dtach(1)                    General Commands Manual                   dtach(1)

       dtach - simple program that emulates the detach feature of screen.

       dtach -a <socket> <options>
       dtach -A <socket> <options> <command...>
       dtach -c <socket> <options> <command...>
       dtach -n <socket> <options> <command...>

       dtach is a program that emulates the detach feature of screen. It is
       designed to be transparent and un-intrusive; it avoids interpreting the
       input and output between attached terminals and the program under its
       control. Consequently, it works best with full-screen applications such
       as emacs.

       dtach is intended for users who want the detach feature of screen
       without the other overhead of screen. It is tiny, does not use many
       libraries, and stays out of the way as much as possible.

       A session in dtach is a single instance in which a program is running
       under the control of dtach.  The program is disassociated from the
       original terminal, and is thus protected from your original terminal
       being disconnected for some reason.

       Other instances of dtach can attach themselves to a particular session.
       Input and output is copied between the program running in the dtach
       session, and the attached terminals.

       dtach avoids interpreting the communication stream between the program
       and the attached terminals; it instead relies on the ability of the
       attached terminals to manage the screen.

       Sessions are represented by Unix-domain sockets in the filesystem. No
       other permission checking other than the filesystem access checks is
       performed.  dtach creates a master process that monitors the session
       socket, the program, and any attached terminals.

       dtach has several modes of operation. It can create a new session in
       which a program is executed, or it can attach to an existing session.
       The first argument specifies which mode dtach should operate in.

       -a     Attach to an existing session.  dtach attaches itself to the
              session specified by <socket>.  After the attach is completed,
              the window size of the current terminal is sent to the master
              process, and a redraw is also requested.

       -A     Attach to an existing session, or create a new one.  dtach first
              tries to attach to the session specified by <socket> if
              possible. If the attempt to open the socket fails, dtach tries
              to create a new session before attaching to it.

       -c     Creates a new session. A new session is created in which the
              specified program is executed.  dtach then tries to attach
              itself to the newly created session.

       -n     Creates a new session, without attaching to it. A new session is
              created in which the specified program is executed.  dtach does
              not try to attach to the newly created session, however, and
              exits instead.

       dtach has a few options that allow you to modify its behavior. Each
       attaching process can have separate settings for these options, which
       allows for some flexibility.

       -e <char>
              Sets the detach character to <char>.  When the detach character
              is pressed, dtach detaches itself from the current session and
              exits. The process running in the session is unaffected by the
              detach. By default, the detach character is set to ^\ (Ctrl-\).

       -E     Disables the detach character.  dtach does not try to scan input
              from the terminal for a detach character. The only way to detach
              from the session is then by sending the attaching process an
              appropriate signal.

       -z     Inhibits processing of the suspend key.  Normally, dtach will
              suspend itself when the suspend key is pressed. With this
              option, the suspend character is sent to the session instead of
              being handled by dtach.

       The following example creates a new session that has the detach
       character and suspend processing disabled. A socket is created in the
       /tmp directory for the session.

          $ dtach -c /tmp/foozle -Ez bash

       The following example attaches to the /tmp/foozle session if it exists,
       and if not, creates a new session using /tmp/foozle as the socket for
       the session.  Processing of the suspend character is also disabled for
       the attach instance.

          $ dtach -A /tmp/foozle -z bash

       Ned T. Crigler <crigler@hell-city.org>.

dtach 0.5                        November 2001                        dtach(1)


Capitalism is Erasing Our Past

Palmyra Destroyed

The viability of any economic system depends on its ability to develop the means of production, and thereby move society forward. Capitalism uses many destructive tactics in its mission to maximize profits, including colonialism, the export of capital and arms, war, plunder, and more. As the system goes through its death agonies, it threatens to take the cultural conquests of the past down with it. Not only has capitalism ceased to move society forward, but it has begun to destroy the human heritage of past generations as irreplaceable artifacts, landmarks, and museums are being destroyed and looted at a devastating rate.

The destruction of cultural heritage in its many forms has been a long-standing tactic of conquest and imperialism for millennia. In recent years, such destruction has attracted media attention, with stories being used to fuel Islamophobia by focusing on those sites destroyed by ISIS and other reactionary fundamentalist groups. It has been reported that between 2011 and 2015, ISIS destroyed over 150 historic sites, most notably, Palmyra in Syria.

But the mainstream media fails to report that the US and its allies are responsible for more modern cultural destruction in the Middle East than all the fundamentalist forces in the region combined. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, several archaeological sites were damaged and looted, despite warnings from various organizations and scholars. The US government knowingly contributed to the marginalization of the region’s past while destabilizing its present. As just one example, a US military base was built on the site of ancient Babylon.

The artifacts looted during times of war and chaos often end up on the black market, sold to wealthy individuals and large corporations, with the money being used to back fundamentalist groups, especially throughout Iraq and Syria. It is estimated that between 2014 to 2015, ISIS earned $200,000 from taxes alone on the sale of antiquities. This trend is clearly demonstrated in the case against Hobby Lobby, whose Christian fundamentalist owners have long been interested in acquiring artifacts from Biblical times. In December 2010, the company purchased cuneiform tablets from an unnamed dealer for $1.6 million. To resolve the civil action brought against them, Hobby Lobby was forced to give back 5,500 tablets smuggled out of Iraq and to pay the government $3 million in fines.

Live Science did an investigation on the trafficking of antiquities on the Turkish-Syrian border and revealed that approximately $283 million worth of artifacts were exported to the US from Turkey after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. This only increased after the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011. They also found that $143 million worth of artifacts were exported to the US from Egypt in the aftermath of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Additionally, $3.5 million worth of artifacts were shipped from Syria and Iraq to the US via Puerto Rico. This highlights the role of the profit motive, most notably among western imperialist powers, in the looting of our common patrimony.

Hobby Lobby ancient tablet seizedHobby Lobby was forced to give back the ancient tablets smuggled out of Iraq.

After the 2012 destruction of several historical and religious sites in Timbuktu, Mali, the UN Security Council passed a resolution asserting that those who commit destruction of cultural heritage sites could be prosecuted for war crimes. This classification stems from the deliberate destruction of heritage as a tactic of war, which has been used throughout history as means of cultural cleansing to break the ties between heritage and identity. This resolution was sparked by the destruction in Timbuktu, and in August 2017, the International Criminal Court ruled that the former Islamist militant who led the destruction of holy sites in Timbuktu was liable for 2.7 million euros in damages. The UN ICC has made only a handful of rulings on this question. Unsurprisingly, however, none of the cases taken up by this façade for imperialism have dealt with destruction and war crimes committed by “civilized nations” like the US.

To find a solution to this problem, we must start by analyzing on a class basis. As long as we live under a system based on exploitation, oppression, and profit, wars will be waged, as they are among the most profitable industries for imperialism. But war is not the only cause of cultural destruction. Poverty, lack of education and training, scarcity of resources, and cultural bias all play a role in ensuring the destruction of vital historical artifacts and sites. The US government is more than willing to spend lavishly when it comes to bombing Syria and developing weapons of mass destruction but claims the cupboard is bare when it comes to the upkeep, restoration, and investigation of our collective human past.

Ruins of historical mausoleum TimbuktuRuins from an ancient mausoleum destroyed by Islamist militants in Timbuktu.

An article written in 2003 by Alan Woods on the Iraq War sums it up well:

The struggle against imperialism and capitalism has now become the struggle to defend the gains of human culture against a destructive force that threatens to crush them underfoot in order to satisfy its insatiable greed. The working class cannot be indifferent to the fate of culture. This is the foundation upon which the future socialist edifice will be built. We cannot allow the bourgeoisie to wreck it! The accumulated gains of 4,000 years of human civilization must be defended, valued, treasured and preserved for the benefit of our children and grandchildren.

Despite its limited power, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization has done useful work in cataloging world heritage sites around the planet, thousands of which are in the Middle East. Now Trump has announced that the US would withdraw from UNESCO. As one of its largest donors, this would mean pulling the plug on the already meager resources dedicated to promoting science, education, and culture around the world. Thousands of sites, especially in the poorest countries of the world, cannot be properly maintained, much less restored without massive funding.

Only under socialism will we have the resources to preserve and expand our knowledge of the past. Only when the world working class asserts democratic control over the means of production will we be able to move society forward while protecting the precious remnants of the many brilliant cultures humanity has created. Until then, not only is humanity’s future threatened by the crisis of capitalism, so is its past.

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L’Aimant (Repost)

Coty’s classic scent, L’Aimant (Coty 1927) is a rich, powdery masterpiece.  I think because it’s a “drugstore fragrance” it can sometimes be perceived poorly, but every time I smell L’Aimant (the vintage in particular) on my skin I am reminded of its wonders.  There’s a sweetness, depth, warmth and almost wholesomeness in L’Aimant that isContinue reading “L’Aimant (Repost)”

L’Origan (Repost)

In 1905, Francois Coty debuted L’Origan.  It was considered very advanced at that time (this is before the sinking of the Titanic and World War I of course) due to it’s use of synthetic materials. I’m blessed to have found a very old vintage bottle of L’Origan (Coty 1905).  Using it is a treat… It’sContinue reading “L’Origan (Repost)”


Buffalo's own Mu Diamonds is a lyricist who not only captivates music lovers with his delivery and flow but also because he's unique from other rappers due to being wheelchair bound after an unfortunate incident took place which left him partially paralyzed. Mu Diamonds didn't let that stop him from pursuing his dreams in music and uses his experiences to mentor youth both in his music and face to face to help deter them from going down the same path that almost cost him his life.

Rapper Mu Diamonds is On The Roxx With ReddRoxx, check it out!


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Concrete Flooring For Commercial Buildings

Concrete is an artificially produced used in different structural purposes. In everyday life, we notice that concrete in used in almost everything, on roads, homes, bridges and buildings. Concrete is a cheap material and can be easily moulded into any shape. Besides, it is almost all natural and can be recycled easily. It is made up of stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water. When any rubble is mixed with cement and water, the resulting mixture is called concrete. The most commonly used form of cement is Portland cement that forms the basis of concrete, mortar, stucco and grout.

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Stakeholder management and political collaboration - CITI

Stakeholder management and political collaboration

Stakeholder management and political collaboration is key to the execution and assessment of successful change. They are the driving political force behind change initiatives, projects and programmes. Yet, they are often overlooked by project managers. The success and failure of projects is determined by the stakeholders’ perception of the projects’ outcomes. Many project failures stem from lack of genuine involvement or a failure to identify them at all.

It is therefore essential to ensure comprehensive identification with analysis of needs and then the execution of management actions to ensure they contribute to project success. Political collaboration creates a positive environment in which communication channels are kept open and free from distortions created by deliberate misunderstanding, the focus is progressive and future-oriented not reactive and putting out local ‘fires’.

Why is it worthwhile?

A stakeholder engagement plan is distinct from any other managed interaction that takes place with individuals as a consequence of executing the general project plan. An understanding of the political environment; who is a zealot, an ally, a waverer, and who an opponent, allows more effective management of scarce communication resources and matches the interaction with the stakeholder, leading to achieving a greater level of planned outcomes.

What will you experience

Using a suite of analytical and planning mechanisms, CITI clearly sets out the political landscape within which the project operates. Stakeholders as named individuals are clearly identified, their WIIFM established and the sources of power and political relationships understood in order to carry out appropriate strategies for true engagement. RACI models are also used to confirm governance structures and communication plans but stakeholder identification, planning and engagement are treated as a discrete topic.

How you might start

The known stakeholder environment will be described and populated by named individuals. The information required for analysing the needs (WIIFM) is identified and individuals are assigned to collect the necessary data. Additionally, a series of structured discussions will take place with known individuals to confirm details necessary for planning their optimal engagement.

Discuss stakeholder management and political collaboration


Coronavirus: feeling your bereavement is not a priority | Cruse Bereavement Care

0808 808 1677

There can be a strong spoken or unspoken feeling that certain deaths are more tragic than others. Whilst most people would agree that it is particularly shocking and heart-breaking when a child or younger person dies, every death can be a tragedy for friends and relatives left behind.

At times of national crisis like these people may feel that others consider some losses less worthy of sympathy. The media can exacerbate this by constantly mentioning that people who died had underlying health conditions or were over a certain age. It has been common for people to post messages on social along the lines that ‘if you’re young and healthy you’ll probably be fine’. Even if it was not the intention it can feel as if people are saying older and vulnerable people are worth less.

People may also feel that their own troubles are less worthy of attention, and feel guilty about asking for help and support. This can apply if they have been recently bereaved from an unrelated cause, and it can feel hurtful if everyone becomes too preoccupied with their own situation to offer as much practical or emotional support as they might at other times.

How to help yourself

Try to remember that while many people are struggling, it is OK to ask for help. Your own feelings are valid even if others are facing their own tragic circumstances. Talking about how you feel can help, as can remembering someone who has died and sharing memories. If your friends and family are unable to help, you can call the Cruse National Helpline.

If you are upset by media coverage it can help to take regular breaks from the news and social media.

How you can help other people

If you have a bereaved friend or relative try to remember them and stay in touch, even if they or you are isolating. In times where larger numbers of people are bereaved we can continue to support each other and remember that every bereavement is individual, and that every death which happens before its time is a tragedy.

Whoever you are talking to, try to remember that everyone who dies (whether of coronavirus or another cause) is likely to be someone’s loved one. The person you are talking to may be vulnerable themselves or have vulnerable friends and family.

How Cruse can help


It's holiday season and we're giving Molton Brown customers the chance to getaway through The Magic Mirror of Exploration. Using state of the art augmented-reality (AR) technology, the mirror offers an innovative in-store experience that puts the customer at the heart of the brand world.

The Magic Mirror of Exploration takes customers on a journey of discovery to explore the exotic ingredients featured in Molton Brown products. The experience begins on a full-length, AR touchscreen display that invites the customer to select an iconic bottle to discover one of four new fragrance blends. Each blend activates a unique interactive animation that is entirely controlled by the customer - ingredients burst from the bottle top and dance gracefully in the air, while music inspired by the location plays in the background. As the customer moves the bottle from side to side the ingredients follow and the choreography adapts. The journey ends with a souvenir video to share with family and friends on Facebook.

We set out to make Molton Brown customers feel the brand on an emotional level by conveying a real sense of wondrous travel and discovery. The result is a simple yet beautifully executed experience that is intensely rewarding.

The Magic Mirror of Exploration will be welcoming explorers at the Regent Street store and across the UK.

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Federal Judge: BP ‘grossly negligent’ in gulf oil disaster

Andrea Germanos | Common Dreams

The 2010 oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico was the result of BP’s “gross negligence” and “willful misconduct,” a federal judge has ruled.

The ruling on Thursday by U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier means the oil giant could be responsible for as much as $18 billion in penalties under the Clean Water Act, as the  Act allows for the maximum fine per barrel of oil discharged to be quadruple the $1,100 per barrel fine when the discharge results from gross negligence or willful misconduct.

Barbier also placed blame on Transocean and Halliburton, though the bulk of the blame was appropriated to BP.  He stated that BP was 67% at fault for the disaster, Transocean was 30% at fault, and Halliburton was 3% at fault.

The New York Times adds:

Healthy ocean advocacy group Ocean Conservancy welcomed Barbier’s ruling, stating that “BP has spent inordinate amounts of time and money shirking responsibility, pointing fingers at others and downplaying the seriousness of the disaster.” The group also stated that the decision “means more funding available for restoring the Gulf.”

The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) said the ruling was step towards accountability for the disaster that “put people and wildlife in grave danger.”

“Eleven men lost their lives. Bottlenose dolphins, endangered sea turtles and countless species of fish and wildlife perished. Studies have estimated that the oil killed an astonishing 800,000 birds and caused billions of dollars of economic damage,” stated Collin O’Mara, president and CEO of NWF.

“Today’s decision is a critical step towards ensuring that BP is held accountable for the full impacts of the Gulf oil disaster and required to restore the vibrant ecosystem of this national treasure—justice demands nothing less,” O’Mara stated.

Barbier’s ruling on BP’s conduct comes the same week as an announcement that Halliburton had reached a $1.1 billion settlement for its role in the oil disaster, while Transocean reached a settlement last year to pay $1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties for its role in the worst oil spill in U.S. history.

As the Washington Post notes, the next two parts of the case will determine the amount of oil that was discharged into the Gulf and the total amount in fines.

This article originally appeared on Common Dreams.


Why Personal Injury Attorneys Are Doing A Public Service

The Australian Law Foundation defines personal injury to mean any damage for which some other person or organization is liable for, and thus compensation can be claimed by the injured party. This definition shows that it might not just be a person that could bring about a personal injury suit but also neglect or misinformation stemming from an organization.

The right to being able to enjoy an existence that is free from fear is one of the most basic of social entitlements. When someone is injured, they lose that ability to enjoy their life because that injury impacts their health and well-being negatively. By allowing a client to navigate the complicated legal system to get a measure of satisfaction about them being wronged makes personal injury attorneys performers of a public service. The Tinker Law Firm is among the most experienced legal advisors in dealing with personal injury, as their track record shows. As a servant to the public, the personal injury attorney is responsible for helping their clients prove their case.

The Impact of Personal Injury on Quality of Life

Being injured because of the neglect of someone else or some business entity leads to an overall degradation in your quality of life. Even non-serious injuries like scratches or minor bruises come with the connotation of mental trauma. A study published in the Journal of Nursing Scholarship notes that approximately 18% of people who suffered an injury suffered from post-injury depression in the following year. This depression can lead to problems in interacting with the world around them and can even affect the ability of the injured person to rejoin society fully.

Once someone has gone through a significant traumatic experience, their quality of life is forever changed. By helping them bring closure to this matter, personal injury attorneys offer a form of solace to these people. Their lives will never be the same, but they will be satisfied that something was done about their misfortune.

The Public Health Impact of Injuries

Offering services to a client will help them be better people and give them a way to get back on their feet after an incident, but there is also a significant impact on the public health system from injuries. The journal Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology shows that patients who suffered depression after the first month of their affliction were less likely to be fully recovered after a year. These sorts of loose ends negatively affect the injured person, and being unable to do anything about the outcome of their injury can lead many to be depressed after their injury. From this study, we can see that this can put a strain on the medical resources available, negatively affecting other patients indirectly.

By offering clients a way to gain closure for their injuries, personal injury lawyers provide a means for everyone to come out on top of the situation. Clients heal faster when their minds are put to rest and the resources that would be dedicated to them go to someone else who needs the care.

Acting as Intermediaries

In essence, the law is a framework through which we can communicate to others. By facilitating this discussion, personal injury lawyers simplify the negotiation process and help clients to put their side of the situation into view.

It’s a noteworthy cause to bring the suffering and anguish of a client to the attention of the person or company responsible for the injury, but if these pleas fall on deaf ears, it’s the responsibility (with the blessing of the client, of course) to give that information to the public. In such a case, the personal injury lawyer becomes an educator, letting the public know the potential harm that a company or individual could cause them. Forewarned is forearmed, and in this way, it prepares the public at large to deal with the entity in question, as long as the information presented is accurate.

Personal Injury Attorneys as People

It’s easy for those who don’t have to deal with the misfortune of others daily to write personal injury attorneys off as ambulance chasers, but they perform an essential public service, not just to the client, but to society at large. They offer a means to bring closure to issues that may not have otherwise found an end. They help clients come to terms with their situation as well as gain satisfaction for their injuries. People may not like personal injury attorneys a lot, but they are necessary in a world where someone has to look out for the little guy.


Aluminium Alloy – 6061 Alloy

aluminium alloysAluminium alloys are based on aluminium, in which the main alloying elements are Cu, Mn, Si, Mg, Mg+Si, Zn. Aluminium alloy compositions are registered with The Aluminum Association. The aluminium alloys are divided into 9 families (Al1xxx to Al9xxx). The different families of alloys and the major alloying elements are:

  • 1xxx: no alloying elements
  • 2xxx: Copper
  • 3xxx: Manganese
  • 4xxx: Silicon
  • 5xxx: Magnesium
  • 6xxx: Magnesium and silicon
  • 7xxx: Zinc, magnesium, and copper
  • 8xxx: other elements which are not covered by other series

There are also two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. Aluminium alloys containing alloying elements with limited solid solubility at room temperature and with a strong temperature dependence of solid solubility (for example Cu) can be strengthened by a suitable thermal treatment (precipitation hardening). The strength of heat treated commercial Al alloys exceeds 550 MPa.

Example – Aluminium Alloys – 6061 Alloy

aluminium alloyIn general, 6000 series aluminium alloys are alloyed with magnesium and silicon. Alloy 6061 is one of the most widely used alloys in the 6000 Series. It has good mechanical properties, it is easy to machine, it is weldable, and can be precipitation hardened, but not to the high strengths that 2000 and 7000 can reach. It has very good corrosion resistance and very good weldability although reduced strength in the weld zone. The mechanical properties of 6061 depend greatly on the temper, or heat treatment, of the material. In comparison to 2024 alloy, 6061 is more easily worked and remains resistant to corrosion even when the surface is abraded.

This standard structural alloy, one of the most versatile of the heat-treatable alloys, is popular for medium to high strength requirements and has good toughness characteristics. Applications range from aircraft components (aircraft structures, such as wings and fuselages) to automotive parts such such as the chassis of the Audi A8. 6061-T6 is widely used for bicycle frames and components.

aluminium alloy - 6061

Strength of Aluminium Alloy – 6061

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Ultimate tensile strength of 6061 aluminium alloy depends greatly on the temper of the material, but for T6 temper it is about 290 MPa.

Yield Strength - Ultimate Tensile Strength - Table of MaterialsThe ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. This corresponds to the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension. Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to “tensile strength” or even to “the ultimate.”  If this stress is applied and maintained, fracture will result. Often, this value is significantly more than the yield stress (as much as 50 to 60 percent more than the yield for some types of metals). When a ductile material reaches its ultimate strength, it experiences necking where the cross-sectional area reduces locally. The stress-strain curve contains no higher stress than the ultimate strength. Even though deformations can continue to increase, the stress usually decreases after the ultimate strength has been achieved. It is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen. However, it is dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material. Ultimate tensile strengths vary from 50 MPa for an aluminum to as high as 3000 MPa for very high-strength steels.

Yield Strength

The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic behavior. Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. Prior to the yield point, the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. Some steels and other materials exhibit a behaviour termed a yield point phenomenon. Yield strengths vary from 35 MPa for a low-strength aluminum to greater than 1400 MPa for very high-strength steels.

Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

Young’s modulus of elasticity of 6061 aluminium alloy is about 69 GPa.

The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests. Up to a limiting stress, a body will be able to recover its dimensions on removal of the load. The applied stresses cause the atoms in a crystal to move from their equilibrium position. All the atoms are displaced the same amount and still maintain their relative geometry. When the stresses are removed, all the atoms return to their original positions and no permanent deformation occurs. According to the Hooke’s law, the stress is proportional to the strain (in the elastic region), and the slope is Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain.

Hardness of Aluminium Alloy – 6061

Brinell hardness of 6061 aluminium alloy depends greatly on the temper of the material, but for T6 temper it is approximately 95 MPa.

Brinell hardness number

Rockwell hardness test is one of the most common indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In contrast to Brinell test, the Rockwell tester measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to the penetration made by a preload (minor load). The minor load establishes the zero position. The major load is applied, then removed while still maintaining the minor load. The difference between depth of penetration before and after application of the major load is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness number. That is, the penetration depth and hardness are inversely proportional. The chief advantage of Rockwell hardness is its ability to display hardness values directly. The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc., where the last letter is the respective Rockwell scale.

The Rockwell C test is performed with a Brale penetrator (120°diamond cone) and a major load of 150kg.

Thermal Properties of Aluminium Alloy – 6061

Heat capacity, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity are properties that are often critical in the practical use of solids.

Melting Point of Aluminium Alloy – 6061

Melting point of 6061 aluminium alloy is around 600°C.

In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium.

Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium Alloy – 6061

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

thermal conductivity - definition

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Materials Science:

See above:
Aluminium Alloys


Charles Neville, Saxophonist of New Orleans’s Most Celebrated Band, Dies at 79

This article was written by Jon Pareles, and it appeared in the New York Times.

Charles Neville, the saxophonist in New Orlean’s most celebrated band, the Neville Brothers, died on Friday at this home in Huntington, Mass.  He was 79.

His family announced his death, of pancreatic cancer, in an online statement. On Facebook, his brother and bandmate Aaron Neville, wrote, “You’ll always be in my heart and soul, like a tattoo.”

The Neville Brothers gathered New Orlean’s abundant musical heritage and carried it forward.  Art, Aaron, Charles and Cyril Neville formed their band in 1977 and maintained it, amid other projects, until disbanding in 2012.  (They reunited for a farewell concert in New Orleans in 2015).


Problems moving proved loaves without damage

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I have been following Richard Bertinet's recipes for Baguettes and Ciabatta using the french style kneading and 70% liquid.

I am leaving the loaves to prove on tea towels in a warm place, but finding when I need to move them to the oven they have formed a dry skin and are rather moist inside. They tend to split/crack as I move them and are getting stuck to the tea towel. I am sure I am getting the proportion of water right, and think maybe the environment I am proving them in is too warm (worktop near an Aga oven).

Should they not be forming a skin? Is there a "correct" room temperature for proving? Can you suggest any other reasons I am struggling?

I would think you are on the right track

If you are using a T55 flour or equivalent then these flours when hydrated to 70% want to move slowly and if you attempt to rush them along then they can run out of energy quickly.

The idea is to get the yeasts up and running first so they are multiplying well, this would be done by setting down some form of pre ferment at about 21oc max then add this to the remainder of the ingredients before development.

Depending on the level of yest you have chosen to run with will determine the finished dough temperature if you want to process the dough in a relatively short process you would run at no higher than 2% of the base flour weight and your dough temperature would not want to exceed 28oc or be below 24oc.

But if your process is over a longer period then you can be working as low as 0.5% based on your flour weight over a 16 hour process then your doughs would need to be set at 20 to 22oc.

Once the dough is up and running then it would be difficult to stop them and your dough would be happy even if the ambient temperature drops if the dough is slowing down just experiment with giving it a couple of folds through the process and you will see how much quicker it will recover as you reintroduce the yeasts to fresh foods.

Some of the best dough will come from producing the dough to say 50% of its final proving time and then chilling down to say 12oc for a long slow final proof.

Through the proving time the dough piece will be releasing moisture and gasses and you need to conserve this as a lot of the flavours will be in them so make a little dome over the top with a plastic bag or place into a box and cover with plastic to avoid it touching the damp surface.

If you have a dough thermometer then a good guide would be to never prove the dough at a temperature higher than the finished dough.

Hope this helps

Added by: clivemellum

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Effects of Cold Weather on Computers and Cellphones

Batteries function best at room temperature, conditions such as low or high temperatures, dust and humidity can affect the performance of electronic devices. Cold is always a threat for the battery life of our electronic devices, such as cell phones and computers. Cold can reduce thei


Netflix online streaming

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“Regulation needs to catch up with innovation”

Henry Paulson

With the advent of technology, the country has witnessed a breeze of ease and convenience. One of the major developments in the technological market has been the emergence of Over-the-Top (‘OTT’) Platforms. ‘Over the top’ platforms are those service providers that enable access to communication, social media and audio and video services via Internet. To put it simply, these are platforms that act as an alternative to the traditional modes of communication and broadcasting. These OTT services are of 3 types, classified on the basis of the services provided, i.e. messaging and voice services, application ecosystems and audio/video content. Online video hosting platforms, playing a significant role under the Audio/Video content services in the OTT Market, are the focal point of the impugned analysis. With a lot of youngsters not finding time to watch television, the demand for these services has increased; thereby resulting in the increase in the viewership of OTT platforms like Hotstar, Netflix, Voot etc. Also, since the entire nation is under lockdown due to the Covid crisis, films too are being released on such platforms.

In 2019, Momagic, an investment platform conducted a survey to compare the viewership on OTT platforms and Direct-to-Home (‘DTH’) operators. The results were astonishing as 55% of the respondents preferred OTT services while only 41% preferred the latter. With the rapid increase in demand for online content, the debated controversy is the need for a regulatory framework for such platforms. Even though OTT platforms enjoy a lot of popularity and viewership in the country, there are millions of viewers (around 57% in India) still stressing on the need for censorship and licenses for the OTT service providers.

The increasing popularity of the video streaming platforms demands the regulation of these platforms. Presently, there is no law in India to regulate them. Several PILs have been filed before various High Courts across the country in this regard; however, these services yet remain unregulated.

To understand the need for regulation of video streaming platforms, it is significant to draw an analogy between films screened on theatres and those on web streaming platforms. The former are regulated under the Cinematograph Act, 1952 and the regulatory body governing certification of films is the Central Board of Film Certification. On the other hand, the latter remain unregulated. A response to an application filed before the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting under the Right to Information Act, 2005 regarding the regulation of video streaming content stated that the Ministry was unaware of the licensing authority. The Ministry in response to a notice issued by the Delhi High Court filed an affidavit and stated that video streaming platforms are not regulated and do not require censorship. They also exhibit similar content as films, for instance Netflix original movies, Amazon original movies etc. However, the standards of certification and censorship for films released on cinema halls are not applicable to video streaming media. This gives an unfair advantage to the producers of films and shows released on video streaming platforms to showcase any content without any test for certification. Naturally so, film makers would prefer video streaming platforms as a medium to release their films.

For instance, the film ‘Unfreedom’, which was banned by the CBFC in 2015 for depicting the story of lesbian romance and religious intolerance with an element of nudity was made available on Netflix in 2018. Also, web series such as “Sacred Games” on Netflix and “Gandii Baat” on ALT Balaji contain elements of obscenity and profanity and touch upon public morality, thus making them capable of hurting the sentiments of viewers. However, under the present laws, the content remains unregulated and thus, uncensored. With respect to above examples, it is pertinent to note that since “Unfreedom” was supposed to be released in theatres, it had to undergo a screening procedure by the CBFC unlike the aforesaid web series that were originally filmed to be screened on ALT Balaji, a video streaming platform that has no such screening procedure.

It is pertinent to note that the demand for video streaming services in India is catching pace. In this regard, it can be presumed that a large number of people are subscribers to the content on video hosting platforms. Therefore, certification is essential because the viewers of online content can be children as well. For films screened in theatres, certification is provided by the CBFC (in the form of A, U/A, U) and persons below the age of 18 years are prohibited from viewing movies certified ‘A’. However, since certification is not mandatory for video streaming platforms, there are high chances that obscene, violent or disturbing content may often be viewed by unsupervised children. The content on video streaming platforms, depicting scenes of smoking, consumption of alcohol etc. do not provide warning signs that read, ‘smoking and consumption of alcohol are injurious to health.’ This is another downside of non-regulation of content exhibited on such platforms, which adversely affects public health and conscience.

The Constitution of India, provides for the freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). However, this freedom is not absolute and reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2), in order to protect interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, decency or morality can be imposed on such freedom. In Odyssey Communications Pvt. Ltd v Lokvidayan Sanghatana, the Apex Court held that the right to exhibit films on Doordarshan constitutes  a  part of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). This view can also be extended to video streaming platforms, as they serve the same purpose. Therefore, the restrictions under Article 19(2) are very much applicable to them and they too must be regulated, so as to not affect public morality and decency.

The Indian Judiciary, through a catena of decisions, has tried to harmoniously construe the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) and reasonable restrictions mentioned under Article 19(2) in this regard. The Apex Court, in the case of Ranjit Udeshi observed that it is important to analyze a piece of art as a whole to measure the amount of obscenity in that work. If the art consists of a negligible amount of obscenity, the same can be overlooked. Thus, it is unconditionally important to maintain a balance between the right and the following restriction.  The Apex Court, in the case of Bobby Art International v Om Pal Singh Hoon relied on a different stance altogether as it held that if a film depicts a social evil and in view of the same, there are scenes depicting obscenity and nudity, they do not deserve a ban as they only depict the harsh realities of society, It thus concluded that their intent  was not to promote obscenity or immorality. The Hicklin test, which was the basis of judging the standards of ‘obscenity’ for a long time, was struck down in the case of Aveek Sarkar v State of West Bengal, in which  the Court stated that the ‘community standards test’ works better for the Indian population. Thus, the Courts have constantly tried to draw a balance between the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression, and Public Decency and Morality.

Sections 67, 67A, 67B of the Information Technology Act, 2000 penalizes publishers and transmitters for depicting sexually explicit acts and children involved in such acts. However, in order for these platforms to be brought under the purview of the Information Technology Act, they have to fall within the definition of ‘intermediaries’ as provided under Section 2(w) of the Act. These platforms can be brought under the purview of ‘intermediaries’ according to the definition of intermediaries provided in the case of Myspace Inc. v Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. The Court stated that ‘intermediaries’ are aggregators of films, TV series and other such content that are delivered to consumers when demanded, and consideration for which is received by such aggregators through a self-designed subscription model. This was reaffirmed in the RTI filed to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, in which the Ministry confirmed that the online streaming platforms are intermediaries under Section 2(w) of the IT Act. It can hence be inferred that these video streaming platforms are an ‘intermediary’ under the IT Act, and the above-mentioned provisions are applicable to them.  Therefore, there are sufficient provisions in place to bring online streaming platforms under its purview, but the deficiency lies in its scope and applicability.

Despite the non-regulation of these platforms by the government, many video streaming platforms have developed a self-regulatory code that governs them in specific. Major tycoons in the industry such as Netflix, Hotstar, Zee5 etc. have decided to have their own self-regulatory codes. However, this self-regulation is not observed by all video streaming platforms. For instance, ‘Amazon Prime’ has decided to not have a self-regulatory code, as it thinks that the  existing laws are sufficient. To have a self-regulatory code is a good practice, but in a scenario where video streaming platforms play a very significant role in the Cyber Space, self-regulation is insufficient. As the company develops a self-regulatory code by itself, the code can be designed according to its whims and fancies thereby defeating the purpose of regulation. Hence, dedicated legislations would be more effective than self-regulatory codes. In light of all the above-mentioned issues, it is the need of the hour to have a law homogeneously regulating all the video streaming platforms.

During the tough times of COVID-19 when the theatres are shut, the world is witnessing a boom in the usage of video streaming platforms. Considering this rapid boom, there is a stronger need for regulation, in order to eliminate the differences between movies in cinema and videos on online platforms. Countries around the world have considered the idea of establishing a framework for OTT platforms in light of the surge in online viewing, some of them creating regulatory regimes that are similar to those applicable to offline players. In relation to the Indian scenario, the scope of the two consultation papers released by TRAI in 2015 and 2018 respectively was two-folded. Firstly, to frame the issues circumventing the smooth functioning of OTT services and secondly, to deliberate on the suggested solutions for the issues framed. However, due to the absence of an effective mechanism  to regulate these platforms, the authors would like to put forward some recommendations for the same:-

  1. A fresh piece of legislation, like Cinematograph Act, 1952 for films, can be enacted to govern video streaming platforms that have become immensely popular in the country.
  2. Specific references could be made in the relevant provisions of Indian Penal Code and Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 to cover online content within its purview.
  3. The Supreme Court could direct the legislature to come up with a statute or regulatory regime on these issues.

A regulatory framework is required expeditiously because the judiciary has been flooded with questions on the need to protect the Freedom of Speech and Expression while also curtailing it. The petitions are still pending for decisions. Thus, considering the rapid rise in the demand for such video streaming platforms, it is imperative that the Legislature enacts a regulatory code to fill the lacunae in the law.

(This post has been authored by Dhruti Lunker and Isiri SD, third year law students at Tamil Nadu National Law University)

Cite as: Dhruti Lunker and Isiri SD , ‘Proxy To Movie Theatres: Regulating Online Streaming Platforms’ (The Contemporary Law Forum, 12 June 2020) <> date of access.

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Christmas (2018) is coming!

This year, the front page of will once again feature an advent calendar, just like last year, the year before and the year before. Behind each door, there will be a puzzle with a three digit solution. The solution to each day's puzzle forms part of a logic puzzle:
It's nearly Christmas and something terrible has happened: one of Santa's five helpers—Kip Urples, Jo Ranger, Meg Reeny, Fred Metcalfe, and Bob Luey—has stolen all the presents during the North Pole's annual Sevenstival. You need to find the culprit before Christmas is ruined for everyone.
Every year in late November, Santa is called away from the North Pole for a ten hour meeting in which a judgemental group of elders decide who has been good and who has been naughty. While Santa is away, it is traditional for his helpers celebrate Sevenstival. Sevenstival gets its name from the requirement that every helper must take part in exactly seven activities during the celebration; this year's available activities were billiards, curling, having lunch, solving maths puzzles, table tennis, skiing, chess, climbing and ice skating.
Each activity must be completed in one solid block: it is forbidden to spend some time doing an activity, take a break to do something else then return to the first activity. This year's Sevenstival took place between 0:00 and 10:00 (North Pole standard time).
During this year's Sevenstival, one of Santa's helpers spent the time for one of their seven activities stealing all the presents from Santa's workshop. Santa's helpers have 24 pieces of information to give to you, but the culprit is going to lie about everything in an attempt to confuse you, so be careful who you trust.
Behind each day (except Christmas Day), there is a puzzle with a three-digit answer. Each of these answers forms part of a fact that one of the helpers tells you. You must work out who the culprit is and between which times the theft took place.
Ten randomly selected people who solve all the puzzles and submit their answers to the logic puzzle using the form behind the door on the 25th will win prizes!
The winners will also receive one of these medals:
Behind the door on Christmas Day, there will be a form allowing you to submit your answers. The winner will be randomly chosen from all those who submit the correct answer before the end of 2018. Each day's puzzle (and the entry form on Christmas Day) will be available from 5:00am GMT. But as the winners will be selected randomly, there's no need to get up at 5am on Christmas Day to enter!
To win a prize, you must submit your entry before the end of 2018. Only one entry will be accepted per person. If you have any questions, ask them in the comments below or on Twitter.

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@Steve: Yes, the final door contains the entry form
Do we have to submit the answer on Christmas Day?
@Elijah: yes
In day 19, is a "6-dimensional side" a 6d hypercube?
@Matthew: Oooh ...
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Feds to provide update on COVID-19 modelling for Canada

The federal government says it will provide reporters with an update on COVID-19 data and modelling on Tuesday.

The briefing is set to be held in Ottawa at noon.

The federal government last released modelling projections on April 9. That model predicted that Canada could see anywhere between 11,000 and 22,000 deaths due to COVID-19 over the course of the pandemic.

The same model predicted that between 2.5 and five per cent of the population would eventually become infected with the virus, with the country seeing close to 2 million infections in a worst-case scenario.

So far, Canada has recorded 48,500 cases of COVID-19. There have been 2,707 COVID-19 deaths in the country to date, most of them in Ontario and Quebec.

Recently-revised modelling in Ontario projected that there will be 20,000 cases of COVID-19 in the province during the first wave of the pandemic. That number is down from modelling which weeks earlier had predicted 80,000 infections in a best-case scenario.

Public health officials have warned that modelling is merely a tool to provide guidance to health officials and that actual outcomes are determined in large part by the degree to which citizens adopt behaviours intended to mitigate the spread of the virus.

CP24 will carry the announcement live when it happens.


Give Me More Criticism Please

Give Me More Criticism Please

Have you ever considered how much you could learn from criticism? Really, think about it. If you can keep an open mind and not get defensive, then the more criticism you receive, the more you would learn about your field and your audience. And the more you learn, the more talented you would become. It’s a cycle. With knowledge comes confidence and through knowledge and confidence, incredible work develops.

You are Going to Get More Criticism

more criticism

Of course, in this day-and-age, you are going to get more criticism from not only experts, but from people who don’t even have a clue. People love to give their opinions, even if they don’t know anything about what you do. But the beauty of criticism is, you can learn from both groups of people.

Most people can easily blow off negative comments from someone who has no experience in their field, although you really shouldn’t because you can still learn something from them. But it’s with experts and with colleagues that people tend to have a hard time accepting negative observations. For some reason, people have a very hard time seeing past it.

A Critic is an Expert in Your Field

But by definition, a critic is an expert in a particular field, who uses his or her vast knowledge to evaluate the authenticity of someone else’s work. Let’s take a food critic for example. The only way they get that job is by proving, through years of hard work, that they would be a superior judge of food quality and taste. So if you’re a chef in five-star restaurant and you receive a bad review from one of these critics, you have a choice to make. You can get angry and write them off as an idiot, or you can find something positive in that review. Now with the first option, you really don’t learn anything, and honestly, you just look like an arrogant snob.

Look for the Negative and the Positive in Criticism

But with the second option, by looking for the positive in a negative, you will be able to gain knowledge based on that critic’s experiences; experiences that are different from your own. You will also develop as a chef and as a person. Not to say that everything the critic writes is 100% truth. There could be several points that you do not agree with and rightly so, but if you can train yourself to take a deep breath and pull at least one or two positive aspects from their criticism, you will be amazed at how much you can learn. So bring on more criticism! And who knows, with enough criticism, maybe someday you will become the critic, and think about how much knowledge you would be able to share then.

How to Respond, Not React to Criticism

How to Respond, Not React to Criticism

The fact of the matter is, no matter what you do in life, you will be criticized on it. Whether you’re a writer, an artist, a designer, a chef, an executive, it doesn’t matter. No matter what career you choose, there will always be criticism. It’s how you respond, not react to criticism.

react to criticism

Now if you are not the best at receiving criticism or if you are the type of person who is easily offended by criticism, this could really hurt your career and ultimately your ability to develop as a person. Often times, when we are upset by something, we, as humans, have a tendency to react, sometimes overreact.

Respond! Don’t React to Criticism

Ultimately though, with criticism, it is much better if we can reach a point in our lives that we have the ability to breathe, think on it and then respond, not react to criticism. There are three very simple steps that you can practice in your life and then put into action when it comes to criticism.

Number one, love what you do.

Seems simple enough, right? The truth is, if you really love what you do, then your work will reflect that. And if you truly love what you do, then you will find yourself becoming more open to outside criticism. If your work is nothing more than a hobby or something you do just to make money, it will be much harder for you to receive criticism.

Number two, believe in what you do.

You should only do something that you truly believe in. If you have strong convictions about what you do, then someone’s criticism of your work will fuel those convictions, not dismantle them. Plus, you will be able to not only receive the criticism graciously, you will actually be able to have conversations about it!

Number three, find the positive in everything.

Unfortunately, criticism inherently carries a negative connotation. As a design teacher, I never heard my students say, “Oh how wonderful! I am being critiqued today.” So with any criticism, it is imperative to find the positive aspects of it and learn from it, no matter where or who it comes from.

There will be critics

Let’s face it, you are going to be criticized by people in all facets of your life. But if you can integrate these three very simple steps into your life, you will find that that terrible feeling will begin to go away, and you will be able to respond, not react to criticism and to the comments being made. Over time, you will actually welcome criticism. It may sound crazy now, but give it time. It really can happen for you!

The Most Eye Opening Criticism

The Most Eye Opening Criticism

Think about a time in your life when someone criticized something you did and it really affected you. Perhaps it came at a time when you were already feeling down, and it really hurt you. You probably said to yourself, “Why would someone say that? That’s just mean.” Perhaps you will even allow it to fester and make you angry.

Eye opening Criticism

But what you may not realize is that how you react to criticism can change your life, either for the better or for the worse, and it can even change the lives of those around you. If you allow criticism to upset you, then you will, eventually, become a very angry human being. This really doesn’t do any good for you and it doesn’t do any good for anyone around you either. If you allow it, negativity will do nothing but breed more negativity. And who wants to live like that?

Turn Negative Criticism into Eye Opening Criticism

Instead, try to take that very moment, when you receive the criticism, and tell yourself that from every negative critique comes positive change in your life. If you can keep an open mind, that negative critique has the power to have a positive impact on you in more ways than you could ever imagine. It can make you smarter, it can make you stronger, it can make you a more patient person, it can help you develop better personal skills, it can help you see your work from different angles, and really, in general, you will be a much happier person. If you can do nothing else, at least take that negative and turn it into what fuels you to do better.

Eye Opening Criticism can bring People Together

The most exciting part of eye opening criticism is that it can actually bring ideas and people together. It can even change the course of history. Think about people like Nelson Mandela. What if he decided to give up? What if he let all the negative criticism around him, from the citizens in his country, from the media and from politicians, pull him down and make him angry and violent? Do you think the same outcome would have occurred in South Africa? No way!

Sometimes criticism can be the key element that ends up opening people’s eyes to see an injustice. It can open people’s eyes to a different way of doing something, and not just in the political world.

Consider how eye opening criticism affected great artists.

Eye opening Criticism

How do you think art movements like Impressionism, Surrealism and Modernism came about? How were strides made in terms of new technology? Do you think those people were surrounded by only positive feedback? Of course not! But look what they were able to create and how many lives they impacted!

How to Veiw Criticism as Appreciation

How to Veiw Criticism as Appreciation

Is it possible to view Criticism as Appreciation?

Criticism as Appreciation

Learning to see Criticism as Appreciation

Criticism and Language


dress down

(idiomatic) To scold

Example: To wear casual or informal clothes

English Idioms

English Idioms - Any language is incomplete without the presence or use of idioms. The same is true with the English language. When talk about idiom, it is the phrase, group of words, or saying that has a non-literal (metaphorical) meaning that has become accepted in daily usage. The symbolic representation of idiom is much different from the definition of words present in the phrase or statement. There are a vast number of idioms and they’re utilized much commonly in different languages. According to the estimation, the English language has around 25,000 idioms.

Idioms are not just evolved around the language but they act like the building blocks of the said language and civilization. They also put great intensity to transform the language more dynamic and interesting. Idioms bring out a great illustration to the regular speech. In addition, the also brings a great sense of fun and mystery about them. Why are Idioms difficult to understand? It is mainly due to the meanings. Usually, they create a great hurdle for non-native speakers. It is a reason that idioms’ characteristics make them difficult and strange them to understand for the learners of the English language. What is the difference between idiom and proverb? An idiom is neither a bit of advice nor general truth. However, a proverb is a well-known saying; it represents a piece of advice or general truth.

On this page, you will get in-depth information about all essential English idioms along with their meanings. The best thing is that you can easily search the meaning of your desired idiom through the dedicated search bar. So just utilize this great resource of English idioms with meaning. Whether you are a keen learner or trainer of the English language, the knowledge about idioms will surely benefit you in the long run. It will not just enhance your vocabulary but will also assist you to strengthen your grip over the English language.


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I got an offer at Jabil Circuit through an internship and I did the job of engineers for basic knowledge only.

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In the toolbar on the left of the screen, select the Split Conductor tool  and click the conductor on the pole you want to split it on.

Once the conductor has been split and separated into two constructions, you are able to adjust the height of the separate constructions.

To do so select the pole with the Move and Select tool

Then find the Attach Points section from the Properties tab on the right and adjust attachment heights and change constructions as required.

To rejoin conductors, use the Join Conductor tool

Click both the conductors you want to join.

This will automatically merge them into one conductor.


What happens when the latest mole image looks strikingly different than last year’s picture in a serial digital dermoscopy procedure?

I’ve been taking advantage of the technology of serial digital dermoscopy since 2011.

Recently an image taken of one of my moles (the “No. 2” mole) looked strikingly different from the image of it taken in 2011.

I discovered this when I was left alone in the dermoscopy room after the nurse photographed all of my moles.

I was told that the doctor was behind schedule and would be seeing me about the new images in about 20 minutes.

The nurse had left two large images up on the computer screen: No. 2 as it appeared in 2011, and how the mole looked just minutes ago after she had imaged it.

The image she had taken looked de-evolved; much less pigment, as though the mole was in the process of disintegrating.

It didn’t even have the same shape as the one depicted in the 2011 image.

At the bottom of the screen were six tiny images of “No. 2,” beginning with 2011 going through to 2016.

The first five images looked the same—but then that last image…it didn’t even look like the same mole.

How could it have been the same year after year, then suddenly between 2015 and 2016 undergo such a dramatic change?

The doctor came in and explained that the mole looked normal despite the de-evolvement. The reason it looked as it did was because, like many moles eventually, it was beginning to disappear.

She said this is why you don’t see a lot of moles on elderly people.

She pointed out something called melanophages in the 2011 image: tiny darker specks in the mole that indicated it was a relatively new mole back then.

She said that the mole probably first came into existence in around 2006. But that now, it was on its way out.

I found two things odd about this.

First, how is it that a mole begins to disappear after being in existence for only 10 or 11 years?

Second, how is it that it shows no signs of being “on its way out” in the 2011-12-13-14 and ’15 images, but then between 2015 and 2016, it rapidly begins the process of vanishing?

Right before I was about to ask her these questions, the computer screen went out; the doctor had to leave to get a nurse to reset it.

I waited quite a while, quite unnerved. I wondered if the nurse had accidentally photographed the wrong spot.

Turns out she did! The image was retaken, and the right mole was now on the screen, and the “mole analysis” gave it two scores in the normal range.

Lesson learned: If the latest image of a mole in your serial digital dermoscopy exam looks a lot different than the one taken at the previous exam, make sure it was the RIGHT mole that was photographed in the first place.

Whomever is taking the pictures is human and thus, subject to error and getting things mixed up.

Serial digital dermoscopy is an outstanding technology that uses a computer database to rate moles with a numerical value to indicate if they are in a normal range or “suspicious.”

Top image: cancer.gov


8 photos

Rothenburg ob der Tauber, which translates as "Red fortress above the Tauber River" is known far beyond Bavaria. In 1902, Wassily Kandinsky immortalized it in the film "Old Town"; the beauty of the city inspired Walt Disney while he was working on "Pinocchio". Besides, “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows” was recently filmed here. Every year, two million tourists visit the city, the center of which has remained the same since the XVII century!

It seems as if time has stopped in Rothenburg ob der Tauber. The city center is dominated by the XVII century construction. The tiny squares and narrow streets have hardly changed since the Middle Ages. Many toy stores and souvenir shops are decorated with intricate gold signs. But posters and billboards are simply prohibited. That is why filmmakers are so fond of the town: they don’t need to spend time and money and take efforts for the appropriate decorations. Here people are surrounded by them from all sides!

The history of the magic town began more than 900 years ago. Counts of Comburg-Rothenburg built the first fortified castle on the hill near the Tauber River in 1070. It has not survived, but was destroyed during an earthquake in the middle of the XIV century. However, the absence of the ancient fortress does not prevent Rothenburg ob der Tauber to maintain the fantastic atmosphere supported particularly by the night ranger Hans Georg Baumgartner. Every evening at 8pm he appears at the town hall on the Market Square dressed as a guard with wide-brimmed hat and lantern. Night Ranger leads a night time tour, followed by tourists wishing to “connect with” the history of the ancient city and hear the most incredible legends. The observation deck located on the Town Hall Tower (Rathausturm) will help to tune into the romantic atmosphere of the town. You only have to climb 220 steps and enjoy a complete view of the city!

The windows of local cafes and bakeries lure with "Rothenburger snowballs” (Rothenburger schneeballen). This house-special dessert is made of shortcrust pastry rolled into balls and sprinkled with powdered sugar - hence the name. Sometimes the balls are coated with chocolate and nuts, or marzipan stuffing is added. The recipe of the "snowballs" is more than 300 years old! Initially, the pastry was served only on special occasions, such as weddings, but now you can try it at any cafe in the city. And, of course, in the restaurants there are traditional Bavarian dishes: marinated roast beef, potato pancakes, and apple strudel.

In Rothenburg ob der Tauber locals keep in memory almost a magical story about the events of Thirty Years’ War that is called "The Master Gulp” (Der Meistertrunk). Count Tilly reining in the city was ready to burn it down, but his rage changed to mercy, when Mayor Georg Nusch offered him a cup of 3.25l. local wine. Tilly announced he would spare Rothenburg if someone from the citizens could drink it all at a time, with which the task Mayor Nusch coped! Scenes from the story are played out at the beginning of each hour on the XVII century puppet clock on the facade of the former City Councillors' Tavern (Ratstrinkstube). In addition, since 1881 the townspeople have annually organized a costume parade early in summer, which is reminiscent of the miraculous salvation of the city.

The city residents in general have an eye for holidays. For example, in August, all gather in Gruner Square (Grüner Markt). The restaurant-keepers and winemakers here offer about 70 species of local wines. The classical varieties Silvaner and Müller-Thurgau enjoy unchanged success. Another parade of residents in historical costumes takes place at the first weekend in September, during the Imperial City Festival (Reichsstadt-Festtage) with a torchlight procession and fireworks. And, of course, there is little that can be compared with the beauty of Rothenburg ob der Tauber in December, when the city captivates with sparkling garlands, ringing bells and all kinds of Christmas decorations! The city’s traditional Christmas Fair (Alt-Rothenburger Reiterlesmarkt) is considered one of the most beautiful in the country. Another feature of it is that it works all year round! Although with its pre-New Year mood in December the fair is alluring and attractive.

It’s unbelievable, yet true: in the XVII century, the long-lasted 30-year war between the Catholics and Protestants helped Rothenburg ob der Tauber to become a "Sleeping Beauty" and "be conserved" in time. So if you want to see the medieval Germany as it was described by the Grimm brothers, this fabulous town will exceed all your expectations!

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Interesting cities in Germany


Long‐term Consequences of Cold War

Proxy Wars: Vietnam War, African Decolonization Movements, and Afghan Crisis

Proxy wars were fought throughout the developing world

During 1961–1973, the United States gradually escalated its involvement in the Vietnam War.

Vietnam was divided into North and South regions after its decolonization in 1954. North Vietnam came under communist influence while US backed South

Gradually nationalistic forces from the North that aimed to unify Vietnam began to encroach into the South. The Americans saw it as a communist threat and began to provide military support to the south.

The U.S. government withdrew its military in the early 1970s. The U.S. effort to prevent a communist takeover in South Vietnam failed.

In other parts of the world, but most notably in Africa, post–World War II decolonization movements witnessed both the Americans and Soviets competing for influence.

This superpower rivalry either precipitated regional or civil wars or greatly prolonged conflicts already in progress. Such was the case in Congo (Zaire), Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya, among other African states.

Millions of people died in these wars mainly because of genocide, forced relocations, and starvation.

In late 1970s Afghanistan experienced a sort of revolution. A communist government was installed in power in Afghanistan

The US, USSR and China all had vested interests in Afghanistan due to its oil.

But anti‐communist force in collaboration with the religious fundamentalist forces opposed the new government. As a result Afghanistan plunged into a civil War.

In this civil war the USA supported the anticommunists and the fundamentalists (mujahedeen) via Pakistan. On the other hand, the communist government sought military and economic aid from the USSR.

The war was a disaster for the Soviet Union. USSR ultimately withdrew in 1990.


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No Children? No Work-Life Balance?

May 06 2019 - by Carole Houlihan, CLP's Gender and Diversity Specialist

Depending on the day of the week, we see media stories about how technology gives us flexibility and frees us to work from home or from anywhere, anytime! Yet it also means that employers can make demands and expect employees to respond to requests 24/7.

Similarly, we hear about how, partly due to technology, workplaces are becoming more sensitive to issues of work-life balance.  Work-life balance benefits offered in the workplace are intended to provide flexibility to staff members’ professional and personal life. These include benefits such as paid paternity and maternity leaves, flexible working arrangements, and, family-friendly environments to support a work-family culture.

With an aging labour force, more women in the workplace, and more young couples sharing family and childcare responsibilities, companies, organizations and governments are actively promoting policies to support work-life balance in order to attract and keep good employees.

But recent research in Canada asked the question: Do employees without children get the short end of the stick when it comes to work-life balance policies?

A study from York University's School of Human Resources Management found that employees without children feel less welcome to attend to non-work aspects of their lives than colleagues who are parents.

They are less likely to ask for things like flex-time or telecommuting privileges, and do not feel they can leave promptly at the end of the day, according to researcher Galina Boiarintseva.  She found that human resource policies designed to promote work-life balance are usually aimed at making it easier for parents to fulfil their child-rearing obligations.  She suggests that the same opportunities are not given to nonparents.

Employees without children also report feeling pressure to work later, take on weekend shifts and do extra. Yet employees also have other responsibilities and pressures - other sick or elderly relatives to care for, or other personal issues that also require time off and workplace flexibility.

Are you an employee with no children? Do you feel you are treated fairly with regard to these issues?

How does your workplace address these issues?


Dir. Istvan Szabo | 106 min
Narrative Hungary 1980
Hungarian with English subtitles

1980’s Confidence was nominated for the Academy Award and Szabó won Berlin’s Silver Bear for Best Director. In World War II-era Hungary, the resistance pairs two unrelated members to act as husband and wife in an effort to stay hidden in plain sight. Will they be able to maintain the illusion without giving in to their growing feelings for each other?

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