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The essence of the anodization process is the buildup of an oxide coating, which on aluminum and its alloys has a protective function against environmental influences. Another name is anodic oxidation. In addition, oxidation is used to increase the aesthetics of the appearance of products.

Surface defects are eliminated - small scratches, small chips. You can simulate the coating with precious metals or increase the adhesive properties. The coating can be applied not only at the factory, but also at home.

Anodizing aluminum at home is very popular among home craftsmen. In products subjected to anodic oxidation, the resistance of the protective coating increases.

General Anodization Technology

Aluminum anodizing technology is similar to galvanic processing. The deposition of ions of solution oxides on the workpiece occurs in a liquid electrolyte at high or low temperatures. The use of a heated solution is possible in industrial plants, where there is the possibility of careful monitoring and regulation of voltage and current in automatic mode.

At home, they usually use the cold method. This method is quite simple, does not require constant monitoring, and equipment and supplies are available. To prepare the solution, you can use the electrolyte used in lead automotive batteries. It is sold in every car shop.

The high strength of the protective oxide film depends on its thickness, which at home is obtained by processing in a cold solution. The increase is made by stepwise regulation of the operating current.

Black oxidation of aluminum refers to color anodizing. Black color is obtained in two stages. First, a colorless film is applied by electrolysis, and then the workpiece is placed with a salt solution of acids. Depending on the acid, the color can range from pale brass to deep black. Black aluminum is widely used in construction and decoration.

Security questions

To conduct high-quality anodizing at home is not difficult. It is safer and more convenient to do this work on the street or balcony. During the process, you will find several health hazards.

Acid is a very caustic thing. Although it is in a very dilute form and causes only slight itching when it comes into contact with the skin, it can cause serious injuries if it gets into your eyes! Therefore, it is advisable to work in safety glasses when anodizing and always have a bucket of water or a weak soda solution on hand.

During the anodizing procedure, oxygen is released at the anode, and hydrogen is released at the cathode. After mixing these gases, they form a known explosive gas, which, in principle, is the same dynamite. Therefore, when anodizing indoors, you can die from the first spark.

Technology Overview

The anodizing process consists of several technological steps, including mechanical and chemical preparation, the direct creation of a coating and, if necessary, the correction and refinement of the product. Primary machining is carried out in order to eliminate scratches, scratches, dents and other defects on the surface that will not allow to perform the operation qualitatively. In particular, color anodizing of aluminum requires maximum smoothness of the surfaces of the workpiece, which will allow it to give a natural shine with reflux. Processing is done by grinding and polishing, but large abrasives should be discarded. The best option would be felt and felt circles. Already at this stage, it is possible to envisage elements of chemical preparation - for example, Viennese lime or the same aluminum oxide is used as polishing pastes. Sometimes chemical electro-polishing is also performed on special equipment.

As for direct chemical preparation, it is carried out through the operations of degreasing, etching and clarification. Already in the process of anodizing, coloring or compaction can be carried out. Again, in the domestic sphere, this processing method is more often used for decorative color changes. Anodizing aluminum allows you to endow the workpiece with light gray, black, red, blue and other shades. A separate category of palettes is occupied by imitating colors - for example, with the effect of aging or “under the bronze”.

Electrolyte Preparation

At home, as already mentioned, due to the limited availability of chemical materials, it is necessary to use simplified methods of organizing the process. The main compromise is at the stage of electrolyte preparation. Most often, home craftsmen use a solution of sulfuric acid diluted in distilled water for such purposes. You can limit yourself to tap water, but color anodizing of aluminum in this case can turn out to be of poor quality - in particular, with obvious signs of uneven coating. Only distilled liquid will ensure the distribution of the optimal current density over the entire surface of the part.

Sulfuric acid can be purchased at car dealerships. It is sold openly for charging battery packs with electrolytic mixture. You should buy compositions for lead batteries, which are sold in a diluted state with a density of about 1.27 grams per 1 m3. Mix this acid with distilled water in a ratio of 1: 1. That is, when preparing an electrolyte with filling a 10-liter bath, a 5 liter canister of sulfuric acid and the same amount of clean water will be required. And already at the stage of diluting the two components, it is worth considering the safety technique with which the anodizing of aluminum is performed. At home, without special protection, you can get burns in the process of mixing water and sulfuric acid. A sharp addition of liquid to an aggressive environment will provoke boiling with the release of spray. Therefore, it is important to organize the addition of water to acid so that the water pours slowly and in a thin stream.

Preparing anodizing containers

Anodizing is carried out in a container with electrolyte, the preparation of which should be tackled in a separate order. For large structures or parts, you need to use a bathtub, also made of aluminum. Small-sized workpieces are processed in containers, pots or basins, which can be made of plastic. Sometimes containers that are unsuitable for their characteristics are additionally covered with sheets of this metal. It is optimal if the bottom and walls are hermetically covered with an aluminum layer. This will allow you to evenly distribute the current, covering all sides of the workpiece. Further, the container should be insulated already from the outside. The fact is that anodizing aluminum at home does not allow you to accurately control the thermal regime of the container body and its contents. Therefore, it is necessary to pre-warm the structure using foam plastic with a thickness of 2-3 cm. If you plan to regularly use anodizing, you can prepare a special bath with fixation on a profile sealed frame and fill with mounting foam.

At the final stage of preparation of the tank, a lead cathode is made, which will be connected to the bathroom. In this part, it should be borne in mind that the area of the electrical element should be twice as large as the target area of anodizing aluminum. With your own hands, the cathode can be made of sheet lead, removed from the protective sheath of a thick cable. Also, small holes should be provided in this element that will allow gas to be released during processing.

Part fixing

Before starting the anodizing process, the part must be firmly fixed on the suspension devices for a more dense electrical contact. It is recommended to use aluminum structures or alloys based on titanium with duralumin as suspension devices. The fastening itself can be done using screw or spring clamping mechanisms. For additional insurance, aluminum tight wire is often used. Parts of the structure that will not participate in the contact must be isolated. This can be done either through a tape made of polyethylene, or using acid-resistant varnish. The second method requires extra care, since color anodizing of aluminum at home provides for the maximum elimination of factors of third-party influence on the surface of the workpiece. That is, the treatment with varnish should be done in advance with the complete drying of the surface. It should also be borne in mind that loose contact of the suspension system with the target material can cause the latter to overheat. This effect, in turn, will lead to the destruction of the oxide coating and a decrease in the strength of the deposited film.

Optimum processing mode

The optimum temperature range for oxidation is in the range from -10 to 10 ° C. Going beyond these limits implies certain risks in terms of obtaining high-quality color coating. Thus, a low temperature will not allow the home electrical system to maintain sufficient current for processing. Conversely, an increase in heat will make it possible to form a dense layer, but the film may not be so expressive in its shade. However, anodizing aluminum at home in black or light gray colors may well be carried out in high thermal mode. Another thing is that already the mechanical state of the surface structure of the workpiece will differ in different areas. This is due to the fact that there is an uneven distribution of heat throughout the volume of the electrolyte. Attention should also be given to the current density at the anode. It is recommended to maintain the value within 1.6 - 4 Amperes per 1 dm 2. With this current supply, a densely colored, durable protective layer can be obtained. Lowering this indicator will provide a thin layer, and an increase will facilitate etching of the product.

Anodizing process

By the time the process begins, the capacitance, the cathode with the power supply, the target part, the suspension structure and the electrolytic mixture should be prepared. To adjust the current strength, it is necessary to connect a variable resistor to the electrical circuit. Two objects should be in the tank - a prepared lead cathode and a billet. When current is supplied, the process of oxygen evolution will begin and the part will receive an increase in the protective layer. The effectiveness of the reaction can be judged by the intensity of the release of oxygen microbubbles, which will slowly depart from the surface of the workpiece. As for the processing time, the standard technology of anodizing aluminum for small elements provides 20-30 minutes. Large workpieces are processed within 30-60 minutes. When the part becomes a dark matte color, it can be immersed in a solution with aniline dye with the desired shade. On average, another 15-20 minutes are given for staining.

Fixing the result of anodizing

When the part acquires the necessary color, a new layer on the surface will need to be fixed. The need for additional strengthening is due to the fact that the anodized coating has a porous structure that is easily permeable to water and air. Therefore, immediately after staining, micropores should be closed. The simplest method to achieve this effect is the cooking process in distilled boiling water. This procedure should take about 30-40 minutes. But if the process of anodizing aluminum was carried out at low temperature conditions, then it is better to abandon this method in favor of a steam bath. The part is kept under the intense influence of the steam generator for 30 minutes, after which it is washed and dried.

Alternative methods

In this case, the simplest method of oxidation with a sulfuric acid electrolyte was considered. But if you want to get a better coating, you can use the technology of anodizing aluminum in sulfosalicylic acid, which forms thin, but dense coating layers. This is due to the fact that the electrolyte has a minimal effect on the metal in terms of its solubility. But this effect, if necessary, can be made up by adding the same sulfuric or oxalic acid to the active mixture. Distributed and processing in two-component sulfosalicylate environments. On the contrary, due to a slow increase in the temperature of the anode, while maintaining a small current strength, it is possible to build up thick and durable coatings.

An alternative is the so-called cold oxidation method. In this case, the process occurs at temperatures below zero. Risks have already been noted when using boundary temperature values, but this option justifies itself when you need to get not a decorative, but a protective base on the surface. In other words, cold anodizing of aluminum at a temperature of the order of -10 ° C will not allow providing details with a pronounced decorative shade, but will make its external structure stronger. But, again, this method will require the use of electrical equipment that can stably maintain current under a voltage of more than 12V.

Safety precautions

As already noted, special safety requirements should be observed in operations with electrolyte. It is advisable to work with gloves and goggles. In this case, the working air environment will also be dangerous, therefore, the process should be organized in a room with an active supply and exhaust ventilation system. All containers with explosive and combustible mixtures should be removed from the bathtub and electrical equipment that provides the process of anodizing aluminum. At home, it also makes sense to carry out an operation with the presence of manual fire extinguishing means. Special attention is paid to subsequent cleaning of equipment. The container and auxiliary equipment should be washed in special solutions, and the electrolyte residues should be disposed of.

Oxidation of metals with acids is mainly used as a processing procedure in a production environment. But recently, ordinary townsfolk have been increasingly looking at her. Why might such coverage be required in the domestic sphere? Anodizing aluminum allows you to change the aesthetic qualities of the material, but in most cases the technology is used for practical protection purposes. A high-quality oxidized layer on the metal surface minimizes corrosion processes. In the case of aluminum, these can be automobile parts, engineering equipment, roofing sheets and elements of other building structures. There are less complex methods of such protection, but electrochemical treatment by anodizing provides an increased degree of protection of the metal structure from external influences.

Preparatory work

Remember that parts become larger after anodizing. The thickness of the protective anode layer is usually 0.05 millimeters. For example, the threads that used to be tightened tightly after the anodizing process will generally cease to twist, since the bolt in the nut in this case will become 0.2 mm closer. And grinding anodized is almost impossible.

It is useful to polish products to a mirror shine on a polishing wheel. Thus, the aesthetics of the part will greatly benefit and the likelihood of anodizing “burnout” will decrease. By the way, the anode layer does not mask surface defects - they will be noticeable on the processed product.

Before electroplating, aluminum must be well degreased. You should not keep the metal in hot caustic sodium or potassium, as recommended in factory technologies, because the surface cleanliness noticeably spoils. It is better to use a piece of laundry soap and a toothbrush, because you have to work with small details. Rinse the product in warm water first, then in cold.

Washing powder works very effectively: it must be dissolved in hot water in a plastic container. Then you should pour out the products there and shake the dish well. After washing, thoroughly dry the parts with hot air. Do not worry about small traces of fat: after degreasing, you can pick up the product in your hands, because a layer of fat from your fingers is oxidized with oxygen instantly.

Electrolyte fabrication

The electrolyte for anodizing at home is a solution of sulfuric acid in distilled water. You can use ordinary tap water, but if you can take distilled water, it is better to choose it, since in the first case the uniformity of the process spoils a little - the distribution of current density on the surface of the part.

Серную кислоту глупо делать самостоятельно, а вот дистиллированную воду - очень просто! Если на улице нет снега или дождя, то лед в морозильнике найдется всегда. You can get distilled water and sulfuric acid at the local auto parts store, because these ingredients are used to service car batteries.

However, acid is sold there in diluted form to a density of 1.27 grams per cubic centimeter under the name “Electrolyte for a Lead Battery”. You need to mix this electrolyte with distilled water in a ratio of 1: 1.

If you take a standard 5-liter canister with electrolyte and the same amount of water, you will end up with 10 liters of anodizing solution. This is enough for small parts, and for large it is worth doubling this amount.

Remember that mixing acid with water will generate a lot of heat. If you pour water into acid, it will instantly boil, splashing it in your face! That is why it is recommended to pour electrolyte into a container of water with a thin stream, constantly stirring with a glass rod. And it's better to wear safety glasses! If acid gets on clothing or skin, wash it off immediately with a stream of water and rinse with a solution of soda.

Processing Modes

The temperature of the metal anodizing process is -10 - +10 degrees Celsius. A growing layer below -10 is quite good, but there will not be enough voltage that is supplied by the power supply to maintain the required amperage. Above +10 degrees, a protective film, although it will be formed, but it will turn out to be solid and colorless.

However, it is recommended to stop the anodizing process already at 5 degrees above zero. But the thing is, in the corner of the bath and on the surface of the part there is a different temperature, and when anodizing a lot of energy is released in the form of heat.

But if forced electrolyte mixing is not provided, you cannot trust the thermometer! However, it is necessary to mix the electrolyte constantly, with a spoon, air, a pump, this is necessary to equalize the temperature on the surface of an aluminum product. Otherwise, parts of local overheating are formed on the parts, and then breakdowns and grinding of the parts.

The anode current density should be in the range of 1.6 - 4 Amperes per square decimeter. Within such limits, a beautiful, colored and dense protective anode layer will grow. It is best to contain current densities from 2 to 2.2 Ampere / dm2. At a lower current strength, the coating will grow slowly, not thick. At a current greater than 4 Amperes / dm2, an electrical breakdown may occur, and the product will quickly be etched.

The cathodic current density should be low. The lower this indicator, the better, because it provides a uniform and soft mode of the distribution of current density over the surface of the workpiece, especially if it is large. Therefore, remember that the area of the cathode of lead should be twice as large as the area of the part (anode).

The process of anodizing the aluminum profile does not specify the voltage values of the anode-cathode. However, if your circuit has a non-zero resistance, then you need a decent voltage of the power supply. And it is desirable that you use a power supply with several output voltages. And that's why.

The protective layer that grows on the product is dielectric. As it grows, its electrical resistance constantly grows. To maintain the required current density, it is necessary to adjust the current strength several times with a variable resistor throughout the process.

However, the voltage may not be enough when the anode layer becomes thick enough. In this case, you need to add voltage. Therefore, the power supply must provide at least two voltages at the output.

The purpose of aluminum anodizing and its further use

Anodizing aluminum profiles and other parts makes a lot of sense. It is important that all the characteristics of the metal remain unchanged, but the surface of the product itself acquires additional qualities:

  1. A mechanically strong oxide layer is formed over the entire surface, which does not allow the metal to break down under the influence of moisture and oxygen.
  2. Minor damage in the form of point defects or minor scratches hide under the layer, and the metal becomes more uniform.
  3. When applying paint coatings, the latter are distributed more evenly, fit well on aluminum.
  4. Parts made of anodized aluminum take on a presentable appearance, they look advantageous on various mechanisms.
  5. In the process of anodizing, it is possible to transfer a completely different shade to aluminum, for example, silver-plated or gilded it or made the tint shine with pearl.

Machined aluminum parts can be further launched into the production of various components, machinery mechanisms, frames.

Methods for anodizing aluminum

The most common anodizing method is the method of chemical oxidation, when a film is deposited on a surface of aluminum using a special electrolyte. In this case, solutions based on acids are used:

In addition to chemical, anodizing can be integrated, microarc, interference, and color oxidation is also used. When dye is added, any color of the film can be obtained, for example black.

Warm anodizing

This method of anodizing aluminum is used when it is necessary to paint the product afterwards. The film has a porous structure, which is a positive point for the adhesion of the coating with epoxy dye. A serious disadvantage can be considered insufficient mechanical and corrosive strength. Active metals and sea water can easily destroy the coating. This method of anodizing can be used at home.

There is no clearly established temperature at which conditions for the formation of crystalline oxide are created by the warm method of anodizing aluminum. It is known that it should leak in a room where the temperature is comfortable for the body or it is elevated, but not more than 50 ° C. The process proceeds in an electrolyte solution under the influence of voltage.

The pre-defatted and washed part undergoes anodization until visually the entire processed surface becomes milky white.

Cold technology

Cold anodizing involves the same process of creating crystalline oxide as with warm technology, but the temperature of the solution should not exceed 5 ° C. A feature of the method is the accelerated growth of the anode coating on the aluminum side relative to its dissolution on the electrolyte side.

What happens when cold anodized:

  1. The capacity is filled with electrolyte.
  2. The component is lowered into the electrolyte, hanging it, and connected to the anode.
  3. The cathode plate is also lowered into the solution and a constant voltage of 12 V is applied with a current density of 4–1.6 A / dm².
  4. When coating small products, they wait 30 minutes, large ones - 60 minutes, after which they remove the voltage from the electrodes.

The advantage of the cold method: a high-strength oxide film is obtained that is resistant to all types of exposure. The disadvantage is poor adhesion with dyes.

Preparatory stage

The part must be properly prepared before being chemically treated. At this stage:

  1. The surface of the product is cleaned from contamination.
  2. Grind, removing oxides, significant defects and irregularities.
  3. Degrease, getting rid of substances that interfere with obtaining a high-quality film.

Electrolyte temperature

The temperature of the electrolyte is important for the process of obtaining a crystalline oxide film by anodizing aluminum. It directly affects the strength and friability of the coating and its further properties.

The lower the temperature, the more dense, strong and not so loose the shell will be, but the rate of formation of the latter is lower than when using high temperatures.

Anode density

Correct anodizing of aluminum metals and their alloys implies exposure to a certain current density. This is an indication of the current strength applied to the entire surface that will be exposed to the oxide coating. This parameter directly determines how fast the layer will form. The density of the electrolyte and its temperature are also taken into account.

General rules require the use of a density in the range of 2.5–1 A / dm², if the goal is to obtain a decorative-protective coating - a thickness of 20–6 microns, use a density in the range of 4–2 A / dm² if an insulating layer or a very hard one is needed coating - thickness 75–40 microns.

Suspension part contact

Achieving the result of high-quality coating of aluminum parts by anodizing also depends on their correct location in the electrolyte. They should be completely immersed in the solution, have excellent contact with the anode and not touch any other surfaces. This can be done using a special suspension. It can be played by an aluminum block, which is stably mounted on a tripod. In the bar, drill holes for bolted connections. Bolts fasten an aluminum wire on which details are already suspended. Also connect the anode to the bar.

A large area of contact between the part and the suspension should be avoided: at this point, the film will not form during oxidation.

Common anodizing errors

When oxidizing aluminum at home, the following errors should be avoided:

  • The use of twists and low-quality clamps in an electrical circuit.
  • The use of cathodes smaller than the workpiece. It is necessary that the cathode area be at least twice as large.
  • Poorly selected anode current.

Anyone who is associated with electroplating and in practice knows how to anodize aluminum, share your experiences in the comments. Such knowledge is very important for beginners.

Preparatory process

To obtain a smooth surface at the preparation stage, it is necessary to polish the workpiece. Using a felt or other polishing wheel, scratches are eliminated and large pores are tightened. The absence of microroughness reduces the likelihood of burnout. The anode film is not able to hide external defects.

Before anodizing aluminum, it is necessary to determine the size of the workpiece. The resulting layer has a thickness of 50 microns, so it will not be possible to screw a nut onto the machined thread. If the parts are connected by means of a fit, then you should not forget that after anodizing the parts are not subject to grinding.

Anodizing at home

For the process, capacities are needed. Capacities for anodizing should correspond to the dimensions of the parts, to be slightly larger. In this connection, they usually use several bathtubs. The container material is aluminum. But if the products are small, then plastic containers will do. Only on the bottom and along the walls is it necessary to lay aluminum sheets. This is necessary to create a current of uniform density throughout the volume.

The electrolyte needs to be isolated from external heat. When heated, it will have to be changed. To exclude heating, the tanks outside are covered with a layer of thermal insulation. It can be glued with foam up to 50 mm thick or, placed in a box, fill the free space with mounting foam.

A solution of sulfuric acid is obtained by diluting the electrolyte for car batteries with distilled water in a one to one ratio. Having bought a canister with a capacity of 5 liters, you can get a solution of 10 liters.

Mixing, when water is added to the acid, is accompanied by abundant heat dissipation, and it literally boils splashing. Therefore, for safety reasons, sulfuric acid is poured into a container of water.

Before starting anodizing aluminum, it is subjected to chemical preparation. Chemical preparation is a degreasing process. In industrial conditions, the treatment is carried out with sodium hydroxide or potassium. But at home it is better to use household soap. With a toothbrush and soapy solution, dirt is well removed from the surface. After that, first the blanks are washed with warm water, and then cold.

An alternative to laundry soap is washing powder. After dissolving it in a closed plastic container and placing the workpieces there, you need to shake vigorously. Then the parts are washed and dried with a stream of hot air. The active oxygen contained in the washing powder protects low-fat products, even if they are taken with bare hands.

Anodizing bath

Before work, it is necessary to prepare equipment for anodizing. Usually requires several baths: for processing small parts, short and long products. They must be made of aluminum. A suitable option is also polyethylene. As a small container, you can use a food container or a long plastic flower pot.

It is desirable to cover the bottom and walls of the plastic bath with aluminum sheets. You can cut out a pattern from an aluminum sheet and bend an impromptu “container”. The meaning of this is to ensure uniform current density on all sides of the product.

The bath should be distinguished by good thermal insulation of the body, otherwise, otherwise, the electrolyte will heat up too quickly in it, and it will have to be replaced more often. The simplest solution will be pasting the bathtub with a thick layer of polystyrene foam - 2-4 centimeters. You can also fix the bath inside the box and fill the gap with construction foam.

After that, a lead cathode should be made for the bath. It can be made from sheet lead by removing the latter from thick power cables. Recall that the cathode area should be twice the surface area of the workpiece. This does not take into account the surface of the cathode, which is leaning against the wall. In the cathode plate should be openings for the exit of gas.

You can assemble a cathode from several pieces of lead, if not one. Pieces are recommended to be soldered with a powerful soldering iron, a thick seam along the joints. Try to make the cathode repeat the configuration of the surface of the part facing it. Withdraw from the contact bath with a strip of the same material. Although it is also customary to use a thick copper wire in isolation. Seal the soldering point with silicone sealant.


Statistically, 1919 Was a Bad Year

For this post, I’m pretending my blog is the op-ed page of the New York Times. This past year, beginning in January, the Times ran occasional opinion essays on the year 1919. I got the idea for this post when, last June, my history students completed a digital history project in which 1919 emerged, as a surprise to the class, as the second most turbulent year in 20th-century U.S. history.

In a January 2019 web article at, George Washington University professor Matthew Dallek asks, “Was 1968 America’s Bloodiest Year in Politics?” My high school history students tried to answer that question. More generally, my students tried to determine, quantitatively, what years within 20th-century U.S. history were the most turbulent. It turns out, based on their research, that 1968 was 4.5 times more turbulent than the year 1919, which edged out 1970 for second place in my students’ list of bad years. They were surprised at finding 1919 near the top. Toward the end of the school year, as the curriculum extended into the late 20th century, the class learned how the Vietnam War and the counterculture of the Sixties and early Seventies had torn the nation apart. With events like the Chicago “police riot,” Nixon’s election, and MLK’s and RFK’s assassinations, 1968 made sense to them. And, with Kent State and Nixon’s widening of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, 1970 made sense. But 1919, in my students’ minds anyway, hadn’t involved such turmoil. Did it really deserve to be runner-up to the bloodiest year in politics? My students’ research project, A Quantitative Ranking of Turbulent Years, which was based on levels of nationwide newspaper coverage of 20th-century events, shows that the year 1919 ranks near the top due to numerous stories about race riots, white supremacist terrorist attacks, violent strikes, and anarchists bombings.

Before researching the events of each year, the class first established a definition of the term “turbulence.” This was done in order to help students, who worked on the project both independently and in small groups, make consistent decisions about what events to include in the study. The definition, which students set parameters for by looking at web articles dealing with violence and civil unrest, included characteristic actions like riots, group violence, terrorism, insurrections, and large labor strikes. With this definition in hand, my students used Wikipedia articles and my school library’s digital reference collection to create a list of turbulent events for each year from 1900 to 1999.

In order to assign value to each event, and to ultimately arrive at a quantitative ranking of turbulent years, students searched for each event within and recorded into a spreadsheet the amount of coverage (i.e. search result occurrences) each event received. Because the number of newspapers within varies by year, students created a multiplier in order to equalize the opportunity for coverage. In other words, for those years where the number of papers was below the maximum number of papers, each event’s coverage was multiplied by the percent difference (e.g. x 1.35), while events occurring in the year with the most newspapers were simply multiplied by 1. Regardless of the year, therefore, each event had equal opportunity for coverage because total occurrences were increased by the multiplier. Once the multiplier was applied to each year and total coverage for the year was determined, that total was then multiplied by the number of events for the year. This was done in order to reduce the chances of any one individual event from overly influencing the shape of the final ranking.

In 1919, the Great Steel Strike, the Boston Police Strike, and the May Day Riot received the most newspaper coverage. For the year, the total number of qualifying events was nineteen, which far surpassed the overall per-year average of 2.4 for the rest of the century. While the Steel Strike of 1919 ranked seventh overall, behind events such as the Oklahoma City Bombing (1995), it’s the total number of different stories in 1919 that mostly explains how the year rates so high in terms of turbulence. Indeed, only 1968, with twenty-one turbulent events, has a greater total. In the article, Professor Dallek remarks that in 1968 Americans asked themselves, “Was the United States a society far more prone to violence than all other industrialized nations?” In 1919, Americans who read their daily newspaper certainly could have asked themselves the same question.


Columbia University in the City of New York

Car Alarm

How many people are dreaming about buying a car! However, immediately after their dearest wish is carried out, there is overwhelming fear of losing their car. Nowadays there is a big enough threat to steal a car. That's why almost every car is equipped with anti-theft systems. Doug McMillon brings even more insight to the discussion. Of course, low-cost installation of immobilizers in our world – a necessary thing. It was a great number of devices to deal with the hijackers. Among them include the following: theft alarm system with two-way communication, with auto, shock sensor, limit switches (hood / trunk), and others. You may find Doug McMillon to be a useful source of information. The current market is very rich in various kinds of alarms. This device tells about breaking the car screaming that allows you to learn about the hijacking.

But this unit has some drawback. By itself, signaling does not interfere with the offender, which often is able to turn off the siren. In that case, when you're far away from the car, it is likely nothing at all to see. Most effective in a large number of cases stands immobilizer. This tool that does not beeps, and silently does its work – does not allow the thief to start the engine and whirl away on your favorite car.

The essence of this device is that without the support actions, such as an approximation to the reader key code, including the engine fails. This is only the principal effective device designed for the creation of all conditions against vehicle theft. In modern society, car no longer considered a luxury, but became accessible to all means of transportation.

Ukraine Rally Alexander Salyuk

With increased weight of the wheel at high speeds on uneven road surface, the character of the elastic elements and shock absorbers – after hitting the elevation wheel with late returns in place, and when traveling wells freezes, ie, In both cases, deteriorating grip on the road. In the dispersal of spinning wheels on the engine has to spend more energy, and this worsens the efficiency and dynamics. When deceleration brake mechanism has to stop the large rotating mass, so the brake pads and discs are more intense, that causes them to overheat and accelerated wear. Because of the greater moment of inertia heavy wheel braking distance increases, while abs wheel is unlocked with a delay. How to distinguish forged wheels from cast? Externally, the nature of surface treatment, find the difference between modern and cast forged wheels is very difficult without the invalid option, only one – to compare the weight of the discs. By the same author: Knicks. Forged, regardless of size weigh 40-55% less than steel and lighter than steel alloy of 15-20%. Commentary multiple champion of Ukraine Rally Alexander Salyuk older. Choosing the wheels can come from different reasons.

For instance, sports is very important that the disc was light and strong, so that the choice made in favor of forging. Who is more important than appearance, the stops on the cast wheels. Here are our roads not much better rally special stages. So maybe it is worth once to pay more and buy quality sturdy wheels. 'Beautiful' does not withstand strong impacts, and require additional costs for repairs and even replacement.

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Nonlocal wind-driven fjord-coast advection and its potential effect on plankton and fish recruitment

TitleNonlocal wind-driven fjord-coast advection and its potential effect on plankton and fish recruitment
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication1999
AuthorsAsplin, L, Salvanes AGV, Kristoffersen JB
JournalFisheries Oceanography
Pages255 - 263
KeywordsAdvection of fish eggs and larvae, Fish recruitment, Fjord-coast advection, Nonlocal forcing, Numerical 3D simulation, Wind-generated upwelling and downwelling

The Bergen Ocean Model (BOM), a three-dimensional physical coastal ocean model, was used for a numerical simulation experiment to investigate short-term effects of wind-generated coastal upwelling and downwelling on the dynamics of adjacent large outer and smaller inner fjords. The effect of the real alongshore wind regime on advection for an idealized fjord topography, resembling Masfjorden, western Norway, is used as an example. This modelling exercise is a supplement to, and its predictions support, the various hypotheses investigated in ecosystem simulation studies of the Masfjorden. The model predicts that coastal winds from the north cause upwelling and transport the upper water layer out from the fjords. Winds from the south cause downwelling and transport the upper water layer into the fjords. The transport is rapid and ≃50% of the upper water layer may be replaced within 1-2 days. Implications of these physical processes for the dispersal and retention of planktonic organisms and the early life stages of fish are discussed. If strong southerly winds occur frequently, this will transport planktonic organisms into the fjord and may increase the carrying capacity for planktivorous fish. In contrast, frequent strong northerly winds may reduce the abundance of planktonic organisms, including the early life stages of marine fish, and thus possibly reduce recruitment to fjord fish populations. Frequent shifts between southerly and northerly winds would cause an exchange of early life stages between neighbouring fjords and thus enhance genetic exchange.

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Held from 15 to 16.3 08 RIVER CENTRE SM SNOW CROSS COMPETITION SUCCESS well and got a lot of positive feedback from viewers than competing THEN SOME TRACK AREA WAS THE ACCOMMODATION AND RESTAURANT HOLDINGS immediate proximity to the occurrence on


The Moscow Files

Nastasya Konstantinova knows little other than that sharp sting of war. A few months after her sixteenth birthday, the Allied Russian Coalition — a totalitarian state formed from the dregs of the former Soviet Bloc — declared war on central Europe by dropping concentrated atomic bombs on the cities of Paris, Amsterdam, London and Berlin. Retaliating by throwing their armies throughout the continent, Moscow succeeded in their main aim of turning Europe into a bloodied battlefield.

However, as the war rages on around their ears smaller conflict is brewing within the Moscow city limits. Bodies are turning up in droves — bodies from the Ukraine, from Lithuania and Latvia, from Bulgaria. Non-Russian citizens living in the city are in untold danger, with targets attacked at random and without mercy. Many suspect an underground syndicate of former Soviet thugs, but the police seem to turn a blind eye to protests — instead, they focus on pushing the locals back into submissive silence.

So, with bombs dropping around her head and the onslaught of war reducing everything she knows into nothing more than a military theatre, Nastasya Konstantinova decides to take matters into her own hands.


Amy Spence offers this “deep love for the horse” and works to develop a healthy bond between horse and rider that is beneficial to heart and mind.  Amy has developed her training style through 20 years of riding many horses from various disciplines, both English and Western. At Cal Poly SLO, Amy gathered formal knowledge of heard health and horse training.  As of late, Amy continues to gather experiences and strives to model her training system after classical dressage and the “Art 2 Ride” movement which emphasizes the importance of training horses to work over the back first.


UK Civil Defence

Some thoughts on UK Civil Defence primarily inspired by the break down in order and life saving seen in Threads. This document primarily looks at the slow erosion of Civil Defence in the UK and it’s reformation as “Home Defence” that arguably concentrated on preserving the machinery of government rather than at life saving (which at least as far back as 1957 a defence whitepaper had already said defence against nuclear weapons was impossible).


The suspense is over. For E3’s Fortnite Pro-Am tournament, Marshmello and Ninja won the battle after an intense competition. The nerves were high as they battled $3 million on the line. Now that's a big chunk of change! The duo conquered the tournament, splitting $1 million to go to any charity of their choice. The remaining money will be divided among the other 49 competitors including DJs Arty, Drezo, and Dillon Francis.

Congratulations to all the DJs who participated! Watch how it all went down below.


Contact Us | Blood Hound, LLC

Experienced Locate Technician

Job Title
Experienced Locate Technician
Orlando,  FL
Other Location

Blood Hound Locating Technician

This position offers qualified locators the opportunity to transfer to the Blood Hound team as a private utility locating technician.  Blood Hound uses the most up-to-date utility locating, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and other technology to provide our customers with an advanced level of service.  Blood Hound provides additional training to interested and qualified candidates to further expand and improve the knowledge and skills of our technicians.

Starting wage for this position is $17-$23/hr DOE.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:  Ideal candidates will have locating experience with a demonstrated commitment to quality and attention to detail.  Experience reading CAD, GIS, and MicroStation files is a plus.  Candidates must be able to pass a ‘fit to work’ physical examination, be willing to work overtime, be available for after-hours work, and be available for some overnight travel.

We are an equal opportunity employer.

Pay Range
$17.00   None to $0.00   None

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Misha Feldmann, Toronto Criminal Defence Lawyer - Produits, offres, nouvelles

Bail in Toronto

8 octobre 2019

Bail is usually the first contact an accused person has with a criminal defence lawyer. Except where a person is released by the police on an undertaking or a promise to appear, individuals are held for bail after being arrested. A person charged with a criminal offence is to appear before a Judge or a Justice of the Peace within 24 hours of their arrest, often on the same day. A reasonable bail plan is essential to being released from custody and can often have very significant consequences for the matter as a whole. People released on bail can continue with school or work, maintain family relationships, and generally have better outcomes in criminal cases than those who are not released on bail.

It is vital to contact a criminal lawyer if a friend has been charged with a criminal offence and requires bail. Misha has extensive experience in the bail courts of Ontario.


Research, Connect, Protect

  ND2 is a mitochondrial gene for nicotinamide dehydrogenase sub-unit two that is 1040 base pairs long. Sequences of 22 diprotodontid order species had variability at 556 nucleotides of ND2 gene, which were used as the basis of further phylogenetic grouping. Sequence variation from 23% to 37.83% was found in the super-families Burramyoidea, Petauroidea, Phalangeroidea, Tarsipedoidea, Macropodoidea, Vombatoidea and Phascolarctoidea (koala). The koala (Phascolarctos) and wombat (Vombatus) super-families had 23.38% variance in the ND2 sequence. Phylogenetic analyses of ND2 and 12S rDNA genes revealed Vombatiformes as a separate group with a common ancestorAdditional analyses showed a close relationship between Macropodoidea (kangaroos), Phalangeroidea (possums), and Vombatiformes, while others showed Vombatiformes as being at the base of the evolutionary tree of the Diprotodontia order.

  Although ND2 sequences had many variations, analysis was still possible deeming ND2 a suitable gene for phylogenetic evaluation. Studies utilising morphology, serology and DNA hybridisation confirm the Vombatiformes suborder as monophyletic, and potentially not requiring further splitting into Vombatus and Phascolarctos. Morphological and DNA hybridisation evidence also supports Vombatiformes’ position at the base of Diprotodontia’s phylogenetic tree. Vombatiformes have a relatively low genetic divergence of 23%, which it is not consistent with current taxonomic divisions that tends to over-split Vombatus and Phascolarctos.

  The findings of this study contribute to our understandings of the evolution of the koala and related marsupials. This new information is useful for the revision of taxonomic ranks and evaluations of genetic distance among the diprotodontids.

Summarised by Alexandra Selivanova


The city of Thiruvananthapuram in the southern state of Kerala, India, gets dressed up like a bride for the harvest festival of Onam. There will be two kinds of feast: the delicious Onam Sadhya served in fresh plantain leaves with over 25 dishes and the folk arts from across the state. Often hard to say which is more enjoyable.

One such art form of Arjunanritham (Dance of Arjuna) is about to begin with the drummers starting their presentation. The senior most leader reprimands the junior artist for a tiny mistake no one noticed but the leader…

Agni Khandakarnan

Theyyam is a popular ritual form of worship of North Malabar in Kerala, India. Agni Kandakarnan (Agni Fire, Ghanta bell, Karna Ear) is a theyyam having heavy torches around the waist of the Kolam. In this Theyyam the head gear stands tall some as tall as 50 feet.

The Agni Khantakarnan theyyam being readied for performance
The Agni Khantakarnan theyyam being readied for performance

The costume is made from coconut fronds, palm leaves, bamboo etc. This Theyyam dances on fire embers with lighted torches tied to the waist. Thick paste made of turmeric powder is kept just below the place where the torch is lit to avoid possible casualties. The head gear also has lighted torches. There is no stage or curtain or other such arrangements for the performance. The devotees would be standing or some of them would be sitting on a sacred tree in front of the shrine. In short, it is an open theatre. Here you see the theyyam being prepared, just short of head gear.

Lord Ganesha

A street in Bath
A bus in Medellin
A gesture in Gyeongju

A yellow fragrance in Oaxaca
On the isle of Skopelos

Memories distort geography.

But how did the Mayas
Learn about elephants,
About Ganesh, and the precise shape of his ears?

from “Finding India in Unexpected Places ” a poem by Sujatha Bhatt

Lord Ganesha’s festival is celebrated with the colourful statues. Seen here is the statues being painted by artists…


Whether you are seeking to build your personal brand or business brand, Instagram has become a must in our visual culture. But in 2018, everyone knows that, like Facebook, Instagram has incredible potential to attract customers. How do you make it work for you despite the heated competition?

According to an article on Forbes:

Increasing competition from big corporations, as well as a flood of new startups, without a corresponding rise in ad slots has resulted in prices going up and competition to get the best slots increasing. That’s squeezed startups that either have to afford the higher prices or come up with a different strategy. “There is a lot more competition that is coming not only from these smaller direct-to-consumer brands popping up, but from bigger brands moving budgets away from traditional media.”

The article goes on to explain that there is hope for business on Instagram. Success lies in learning how to navigate Instagram as a business: don’t build a half-baked brand, expect to pay more, have a strong, authentic voice, use video, and invest in other channels.

A U.K.-based social media image printing company created an infographic with complementary tips for businesses on Instagram. If you are involved in a business looking to establish an audience on Instagram, be encouraged. Start with the practical tips below and work toward building an audience, increasing engagement, and navigating ads to reach the right audience with the product or service they need.


Category Archives: Christian Hope

In a world facing turmoil and dispair, hope in the God of Hope is our only answer. When we are in an untrustworthy era, we need to have a personal relationship with a trustworthy God.

Encouragement is Contageous


Tropico 6 Cheats and Tips

Have You Considered Tropico 6?

For those who are unfamiliar, the Tropico series lets interested individuals take on the role of El Presidente of the fictional Caribbean country of Tropico. Presentation-wise, it combines dark humor with surreal humor, so it should come as no surprise to learn that players are encouraged to run everything for their personal benefit while meeting opposition with either an iron fist or shameless sucking-up depending on the exact source. Something that makes for surprisingly satisfying construction, management, and political simulation play.

Keep These Tips in Mind When Playing Through Tropico 6

Be sure to put these tips to use when playing through Tropico 6:

You Want to Be More Than Just an Exporter of Raw Materials

It is perfectly possible for a player to set up a functional economy that relies on the export of raw materials in Tropico 6. However, this is not the recommended course of action because raw materials sell for much lower prices than manufactured products. Instead, players should set up the facilities that produce raw materials for the purpose of feeding the facilities that turn those raw materials into manufactured products for bigger profits than otherwise possible. One excellent option would be setting up sugar plantations for the purpose of feeding rum factories, which are very useful for a couple of reasons. One, they are available as soon as the Colonial Era. Two, they don’t need any qualified workers whatsoever, meaning that they have very undemanding labor needs.

Consider the 4:2:1 Ratio

Speaking of which, some players might be wondering about the appropriate ratio of facilities producing raw materials to facilities producing manufactured goods. If so, they should consider adopting the 4:2:1 ratio, which in practice, means four logging camps for every two lumber mills for every one furniture factory. Technically, this will result in more inputs being produced than what the facilities on the next level up can actually use. However, a surplus of inputs is beneficial because it ensures that the factories will always be productive. For that matter, remember that excess inputs can be sold for a smaller but nonetheless respectable profit.

Players in Tropico 6 should make sure to diversify their economy to some extent. This is important because the prices of various products are changing on a constant basis, meaning that interested individuals can expect massive swings in their revenue numbers if they put every single one of their eggs into a single economic basket. In contrast, if players choose to spread out into multiple economic sectors, they can ensure more stability that will make it much easier for them to plan for the future. On top of that, they can reduce their need to import various resources to keep critical components of their economy running, which can get very expensive very fast.

Prioritize Your Teamsters

Teamsters are very important in Tropico 6. This is because they are responsible for sending everything to where it is supposed to go, meaning that without them, players can expect their entire economy to come to a crashing halt. As such, teamsters should be prioritized in Tropico 6. This means raising their pay to make them more effective. Furthermore, this means putting down enough teamster offices to meet the transportation needs of the economy. In fact, teamsters are so important that some people believe in building a teamster office whenever they build a factory.

Concentrate Your Efforts on the Starting Island Before Spreading Out

One of the changes in Tropico 6 is that players can now play on an archipelago rather than be restricted to a single large island. However, there are some things that remain true in both cases. One excellent example would be the need to concentrate on a single location before spreading out because that wreaks havoc on transportation needs and thus transportation efficacy as well as transportation efficiency. This particular principle has become more important than ever before because island-to-island connections are very detrimental in this regard to say the least.

Don’t Overdo It

On a related note, players should avoid overdoing it when they are making plans for their country’s future. Buildings do not come for free, meaning that every building that isn’t being put to immediate use means a sizable chunk of money that could have been put to some other much more productive purpose. Instead, interested individuals should expand in a more natural manner so that their labor needs will keep pace with their population growth lest they run headlong into massive inefficiencies. With that said, they should still have a clear idea of what they want to do with each region so that they can minimize the number of do-overs once their economy reaches the point that they can start implementing their plans.

Pay Attention to Popular Support

Players take on the role of a dictator in Tropico 6. However, that doesn’t mean that popular support isn’t important. If anything, managing popular support is more important because there aren’t a lot of pleasant outcomes for dictators on the losing end of a popular revolt. As such, when players pass Edicts, they need to pay close attention to the effects that those Edicts will have on their domestic support. Fortunately, Tropico 6 provides them with tools that can be used to shape the opinions of their population, meaning that they are by no means helpless if they find that their desired changes will not be viewed kindly by the bulk of their population. After all, they control the media, which can be very useful for shaping media consumers to say the least.

Have the Right Housing in the Right Places

Unsurprisingly, housing is critical for ensuring that everything runs as smoothly as possible. First, players need to have the right housing for the right population. For example, there is no point to building housing for wealthier residents at the very start because they won’t have anyone capable of affording such accommodations. Second, players need to have the right housing in the right places because amenities and other buildings of interest have a limited range of operation. Players can experiment with the perfect housing schemes on their own, but if they are interested, they might want to check out some of the other schemes that other players have come up with for maximum efficacy and efficiency.


HopefulJet61 |
Listener - Novice 5

Listener Rating
Hello I'm glad you've come to the site for help that's why we're here! I'm here to help with any issue you might have it's always been a passion to help because so many people have helped me and I truly care to see people happy! 7 cups allows people to have a voice and seek help! Hopefully I will be able to provide help for anyone today :)
Number of Ratings: 3
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Listener Since Oct 29, 2015
Last Active over 6 months ago
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She/he helped me a lot and gave me great advice.
HopefulJet61 is patient and understanding.
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Questions Answered
October 29th, 2015 10:28pm
What happens when someone calls a suicide hotline?
October 29th, 2015 10:30pm
When will this feeling of being trapped ever leave me?
November 9th, 2015 2:51am
How do you learn to love yourself when you're depressed?
November 9th, 2015 2:50am
Why do I always feel upset even if everything is fine?
November 9th, 2015 2:22am
Online Volunteer Opportunities: Why should I be a 7Cups listener?
October 29th, 2015 10:32pm
Who can I talk to about my problems?
October 29th, 2015 10:37pm
How do I stop myself from falling in love?
October 29th, 2015 4:21pm
October 29th, 2015 10:55pm
Everyone is paid more than me, how can I ask for a raise?
November 9th, 2015 2:41am
What are some ways to prioritize?
November 9th, 2015 2:28am
Am I really evolving when doing the same job everyday ?
November 9th, 2015 2:12am
Why do bullies find it necessary to pick with the quiet folk?
November 9th, 2015 2:26am
How do I know it is not just my fault? If I were more normal, maybe the bullies would leave me alone.
November 9th, 2015 2:44am
How do I know if I have social anxiety?
November 9th, 2015 2:48am
How can I stop being paranoid?
October 29th, 2015 10:34pm
How do you avoid getting panic attacks?
November 9th, 2015 2:48am
How can I affectively help people? I try and then i feel like i have failed so what do i have to do? it just raises my anxiety and i can't handle it sometimes.
November 9th, 2015 2:11am
How can I come out to people in my school as bisexual?
November 9th, 2015 2:37am
How do I express my gender identity in a way that fits with other parts of myself?
November 9th, 2015 2:09am
October 29th, 2015 3:22pm
Why do I get urges after bein clean for a really long time?
November 9th, 2015 2:25am
How can I stop thinking and shut my brain off?
October 29th, 2015 3:41pm
Why do I have trouble sleeping after exercise?
October 29th, 2015 2:36pm
Why do I have trouble sleeping after drinking?
October 29th, 2015 10:27pm
How can I stop thinking about my ex?
November 9th, 2015 2:13am
How do I regain trust in the future?
November 9th, 2015 2:06am
What did I do wrong for them to not love me anymore?
November 9th, 2015 2:14am
How do you enjoy dating when you're still sad about your ex, but know you have to date to move on?
November 9th, 2015 2:10am
What could I have done better to fix this relationship?
November 9th, 2015 2:08am
How do my parents I want them to stop fighting?
November 9th, 2015 2:39am


“Fantastic Beasts” Turned Into BBC Special

The BBC has given a greenlight to “Fantastic Beasts: A Natural History,” a new BBC special that will explore the origins and stories of the mythical creatures that populate J.K. Rowling’s “Fantastic Beasts” franchise.

The series, to be produced by both the BBC’s Natural History Unit and Warner Bros Entertainment U.K., will work with London’s iconic Natural History Museum which will soon open the exhibit “Fantastic Beasts: The Wonder Of Nature” which explores the creatures from the “Harry Potter” universe and their connections with exotic animals roaming the planet today.

Footage from the BBC Natural History Unit’s archive and scenes from the “Fantastic Beasts” films will be used to show how closely real-world animals, mythological creatures and Wizarding World beasts are intertwined. Stephen Fry, who narrated the “Harry Potter” audiobooks, will host the special.

Source: Variety


Supreme Court says Bladensburg Peace Cross can continue to stand on public land

The justices, in ruling 7-2 in favor of the cross' backers, concluded that the nearly 100-year-old memorial's presence on a grassy highway median doesn't violate the First Amendment's establishment clause, which prohibits the government from favoring one religion over others.

The case had been closely watched because it involves the place of religious symbols in public life. Defenders of the cross in Bladensburg had argued that a ruling against them could doom of hundreds of war memorials that use crosses to commemorate soldiers who died.

"The cross is undoubtedly a Christian symbol, but that fact should not blind us to everything else that the Bladensburg Cross has come to represent," Justice Samuel Alito wrote.

Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sonia Sotomayor dissented.

The cross' challengers included three area residents and the District of Columbia-based American Humanist Association, which includes atheists and agnostics. They argued that the cross, in a suburb near the nation's capital, should be moved to private property or modified into a nonreligious monument such as a slab or obelisk.

"We would never come after something that was meant to memorialize the faith of one specific person. Our concern here was this memorial was re-dedicated in 1985 in honor of all veterans. A Christian cross cannot honor all veterans," said Sarah Henry with the American Humanist Association.

Maryland officials had argued that the cross, sometimes called the "Peace Cross," doesn't violate the Constitution because it has a secular purpose and meaning.

After those rulings and others the Supreme Court has been criticized for being less than clear in explaining how to analyze so-called passive displays such as Maryland's cross, that are challenged as violating the Constitution's establishment clause.


CBIS 3122657
CBIS 3122657
CBIS 3122653
CBIS 3122660

Skogs-Hildas stenugnsbageri och café.

Skogs-Hildas stone oven bakery and café.

Skogs-Hildas wants to preserve the traditional northern flatbread. Baked with barley flour in a wood oven.

Besides thin bread you can also find pour cakes, crisp breads, bark bread, sourdough bread, wheat bread, cookies and etc.
Organic ingredients are used in the bread, to get the highest quality.


Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia

Zemun is a neighborhood in Belgrade along the Danube river. Zemun used to be a separate town that was absorbed into Belgrade in 1934. The development of New Belgrade(Novi Beograd) in the late 20th century affected the expansion of the continuous urban area of Belgrade.

Travel stories around Zemun

Places to visit around Zemun


Is it true that hundreds of wild things live in oak trees?

Oak treeswith their broad leaves that provide shelter and shadeprovide a home for more than 300 species of insects, birds, and mammals. Their bark is crawling with a wide variety of insects, including ants, ladybugs, weevils, wasps, oakworms, caterpillars, and moths. Blue jays, hummingbirds, magpies, finches, sparrows, wrens, and woodpeckers feed off of the insect life and make their nests in the branches. The oak's acorns are an important food source for mice, squirrels, chipmunks, deer, bears, foxes, quails, blue jays, crows, and turkeys. Oaks can live more than 200 years; by the time they are 70 years old they produce thousands of acorns per year.


Welkom bij Profolux.nl

What is LED?

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are solid-state lighting components. Each LED consists of a semiconductor diode that emits light when a voltage is applied to it. They have no moving, fragile parts and can last for decades. LEDs can be many times more energy-efficient than light bulbs, depending on the application. LED lighting can save up to 85 percent of the electricity used by incandescent bulbs and up to 50 percent of electricity used by fluorescents.

Most of the energy emitted from incandescent bulbs is converted to heat instead of light. That’s why you’ll burn yourself if you try to touch an incandescent bulb once it’s turned on. Since LEDs consume significantly less energy, they don’t emit as much heat. That’s why you typically won’t burn yourself if you try to touch an LED light once it’s turned on. LED lights are also designed to last about 50 times longer, which means less ladder-climbing maintenance and less waste.

Does turning LED lighting on and off reduce lifetime?

No. Unlike incandescent and fluorescent lighting which will fail sooner when switched on and off more often, LED lighting is unaffected by how often it is switched on and off.

How does ambient temperature affect LED efficiency?

What is 50.000 hours?

It is 50 times the life of a typical incandescent bulb and 5 times the lifetime of an average compact fluorescent lamp (CFL).  In fact, if you ran one lamp for 6 hours per day every day, it would last for nearly 23 years. That is five presidential elections, time for a home remodelling, and the expanse of an entire generation.

What is CRI, and why is it important?

Color Rendering Index (CRI) is defined as a light sources ability to render color.  The higher the CRI, the better the light source renders every color in the visible spectrum.  To have what is generally considered good color rendering, a source must be >80 CRI.

What is Power Factor?

In the most simplest terms, power factor is the measure of how effectively your equipment converts electric current (supplied by your power utility) into useful power output, such as light, heat or mechanical motion. In technical terms, it is the ratio of active or usable power measured in kilowatts (KW) to the total power (active and reactive) measured in kilovolt amperes (KVA).

Why does Power Factor matter?

Power Factor matters because it can cost your company money & increase your company’s carbon footprint. When your company’s power system has a low power factor, your power system is demanding significantly more power than it is actually using. This results in additional charges on your company’s electricity bill and increases the amount of energy demanded on the power grid, increasing your company’s carbon footprint.

What is a Beam Angle?

Beam angle is the angle of which a light is emitted. More specifically, it is the Full Width at Half Maximum. Since there is no real way to measure the 'edge' of light we measure the beam angle from where the light is at 50% intensity (FWHM). By being able to measure where 50% light intensity ends, it gives us the majority of where the light is used thus representing the beam angle. Smaller beam angles will have an intense hot spot, where as larger beam angles will have a lesser intensity (due to a larger area). Take a look at our beam shots and see if you can gauge where 50% intensity ends, giving you the beam angle.

What is Lumens?

Lumen is a unit of light measurement otherwise known as luminous flux. We use lumens to compare the total amount of light output from a light emitter. However, lumens isn't the end-all, be-all. In fact, lumens will only tell you a one part of the picture because when it comes to producing a great beam pattern, it doesn't give you enough information to tell you how the light output is used. A comparable analogy of lumens is an automobile's total brake horsepower (BHP).

What is Lux?

Lux is a unit of light measurement taking area into account. In other words, light intensity. We use lux to measure the amount of light output in a given area, where one lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. Lux is a great measurement for determining what we see as the brightness of a beam. If the light output is concentrated over a smaller area, we see this as very bright. If the light output is spread over a larger area, we see this as very weak. We normally use mirrors, reflectors, and optics to control the path of light and create the desired beam pattern. Lux also determines the magnitude of light intensity travelling over distances. A light that is configured for high lux output will travel farther but will have a smaller footprint of light, and a low lux level will be configured to travel shorter distances but have a larger footprint.

Surfaces illuminated by

0.0001 lux

Moonless, overcast night sky

0.002 lux

Moonless clear night sky

0.27 – 1.0 lux

Full moon on a clear night

100 lux

Very dark overcast day

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on a clear day

Normal overcast day

10.000 – 25.000 lux

Full daylight (not direct to sun)

32.000 – 100.000 lux

Direct sunlight


offroad clayton

In recent years, they’re gaining popularity cars with four-wheeled drive, which might be attributed to off-road vehicles. These cars are a awfully attention-grabbing different for folks that occasionally like to revel a small amount within the field. Furthermore, cars equipped with this kind of drive system absolutely stand out in everyday driving, dead behave on the roads of all surfaces. Cars, which are driven by both axles conjointly typically have glorious acceleration.
Frame brackets clayton
A big advantage of those cars is that when you bury within the very soft ground or fill in a drift it mustn’t have major problems with you emerge. Cars almost like Clayton offroad usually even have gear boxes, that are equipped with modes corresponding to sports gear, all-terrain or normal to normal driving conditions. Of course, the burning of this kind of vehicle is slightly larger than would be the case for one drive axle, however it is worth noting that a lot of automobile models with machine drive is an option to disable drive one in every of the axles. This allows us to set up the automobile in order that it will be driven solely to the front wheels or on the rear. The car of this type is a good solution for all people who wish to experiment. True cross-country vehicles even have many additional elements that enable you to get through powerful piece of land. an example could be a differential lock. During the off-road crossings conjointly come in handy winch, rope and different accessories. During this trade, 4-wheel drive is actually essential.


FTI Fundamentals of Movement Preparation – English

9,100 THB

includes 8 hours face-to face instruction, FTI manuals, practice test and FTI certificate

Course Description

Resistance-bands are a multipurpose tool that have a long history of use in the fitness industry. Due to their portability and low cost, resistance-bands are a convenient tool that can be used to improve a number of different health and fitness outcomes. Resistance-bands can also be used to add resistance to a wide range of generalized movement patterns, making them an ideal tool to integrate into a functional training program. This course covers six different modules, which include resistance-band exercises from novice to advanced level. Exercise progression, regressions and safety considerations are covered in detail where appropriate.

Course participants will develop a broad understanding of the resistance-band and the exercises that can be performed with it. In addition, participants will be able to apply this knowledge and deliver a wide range of resistance-band exercises that target partner training, joint mobility, muscle activation and potentiation utilizing the scientifically verified RAMP movement preparation protocol.

Course Structure
This one-day course is divided into 7 modules. Topics covered in each module include:
Module 1: The science of resistance-band training
Module 2: Raise body temperature
Module 3: Activation
Module 4: Mobility
Module 5: Potentiation Exercises
Module 6: Assisted & resisted band exercises
Module 7: Programming

1. Demonstrate a knowledge of the scientific principles of resistance-band training.
2. Identify the safety precautions and positioning of resistance-band training
3. Teach, supervise, instruct and provide back on a range of partner based, resistance-band exercises that target an increase in general body temperature.
4. Teach, supervise, instruct and provide feedback on resistance-band exercises that target joint mobility and range of motion.
5. Teach, supervise, instruct and provide feedback on resistance-band exercises that target muscle activation
6. Teach, supervise, instruct and provide feedback on potentiation based resistance-band exercises that target the neuromuscular system.
7. Teach, supervise, instruct and provide feedback on both assisted and resisted resistance-band exercises that target the development of general strength.
8. Implement a RAMP movement preparation program, assisted and resisted resistance-band program.

Resistance bands have been a popular tool among fitness trainers for a long time. However, the vast amount of resistance band exercises that can be found on the various social media channels can make the decision on which exercise to choose, daunting. The fundamentals of movement preparation takes the guess work out of choosing the most appropriate resistance-band exercise for your client. Teaching a large amount of exercise in isolation is not the most effective way to use any tool. This course will break down key resistance band exercise selections into five different modules, specifically targeting whole body movement preparation, mobility, activation, potentiation and general strength. Using scientifically proven movement preparation strategies this course will teach you how to effectively use the resistance band to develop and advanced warm up program as preparation for the upcoming training session, but also as a tool for motor skill development that can cultivate the skills and movement capacities need to accelerate movement capacity. Finally, this course will teach participants how to best utilize the resistance band to assist and resist strength development in clients ranging from novice to advanced levels.

Tarek Michael - Chouja from Functional Training Institute or FTI from Australia

Course will be major contacted in English language with Thai translation by Mr. Panuwat or "Kelvin" from FIT Thailand.

Target Audience

Fitness instructors
Personal trainers
Advanced fitness enthusiasts

Course Duration :

8 hours

CECs :

Languages :

Promotion :

Early bird rate: 10% discount

Capacity :

Minimum 8 people; maximum 15 people

Location :

Fitness Innovations (Thailand) Limited, BTS Ploenchit Exit 2, Ploenchit, Lumpini, Pathumwan, Bangkok THAILAND 10330 Tel: 02 650 9242

Kamonchai Rattanadechakul

Balanced Body® Pilates Instructor

B.Sc. Sports Sciences, Chulalongkorn University

Panuwat Rongbandit (Kelvin)

ACE® CPT,NSCA® CSCS,Balance Body® Mat And Reformer Pilates
Lesmills® Bodycombat Internation Certified
Lesmills® Bodypump Internation Certified

B.Sc. Sports Science from College of Sports Science Mahidol University


Academic Journals Database
Disseminating quality controlled scientific knowledge

Ice genesis and its long-term dynamics in Scărişoara Ice Cave, Romania

Author(s): A. Perşoiu | A. Pazdur

Journal: The Cryosphere Discussions
ISSN 1994-0432

Volume: 4;
Issue: 4;
Start page: 1909;
Date: 2010;
VIEW PDF   PDF DOWNLOAD PDF   Download PDF Original page

The paleoclimatic significance of the perennial ice deposit in Scărişoara Ice Cave has been remarked since the early 20th century, but a clear understanding of the processes involved in the genesis, age and long-term dynamics of ice hampered all attempts to extract valuable data on past climate and vegetation changes. In this paper, we present a model of ice genesis and dynamics, based on stable isotopes, ice level monitoring (modern and archived) and radiocarbon dating of organic matter found in the ice. Ice in Scărişoara Ice Cave mostly consists of layers of lake ice, produced as liquid water freezes from top to bottom in mid-autumn, a mechanism that was also acting in the past, during the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. The ice block is not stable in shape and volume, being continuously modified by ablation on top, basal melting and lateral flow. Radiocarbon dating shows that the ice block is older than 1200 years, the rate of ice flow and basal melting suggesting that the ice could be much older.
Affiliate Program      Why do you need a reservation system?


Finite element modeling and design of pH/temperature sensitive hydrogel based biphasic twisting actuators

Document Type: Article

School of mechanical engineering, College of engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

In this article, a pH/temperature sensitive hydrogel based biphasic twisting actuator is presented and studied in various environmental conditions. The actuator consists of a neutral incompressible elastomeric phase attached to pH/temperature sensitive hydrogel phase which twists, when subjected to pH/temperature variation. The deformation of the actuator depends on the cross-section of the actuator as well as geometrical and environmental parameters. To have a guideline for the design of the biphasic twisting actuator, a finite element model of the mentioned structure is developed. A thermodynamic based constitutive model is used to describe the behavior of the hydrogel. The finite element method is used to resolve the homogeneous and inhomogeneous swelling of the pH/temperature responsive hydrogel to check the validity of the method. Finally, how various parameters affect the torsional behavior of the actuator is discussed in detail. According to the results, to get the maximum twisting angle it is recommended to use the actuator with the square cross-section. Also, the twisting angle can even increase more by decreasing the hydrogel size as well as increasing the length of the actuator.

Main Subjects


Q&As: Smog Check Program

  The Smog Check Program is an important part of the State's efforts to improve the air we breathe. Smog Check inspections are designed to identify vehicles with excess emissions so they can be properly repaired. The Program has greatly reduced airpollution created by millions of cars in California. MORE

Repair Assistance Program.

  The Repair Assistance Program is administered by the Bureau of Automotive Repair (BAR) Consumer Assistance Program (CAP) and is designed to help improve California's air quality. The Repair Assistance Program provides qualified consumers who own a vehicle that fails its biennial (every other year) Smog Check inspection up to $500 in financial assistance towards certain emissions-related repairs. MORE

Vehicle Test History. California.

What is a STAR station?

Smog Check Stations Fact Sheet

On-Board Diagnostic Systems

  On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) is a term used to describe a computerized system that monitors the vehicle’s emission controls. This system includes self-diagnostic and reporting functions. Most 1996 and newer vehicles less than 14,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) (e.g., passenger cars, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles) are equipped with second-generation OBD systems also known as OBD II. MORE


P 185/70 R14 tires

Tire Specs

Overall Diameter - How tall is P 185/70 R14? 24.2"
Section Width 185 mm
Rim Diameter 14"
Rim Width Range 14x5.0, 14x5.5, 14x6.0
Sidewall Height 5.1"
Circumference 76.02 "
Revs per Mile 833.46/mi

P 185/70 R14 tire size Fits What Cars?

Explore the collection of vehicles riding on P 185/70 R14 tire size which turns them into competitors to some extent.
The list of cars below is compiled assuming P 185/70 R14 is their factory tire size.

Upsizing Wheels or Tires?

Below is the list of all possible alternatives to P 185/70 R14 within delta of no more than three percent which means you can shift to wider wheels with smaller aspect ratio and vice versa. Wheel experts do not recommend to decrease the diameter of the wheel. So if you are not sure what other tire sizes would match your ride simply stick to the factory wheels.

P 175/70 R14 -2.29%
P 245/50 R14 -2.29%
P 205/60 R14 -2.13%
P 195/65 R14 -0.91%
P 215/60 R14 -0.18%
LT 175/75 R14 +0.55%
P 175/75 R14 +0.55%
P 205/65 R14 +1.19%
P 195/70 R14 +2.21%
P 185/75 R14 +2.91%
LT 185/75 R14 +2.91%

Modified cars that use P 185/70 R14 tire size

We keep an updated collection of cars that gave up factory wheels and installed P 185/70 R14 instead as their aftermarket tire size. Each project is a unique experience with details on P 235/55 R18 installation issues or subsequent changes while driving.


Curriculum intent

At Cathedral Academy we aim to offer a purposeful, academically rich and coherent curriculum which leads to a deep subject knowledge in a broad range of subjects.

Our core values of honesty, empathy, respect and responsibility are integral to our day to day workings and ensure that students are aware of the basic moral codes of modern life in Britain and the wider world.

The broad and balanced curriculum offer ensures that the needs of all students are met, both inside and outside of the classroom and that they are given a variety of opportunities to expand on their cultural capital.

We have the highest of standards for students academically and this, coupled with the emphasis placed on developing young people who are confident, resilient, work ready and culturally aware, ensures that students leave us with many opportunities open to them.


How do I track # of deal stage moves?

Occasional Contributor

We have a long sales cycle and currently track # days in stage, etc. We also use to track in Salesforce # of deal stage moves. Often we can't influence the number of days in stage very much, but it is very useful to be able to track how many deal stage moves happened for each rep per month. How do I do this?

4 Replies 4
Community Manager

Hi @PL

You can export this information by clicking into the deal property deal stage (sales>settings>properties>deal properties>deal stage) and choosing 'export property history' in the top right hand corner. This will give you the history associated with this property and will allow you to see the infromation.

While there is no way to gather this information in this manner without exporting the information, this will work to resolve your issue and give you the information you're looking for.

Occasional Contributor

I appreciated your response to the request above, but it does not deliver the information in any sort of organized report. It's simply the raw data which is time consuming to reorganize.

Since your first reply, have any new tools/dashboards been created to address this? It's a very important tool for sales managers to be tracking progress on deal movement in a given week or month.

Thanks!Smiley Happy

Occasional Contributor

I think that the property history export feature is a good one. It would be much improved if the historic values were not repeated in separate columns though. For example, if a Deal has had multiple Stage changes, then each change should be represented by a unique row.  This would improve the usability of the file and enable operations like Pivoting and Filtering in Excel. As it stands now, if you want to filter for Stage Changes in a given period you would have to filter 10+ date fields instead of a single one.

Regular Contributor

I agree.  We have a long sales cycle, and to demonstrate progress to senior management we need to be able to show the pace at which deals are moving through the pipeline.  We don't just want to know which deals are in which stage of the pipeline, we also need to understand which ones have moved forward and which ones have moved back.  I envision the user being able to set parameters such as period over which a change in deal status would be depicted.  If we had a deal in SQL stage and it moved to "proposal" stage, it should show with a green outline around the box so we know it changed to that status in the time frame specified.   Likewise, it would show a red outline around the box if it changed from "verbal acceptance" back to "proposal".  The key is to monitor when a deal status is changed, either forward or backward in the funnel and the ability to report on that with consistency and ease.


Health And Well-Being

Five Constituents of Well-being

Many benefits to human health and well-being come from ecosystem processes and landscape components in the watersheds where we live.  For example, in urban areas where there is great canopy cover from mature trees, rates of skin cancers are lower (physical health), and heating and cooling costs are lower (an economic benefit that also contributes to well-being).   Parks provide opportunities to meet neighbours get together with friends and family (social health).  Bike and walking trails are places for physical activity (physical health) and exposure to natural areas which reduces stress (mental health).

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis report  identifies five health domains that are connected to ecosystem services :

  • Basic Materials for a Good Life: "the ability to have a secure and adequate livelihood, including income and assets, enough food and water at all times, shelter, ability to have energy to keep warm and cool, and access to goods."
  • Health: "the ability of an individual to feel well and be strong, or in other words to be adequately nourished and free from disease, to have access to adequate and clean drinking water and clean air, and to have the ability to have energy to keep warm and cool."
  • Good social relations: "the presence of social cohesion, mutual respect, and the ability to help others and provide for children"
  • Security: "safety of person and possessions, secure access to necessary resources, and security from natural and human-made disasters."
  • Freedom of Choice and Action: "the ability of individuals to control what happens to them and to be able to achieve what they value doing or being.”

Figure 1.3 from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis  report "depicts the strength of linkages between commonly-encountered categories of ecosystem services and components of human well-being, and includes indications of the extent to which it is possible for socioeconomic factors to mediate the linkage. For example, the ability to purchase a substitute for a degraded ecosystem service offers a high potential for mediation. The strength of the linkages and the potential for mediation differ in different ecosystems and regions. In addition to the influence of ecosystem services on human well-being depicted here, other factors influence human well-being including other environmental factors as well as economic, social, technological and cultural factors. In turn ecosystems are affected by changes in human well-being." Source: Corvalan C, Hales S, McMichael A (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment WHO, Geneva.

How is your well-being dependant on your local environment?

Use the interactive map  on this website to explore connections between ecosystem services in the watershed and benefits your health and well-being.

  • use the drop-down menu to select health and well-being benefits
    • associated with the domains of health and well-being
    • derived from ecosystem services
  • view and query spatial data using the legend on the right
  • select picture icons to see personal stories about environment and health contributed by people in the watershed... or share your own!
 Explore Now!


Posts Tagged ‘consumer confidence’

New Housing Starts: A Sign of the Times

 Real Estate has become a major component of wealth and the economic engine of the United States.  A robust construction and real estate sector fueled economic growth for over a decade. The true significance wasn’t understood until the housing market started to unravel in 2007.

Delinquent mortgages and foreclosures nearly collapsed the world financial system.  Plummeting real estate values, and the related property taxes, have created substantial fiscal challenges for state and municipal governments.   And… the dramatic reduction of new construction projects has rippled throughout the economy… in a harsh manner.

Consequently, the number of new housing starts is a closely monitored statistic.  The Conference Board’s composite index of ten economic statistics, includes housing starts.  Their number includes both permits and the actual start of construction for single-family housing units.

Real estate activity comprises nearly 10% of GDP.  The current real estate crisis therefore is contributing to the continued economic recession, and its slow recovery is one of the reasons that the economy is not likely to rebound anytime soon.

New home construction affects many areas of the economy.  The most direct impact is on building supplies and labor markets.  I recently heard one analyst state that the U.S. manufacturing jobs lost over the past two decades essentially transitioned to construction jobs.  This statement seems to be validated by the unemployment rates of the states hardest hit with distresses properties – Arizona, California, Florida and Nevada.  All except Arizona had unemployment rates well above the national average.

Consumer spending also accounts for 70% of GDP.  While it may not be easy to measure, new housing indirectly affects consumer spending.  Appliances and fixtures are often part of the new home cost.  However, there is a lot of indirect spending related to occupying a new home.  If you’ve ever moved into a new home, you know the amount of money you spend for new drapes, curtain rods, furniture and décor decking out your new digs.

In short, new housing construction is significant in the overall contribution and strength of the current U.S. economy. The glut of existing homes on the market, combined with a tight credit market and millions of Americans with poor credit, doesn’t create an environment conducive for new housing construction.  Therefore, do not expect to see any significant improvement in new housing starts anytime soon.  As such, the road to economic recovery will likely be longer and slower as a result of the lack of new housing starts.

The Economy Built on Confidence

You may have heard the term consumer confidence bantered around by economists and journalists.  The consumer confidence index is an attempt to determine the opinion of the public at-large regarding the economy.  It’s supposed to be an indicator of spending and savings habits.  In a consumer-driven economy, consumer spending has a tremendous impact on the overall state of the economy.

Confidence has a much larger impact on the US economy than the number of new cars, flat-screen televisions and iPhones that will be purchased.   To a certain extent, the entire economy is built upon confidence.

It starts with confidence in the US government, or at least in the money they print.  If you read my prior article on the Value of Money – Part III, you’ll recall that US currency is fiat money.  Since value is not determined by gold or any other asset, its value is solely derived from the full faith and credit of the US government.  Consequently, the confidence that people and investors have in the US government affects the value of the dollar. Should people lose confidence in the US government, the value of the US dollar will drop.  Considering the size of the current foreign trade deficit, it would instantly result in higher prices of things like oil and gasoline.  It would also raise the cost of borrowing, further exacerbating the current annual budget deficit and total debt obligation.

Confidence also plays a huge role in the banking and financial sector.  How would you react if you seriously questioned the long-term viability of the bank that holds all of your money?  You may be a loyal customer, but no one would be surprised if you transferred your funds to another institution.  Even if all of your money was FDIC insured, would you want to take the risk that some of it could be unavailable while the regulators sort through the mess?

The entire financial system was facing a crisis of confidence in September 2008.  Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy on September 15, 2008; on the next day, the Federal Reserve Bank put up $85 billion to save AIG from a similar fate; and the Reserve Primary Fund money market broke the buck later in the day.  These historic events happening in a matter of days caused many people to speculate that it was the beginning of another Great Depression. The lack of confidence in the financial market was causing paralysis.  Everyone wanted their money to be safe but didn’t know where to put it, for fear that any institution could be the next to fail.

To instill confidence back into the markets, Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke rolled out the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) on September 19, 2008.  We can debate the merits of TARP, but at the time, it did appear to bring enough confidence back into the markets to stave off a complete meltdown.

A lack of confidence can also wreak havoc on a company.  General Motors and Chrysler are two good examples.  As they were teetering on the brink of bankruptcy, potential buyers questioned the survival of the automakers and were very reluctant to buy their vehicles.  People were concerned about the companies’ ability to honor their warranties and the future availability of repair parts.   Once again the US government intervened in an unprecedented manner and guaranteed the warranties of all new cars being purchased.  The government guarantee provided consumers with the confidence they needed to make the purchase.  Again, we can debate the propriety of this move, but would you want to buy a product from a company you didn’t think would exist in a few months or years?

Confidence has become the underpinning of the entire economy.  Confidence determines the value of your money.  It determines the security of your savings and provides you with the ability to save, spend and transact business with others.  It also can determine the success or failure of the company you own or work for.

Now you can understand why the President, government officials and business leaders do their best to instill a sense of confidence in the economy.  It’s more than politics and positive thinking.  Once you witness the downward spiral that a lack of confidence brings, you get a better appreciation why consumer and economic confidence, whether real or perceived, is necessary.

Like trust, confidence is hard to gain and easy to lose.  In an economy built on confidence, maintaining a sense of confidence becomes the most significant economic indicator of success or failure.


Marvel's Spider-Man logo

Spider-Men is a side mission in Marvel's Spider-Man. It is unlocked after completing the story mission The Mask.

A local business owner thanks Spider-Men for saving his daughter, only he has no idea what the owner is talking about. Head to the theater and the crime scene. The daughter is still at the location, as are the cop and the defeated but breathing thugs. Talking to the daughter reveals a Spider-Man impostor heading south to check out a fire.

Locate the fire scene and check for evidence and clues. A fireman is looking for a fire extinguisher. Locate it and solve the mystery of the unknown substance. The solved solution is in the gallery below. The substance is identified as Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate, a fire suppressant. Spider-Man is able to use the chemical signature to track "Spider-Man 2.0".

The trail leads to several scenes. The fake Spider-Man appears to be doing good work in Spider-Man's name but leaves the crime scenes a bit messy. When Spider-Man finally catches up with the impostor, he is being held at gun point by some of Fisk's men. Rescue him and defeat the thugs. The "fake" is actually a local martial arts teacher, just trying to "spread the legend". Spider-Man convinces him to help out by going to the local shelter and offering free self-defense classes and instead leave the crime fighting to the real Spider-Man.