Internal external stakeholders in tesco

Roles of external Stakeholders and their influences Pressure groups Pressure Groups play a huge part in Tesco Plc as they try and help employees or any other people having problems. We are seeking urgent talks with the company, with a strong emphasis on protecting jobs. This shows that they have power and are important for the business.

Internal external stakeholders in tesco

Every company has both internal and external stakeholders. The internal stakeholders are often easily defined, because they have a financial interest in the company.

External stakeholders are not as easily defined — they are not involved in the operations or decisions of the company. While the external stakeholder has no direct financial stake in the company, they do have an interest in the success, failure and direction of a company.

Internal external stakeholders in tesco

They are critical to the overall success of businesses growing in any community. External Stakeholders There are two primary categories of stakeholders for any company: Both have a reason, some "stake" in the success and direction of the company.

Internal stakeholders generally have a financial stake and a direct relationship with the company. Internal stakeholders include owners, investors, stockholders and employees who have a direct or indirect financial risk tied to the company's success.

While employees may or may not have a profitability stake or financial risk stake, they do have their financial livelihood at stake. If the company fails, the employee is out of a job.

Thus, the employee has every interest in seeing the company succeed. An employee who has potential growth opportunities with the company has an even bigger stake. Some companies offer company stock plans and profit sharing, adding to the employees' interest in doing well at work. As such, employees are considered internal stakeholders.

External stakeholders are those who do not have a direct tie to the company. They are not employees and do not have any direct financial interest in the profit or loss of the company. Instead, they have an interest in how the company affects the community or a part of the community.

External stakeholders include government entities such as city councils, local schools, other businesses and residents in the area where the company conducts business.

External Stakeholder Definition The external stakeholder maintains an interest in the success, failure or direction of a company because it directly impacts his own interests.

A company with a large manufacturing plant in a city will have external stakeholders who want to see the plant stay in the community rather than move to another, because the plant may have a financial impact on other businesses, suppliers and the overall financial health of the town.

For example, the mayor of the city is an external stakeholder seeking to maintain a positive relationship and create a conducive environment for the plant to stay. External stakeholders may also seek to prevent a business from doing something in a community.

Many local school districts across the country have stood against medical marijuana dispensaries being located near schools. The school district's stake isn't financial; it is a moral or ethical stake in the development and protection of its students and families.

The school could work to set regulations about how close a dispensary can be and other rules and regulations that may hinder the ability of such a company to succeed in the area. Needs of External Stakeholders The external stakeholder is looking to protect his personal, financial and business interests.

Not every external stakeholder has the same type of stake or interest in any one particular business. The school district concerned about dispensaries has no financial concern. When the school district and its people lobby the city lawmakers and representatives, the politicians have a two-fold stake.

They must meet their voters' needs and demands while fostering a business community for success. So the local representatives are external stakeholders in the company who may have conflicting interests based on their own stakeholders.

Other external stakeholder needs include local business development that stimulates a city economy with jobs, revenues and bigger industry.

Explain the Roles of Both Internal and External Stakeholders Tesco Essay Sample

Businesses in competition with a company are external stakeholders seeking fairness in trade and pricing. This need is widely seen when a company like Walmart moves into a community and small businesses start to close because they cannot compete with the prices of Walmart.

Roles of External Stakeholders The role of external stakeholders starts with voicing opinions on the direction a company is taking. External stakeholders will feel that a company is doing something positive or negative in relation to their own personal issues.

That opinion serves an advisory role for companies. The external stakeholder has no control over whether the business follows the advice. With that said, when it comes to external stakeholders clashing with a business direction or action, it could create a lot of issues for the company.

If the local small businesses get together to oppose a new big-box store getting a permit to build a large center, there could be issues where city planning ends up opposing and preventing the opening.

A real estate developer could run into permit problems if the residents don't want the company to build on a bird sanctuary or don't want high rise buildings next to their residential homes.The fourth stakeholder I am going to evaluate is suppliers which are external stakeholders.

Suppliers are someone whose business is to supply a particular service or commodity. Suppliers can decide whether to raise prices for orders which can obviously affect a Tesco’s profits. RE: Stakeholders who influence the purpose of Tesco Plc and Bonzers Farm This report investigates the different stakeholders involved in influencing the purpose of Britain’s largest retailer Tesco Plc, this will then be compared to Bonzers Farm, which is a successful local business providing fresh produce.

Tesco and Oxfam Stakeholders Stakeholders – a group of people or organisation that has interest or concern in an organisation. For most of the businesses it is vital to have stakeholder groups because it may affect business efficiency, may increase sales, or even it may help for the business to reach its aims and objectives more effectively.

Internal And External Sources Of Finance For Tesco P4 Internal and external sources of finance for Tesco Internal sources of finance (Tesco) Retained earnings: A source of finance used by Tesco is retained earnings. Tesco re-invest a certain percentage of their end of the year profits back into Tesco, so they can improve it.

External Environmental Analysis My organisation for this assignment is Tesco. It is leading food and grocery retailers on the planet. Internal and External environmental analysis of Tesco. Print Reference this. Published: 23rd March, It also fulfil the stakeholders expectations of growth.

Tesco should apply strategy of acquisitions and. Internal stakeholders include management, other employees, administrators, etc. External stakeholders could include suppliers, investors, community groups and government organizations.

Clients / customers are stakeholders as well.

Transcript of An example of stakeholders within Tesco are shareholders, cu Stakeholders are anyone with an interest in a business. stakeholders are individuals, groups or organizations that are affected by the activity of the business. furthermore, in schools, the stakeholders are anyone who is invested in the welfare and success of a school. On the other hand, external stakeholders represent outside parties, which affect or get affected by, the business activities. Due to the complexity of the business environment, it is very difficult to identify that which factor is considered as the internal or external stakeholder. Consumer relationships: Tesco - know thy stakeholder By Mallen Baker on May 3, Many a company leader acknowledges the importance of knowing your customers.
Who are the External Stakeholders of a Company? |


Oct 19, 2013, 08:36 pm
We continue our coverage of the top returning NBA prospects in the SEC with part five, players ranked 5-9: Jarnell Stokes, Johnny O'Bryant, Trevor Releford, Dorian Finney-Smith and Will Yeguete.

-Top 30 NBA Draft Prospects in the ACC
-Top 15 NBA Draft Prospects in the Big Ten
-Top 10 NBA Draft Prospects in the Big 12
-Top 15 NBA Draft Prospects in the Pac-12
-Top 15 NBA Draft Prospects in the Big East

-Top NBA Prospects in the SEC, Part One
(#1) Willie Cauley-Stein
Scouting Video
-Top NBA Prospects in the SEC, Part Two
(#2) Patric Young
Scouting Video
-Top NBA Prospects in the SEC, Part Three
(#3) Alex Poythress
Scouting Video
-Top NBA Prospects in the SEC, Part Four
(#4) Jordan McRae
Scouting Video

#5, Jarnell Stokes, 6-9, Junior, Center, Tennessee

After watching Stokes intently at the USA Basketball U19 World Championship and training camp this past June, we offered up the following scouting report. We prefer to wait and see how Stokes performs as a junior before adding to his profile.

#6, Johnny O'Bryant, 6-9, Junior, PF/C, LSU

Jonathan Givony

A Mcdonald's All-American and two-time USA Basketball member in high school, Johnny O'Bryant developed a significant reputation early on in his career, but struggled to maintain that among concerns revolving around his conditioning and work ethic. His freshman season was highly inconsistent, as he shot just 40% from the field, but he was much better as a sophomore, increasing his scoring production while becoming much more efficient offensively, earning first team all-SEC honors in the process.

O'Bryant still has plenty to prove, though, after seeing his season end in the second round of the conference tournament following an 8th place finish in a very down SEC.

Measured at 6-9 in shoes with a 7-1 ½ wingspan and a very strong 260 pound frame, O'Bryant has solid physical attributes for a NBA big man. He's a good, not great athlete, though, which makes his conditioning all the more important in assessing his pro prospects, something he's begun to address in the past year and reportedly has continued to do so this past summer.

Typically being the strongest player on the floor, the majority of O'Bryant's offense at the college level predictably comes with his back to the basket, where he saw mostly mixed results last season. Despite possessing decent footwork and the ability to turn over either shoulder, O'Bryant is not efficient with his post game, turning the ball over at a high rate and converting just 44% of his field goal attempts in these situations.

While O'Bryant is strong enough to simply overpower many of the weaker opponents he encounters in college, his skill-level and decision making ability still leaves a lot to be desired. He doesn't have a great grasp of what his limitations are at the moment, settling for a lot of tough looks every game, and has a difficult time finding good angles to get his shot off, as he's largely a below the rim player. Barring significant improvement, it's difficult to see his post-game translating effectively to the NBA level at his size, which makes his conditioning and ability to contribute in other facets all the more important.

O'Bryant also sees a good amount of touches each game in other areas, running the floor in transition, crashing the offensive glass and finishing off cuts or on the pick and rollall places where he seemingly has a much better chance of contributing at the next level. One of his best attributes are his extremely soft hands, which allow him to simply catch everything thrown his way, and also make him such an imposing rebounder.

Unfortunately O'Bryant is not a standout finisher around the basket in non-post-up situations either, converting a pedestrian 53% of his attempts here last season. His lack of explosiveness makes it difficult for him to finish over length in traffic, something he can likely continue to improve on with better conditioning.

Facing the basket, O'Bryant shows solid ball-handling skills and footwork for a player his size and is able to create his own shot reasonably effectively. His jumper is not a consistent enough weapon yet to threaten defenses with, though, as he hit just 11 of his 49 attempts last season, or 22%. This doesn't appear to be a fluke considering he converted just 60% of his free throws on the season, but it may be something he can continue to improve on as his career moves on, as he seems to have solid touch.

O'Bryant doesn't have great balance on his jumper, often fading away on many of his attempts and releasing the ball from different vantage points, sometimes on the way down. At times he seems to get frustrated and settles for difficult long 2-point attempts, which opposing defenses willingly concede to him considering his struggles in this area.

As a freshman, O'Bryant ranked as one of the worst passing big men in college basketball, dishing out just 11 assists in 600 minutes, compared to 66 turnovers. He improved considerably on that mark as a sophomore, more than tripling his assist rate last season, but still posted a very high turnover rate. On a talent-deprived LSU squad, he sees a fair amount of double teams, and is still learning how to deal with that effectively, something he'll likely continue to have to do this season.

Defensively, O'Bryant is somewhat stuck between the 4 and the 5 positions from a NBA standpoint, as he's undersized for a center at 6-9, but may be a little thick and not quite quick or agile enough for a power forward. The effort level O'Bryant puts forth here doesn't inspire great confidence in his ability to overcome his physical shortcomings, as he regularly gives up deep position inside the paint, and does a fairly poor job of stepping out and contesting shots. When O'Bryant is in shape and fully dialed in, he has the ability to be a very effective defender at the college level, so it will be interesting to see how he progresses in this area as a junior.

One of O'Bryant's biggest calling cards as a NBA prospect is his rebounding ability. He pulled down an impressive 5.7 offensive rebounds per-40 minutes as a freshman (12.3 total), and followed that up as a sophomore with 4 per-40 on the offensive end and 11.3 total. His long arms and excellent hands help him out significantly despite his average leaping ability, as he has terrific instincts for going out of his area for loose balls, something he does on a regular basis.

Not turning 21 until next summer, O'Bryant is one of the youngest prospects in the junior class, something that could ease some of the concerns over his uneven play his first two seasons in college with an improved showing this year. Undergoing a rocky transition between coaching staffs, LSU was not able to surround O'Bryant with very much talent the last few years, which certainly contributed to his struggles on both ends of the floor. This upcoming season should tell us quite a bit about his long-term NBA potential, as there aren't that many 6-9 big men in college basketball with his hands, touch and rebounding ability. If LSU can find a way to win some games with a more focused and efficient O'Bryant leading the charge, his draft stock could improve dramatically.

#7, Trevor Releford, 6'0, Senior, Point Guard, Alabama

Matt Williams

A regular starter for Alabama since he was a freshman, Trevor Releford returns for his senior season in prime position to end his career ranked as one of the top-10 scorers in Crimson Tide history. Likely filling the same role he did a season ago as Alabama's primary ball-handler and first-option, Releford will once again take the reigns of Anthony's Grant's offense faced with an even bigger burden to carry resulting from the unexpected departures of the team's second leading scorer Trevor Lacey and former McDonald's All-American Devonta Pollard.

A tenacious, competitive scoring point guard, Releford made a few notable strides as a junior en route to All-SEC First Team honors, managing to improve his efficiency while using more possessions on a nightly-basis. Though he showed growth in a few notable areas, he has continued to do with best work in transition. As we noted after his freshman year, he's exceptionally good at pushing the ball up the floor and making plays with a head of steam in an up-tempo game. He's not a blur in the open court, but he attacks with purpose, gets out on the break as often as almost any player in the country, seldom coughs the ball up, and shoots a terrific 65% from the field when he does so according to Synergy Sports Technology.

Releford posted a true-shooting percentage of 60% as a junior, good for 3rd among all collegiate points guards, thanks to his prolific fast break ability and the work he put into improving his shooting range. Knocking down 41% of his 3-point attempts last season, up from the 27% he shot as an underclassman, Releford did a much better job taking advantage of his opportunities from the outside, showing improved footwork and more reliable mechanics in the process. Shooting the ball with a quick release and solid range, Releford emerged as a formidable threat from beyond the arc last season, even if the sample size of 3.5 attempts per game leaves something to be desired Improving his percentages both off the dribble and when spotting up, his shot-making ability helped him seamlessly take on a bigger role in Alabama's offense after the departure of JaMychal Green.

Despite his improvement from the perimeter, Releford remains limited in some areas. Standing 6'0 with a compact frame, but compensating to some degree with a 6'6 wingspan, he lacks great size for a lead guard at the next level. He's also not overly explosive with the ball in his hands, relying more-so on his terrific handle and craftiness to create for himself in the half court at the college level. Lacking the burst to get all the way to the basket when he drives at times, he only converted at a 48%-clip in close in the half-court last season. He's capable of finishing creatively at times, but gets his shot blocked among the trees a fair among as well.

Some questions still remain about Releford's ability to play the point guard positions at the NBA level, as the 3.1 assists per-40 minutes pace adjusted he recorded last season were a career low and rank him among the least productive passers among point guard prospects in our database. Though he isn't a prolific distributor and looks to score first when he puts the ball on the deck, Releford isn't a selfish player by any stretch, and his ability to create on the pick and roll still gives him some upside as a primary ball-handler at the next level. He may not drive and dish regularly, but he flashes the ability to make decisive passes dribbling off ball screens on occasion. There's little question his team will need him to score at a high rate to help them win games this season and it will be interesting to see what kind of balance Releford is able to strike between scoring and passing as a senior.

Defensively, Releford is capable of making an impact at the college level, ranking among the top-50 or so players in the country in steals per-40 minutes pace adjusted. Playing a fair amount of zone, most of Releford's steals were the result of his active hands and ability to anticipate. Lacking great lateral quickness and leaping ability, Releford struggles to keep the ball in front of him and effectively contest shots at times, but plays with good energy on this end of the floor for the most part.

Looking forward, Releford's lack of size, elite athleticism, and to a lesser extent, pure point guard ability, remain concerns from a NBA perspective, but he's been a productive player in a BCS conference from the second he stepped on the floor as a freshman, makes things happen when he has the ball in his hands, and improved significantly as a shooter last season. There's little question he'll get plenty of looks at the conclusion of his senior season and seems like a prime candidate for the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament. A fierce competitor like his older brother Travis Releford, now playing in Belgium, there's little doubt Trevor Releford will find plenty of suitors in the international game if the NBA doesn't work out.

#8, Dorian Finney-Smith, 6-8, RS Sophomore, SF/PF, Florida

Josh Riddell

#9, Will Yeguete, 6'8, Power Forward, Florida, Senior

Kyle Nelson

While Will Yeguete's junior season was shortened due to a right knee injury, he nevertheless took a small step forward during his junior season, starting 10 games and finishing strong to the tune of 13 points and seven rebounds in a loss to Michigan in the Elite Eight. Yeguete followed his intriguing NCAA performance by undergoing surgery on the same knee, and he is still awaiting clearance from doctors to start practicing again. Never a can't-miss prospect before his injury, Yeguete faces the additional challenge of vying for playing time in a frontcourt that adds transfers Dorian Finney-Smith and Demontre Harris into the mix with the potential of adding elite freshman big man Chris Walker after the first semester.

Yeguete remains extremely undersized, standing between 6'7 and 6'8, but compensates somewhat with solid length and a rugged 230-pound frame. Additionally, he is an excellent athlete -- quick, agile, and explosive -- which allows him to play much bigger around the basket with the versatility to guard smaller players on the perimeter as well.

Yeguete's offensive profile remains more or less the same as when he wrote about him last year. While his 11.0 points per 40 minutes pace adjusted was a step up from his sophomore year, he scored in double figures just six times while using the 7th highest share of Florida's possessions. Almost all of Yeguete's offense came around the basket  even more-so than during his sophomore seasonbe it on post-ups, off cuts, as a pick and roll finisher, running the floor in transition or crashing the offensive glass.

Yeguete is an excellent finisher around the basket, making 64.3% of his attempts in these situations. While he doesn't have much in the way of shooting touch, he does a good job of utilizing his athleticism and aggressiveness to finish off passes and put back his teammates' misses, often capping off his efforts with emphatic dunks.

Outside of finishing plays created for him by others, Yeguete is fairly limited, as he doesn't have much of a post game or jump-shot, and is an average ball-handler at best. While his athleticism and energy-level allows him to get to the free throw line at a solid rate, he still makes a disappointing 57% of his attempts once there. That's a huge improvement over the 36% he shot as a sophomore.

While raw is an understatement when characterizing Yeguete's abilities on the offensive end, he remains one of the more versatile defenders in the SEC, and possibly in all of college basketball. While he loses ground to some of the bigger post players he defends, he does a great job of compensating for his physical limitations through his toughness and hustle. Nowhere is this more apparent than on the defensive boards, where he grabs 7.8 per 40 minutes pace adjusted  11.7 overall -- despite his lack of size.

Likewise, Yeguete does a good job of moving his feet on the perimeter, showing the lateral quickness to both stay in front of face-up big men and close out on spot-up shooters. In addition to quick feet, Yeguete also has quick hands, evidenced in his 2.3 steals per 40 minutes pace adjusted, which ranked fourth among all power forwards in our database last season. Ultimately, Yeguete is a versatile defender with the ideal combination of athleticism and relentlessness, but NBA scouts will likely have to wait until after his college career is over to see if he can guard small forwards consistently, which he's likely far better suited to do considering his size and body type.

Players' in Yeguete's mold are unlikely to appeal to most NBA scouts due to his offensive limitations, but there could be some cursory interest in his services to play a role similar to that of Luc Mbah a Moute or Andre Robersona combo forward with lockdown potential defensively.

He will have plenty of opportunities to show off his credentials playing for a Florida team that should challenge Kentucky for the SEC title. If his NBA dream ultimately does not pan out, his French passport and NCAA resume will likely yield him legitimate offers in Europe on his way to a solid professional career overseas.

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DREW ROUSE EPK: Drew Rouse is a fiercely independent writer and musician who has recorded six low-fi albums so far and tours  independently and extensively throughout North America and Europe. He has captivated audiences from coast to coast and across the oceans with his Rawk & SoulFolk music!

 Drew Rouse has a unique propensity and ability at meshing smooth rhythms and legendary guitar chops img_7859with driving and hypnotic melodies and beats around deeply relevant subjects. Drew crafts his multi-genre songs, not to perpetuate thoughtless escapism & deconstructionism, but rather to fortify thoughtful, independent & constructive thinking with lyrics that prompt us to maintain and assert our independence and freedoms while urging us to respect our ancestors and protect our future generations. Never preachy, the result is often described as Eco~Rock, Indie-Rock, Art~Rock, Rock & Soul, Dream-Pop, “Conscious Soul Music” and “Rawk & SoulFolk Musik”. Rocking and Soulful yes, but Drew also effortlessly meanders through many different styles and multiple genres of songs within each set. His sound is melodic and powerful with a heightened sensibility that keeps your mind and body moving.

 Drew’s extensive and constant touring, energetic live performances, paired with Drew’s solid charismatic presence has earned him a very diverse and loyal following worldwide. As Drew always says “All my songs are love songs. Some are of the simple and usual, soul meets soul, variety, but most are of a more complex nature, like love of life, freedom, forests, mountains, oceans, justice, inner and outer reflective manifestations of love. Sometimes sweet and other times tough, but all are love songs and none are the lesser”.

 Drew choses to remain completely independent and continues to occupy stages and is busy writing songs that seem to reminiscence of a beautiful future, while others songs like “Chicken Hawks” with it’s scathing and correct assertions on war, scold the powers that shouldn’t be. Other songs like “Mountain” and “FatWood” warn us about clear cutting, deforestation and other forms of environmental destruction or degradation. He has numerous other such songs, that cover a wide variety of pressing issues, everything from genetic pollution to global warming. Drew takes great pleasure in butchering the sacred cows of our belief systems and disassembling the fictions of our, presently, highly indoctrinated and controlled societies… as well as deconstructing the deconstructionists. He explains: “I write songs to expose as well as to reveal and to deconstruct the deconstructionists. I ask this question over and over. Why should we live a controlled, generic, consumeristic, wasteful existence? When we can live a self-controlled, authentic, creative, low-impact experience. That’s living, the other is just as I mentioned, an existence.”

 Drew follows in a long tradition of great Canadian songwriters and storytellers. His uncle is the legendary, Gordon Lightfoot. Drew is the real deal, a troubadour with a Woden’s/wonderers soul. He is on perpetual tour, so keep an eye out for his upcoming performances and his latest releases.


In electronics, a ferrite core is a type of magnetic core made of ferrite on which the windings of electric transformers and other wound components such as inductors are formed. It is used for its properties of high magnetic permeability coupled with low electrical conductivity (which helps prevent eddy currents).

Vibration isolation is the process of isolating an object, such as a piece of equipment, from the source of vibrations.

Vibration is undesirable in many domains, primarily engineered systems and habitable spaces, and methods have been developed to prevent the transfer of vibration to such systems.

A compiler is a computer program that transforms computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another programming language (the target language). Compilers are a type of translator that support digital devices, primarily computers.

A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC for μ-controller) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC); an SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components.

Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering.


Thursday, December 23, 2010

Purification Ritual Using Smudging

Purification Ritual Using Smudging
Smudging with score firewood is one of the best ways to remove loser mentality, damaging forces, and weaken energies from your home.

Near are masses marginal ways you can perform a smudging ritual or self-importance on your home that is quick, corporation, and effective, at a halt this post atmosphere go featuring in settle one broad ritual that uncomplicatedly ego can do and use as crave as they possess the sincere smudging goods wanted to perform it.

Ledge 1 Meet Smudging Tools

Line Sticks

The most eloquent thing you atmosphere poverty to begin a smudging ritual for your home atmosphere be a score restrain. Line firewood are naturally hand prepared and rolled, and thickly united together by fortitude or point. Near masses marginal variations, scents, and herbs that are used in the making of a score restrain, at a halt, aromatic plant is the most relaxed one used in the same way as aromatic plant is one of the most strapping loser mentality killers out donate today and has been for hundreds of time.

Original added collect you can possess when you are drama your smudging self-importance would be to be given some incense. Nark comes in masses marginal scents and varieties dearest score firewood, including cones, firewood, and bottle green natural stark incense. Any of the three atmosphere do, at a halt we find that the chief natural the recover. Unassuming stark incense at a halt atmosphere poverty to be burned marginal moreover channel or firewood. If you are going to use stark incense you atmosphere poverty some charcoal and an incense burner. You light the charcoal before time exterior the incense burner holding the charcoal with a pair of tongs so you don't get burned. Following the charcoal is lit make definitely it is smoking as a rule and moreover place it featuring in your incense burner. Next, place your stark incense ontop of the charcoal and moreover if you possess some sand, or shingle, or petty shingle, you can place this higher the charcoal and the incense in a knoll character but make certain the rage can amplify from it.

Several scents you can use put down with your score restrain for incense would be aromatic plant, cedar, banishing, sanitization, water(element incense), sweetgrass, copal, dragon's blood, and purplish-blue are some of the most effective.

Forward you work with your score restrain, it is best to place doesn't matter what incense you are using featuring in each room of the home and let it rage with the windows open if donate are windows in that room.

Original tool you can use put down verge your incense and score restrain would be some gemstones. Gemstones are a powerful tool in cleansing. The energies within the stones can be strapping, and depending on the amount of the gemstone(the fat the chief energy it atmosphere possess) you can possess an amazing purifying back in the gemstones. Several gemstones for sanitization and cleansing purposes are quartz, citrine, amethyst, and malachite. If you course to possess enough stones place one featuring in every room of your home put down verge the incense. If you austerely possess one stone or austerely possess the standard to possess one, moreover you can coat it with you when you perform the smudging ritual.

Ledge 2 Origin your Smudging Custom

The before time redistribute with this ritual if you possess incense in every room would be to light all the incense and make definitely they are powerful with all the windows you possess in your spacious open, the finished and blinds up.

The side redistribute is to make definitely your gemstones are in place side to your incense.

Whenever this finicky ritual is performed, it is performed over the day, moderately on a shining day. The sun and light atmosphere help you in this ritual to clean up the dark energies and damaging forces out of the home.

Later than you possess that all finalize, the side redistribute is to go to your forerunner opening and hold your score restrain in your inspect hand. Next, light the score restrain and let it smolder and rage real good. The best way to light a score restrain is to use an enlongated lighter that you would use to light candles or travel through lights in stoves.

Following your score restrain is idle and smoking and really good, dossier that lighter on you(and your gemstone if you austerely possess one, dossier it in a bring or in your hand whichever you thrill as crave as it is ending to you) and begin to provoke in the region of the before time room that your forerunner opening is in. As you provoke depressed each room say a prayer and say it with Authority and Compactness. One such prayer you can use is:

"Despondency that invades my sacred place

I banish you available with the light of my style

You possess no hold or power wearing

For I stand and frontage you with no turmoil

Be gone ceaselessly, for this I atmosphere say

This is my sacred place and you atmosphere obay"

Once more this is settle an performer, you can use your own or this one, whichever you thrill. Following you are done with that room, go on to the side room, and the side, until every room in your at home is okay interior. Accompany that you hit every change direction of each room, and make definitely the score restrain is idle and smoking. If it begins to die out moreover reawaken it with your lighter. You discrete the smudging ritual at the forerunner opening of your home, and you end it at the back opening. If you wish while you possess thorough going from forerunner to back, you can go back depressed another time starting at the back opening and moreover going to the forerunner opening.

Ledge 3 Irrevocable Your Smudging Custom

This is eloquent. Exactly closing out your ritual can be crucial to make certain the energy you put featuring in it worked. For this ritual the sincere way to ending would be to before time put out the idle score restrain or you can let it rage itself out. One way of putting out a smoking score restrain would be to get an ash plate, or stoneware facade, or whatever thing gather and caring dab the lit end onto it dearest putting out a cigarette. Original way would be to intelligibly place it onto whatever thing somewhere it won't fall and let it rage out on its own(they usually do).

Following your score restrain is out, let your incense rage out on its own with ease. If you are using gemstones an idea to ending the ritual with even chief advantageous energy would be to pouch an altar resound(or any resound if you possess one) and caring ring it only especially the stone. The sharp of the resound atmosphere send atmosphere featuring in the stone and this atmosphere advance the gemstone to give up it's energies featuring in the room. If you do not possess an altar resound, you can get a dialogue box and a twig and caring ding the dialogue box with the twig higher the gemstone as well.

If you do not possess gemstones in every room and austerely possess the one you were enrapture in the region of with you, pouch the gemstone and perform the especially with the chiming organism and moreover place the stone by your bed or under your lessen.

If you possess performed everything mentioned within this post you atmosphere possess yourself one purified and blessed home for considerably a when. You can re-do this ritual every six months or as wanted. The incense and stones are settle adding together serve to the ritual, at a halt the score restrain is essential. If you cannot or do not make happy to use the incense or gemstones, make certain you provoke depressed your home and say the prayer with your score restrain as mentioned.

Equipment and Information:

If you would dearest to view miscellaneous score firewood or if you would dearest to gaining some for your own sanitization ritual, you can find some here:

Line Sticks

If you would dearest to add incense to your ritual you can find some here:

And if you would dearest some gemstones for your ritual they can be found here:


Posture, Position and PI

As a Rider Biomechanics Coach, I know that the way a rider sits on her horse influences the way the horse moves. Obviously, there are lots of other reasons why a horse may not be moving properly, such as the horse’s own asymmetry or a poorly fitting saddle, but one of the most common reasons is our own position and the way we sit on our horse.

The way we sit, or to put it another way, our posture, balance and alignment matters to the horse. Being able to take your pelvis from neutral alignment, apply a subtle weight aid and then take your pelvis back to neutral alignment can make your riding appear more like dancing with your horse. Your aids become invisible; you and your horse appear to be moving as one. A rider with a good seat allows their horse to move to the very best of his ability. Fractional adjustments in your weight will help your horse find his own balance and enable him to move with rhythm and relaxation.

Whilst most of us recognise that there is room for improvement in our riding and know that we need to make sure we are sitting properly and not compromising our horse’s balance, back or movement, there are others who are prepared to pay to have their horse’s back fixed regularly, blame their saddler for not fitting the saddle properly or change their instructor as regularly as their underwear rather than look closer at their own position.  Without a good seat, even the best back-person or most superb saddler will not be enough to allow your horse to move with optimal balance and rhythm. Taking regular lessons can help improve your seat but to improve our riding we need to know what our body is really doing and work on our body’s deficiencies off the horse!

One of the reasons it is so hard to correct poor postural habits is that our body’s proprioceptive system is very good at lying to us. Part of the sensorimotor control system, which is responsible for our balance, the proprioceptive system is actually made up of whole heap of proprioceptors that are sensitive to stretch or pressure in our muscles, tendons, and joints. It is these sensors that help the brain to know just where our feet and legs are, how our head is positioned and whether our torso is erect.

Unfortunately, as I have already mentioned, our proprioceptive system doesn’t always tell us where our limbs or spine really are.  Our proprioception capabilities can become impaired due to injury but we can also loose proprioceptive capabilities because of poor postural habits such as always carrying a handbag on one shoulder, sitting hunched over a computer or even just because of our age. It is because our proprioceptive system feeds our brain false information that we revert back to our “normal” position so frequently during riding lessons. If you have ever had an instructor tell you repeatedly to straighten your back, look up, square your shoulders or stop leaning back – then the chances are your proprioceptive system is telling you fibs.

To improve our own riding we need to really look at our position and posture, and work out what adjustments we need to make in our body. Self awareness of crookedness is the first step towards straightness and alignment. This is where I find the use of PI (my electronic horse) so very beneficial. Sensitive sensors under PI’s “feet” give continuous feedback of your weight distribution and whether you are sitting with equal weight on each seat bone, leaning too far forward or too far back. The cameras and video footage enables you to “see” in real time just how your shoulder/hip/heel alignment lines up and helps you learn to find what the correct position should feel like. Once you can sit easily in total balance and alignment, PI then allows you to experience how an adjustment of a hip or a tilt of a torso can affect your weight.

Just as we are able to help our horse make postural changes through gymnastic training, we can also help ourselves and retrain our proprioceptive system with the right exercises. If we want our horse to engage his core and stretch his top line, it is essential that we can engage ours! If your spine isn’t aligned and stabilized by strong core muscles and your hips are stiff, it’s going to be impossible for your horse to move correctly!

Pilates, Yoga and Swiss Ball classes are all perfect for riders as they help improve the posture as well as increasing flexibility in the hips and strengthening the core. In all these classes the alignment of the spine and a neutral pelvis are a key tenet. It is this basic postural principle that can help riders understand where and how to sit in the saddle.


 home alarm security systems

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01.14.2007 | 34 Comments

These security camera systems perform a wide range of tasks, from the surveillance on out to moving objects detection in a certain area inside the premises. Depending on the intended use, security cameras can have different versions, be fitted with different controls and data processing equipment. In our review, we will examine the best security camera systems available on the market, give you some useful tips on how to make the right product choice and what aspects to focus on when picking a security camera equipped system. Wired cameras connect to security system equipment via wires. This connection type allows for connecting to an existing home network or corporate network, as well as granting access to security cameras’ control and data from various local equipment, or remotely via the Internet. High reliability and security of video data transfer to the recording equipment are the advantages of wired connection.

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01.14.2007 | 16 Comments

The memory 606 includes high speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 606, optionally, includes one or more storage devices remotely located from one or more processing units 602. The memory 606, or alternatively the non volatile memory within the memory 606, includes a non transitory computer readable storage medium. In some implementations, the memory 606, or the non transitory computer readable storage medium of the memory 606, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof: an operating system 618 including procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks;a network communication module 620 for connecting the client device 220 to other systems and devices e. g. , client devices, electronic devices, and systems connected to one or more networks 162 via one or more network interfaces 604 wired or wireless;an input processing module 622 for detecting one or more user inputs or interactions from one of the one or more input devices 614 and interpreting the detected input or interaction;one or more applications 624 for execution by the client device e.


WILDFOX COUTURE is an American vintage-inspired women’s knitwear brand. Combining great style and unsurpassed quality, Wildfox quickly gained a following amongst celebrities, trendsetters, and top retailers worldwide.

Childhood friends Emily Faulstitch and Kimberley Gordon are the creative force behind Wildfox. Inspired by sleepovers, beautiful books, fairies, dreams, vintage t-shirts, and their friendship, the young designers gave birth to a brand based on love and having fun! Things had gotton too serious in the world of fashion and it was time for a change.

Together with musician Jimmy Sommers as CEO AND President of Wildfox, the brand was officially established in Los Angeles in 2007. Today, the girls spend their time visiting vintage shops and working out of their Silverlake-area design studio where they wear their hearts on their sleeves and spread peace and love through design.


Demining FAQs

Demining with Armtrac

Sad though it is as a statement, but as of June 2016 there were only 10 nations around the world that had no involvement in armed conflict, either within their own borders or that of another, which is why demining is so important.

Frequently Asked Questions

As we are in the demining business, we have received many different questions over the years. What is it? Why is it necessary? How we can help and so on.

What is demining?

Demining is the process of removing and disarming active landmines that have been placed on or have been buried beneath the ground.

Why is it necessary?

Landmines are still scattered throughout the world, and the devastating effects of it can be seen with the casualties in the North East Nigerian conflict. Zimbabwe also has a common sight with signs stating "beware of the landmines" as these have been left over from the 1970s Liberation War. Ukraine ranks third in the world for mine-related casualties, behind Afghanistan and Syria. (BBC)

How the Demining Process Works with Landmines?

Landmines are a huge problem in many areas of the world. There are thought to be tens of millions of landmines hidden beneath the ground, which are a lethal legacy from past wars and conflicts and are now potentially liable to catch the unwary and cause crippling injuries or death. Read More

How  has technology changed mine clearance techniques?

The concept has been around as long as the concept of creating and placing mines. When military forces first introduced landmines to the battlefield, they realised that after the conflict had ended, they would need to remove them. But how has technology changed mine clearance over the years? Read More

What Maintenance and Training is Needed?

When you operate a mine clearing service, the equipment that you use is of utmost importance. But what kind of training and ongoing maintenance is required for this type of demining equipment? And how can Armtrac Ltd help you with it? Read More

What are the Benefits of a Remote Controlled Demining Machine?

Landmines are still prevalent in today’s society and are a large cause of civilian deaths across the globe. They can be activated at any time after they have been laid, whether that is 10 minutes, or 10 years afterwards and they are still just as dangerous. Read More

Why Are Demining Machines Important?

FACTS ABOUT MINES: One person is injured by a landmine every twenty minutes in Africa. Four children under the age of sixteen die every day In Afghanistan. In Angola, buried landmines cover an area 420,000 square kilometres, which is bigger than Japan. The first land mine usage is recorded in 1277. Read More

How has the Mine Clearance Machines Changed Demining?

The process of mine clearance is one used around the world to detect and remove mines and unexploded ordnance most often buried beneath the ground. Generally, it falls into two categories – military and humanitarian demining.  Both types have benefited greatly from the development of new machine equipment. Read More

How does Armtrac help with Demining?

We help by creating remote demining equipment, sometimes referred to as demining robots. These robots can help preserve human life thanks to them being able to be remotely operated and have managed to save many lives. There are many different machines that we have available, from the unmanned Armtrac 20T Robot to the large Armtrac 400.

Demining Robots, Landmine Clearing Equipment and more...

Armtrac Ltd have a range of demining robots for you to choose from, and we’ve tried to make it easier for you decide which one is right for you by listing the features of some of our products clearly so that you can make an informed decision. If you're looking for mine clearance robots to fulfill your operation needs then you've come to the right place. At Armtrac we have a range of landmine clearing equipment including many mine clearance robots to suit your requirements. Why choose us?  Read More


Invitation to a Bonfire

Adrienne Celt

$19.99 Paperback

"A tense psychological thriller and deft character study." --The Chicago Tribune

In the 1920s, Zoya Andropova, a young refugee from the Soviet Union, finds herself in the alien landscape of an elite all-girls New Jersey boarding school. Having lost her family, her home, and her sense of purpose, Zoya must now endure the malice her peers heap on scholarship students and her new country's paranoia about Russian spies. With the arrival of visiting writer and fellow Russian migr Leo Orlov--whose books Zoya has privately obsessed over for years--her luck seems poised to change, but the relationship that forms between them will put Zoya, Leo, and his calculating wife, Vera, all at risk.

Grappling with class distinctions, national allegiance, and ethical fidelity--not to mention the powerful magnetism of sex--Invitation to a Bonfire investigates how one's identity is formed, irrevocably, through a series of momentary decisions, including how to survive, who to love, and whether to pay the complicated price of happiness.

ISBN: 9781408895184
Publication Date: 27-Jun-2019
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc


Tag Archives: henry nevinson

Cadbury Chocolate Debate: Resolving Moral and Economic Contradictions

In 1901, the Cadbury company, which employed workers in Britain to make chocolate, started becoming aware of a brewing ethical crisis. Though the company prided itself on caring for its employees with Quaker hospitality, they now learned that São Tomé and Príncipé, African islands in the Portuguese Empire, were potentially using a form of labor that was effectively slavery on the cocoa farms. The drama primarily unfolded amidst the clash between the harsh reality of economic self-interest and a universal liberal moral consensus of antislavery. Ultimately, the work of investigative journalists made it untenable for Cadbury and other stakeholders to continue to triangulate between the two contradictory forces, and the forces of liberal consensus proved to be more powerful for Cadbury.

To understand how Cadbury ended up in this quagmire, it is helpful to understand that the company’s identity held contradictory elements from its beginning. The company insisted that its mission was not solely to make money, but to also model a morally superior Quaker society. Religious discrimination prevented Quakers from many areas of social and political power, but the Quakers provided support for each other, and many were able to succeed in business (Satre 14). The Cadbury family was highly involved in charity work, and aimed to build the rural village of Bournville (also the name of the factory) into a model city as part of the “Garden City movement, designed to improve the living conditions of its people” (Satre 16).

Still, even before the Cadbury debate, there were hints that this best of both worlds narrative, which portrayed the company as both morally and economically superior, was covering over disheartening contradictions. Specifically, the company often would choose money over morals. The company operated under a “marriage bar,” which forced female employees to leave upon becoming married. Cadbury justified it by explaining that “Cadbury did not want to take mothers away from their homes and children” (Newkey-Burden). Yet Cadbury employed large numbers of single women to keep expenses down, and had to separate the sexes in the factory to protect the single women. Further, many Cadbury workers could not afford the rents in Cadbury’s model village (Satre 16). These factors raise fair suspicious that Cadbury’s actions were sometimes motivated more by economic factors (i.e. young, single women could be paid less) rather than by their proclaimed moral intentions (i.e. promoting motherhood).

As the scandal burst onto the public awareness after journalist Henry Nevinson’s articles (Satre 82), Cadbury’s reputation was in a particularly vulnerable position. Its predicament was summed up well by a journal’s wry observation that “the cocao and chocolate which are turned out in this country by philanthropic manufacturers with the most scrupulous of care for the welfare of their employees, should have been grown under the most infamous and revolting conditions of murderous slavery” (Satre 83). This contrast can be displayed through a 1960 BBC video clip of Bessbrook model village (link, BBC) with images from slave condition. Bessbrook served as inspiration for Bournville, and the BBC reporter notes its “quiet dignity,” and remarks that the park and childrens playgrounds are “well-kept and free from litter”. As a goose gracefully swims in lake, the reporter nostalgically describes the bygone era in which the Quaker companies “were concerned with the social welfare of their workers.” Even after scandals of São Tomé and Príncipé, the benevolent image continued to hold its place in the public’s mind, as evidenced by the wistful mood of the video.

In contrast, Nevinson’s image (link, Nevinson) of the slaves being transported by ship encapsulates the complete disempowerment of the slaves. While the BBC video extols the parks and playgrounds, the mass of woman and their children are crowded lifelessly on the deck, with no space to leisurely roam about even if they wanted to. Only a few of the women in the picture have the energy to sit up, and of those, many appear to avert the gaze of the camera, perhaps in shame. The two women who do make eye contact appear mournfully resigned to their predicament.

The advertisement for Cadbury provides another contrasting example. Two woman happily look down at the expansive, well-manicured soccer field that the children are playing on (link, Wilson). The field is surrounded by impressive architecture of Cadbury, perhaps signifying the benevolently paternalistic ethos of Cadbury. The women appear pleased to be contributing members of the model society, and their lively children on the soccer field contrast sharply with the hapless children resting in the laps of the women slaves.

Not only was slavery against the proclaimed morals of the Quaker’s, but the major players in the debate were united, at least ostensibly, in a liberal moral consensus of antislavery. Slavery had already been officially banned in both the British and Portuguese empires, so the debate was not over a moral dispute about slavery, but over a dispute of fact (Satre 2). Portugal claimed that the native laborers were voluntarily entering five year labor contracts, but Nevinson brought forth evidence the Portuguese system of “contract labor” was effectively the same as slavery (Satre 7).

Portugal’s insistence on its own propriety had a practical effect of constraining its ability to reign in threats such as Nevinson. Even though the “slave traders were aware of Nevinson’s presence and purpose” (Satre 5), he was allowed to proceed in peace (except for a poisoning incident which was possibly intentional). Instead of actively confronting Nevinson, slave traders avoided Nevinson by taking alternative paths, camouflaging the slaves as carriers, and taking other steps to disguise their practices (Satre 5). Since the Portuguese insisted they had nothing to hide, they even promoted visits to a “‘model’ plantation in São Tomé, ‘a show-place for the intelligent foreigner or for the Portuguese shareholder who feels qualms as he banks his dividends” (Satre 10). Nevinson was not impressed with the “model” plantation, especially when the doctor admitted a twelve to fourteen percent annual death rate, with the chief cause being “‘anaemia’ brought on by ‘unhappiness’” (Satre 10).

When Cadbury company decided to send William Burtt as a representative to investigate the allegations of slavery, the Portuguese not only tolerated Burtt, but actually consistently displayed hospitality to him (Higgs 141). As Cadbury negotiated with the Portuguese over reforms to the labor system, the Portuguese emphasized that they shared the company’s “‘liberal and humane sentiment’”(Higgs 141). While the Portuguese might have secretly wished to forcefully end the investigations from Nevinson and Burtt, their options were limited by their official stance of antislavery.

Cadbury was rightfully fearful of the consequences of the public outrage generated by journalists such as Nevinson. It was a “public relations nightmare” for the firm, with consumers mailing Cadbury with comments such as “You pious Frauds” (Higgs 153). The public image fallout even impacted the members of a jury, in which they ruled in favor of Cadbury’s libel lawsuit against a critical article, but only rewarded one farthing (one quarter of a penny) in damages, strongly implying their lack of sympathy for the company (Higgs 152). While a cynical interpretation is that companies and countries only act in their own self-interest, journalists such as Nevinson demonstrate that when journalists are allowed to do their jobs, the public has a chance to demand changes to the status quo.

Works Cited

Satre, Lowell. 2005. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics, and the Ethics of Business.

Higgs, Catherine. 2012. Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa

Wilson, An. 2010. How the Cadbury family of the Victorian age would put today’s fat cats to shame

Nevinson, Henry. 1906. A Modern Slavery

Newkey-Burden, Chas . 2018.Who were the Cadbury Angels?

BBC Roving Reporter, 1960. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOCne_jgJlA

Cocoa and Corruption: The Darker Side of Cadbury’s Business Practices

By the late 19th century, Cadbury had become a renowned chocolate manufacturer and humanitarian enterprise with a model factory in Bournville providing accommodating working conditions (Coe and Coe 242). However, Cadbury was soon swept into a controversy surrounding claims of slavery on São Tomé and Principe, one of the firm’s major suppliers of cacao. The documentation of Joseph Burtt, who was appointed by Cadbury to visit São Tomé, was not published until almost a decade after William Cadbury first learned of slave labor in the islands. This delay as well as the firm’s deferment of boycotting São Toméan cocoa brings to question the company’s business ethics. Ethical scrutiny should extend not only to the Cadbury corporation but also to the Portuguese and British political bodies; however, a principal cause of the delayed and arduous path to reform stemmed from Cadbury’s prioritization of business incentives over moral practices.

Cadbury’s model factory in Bournville provided adequate housing and hospitable facilities (Cadbury). The idealistic working conditions of Cadbury workers in Britain were a stark contrast to the brutal labor practices on cacao plantations in São Tomé, where enslaved people provided cacao for major British chocolate firms.

British journalist Henry Nevinson traveled to Africa in 1904 and helped expose the unethical practices of cacao labor. The servicais, or “contracted laborers,” in São Tomé were actually slaves brought from Angola; although a Portuguese decree of 1903 required the option of repatriation after a five year labor contract, none of them actually returned to Angola (Satre 8-9). Plantation owners paid their laborers less than what was required by the decree and renewed their contracts without consulting the servicais; the Portuguese government, unconcerned by these breaches of law, were often encouraging Angolan natives to commit crimes so they could be enslaved, furthering the government’s economic self-interest through the money-making benefits of the slave trade (Satre 8, 11). Not only did the Portuguese deny slavery, British authorities also seemed to refrain from thorough investigations, perhaps because Britain depended on labor in the islands (Off 60). Both Portuguese and British authority figures were driven by the economical benefits of facilitating, rather than obstructing, slave labor practices.

Henry Nevinson actively reported on the slave labor he had witnessed in Portuguese West Africa (Wikimedia Commons). His outspokenness was often unfavored by the Cadburys, who believed explicit coverage of slavery would complicate the chocolate company’s business incentives or the Foreign Office’s diplomatic approaches to Portugal.

slaves to sao tome
Though called “indentured servants,” enslaved Angolans were forcibly brought to São Tomé to work on cacao plantations under dire conditions, for the benefit of companies like Cadbury (Nevinson).

In contrast to Nevinson, who published reports on slavery immediately after returning to Britain, the Cadburys took considerably more time in taking action (Satre 12). When William Cadbury visited Trinidad in early 1901, he heard claims of slave labor in São Tomé and traveled to Lisbon in 1903 to investigate. Despite hearing from some Portuguese plantation owners that the decree of 1903 would end labor abuses, missionaries to Africa and British authorities strongly doubted the new decree would mediate any genuine reform (Satre 23-24). Despite testimony confirming brutal labor, William provided an optimistic report to his firm: “I cannot but feel that things are going to mend a little … the onus of this will lie on the British” (Satre 24). When appointing an agent to investigate the situation in Portuguese West Africa, the Cadburys chose the rather incompetent Joseph Burtt over more experienced yet more outspoken researchers such as Nevinson (Satre 32). The fact that Burtt was encouraged to approach plantation owners amicably and spent almost two years traveling in Africa imply that the ordeal was not perceived as a significantly pressing issue (Satre 32).

slave quarters
Slave Quarters in São Tomé – English chocolate manufacturers like Cadbury were indirectly employing one-third of the slaves on São Tomé (Nevinson, Satre 82).

Cadbury may have stalled for time to secure an alternative cocoa supplier through the help of their cocoa buyer Edward Thackray, who began his research shortly after William heard of the slave labor in 1901 (Higgs 135). This may explain why the Cadburys agreed to the British Foreign Office’s suggestion to delay the publication of Joseph Burtt’s documentation (Satre 92-93). During this delay, the Foreign Office tried to amicably push the Portuguese towards reform, and Thackray escalated his search (Higgs 135). This delay may have also benefited the British government, which was wary about aggravating the Portuguese, key trading partners who could provide cheap labour forces for their holdings in Africa (e.g. diamond mines in Transvaal) (Off 65-66). For Cadbury and the British Foreign Office, a cautionary approach would help preserve their standings as business or economic powerhouses.

William Cadbury persistently rejected suggestions by Nevinson and others to boycott São Toméan cocoa, placing economic reasons at the fore of his argument; boycotting would ruin Cadbury’s buying influence and the valuable cocoa would be “very readily absorbed by other nations” (Higgs 137). Newspapers criticized Cadbury, and the company chose to sue the Standard for libel. Before their trial in 1909, William traveled to São Tomé, though the primary reason for this voyage may have been to confirm cocoa export possibilities in the Gold Coast. In his 1910 diary entry, Nevinson recorded a conversation between cocoa traders implying Cadbury had to verify Gold Coast production capacities before cutting ties with São Tomé (Off 71). Only after William’s trip did Cadbury decide to stop buying São Toméan cocoa, for an alternative source had been secured (Off 69). Almost a decade had passed since William first learned about the slave labor, and the business implications of this could only be magnified during the prosecution of the Standard trial; Cadbury had imported £1.3 million ($6.3 million) worth of São Toméan cocoa between 1901 and 1908 (Higgs 151). Cadbury had partaken in the investigation of slave labor on São Tomé but profit and quality of cocoa came first and foremost.

burtt documentation
Burtt’s documentation was not published for the British public until 1910, almost a decade after William Cadbury first learned of São Toméan slavery (Internet Archive). This adds to the controversy of whether Cadbury was truly proactive in mediating reform in cacao labor practices.

Cadbury had also attempted to discourage Nevinson from publishing another report on slavery, and The Daily News, owned by George Cadbury, remained quite reticent on the subject of São Tomé (Satre 82). This further implies that Cadbury was concerned with the effects on chocolate sales if more explicit coverage of São Tomé was released to the public (Higgs 151). The years Cadbury spent on silence or reliance on the British government cannot excuse the abuse or death of thousands of laborers while the company continued to profit from the cocoa sourced from São Tomé. Had it not been for individuals such as Nevinson, who favored “publicity, not silence,” the public’s awareness of cacao slave labor would have been limited (Satre 85). Had Cadbury provided an example by boycotting sooner and working with British authorities to press the Portuguese in a more threatening rather than cautious manner, reforms may have come sooner. In actuality, nearly a decade passed and Cadbury’s cautionary approach did not lead to substantial reform, as slavery persisted and the Portuguese continued to abuse their power to operate unfair labor practices (Higgs 153). The slow path to reform surely stems in part from corruptive flaws within the Portuguese and British political systems; however, Cadbury also shared a significant responsibility through their inclination to place their business before all else. For Cadbury, divided between jeopardizing their economic prospects and tainting their philanthropic reputation, securing other sources of cocoa was pivotal for their business success. This case study of Cadbury offers perspective into pressing labor problems even today, such as child labor and human trafficking; when political, economic, and moral issues become intertwined, it is critical that we ethically prioritize and preserve the welfare of human beings.

Works Cited

An LMS Railways Advertisement – Bournville. Cadbury. Cadbury. https://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-storyAccessed 4 March 2017.

Coe, Sophie, and Michael Coe. The True History of Chocolate. 3rd ed., Thames & Hudson, 2013.

Henry Wood Nevinson. Library of Congress. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons .wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Woodd_Nevinson_(1856-1941)_circa_1915.jpg. Accessed 5 March 2017.

Labour in Portuguese West Africa. Claire T. Carney Library. Internet Archive. https://archive.org /details/labourinportugue00cadbAccessed 5 March 2017.

Martin, Carla. “Lecture 6: Slavery, Abolition, and Forced Labor.” Chocolate, Culture and the Politics of Food. Harvard University: Cambridge, MA. 1 March 2017. Lecture.

Nevinson, Henry. Slaves on Ship, Wearing Tin Disk and Cylinder. Photograph. “The Slave-Trade of To-day: Part VI.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, Jan. 1906, pp. 237-246.

Nevinson, Henry. Slave-Quarters on a Plantation. Photograph. “The Slave-Trade of To-day: Conclusion.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, Feb. 1906, pp. 327-337.

Off, Carol. Bitter Chocolate: Anatomy of an Industry. The New Press, 2006.

Satre, Lowell. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics, and the Ethics of Business. Ohio University Press, 2005.

Cadbury: Business vs. Morality

Cadbury chocolates was founded by the grocer John Cadbury in 1824. He ran a shop that sold assorted goods, including cocoa and drinking chocolate. As a Quaker he frowned on the consumption of alcohol and sought to promote alternatives that would fit the healthy, happy society he envisioned. It’s out of this desire that the Cadbury family’s partnership with chocolate was born (“The Story”).

In 1861 John’s sons Richard and George took over the family business, which had expanded with the purchase of a large factory and now sold many types of drinking chocolate. When the rapidly growing company outsized that factory in the 1870s the Cadburys conceived of a new type of factory ground, a place that could house their growing workforce while embodying their Quaker ideals. They would build grounds for their workers outside the polluted air of the city and provide amenities that would help their workers live happy, healthy lives. They called this factory Bournville (“The Story”).lightbox_image_0016_12_gardenvilliageofbourneville_c

This peaceful village centered around the Quaker ideals of health and family was a bold reflection of the beliefs the Cadbury family held dear. But at its heart the Cadbury company is a business, and in 1901 the same brothers who had poetically professed that “No man ought to be condemned to live in a place where a rose cannot grow” (“The Story”) as they built an airy village for their European workers learned that the cacao they imported from off the western coast of Africa, from the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, was being produced by enslaved workers living in destitute conditions. And for the next 8 years they sat in silence and through their continued business were complicit in slavery.

Children playing in Bournville, 1893

The Cadburys (and many other chocolatiers) were reliant on São Tomé and Principe as a steady source of good quality cacao. Joseph Burtt reports that in the early 1900s about one-fifth of the world’s cacao supply came from São Tomé and Principe (Cadbury 106). The islands were originally seized by Portugal in the 15th century because they had favorable conditions for sugarcane farming. Portugal was at the time encouraging the spread of slave-manned plantation farming along the Atlantic islands as part of an effort to solidify their trade route around Africa to Asia (Mintz 31). This tradition of slavery was maintained after its formal abolition with the establishment of the seviçal system.

Seviçaes were workers taken from the interior countries of Africa (most often from Angola) and made to sign a contract stating they were willingly to work on a Portuguese plantation for 5 years, with the option to re-sign the contract after it expired. These workers were often abducted from their villages and, when presented with the contract, not provided with a translator to let them know what they were agreeing to. The conditions they worked under and the number of workers who attempted to flee their plantations confirms that seviçaes were really slaves (Nevinson 670).

Screenshot_2016-03-11-20-27-06-1 (2)
Photograph of a girl sold into slavery, included in one of Henry Nevinson’s reports

John Cadbury’s grandson William was helping to run the company when, according to historian Catherine Higgs, he came across a catalog for property in São Tomé that listed men for sale alongside cattle and equipment (Higgs 9). He realized Cadbury may have been buying cacao produced with slave labor. In response, William hired the researcher Joseph Burtt to investigate this instance and other rumors of slavery on the island. Burtt spent some months in Portugal learning the language then headed to Africa on June 1, 1905 (Cadbury 103). After spending five and a half months on São Tomé and Principe he came to the unequivocal conclusion that the seviçal system constituted slave labor.

In 1907 William Cadbury and Joseph Burtt compiled a report of their findings called Labour in Portuguese West Africa and sent it to their fellow British chocolatiers and England’s secretary of state. But Cadbury, despite the care that went into providing for their European workers, continued to support Portuguese plantations and did not widely release this information (Higgs 150).

In 1905 the British journalist Henry Nevinson went to São Tomé and Principe to investigate the rumors of slavery on the islands. In 1906 he published several reports that went into great detail confirming the allegations in Harper’s Magazine.

These two reports, though both confirming that the seviçal system is one of slavery, offer differing perspectives on the culture that surrounds that slavery. Nevinson’s articles use strong language to condemn the treatment of the enslaved. When he covers corporeal punishment he describes scenes of abuse without reservation, like in the following excerpt:

An Englishman coming down from the interior last African winter, was roused at night by loud cries in a Portuguese trading house at Mashiko. In the morning he found that a slave had been ﬂogged, and tied to a tree in the cold all night. He was a man who had only lately lost his liberty, and was undergoing the process which the Portuguese call “taming,” as applied to new slaves who are sullen and show no pleasure in the advantages of their position.”

(Nevinson 675)

William Cadbury and Joseph Burtt, on the other hand, bent to pressure from the Portuguese government and were careful to word their report in an inoffensive manner. They wanted to end slavery, but apparently not at the cost of their trade relations. After attending a conference between São Tomé proprietors and British chocolatiers in which talks of emancipation were stonewalled (Cadbury 147), Burtt added an amendment to a section in the report on the use of corporal punishment against the enslaved. His take on the abuse of the slaves ends softly and apologetically as he writes:

I wish to state that the paragraph in my report headed “Punishments” is constructed in a manner that may convey an impression not entirely just to the Propreitors of S. Thomé plantations.

Will you therefore kindly make the following addition to the report as presented to you on July 14, 1907 :–

“Though convinced of the very common occurrence of corporeal punishment in spite of the restrictions of the law, I am sure that on the best estates this is against the wish of the proprietors, and is one of those abuses that repatriation will quickly check.

“I should also like to state that I have evidence of the fairness of the Government Curator, and know that from time to time he visits the estates, including those in the most distant parts of the island.”

Yours faithfully,

Joseph Burtt”

(Cadbury 113)

Cadbury withheld from boycotting cacao from São Tomé and Principe until 1909, after facing a run of bad press substantiated by Henry Nevinson’s reporting and multiple refusals from the Portuguese government to reform their practices (Martin). Their Quaker ideals led them to build a revolutionary and humane workplace in England, but their beliefs would not stretch to include the welfare of the enslaved Africans harvesting their cacao until they were prodded into action.

Works Cited

Higgs, Catherine. Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio UP, 2012. Print.

Martin, Carla D. Chocolate, Culture, and the Politics of Food.  Harvard Extension School: Cambridge, MA. 3 March 2016. Class Lecture.

Nevinson, Henry W. “The Slave-Trade of To-Day.” Harper’s Magazine 1 Jan. 1905: 668-76. Google Books. Web. 9 Mar. 2016. <https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=flowAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA668>.

“The Story.” Cadbury. Cadbury, n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2016. <https://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-story>.


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Rosemary Essential Oil

BOTANICAL NAME: Rosmarinus (Latin name ros - dew and marinus - of the sea) officinalis

EXTRACTION: Steam distillation

DESCRIPTION: Rosemary, or Rosmarinus officinalis, is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean and Asia. The plant itself is a small, hardy, evergreen shrub with fragrant green needles. It produces white, pink, purple, or blue flowers and is relatively hardy in cooler climates. Rosemary was sacred to ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. Myths recount that Virgin Mary spread her blue cloak over a white-flowered rosemary bush, turning the flowers blue, giving this bush the name "Rose of Mary." Rosemary has a rich history and use in Folklore as well as traditional medicine. In the Middle Ages it became known as the love charm as brides, grooms and guests would wear a sprig of rosemary when attending wedding ceremonies. It was also said to improve memory, aid with paralyzation, and treat gout many hundreds of years ago. The essential oil is extracted by steam distilling the small, green leaves. The compound that is derived from this process contains a number of phytochemicals responsible for its therapeutic properties. The essential oil also contains camphor, a chemical compound delivering healing properties such as its ability to heal, soothe and treat many skin conditions. The oil is colourless or pale yellow and has a fresh and herbaceous scent.

KEY COMPONENTS: A-pinene, b-pinene, borneol, camphor, bornyl acetate, camphene, 1, 8-cineole, limonene

FOUND IN: Touchy Feely Bubble Bath, Touchy Feely Body Lotion, Touchy Feely Hand Soap


Embedded World 2019 Conference Talk

At Embedded World I gave a talk on embedded security. There was also an associated paper, and I’m now making those available. I’ve also duplicated the paper contents in this blog post for your ease of access.

Download Slides (PPTX):

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ABSTRACT: As interconnected devices proliferate, security of those devices becomes more important. Two critical attacks can bypass many standard security mechanisms. These attacks are broadly known as side-channel attacks & fault injection attacks. This paper will introduce side-channel power analysis and fault injection attacks and their relevance to embedded systems. Examples of attacks are given, along with a short discussion of countermeasures and effectiveness. The use of open-source tools is highlighted, allowing the reader the chance to better understand these attacks with hands-on examples.

Side-channel attacks are the broad class given to attacks which rely on “additional information” that is accidentally leaked. A variety of such side-channels exist, such as the time an algorithm takes to execute can betray information about the code paths taken in the algorithm. Of great interest to embedded developers is side channel power analysis, first introduced by Kocher et al. in 1999 [1]. This attack takes advantage of a small piece of information – the data being processed by a system affects the power consumption of that system. This allows us to break advanced cryptography systems such as recovering an AES-256 key in a matter of minutes. These attacks do not rely on substantial resources – they can be performed with commodity hardware and for less than $50. A second class of attack will be known as fault injection attacks. They allow us to modify the program flow of code, which can cause a variety of security flaws to be exploited. This paper will briefly introduce those two methods of attacks and discuss how engineers can understand them to develop effective countermeasures.

Power Analysis for Algorithm Flow

The most basic form of power analysis attack is simple power analysis. In this method we will extract information about the algorithm flow. This could be used to directly extract key bits where changes in program flows reveal key information (such as with RSA), but can also be used to extract information such as timing that simplifies further attacks. Observe a simple password check which checks a byte of the password at a time. The execution time through this algorithm would reveal which password byte was incorrect, allowing an attacker the ability to quickly brute-force the algorithm. A password of ADBC would entail only the guess sequence “A/A..B..C..D/A..B../A..B…C” to find the correct password, as once the correct letter is found for one digit the guess algorithm can move onto the next digit.

Such an attack could be performed from the communications protocol. But many systems will add a random delay before returning the results. With power analysis we could see the unique signatures in the power trace, as in Figure 1. Fig. 1. A simple password check shows how many iterations through the loop we took.

Figure 1: Loop Iterations in the Power Trace

These power measurement examples are taken with the ChipWhisperer project. Here the power measurements are done by inserting a shunt resistor into the device power pin, and using the fact that a change in current will cause a change in voltage across the resistor. The decoupling capacitors are removed in this example to provide a clean signal. This is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The ChipWhisperer-Lite Platform is used for Power Analysis and Fault injection.

Note that using an EM probe could also provide a useful signal. An EM probe takes advantage of the fact a changing current through the device generates a changing EM signature, allowing the power analysis to succeed without requiring changes to the circuit board.

Power Analysis for Data Extraction

Besides understanding program flow, we can also directly extract data on internal busses. This allows recovery of keying material for algorithms such as AES-128. This works by taking advantage of the fact that changing the internal data bus is equivalent to charging or discharging a capacitor. Setting two data bits on the bus to ‘1’ takes more power than setting one data bit on the bus to ‘1’. This is not just a theoretical consideration – Figure 3 shows the power usage of a device processing data with differing Hamming weights (HW). These measurements were performed on a real hardware platform (ChipWhiperer-Lite), and is something you can easily confirm yourself.

Figure 3: Showing Multiple Hamming Weights

We don’t even claim to need knowledge of the exact Hamming weight. We look for just the linear relationship between a Hamming weight and the power consumption, as you can see in Figure 4 where I’ve plotted the value of sample point 978 for various Hamming weights. Note that there is a very strong linear relationship, and this linear relationship exists only when the correct data-point was chosen.

Figure 4: Hamming Weight vs Power Measurement

How does this help us break cryptography? Consider the full AES algorithm, shown in Figure 5. A byte of the secret key is XOR’d with a byte of the input data (AddRoundKey operation), and passed through a substitution box (SubBytes operation). This is repeated for each of the successive bytes. Note that despite the large key size of AES, this operation occurs a single byte at a time. We can take advantage of the correlation between the Hamming weight at the output of the S-Box and power usage of the device by trying to find this linear relationship in the power trace.

Fig 5. The full AES algorithm starts with an XOR of the Key (AddRoundKey) before performing a lookup table operation.

Rather than having known data and plotting it to find the exact location of this linear relationship, we look for any point in the power trace showing that linear relationship. The only way this linear relationship would exist is if our data was the actual data processed on the hardware – that means both the secret key and input data we use to calculate the Hamming weights are the actual ones processed by the device. Since we could assume we know the input data, we have to only perform a guess of a single byte at a time of the secret key. This allows recovery of the secret key in a very short period of time, assuming no protections are present on the device.

Fault Injection Attacks

Fault injection attacks allow one to bypass security mechanisms. The most basic example would be to consider an authentication check. If one could bypass that check, there would be no need to break the cryptography at all. This would allows us to trick the system into loading the incorrect data, as the signature verification step is completely ignored. Fault injection typically allows us to achieve this. There are many ways of performing it, the most common are clock glitching, voltage glitching, and electromagnetic fault injection (EMFI). Clock glitching relies on inserting very narrow clock edges near the “actual” clock edge (see Figure 6). These clock edges cause setup & hold times to be violated internally, which allows incorrect data to be propagated through the system. The exact effect varies based on timing, but for example this could cause an instruction load to be skipped, an instruction to be changed into another instruction, incorrect data to be saved, or register flags to not be written. Voltage glitching inserts waveforms into the power supply of the target. These could be generated using very simple methods, such as shorting the power pins together for very short periods of times (nS to uS). More complex faults could be achieved using a waveform generator and amplifier for example, or an analog multiplexor to switch between two or more voltage levels.

Figure 6: A glitchy clock inserts a clock edge into the regular clock at a fixed distance from the edge

Finally electromagnetic glitching uses a strong current introduced into a coil near the target device. This causes voltages to be induced in the target device, and can cause similar effects to the previous fault injection methods. In addition, this can corrupt directly SRAM data, and not just change the state of dynamic data in-flight.

EMFI Through the Enclosure

An interesting application of EMFI is that it can be performed through the enclosure of the device. Consider the Trezor bitcoin wallet for example. It contains a STM32F205 microcontroller located ~1mm below the surface of the device. This allows EMFI to target the device without opening the enclosure, as in Figure 7. One critical piece of information stored inside the flash memory of this chip is the “recovery seed”, and knowledge of that seed would allow someone to recover the data stored within it.

The ChipSHOUTER EMFI platform is used to inject a fault directly through the enclosure of the Trezor wallet.

We can use FI to cause the data to be returned to us on demand. This takes advantage of the implementation of how a USB control read is performed for reading some of the USB descriptors. The critical section of the code is shown in Figure 8. A user requests a specific descriptor, and as part of the USB standard the user requests an expect number of bytes. The USB stack then returns up to requested number of bytes, but can return less if the requested data structure is smaller. The data structure in question for this code is 146 bytes, but we could freely request up to 0xFFFF bytes. The Trezor will not return 0xFFFF bytes as the data structure is only 146 bytes, so no exploit exists. But we can use FI to inject a fault at the moment the length comparison is done, and cause the wallet to return the full 0xFFFF bytes. In this case critical security data lies in flash memory after the descriptors, allowing us to easily read out this critical data.

Figure 8: The MIN() macro call can be glitched to always return the incorrect *len result, which comes from a user-supplied value.

The location of the fault injection requires some search and a degree of luck. The processing of the USB command is not time-definite due to jitter resulting from the queue. But the result of this is that a single successful glitch can cause a successful dump of the recovery information. A low success rate is meaningless if we can perform thousands of tries relatively quickly, as is the case for this specific device.

Countermeasures and Secure Design

A variety of techniques are available to reduce the impact of the attacks outlined here. Blindly applying the techniques is insufficient to guarantee successful countermeasures, as many platform and device specific implementation details can impact their effectiveness. The first step in developing secure systems must be to understand how the attacks work, so you can validate countermeasures.

Instrumentation Setup

Setup of an instrumented environment is the first step in applying countermeasures. While it may be possible to instrument your exact end product, you may find it easier to instrument a development board or even use special-purpose hardware for this. The open-source ChipWhisperer project contains a variety of example targets using various microcontrollers and FPGAs for example. An example setup is shown in Figure 2.

This instrumented setup represents the “worst case” for performing analysis of your product. In this setup the attack has debug access, knowledge of code, and ability to easily perform power measurements or fault injection attacks. While such level of access may be unrealistic, it provides an upper bound on your security solution. If the unprotected AES implementation can be broken in 30 seconds using the instrumented setup, you should not have high confidence in the overall usefulness of it.

Side Channel Countermeasures

The most useful side-channel countermeasure is to avoid including sensitive information that could be leaked. The reuse of a symmetric key across all your products is a prime example of a perfect target for side-channel analysis. Use of key derivation, or unique keys based on something like a physically unclonable function (PUF) would make sidechannel analysis have limited applicability.

The actual cryptographic implementations vary in sidechannel resistance as well. Use of implementations with proven side-channel resistance can be another option. Be wary of “claimed” side-channel resistance without any validation done, as many libraries where designers have implemented untested countermeasures have proven to have heavy sidechannel leaks at a future time.

Fault Injection Countermeasures

Fault injection countermeasures involve several areas. First, many devices have error detection circuitry that can be enabled. Ensuring exceptions on clock instability and memory corruption get caught and logged can be useful in reducing an attack success rate. The use of multiple checks complicates many fault injection attacks. Rather than performing a simple basic comparison, one can perform the comparison multiple times. This comparison should have a default “safe” option – for example rather than comparing for a “true” value in C, one should compare for a specific flag. Comparing to a “true” value in C is highly vulnerable to fault injection, since any corruption of that register that results in a non-zero value being loaded will result in a successful attack.

Prevention of memory dump attacks has multiple solutions. The simple Trezor attack demonstrated earlier could have been prevented in several ways. First, the maximum transfer the lower-level USB stack supports could have been limited. The control endpoint never needed to transfer such large information back, so a mask could have been applied to limit the return data size to 256 bytes or similar. Since the attacker did not have control over the starting location of the dump, the information dumped would have been limited.

Another protection against memory dumping would have been to use the memory management/protection unit (depending on device), and have “trap” memory sections. These traps exist around sensitive data, or at least after sections of data returned to a user. A buffer over-read will run into a trap, and trigger this protection.

Embedded system designers need to carefully consider advanced attacks such as side-channel power analysis and fault injection. These attacks are practical and a designer of a secure system can expect them to be used against their system. The availability of open-source tools including hardware and software leaves no reason for developers to ignore these attacks, as they can easily instrument their designs to perform the attacks on them.

[1] Kocher, P. C., Jaffe, J., & Jun, B. (1999). Differential power analysis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 388-397

[2] Brier E., Clavier C., Olivier F. (2004) Correlation Power Analysis with a Leakage Model. In: Joye M., Quisquater JJ. (eds) Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems – CHES 2004.

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Interpreting unfolded protein response signalling related cell death in plant cell

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Oral Presentation Plant Biology and Agricultural Modelling Placeholder

Jia Yu

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a vital part for functional protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. ER stress is caused by over-accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, which are massively produced in dysfunctional protein synthesis, in the ER lumen. For a plant cell, ER stress can be induced by various environment factors, such as abiotic stress, saline stress and heat stress. At the same time, unfolded protein response (UPR) is an essential defensive mechanism in plant cells to alleviate ER stress.

Unlike the UPR in mammalian cells, only two pathways have been identified: IRE1$\alpha/\beta$ and bZIP28 pathway. Both IRE1$\alpha/\beta$ and bZIP28 are ER stress sensors on the ER membrane. IRE1$\alpha/\beta$ is activated when sensing the accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER lumen and then catalyse the splicing of bZIP60 mRNA. Spliced bZIP60 mRNA will finally be translated to bZIP60 transcription factor. For bZIP28, when activated, it will dissociate from the ER membrane and then be cleaved by protease at Golgi before turning to a transcription factor. The transcription factor bZIP60 and bZIP28 can then initiate the transcription of a group of UPR genes. A molecular chaperone gene BiP is one of the typical UPR genes and BiP protein can help alleviate ER stress by refolding the badly folded proteins in the ER lumen.

In recent researches, ER stress was found to be linked with plant programmed cell death (PCD). Under prolonged ER stress, plant cells would finally go to PCD by showing caspase-like activity in the cell. Additionally, more evidences were presented to link ER stress and plant PCD, one important transcription factor, NAC089, was found not only to be involved in UPR signalling (controlled by both bZIP60 and bZIP28), but also could promote PCD for the plant cells. So the role of NAC089 in plant cells could potentially be the deciding factor of the cell fate. We used both experimental and computational method to further understand the UPR in plant cells and the role of NAC089 plays under ER stress. We first present the functions of cathepsin B and proteasome under ER stress, which are more evidences about the link between ER stress and plant PCD. Next, we present a novel mathematical model about the UPR signalling, including NAC089 in plant cell with ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We also use both algebraic and numerical method to analyse our UPR model.

To have an insight of the survival and PCD for Arabidopsis, we present our data using different experimental systems. We also show the designing of an original `Time-Dose' matrix method for plant seedling system, which shows clear seedling phenotype difference using different ER stress conditions. Finally, we use our UPR model to compare the transcript changes with experimental data and find that our UPR model still needs improvement although it makes some promising predictions.

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