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Shabbat Halacha Series (Part 3 of 37) Conditions for Melacha by Rabbi Daniel Schloss The eight conditions necessary

for an act to be classified as Melacha. The Torah describes the process of constructing the Mishkan (Tabernacle) as "Melechet Mach'shevet" -- carefully planned professional work. Since the Melachot of Shabbat are derived from the building of the Mishkan, an act must have all the characteristics of carefully planned professional work in order to qualify as a Melacha. The following eight conditions describe both the mind-frame, as well as the nature of the act taking place, that is necessary for a full "Melechet Mach'shevet." A, B, C - Conditions that deal with one's frame of mind during the act: A. AWARENESS - A person must have a conscious awareness that he is performing a prohibited act, in order for it to be considered a Melacha. "Mit'aseik" (lit. "busying oneself") refers to a Melacha committed without awareness of what was being done. If a person intended to do an act that is not Melacha without realizing that he was actually committing a Melacha, he would not be held responsible for having committed the Melacha. For example, one who lifts what he thinks are cut flowers, only to find that they were still attached to the ground and by lifting them he had actually picked them, would not be held responsible for having violated Shabbat (Melechet Kotzer). Had that person intended to lift cut flowers, but mistakenly lifted different flowers that were attached to the ground (or in a different example if a person brushes against a light switch by mistake, turning it on), then that would not be defined as an act of Melacha at all. B. INTENT - The Melacha result of the act must be the reason for doing the action; otherwise the act is called Davar Sh'aino Mit'kavein. 1. In a case where the act will inevitably result in a Melacha, even if that was not one's original intention, this is called a P'sik Reisha [lit. "cutting off the head"]. For example, it is forbidden to pull a heavy bench across a dirt floor, because this will inevitably dig a furrow. a. If one is actually not pleased with that Melacha result because the result is detrimental (d'Lo Neicha Lai), or if it results in no benefit (Lo Ichpat Lai), then the act is Patur aval Assur. For example, one may not wash his hands above plants that belong to someone else, even if he does not wish to benefit that person. However, if the result would only occur indirectly (Gramma), it is actually permitted. b. On the other hand, if one is pleased with the Melacha result (d'Neicha Lai), then the act remains prohibited by Torah law. For example: One who washes his hands above his own plants, even though his intention is not to water them. This is Chayav due to P'sik Reisha, since the plant owner certainly benefits from the watering. 2. In a case where the act may result in Melacha, but it is possible that the Melacha may not occur, then the act is permitted. This is only permitted if one's intention is to get the permitted result, and not to create the possible Melacha-result. It is, therefore, permitted to walk across the lawn even if one's shoes are uprooting some grass. C. PURPOSE - The act must be done for the sake of the Melacha-accomplishment, rather than for some fringe benefit and/or for alleviating an undesirable situation. When one would have preferred not to do the Melacha altogether (for example, digging a hole

in the ground to get the dirt, not because one wanted to make a hole itself; or turning off a light to save money), it is considered Melacha Sh'ainah Tzrichah l'Gufah and is Patur aval Assur. The Rabbis permit such an act to prevent suffering -- for example, it is permitted to trap a snake that bites even if there would be no danger to life, since the purpose is the prevention of harm rather than snake-collecting (Melechet Tzeida). D, E, F - Conditions that deal with the manner in which the act is carried out: D. CONVENTIONALLY - The Melacha must be done in the way it is conventionally performed. If it is done in an unconventional way -- with a Shinui (e.g. k'l'Achar Yad -lit. with the back of one's hand), it is Patur aval Assur. The Shinui must be a significant deviation. Trimming one's fingernails by hand, for example, is unconventional and is thus considered a Shinui (Melechet Gozez). E. DIRECTLY - The act must directly produce the prohibited result, rather than cause the Melacha to take place indirectly. If the Melacha happens indirectly, i.e. by way of another "force" and with a delay, it is called Gramma [lit. "caused"], and is Patur aval Assur. For example, if one turns a light switch to the "on" position when the electricity is shut off, in order that the light will be turned on when the electricity is later connected by a timer, it is Patur aval Assur. F. MANPOWER-EFFICIENTLY - The fewest possible people must do the act. If two people did a Melacha which one person could have done on his own (i.e. neither really needed the other's help), they are both Patur. For example, if two people hold a sickle and cut grain, it is called Shnayim Sh'Asu (lit. "two who performed"). Likewise if one person picks up an item and someone else transports it to a different domain, this is called Chatzi Melacha (lit. "half a Melacha"). However, if two people do an act together that neither one could have done alone, e.g. carrying heavy furniture, they are both Chayav. G, H, I - Conditions that deal with what is accomplished: G. CONSTRUCTIVE - The act must have a constructive result, i.e. it produced something that can be physically used. If the act is destructive (Mekalkel), yielding no beneficial result in the act itself, it is Patur aval Assur. (In certain cases one is even permitted to "destroy" -- e.g. a plastic bag with food, in order to get to the contents. H. PERMANENT - The act must have a lasting result (Mit'kayaim). If the result brought about by the Melacha is temporary, it is Patur aval Assur. This condition applies differently to the various Melachot according to the nature of the Melacha. For example, one is Chayav for heating up water on Shabbat even though that water will cool off completely, but one is not Chayav for writing in disappearing ink. ------------I. QUANTITATIVE SIGNIFICANCE - For every Melacha there is a minimum quantity of substance in order for one to be Chayav. If, however, less than the required quantity was involved, that would still constitute a Torah prohibition, but one would not be liable for punishment (Patur aval Assur min HaTorah).


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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 ||Volume 5 Issue 9||September. 2016 || PP.63-72

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation between States, International Regimes and Environmental Refugees 1

Josué Fernández Araya Willy Soto Acosta

This paper attempts to study a global phenomenon that threatens the very life on Earth, climate change and its direct effect on environmental displaced, but from a double perspective: one, from sociology, namely the theory of society risk; and other, typical of the discipline of international relations, the cooperation between States and international regimes. Perhaps most of the works on climate change comes from the Natural Sciences and few approaches from the Social Sciences. We wanted here to focus the problem from both perspectives. In the field of the latter, and given the complexity of the issue, we turn articulated Sociology with International Relations. Similarly, in the final part of this essay, instead of listing a series of conclusions, we have chosen to proceed to an assessment of global environmental instruments and protocols.

1.2. Climate change: nature and human actions. As evidenced by many authors, especially José María Pernía and Juan Maria Fornes (2008), human actions, mainly in the productive level but not only this, they are bringing from the last century a substantial increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. The result, as we know, is an increase in global temperature that is accelerating the process of climate change. This change is reflected in increases in the average temperatures of air and oceans, widespread melting of ice and snow, and the overall average rise of sea level. And as experts have pointed out, the increase shown since the mid-twentieth century in average temperatures is caused largely by the effects observed in gases anthropogenic greenhouse. Is this alteration of the global climate to which called "climate change" (Pernia and Fornes, 2008). While it is true, as already mentioned, that the worsening of the current climate change is due to the action of mankind, the phenomenon also has natural causes. These include those of internal origin (endogenous or geological nature) and external (exogenous or astronomical nature) on planet Earth. Exogenous or external causes are astronomical phenomena that cause imbalances in the climate system

and are strongly linked to the dynamics of the Sun, the Earth's orbit, and with the arrival on Earth of celestial bodies. These include:

Fluctuations in solar activity that generate changes in energy that reaches the earth and can have climatic consequences in the Earth system (case of sunspots).

Orbital changes of the planet due to three factors, namely electricity on earth; the tilt of Earth's axis; and accuracy of the equinox.

Impact of celestial bodies (comets, asteroids and meteorites) that crashed into Earth can cause large dust clouds or tidal waves which have in turn might cause the extinction of groups of organisms such as dinosaurs (Pernía and Fornes, 2008: 2-5).

Meanwhile, endogenous or geological causes of climate change are inherent in the planet and are of

geological nature. These include the following (Martin Chivelet, 1999, cited by Pernia and Fornes, 2008: 5-8):

Oceans: Due to the extent they occupy on the surface of the Earth and its little ability to reject solar radiation (effect "albedo"), they absorb most of the solar radiation through the atmosphere. Furthermore, while the oceans are CO2 sinks, especially when the water is cold, as the water warms rather they release CO2 into the atmosphere.

1 This work is part of the research project: 074-13 "The phenomenon of regional integration in international relations: a theoretical contribution to the discipline from criticism of the coloniality of power and cosmopolitanism" School of International Affairs and Vice Rectory of Research of the National University, Costa Rica.

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

Volcanoes: When they erupt, besides incandescent magma, throwing huge amounts of dust, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide in gaseous form into the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). These emissions of carbon dioxide from volcanic activity is estimated at approximately 250 million tonnes per year, a figure equivalent to 0.8% of the total annual emissions of CO2 that mankind produced as a result of fossil fuel use.

Movements of lithospheric plates: As we know, these movements determine the distribution of continents and oceans, distribution affecting the climate system, insofar as it affects the amount of solar radiation that can be absorbed by the earth's surface for each latitude.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs): The gas mixture resulting in the atmosphere allows entry to the Earth's surface of a considerable part of the radiation. This short-wave radiation heats the earth's surface, surface which in turn returns part of the absorbed energy as long wave radiation. This resulting longwave radiation is absorbed by certain atmospheric gases (greenhouse gases), and this phenomenon absorption results in a warming in the atmosphere in their lower layers. From the above it follows that the greenhouse effect is not an invention of the human race, as there naturally. However, it is clear from the evidence offered by specialists, is that the greenhouse effect is being increased by human activity. To this it contributes particularly the use of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) (Pernía and Fornes, 2008: 12). The result is an increase in global temperature of the planet, threatening many human activities, and if extreme, life itself. The gases that produce the greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and hexafluorocarbonos sulfur (SF6) (Pernía and Fornes, 2008 : 12).

concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have

changed over the history of the Earth by natural causes. However, over the past ten thousand years to the Industrial Revolution, the concentration was relatively normal. From the mid-eighteenth century, GHG emissions began to increase mainly due to uncontrolled consumption of non-renewable energy "sources (2008:

As indicated by Pernia and Fornes, "

12). Thus, climate change manifests itself in:

Increase in temperature.

Significant increase in rainfall.

Sea level rise due to warming causes seawater to expand, and also to the melting of glacier ice in Greenland, Antarctica and other continents.

The extent of snow has fallen and mountain glaciers outside the polar regions have been withdrawing.

Natural disasters: mainly Niño, is heating the upper layer of the equatorial Pacific Ocean east-central. As a result of this hot water accumulation, in turn heats the atmosphere and conditions favoring precipitation are created. One of the most tangible results is not outcrop of deep water, which makes cease the supply of nutrients for phytoplankton, affecting a severe decrease fish stocks in the area. Increasing cyclones it is correlated with the observed heating the surface temperature of the sea in the tropics.

Reduction of permafrost, is the level at which the ground is permanently frozen. The most serious is that the permafrost stores a huge amount of tons of carbon or methane, and defrosted, it could be released affecting a greater increase in global warming. Those cities built on permafrost are threatened by melting it (Pernía and Fornes, 2008: 16-24).

1.2. The theory of risk society. The study of global warming and climate change, as well as analysis of the impact of these phenomena in environmental management, has been spring natural scientists and engineers. However, from the social sciences you can address this problem, as explained below. The German sociologist Ulrich Beck, with his works, mainly "Risk Society" has contributed to a new sociological approach that tries to understand the threats that humanity faces from the last quarter of the twentieth century.The "theory of world risk society" part of a series of premises:

What characterize today's society are the risks. But what is a risk? It is a mixture of something actually happens but his potential is frightening part

the risks are something unreal. In a central

sense, they are real and unreal at the same time. On the one hand, many dangers and destructions are already real: polluted and dying waters, forest destruction, new diseases, etc. Moreover, the real risk of social power argument lies in the projection of threats to the future "(Beck, 1998b: 39). Beck establishes the following types of risks:

that has not happened but that can happen: In the words of Beck, "

Table 1: Risks and typology

Types of Risks

Global Risks

Mega technology nuclear and chemical; genetic research; new information

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

technologies; artificial intelligence; environmental Threats: such as ozone depletion, climate change and greenhouse; nanotechnology; robotics.

industrial hazards.

2. Ecological risks conditioned by poverty and technical and industrial hazards.

Growing inequality and pauperization in and out of Western industrial society; environmental damage such as deforestation of the jungle, imported toxic wastes, large obsolete technologies in chemical and atomic.

Super Militarization;

or biological

weapons; terrorism.

Source Prepared by Jiménez, 2011: 10, from Beck, 1998: 67-69.

From the above it follows that the threats are fundamentally ecological, even if they are conditioned by political reasons (nuclear threat, terrorist acts), social (social inequality and misery that leads to an over- exploitation of natural resources), economic (environmental effects on Global Warming, among others, the use of oil, over-exploitation and soil pollution produced by the desire to obtain increasing profits).

the notion of

world risk society is relevant in a world that can be characterized by a loss of clear distinction between nature and culture. If today we speak of nature, we talk about culture, and if we talk about culture, we talk about nature. Our conception of nature and culture as two worlds apart, which is closely linked to modern thought, can´t recognize that we are building, acting and living in a world artificially constructed by civilization whose characteristics are beyond these distinctions that still dominate our way of thinking. The loss of boundaries between these two areas is not only a result of the industrialization of nature and culture, but also the risks that endanger humans, animals and plants the same way. Whether we think fears of ozone depletion, pollution or food, nature is inextricably contaminated by human activity. That is, the common danger has an equalizing effect that reduces the barriers carefully raised between classes, nations, human, and the rest of nature, between creators of culture and creatures of instinct or, to use an old distinction between beings and soulless "(Beck, 2000: 18).

Those threats, these risks do not belong to a single country or region or one social class but are global, planetary (Beck, 1988 b: 42) .It is, if there is something global, globalization is irrigation, does not respect borders, it is universal par excellence, heritage is not a place but the planet (Beck, 1988 b: 42).

Corollary to the above, the risks have a boomerang effect, in the sense that they affect not only those who do not produce, is their innocent victims, but also those who directly or indirectly fathered and even those who profit with them (is the insurance industry) (Beck, 1988 b: 43). The most representative of this case is global warming: although its greatest effects are suffered by poor countries and populations most at social and environmental vulnerability, the same industrialized countries and polluting industries also experience the consequences of this phenomenon.

Risks auto-play: a risk on a plane or dimension generates another risk in another plane or dimension: "The production of modernization risks follows the rotation of the boomerang. Intensive industrial agriculture subsidized with billions grow dramatically makes the lead content in breast milk and children not only in distant cities. In many ways undermines the natural basis of agricultural production: lowers the fertility of the fields, animals and plants disappear necessary for life, increases the risk of soil erosion "(Beck, 1988 b:

In the premises, there is a continuum between nature and society, which means that "

Environmental damage has not been caused by nature, but by mankind through science and technology: the use of them, instead of saving humanity, rather threaten to extinguish (Beck, 1988: 65).

Feedback from damage engendering a "spiral of destruction" occurs: "The environmental damage (example, floods in Blangladesh) can trigger mass migration, which can lead to turn in war. Also other belligerent states threatened by defeat could use, 'in last instance`, destruction of nuclear plants and own and others to threaten the border regions and large cities with the atomic destruction "(Beck, 1988 Chemical: 69).

This "spiral of destruction" is clearly reflected in environmental migration. Displaced by drought, floods, infertility of land, depletion of flora and fauna, pollution of natural resources, go to other places where there are usually other populations (sometimes belonging to other ethnic groups), increasing environmental pressure and ecological damage in the "new" lands; This addition to the conflicts between the local and the "newcomers"). And when it comes to migration between neighboring countries, this tense relations between the neighboring states.

These risks and fears they produce "unified" humanity, becoming a "global society". This global company is established, first because environmental damage affecting the entire planet, and second, because there is a raising global awareness that such damage can kill the planet (the fear of the "end of the world") and there to do something about it.

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

"World Society" does not mean integrated society (Beck, 1998: 29, 31). His planetary character is given by the fact that risks affect threaten all mankind to operate globally. But just one of the difficulties to face is the lack of a world government (or something close to it).

We noted earlier that the theory of risk society is a contribution from the social sciences that can be useful to understand some effects of global warming and climate change. This will be illustrated with a consequence to social and environmental instead of those phenomena: human displacement due to extreme events (droughts, floods, desertification, food crises, etc.). Before that, let's see how you can interpret the phenomenon of migration from the perspective of risk.

3.1. Migration and risks.

The threats are global not affect everyone equally. Some are able to escape them or at least to minimize their effects, others have no output:

"The history of risk sharing shows that they follow, like wealth, class scheme, but in reverse:

accumulate riches above, the risks below. Therefore, the risks seem to strengthen and not to suppress the class society. The inadequate supplies the lack of security and an overabundance of risks that should be avoided is added. Against this, the rich (in income, power, and education) can be purchased security and freedom from risk.

" Also the possibilities and abilities to face risky situations, avoid them, compensate them, appear to

be unevenly distributed to layers of income and various educations: who has the necessary financial cushion

long term can try to avoid risks by choosing the place of residence and housing configuration (or by a second home, vacation, etc.). The same goes for food, education and the corresponding behavior in relation to food and information "(Beck, 1998b: 40-41). One of the victims of the risk society are environmental migrants, also called "ecological displaced" or "environmental refugees" who have to move temporarily or permanently as a result of the effects of climate change. We can say in relation to migration, the following:

Migration, although inherent in the history of mankind, acquired a special notoriety in the risk society. The movement of people across borders becomes more visible, precisely because the borders become more invisible, more permeable, more than walls between them and controls are lifted.

In the risk society, as pointed by Ruíz, the migrant appears both as a risk and as being at risk.

In the first approach it is presented as a carrier of threats to society which arrives: crime agent, carrier of diseases and "strange" cultural customs, etc. The second perspective, the migrant as a person at risk, emphasizes the situation of constant danger in

living this: the violation of their human rights constantly undergoes (victim of the atrocities of the "coyotes" and humiliation practiced by the society that "hosts") (Ruiz, 2002).

The same globality causes the migration because of the "international division of labor", is the global organization of production of goods and services: some countries specialize in the production of certain goods and services, other states are engaged to the production of other goods and services.

So it migrates both, the workforce with little or no (farm laborers, construction workers) as "talents" ("brain drain") formation. But in globality the "moving", the move is not heritage of the people and the workforce. Also they migrate the capital, and even there is a sub-species specialist in travel these: the "hot money". Often the movement of capital attracted to them certain types of labor. The welcome to the ones who move, is to either be labor or capital, is differentiated: the euphoric reception that is given to entrepreneurs / investors / capital and the "brains" contrasts with signs of rejection given to the poorly skilled force and the violation of human rights which, in various forms, is subjected work.

3.2. Displaced global warming.

François Gemenne, researcher at the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, based in Paris, said the following at the Climate Summit in Poznan, Poland, in December 2008:

"Of course there are environmental refugees. There are people of very low-lying islands that are moving by sea level rise and coastal erosion, migration within China by desertification and people trying to get out of Bangladesh because they suffer flooding each with increasing frequency. Environmental factors influence ".

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

"We have identified 22 hot spots. Many Africans, fleeing desertification, crossing to Yemen trying to reach Saudi Arabia. Therefore Arabia has built a wall with Yemen. Or the border between Bangladesh and India. Bangladesh accuses India of flood you with a dam and suffering the sea level rise. India plans to raise a border "(quoted by Mendez, 2018).

The concept has been coined to refer environmental refugee has:

" People, towns and in the most serious situations, cities have been forced to move from their

homeland, due to problems associated with the environment, natural disasters: hurricanes or tsunamis, and also for other reasons of devastation such as deforestation, desertification, floods, and droughts, with the consequent lack of water, food and energy, and risk of disease, which makes for these people, there is little or no hope of return. These people are called "environmental refugees ", a term that includes not only those that have to move to other areas within the same country, but also those who often cross international borders. Trying to cross the border into safer territory, thousands of these displaced persons die each year in the migratory routes, by restrictive policies of the countries they are targeting and the militarization of borders "(Borras, 2008: 1). There are three types of displaced. First, you have to temporarily move following extreme events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods; but time after the events can return to their hometowns. It is also a second type: that make people who can´t return to their habitat due to the degree of destruction or due to the exploitation of natural resources. A third type is people whose lands were taken (by purchase and / or expropriation) to give another economic destination (example, construction of mega-projects tourism in what were populated by fisher folk before) (Borras, 2008: 3-4). In some cases the difference between these situations is very faint and difficult to establish whether the act of leaving the habitat is voluntary or forced. The following table identifies some factors that generate this type of displacement:

Table No. 2: Causes that favor environmental refugees

Long-term processes

Political and military conflicts

·Flood ·Typhoons ·Droughts ·Pest ·Earthquakes ·Tsunamis ·Heat waves ·Increase in sea level ·Volcanic eruptions ·Storms ·Tornadoes

·Long term processes:

·Destruction crops

·Distribution resources ·Development projects ·Lack of sources

desertification, degradation farmland, Overuse and inadequacy of water resources, erosion soils, deforestation.

chemical rivers or coasts

·Accident chemical or nuclear.

Source: Taken from Perales, 2010: 5 (Prepared by Lastiri, Angelica).

Climate change as mentioned above has an impact globally, so that their disasters and effects affect all States. A few more than others, but inevitably the concept of globality of Beck, each State will suffer either directly or indirectly for the damage suffered by a neighboring country or a business partner, among others. That is why cooperation between States to carry out agreements, arrangements and international environmental protocols is greater. This coupled with the financial and technical cooperation in multilateral environmental matters, and of course, an important environmental component in many of the systems integration of the current international system.

4.1. Climate change and cooperation among States. "The international climate regime is a case of international cooperation post hegemonic" (Kiessling, 2011: 1). As such in the beginning it was seen more as a problem of development in the South, however, now countries like China and the United States have had to express its intention to combat climate change (Xinhua,

And climate change becoming a subject of international cooperation, not only South-South as in the beginning, if not North-South. This change was mainly because many powerful states have joined the fight against climate change, reaching the point where China and the United States that once had been reluctant to cooperate in this matter are added. Recall that the United States is among the states that have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and China among those who signed but did nothing to meet the decline in greenhouse gas emissions.

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

4.1.1. International regimes as an instrument for environmental cooperation. To carry out this multilateral environmental cooperation, States have resorted to international regimes. So that international regimes are located in the center of the scene "as a means of facilitating cooperation in a world where anarchy and states as SI base unit continues seeking to satisfy their interests" (Kiessling, 2011: 6) . So what is an international regime? They are:

"The principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures, explicit or implicit, around which actors' expectations converge in a particular subject area of international relations. Principles are beliefs of fact, causation and rectitude. Standards are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations. Rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action. The decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choices "(Krasner, 1982). To carry out cooperation policy coordination is required, is where "international regimes play a key role socialization of States" (Kiessling, 2011: 8), so that institutionalize practices in policy areas; in this case specifically in environmental matters. This work is carried out mainly by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC for its acronym in English). So if we talk about the principle of the scheme is its backbone, which is responsible for giving meaning to their existence, in international cooperation in the area of climate change, the backbone would be the stabilization of greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere (Kiessling, 2011: 12). Regarding climate change could mean that there should be a "harmony of interests" between the States of a region in view of achieving sustainable development (Kiessling 2011: 15). This is why initiatives have been taken as Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America (CCA), cooperation among Caribbean countries to prevent natural disasters, Red Ibeoramericana Office of Climate Change (RIOCC), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), among many others. However, not all countries have defined climate change as a state priority, and as a pillar of its foreign policy. It is these differences of interests, power, environmental information and belief among multiple actors who make up the international system of environmental cooperation, which have resulted in "a weak institutionalization of the same regime" (Kiessling, 2011: 18).

4.1.2. Cooperation as an obligation. Despite the differences and problems that can live international regimes, it is important to emphasize that cooperation for combating climate change has become an obligation of States. This is because an increase of 2 degrees Celsius in the Earth's surface would bring catastrophic or devastating consequences for humans and the planet in general. So this has forced states to work together, but has also led to those states with greater economic capacity have to cooperate and fund training projects summits, and on environment. Therefore, States have agreed to address climate change from different areas: scientific, political, economic (financing of the fight), social, among others. So they have created regimes, instruments, institutions and entities that go beyond just the UNFCCC. These appear the aforementioned Kyoto Protocol, RIOCC, IPCC, Inter-American Institute for Research on Global Change (IAI), Commission for Sustainable Development of the United Nations (CDS), Dialogue on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, among many others. And of course organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and systems integration as the Pacific Alliance to give some examples, which have involved a strong environmental component to its treaties and functions. In the words of Christiana Figueres said in an interview for (2016), "if we do not tackle climate change we will be easily doubling or tripling the number of displaced people. The population will not have enough food or enough water to stay in your home is going to move. "That is why it is so important the issue of climate change and its impact on environmental displaced.

4.2. Environmental refugees. Let us go back to this point that is the leitmotif of this work. According to UN data, 60% of migratory movements are caused by climate change and disasters such as droughts or floods (Caceres, 2010: 11). Appearing this migrant such as a risk and in situation of risk. Intone, what it is meant by environmental displaced? "People or groups of people who, for compelling reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are forced to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either with temporarily or permanently, and who move within their own countries or abroad "(IOM, 2007: 3) Among the most important causes of these migratory movements are severe climatic consequences of climate change and mismanagement of natural resources, water scarcity, desertification, deforestation, drought, inability to produce food, diseases, growth of the sea, among others (Solá , 2012: 110).

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

An important aspect is the vulnerability of individuals, groups and communities. Referring to adaptive capacity is not the same, which is why international cooperation and commitment of governments and the international community is vital to mitigate the effects of climate change. This is done through the provision of resources and assets to face risk situations and to prevent turn (Egea & Soledad, 2011: 212). Environmental displaced have increasingly gained prominence on the international agenda. The climate

crisis and the great migrations in search of environmental shelter have put on the table that this crisis can lead to

a breach of the exercise of human rights on the planet (Solá, 2012: 106), understanding that human rights

treaties most were drafted and signed before it became known about climate change. So it will be vital to reduce the magnitude of climate change and its effects on the planet and mitigate the migration, environmental strategies and sustainable development to implement States and the international community, both in the short and long term ( Solá, 2012: 109). The commitment of the most polluting states will be fundamental to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, but also in compensating developing countries that are being affected.

5.1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

It would be in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (1992), where three major international treaties would take place. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) and the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD); known as the Rio Conventions. The UNFCCC enter into force on 21 March 1994, with the main objective "to stabilize concentrations

of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that do not cause dangerous changes to the climate system" (UNFCCC, SFA). So look for the ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure food production of this threat and promote sustainable economic development. The Convention is now signed by 195 countries, with almost universal (Ministerio de Agricultura, SF).

) are made, these

For this Convention to be effective, "decisions must be approved by all Parties by consensus (

decisions are discussed and approved at the Conferences of the Parties (COP)" (MAGRAMA, SF). So it has been this Convention, where they were born important instruments and "almost global" environmental protocols of character towards the fight against climate change.

5.2. Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol is the most important institutional agreement on climate change, which has its origin in the UNFCCC (StopCO, 2002, 2). It would be during the 3rd Conference of the Parties in Kyoto (1997), this protocol would be adopted. With the primary mission of "establishing stricter reduction commitments and limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for developed countries" (CNMA, SF 2). At first it was intended to jointly reduce GHG emissions to 5% of existing levels by the year 1990 (CNMA, SF 2). But endangering the limit is no sign was set at 1.8% at the summit in Bonn. However just as the US Senate would not ratify the Protocol and Canada on the other hand not abandon the Protocol to pay fines of breach of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While the goals were not achieved, the Kyoto Protocol can be considered as an important step towards

a truly global regime on the reduction and stabilization of GHG emissions (UNFCCC, SFB). In addition it provides an important architecture for any international climate change agreement to be signed in the future.

5.3. Montreal Protocol 2 .

The Montreal Protocol entered into force on 1 January 1989, being ratified at that time by 29 countries and the European Economic Community (EEC). It currently has 191 parties (UNEP, 2007; 6). This Protocol aims at the elimination of substances that deplete the ozone layer, "to prevent damage to health and the environment, supporting with financial resources (Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol) to developing countries and developed countries" (SEMARNAT, 2013). For the year 1987 when the Protocol was adopted, this was the first multilateral and legally binding international agreement on the environment (UNEP, 2007; 3). Showing at the time the acceptance of the international community to initiate a process of responsibility for the environment. Today we can say that the Montreal Protocol is an important model of "global partnership of cooperation and consultation on environmental matters" (UNEP, 2007; 3). Besides, it is important to mention that if the Protocol currently still so necessary is that this has been adjusted and amended over time, so have

2 The four amendments which the Montreal Protocol has called for adoption instead are London, Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing.

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Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

accelerated phase-out schedules, have introduced new types of measures control and they have added new controlled substances to the list (SEMARNAT, 2013).

5.4. Rio + 20 (2012). Rio + 20 is the name given to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This after the Earth Summit held in Rio (1992). At this conference world leaders, private sector, NGOs and other groups met. "The official talks focused on two main issues: how to build a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people out of poverty, and how to improve international coordination for sustainable development" (UN, 2012). This document presents sustainable development as a shared responsibility among all countries, although it is clear with deference depending on their level of development (Baron, 2012). It was determined at the Conference that eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenge (Baron, 2012) and apart from this agreement putting 190 countries to sign a document, and is considered an achievement. Though really if you can consider the conference as "unambitious" "disappointing" and even "the only possible agreement" (CDKN, 2012). However it should be clarified that the biggest disappointment regarding this agreement, is supported by the great expectations held. Mainly back 20 years after the historic agreement which took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. While this agreement left a big gap in terms of commitments, targets and deadlines. The agreement entitled "The Future We Want" can be considered as a good basis for the beginning of the transition (CDKN,

The Conference demonstrated that the lack of agreements between countries, companies and civil sector can lead to an historic opportunity to generate significant future agreement to be wasted. Leaving points as oceans, UNEP as the new agency UN system, more funding for sustainable development policies, among many others that could not be covered or simply no consensus was reached.

5.5. COP 21 Paris (2016). The Paris Conference (COP 21) brought together 195 countries to sign two important agreements. "The Paris Agreement" and "Decision", with the main difference being that the former does not allow changes or modifications, while Decision may be modified with other decisions made in the next Conference of the Parties (CCOO, 2015, 2). To enter into force the Paris Agreement is required to be ratified by 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions of greenhouse gases (BBC, 2015). Importantly, this "is the first agreement in which both developed countries and developing countries agree to manage the transition to a low carbon economy" (BBC, 2015). Among the main points of agreement highlighted that the increase in global temperature should be well below two degrees Celsius; that the agreement is legally binding on the signatory countries; , Close to US $ 100,000 million for developing countries from 2020 and funds a review of five years on the compliance of each country (BBC, 2015). However the agreement does not set specific targets in important areas such as adaptation and financing, being very weak covenant as to guarantee coordination and action and international cooperation (CCOO, 2015, 3). On the other hand, there is no concrete mitigation goal set long-term, which would have an important role to show you the way to countries on how to adapt their goals. While you could say that the deal would flee to impose specific measures and leaves many doubts in certain areas, you can´t remove the merit of it to be universal and binding. Since this is the first time that an agreement against global warming practices involves the entire planet (CCOO, 2015, 3). Therefore it is clearly a historic agreement of a magnitude to many of the above. However you can´t praise the whole agreement. While this is legally binding, national targets for reducing emissions are not required, or funding commitments (CCOO, 2015, 3). Finally, the Paris Agreement is not perfect, but it is a big step to ensure a sustainable future for the planet.

There are lots of tools, protocols, agreements, statements and codes agreed in favor of climate change and the environment and that directly or indirectly concerns the phenomena of environmental displaced. Some of those who stand out are: the International Agreement Tropical Timber, International Code of Conduct for Fisheries Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, Convention on the Protection of the world Cultural and Natural Heritage, among many others that could be mentioned. But the question that arises to see so many agreements and so little progress is: are these tools really the solution to climate change? Seeing the assessments previously made are known as the consensus among States is practically impossible and if required do force countries to comply with the agreement.

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

On the other hand, there is a total commitment of (major pollutants and emitting GHGs) developed countries, so that they only sign the instruments that allow the industry to continue emissions against the ozone layer, plus they are few occasions that ratify the agreements reached. So no more instruments are needed, what is needed is awareness on the part of the biggest polluters worldwide commitment of all countries to achieve lower emissions of GHGs and thus avoid the increase in global temperature. More international cooperation and financing and will primarily towards a sustainable and sustainable future on planet Earth.

Barón, Francho (2012). Río+20 cierra el pacto posible. El País. Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2016 de:

BBC (2015). COP 21: Aprueban histórico acuerdo contra el cambio climático en la cumbre de París. BBC Mundo. Consultado el

29 de julio de 2016 de: Beck, Ulrich (1998 a). ¿Qué es la globalización? Falacias del globalismo, respuestas a la globalización. España: Paidós.

Bech, Ulrich (1998 b). La sociedad del riesgo. España: Paidós.

Beck, Ulrich (2000) “Retorno a la teoría de la ´sociedad del riesgo´“. En: Estudios. Boletín de la A.G.E., N. 30.España: Asociación

de Geógrafos Españoles. Beck, Ulrich (2004). Poder y contra poder en la era global. La nueva economía política mundial. España: Paidós.

Beck, Ulrick: "La reinvención de la política: hacia una teoría de la modernización reflexiva". En : Beck, Ulrich; Giddens, Anthony;

y Lash, Scott (2008). Modernización reflexiva. España: Alianza Universidad. Borrás, Susana (2008). “Aproximación al concepto de refugiado ambiental: origen y regulación jurídica internacional” (Conferencia

impartida en el “III Seminario sobre los agentes de la cooperación al desarrollo: refugiados ambientales, refugiados invisibles?”. España: Universidad de Cádiz. Cáceres, Verónica (2010). Los refugiados ambientales: un drama en crecimiento frente a la expansión del capital sobre la naturaleza

(Ponencia presentada en las “XXII Jornadas de Historia Económica”. Argentina: Asociación Argentina de Historia Económica y Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. CCOO (2015). Principales resultados de la Cumbre de Cambio Climático de París. Informe de valoración de CCOO. Consultado el

climatico pdf CDKN (2012). Luego de Rio+20 Un balance de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible. Alianza Clima y Desarrollo. Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2016 de: las-naciones-unidas-sobre-desarrollo-sostenible/?loclang=es_es

CNMA (SF). Protocolo de Kyoto. Convención Nacional de Medio Ambiente. Santiago, Chile. Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2016 de: de Estrada, Victoria (2010). “El debate sobre desplazamientos poblacionales por deterioro ambiental. Indagaciones sobre su aplicación: al caso de Argentina”. En: Intellector, Volumen VII, N. 13. Brasil (

Egea, Carmen & Soledad, Javier (2011). Los desplazados ambientales, más allá del cambio climático. Un debate abierto.

Cuadernos Geográficos N° 49. Figueres, Christiana (2016). Frase frenopático: «el cambio climático y crisis de refugiados están ligados». Consultado el 1

de agosto de 2016 de: ligados-christiana-figueras-aspirante-a-presidir-la-onu/ Kiessling, Christopher (2011). “Conducta estatal y regímenes internacionales: un análisis del régimen del clima”. Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político. Córdoba, Argentina.

[16]. Krasner, Stephen (1982). “Structural causes and regime consequences: Regimes as intervening variables”. International Organization.

Jiménez, Rodolfo (2011). “Globalización, riesgos y seguros” (Monografía presentada en el curso “Colonialidad, geopolítica y

transformaciones político-culturales” del Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales). Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional. Méndez, Rafael (08/12/2008). “25 millones de parias climáticos”, en: El País. España. Recuperado el 24 de febrero del 2011 de:

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (SF). Página Oficial. Gobierno de España. Cambio Climático. Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2016 de: contra-el-cambio-climatico/naciones-unidas/CMNUCC.aspx

[21]. Morales, María Fernanda; Soto-Acosta, Willy (2015). “La población indígena y el cambio climático en Centroamérica:

aproximaciones a su impacto”. Interritórios | Revista de Educação Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Caruaru, BRASIL | V.1 |

OIM (2007). Nota para las Deliberaciones: La Migración y el Medio Ambiente. Nonagésima Cuarta Reunión del Consejo, MC/INF/288, 10 págs.

[24]. PNUMA (2007). 20 años de éxito. PNUD protección de la capa de ozono. Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2016 de:

Perales, Arturo (2010). “Refugiados ambientales, cambio climático y capitalismo”. En: Alternativas. Revista Electrónica, Año V,

Número 68. México: Red Mexicana de Acción frente al Libre Comercio / RMALC RR 0 Pernia, José y Fornés, Juan (2008). Cambio Climático y Agua Subterránea. España: Instituto Geológico y Minero.

Ruíz, Olivia (2002). “La migración en la globalización de la sociedad del riesgo”. México: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte.

Recuperado el 16 de julio de 2008 de: Ruíz, Olivia (s.f.). “Riesgo,migración y espacios fronterizos”. En: Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos. Mxico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte.

Confronting Climate Change: Cooperation Between States, International Regimes And…

SEMARNAT (2013). Protocolo de Montreal. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. México. Consultado el 9 de

agosto de 2016 de: Solá, Oriol (2012). Desplazados medioambientales: una nueva realidad. Instituto de Derechos Humanos Pedro Arrupe. Cuaderno

Deusto de Derechos Humanos N° 66. Bilbao, España. StopCO (2002). Resumen del Protocolo de Kyoto. Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. EUSKADI.

Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2016 de: UNFCCC (SFa). Página Oficial. La Convención del Cambio Climático. Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2016 de:

UNFCCC (SFb). Página Oficial. Protocolo de Kyoto. Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2016 de:

Xinhua (2016). “China y EEUU expresan disposición a cooperar sobre cambio climático”. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2016 de:

The authors:

Josué Fernández Araya. He is a student of the School of International Affairs at the National University of Costa Rica. His interests include Latin American integration, trade policy, development economics and public policy. E-mail Contact:

Willy Soto Acosta. Sociologist and political scientist. PhD from the Université d'Aix-Marseille. Professor of the School of International Affairs at the National University (Costa Rica) and professor of PhD in Latin American Studies from the same university. Member of the working group: "subjectivations, citizenships critical and social transformations". He is a member of the Latin American Network of Methodology of Social Sciences. Contact:,


Grief and the New Year

The start of a new year is a time that many people reflect on their goals such as going to the gym more, drinking more water, drinking less alcohol, eating healthier, etc. They also work to leave their emotional struggles behind them. For those of us who are working through grief, that can be a difficult, if not impossible task. I often tell my clients when they have experienced a loss, they take their grief with them and is now a part of who they are. Meaning in the New Year we will have to continue to work through our grief while facing difficult emotions such as emptiness, fear, loneliness, etc. These emotions can make us hesitant to face another year. During the time between Thanksgiving and Christmas we spend so much time with friends and family, it can leave little time for our own self-reflection on not only the upcoming year, but how our grief factors into that next year. So you may be asking how to work on your self-reflection to bring your grief with you into 2018 in a positive way. Here are my thoughts:

Continue working on patience with yourself– Whatever emotions you are feeling are valid. You are allowed to still experience moments of sadness, anger, fear, or any other emotions you are feeling. There is no expiration date when you are done feeling emotions of grief.

Do not focus on the “should” thoughts– We all have them. I “should” feel better by now. I “should” fill out the thank you cards. The “shoulds” can often lead to other difficult emotions that can lead to complicated grief. Allow yourself to be where you are in the grief process, you are here for a reason. Do not compare your grief to others. Everyone’s grief is unique and comparison can often lead to unnecessary difficult emotions.

Remind yourself that it is alright to laugh– Laughter can be healing, but there are myths out there that make people feel like they are never allowed to laugh when they are grieving. Do not be afraid to watch a movie that will give you a good chuckle or reminisce over a funny memory you have of your loved one.
Find ways you can still allow your loved one to be present in the New Year- Are there special ways you can honor your loved one throughout the year? Plan a special hike in their honor, do a balloon release, or even just watching a movie they loved can help you feel closer to them throughout the year.

Focus on your physical health– Our emotions can be closely tied to the physical side of our health. It is important to continue to try and be well rested in order to work on healing emotionally.
Seek support- This could look like having coffee with a friend who has experienced grief or going to a grief support group. Many churches can offer a spiritual support as well. Do not be afraid to ask for support and guidance, you do not have to do it alone.

Find ways to express your emotions– Drawing, journaling, listening to music, or even coloring in a coloring book are all great ways to express the emotions you are feeling (the good and the bad). It does not matter how you choose to express yourself as long as you find some way to do it.
Learn more about grief- Sometimes you may find you need to learn more about ways to grieve or what the grief process can look like. My clients might tell you my favorite saying, “There is no wrong way to grieve unless you aren’t grieving at all”.

Show gratitude– Expressing gratitude is another way to heal. Writing a letter or telling someone why you are grateful for them can make those difficult emotions dissolve for a while. You can even write a letter of gratitude to your loved one you have lost.

If you find yourself struggling during the New Year, feel free to reach out to any of our staff at Roper and Sons funeral home. They would be happy to answer any questions you may have about the grief or get you in contact with our grief counselors.

If you have any questions about our grief support program feel free to contact Jodi Freeman at 402.476. 1225

I wish you all a happy and healthy 2018.
Tiffany Eisenbraun, LMHP
Grief Counselor


U.S. Bank Routing Transit Numbers

Routing numbers of 1st National Bank/Darlington

The database of our website contains information about one routing number of 1st National Bank/Darlington in one state of America (Wisconsin). At the same time, most branches are in the city of Darlington (1 bank branch). To find out information about the 1st National Bank/Darlington in a specific state - choose from the menu below:

Routing numberStateCityZip CodeAddressPhone number
075905457WisconsinDarlington53530Po Box 50(608) 776-4071

Where is the routing number located on a check of the 1st National Bank/Darlington?

The routing number always appears on the very bottom of a check. It can either appear before or after the checking account number. The Centennial Bank places the routing number in the left-most corner, before the account number.

The routing number is the one that is both preceded by and followed by an odd symbol that looks a little bit like a frowning face. This symbol brackets the routing number, setting it off from other numbers on the same line.

The Purpose of the Routing Number

It is needed any time you want to move money into or out of your bank account. If you file your taxes online and want the money direct deposited to your account, you will be asked for the routing number and your checking account number.


About R for Windows 4.0.2

This programming language offers you a development environment for creating data analysis and statistical calculation applications

R for Windows is a development tool preferred by programmers who need to create software for data analysis. The package includes the components of the programming language and the other tools necessary to create the desired application.

Each programming language is built for a certain purpose and includes optimizations for a certain area. The R language is designed to create applications that easily manage and visualize statistical data.

In order to analyze the data, R includes support for linear and non-linear modeling, classifications, and other specific tools. It can also be used to generate graphical representations of the input data.

The main tool for creating an application is the integrated development environment which can be used to edit code and test the output. It provides you with a graphical interface where you can access the console, create scripts and install additional packages.

R for Windows :

Since most data analysis applications require visualization functionality, R includes several graphical functions designed to display common statistical graphs. You can also use the commands to create custom charts suitable for the type of data to be analyzed.

Although you need programming experience to build applications, the package includes several examples that can get you started. The details of a certain function are easily accessible in the console or by opening the HTML help in any Internet browser.

One of the advantages of the R language is the ability to extend its functionality by creating packages. Experienced programmers can create custom packages for their projects using the guide included in the documentation.

Overall, R for Windows provides a flexible development environment that can help you create data analysis tools for your needs.

To download R for Windows 4.0.2 please click this download button. Thanks.

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The invisible enemy should not exist (Room N, Northwest Palace of Nimrud), 2018

Basel 2018
Barbara Wien
Reliefs from Middle Eastern packaging and newspapers, glue, cardboard, wood
Michael Rakowitz’s project unfolds as an intricate narrative about the artifacts stolen from the National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad, in the aftermath of the US invasion in 2003 and the continued destruction of Mesopotamian cultural heritage by groups like ISIS. The ongoing series of sculptures are an attempt to reconstruct the thousands of looted and destroyed artifacts. The objects are created with a team of assistants using the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute’s database and information from Interpol’s website. Since 2007, more than 700 artifacts have been reconstructed. Rakowitz exhibits a life-size reconstruction of mural reliefs formerly located at the Northwest Palace of Nimrud, destroyed by ISIS in 2015. The color scheme of the reconstructed reliefs follows what archaeologists believe was originally painted on the limestone when the panels were carved in the 9th century BC. The reconstructions are made from Arabic newspapers and the packaging of Middle Eastern foodstuffs: products produced in northern Iraq, like date cookies and date syrup. The salvage of these materials makes present the human, economic, and ecological disasters caused by the Iraq War and its aftermath.


How many calories inCharlesworth Peanuts, Malaysian Curry, cooked

583 Calories

serving (100 g)

Fat49.2 g
Carbs13.9 g
Protein27.2 g

Nutrition Information

Calories 583(2440 kJ)
% DI*
Protein27.2 g54%
Total Fat49.2 g70%
Saturated Fat6 g25%
Carbohydrate13.9 g4%
Sugars5.5 g
Sodium1000 mg43%
Alcohol0 g

Calorie Burn Time

How long would it take to burn off 583 Calories of Charlesworth Peanuts, Malaysian Curry, cooked?

  • Swimming

    49 minutes

  • Jogging

    67 minutes

  • Cycling

    89 minutes

  • Walking

    162 minutes

Calorie Breakdown

Where do the calories in Charlesworth Peanuts, Malaysian Curry, cooked come from?


Coat hangers

Clothes hangers are household appliances used to hang clothes in cupboards or wardrobes. They are modeled after the shoulder shape of humans and are used to hang and stow outerwear such as coats and jackets, but also shirts and blouses. Often they still have a crossbar on which you can hang trousers. Some ironing variants are also designed exclusively for trousers. With the hook in the middle, the clothes hangers are then lined up in a space-saving way on a bar, usually in a wardrobe. This allows a quick search without causing wrinkles in the clothing.

Ten fashion hacks for everyone

Useful Windows tricks: graphics card roulette

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Microbes can be engineered to produce a variety of useful compounds, including plastics, biofuels, and pharmaceuticals. Now researchers are found the new way to control microbial metabolism.

But, often, these products compete with the metabolic pathways that the cells need to fuel themselves and grow.

To help optimize cells’ ability to produce desired compounds but also maintain their growth, MIT chemical engineers have devised a way to induce bacteria to switch between different metabolic pathways at different times.

These switches programmed into the cells and triggered by changes in population density, with no need for human intervention.

What we’re hoping is that this would allow more precise regulation of metabolism, to allow us to get higher productivity, but in a way where we the number of interventions, the Researcher said.

This kind of switching allowed the researchers to boost the microbial yields of two different products by up to tenfold.

To make microbes synthesize useful compounds that they don’t produce, engineers insert genes for enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway a chain of reactions that generate a specific product. This approach is now used to produce many complex products, such as pharmaceuticals and biofuels.

In some cases, intermediates produced during these reactions are also part of metabolic pathways that already exist in the cells. When cells divert these intermediates out of the engineered pathway, it lowers the yield of the end product.

Using a concept called dynamic metabolic engineering, Prather has before built switches that help cells maintain the balance between their own metabolic needs and the pathway that produces the desired product.

The researchers’ strategy based on quorum sensing, a phenomenon that bacterial cells use to communicate with each other. Each species of bacteria secretes particular molecules that help them sense nearby microbes and influence each other’s behavior.

This allows the cells to grow and divide until the population is large enough to start producing large quantities of the desired product.

That paper was the first to show that we could do autonomous control, the Researcher says. We could start the cultures going, and the cells would then sense when the time was right to make a change.

To achieve that, they used two quorum sensing systems from two different species of bacteria. They incorporated these systems into E. coli that engineered to produce a compound called naringenin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits and has a variety of beneficial health effects.

Using these quorum-sensing systems, the researchers engineered two switching points into the cells. One switch designed to prevent bacteria from diverting a naringenin precursor called malonyl-CoA into the cells’ metabolic pathways.

At the other switching point, the researchers delayed the production of an enzyme in their engineered pathway, to avoid accumulating a precursor that inhibits the naringenin pathway if too much of the precursor accumulates.

The researchers created hundreds of E. coli variants that perform these two switches at different population densities, allowing them to identify which one was the most productive. The best-performing strain showed a tenfold increase in naringenin yield over strains that didn’t have these control switches built-in.

The researchers also demonstrated that the multiple-switch approach could be used to double E. coli production of salicylic acid, a building block of many drugs.

This process could also help improve yields for any other type of product where the cells have to balance between using intermediates for product formation or their growth, the Researcher said.

The researchers have not yet demonstrated that their method works on an industrial scale, but they are working on expanding the approach to more complex pathways and hope to test it at a larger scale in the future.

it has broader applicability, the Researcher says.

The process is very robust because it doesn’t need someone to be present at a particular point to add something or make any sort of change to the process, but rather allows the cells to be keeping track of when it’s time to make a shift.

The study was published in Massachusetts Institute of Technology


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The Closest Star to Our Solar System Has Suffered an Insane Eruption

This puts a damper on the notion that the red dwarf is being orbited by a plethora of planets, as was determined by a team of researchers last year.

Based on a reanalysis of the same data, it now looks like there’s no dust ring after all, as previously thought.

In November last year, researchers from the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA) in Spain announced that they’d detected a glow coming from Proxima Centauri.

They attributed this glow to a ring of dust, like the asteroid belt orbiting the Sun on the far side of Mars, or the Kuiper belt out past Pluto.

This, they believed, could indicate the presence of an entire planetary system orbiting outside the exoplanet Proxima b, which had been confirmed in 2016.

This is because dust and asteroid belts are leftover from the accretion disc of dust that swirls around a forming star, and which can result in the formation of planets.

According to a team of researchers led by Carnegie’s Meredith MacGregor, this interpretation of the data now appears flawed.

The extra light detected by the IAA researchers, their new analysis suggests, wasn’t reflected light from a dust ring, but the result of a massive solar flare.

So how did the two teams arrive at such different conclusions based on the same data?

Both teams looked at 10 hours of data captured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, a radio telescope comprising 66 antennas, taken from 21 January through 25 April 2017.

The IAA team based its finding on the average amount of light over those three months, including the light of the star and the flare together to result in the dust cloud interpretation.

MacGregor’s team, on the other hand, did not average out the data, but analysed it as a function of observing time – resulting in a spike in the star’s emission.

On 24 March, 2017, they found, the star erupted into an absolutely massive solar flare – 1,000 times brighter than the star’s normal emissions, over a period of 10 seconds.

Overall, the event lasted less than two minutes.

We know Proxima Centauri has a great deal of flare activity, so this wouldn’t be entirely out of character for the star. But it also lowers the chances for finding life on Proxima b, a rocky planet about 1.3 times the mass of Earth.

Because the star is so cool and dim, the planet has to orbit very close to the star in order to be within the habitable zone. This means that it’s much more likely to get lashed by stellar flares, which could strip away its atmosphere, if it even had one to start with.

“It’s likely that Proxima b was blasted by high energy radiation during this flare,” MacGregor said.

That doesn’t mean all hope is lost, however. There may still be planets orbiting Proxima Centauri that we can’t see.

In fact, we can’t even see Proxima b either. It was found back in 2015 using Doppler spectroscopy, which confirms planets based on the very small changes in light when a star moves towards or away from us, tugged by the gravitational pull of an orbiting body.

Because we can’t see the planet directly, any other planets on the same orbital plane would likewise be invisible. But, so far, there has been no indication that there are any more planets, especially now that the dust cloud finding has been called into significant doubt.

“There is now no reason to think that there is a substantial amount of dust around Proxima Cen[tauri],” said co-author Alycia Weinberger of Carnegie.

We’ll just have to keep looking.

The team’s paper has been published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, and can be read in full on arXiv.

Read More On This At ScienceAlert – Latest

An inconceivably ancient cosmic object was discovered

An international group of astronomers from the United States, Germany, China and Chile reported the discovery of a largest quasar called Poniua’ena, which in Hawaiian means “an invisible rotating source of creation surrounded by radiance.”

The object is located at a distance of about 30 billion light years, which corresponds to the age of the Universe at 710 million years. A preprint of the article, which will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, is available on the arxiv website.

The light from the quasar J1007 + 2115 flew 13 billion years, however, due to the accelerated expansion of the Universe, its redshift is z = 7.515, which corresponds to the actual distance to it, equal to 29.3 billion light years. Astronomers see the object as it was in the era of reionization, when the first stars appeared, ionizing hydrogen atoms with their light.

Poniua’ena contains a supermassive black hole whose mass reaches 1.5 billion solar masses, making the quasar the largest object in the early Universe. According to Jinyi Yang, lead author of the work from the University of Arizona, this is the earliest object of such a monstrous size known to scientists.

Its existence poses a problem for theoretical models of the formation of supermassive black holes, according to which, J1007 + 2115 simply would not have time to grow in 710 million years if it had originally arisen as a result of the collapse of the star.

Instead, astronomers believe, a hundred million years after the Big Bang, there was already a black hole with a mass of 10 thousand Suns, which was formed as a result of direct gravitational collapse of clouds of cold hydrogen gas.

Poniua’ena is currently the second oldest quasar found to date. In 2018, the quasar J1342 + 0928 was discovered, which is two million years older than J1007 + 2115, but at the same time half as massive.

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Wormholes. To anywhere in the universe in a minute

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Scientists believe that Europa’s underground ocean is habitable: The secrets that Jupiter’s satellite hides

K. Retherford/Southwest Research Institute

The dream of Mankind is the existence of celestial bodies that can host life, initially in our own solar system as the Earth is considered that in the near future will not be able to sustain the growing population.

Scientists claim that Europa, the satellite of the planet Jupiter, has the necessary conditions for the development of life and characterize the large ocean’s underground ocean as “potentially habitable”.

When we say life development we mean organisms that are based on the “function” of carbon biochemistry.

This theory has been developed for several years and Europa, along with the planet Mars, is considered to be the two celestial bodies to which humanity could “escape”.

It is worth adding that the delicate atmosphere of Europa consists mainly of … oxygen!

Of course, living conditions will not be the same as on Earth, but they are considered to be “tolerable” for a start.

According to scientific observations, this vast expanse of water may have been able to develop and support the growth of microbes in the past, perhaps even in the present period.

Europa, with an ocean hidden beneath a thick ice shell that surrounds its surface, has long been considered a possible habitat for extraterrestrial life in our solar system, along with other candidates such as Mars and Saturn’s moon, Egelados. A new study presented Wednesday at a geo-scientific conference underscores Europa’s potential to develop life, even at the microbial level.

“We believe that the ocean of Europa may have been habitable early on when it was formed, because our models show that the composition of the ocean may have been only slightly acidic, containing carbon dioxide and some sulfates,” Mohit Melwani Daswani said, the planetary scientist and head of the study of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“The availability of liquid water is the first step towards sustainability. In addition, the exchange of chemicals between the ocean and the rocky interior may have been significant in the past, so the potential life may have been able to use chemical energy to survive, “  he added.

Daswani said the germs resemble some of the Earth’s bacteria that use carbon dioxide for energy and could have survived using ingredients available in Europa’s early oceans.

Europa is slightly smaller than the Earth’s moon. The ocean of Europa, with a possible depth of 65 to 160 km, may contain twice as much water as the Earth’s oceans!

The study assessed whether Europa was previously habitable and did not examine its current inhabitability, a question that researchers are investigating by examining all the data collected from space missions and observations from telescopes.

According to many, in order for Humanity to be able to diffuse into space (the so-called scattering), it needs to create bases in its own solar system.

Most likely, terrafoming (geoengineering) methods will be used to completely change any “compatible” celestial bodies. A process that can take centuries.

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citi bsnk performance evaluation

citi bsnk performance evaluation

Order Description

The following are specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment:
? Explain why great people decisions are the most important factor for a manager’s career
? Use technology and information resources to research issues in people management.
? Write clearly and concisely about people management using proper writing mechanics.
Read the “Citibank: Performance Evaluation” case. Assume that you are Lisa Johnson. Write a 4-6
page paper in which you:
1. Complete Exhibit One to evaluate James McGaran’s performance.
2. Describe the approach you would take in your performance feedback session with James.
reference to back up what you are saying?
3. Assume that as a result of your extraordinary performance in this course, Citibank California
what changes in their processes and procedures you would recommend.
Your assignment should adhere to these guidelines:
? Write in a logical, well-organized, conventional business style. Use Times New Roman font
size 12 or similar, double-space, and leave ample white space per page.
? All references must follow JWMI style guide, and works must be cited appropriately. Check
with your professor for any additional instructions on citations.
? On the first page or in a header, include the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the
professor’s name, the course title, and the date. Title and reference pages are not included
in the assignment page length.
? Faculty have discretion to penalize for assignments over or under the assignment guidelines.
Check with your individual professor if you feel the assignment requires a much longer or

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How the Manifesting Generation is Collectively Killing Our Self-Esteem

Joris Louwes

May 4, 2016

There seems to be a strange correlation between people who think they are manifesting things and the extent to which they lie about how happy they are.

First off, let me expose myself for the new age skeptic I am.

I cringe whenever I hear someone use the word “manifest” unless they are talking about the comprehensive details of a ship and its cargo.

I don’t think crystals have healing powers and I think the concept of God is a spiritual placebo for accessing deeper parts of ourselves.

That being said, I’m surrounded by a lot of people using the word “manifest”, so I’ve noticed a few things.

Manifesting Helps Us Escape Reality

The people I know who call themselves powerful manifesters are also the people I consider the most full of shit.

Whether it’s repeating affirmations or making vision boards, they are constantly trying to paint over their current experience of life with a more positive one.

It’s almost as if for them, the Universe is some sort of cosmic Santa Claus that will put them on his naughty list if they have anything but happy and abundant thoughts.

I’m not saying that having positive thoughts or seeing the glass half-full is a bad thing, but I am suggesting that many manifesters sadly slide down the slipperly slope of self-delusion.

Manifesting Often Negates Gratitude

Esther Hicks seems to have the entire cosmos figured out, and it makes me want to puke.

Maybe you don’t know who Esther Hicks is, but maybe you know someone like her. They seem to have an explanation for how they attracted or matched the vibration of everything that’s currently in their life. Isn’t that a bit cocky?

Does she really have the whole universe figured out?

If you have access to this website you are living a privileged existence. You’re reading this blog, instead of wondering where you’re next meal will come from, living in a one room house with your entire family and working all day just to survive.

Out of the 7 billion people on this planet, you basically won the human lottery.

And yet we try and take credit for that and attribute the success to our vibration, as if we somehow divinely orchestrated everything to go just the way it’s worked out.

In doing that, we miss the chance to be grateful.

When we remember how fortunate we are, instead of explaining it away with new age spirituality, we get to have the most wonderful feeling in the world — gratitude.

Gratitude is possible when we quit thinking we deserve everything and just be thankful for what we have.

Manifesting Promotes a Façade of Happiness

It’s hard enough living in a world where most of what we know about our friends looks like a highlight reel, leaving us to compare their life to our normal ups and downs.

When we live and speak to others as though our life is worry-free, other people have the tendency to compare themselves to us and suffer.

Although we ultimately can’t control how others perceive us, being honest and vulnerable when speaking about our life helps promote a world of transparency and connection.

We want to tell the truth about our life.

Underneath the efforts to raise our vibration and attract things into our life is the part of us that wants to feel intimately connected to other humans, and isn’t that what we really want?

At the end of the day, I don’t even care of manifesting “works” or not, because if it comes at the expense of me feeling connected to people I say it’s not worth it.

My relationships will always be more important than my vision board.

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Shortness of breath explained

Synonyms:Dyspnea, dyspnoea, breathlessness, difficulty of breathing, respiratory distress
Pronounce:Dyspnea: /dɪspˈniːə/

Dyspnea is a normal symptom of heavy exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations or light exertion. In 85% of cases it is due to asthma, pneumonia, cardiac ischemia, interstitial lung disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or psychogenic causes,[2] such as panic disorder and anxiety.[3] Treatment typically depends on the underlying cause.

The American Thoracic Society defines dyspnea as: "A subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity."[4] Other definitions describe it as "difficulty in breathing",[5] "disordered or inadequate breathing",[6] "uncomfortable awareness of breathing", and as the experience of "breathlessness" (which may be either acute or chronic).[2] [7] [8]

Differential diagnosis

While shortness of breath is generally caused by disorders of the cardiac or respiratory system, other systems such as neurological, musculoskeletal, endocrine, hematologic, and psychiatric may be the cause.[9] DiagnosisPro, an online medical expert system, listed 497 distinct causes in October 2010.[10] The most common cardiovascular causes are acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure while common pulmonary causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema and pneumonia.[2] On a pathophysiological basis the causes can be divided into: (1) an increased awareness of normal breathing such as during an anxiety attack, (2) an increase in the work of breathing and (3) an abnormality in the ventilatory system.[11]

Acute coronary syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome frequently presents with retrosternal chest discomfort and difficulty catching the breath.[2] It however may atypically present with shortness of breath alone. Risk factors include old age, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. An electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes are important both for diagnosis and directing treatment. Treatment involves measures to decrease the oxygen requirement of the heart and efforts to increase blood flow.[2]

Congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure frequently presents with shortness of breath with exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.[2] It affects between 1–2% of the general United States population and occurs in 10% of those over 65 years old.[2] Risk factors for acute decompensation include high dietary salt intake, medication noncompliance, cardiac ischemia, abnormal heart rhythms, kidney failure, pulmonary emboli, hypertension, and infections. Treatment efforts are directed towards decreasing lung congestion.[2]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pulmonary embolism

Other important or common causes of shortness of breath include cardiac tamponade, anaphylaxis, interstitial lung disease, panic attacks,[7] [9] [13] and pulmonary hypertension. Cardiac tamponade presents with dyspnea, tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, and pulsus paradoxus.[13] The gold standard for diagnosis is ultrasound.[13] Anaphylaxis typically begins over a few minutes in a person with a previous history of the same.[7] Other symptoms include urticaria, throat swelling, and gastrointestinal upset.[7] The primary treatment is epinephrine.[7] Interstitial lung disease presents with gradual onset of shortness of breath typically with a history of a predisposing environmental exposure.[9] Shortness of breath is often the only symptom in those with tachydysrhythmias. Panic attacks typically present with hyperventilation, sweating, and numbness.[7] They are however a diagnosis of exclusion.[9] Around 2/3 of women experience shortness of breath as a part of a normal pregnancy.[6] Neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, phrenic nerve injuries, Guillain–Barré syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy can all cause an individual to experience shortness of breath. Shortness of breath can also occur as a result of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD).[14]

mMRC breathlessness scale
GradeDegree of dyspnea
0no dyspnea except with strenuous exercise
1dyspnea when walking up an incline or hurrying on the level
3stops after a few minutes of walking on the level
4with minimal activity such as getting dressed, too dyspneic to leave the house

A number of scales may be used to quantify the degree of shortness of breath.[16] It may be subjectively rated on a scale from 1 to 10 with descriptors associated with the number (The Modified Borg Scale).[16] Alternatively a scale such as the MRC breathlessness scale might be used – it suggests five grades of dyspnea based on the circumstances in which it arises.[17]

Blood tests

A number of labs may be helpful in determining the cause of shortness of breath. D-dimer, while useful to rule out a pulmonary embolism in those who are at low risk, is not of much value if it is positive, as it may be positive in a number of conditions that lead to shortness of breath.[15] A low level of brain natriuretic peptide is useful in ruling out congestive heart failure; however, a high level, while supportive of the diagnosis, could also be due to advanced age, kidney failure, acute coronary syndrome, or a large pulmonary embolism.[15]

A chest x-ray is useful to confirm or rule out a pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia.[15] Spiral computed tomography with intravenous radiocontrast is the imaging study of choice to evaluate for pulmonary embolism.[15]

The primary treatment of shortness of breath is directed at its underlying cause.[7] Extra oxygen is effective in those with hypoxia; however, this has no effect in those with normal blood oxygen saturations.[18]

Individuals can benefit from a variety of physical therapy interventions.[19] Persons with neurological/neuromuscular abnormalities may have breathing difficulties due to weak or paralyzed intercostal, abdominal and/or other muscles needed for ventilation.[20] Some physical therapy interventions for this population include active assisted cough techniques,[21] volume augmentation such as breath stacking,[22] education about body position and ventilation patterns[23] and movement strategies to facilitate breathing. Pulmonary rehabilitation may alleviate symptoms in some people, such as those with COPD, but will not cure the underlying disease.[24] [25] Fan therapy to the face has been shown to relieve shortness of breath in patients with a variety of advanced illnesses including cancer. [26] The mechanism of action is thought to be stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.

Palliative medicine

Systemic immediate release opioids are beneficial in emergently reducing the symptom of shortness of breath due to both cancer and non cancer causes;[27] long-acting/sustained-release opioids are also used to prevent/continue treatment of dyspnea in palliative setting. There is a lack of evidence to recommend midazolam, nebulised opioids, the use of gas mixtures, or cognitive-behavioral therapy.[28]

Shortness of breath is the primary reason 3.5% of people present to the emergency department in the United States. Of these individuals, approximately 51% are admitted to the hospital and 13% are dead within a year.[29] Some studies have suggested that up to 27% of people suffer from dyspnea,[30] while in dying patients 75% will experience it.[31] Acute shortness of breath is the most common reason people requiring palliative care visit an emergency department.[32]

Etymology and pronunciation

English dyspnea comes from Latin dyspnoea, from Greek dyspnoia, from dyspnoos, which literally means "disordered breathing".[9] Its combining forms (dys- + -pnea) are familiar from other medical words, such as dysfunction (dys- + function) and apnea (a- + -pnea). The most common pronunciation in medical English is, with the p expressed and the stress on the /niː/ syllable. But pronunciations with a silent p in pn (as also in pneumo-) are common (or), as are those with the stress on the first syllable (or).

Group Term Combining forms Preponderance of transcriptions (major dictionaries)
good eu- + -pnea
bad dys- + -pnea ,
fast tachy- + -pnea
slow brady- + -pnea
upright ortho- + -pnea ,
supine platy- + -pnea
excessive hyper- + -pnea
insufficient hypo- + -pnea ,
absent a- + -pnea ,

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Donald A. Mahler. Denis E. O'Donnell. Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition. 20 January 2014. CRC Press. 978-1-4822-0869-6. 3.
  2. Shiber JR, Santana J . Dyspnea . Med. Clin. North Am. . 90 . 3 . 453–79 . May 2006 . 16473100 . 10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.006 .
  3. Book: Mukerji, Vaskar. Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea. 15 August 2014. 1990. Butterworth Publishers. 11. In addition, dyspnea may occur in febrile and hypoxic states and in association with some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder.. live. 27 April 2018.
  4. American Heart Society . Dyspnea mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement . American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 159 . 1 . 321–340 . 1999 . 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898. 9872857 .
  5. TheFreeDictionary
  6. Web site: UpToDate Inc. .
  7. Zuberi, T. . Acute breathlessness in adults . InnovAiT . 2 . 5 . 307–15 . 2009 . 10.1093/innovait/inp055 . 1 . Simon . C..
  8. Web site: dyspnea – General Practice Notebook . live . . 2011-06-13 .
  9. Sarkar S, Amelung PJ . Evaluation of the dyspneic patient in the office . Prim. Care . 33 . 3 . 643–57 . September 2006 . 17088153 . 10.1016/j.pop.2006.06.007 .
  10. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-08-23 . dead . . 2010-11-16 .
  11. Book: Frownfelter . Donna . Dean . Elizabeth . Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy . 8 . 4 . Willy E. Hammon III . Mosby Elsevier . 2006 . 139.
  12. Web site: How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled? . live . . 2012-09-04 .
  13. Wills CP, Young M, White DW . Pitfalls in the evaluation of shortness of breath . Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. . 28 . 1 . 163–81, ix . February 2010 . 19945605 . 10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.011 .
  14. Ibrahim. Wanis H.. Gheriani. Heitham A.. Almohamed. Ahmed A.. Raza. Tasleem. 2007-03-01. Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future. Postgraduate Medical Journal. en. 83. 977. 164–172. 10.1136/pgmj.2006.052522. 1469-0756. 2599980. 17344570. live. 2016-11-08.
  15. Torres M, Moayedi S . Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient . Clin. Geriatr. Med. . 23 . 2 . 307–25, vi . May 2007 . 17462519 . 10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007 .
  16. Saracino A . Review of dyspnoea quantification in the emergency department: is a rating scale for breathlessness suitable for use as an admission prediction tool? . Emerg Med Australas . 19 . 5 . 394–404 . October 2007 . 17919211 . 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.00999.x .
  17. Stenton C . The MRC breathless scale . Occup Med . 2008 . 58 . 226–7 . 10.1093/occmed/kqm162 . 18441368 . 3.
  18. Abernethy AP . Effect of palliative oxygen versus medical (room) air in relieving breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnea: a double-blind randomized controlled trial . Lancet . 376 . 9743 . 784–93 . September 2010 . 20816546 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61115-4 . McDonald CF . Frith PA . 3 . Clark . Katherine . Herndon . James E . Marcello . Jennifer . Young . Iven H . Bull . Janet . Wilcock . Andrew . 2962424.
  20. Book: Frownfelter . Donna . Dean . Elizabeth . Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy . 22 . 4 . Donna Frownfelter and Mary Massery . Mosby Elsevier . 2006 . 368.
  22. Book: Frownfelter . Donna . Dean . Elizabeth . Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy . 32 . 4 . Mosby Elsevier . 2006 . 569–581.
  23. Book: Frownfelter . Donna . Dean . Elizabeth . Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy . 23 . 4 . Donna Frownfelter and Mary Massery . Mosby Elsevier . 2006.
  24. Puhan. Milo A.. Gimeno-Santos. Elena. Cates. Christopher J.. Troosters. Thierry. 2016-12-08. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12. CD005305. 10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4. 1469-493X. 27930803. 6463852.
  25. Zainuldin. Rahizan. Mackey. Martin G.. Alison. Jennifer A.. 2011-11-09. Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11. CD008008. 10.1002/14651858.CD008008.pub2. 1469-493X. 22071841.
  26. Matsushima. Eisuke. Inoguchi. Hironobu. Uchitomi. Yosuke. Zenda. Sadamoto. Ogawa. Asao. Kinoshita. Hiroya. Sekimoto. Asuko. Kobayashi. Masamitsu. Yamaguchi. Takuhiro. 2018-10-01. Fan Therapy Is Effective in Relieving Dyspnea in Patients With Terminally Ill Cancer: A Parallel-Arm, Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. English. 56. 4. 493–500. 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.001. 0885-3924. 30009968.
  27. Naqvi F, Cervo F, Fields S . Evidence-based review of interventions to improve palliation of pain, dyspnea, depression . Geriatrics . 64 . 8 . 8–10, 12–4 . August 2009 . 20722311 .
  28. DiSalvo . WM. . Joyce . MM. . Tyson . LB. . Culkin . AE. . Mackay . K. . Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea . Clin J Oncol Nurs . 12 . 2 . 341–52 . Apr 2008 . 10.1188/08.CJON.341-352 . 18390468 .
  29. Book: Stephen J. Dubner . Steven D. Levitt . SuperFreakonomics: Tales of Altruism, Terrorism, and Poorly Paid Prostitutes . William Morrow . New York . 2009 . 77 . 978-0-06-088957-9 . registration .
  32. Schrijvers D, van Fraeyenhove F . Emergencies in palliative care . Cancer J . 16 . 5 . 514–20 . 2010 . 20890149 . 10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f28a8d .