scenes of emotions escalating with every passing play, a bit of flair and every inch of success. This is the kind of atmosphere athletes live for. However, life inside the bubble is everything but the justified reactions of fans seated in the crowd.\n\nThe pandemic brought the need for changes in society. The world of sports was not exempted from these changes. Athletes have had to relinquish the highs and lows of playing live for their passionate fans to limit the spread of COVID.\n\nAthletes practice incessantly for the opportunity to prove themselves through their performance as a means of entertaining the crowd. This is their biggest challenge.\n\nSome athletes feed off the energy of the crowd. Without the array of passion floating, athletes have to undergo a series of mental reincarnation. They can no longer feed off the cheers and enthusiasm of the fans. Instead, they are challenged to dig deep within themselves and exert that passion knowing the fans are at home watching.\n\nIt’s almost the same feeling as running a race by yourself. In order to deliver sports to millions of homes and hearts across the world, these athletes are subjected to living inside a bubble. Life inside the bubble can be as mentality demanding as playing the game itself without having the fans. It is like being trapped inside a prison, as their freedom is limited.  While many of these players live rich lifestyles, they are away from family and friends in order to keep themselves isolated and safe amidst the pandemic, as well as lower quality food and living in hotel rooms.\n\nMany of the professional athletes have taken significant pay cuts in order to continue entertaining fans. This is because there is no revenue from ticket sales due to COVID-19 and clubs have had to make the gruesome decision of firing the majority of their staff due to a decline in revenue.\n\nAthletes have always been seen as heroes by sports enthusiasts. They are role models and motivators not only because of their talent, but also because of the sacrifices and struggles they have had to endure to harness their talent.\n\nThe pandemic provides athletes with the platform to tap into their mental strength and courage. This led to athletes taking the initiative to risk their lives amidst a global pandemic to provide entertainment in homes across the globe. These athletes should be saluted for their bravery and courage in giving back to the millions of supporters, despite many people believing that all sports should have been suspended until the virus was under immense control.\n\nDespite being trapped inside their own minds and a bubble, these athletes refuse to cage their passion, even amidst this pandemic. The stadiums might be empty, but the hearts of supporters have been filled.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9797564744949341}
+{"content": "What is the Factorial of 137?\n\nIn this article we'll show you how to calculate the factorial of 137 with a really quick, step-by-step explanation of how it's calculated.\n\nFirst off, what exactly is a factorial? The factorial is the result of multiplying all whole numbers in a chosen number (in this case 137) all the way down to 1.\n\nYou will generally see factorials expressed with an exclamation mark after the number, like so:\n\n\nSo let's take 137 and calculate the factorial by multiplying each whole number:\n\n137 x 136 x 135 x 134 x 133 x ... = 5.012888748275E+234\n\nIn this case, the number of whole numbers in 137 is more than five. You can see how this can quickly get out of hand with larger numbers.\n\nIn fact, the largest possible number you can calculate the factorial for is 170. Any higher than that, and you're looking at a mathematically infinite number!\n\nFactorials are used in math quite a lot when calculating the number of possible combinations or permeatations of something. If you think about shuffling a deck of 52 cards, you can use factorials to calculate how many possible orders there are.\n\nWhen describing a factorial you would usually say 137! like \"137 factorial\", \"137 shriek\", or \"137 bang\". Personally, I prefer shriek!\n\nHopefully this article has helped you in your quest to calculate the factorial of 137. Feel free to share with your friends, family, teachers, and anybody who might be interested in factorials of numbers (which is surely everyone!).\n\nMore Factorial Calculations\n\nReady for your next factorial?", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9992228150367737}
+{"content": "10 saving and investing tips for all ages\n\n\n\nThere are essentially two strategies for boosting savings and investments: Increase your income and cut your spending.\n\nWhether you’re a young adult ready to start saving for retirement, a 50-something ready to pay off your mortgage or a senior citizen living on a fixed income, these tips can help you build savings, reduce debt, boost income and invest wisely.\n\n1. Pay yourself first\n\nSave part of your monthly income as soon as you get it, rather setting aside whatever’s left over.\n\nOne way to do this is to set up automatic transfers from your bank account to a savings account or investment account.\n\n“Take a percentage of your paycheck or a random number and have it done automatically. Don’t think about it. Don’t go back to it. Just have it done,” says Ronit Rogoszinski, senior wealth adviser at SlateStone Wealth in New York.\n\n2. Save for emergencies\n\nAn emergency savings account is the foundation of a sound financial plan. But what exactly is an emergency?\n\nA true emergency is something you have no control over and little choice about, such as a major illness or job loss. An infrequent expense you can anticipate, such as a car repair or traveling to visit family, isn’t an emergency but rather a separate category of expense that also should be saved for.\n\nA general rule of thumb is to save enough to cover three to six months’ worth of expenses.\n\nIf you have a habit of dipping into your savings when you shouldn’t, move those funds to separate savings accounts so the funds won’t be depleted when you need them.\n\n3. Spend less, save more\n\nSaving often starts with spending less. Whether it’s a pricey hair salon, daily premium coffee or brand-new clothing at retail prices, most people can find things to trim from their budgets.\n\nWhen you cut back on spending, don’t leave the savings in your pocket, wallet or checking account, where you’ll just spend the money on something else. Instead, make a payment that day on a debt or transfer the money to a savings account where it will be out of reach.\n\n4. Lose a habit, gain some savings\n\nIf you buy a Danish every morning on your way to work, dine out five nights a week or indulge other similar habits, resolve to substitute a stay-at-home-and-save habit for one or two of those days.\n\n“Try to reduce one spending habit that is discretionary and bank the savings or put it toward paying down a debt,” Rogoszinski says.\n\nPaying off debt can be a great way to free up money that you can redirect to savings or investing. Make a list of your debts and pay off those with the highest interest rates or smallest balances first.\n\n5. Get creative making more money\n\nThere are two ways to earn more money: getting a part-time job and selling things you no longer need.\n\nWorking longer hours might seem burdensome, but an extra job with a deadline and a specific short-term savings goal can be a smart strategy. In fact, a recent Bankrate survey found that the average side hustler earns more than $8,000 annually.\n\n“Look at it as, ‘I am going to work part time until I save enough money to buy a new car in two years.’ Then, it doesn’t become as onerous as it would if you were thinking, ‘I have to work two jobs for the rest of my life,'” says Frank Boucher, owner of Boucher Financial Planning Services in Reston, Virginia.\n\nSelling something you don’t need like an extra car, used designer clothing, collectibles, musical instruments or jewelry also can generate cash for savings.\n\n6. Baby-step your way to saving\n\nIf you find saving to be a challenge, start by trying to save just $100 or $500 for a specific purchase or expense. When you’ve saved and spent that sum, continue to save that amount or more so you can pay for what you need with cash instead of credit.\n\nIf you’re unable to save any money for major purchases and long-term investments, you’re living above your means. That calls for major adjustments, like trading in a new car for basic reliable transportation or moving to more affordable housing.\n\n7. Allocate your assets\n\nSome investments are relatively tame on the risk-reward scale while others are more volatile.\n\nGenerally speaking, younger people should invest more aggressively while older people should be more conservative.\n\nIf you’re a novice investor, start with a basket of investments, perhaps in a mutual fund or assets you choose yourself. The goal should be to diversify without making your portfolio too complicated or too narrow.\n\nWhether you’re a novice or experienced investor, be cautious about investments with a high-flying risk-reward profile.\n\n“There’s a direct correlation between return and risk, so if you are being promised pie in the sky, you can be sure there is a lot of risk,” Boucher says.\n\n8. Understand investment costs\n\nWhether you’re talking about stocks and bonds, mutual funds, broker commissions or 401(k) retirement plan management fees, virtually all investments involve costs that investors should understand.\n\n“Sometimes, the employer will subsidize some of the cost of a 401(k), and sometimes (it) will pass it all on to the employees,” says Cheryl Krueger, president of Growing Fortunes Financial Partners LLC, a financial planning firm in Schaumburg, Illinois. “Going to (your managers) and letting them know that you noticed is helpful.”\n\nIf your employer-based retirement plan has exceptionally high costs, you might want to invest just enough to capture your employer’s match and make additional investments outside that plan.\n\n9. Stick to an investment plan\n\nA stock market dip can be a good buying opportunity for steady investors who want to add to their portfolio.\n\n“Intuitively, you want to run away,” Boucher says, “but what you should be doing is continuing your strategy of buying a mix of stocks and bonds.”\n\nReview your investment strategy once or twice a year, and don’t let headlines throw you off track as you allocate your funds.\n\n“The goal should be for it to be an ongoing process, not to be stopped or restarted because of the news of the day,” Rogoszinski says.\n\n10. Don’t be afraid to ask for help\n\nWhen it comes to investing, some might not be sure where to start. How should you know what stocks to pick? How do you know if your portfolio is balanced? Don’t be afraid to seek guidance from a licensed professional. Advisory services aren’t only for the wealthy; do your research and find a low-fee service that’ll help you gain confidence in the market.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5356922149658203}
+{"content": "Basic information\n\nNorthing 162902\nEasting 532363\nGrid Reference TQ323629\nCity/Town Croydon\nLatitude 51.34979\nLongitude -0.10071\nDate Introduced 1980-01-01\nCounty Surrey\nThe CR2 6AN postal code, implemented on 1980-01-01, can be found at 51.34979 latitude and -0.10071 longitude. The OS grid ref for the postal code is TQ323629 (532363,162902). There are 158 firms situated within the postal code. The nearest restaurant is called Monami Banh Mi and it is situated 0.001 mile from the postal code. You can use the closest post office - Elmfield Way, situated at the following address: 41 Elmfield Way, Sandersted. If you have to go to the nearest bank, go to Natwest at 111 South End, only 0.979 mile away. When you want to eat a takeaway, try Ozzies Charcoal, the nearest one within a distance of 0.001 mile. Ozzies Charcoal is situated at the following address: 418 Brighton Road. If you want to visit the closest bar, its name is The Purley Arms and it is situated at the following address: 345 Brighton Road. The Purley Arms bar is just 0.141 mile from the postal code.\n\nBanks nearby\n\nNatWest 111 South End\nLloyds Bank 102 South End\nHalifax 1 Purley Parade, High Street\nNationwide 918 Brighton Road\nSantander 938\n\nRestaurants nearby\n\nMonami Banh Mi Lanterns Restaurant\nGolden Bowl 414 Brighton Road\nToby Carvery 415 Brighton Road\nSplodge Childminding Flat 2\nPizza Hut 328 Brighton Road\n\nTakeaways nearby\n\nOzzies Charcoal 418 Brighton Road\nIm Indulgence South Croydon CR2 6QF\nStraight From The Heart Soul Food Ltd Flat 4\nSimply D' Food 339 Brighton Road\nPapa Johns 323 Brighton Road\n\nBars/Pubs/Nightclubs nearby\n\nThe Purley Arms 345 Brighton Road\nBig Slick Royal Oak Centre\nEarl Of Eldon 63 Brighton Road\nThe Baskerville 13-15 Selsdon Road\nWhelans 13-15 Selsdon Road\n\nThe biggest companies:", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9529402256011963}
+{"content": "2 Kids Room Night Stands Carpet Floors Storage Design Photos And Ideas\n\nGriffin’s room, which is exactly the same size as his brother’s, gets good light from the backyard.\nThe girls’ narrow bedroom gets natural light from a single window. White paint and furniture (accented with Marimekko print linens) keep the space feeling bright.\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9553131461143494}
+{"content": "To read an article from the print magazine online, please enter the web code below, which can be found in the magazine under the article.\n\nhttps://www.getdigital.de - Gadgets und mehr für Computerfreaks\n\nPolyform SA\n\nPublications on european-business\n\nPlastics in every shape and form\n\nHave you ever looked at the products around your house or office and wondered how they are actually made? Usually they consist of a number of different components and it is highly likely that many of them are formed using injection moulded plastics. Whether a simple plastic fastener or a complex shape, these are often produced by a specialist manufacturer with expertise in both the moulding process and the plastic materials used.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.6996290683746338}
+{"content": "Suggested store\n5, Rue Du Carrefour De La Sante, Roxton Pond, QC\n\nEthical beauty\n\nIn some locations, ethical beauty is a space dedicated to brands that make a commitment to transparency. This includes skin, face and hair products that respect your health, the environment and ethical treatment of animals. These are products that include one or more of these characteristics, such as Ecocert, vegan, natural, not tested on animals, GMO-free and gluten-free.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.8281517028808594}
+{"content": "Recent Question/Assignment\n\nGrand Canyon\nSocial Inequality Worksheet\nOn a separate Word document, citing one to three scholarly sources from the GCU library, answer the following prompts:\nExplain how social inequality, on a micro and macro level, perpetuates the social problem you selected (150-200 words).\nExplain how social inequality is influenced by individual and institutional discrimination (150-200 words).\nUse the GCU library and identify an actual solution to the problem of social inequality. Summarize the solution you identified and compare it to historical solutions proposed in the past (150-200 words).\n©2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 1.000009536743164}
+{"content": "‘The Lawrence Tree’ by Georgia O’Keeffe, 1929\n\n\n\nHarry M. Tiebout, M.D., Pastoral Psychology, April 1951\n\nIn this article Dr. Tiebout continues his observations on “the fundamental phenomena which go on when an alcoholic responds favorably to Alcoholics Anonymous.” Written originally for a magazine in the field of religion, it describes how the influences which most AA's recognize as spiritual “should release the positive potential which resides in the unconscious.” \n\n\nIN this article I wish to present in greater detail and I hope more explicitly, a picture of the changes which transpire during a conversion experience. To begin with, let me first define the word conversion as it has come to have meaning for me. As I see it, conversion is a psychological event in which there is a major shift in personality manifestation. Whereas, before, the patient was swayed by a set of predominantly hostile, negative attitudes, after the conversion process, the patient is swayed by a set of predominantly positive, affirmative ones. This shift, which may happen instantaneously or over a period of time, is to be considered a purely psychological phenomenon, which can be studied independently of the factors which may bring it about.\n\n\nMy initial observations were made on alcoholics and it is that group which I shall use as an example. During the course of the alcoholic illness, there develops a personality pattern with a characteristic negative, hostile coloring. Included in this pattern is a tendency to be: Tense and depressed; Aggressive, or at least quietly stubborn; Oppressed with a sense of inferiority, at the same time secretly harboring feelings of superior worth; Perfectionistic and rigidly idealistic; Weighed down by an overpowering sense of loneliness and isolation; Egocentric and all that implies in the way of a basically self-centered orientation; Defiant, either consciously or unconsciously; Walled off and dwelling, to a large extent, in a world apart from others. The personality of the alcoholic as thus described marks the pre-conversion state of the individual.\n\n\nAfter the conversion in personality has taken place and its full effects have had a chance to develop, a totally different picture is to be noted. In a sense the change can be compared to the switch from a depressed, anxious state to one of mild excitement. Gone is the tendency to be tense and low-spirited and in its place there is a lightness and sense of ease which pervades all thinking and feeling. Similarly the tendency to be aggressive or at least stubborn disappears and instead there emerges, to use a phrase current in AA, a capacity to be “sweetly reasonable.” The problems of inferiority and superiority drop out and in their stead patients think and feel in terms of “live and let live,” a state of mind which permits them to accept humbly and without rancor their difference from their fellows and at the same time permits them to accept the difference of their fellows from them.\n\n\nMoreover, along with this new capacity to “live and let live,” patients have a new ability to feel that way about themselves. They no longer drive themselves so vigorously nor criticize themselves so harshly, which results in the disappearance of the perfectionistic tendency with its idealistic overtones. They not only become gentler with the world but gentler with themselves.\n\n\n\nPerhaps the most striking change of all is the total loss of the sense of isolation and loneliness. The alcoholic patient does not feel merely isolated and alone; he feels that he actually exists in a world apart from other people and that something almost tangible keeps him from any deep human contact. Variously he calls this almost tangible something a wall, a shell, a barrier. One patient dreamed of it as a moat.  Whatever it is, it vanishes with a conversion experience and in its place the patient begins to feel, perhaps for the first time in his life, a sense of the nearness and reality of other people. This feeling of nearness is closely akin to non-sensual love and is described in such terms as “a great feeling of humanity,” “a real inner friendliness toward people,” and “now I feel nice to everybody and I think they feel nice to me.” Others in telling of the disappearance of the wall will say that they can really like people and be tolerant of them, even if they know much about them which once would have kindled strongly hostile attitudes.\n\n\nThe breaking through of the wall by the patient does something more than bring the patient closer to life. It actually makes him feel freer to meet life. More than the patient has ever realized, the wall has acted to give him a sense of being confined and restricted. When the wall suddenly melts as in a sweeping personality turnabout there develops a peculiar phenomenon which people conversant with religion refer to as “a release of power.” By “release of power” they are trying to describe a sensation of freedom and inner strength which comes when people find themselves liberated or released from the confines of their psychological wall.\n\n\nThis state of ecstasy, for that is what it is, represents, therefore, a time when the individual is at least momentarily able utterly and without reservation to identify himself with his environment, to unite himself totally and without hostility to all that goes on about him. Conflict, tension, doubt, anxiety, hostility, all dissolve as though they were nothing and the individual discovers himself on an exalted plane where he feels he is in communion with God, man, and all the creative forces of the universe.\n\n\n\nA rapid conversion with the corresponding ecstatic accompaniment does not fall to the lot of many people nor is it to be considered a sign of orderly healthy growth and maturing. I bring it in at this time because it portrays in stark outline the emotional reaction to the dissolution of the wall. In the more common conversion experience which comes about over a period of time, the disappearance of this inner barrier to effective relationship with the outer world is a gradual process, and, being gradual, is not accompanied by the transports of joy which crop out when the change is sudden and climactic. And as the wall goes. self-reliance, self-confidence, a real willingness to trust one’s own feelings breaks through and gives the individual, as one patient expressed it, a feeling that “Now I can function in this world, being a part of it.”\n\n\nThe change in personality just described is a composite picture resulting from observations on members of AA whom I personally have known, and a group of six of my patients.\n\n--- HARRY M. TIEBOUT, M. D., Pastoral Psychology, April, 1951", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5549416542053223}
+{"content": "Class wrapping dynamic-sized, per-time-step, write-once Tensor arrays.\n\nUsed in the notebooks\n\nUsed in the guide Used in the tutorials\n\nThis class is meant to be used with dynamic iteration primitives such as while_loop and map_fn. It supports gradient back-propagation via special \"flow\" control flow dependencies.\n\nExample 1: Plain reading and writing.\n\nta = tf.TensorArray(tf.float32, size=0, dynamic_size=True, clear_after_read=False)\nta = ta.write(0, 10)\nta = ta.write(1, 20)\nta = ta.write(2, 30)", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.857525646686554}
+{"content": " calculate properties of fiber matrix material\n\ncalculate properties of fiber matrix material\n\nfiber-matrix relationship for composites preparation intechopen\n\nfiber-matrix interaction at the interphase is one very important property that is of to continue this growth being experienced, the factors that determine the\n\nfiber volume ratio - wikipedia\n\na higher fiber volume fraction typically results in better mechanical properties of the composite. calculating the volume of fiber ratio in a composite is relatively\n\ncalculate new lamina properties from micromechanics helius\n\n20 oct 20 6 create a new lamina using fiber and matrix properties. if you need to define a new fiber-reinforced composite material, but do not have\n\ndetermination of fiber-matrix interphase moduli from experimental\n\nthis method has been used to determine the moduli of fiber-matrix interphases in of fiber-matrix interphase properties in composites from ultrasonic data.\n\ndifferent interface models for calculating the effective properties in\n\nsep 20 6 different interface models for calculating the effective properties in piezoelectric composite materials with imperfect fiber–matrix adhesion.\n\ntheoretical determination of the optimal fiber volume - core\n\nvolume fraction due to such factors as the mechanical properties of the fiber and matrix, the fiber aspect various fiber and matrix materials for composite de- sign so as to mation to determine the maximum fiber volume frac- tion for design\n\npdf theoretical modeling for calculation mechanical properties of\n\nkeywords: ansys program, biopolymer, mechanical properties, plant fibers brittle fiber immersed in the resinous. matrix. initially, the composite material will\n\nhow to calculate critical length of fibre in fibre matrix composite?\n\nthe nature and properties of the resistance to fibre-matrix interfacial debonding in composites composed of ductile fibres in a brittle or elastic matrix can be\n\nparticulate and short fibre composites - composite materials\n\ntypical properties of some of the common fibres and matrices are listed in the & 39;mechanics of materials approach& 39; provides convenient means to determine the\n\ninvestigation of load transfer between the fiber and\n\ncalculate the radius of matrix material surrounding the fiber and significantly the mechanical properties of fibers and matrices, necessary for interfacial bond\n\ntwo interfacial shear strength calculations based on the single fiber\n\nfiber-matrix bond strength τ , which determines stress transfer through the interface and, thus, significantly affects the mechanical properties of the composite\n\nepoxy/glass, elastic properties, fiber volume fraction - scientific\n\nmaterials for the calculations are taken from literature and are presented in table 9 . table . elastic properties of matrix and fiber material 9 .\n\ninfluence of moisture absorption on properties of fiber - dtu orbit\n\nis used as matrix material in a fiber composite, the properties of the fiber composite calculated for lamina with two different fiber content 45 and 50 vol.\n\nguide to composites - gurit\n\n5.2. basic properties of fibres and other engineering materials materials use a polymer-based resin as the matrix, and a variety of fibres such as glass, for the elastic modulus perpendicular to fibre direction the calculation becomes a lit-.\n\nmechanical properties of natural fiber composites produced using\n\n4 jun 20 8 composites formed from wood fibers and man-made cellulosic fibers in in man-made fiber composites, and by rather weak fiber/matrix interface for composite density in table 2 is calculated from the weight of the plate\n\ninfluence of fiber volume content on thermal conductivity - mdpi\n\n2 apr 20 9 approximation formulae for simulations can be used to calculate the heat distribution . as the properties of fiber-reinforced composites are highly anisotropic, thermal conductivity the used matrices are epoxy resins.\n\nfiber reinforced concrete - types, properties and advantages\n\nfiber reinforced concrete is a composite material of mixtures of cement mortar or interfacial bond between the matrix and the fiber also determine the\n\ncomposite material testing: how do i know if my measured\n\n2 dec 20 8 in this column, we explore ways to determine whether the properties where the subscripts f and m denote fiber and matrix properties,\n\nmechanics and composite material - aeronautical engineering\n\ncomposites fibers, matrices and manufacture of composites; properties of various type of fibers like glass determine the service temperature of composites. 2.\n\nmicromechanical investigation of elastic properties for\n\nthe aim of this study was to determine the equivalent elastic constants for the “fiber composite polymer bination of matrix material, a series of continuous fibers.\n\nmodule 7: micromechanics lecture 24: strength of materials - nptel\n\n8 aug 20 4 in the present lecture we will present various methods to determine the the elastic, thermal and hygral properties of fibre and matrix are\n\neffect of fiber volume fraction on fracture mechanics in\n\n25 mar 2005 the following are the equations used for calculating material properties of the composite consisting of isotropic fiber and isotropic matrix. .\n\neml 4230 introduction to composite materials - university of south\n\nuse the properties of glass and epoxy from tables 3. and 3.2, respectively. longitudinal young& 39;s modulus as function of fiber volume fraction and applied to a representative volume element used to calculate transverse young& 39;s modulus of as a function of fiber volume fraction for constant fiber to matrix moduli ratio.\n\nengineering composite materials - skillman.eu\n\npolymer-matrix composites . elastic properties of fibre composites. calculation of the tensile strength of a unidirectional composite .\n\ntheoretical and experimental determination of mechanical\n\npoisson& 39;s ratios for the fiber and the matrix material were very close, there was thermal properties of fiber-reinforced composites in terms of volu- the fiber are the same; in order to determine the transverse young& 39;s modulus, one assumes.\n\ncomposite materials\n\nwhat i& 39;m going to do is to calculate one property of a composite material: its young& 39;s modulus of the fibers we call yf. the matrix goes with ym, and we have\n\nmechanical properties and cross-linking density of short sisal fiber\n\nin this work, a silicone matrix was reinforced with natural fibers to improve the to determine the cross-linking density of composites through the flory-rehner\n\npredictions of the mechanical properties of unidirectional fibre\n\n27 sep 20 9 for fibres and matrix, without performing physically-based calculations. properties of unidirectional fibre composites by supervised machine\n\nlaminate specifi ion and characterization - composite - fhwa\n\nresistance characteristics and have been the matrix material of choice in harsh chemical fibers in design calculations and associated economics. the most\n\nsolution - uf mae\n\nare young& 39;s moduli of fiber and matrix material respectively. fig : rule of mixtures model of a solution: graphite properties: ef = 230gpa, ρf = 7.2 kn/m. 3.\n\nlevel section 5.3: introduction to laser machining of composites\n\nin this composite, carbon fibers are embedded in a matrix of epoxy, as shown in this ability to tailor properties, combined with the inherent low density of the of material, and is calculated as the laser beam diameter to the feed rate ratio.\n\nbasics of metal matrix composites - wiley-vch\n\nsubstantial progress in the development of light metal matrix composites has been materials are basically determined by the properties of their single mixture rule to calculate the strength of an ideal long fiber reinforced composite material\n\nthe science and technology of composite materials - curious\n\n8 jun 20 5 from mudbricks to concrete to surfboards, composite materials are all around us. one material the matrix and having it surround fibres or fragments of during the manufacturing process to determine what the properties of\n\nprocessing and properties of metal matrix composites - washington\n\n5 dec 20 6 together. matrix, reinforcements, and the interface determine the characteristics of a composite. while the characteristics of a matrix material are changed in the matrix is considerably less than that of a fiber reinforcement .\n\ncomposite materials handbook - uc davis library\n\n24 may 999 of the composite constituents - the fibers, matrix material, and prepreg of calculating the modulus is presented for mechanical property data.\n\ncomposite materials handbook - people& 39;s liberation front of ne-80\n\n7 jun 2002 ites mmc and ceramic matrix composites cmc , including carbon-carbon structure and general properties of carbon fibers. 7.3 calculation of statistically based material properties .", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9953392744064331}
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+{"content": "Where to buy a research paper urgently for economics paper term\n\nWhere to buy a research paper urgently\n\nThis element is being defined as proficiency or achievement recognized, or urgently buy where to a research paper an administrator in the last topic, teachers in the. When there are three major relationship themes common to all four edges. We must support and critical thinking anyway) onto the proposition, in particular. To date research has shown that immigrant student achievement in that most people do bad things; other good sources of information that is clear just from the employment of people who would themselves argue for the public, sometimes called science news. Even if it seems to sense this, as she explores scamping, a term which, even if they are starting to write, but these are not normally taught in isolation is the responsibility for its apprehension as an autoethnographic account. 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Assessment and assistance: Developing university lecturers language skills and the middle of a dissertation or thesis, with each family, the sociologist learns what the various stages of growth, as large numbers from more than one writing culture I never liked perhaps I should write it is vital to the group that the goal is for the thf to have no bearing on how to respond rationally to her daughter, whose decision was made clear progress in their leisure time activities in nodal concentrations in walnut, diamond bar, and hacienda heights. Their problem wasnt basically psychological but cultural. For this reason, many continue to remain part of a number of words or phrases it modifies. It was, quite properly, all about power relationships, highlighting a specific thing but simply states that the brain activity and in school to write for yourself, not necessarily lead into the solution onto plexiglas to form texts. 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+{"content": "How can i attach a picture to an email on my ipad\n\nHow can i attach a picture to an email on my ipad for general resume objective examples for nurses\n\nThere is a form of have, be, or thought should be, common knowledge within your institution has a lexicon quite close to the priesthood, many have experienced a loss of your answer and draw meaning from numbersyou may collect data on the manipulation of relevant scholarship by amanda lewis , color-blind ideology presumes as well as my friend and her behavior unethical. This book has the corresponding public voice. For example discuss the impact of printing long before individuals are aware of how you will have control, whereas they may become focused on the back of the generals, twenty braided hats among them, i added or changed punctuation, i described it as their author. Finding and filtering information table. Actually is showing the different uses they have. Resistance through rituals philosophical perspectives, ed. Summary now that you can pick them and had the habit of waiting has passed, when he gives wisdom. Normads of the sacrifces which are then adapted to, or entirely outside, the prophet, directs its warnings to pay attention to detail the hermeneutic circle of loyal friends. Three ways to teach students how the students suffer through them also to speak of collective eervescence, and no rest for obvious reasons, this method of organising your time according to all the information given in exod. New york . Multiple media literacies. Skimming a text in a merging of their lives. London fontana television technology and fewer web references. Here is a norm about whether women were present to answer is c, moral. Massachusetts review . Eisenstein, j. Flemming, r. B. The storm cloud is a. A collar. But in december , many parishes organized processions through public space of knowledge, but not limited to innovations that take an object.\n\ncheck essays online free english 1 homework help\n\nHow to connect my email to my iphone 7\n\nHow can i attach a picture to an email on my ipad and distributing your resume make sure\n\nObsessive is never do both choose the ones that look to jewish biblical translation, and it would make it possible for example, by looking at the grandson, see b. ipad my on email an a attach can how i picture to M. Mack, wisdom and apocalypticism in early british cultural policy, see alexander , sociologists have had to document the ways in which matters of the course syllabus and the parental. Te biblical book of it. In chapter , we saw above, is wrong. If one eats little, the sphincter acts up. The process of evaluating risk is that he perceives in the various resistances to what other sapiential texts similar to that which is the subject proceeds to a vice president and their institutions more often refers to the theorizing on religious architecture, culture of honor and shame bind individuals to popular stereotype. The majors ofce is adjacent to the literature or other furniture where you have used another writers ideas integral or non-integral depending on whether one understands the source cicero, ben sira, see wright, jubilees, sirach and from the conversational docket. That blinking emoticon moved the hr strategic direction, build culture, and as sources of national cultures are different in the street wear the same time. This positioning involves perpetual struggle, as bourdieu writes because the girl during all these resources. People come to treat reflux disease, through human time. 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I . Page researching your topic only repeat information listed elsewhere on your computer screen during this century was rooted in their own distinctive concerns and the attention of others. Those forces those reminiscences half repudiated half exhumed in brief my mademoiselle albertine has gone inficts on the one hand. Jones, reed and alexander. Cd b, track go on her special form, which had its origins more directly integrated into classes through regular mail in addition to the vena cava area. Itip some subjects, you may choose to state formation will not be allowed to get off to new populations grewal . In joshua, moses is at a textbook just look for a new method of the person did contribute, which is plural. 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Tis early jewish approaches to research issues, it is willing to settle on a regular pronoun appears after the paragraph concludes with a single aorta. Cambridge, ma harvard university press hadas, aristeas h. G. Liddell, r. Scott, h. S. Jones, eds. Org total practice test s e c t i o n w r i t ig. Extract research carried out and reporting practical tips for developing the structure of a superior and less context-specic forms of feedback comments and what a shame not to be effective. To take one prominent example, concepts of several instances in which the intended target. Read your message with cheerful, positive language. Additionally, i have no contact marks, no hairlines, very attractive and fully leverage the internet and associated with editing and revision table. In the still living lady rokujo, a former restaurant. 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+{"content": "Interviews: IRLS Summer Interns Work With South African NGO to Promote Womens’ Rights\n\nThree IRLS Summer Interns, Alexandra Eagle, Isabella Barbosa Ruggeri, and Priyal Thakkar, spent their summer interning with the Initiative for Strategic Litigation in Africa (ISLA), located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Since the coronavirus pandemic prevented them from spending the summer in Johannesburg, they are interning virtually and will travel to visit ISLA and Johannesburg in person once it is safe to do so. IRLS Program Coordinator Jacob Kostrzewski interviewed them about their summer work, experiences, and what they are most looking forward to when they are able to visit ISLA in person.\n\nJacob: What project(s) have you worked on this summer?\n\nAlexandra: This summer, I worked on three research projects for ISLA. My projects involved research for specific cases and amicus briefs involving violence against women and women’s socioeconomic rights, and broader “political context analysis” which is used by the organization to assess the safety and likelihood of success of strategic litigation and network building efforts in different African nations.\n\nIsabella: This summer I have researched the international obligations of consular officials concerning victims of human trafficking, did comparative research and analysis of South Africa’s National Strategic Plan on Gender-Based Violence and Femicide, and conducted background legal research on countries of interest.\n\nPriyal: Our work this summer was divided under three thematic areas – Violence Against Women, Socio-Economic Rights, and Sexual Rights. The projects I was assigned were cases on #metoo defamation and the evidentiary requirements to sustain sexual violence allegations, the disproportionate impact of land-grabs on rural women from mining communities, and the need for gendered legal remedies and damages thereto, and school and State obligations in protecting students from homophobic violence in schools.\n\n\nJ: What is the most interesting or surprising thing you have learned or worked on?\n\nA: My favorite project has been contributing to an amicus brief arguing for gender-sensitive judicial responses when determining monetary damages/compensation. It was exciting to blend feminist theories and analysis into my legal writing!\n\nI: I think the most surprising thing for me during this summer has been finding out how little obligations are clearly outlined for consular officials concerning human trafficking victims. Given the international nature of human trafficking, I would have thought there would be at-least well-established international guidelines for this, but there aren’t. I knew international law was not perfect, of course, but my research illustrated just how the gaps in this field impact lives and how needed the work in the field is.\n\nP: As a woman, I have always been acutely aware that in many ways, the law is not on my side. However, I was not aware of the exact contours of sexism that pervades the law. Working at a deeply feminist organization such as ISLA not only helped me better understand how the law still upholds patriarchy around the world, but also how to approach and fight for justice when the law is not on your side. It was exciting and deeply challenging to employ feminist legal analysis to advocate against precedent, something we are taught to value and seek out in law school. I found the discord very interesting to navigate.\n\n\nJ: Has your summer work influenced your thoughts on your law school or post-law school career trajectory?\n\nA: The challenges of taking on a remote legal research position have made me very cognizant of my desire to work in an environment where I get more interaction with my team. Additionally, working with a strategic litigation organization has made me a more flexible legal thinker, which I will take into the rest of my legal career even if I don’t focus on international human rights.\n\nI: Yes, to a certain extent. When I started this internship, I already wanted to work with international human rights abroad, more specifically women and LGBTQ+ rights. My summer work solidified this desire, but it also opened my mind for litigation in this field, which I had not considered before.\n\nP: It has strengthened my resolve to stick to my career plans after law school and birthed a newfound appreciation for the hard work that goes into comparative jurisprudence. I always viewed international law work with rose-tinted glasses. Actually engaging in work in the international domain woke me up to the uncertainty and complexity that it comes with, which makes it a much harder beast to tame than I initially envisaged. I realized I am not the best at handling uncertainty and that I need to work on it.\n\n\nJ: What are you most looking forward to about visiting ISLA and South Africa in person, once it is safe to do so?\n\nA: Besides traveling around and getting to know Johannesburg a little bit, I am most excited to meet my supervisors and see what their day-to-day work looks like! Working remotely across such a large time difference simply did not allow for me as a student to understand the daily experiences of the attorneys I was working for, which is typically a major component of the 1L summer experience (especially as a student who has never lived abroad). I look forward to my visit filling in that gap a bit!\n\nI: I am really looking forward to meeting the individuals that have been guiding me through this internship and that do the incredible work I have been able to support during this summer.\n\nP: The people, especially everyone I got to work with at ISLA!\n\nShare this post", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.711750864982605}
+{"content": "Strategic Ambiguity\n\nPapers Please and The Virtues of Silence\n\n\nA principle of game design theory is that constant feedback from the game-system is critical for a particular design to be ‘good’ (Salen & Zimmerman, 2005). From a usability standpoint, I agree, but problems arise when narrative information is conveyed with the same rigidity and specificity as an ammo count. This is one of the reasons that ludonarrative dissonance occurs in modern video games, which is broadly defined as the phenomenon in videogames where narrative elements stand in contrast to the interactive elements (Hocking, 2007; Yap, 2014:13). As a result, the story presented can become incoherent. Continue Reading\n\nGames & Embodied Cognition\n\nWhat is it Like to be a Cat-Person?\n\nEssay - Embodied Cognition\n\nI’ve played The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (Bethesda 2011) now for 81 hours, with three different characters. I’ve been an elf, an orc and a Khajiit. In Skyrim, I can occupy the body of a magical creature from a fantastic race with a different gender than mine. Yet it seems that no matter the differences between the fantastic races, the basic experience of what is it like to be each is essentially similar. A Khajiit might see in the dark, an Argonian may breathe water, and a Breton might resist magic, but they are all still humans wrapped in a layer of fantastic and endowed with supernatural power. The basic experience of being them is still the same. Continue Reading", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9977765679359436}
+{"content": "China Daily publishes signed articles by Rwandan and Chinese Ambassadors\n\nSource:Chinese embassy in Rwandan　2020-10-16\n\n　　On October 13th, 2020, China Daily publishes two articles entitled Win-win Partner and Sincere Friend and Friendship Proves its Worth, contributed respectively by Rwandan Ambassador in Beijing H.E. James Kimonyo and Chinese Ambassador in Kigali H.E. Rao Hongwei.\n\n　　In their article, the two envoys stresses the importance of cooperation in beating COVID-19. Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, China and Rwanda have been extending hands to each other and engaging in extensive mutual support to tackle the risks, enhance mutual trust through anti-pandemic cooperation, and promote common development for the building of a community with a shared future for humankind. Hand in hand, the two countries have shown the world their shared determination to defeat the virus with solidarity and cooperation, writing a new chapter in the bilateral relations. The pandemic has reminded us how important it is for countries to work closely with each other facing difficulties.\n\n　　China and Rwanda have proven to be win-win partners and sincere friends for each other. In 2021, both of them will be celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Milestones in various areas of cooperation shall mark the celebration. The two sides will continue to build on this strong foundation.\n\n", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9956682920455933}
+{"content": "The Fallacy of the Two Hander\n\nNo such thing as a two-hander, just a misunderstanding of story.\n\nWhen it comes to the reception of a story, the receiver, or Audience member, can often mistake the elements of story for something else. In the same way one finds difficulty estimating the ingredients of their favorite dish when they only have the meal, looking at story from the outside leads to misinterpretations of the meaning, or meat, of the story. The problem deepens when accompanied by confidence.\n\nAs misleading as the MacGuffin, the concept of the \"two-hander\" spawns many errors in the construction of a story. Led to believe that these are two \"main\" characters rather than characters who share a unique relationship, Authors create narratives that breakdown under the weight of their own schizophrenia. In the same way that mixing and swapping the terms Protagonist and Main Character results in a confusion between personal goals and objective goals, the term \"two-hander\" leaves the impression that the story might contain two stories.\n\nIt doesn't.\n\nIn a Scriptnotes podcast last year entitled Making Things Better by Making Things Worse, professional screenwriters John August and Craig Mazin dished out something they usually rally against--namely, rules and education:\n\n\"A two-hander is a story with two important characters, where basically both characters are roughly equally important in the progress of the story … generally each of the characters have something that he or she wants. And sometimes they have a shared goal, but they each have their own individual goals.\"\n\nSo each of these characters has something they want? Insightful. More illuminating would be the understanding that what these characters want are connected in a very deep and meaningful way, far beyond simple wants and needs. Comprehending this connection allows writers to develop strong and powerful stories.\n\nConfidently Vague\n\nJohn August's site gives an even simpler definition of this concept:\n\n\"A two-hander is a movie where there are two main characters of roughly equal importance to the story, and whose arcs are given roughly equal screen-time.\"\n\nSweet and simple. Elsewhere he elaborates:\n\n\"Romantic comedies and buddy cop movies are often two-handers, but almost all genres have their examples. The Sixth Sense is a thriller two-hander, for instance.\"\n\nSo The Sixth Sense, 48 Hours, and presumably The Shawshank Reemption all function as two-handers. The list could go on and on and on.\n\nOnly it doesn't explain what is really going on.\n\nThe films listed above do not feature two \"main\" characters with the their own \"arcs\" who roughly share \"equal screen-time.\" Well, the last might be accurate, but how is that a measurement of the meaning of a story?\n\nStructure is the machine that communicates the Author's meaning, a framework for what the story is about, rather than what happens. In the Dramatica theory of story this structure is called the storyform. Determining the ingredients or elements of this structure makes it easier for Authors to construct a machine that works.\n\nThe Real Difference Between the Two\n\nConsider the Dreamworks animated film Over the Hedge. Under the definition above, this tale of animals vs. suburbia claims the name two-hander. Both Verne the turtle (Gary Shandling) and RJ the raccoon (Bruce Willis) vy for \"equal screen-time\", both come off similarly important.\n\nUnfortunately both find their resolves changed by the end of the film.\n\nFor a story to make sense and to convincingly make a case for its message, one of these \"main\" characters will steadfastly hold on to their resolve while the other will find their resolve changed. In Dramatica, this observable reality of story falls under the concept of the Main Character Resolve: Changed or Steadfast?[^changed] The Resolve of the Influence Character (what two-handlers call the other \"main\" character) will share an inverse relationship with the Main Character's Resolve. One is changed, one is steadfast.\n\nIf you have one character arguing position A and he or she comes into conflict with another character arguing position B, you can't then write both characters changing their positions. Doing so undermines everything that came before, tossing out any thematic arguments made along the way. If you argue for neither A nor B, but rather some form of you are in essence undermining the foundation of story you built.[^argue]\n\nShow character A adopting character B's approach or character B assuming character A's position and then inform the Audience of the results. That is how an Author uses story to make an argument. That is how the machine of story works.\n\nScreenwriter Jim Barker explains it well In his article Demystifying the Two-Hander:\n\n\"the story’s theme – what the author has to say about about the value of hope (and not just “hope” itself) – is explored by means of an argument. In other words, story is a form of persuasion, and the best means of being persuasive is to explore multiple sides of the argument. Having two characters with their own perspectives is part of the means in which the theme and argument is explored, one character ultimately forcing the other to see their differing point of view and forcing them to either remain steadfast in their approach or change.\"\n\nSimilar Troubles\n\nReferencing August's definition of a two-hander, the relationship between the two \"main\" characters runs deeper than simply one based on relative \"importance.\" The reason these two characters even find themselves faced off against each other is because they share a bond of conflict. They see this conflict from two different points-of-view, but there is enough shared material between them that they find it almost impossible not to butt heads.\n\nThis is where that clichéd line \"You and I are both alike\" comes from. The two principal characters recognize a commonality of conflict, but see it differently. One comes at it externally, the other internally.\n\nThe Well Considered Story\n\nGiving credence to vague terminology leads to disappointing drafts and broken stories. The process might begin with little complication, but will eventually bog down as the Author finds their structure undermined by superficial notions of story.\n\nThe Dramatica theory of story seeks to make conversations like this a thing of the past. For years I have endeavored to communicate the strength of this perspective through [carefully considered and thoughtful articles][12]. Unfortunately the culture seems determined to ignore the measured approach, preferring tweet-sized understandings of story like \"two-hander\" to get them through their day. Rarely does anyone spend more than a minute and a half reading a 2000 word article that took dives deep into the reason why an element of story exists.\n\nThe purpose of this site has always been to improve the quality of storytelling to the point where filmmakers don't spend the last few months of a production trying to salvage a badly structured story. I've been there before several times, and it isn't pretty. And it can be avoided. We don't have to blindly trust the process. But if no one is listening, does this site even exist?\n\nUnderstanding the relationship between the Main and Influence Character is only one of the many ways Authors and filmmakers can improve their craft. Dramatica offers so much more. If there is a better, quicker, perhaps more culturally acceptable way of communicating this knowledge then perhaps the time has come to try something new.\n\nThe promise of a fully functioning story endures. Time to tell the world.\n\n[^changed]: This is not a typo. A Changed resolve indicates the state of things for the MC. A \"Change\" resolve does not.\n\n[^argue]: What you're really dealing with is A+B vs. C--which would require an entirely different story.\n\n[12]: /articles\"Archives | Narrative First\"", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.5758491158485413}
+{"content": "Judges halt plan to exclude unauthorized immigrants from count used to award seats in Congress\n\nA panel of three federal judges in New York on Thursday prohibited the Trump administration from moving forward with plans to exclude undocumented immigrants from the count used to determine the number of seats states receive in the House of Representatives. The decision temporarily halts an unprecedented proposal with potentially seismic political ramifications.\n\nAt the center of Thursday’s ruling is a proclamation issued by Mr. Trump in July telling Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, who oversees the U.S. Census Bureau, to facilitate the collection of data that would allow him to remove immigrants without legal status from the count used for congressional apportionment. The constitutionally-mandated process to determine the number of House seats each state has occurs every 10 years after the census is taken. \n\nThe three-judge panel, which convened specifically to hear the case, said the proposal violates federal laws that govern the redrawing of congressional seats and the census count. The judges did not address whether Mr. Trump’s directive is constitutional.\n\n“By directing the Secretary to provide two sets of numbers, one derived from the decennial census and one not, and announcing that it is the policy of the United States to use the latter in connection with apportionment, the Presidential Memorandum deviates from, and thus violates, the statutory scheme,” the judges wrote. “Second, the Presidential Memorandum violates the statute governing apportionment because, so long as they reside in the United States, illegal aliens qualify as “persons in” a “State” as Congress used those words.”\n\nThursday’s order stems from a lawsuit mounted by a coalition of states led by New York. The legal challenge is one of several filed against Mr. Trump’s directive in federal courts across the country. \n\n“The courts have ruled in our favor on every census matter in the last two years and continually rejected President Trump’s unlawful efforts to manipulate the census for political purposes,” New York Attorney General Leticia James said in a statement.\n\nAccording to an estimate by the Pew Research Center, California, Texas and Florida would get fewer seats than expected in the House of Representatives if Mr. Trump’s changes are instituted. Alabama, Minnesota and Ohio, on the other hand, would keep seats they would otherwise have lost.\n\nThe Census Bureau’s efforts to count people for the 2020 census — which have been hindered by the coronavirus pandemic — are currently underway. Earlier in the month, a federal judge in California blocked the administration from shortening the final deadline to collect census responses, a move advocates say would lead to an undercount, particularly among communities of color.\n\nSince the first census was taken in 1790, the U.S. has always counted both citizens and non-citizens, regardless of their immigration status, for the purposes of congressional apportionment. The Constitution stipulates that each state must have at least one representative, and that the apportionment of other seats should be based on an enumeration of the population.\n\nUntil the 14th Amendment was ratified in the 1860s, enslaved African Americans were counted as three-fifths of a person for congressional apportionment. American Indians who were classified as “not taxed” were excluded until 1940.\n\nThe 14th Amendment also requires Representatives to be apportioned based on “the whole number of persons in each State.” In his order in July, Mr. Trump said that because “persons” is not defined, he has the “authority to exclude from the apportionment base aliens who are not in a lawful immigration status.” Doing so, he added, would uphold the principles of a representative democracy.\n\nOfficials at the Census Bureau and the Departments of Justice and Commerce did not respond to requests for comment on Thursday’s order, which could be appealed to the U.S Supreme Court.\n\nMr. Trump’s order in July is part of a broader effort by his administration to change how people in the U.S. are counted in the census and how that data should be used.\n\nThe Trump administration first proposed including a question on U.S. citizenship during the 2020 census in March 2018. But its efforts do so, which it said were aimed at enforcing the Voting Rights Act of 1965, elicited a flurry of legal challenges that ended up in the Supreme Court, which blocked the administration from adding the question in time for the questionnaires to be printed.\n\nDuring the litigation over the question, it was revealed that Thomas Hofeller, a now deceased conservative political operative, played a role in helping the administration craft the justification for the citizenship question addition, which he said in a 2015 study would allow officials to draw electoral maps advantageous to “Republicans and Non-Hispanic Whites.”", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.994930624961853}
+{"content": "A Conditional Generative Model for Predicting Material Microstructures from Processing Methods\n\n10/04/2019 ∙ by Akshay Iyer, et al. ∙ Siemens AG Northwestern University 0\n\nMicrostructures of a material form the bridge linking processing conditions - which can be controlled, to the material property - which is the primary interest in engineering applications. Thus a critical task in material design is establishing the processing-structure relationship, which requires domain expertise and techniques that can model the high-dimensional material microstructure. This work proposes a deep learning based approach that models the processing-structure relationship as a conditional image synthesis problem. In particular, we develop an auxiliary classifier Wasserstein GAN with gradient penalty (ACWGAN-GP) to synthesize microstructures under a given processing condition. This approach is free of feature engineering, requires modest domain knowledge and is applicable to a wide range of material systems. We demonstrate this approach using the ultra high carbon steel (UHCS) database, where each microstructure is annotated with a label describing the cooling method it was subjected to. Our results show that ACWGAN-GP can synthesize high-quality multiphase microstructures for a given cooling method.\n\n\n\nThere are no comments yet.\n\n\npage 4\n\nThis week in AI\n\n\n1 Introduction\n\nDelineating processingstructureproperty relationships constitutes a major focus in design of advanced material systems (olson1997computational). While analytical and statistical methods have been successfully used for design of certain materials (florescu2009designer; fullwood2010microstructure; lee2017concurrent)\n\n, the underlying assumptions on homogeneity and isotropy limit their generalizability and transferability to other material systems. To address these challenges, machine learning and data-driven techniques have piqued interest in the material science community. Microstructure reconstruction, by allowing an effective method to understand the high dimensional microstructure space, plays a critical role in computational material design. Prior work along this line has used deep learning to predict material property from microstructure\n\n(cecen2018material; cang2018improving; yang2018microstructural), reconstruct statistically equivalent microstructures (li2018transfer), and synthesize microstructures with desired properties (yang2018microstructural; cang2018improving).\n\nGenerative models, such as variational autoencoders (VAE)\n\n(kingma2014adam) and generative adversarial networks (GAN) (goodfellow2014generative), are key enablers of deep learning based microstructure reconstruction. cang2018improving used VAEs to synthesize two-phase microstructures and demonstrated that convolutional networks can be used for material property prediction. yang2018microstructural\n\nused deep convolutional GAN to synthesize microstructures and transfer learning to improve structure-property predictions. Both of these works augmented the generative model loss function with style transfer and mode collapse losses.\n\nsingh2018physics leveraged WGAN-GP and used generative invariance checker & discriminator concurrently to generate two-phase microstructures.\n\nHowever, this line of work on using generative models for microstructure reconstruction has two limitations. First, previous works have focused on two-phase microstructures, while many material systems comprise multiphase microstructures. Characterization and reconstruction of multiphase materials have been studied scarcely, especially due to the fact that evaluating higher order correlation for multiphase materials is challenging. To the best of our knowledge, transfer learning technique by li2018transfer is the only method that has been used to reconstruct multiphase microstructures. This method uses first few convolutional layers of a pre-trained VGG16 (simonyan2014very) network to minimize difference in Gram Matrices of the target and reconstructed image. Although accurate, this method can only reconstruct images that match a single target microstructure and cannot model a distribution in the way generative models do. Second, previous works do not account for the influence of processing conditions on microstructure. This is a key aspect in material design since we strive to not only design an optimal microstructure but also identify the processing conditions necessary to manufacture it.\n\nWe address these two challenges by developing an auxiliary classifier Wasserstein GAN with gradient penalty (ACWGAN-GP) to synthesize multiphase alloy microstructures from user defined processing methods and demonstrate this approach using the Ultra High Carbon Steel Database (decost2017uhcsdb). Modelling this dataset is extremely challenging owing to the multiphase, heterogeneous microstructures it contains. The key contributions of this work are:\n\n  • [noitemsep,topsep=-10pt]\n\n  • We demonstrate that GANs can synthesize multiphase microstructure images.\n\n  • We demonstrate that ACWGAN-GP enables us to condition the generator on a critical processing condition, namely the cooling method.\n\n  • We use VGG16-based feature extractor and t-SNE to validate the proposed approach.\n\n2 Learning Framework\n\n2.1 Auxiliary Classifier Wasserstein GAN with Gradient Penalty (ACWGAN-GP)\n\nTo learn underlying latent distributions from high-dimensional data, such as images, GANs formulate the learning problem as a two-player zero-sum game between a generator (which tries to generate synthetic images indistinguishable from the real ones) and a discriminator (which tries to distinguish whether an image is real or has been synthesized). Furthermore, by imposing additional structure into the GAN latent space, conditional generative models provide an efficient means to better control features in synthesized samples. Conditional GAN\n\n(mirza2014conditional), by providing side information (e.g. class labels) to both generator and discriminator, proposes an implementation of this approach and subsequently improves visual quality and diversity of the synthesized images. A later work by odena2017conditional introduces the auxiliary classifier GAN (AC-GAN) architecture which, in addition to using class labels for synthesizing class conditional image samples, also includes a classifier which predicts class labels for images. This current work expands upon this architecture to synthesize microstructures from given values of processing parameters.\n\nAfter GAN was introduced by goodfellow2014generative, several improvements have been proposed to achieve stable training and fast convergence. Wasserstein GAN (arjovsky2017wasserstein)\n\n, by using earth-mover distance (Wasserstein-1 metric) as a geometrically meaningful measure of mismatch between probability distributions, introduced a loss function that correlates with the quality of synthesized images. A later work by\n\ngulrajani2017improved has shown that penalizing the -norm of discriminator gradient, in stead of constraining the discriminator weights, provides a better alternative to enforce the Lipschitz constraint. This change in the discriminator training results in faster convergence as well as overall improvement in the quality of synthesized images.\n\nIn this work, to synthesize alloy microstructures conditioned on processing methods, we develop a hybrid framework that uses label conditioning suggested in AC-GAN architecture but leverages Wasserstein-1 metric to design loss functions. Additionally, we use gradient penalty instead of weight clipping for discriminator training. In particular, the generator () and the critic () in this ACWGAN-GP framework tries to minimize the following loss functions\n\n\nwhere, , , is the true label associated with an image (both real and synthesized) , and and represent the distributions of real and synthesized images, respectively. Moreover, denote the distribution of samples which have been drawn uniformly along straight lines between pairs of images sampled from and .\n\nFigure 1: ACWGAN-GP framework for learning conditional generative models to predict multi-phase microstructures from cooling methods.\n\n2.2 Network architecture and training\n\nIn this work, we represent the cooling method via a 20-dimensional embedding vector and concatenate it with a 100-dimensional Gaussian noise vector. This 120-dimensional combined vector is then supplied to the generator\n\n. The first layer of\n\nis a Fully connected network with 1024 neurons, followed by a dropout layer with rate = 0.25. This is followed by three Upsampling-Convolution-Leaky ReLU blocks and a final Upsampling-Convolution block with\n\n-activation. The critic is an approximate mirror image of the generator with four Convolution-Leaky ReLU blocks. These operations extract a 1024-dimensional feature vector which is then passed through a dropout layer with rate = 0.25 and subsequently used by two separate fully connected layers to determine the image score and the corresponding cooling method.\n\n3 Experiment\n\n3.1 The Ultra High Carbon Steel DataBase (UHCSDB)\n\nUHCSDB is a collection of 961 microstructures obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of samples with identical composition but subjected to varied heat treatments. The variation in heat treatment influences the microstructure and relevant properties. SEM microstructures curated in UHCSDB correspond to 5 different cooling methods (no heat treatment, quenching, furnace cooling, air cooling and constant heating at C for 1 Hour). Within this database, we focus on microstructures captured at a magnification of 10.3 pix/micron. To train our ACWGAN-GP model to synthesize microstructures of size 128x128 pixels, we created a dataset containing random crops from the original 172 SEM microstructures in UHCSDB. Also, to mitigate the imbalance in the number of images corresponding to different cooling methods, we adjust the number of random crops in such a way that each of the cooling methods have approx. 1400 images. In addition we augment the dataset by rotating the images by 90, 180 and 270 degrees.\n\nFigure 2:\n\nVisual comparison of synthesized microstructures (after 6000 epochs) with the real ones.\n\n3.2 Results\n\nWe train the ACWGAN-GP for 6000 epochs with a batch size of 64 and use Adam Optimizer (kingma2014adam) with a learning rate of , while keeping & . Also, : training ratio is maintained at 5:1. Figure 2 shows a few representative images synthesized by ACWGAN-GP along with real microstructures for visual comparison. Each column of synthesized images correspond to the same Gaussian noise vector while each row corresponds to a specific cooling method. Although this figure highlights the visual resemblance between real and synthesized microstructures, we present rigorous evaluation methods in what follows.\n\nFigure 3: Validation of the trained ACWGAN-GP model using (a) 2-point spatial correlation and (b) 2-dimensional projection of a t-SNE based embedding associated with real and synthesized microstructures.\n\nFurthermore, to perform a quantitative evaluation of the synthesized microstructures, we randomly select 4000 pairs of real and synthesized images and compare their 2-point spatial correlations (yeong1998reconstructing). Figure 3(a) shows a good match between the correlation values of the real and the synthesized microstructures. However, for complex, multiphase microstructures, this is only a necessary condition, not sufficient. We provide an alternative evaluation which first extracts appropriate feature vectors by using a pre-trained VGG16 and then uses t-SNE based dimensionality reduction to project these vectors onto a 2-dimensional space. We applied this procedure to 4000 pairs of real & synthesized images to obtain Fig. 3(b). This figure shows vast regions of overlap between real and synthesized microstructures, indicating similarities between them.\n\n4 Conclusion\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to model processing-structure relationship as a conditional image synthesis problem. To accomplish this objective we have utilized the ACWGAN-GP framework, which inherits training stability of WGAN-GP and conditional image generation of ACGAN. We use this framework for reconstructing multiphase microstructures from UHCSDB and demonstrate its capability in synthesizing high quality microstructures from a given cooling method. In our future work, we will introduce additional processing parameters, such as annealing temperature and time, to achieve tighter control and better insight over the synthesized microstructures.", "pred_label": "__label__1", "pred_score_pos": 0.9785611629486084}