What is Insolvency

Here you can download our What Is Insolvency bookelt. An example of the useful information you can find in the booklet is featured below.

Insolvency is classically a measure of either the net assets an individual or company owns, or the ability of that individual or company to pay its debts as and when they become due. This booklet addresses corporate insolvency, i.e. as it relates to companies, and the various mechanisms that exist under UK legislation to deal with company insolvency. For information relating to personal insolvency, please review our other booklets available to download on our website.

Just because a company is technically insolvent doesn’t necessarily mean the end of company’s life. There are a range of options open to help businesses in difficulty, such as refinancing and restructuring. Many companies in the UK are insolvent but with the right assistance can recover and thrive.

However, as a director of a business it is vital to understand the issue of solvency and this booklet helps explain the two main tests of insolvency and what can be done to assist you if you are concerned.

How do I know if a company is technically insolvent?

There are two main tests to determine whether a company is insolvent:

  • The Balance Sheet Test.
  • The Cash Flow Test.

These will now be explained below.

The Balance Sheet Test

This test determines insolvency as where the value of a company’s assets are less than the amount of liabilities, taking into account its contingent (i.e. not yet due) and prospective (i.e. those which are intended to be incurred very soon or which accrue as a fixed ongoing cost of the business e.g. utilities) debts.

This calculation can often be difficult to make for a director to make as that person has to decide and agree the basis on which assets and liabilities are valued. This is especially true if a director does not have much financial expertise. However, getting this right is critical to determining the true position of a company’s solvency. There are numerous factors which might affect the balance sheet test which are not immediately obvious – some examples of which are set out below.

Example 1.

If an outstanding debt which is quite large is shown in the company’s accounts, but is unlikely to be paid, then accounting standards require that directors be prudent and include a provision for the loss of this debt. If a large debt is not so provided for in the accounts then, in certain circumstances, this may mean that the company is actually insolvent (if the debt should be provided for as a write off).

Example 2.

Quite often an optimistic director will be convinced that the company is not insolvent because of anticipated funding, either from a lending institution or third party. If such lending is not yet secured (despite the verbal or other assurances that are provided) then the company may be insolvent with the consequences for directors (for more details see “Directors and Liabilities: A Handy Guide” also located on our website).

Example 3.

As with book debts described above, any asset that is valued in the company’s accounts but which may have depreciated since (for example plant and machinery) will mean that the company is balance sheet insolvent, even if the financial accounts do not reflect this. In more recent times, the reduced value of commercial property may also have a similar affect to make a company insolvent.

Example 4.

Pension scheme deficits are often undervalued because the basis of a valuation may be outdated or may be not up to the current accounting standards. A revaluation of the pension scheme deficit on a regular basis is important to ensure that the financial statements of a company reflect the true and fair view of the company’s financial position.

Example 5.

A company’s accounts are normally drafted on the basis that a company is an active going concern. As a result there may intangible assets valued in these accounts which depend on this going concern basis (for example goodwill, trading names and other intellectual property of the company). If the company is then facing difficulty in continued trading or something changes which means that its going concern status is jeopardised (for example a change in regulations affecting the business or the inability to renew a franchise licence) then the balance sheet needs to be valued on a break-up basis. This may reduce the value of the company’s balance sheet and mean that it is insolvent.

The Cash Flow Test

The Responsibility For Getting This Right

Getting It Right

If you believe your business is experiencing one or more of the above issues, or if you have any other business concerns that you would like to discuss please do not hesitate to contact us.


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Law Coursework Writing Services

Law is a system of official rules and regulations within a given nation or community used to govern the behaviour of its populace, and which are enforced through various controlling authorities and social institutions. The legal framework of a society, generally established within constitutions, legislation, and judicial perspectives, helps to maintain social order as well as balance individual rights with obligations as members of society. The study of law covers a diverse range of topics such as criminal punishment, federal and provincial institutions, human rights, ethics, and administrative action.

Law is generally divided into criminal law, which deals with conduct considered harmful and illegal by the given constraints of a society’s legal system and the meting out of appropriate punishment, and civil law, which settles private disputes (also known as lawsuits) between individuals or organizations and provides legal compensation to the successful litigant.

A number of specialized branches also exist within the realm of civil law, such as: international law, the governance of affairs between different countries or sovereign states ranging from immigration to trade to military action; constitutional and administrative law, which defines the relationship between intergovernmental branches on a federal and provincial level and provides a framework for the actions and operating procedure of government; contract law, which regulates oral and written agreements between parties for reasons pertaining to money, property, or services and the nature of their obligations; tort law, which deals with civil wrongs (torts) that cause unfair harm or loss and legal liability for the responsible party; property law, which regulates and governs purchasing, ownership, and tenancy of real or personal property; and equity and trusts, which define a body of rules developed in England separately from the common law system enabling shared ownership of property through binding trust agreements.

The law experts at Homework Help Canada are knowledgeable in all areas of the law. Whether it comes to criminal or civil disputes, our writers can provide in-depth answers, custom argumentative and research essays, and research reports to some of the hardest questions and assignments. Whether it comes to law theory or law history, we have someone who can help you and give you an expert’s helping hand. Trust the experts at Homework Help Canada and get a quote now.

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If I Can Now Shop in California, When Can I See My Friends in Person? Some Guidelines

People mingle close together as businesses in the flower district of Skid Row open in time for Mother's Day on May 8, 2020, in Los Angeles.  (David McNew/Getty Images)

As a sunny Memorial Day weekend approaches, many, including me, wonder what a pandemic summer looks like.

I can squash the longing to go to concerts and festivals. But what about a socially distanced, mask-wearing picnic with a neighbor? Or a stroll on the beach with a friend?

The official answer is still no.

“At this time, mixing of households is not permitted, so most socializing should still only occur virtually,” said Neetu Balrum, a spokesperson for the Alameda County Public Health Department.

Contra Costa County Health Officer Dr. Chris Farnitano, agreed.

"Gatherings outside of your household are a big risk for the spread of this virus," he said  "We still don't know yet when we will be able to encourage people to get together with people outside of their households."

Public health officials in San Francisco, Solano and San Mateo counties provided a similar response.

Stir Crazy, and Lonely

Even though officials aren’t budging, increased movement on the streets reflects changing sentiment among residents. My Oakland neighborhood, for instance, is starting to hum with the return of vehicles, and a KQED analysis of traffic over the last five weeks found a big increase in miles traveled since April. Meanwhile, neighborhood parks are filled with clusters of people sprawling on picnic blankets.

"Quarantine Fatigue is Real" — that's the name of an Atlantic article byJulia Marcus, professor of population medicine at Harvard Medical School. She argues that refraining from social contact is unsustainable and could lead to negative consequences.

"I’m talking about those who are experiencing the profound burden of extreme physical and social distancing," she wrote. "In addition to the economic hardship it causes, isolation can severely damage psychological well-being, especially for people who were already depressed or anxious before the crisis started."

Asking Americans to abstain from nearly all in-person social contact will not work any better than abstinence-only messaging does for the discouragement of sex, Marcus says. She suggests that officials offer nuanced directives to reduce risk rather than try to eliminate it.

"What Americans need now is a manual on how to have a life in a pandemic," wrote Marcus. If they don't, she says, we will need to figure it out on our own.

California state Sen. Scott Weiner agrees with this approach.

"People are going to start seeing their friends," Wiener said. "And we have to acknowledge that that is the reality of human existence, and we can't pretend otherwise. I think it is important in the near future for the state and for Bay Area officials to start giving more precise guidance about how you reduce risk."

Shopping OK'd

Citing progress made on a series of metrics related to the pandemic, public health officials in the Bay Area this week allowed more stores to reopen, albeit with major limitations like restricting sales to curbside pickup. The state authorized this move earlier in the month. San Francisco's public health officer said on Tuesday it will wait until early-to-late June before considering the next phase of loosening restrictions, and a reversal of course is still possible.

"If needed, we will dial back if the curve goes up or we see indication that the virus is spreading in the community at an alarming rate," said Dr. Grant Colfax.

Gov. Gavin Newsom says 70 percent of California’s economy is now open for business. But he hasn't offered any further guidance on when and if people can socialize with friends or family outside the household. Newsom and health officials continue to stress that new cases are recorded daily, and if there's one thing for certain, this pandemic is not over. In California on Monday, 102 people died from COVID-19, the highest number of deaths in a month.

Safer Ways to Socialize

If you are determined to socialize despite public health recommendations, there are ways to reduce your risk. Marcus suggests meeting outside because the sun, heat and humidity likely assist in killing the virus. Also, you should definitely wear a mask, wash your hands frequently, and avoid sharing food or drinks.

This Los Angeles Times article lays out seven scenarios to help you decide which activities are safer than others. Some takeaways: Backyard barbecues with kids are out, socially distanced walks are fine, and allowing a friend to use your bathroom is a safe bet.

The question agonizing many families is when to see the grandparents. It’s especially tricky if you must fly to see older family members. Based on this account in the Atlantic (“We apologize for the alarming amount of passengers on this flight"), I’m leery about booking a flight to see gramma. In fact scientists say it’s a good idea to avoid indoor spaces as much as possible because limited air exchange and recycled air leads to more infections.

A recent post," The Risks - Know Them - Avoid Them," by Erin Bromage, a University of Massachusetts Dartmouth associate professor of biology, details how droplets move indoors, leading to increased virus transmission. For example, if you're dining inside, airflow vents will carry the virus to 75 percent of people sitting downwind of an asymptomatic carrier breathing normally during a 90-minute meal.

For me, takeout is the ticket for the foreseeable future.

“The main sources for infection are home, workplace, public transport, social gatherings, and restaurants," Bromage wrote. "This accounts for 90% of all transmission events. In contrast, outbreaks spread from shopping appear to be responsible for a small percentage of traced infections.”

Bromage wrote the equation that people should remember is “dose plus time.” You have to be in someone’s physical airstream for longer than five minutes to catch the virus. Therefore, enjoy your next distanced walk, but wash your hands when you get back home. Don’t touch your face. And stay home if you’re sick.

Personally it's difficult for my brain to weigh risks, especially when we are talking about something that is potentially life and death. For now, I'm choosing to err on the cautious side, while hoping officials offer more detailed directives soon.


The trial in history, volume I

This book examines trials, civil and criminal, ecclesiastical and secular, in England and Europe between the thirteenth and the seventeenth centuries. The cases examined range from a fourteenth century cause-célèbre, the attempted trial of Pope Boniface VIII for heresy, to investigations of obscure people for sexual and religious offences in the city states of Geneva and Venice. These are examples of the operation in the past of different legal, judicial systems, applied by differently constituted courts, royal and manorial, secular and ecclesiastical, which adopted different procedures, adversarial and inquisitorial. Ranging from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century, the book considers criminal trials and civil litigation conducted in royal, manorial and Church courts in late medieval and early modern England. These trials concentrate on the structure, jurisdiction, functions, and procedures of the courts and on the roles of the judges of fact and of law, both amateur and professional, who composed them. The trials of Giorgio Moreto and of Laura Querini were influenced by the politics of the Venetian State and its ongoing and highly charged relationship with the power of the Church. Discussing the legal history of continental Europe, the book then shifts the emphasis from the judges and jurors to the prisoners arraigned before the courts, to the victims of prosecution or to the highly questionable images of them created by their enemies.

This book attempts to interrogate the literary, artistic and cultural output of early modern England. Following Constance Classen's view that understandings of the senses, and sensory experience itself, are culturally and historically contingent; it explores the culturally specific role of the senses in textual and aesthetic encounters in England. The book follows Joachim-Ernst Berendt's call for 'a democracy of the senses' in preference to the various sensory hierarchies that have often shaped theory and criticism. It argues that the playhouse itself challenged its audiences' reliance on the evidence of their own eyes, teaching early modern playgoers how to see and how to interpret the validity of the visual. The book offers an essay on each of the five senses, beginning and ending with two senses, taste and smell, that are often overlooked in studies of early modern culture. It investigates Robert Herrick's accounts in Hesperides of how the senses function during sexual pleasure and contact. The book also explores sensory experiences, interrogating textual accounts of the senses at night in writings from the English Renaissance. It offers a picture of early modern thought in which sensory encounters are unstable, suggesting ways in which the senses are influenced by the contexts in which they are experienced: at night, in states of sexual excitement, or even when melancholic. The book looks at the works of art themselves and considers the significance of the senses for early modern subjects attending a play, regarding a painting, and reading a printed volume.

Author: Heather Blatt

Reorienting the narrative of digital media studies to incorporate the medieval, Participatory reading in late-medieval England traces affinities between digital and medieval media to explore how participation defined reading practices and shaped relations between writers and readers in England’s literary culture from the late-fourteenth to early sixteenth centuries. Traditionally, print operates as the comparative touchstone of both medieval and digital media, but Participatory reading argues that the latter share more in common with each other than either does with print. Working on the borders of digital humanities, medieval cultural studies, and the history of the book, Participatory reading draws on well-known and little-studied works ranging from Chaucer to banqueting poems and wall-texts to demonstrate how medieval writers and readers engaged with practices familiar in digital media today, from crowd-sourced editing to nonlinear apprehension to mobility, temporality, and forensic materiality illuminate. Writers turned to these practices in order to both elicit and control readers’ engagement with their works in ways that would benefit the writers’ reputations along with the transmission and interpretation of their texts, while readers pursued their own agendas—which could conflict with or set aside writers’ attempts to frame readers’ work. The interactions that gather around participatory reading practices reflect concerns about authority, literacy, and media formats, before and after the introduction of print. Participatory reading is of interest to students and scholars of medieval literature, book, and reading history, in addition to those interested in the long history of media studies.

Essays in popular romance
Editor: Nicola McDonald

This collection and the romances it investigates are crucial to our understanding of the aesthetics of medieval narrative and to the ideologies of gender and sexuality, race, religion, political formations, social class, ethics, morality and national identity with which those narratives emerge.

Sam Barrett

7 Kinship, poor relief and the welfare process in early modern England Sam Barrett The poor in England Kinship, poor relief and the welfare process Overview – the ‘problem’ of kinship Historiographical writing on the depth and functionality of kinship in early modern England is limited. It is also contradictory. On the extent and depth of kinship networks, for instance, early commentators such as Peter Laslett were clear that English households tended to be relatively small and simple and that, because of demographic constraint (migration, ‘background

in The poor in England 1700–1850
An economy of makeshifts

This book investigates the experience of English poverty between 1700 and 1900 and the ways in which the poor made ends meet. It represents the single most significant attempt in print to supply the English 'economy of makeshifts' with a solid, empirical basis and to advance the concept of makeshifts to a precise delineation. The book attempts to explain how and when the poor secured access to these makeshifts and suggest how the balance of these strategies might change over time or be modified by gender, life-cycle and geography. It begins with the general and particular ways in which 'makeshifts' might be constructed, examining the rural agricultural poor and the shifting hierarchy of 'Fuel, dole and bread'. The book confirms the paltry allowances awarded through the poor law and implicitly contrasts them with the relatively generous schemes operated by individual and institutionalised charities such as the Quakers in Lancashire rural communities. Voluntary charity in the makeshift economy is discussed in the context of cultural implications of incorporating charity within survival strategies. The book then tackles the complicated relationship between poverty and social crime by looking at both contemporary published opinion and the evidence of the courts. A survey of pamphlet literature touching on credit, debt and pawnbroking reveals that outspoken, damning criticisms of pawnbrokers were often repeated but rarely qualified by any consideration of the cash flow exigencies of poverty. Finally a micro-study of the Lancashire township of Cowpe illustrates both the quantity and complexity of the makeshift economy.

Anthony Musson

Amateur and professional judges 2 The role of amateur and professional judges in the royal courts of late medieval England Anthony Musson The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries witnessed a rapid expansion in the scope of royal justice in England. The growing demand for legal remedies and the need to enforce public order led to an expansion in the activities of the Westminster courts and in the increasing provision of judicial commissions (some ad hoc, others on a more regular basis) in the shires.1 The expansion was inevitably accompanied by the need for a

in Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700
Maureen Mulholland

Trials in manorial courts 4 Trials in manorial courts in late medieval England Maureen Mulholland A legal historian approaching the history of the manorial courts is aware that the comprehensive literature of the manor has been primarily concerned with the social, economic or political significance of the manor court. The rolls have been a rich source of research into the nature of medieval society, including questions of personal status, family structures, lordship, demography and social relationships, as well as the practice of agriculture and land

in Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700
Robert Murphy

collective vision of a particular tradition, period, background or ‘school’. It’s logical and usual to consider even impersonal and anonymous artworks as an expression of a general consensus ( A Mirror for England , p. 4). 1 R AYMOND DURGNAT’S A Mirror for England: British Movies from Austerity to Affluence , which deals

in British cinema of the 1950s
Open Access (free)
Greeks and Saracens inGuy of Warwick
Rebecca Wilcox

10 Romancing the East: Greeks and Saracens in Guy of Warwick Rebecca Wilcox Guy’s ties to the East For decades, literary critics such as Frederic Jameson and Stephen Knight have argued that medieval romance, for the most part, unquestioningly reflects dominant ideologies of the ruling elite.1 Far from conforming to this prescription, however, the fourteenth-century popular romance Guy of Warwick engages contemporary socio-political concerns in critical and transformative ways. Guy’s fantastic reworking of England’s past through its titular hero both recognises

in Pulp fictions of medieval England


Home Blog Compare and Contrast Essay - An Ultimate Writing Guide

Compare and Contrast Essay - An Ultimate Writing Guide

Compare and Contrast Essay - An Ultimate Writing Guide

A compare and contrast essay is the most common type of academic writing assigned to high school or college students. This article is written to give information on what compare and contrast essay is and how it is drafted perfectly.

What Is A Compare And Contrast Essay?

A compare and contrast essay is defined as:

“A type of writing type that features similarities and differences between two selected objects or subjects.”

The two subjects should be different from one another. However, they should be in the same ballpark to consider the similarities between the two.

You should always keep in mind that comparing and contrasting is not restricted to pinpointing the differences between two subjects alone. It makes use of distinctive points and tries to create a meaningful argument subject by subject.

Drawing similarities and differences might not sound difficult but when drafting a structured piece of writing, it can be a challenge. For this purpose, it is essential to learn the basics of how a compare and contrast essay is drafted and structured.

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How To Write A Compare And Contrast Essay?

How to start an essay is the first thing that pops into the writer’s mind when he is assigned to draft an essay. Pre-writing or the planning phase on an essay contributes a lot to the overall success of an essay. Similarly, writing a good compare and contrast essay depends on how well you take all the required writing steps (pre-writing and writing).

Following are the steps involved in the writing process of a compare and contrast essay:

  1. Choose a subject
  2. Brainstorm similarities and differences
  3. Form an argument about the topic
  4. Decide the organizational structure
  5. Draft an outline
  6. Provide supporting material
  7. Use transitional words
  8. Proofread and edit

Choose A Subject

Choose two subjects or objects to draft your compare and contrast essay on. Make sure, that both the subjects you choose to compare should be from the same category. This means that they might be different but they have a few similarities because of which they belong to a certain category.

For example, two mammals or reptiles can be chosen to highlight the similarities and differences between them.

Brainstorm Similarities And Differences

Brainstorming your ideas will help you get a rich picture of what you want to do. Think of all the possible differences and similarities. You can take information from multiple sources to gather these similarities and differences.

Make a rough list or a Venn Diagram to write all the similarities and differences of the subjects. This will give an easy representation of all the traits of the chosen subjects. Also, it will become easier for the writer to analyze and evaluate them later.

Ven Diagram

Traits of Object A

Traits of Object B

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point n

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point n

Either of the representations can be used to roughly note down all the similarities and differences of the selected objects.

Form An Argument About The Topic

A strong compare and contrast essay is more than just listing comparisons and contrasts of the subjects. It includes a stance of the writer as well which is the main argument or thesis statement. Form an argument analyzing the similarities and differences to lay a foundation for your essay.

Decide The Organizational Structure

There are endless possibilities for how you can structure your essay. The basic structure used to draft a compare and contrast essay is a block or point-by-point structure. For the point-by-point structure, each similarity or difference of one object is followed by other object’s similarity and difference.

On the other hand, for the block structure, all the information about one object is drafted first and then the information about the other object.

The following table is the best representation of the block structure:

Object 1 - Point 1

Object 1 - Point 2

Object 1 - Point 3

Transition paragraph/Words

Object 2 - Point 1

Object 2 - Point 2

Object 2 - Point 3

The table provided below is the best example of a point-by-point structure:

Point 1

Object 1 + Object 2

Point 2

Object 1 + Object 2

Point 3

Object 1 + Object 2

Draft An Outline

A compare and contrast essay can be written using a basic essay outline of 5 paragraphs. According to this outline style, all the information is divided into the following sections:

  1. Introduction
  2. Body Paragraph 1
  3. Body Paragraph 2
  4. Body paragraph 3
  5. Conclusion

All the gathered information is divided into 5 parts of the outline to form an essay.

Provide Supporting Material

Compare and contrast essay writing is usually dependent on the evidence that you provide to back up your viewpoints. Real-life examples, as well as facts, can be used as evidence and supporting information.

Use Transitional Words

Transitional words are important as they will give a good flow to your essay and increase its readability. Following are the transitional words that make your compare and contrast essay compelling:

To compare…

To be the same as…

Just like…

Not only...but also...

In contrast…

In comparison

On the other hand

Proofread And Edit

Once you have finished writing your essay, read your essay to check mistakes in format, grammar, punctuation, spellings, and vocabulary. This step also carries significant importance as it brings perfection to the essay.

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Compare And Contrast Essay Outline

Outlining an essay is as important as any part of the essay. Without an outline, there will be no structure making the essay lose its readability for the readers. Compare and contrast essay outline includes the following elements:

  1. Introduction
  2. Main Body
  3. Conclusion

Compare And Contrast Essay Introduction

A strong opening paragraph is an integral part of any kind of essay. Like the main topic, the compare and contrast essay introduction also needs to be an attention grabber. In order to make your essay introduction compelling, take the following steps:

  1. Open your introductory paragraph with a hook statement. It can be a fact, quote, or a simple yet interesting sentence to grab the reader’s attention.
  2. Provide the background information of your topic. You can not randomly start comparing two objects. Therefore, set a stage or briefly discuss the topics you are going to compare.
  3. Provide your thesis statement at the end of your introductory paragraph. The compare and contrast thesis should clearly depict two subjects that are required to be compared.

The introduction paragraph should create an overall picture of the comparison essay. Writing a strong introduction will make an essay impactful.

Compare And Contrast Essay Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of your essay are where you lay everything out in front of the reader and explain things with the help of facts.

In the first section within the body paragraphs, you will be discussing the significance of the subjects that you have selected for comparisons and contrasts. In the last section of the body paragraph, you will be talking about the final factors of both the subjects to write a comparison.

The structure of the body of your essay strongly depends on the method you choose to write your compare and contrast essay (block method or point-by-point).

In order to keep your essay informative, you will have to source some factual information to not only impress the reader but also teach them something new.

Compare And Contrast Essay Conclusion

A compare and contrast essay conclusion is drafted by providing the following information:

  • Summary of the major points of the content.
  • A brief analysis of the points discussed and the possible solutions. It depends on the subject matter and what approach you choose to analyze.
  • Provide significance of your topic and the comparison made. Describe why you drew similarities and differences between two objects.

The example of a compare and contrast essay outline below will give you a better understanding of the concept.

  • Compare And Contrast Essay Outline Sample (PDF)

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Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Tips

Every good essay motivates the audience to continue reading it from the beginning to the end. This is the reason you should make sure that your essay is interesting and accurate. Follow the tips provided by expert writers at MyPerfectWords.com to make you essay impressive:

  • For inspiration and help, check the other compare and contrast essays. If writing a compare and contrast essay from scratch, it can be very confusing. So it is suggested to first go through already written quality essays to help you draft yours effectively.
  • When choosing a suitable essay topic, think critically. Brainstorm topic ideas and select a topic that you think has enough information to share with your audience.
  • Proper formatting is the basic thing you need to take care of while drafting a compare and contrast essay for academics. Follow the instructions provided to format your essay perfectly.
  • Make sure the correct citation is done within the content. Read and understand the guidelines provided to properly cite sources in your compare and contrast essay.

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Compare And Contrast Essay Topics

Like every other type of essay, contrast and compare themed essay also needs an interesting and attention-grabbing subject. And to choose good subject areas, you should always start by brainstorming.

Below are some examples of compare and contrast essay topics, which will give you an idea of how to choose and construct a reasonable topic:

  • College versus high schools.
  • Teenage versus adulthood.
  • Camping out or crashing at a motel.
  • The comparisons and contrasts between cats and dogs.
  • Apples and Oranges.
  • Book vs Movie.
  • Marvel’s Spiderman or Iron Man.
  • Outdoor games or indoor games.
  • Undergraduate and graduate studies.
  • American football and rugby.

These examples of comparison essay topics will help you understand that there are countless themes and ideas to choose from.

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Compare And Contrast Essay Example

Writing a good essay requires a person to first consult a few examples. This is to make the writer understand the essay pattern and structure in which he is to write his essay. These compare and contrast essay examples will guide you to draft your essay effectively.

  • Compare And Contrast Essay Sample (PDF)

  • Block Method For Compare And Contrast Essay (PDF)

  • Point-By-Point Method For Compare And Contrast Essay (PDF)

Undoubtedly, writing a compare and contrast essay can be a challenge if your writing skills are below average. If you think your writing and analyzing skills are not up to the mark, you can always get assistance for your academic papers and essays online.

MyPerfectWords.com is an online essay writing company that provides original essays and papers for all subjects and levels. It is the best writing service with trusted and seasoned experts from all over the world.

Contact us to discuss your essay and get started with a professional essay writer. Our team of essay experts will compose an A worthy essay for you in no time. Place your order now at exciting prices.

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...individualizes each test specific to your surgery. These tests allow us to monitor your nerve responses and facilitate real-time feedback.

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Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP)

Structures Monitored: The posterior sensory pathways of the spinal cord starting from the ends of the limbs, running up the spine and to the brain.

Surgeries Used On: Spinal, Cranial, Peripheral, Vascular

How the Test is Performed: Small amounts of current are applied at the patient's wrists and ankles using small sticky electrodes. This causes the nerves to send electrical impulses along the sensory pathway all the way to the brain. Subdermal electrodes are placed under the skin along this nerve pathway to record the size of the impulse and how long it takes the impulse to travel. Finally, the impulse is recorded by electrodes at its final destination: the outer, top portion of the brain or the cortex.

Transcranial Electric Motor Evoked Potentials (TceMEP)

Structures Monitored: The anterior motor pathway of the spinal cord starting at the brain, running down the spinal cord and out to the muscles of the arms and legs.

Surgeries Used On: Spinal, Vascular

How the Test is Performed: Electrodes are placed on the top of the patient’s head to issue small amounts of current that travel down the spinal cord and continue to the hands and the feet, causing muscles to contract. Other electrodes are also placed on appropriate muscle groups in the arms or legs to read and record the electrical impulses and muscle reactions.

Train of Four (TOF)

Structures Monitored: This test assesses how much muscle relaxant a patient has in their system, and helps to determine when the muscle relaxant has worn off.

Surgeries Used On: Any procedure in which the IOM technologist needs to read the patient's muscle activity in order to provide the surgeon with accurate information.

How the Test is Performed: Muscle activity is read and recorded by issuing a current through a subdermal electrode placed on one of the patient’s nerves, causing a muscle contraction.

Electromyography (EMG)

Structures Monitored: Any muscle group that is innervated by at-risk nerve roots.

Surgeries Used On: Spine, ENT, Cranial, Vascular

How the Test is Performed: Electrodes are placed on appropriate muscles to record all muscle activity in a patient.

Triggered Electromyography (tEMG)

Surgeries Used On: Spine, ENT, Cranial

How the Test is Performed: Electric current is used to stimulate the patient’s nerves so that responses can be recorded in the muscles. This ultimately assists in the placement of screws during spine surgery, helping to identify nerve roots, and testing nerve functionality.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Structures Monitored: Brain Activity

Surgeries Used On: Spinal, Cranial, Vascular

How the Test is Performed: Recording electrodes are placed in various locations on the patient’s scalp to record the brain’s electrical activity and help identify changes in brain activity.

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)

Structures Monitored: Optic Pathway/Optic Nerve

Surgeries Used On: Various neurosurgical procedures

How the Test is Performed: Several electrodes are placed on the occipital lobe at the back of the patient’s head. A flash of a pattern stimulates the eyes and sends an impulse along the optic nerve, which is then recorded by the electrodes.

Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER)

Structures Monitored: The auditory pathway beginning at the outer ear, through the inner ear, up the brainstem and then recorded at the cortex.

Surgeries Used On: Cranial, ENT

How the Test is Performed: Using an audible click through an earphone or speaker, an impulse travels through the patient’s ear, up the brainstem and on to the outer part of the brain where it is recorded by electrodes that are placed on the scalp. This test allows the physician to stimulate and identify the nerve responsible for hearing in the auditory pathway.

Cortical Mapping and Language Mapping

Structures Monitored: Cortical mapping allows the physician to identify specific areas of the brain (language, motor cortex, sensory cortex) by stimulating the brain with an electric current and observing the body's response.

Surgeries Used On: Cranial

How the Test is Performed: The physician stimulates certain areas of the patient’s brain and records limb muscle activity or patient language responses. The responses indicate which area of the brain was stimulated, and allow the physician to label the area accurately

Phase Reversal

Structures Monitored: Motor Cortex, Sensory Cortex and the Central Gyrus.

Surgeries Used On: Any cranial case where it is necessary for the physician to identify the location of the Central Gyrus.

How the Test is Performed: A grid strip with eight holes is placed along the patient’s brain in a front to back position over the motor cortex and the sensory cortex. While the physician uses a probe to stimulate the brain in each of the holes located along the grid strip, the IOM technologist observes the responses and records the results.

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Machine learning classifies cancer

Brain tumours are often classified by visual assessment of tumour cells, yet such diagnoses can vary depending on the observer. Machine-learning methods to spot molecular patterns could improve cancer diagnosis.
Derek Wong is in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada.

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Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate disease treatment. A core technique used to diagnose brain cancer today is the microscope-based analysis of tumour samples on glass slides, termed histology. However, this requires the appraisal of subtle cellular alterations, which in some cases may lead to different classifications for a given sample by different individuals. Nowadays, technological developments enable vast amounts of molecular data to be obtained and assessed for a tumour without the need for such subjective diagnostics. Machine-based-learning approaches are being developed to aid the diagnosis of clinical samples, and in a paper in Nature, Capper et al.1 report such a method for classifying brain tumours on the basis of molecular patterns.

In 1926, a publication entitled A Classification of the Tumors of the Glioma Group on a Histo-Genetic Basis with a Correlated Study of Prognosis2 by neurosurgeons Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing provided early insight into the development, cellular characteristics and clinical consequences of glioma, a type of cancer of the central nervous system (CNS). The book’s title was prophetic and ambitious, given that the microscope-based diagnostic approach they advocated was not common then. The authors’ ideas were ahead of their time — for example, the word ‘histo-genetic’ in the book’s title points to a link between cellular changes and genetics. Bailey and Cushing’s obsessive attention to detail allowed them to identify gross and microscopic tumour features that correlated with clinical outcomes, and the book reported the classification of 14 types of tumour.

Today, many brain tumours are identified by analysis of both histological and molecular features35. The identification6,7 of biologically relevant, tumour-type-defining and clinically informative genetic alterations in brain tumours prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to update its diagnostic guidelines for certain brain tumours in 2016 to recommend an integrative diagnostic approach that combines both histology and molecular information8,9. However, diagnoses that rely predominantly on histology remain common for many types of rare tumour, owing to a lack of molecular identifiers. Yet histological diagnoses face many challenges, including possible cellular variations in tumours that are a mosaic of cells containing different genetic alterations, or the fact that similar histological features can be shared by many different types of brain tumour. Questions remain about how well histological similarity reflects tumour similarity, given that tumours that have similar histology can progress in different ways, and tumours that have contrasting histology can progress in the same way.

A key development for histological analysis is the expansion of computational tools that allow machine-learning processes to analyse histological data10,11. In this approach, a computer is ‘trained’ using a data set of sample images of tumours that have been classified by a physician. The computer uses the classification information to develop its own pattern-recognition criteria with which to identify tumour types. However, a challenge arises if clearly defined diagnostic criteria for certain tumours are lacking, or if different types of tumour are histologically indistinguishable.

Capper and colleagues decided to focus on molecular information whose classification does not require complex visual assessments. They took a machine-learning approach to tumour classification based on changes in DNA methylation — the addition of methyl groups to DNA — and compared such diagnoses with those made by pathologists using histological analysis.

DNA methylation is a type of modification known as an epigenetic change. This category of alteration does not change the DNA sequence but can affect gene expression or cell fate. The role of aberrant DNA methylation and other epigenetic changes in cancer is becoming increasingly evident12,13. In many cancers, the genome-wide pattern of epigenetic changes, known as the epigenome, can be substantially altered. For example, mutations in the genes IDH1 or IDH2 in gliomas cause genome-wide dysregulation of DNA-methylation patterns that can be correlated with specific clinical outcomes12.

Previous studies1416 have highlighted the diagnostic advantages of profiling DNA methylation for certain types of brain tumour because — compared with histology or the testing of specific genetic alternations — an epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation offers an unbiased diagnostic approach. Yet routine epigenome-wide methylation profiling remains relatively uncommon for clinical diagnosis for several reasons, including: cost; sample requirements; a shortage of staff with the necessary data-analysis expertise; and the question of whether the findings would have implications for the clinical treatments used. However, some progress is being made. For example, techniques are now available to use DNA extracted from the most common type of chemically preserved tumour tissue on glass slides, called formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens.

The authors provided the computer with genome-wide methylation data for samples of almost every CNS tumour type classified by the WHO. The computer used supervised machine learning to recognize methylation patterns present in the pathologist-classified samples, as well as unsupervised machine learning, which involved the computer searching the data sets for patterns that it could use to assign samples into its own computer-generated classification categories.

After training, the computer could classify tumours into 82 distinct classes on the basis of specific methylation profiles. Only 29 of these corresponded to a specific tumour type as defined by the WHO and another 29 represented subclasses of the WHO-defined tumour types.

Yet perhaps the most interesting discoveries made by Capper and colleagues were tumour classifications that grouped together histologically similar types of tumour comprising more than one tumour type as classified by the WHO, or classifications of tumour types that did not match the WHO groupings. Such discoveries might provide insight into tumour similarities that are independent of tumour histology and could aid the development of treatment options or diagnostic tools.

The authors used the computer to classify 1,104 test cases of tumours that had been diagnosed by pathologists using standard histological or molecular techniques (Fig. 1). For 60.4% of these test cases, the computer-based classification was identical to the pathologist’s classification, and for 15.5% of the test cases the computer and pathologist assigned the same type of tumour but the computer could also assign the tumour into a subclass. In 12.6% of the test cases, the computer diagnosis did not match the pathologist’s diagnosis. Remarkably, further rigorous analysis of these cases — by, for example, gene sequencing — resulted in the classification of 92.8% of these unmatched tumours being switched from the original clinical diagnosis to the computer-based classification. Moreover, 71% of the reclassified tumours were assigned to a different tumour grade, a recategorization that might have implications for prognosis or treatment. The remaining test cases (11.5%) could not be classified by the computer. Additional computational analysis indicates that one-third of the tumours in this group might represent rare tumours for which the computer had yet to encounter enough examples to generate a classification grouping.

Figure 1 | Tumour classification using a machine-learning approach. Capper et al.1 used a machine-learning approach to classify brain tumours on the basis of genome-wide patterns of a type of DNA alteration called methylation. The computer was trained using methylation data for tumour samples that had been diagnosed by pathologists using standard microscopy-based analysis or analysis of selected genes. After training, the computer was given 1,104 test cases. The authors compared the diagnoses made by the computer and by the pathologists. Although the machine was unable to diagnose all specimens, of the specimens that it classified, the machine-based diagnosis was more accurate or could assign tumours to more-specific subcategories than the classifications made by the pathologists.

Does Capper and colleagues’ approach represent a probable future standard for tumour diagnosis, given the advantages, such as a low cost per sample that is comparable to that of standard cancer diagnostics; the compatibility with universally available FFPE material; and a website that facilitates data entry, analysis and tumour classification? And, if so, will histological analysis fall by the wayside?

Obtaining a comprehensive molecular profile of a tumour specimen is certainly useful, especially when combined with microscopic examination, and might be the way forward as medical treatments become ever-more personalized to the characteristics of an individual’s tumour. However, for now, histology remains indispensable for disease classification because the standard approaches for specimen preservation and examination by microscopy offer the most accessible and universal entry point in the routine diagnostic workflow used in clinical laboratories worldwide. A disease can manifest itself in both molecular and cellular changes; therefore, an approach that integrates both molecular analysis and visual inspection might strengthen diagnostic capabilities.

Routine and widespread use of the platform developed by Capper et al. might not be practical for many laboratories at present, so the most likely immediate application of this technology would be in assessing cases with ambiguous histological characteristics. Nevertheless, Capper and colleagues’ approach complements, extends and, in some cases, supersedes the tumour-diagnostic potential of microscopic examination.

Nature 555, 446-447 (2018)

doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02881-7

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    Capper, D. et al. Nature 555, 469–474 (2018).

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    Bailey, P. & Cushing, H. A Classification of the Tumors of the Glioma Group on a Histo-Genetic Basis with a Correlated Study of Prognosis (Lippincott, 1926).

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    Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 2481–2498 (2015).

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    Eckel-Passow, J. E. et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 2499–2508 (2015).

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    Sturm, D. et al. Cell 164, 1060–1072 (2016).

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    Yan, H. et al. N. Engl J. Med. 360, 765–773 (2009).

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    Sturm, D. et al. Cancer Cell 22, 425–437 (2012).

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    Louis, D. N., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O. D. & Cavenee, W. K. (eds) WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System 4th edn (International Agency For Research on Cancer, 2016).

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    Aldape, K., Nejad, R., Louis, D. N. & Zadeh, G. Neuro Oncol. 19, 336–344 (2017).

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    Kleppe, A. et al. Lancet Oncol. 19, 356–369 (2018).

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    Ehteshami Bejnordi, B. et al. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 318, 2199–2210 (2017).

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    Turcan, S. et al. Nature 483, 479–483 (2012).

  13. 13.

    Schwartzentruber, J. et al. Nature 482, 226–231 (2012).

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    Wiestler, B. et al. Acta Neuropathol. 128, 561–571 (2014).

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    Sahm, F. et al. Lancet Oncol. 18, 682–694 (2017).

  16. 16.

    Korshunov, A. et al. Acta Neuropathol. 134, 965–967 (2017).

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ICO Guidelines for safe disclosure

In previous months, we have discussed the reporting requirements for the gender pay gap and the Modern Slavery Act.

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The guidance also includes information about the current legal requirements, data and software, datasets, formats, hidden data, ineffective redaction, photography and video.

It can be accessed using this link

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Janardanan Nedungadi

Born in 1929 in Nallaya, Kerala, Shri Janardanan Nedungadi was trained in traditional Sopana Sangeetam by his father Shri Anujan Thirumulpad. Shri Nedungadi has made a notable contribution to the presentation and propagation of Sopana Sangeetam. He excels in the rendering of Ashtapadis which he has been singing in the Shri Krishna temple at Guruvayoor for over three decades as part of daily temple ritual. Shri Janardanan Nedungadi is widely known and respected in Kerala for his devotional music. He received the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1993. Shri Janardanan Nedungadi receives the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for his contri- bution to Sopana Sangeetam.


When And How To Use Plastic Welding Repairs

Plastic welding is the repair of broken plastic items, such as industrial equipment, furniture, toys, and automobile parts. Plastic does have a limited lifecycle, and the longevity of a plastic item can be impacted by several factors, such as weather, UV ray exposure, and chemicals. Plastic welding repairs are best done when the broken parts are worth the replacement and when it would be more cost effective to repair rather than replace.

Utilizing the right welding equipment makes a huge impact on the quality and appearance of the repaired plastic section. Typically, plastic repairs are performed using hot air welders and injection welders. The hot air welding units are typically more cost-efficient, but they require a higher skill level in order to perform a strong weld.

Below are examples of best practices when performing plastic welding repairs.

Clean The Part Before Welding

The first step in making a plastic welding repair is to clean the part thoroughly with soap and water. It sounds like a no brainer, but skipping this step can absolutely impact the efficiency of the weld. Welders should also make sure the part is completely dry before beginning their repairs. Most manufacturers provide recommendations on the best cleaning products for the specific piece of plastic, so welders should consult the user guide before beginning the repair.

Work Out Deformations in The Plastic

Many plastic welding repairs are done on automobile parts, such as bumpers. In these cases, it is important to work out any deformations in the plastic using a heat gun and reworking the piece back to its original shape. This can be a tedious process, so it’s important that welders are patient. It is also important to keep the heat gun moving as they work out the shape until all deformations are repaired. They can also sand to reveal any remaining deformities and repeat the process until they are satisfied with the result.

Create a Strong Bond

Not only is it important to prep by cleaning, but also to create a strong bond between the plastic using a plastic welding rod. Welders can use aluminum tape on the backside of a plastic piece in order to help keep the shape of the plastic in place while working. This also helps prevent welding materials from pushing through the weld itself. As always, consulting the manufacturer’s recommendations for welding the specific type of plastic will help to minimize errors or deformities.


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Quantitative Biology > Neurons and Cognition

Title: Decoding multimodal behavior using time differences of MEG events

Abstract: Multimodal behavior involves multiple processing stations distributed across distant brain regions, but our understanding of how such distributed processing is coordinated in the brain is limited. Here we take a decoding approach to this problem, aiming to quantify how temporal aspects of brain-wide neural activity may be used to infer specific multimodal behaviors. Using high temporal resolution measurements by MEG, we detect bursts of activity from hundreds of locations across the surface of the brain at millisecond resolution. We then compare decoding using three characteristics of neural activity bursts, decoding with event counts, with latencies and with time differences between pairs of events. Training decoders in this regime is particularly challenging because the number of samples is smaller by orders of magnitude than the input dimensionality. We develop a new decoding approach for this regime that combines non-parametric modelling with aggressive feature selection. Surprisingly, we find that decoding using time-differences, based on thousands of region pairs, is significantly more accurate than using other activity characteristics, reaching 90% accuracy consistently across subjects. These results suggest that relevant information about multimodal brain function is provided by subtle time differences across remote brain areas.
Comments: 25 pages, 6 figures
Subjects: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
Cite as: arXiv:1901.08093 [q-bio.NC]
  (or arXiv:1901.08093v1 [q-bio.NC] for this version)

Submission history

From: Gal Chechik [view email]
[v1] Wed, 23 Jan 2019 19:29:27 GMT (875kb)

Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.


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Marketization and development

This track will focus on the impact of marketization on development. In exploring this, both concepts, ‘marketization’ and ‘development’ require deeper articulation. The construction and institutionalization of the market, specifically as part of the modern project, its entrenchment across capitalist economies originally and its contemporary global diffusion, along with a culture of neoliberalism, provide multiple avenues for observation, exploration, and study. So does the nature and definition of development. If expanded beyond an economistic conceptualization of development many alternative futures and visions of organizations of life become possible to propose and present.

Presenters for this track are encouraged to investigate all the above mentioned avenues along with the potential contradictions and synergies between the different conceptualizations of ‘marketization’ and ‘development’ proposed.

Queries related to this track may be addressed to Professor Fuat Firat:


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Perception is essential for humans to interact effectively with the environment. The sensory processes innovation network connects researchers in the Asia Pacific region (and beyond) who have a common interest in understanding how our perception of the world is influenced by the complex interactions between neural signals generated by different senses. This multisensory understanding of perceptual systems requires an equally multidisciplinary approach to not only increase understanding of sensation and perception, but also to achieve practical outcome for addressing real-world challenges.

Our network aims to address these challenges by bringing together the greatest minds in Psychology, Computer Science, Engineering, Vision Science and Medicine. By integrating within this global research network, we gain the capacity to achieve quality outcomes efficiently and exert positive global influence across multiple disciplines.

If you need any advice or further information about becoming a member, then please send an email to: sensory.processes@gmail.com.

20 May 2020: New Oculus Rift coding tutorial available
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Courageous leadership is disruptive.

Courageous leaders routinely disrupt dysfunction. They regularly challenge their own preference for comfort—and that of those they lead. Mature leaders understand that their leadership is crisis-inducing.

Let me repeat that: healthy leadership is crisis-inducing.

Edwin Friedman notes that crises are normative in leaders’ lives. These crises come from two sources: those that just arise, imposed on the leader from forces outside that leader’s control and crises that are initiated simply by the leader doing exactly what he or she should be doing.

As you study Jesus’ leadership, particularly with his disciples, you’ll be stunned how frequently he invokes adversity for those closest to him. Yet, how reluctant is anyone in church leadership to lead in a way that invites a crisis for long-standing church members?

-Kirk Kirlin, Leadership Courage more at www.KirlinCoaching.com/blog


Genetic cancer blood. Cancer's 'penicillin moment'? Gene targeting drug could herald 'end game' for disease

Cancer prevention through screening programs

But screening tests also have disadvantages, so a balanced decision must be genetic cancer blood, with the help of clinical randomized trials. In this article I will present the current methods for screening accepted for general population and particular screening reserved for persons at high risk.

genetic cancer blood sirop contra parazitilor intestinali

Although in the first case the benefit is proven, the use of these methods in practice varies hpv virus ferfiaknak due to lack of resources and well designed health programs. Beneficiile sunt evidente în anumite cazuri: prelungirea supravieţuieii la cei cu boală curabilă, scăderea morbidităţii, asigurarea pacientului că boala se află în stadiu incipient, evitarea costurilor crescute asociate cu tratamentul formelor genetic cancer blood de boală şi creşterea numărului de ani de productivitate.

Dar testele de screening au şi dezavantaje, aşa că un echilibru trebuie găsit, cea mai importantă contribuţie în acest sens fiind genetic cancer blood de testele clinice randomizate.

  • genetic disorder - Traducere în română - exemple în engleză | Reverso Context

Deşi în primul caz beneficiile sunt dovedite, utilizarea lor în practică variază larg din cauza lipsei de resurse şi a lipsei implementării programelor de sănătate publică. Checking for cancer or for conditions that may become cancer in people who have no symptoms is called screening. It is usually assimilated with secondary genetic cancer blood and involves the use of diagnostic tests in an apparently healthy population. Many people wrongly mistake screening for prevention 2.

There are several forms of prevention: Primary prevention genetic cancer blood aims to prevent disease before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause the disease, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease, and increasing resistance to disease if exposure occurs.

And he was surprised by what he learned.

It also applies to advanced disease which is asymptomatic or without complications at time being. The fourth level of prevention genetic cancer blood according to some authors, could be considered prevention of suffering from side effects of treatment and complications, pain and maintaining the quality of life of the patients 4.

Traducere "genetic disorder" în română

Screening can be proposed for a certain cancer in the following situations: if it is frequent, has a long preclinical evolution, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, long preclinical non-metastasis genetic cancer blood and if early detection offers access to treatment that improves outcomes. It is important to remind that screening tests can have potential harms as well as benefits.

Some screening tests may have side effects, genetic cancer blood discomfort or severe complications. Screening tests can have false-positive results. Screening tests can have false-negative results. Overdiagnosis is possible. This happens when a screening test correctly shows that a person has cancer, but the cancer is slow growing and would not have harmed hpv impfung dosierung person in his or her lifetime.

genetic cancer blood

The major risk factors are family history and old age, other conditions being associated with greater probability genetic cancer blood cancer alcohol, smoking, lack of physical exercise, poor fiber diet and rich in red processed meat. Another risk is found in people with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease 6. Genetic consult, thorough history till second degree relatives and IHC imunohistochemical and genetic testing should be considered in those with HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer - like in Lynch syndrome with its variant -  Turcot patients with MMR - mismatch repair gene mutations and brain tumoursand Muir-Torre syndrome MTS - cutaneous gland tumours like keratoacanthomas and sebaceous  tumors associated with colon, breast, and genitourinary tract neoplasia.

Guaiac FOBT: is used to detect a part of the blood protein hemoglobin. It requires avoidance of certain food before testing red meat. FIT: implies use of genetic cancer blood to detect human hemoglobin specifically. No dietary restrictions are needed. Studies suggest testing every year beginning with the genetic cancer blood of 50 until 80 years; it helps reduce death from CCR by up to 33 percent 8,9. Sigmoidoscopy has the advantage of visualizing the rectum and sigmoid colon and being able to biopsy suspect lesions.

Ca-2 deficiency's a genetic disorder That scrambles proteins. Deficiența de anhidrază carbonică II este o tulburare genetică Janey has a genetic disorder called Turner syndrome. Janey are o tulburare genetica numita sindromul Turner. I probably overreacted because he has a genetic disorder.

It has the advantage of biopsy, too. Death from CCR is reduced by about 70 percent. The usual recommendation of testing is at 10 years, as genetic cancer blood as other tests are negative Double-contrast barium enema : less sensitive than colonoscopy for detecting small polyps and cancers; has an genetic cancer blood for those who cannot undergo colonoscopy.

New screening tests are under investigation: stool DNA testing trials showed a high rate of false positivesvirtual colonoscopy and capsule papilloma virus koiralla they should not yet be used for screening. It had two arms: one used low dose helical CT and the other, standard chest X ray.

On average over the three rounds of screening exams, The results showed that using the CT screening papiloma intraductal en las mamas is a 15 to parazitii pielii la om percent lower risk of dying from lung cancer genetic cancer blood compared with chest X ray. The adenocarcinomas and squamous types were the most frequently detected, while small cell lung cancer, known for its agresivity, was infrequently found on either CT or chest X ray Mammography Genetic cancer blood screening test for breast cancer has been shown to reduce mortality from the disease in women aged 40 to 74, especially genetic cancer blood those aged 50 or older.

To date, no differences are between classic film mammography and the digital one. Women with breast implants should continue to genetic cancer blood mammograms. A special technique called genetic cancer blood displacement views may be used.

Hereditary cancers and genetic testing: Mayo Clinic Radio

Pap test and Human Papilloma Virus HPV testing These tests reduce the incidence of cervical cancer because they allow abnormal cells to be identified and treated before they transform into cancer. They also help reduce death from the disease. It is generally recommended to begin at the age of 21 or 3 years after becoming sexually active and to genetic cancer blood at the age of 65, as long as recent results have been normal. There are 12 high-risk HPV types, most cancers being linked to subtypes 16 and Although the infection is very common, in most cases the immune system will suppress it in 1 to 2 years; but if the infections persists, the genetic cancer blood changes can evolve to precancerous lesions, which finally turn into cancer.

  1. Special Report: Fast machines, genes and the future of medicine - Reuters
  2. Saumon - лосось)].

  3. Prevenirea cancerului prin intermediul unor programe de screening
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If results show severe abnormalities, further tests are needed like colposcopy. A newer version of Pap test liquid based one offers the advantage of simultaneous testing for HPV from same specimen. It also reduces genetic cancer blood possibility of unsatisfactory specimen and is considered similar to cytology based test genetic cancer blood terms of detecting cellular abnormalities.

Women with certain risk factors may need to have more frequent screening or to continue screening beyond the age of These risk factors include being infected with the human immunodeficiency virus HIV genetic cancer blood, being immunosuppressed, having been exposed to diethylstilbestrol before birth, and having been treated for a precancerous cervical lesion or cervical cancer.

Women who have had a hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus and cervix do not need to have cervical screening, unless the hysterectomy was done to treat a precancerous cervical lesion or cervical cancer. For women aged 30 and older, Pap genetic cancer blood HPV co-testing is less likely to miss an abnormality than Pap testing alone.

Genetic cancer blood test The test is often done in association with transvaginal ultrasound, and has been tested to be included in screening especially for women with high risk of the disease. It has not been shown to be an effective screening test.

papilloma virus infezione

Its best use remains evaluating the recurrence in women previously diagnosed with the cancerous disease Although many methods of screening have been tested and several are still under evaluation, the ideal test for certain cancer sites is still waited for. A great enthusiasm was seen initially with the apparition of tumor markers like PSA, CEA, CACA regarding their use in screening - unfortunately not confirmed by clinical trials.

The desiderate for an ideal tumor marker for every site, available for genetic cancer blood on blood samples of healthy persons, still remains an idea not yet feasible.

genetic cancer blood hpv erkrankung manner

Maximising benefit and minimising harm genetic cancer blood screening. BMJ Clinical research ed. Miron L. Terapia cancerului: opţiuni bazate pe dovezi, Genetic cancer blood Institutul European, Iaşi American Cancer Society.

Atlanta: American Cancer Society; Preventive Services Task Force.

APELA (apelin receptor early endogenous ligand)

Screening for colorectal cancer: U. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of  Internal Surgery remove breast duct papilloma ; 9 Diagnostic accuracy of faecal occult blood tests used in screening for colorectal cancer: A systematic review.

Journal of Medical Screening ; 14 3 Noninvasive testing for colorectal cancer: A review. American Journal of Gastroenterology ; 6 Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Lancet ; Ransohoff DF.


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Adenosine Diphosphate: A product of the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate.

Amino Acids: Often called the “building blocks of life,” amino acids are subunits that join together in sequences to form protein. Amino acids are named as such because they contain both an acid and an amine chemical side unit.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Hormone produced by the posterior pituitary responsible for fluid and mineral conservation in the mammalian body. Bodybuilders often take ADH blockers to promote water loss in the days leading up to a bodybuilding competition.

Antioxidants: Group of substances reputed to neutralize harmful free radicals produced during cellular respiration.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Your body mass ratio, or the speed at which your resting body burns calories to provide for its basic survival needs. You can elevate your BMR and more easily achieve lean body mass through consistent exercise, and particularly through aerobic workouts.

Body-Fat Percentage: The total percentage of fat weight in an individual’s physique.

Cachexia: General ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation, usually associated with serious disease.

Calorie: The amount of energy necessary to raise one liter or water one degree celsius. A bodybuilder’s maintenance level of calories can be calculated relatively easily, then either a caloric deficit (to lose body fat), or caloric surplus (to gain muscle mass) can be initiated. The calorie content of most foods are listed on the back of packaging.

Carbohydrate: A molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It serves as the body’s primary short - term fuel source.

Catabolic: Chemical reactions in the body where larger units are broken down into smaller subunits. As an example, muscle tissue may be broken down into protein strands which, in turn, may be cleaved into individual amino acids.

Cheat Day: See Cheating.

Cheating: In nutritional terms, the word used to describe not following your diet according to plan, or a day set out to indulge yourself in food items not included in your pre-planned diet (a cheat day). In training terms, The Cheating Method refers to deliberately compromising exercise form for the sake of some extra "beyond failure" reps.

Cholesterol: A type of fat manufactured within the body but more often ingested from fatty animal - source foods like beef, pork, eggs, and milk products. Over the long term cholesterol can clog arteries and other blood vessels, leading to stroke or heart attack.

Dehydration: Biological state where the body has insufficient water levels for proper functioning. As the human body is over 90 percent water, athletes must continuously replenish the water lost during intense exercise.

Essential Amino Acids: The nine amino acids that cannot be manufactured by the body and must be consumed in the diet.

FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration.

Lacto-vegetarian: A diet including both dairy products and eggs, but excluding meat.

Lipolysis: The breakdown or destruction of lipids of fats.

Lipolytic: The chemical breakdown of fat.

Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic element used for the regulation of metabolism.

Nitrogen: A gaseous, nonmetallic element. Nitrogen is a component of all proteins. Nitrogen is essential to the synthesis of proteins the body must have, particularly nitrogen - containing compounds or amino acids derived directly or indirectly from plant food. The process of protein metabolism accounts for nitrogen balance. When protein catabolism exceeds protein anabolism, a negative nitrogen balance exists in the body. When protein anabolism exceeds protein catabolism, a positive nitrogen balance exists in the body.

Nutrition: The applied science of eating for greater health, fitness, and muscular gains. Through correct application of nutritional practices you can selectively add muscle mass to your physique, or lose body fat, revealing your full genetic potential, and achieving a very self gratifying goal.

Ovo-vegetarian: A diet excluding all meat and dairy products except eggs.

Pesco-vegetarian: A diet including dairy products, eggs and fish, but excluding fowl and red meat.

Positive Nitrogen Balance: Biochemical state where nitrogen levels are sufficiently high enough to allow protein synthesis to occur. Positive nitrogen balance is one of the conditions accelerated by the use of anabolic steroids.

Protein: General term used to describe molecules composed of specific sequences of amino acids. Protein is the body’s primary building material and while small amounts can be manufactured, most must be consumed in the diet.

Protein Drinks: Another option to maintain your total protein intake for the day is to take the product in liquid form. The most common are protein drinks available in small bottles, generally 500 ml or less. They are moderately priced and conveniently sized, making them very easy to drink whether at home or at the gym.

Protein Metabolism: The processes whereby protein foodstuffs are used by the body to make tissue proteins, together with the processes of breakdown of tissue proteins in the production of energy. Food proteins are first broken down into amino acids, then absorbed into the bloodstream, and finally used in body cells to form new proteins. Amino acids in excess of the body’s needs may be converted by the liver enzymes into keto acids and urea. The keto acids may be used as sources of energy via the Krebs citric acid cycle, or they may be converted into glucose or fat for storage. Urea is excreted in urine and sweat.

Saturated Fatty Acids: Fat molecules that do not have double bonds between their carbon atoms and are usually solid at room temperature. Saturated fats are considered to play a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease.

Sugar: Any of several water - soluble carbohydrates. The two principal categories of sugards are monosaccharides and disaccharides. A monosaccharide is a single sugar such as glucose, fructose, or galactose. A disaccharide is a doble sugar such as sucrose (table sugar) or lactose.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Fat molecules which have double bonds between their carbon atoms are usually liquid at room temperature. Generally speaking, as the number of double bonds increase, the fat becomes more oily in nature.

Vegan: A diet excluding all foods from animals, in any form. Items such as milk, cheese, and eggs are excluded.

Vitamin: Organic compound used by the body to regulate metabolism. Vitamins may be water - based or fat - based.

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The Tale of Twin Cities

Every year the literature festivals being hosted in various part of the country are adding to the circulation of events providing a site to instigate relevant conversations, hosting book launches, and exhibiting art works. It effectively offers an enclosed window time to the panelists, participants as well as the viewers a concentrated extract of art and culture. The debates that get ignited are either on the excess of certain types of cultural events and often approximate the lack thereof. The fourth Islamabad Literature Festival (ILF) 2016 was hosted at the Lok Virsa Museum earlier this month from 15 – 17 April 2016.  As ever year the Third Art Section of ILF 2016 was hosted by ArtNow Pakistan, which invited eminent names and voices in the art world from all over the country to participate. The poignant part of the art section is the annual art exhibitions that keep the audiences invited and thrilled. As so this year was the group exhibition curated by Nadia Batool Hussain titled ‘Invisible Cities’. Participating artists included Aasim Akhtar, Sajjad Akram, The Tea Collaborative, Ayesha Durrani, Sara Farid, Fatima Hussain, Mehrbano Khattak, Lubaiba Rajbhoy, Nadia Rahat, Saima Salahuddin, Nadeem Omar Tarar, Zeeshan Younas, Abeerah Zahid and Zaira Ahmed Zaka.

As one enters the Sadequain Media Hall at the Lok Virsa Museum, an adjoining archway leads one through a peculiar passage into the art exhibit. On entering, one needlessly is drawn towards the gallery space and is enthralled by the history that the hall secretly contests. The art works are carefully displayed on portable walls installed in front, partially hiding the ceiling-high white shelves that seemingly serve a purpose to hold audio archives. In the center of the front wall is a classic steel spiral staircase that enhances the circumferential space of the room, while also inquisitively adding to the dynamism of the exhibit. For some this might supplement as a distraction as we are used to a pristine, unaltered exhibition spaces or to what some call a ‘White Cube’. But often it is within such unfamiliar spaces that are saturated on personal inherent characters that bring out a silent context grounding the work to the venue, site and often the city.

Invariably ‘Invisible Cities’ declares to focus on the two cities; Islamabad and Rawalpindi also famously called the ‘Twin cities’. The context of location, culture and peripheral existence of the adjacent cities provides the bridging to the works. The selected exhibit ranges from works on paper, to photographs, mixed media installation and live performance. The title of the show is poignant as it serves a commentary on the current aftermath that the twin cities face. With the recent CDA legislation on shutting down any or all businesses in domestic areas, it is forcing all the art galleries with a few exceptions to temporarily or permanently shut down. The city being notorious of its sporadic audience attendance at art openings and limited buyers now has to navigate a new set of challenges. Is the art scene of the city at the verge of going extinct? One wonders.

The photographic works from a performative series by Tea Collaborative titled ‘The Tea Party’ observe moments of similar immense stillness. One observes four performers’ sophisticatedly dressed, oddly staged, and sipping a cup of tea in various parts of the city. In each photograph one observes a repetitive silent ponder, each performer extending absorbed stares into the void. The communal isolation of the body provides one an insight to the mind of the performers. One also notices the fluctuating location of the performance varying from sitting on a boat at Rawal Lake, to the under constructed Metro Bus station in Islamabad. As an extension of the performative series the Tea Collaborative also performed a 20 minutes live performance on saturday evening at the gallery. It is an inherent contrast after looking at performative stills to the live performance, that one notices the intention of the body rather than the performative body itself. The performance is an overlap of actions, rituals, and text using language to comment on the colonial relevance of the act of having a tea party. The performance provides a linear continuation to the photographic works and allows the viewer to be part of the performers fictional world in an obscure way. Now I feel as if I were there with them on the boat while they row away into the abyss.

While The Tea Party approaches the city in the inaudible nuanced way, one sees in the photographic works of Nadeem Omar Tarar and Sara Farid, serving as historical accounts of various parts of the city. The works allow one to position them as pictorial mapping of assorted parts of Rawalpindi and Islamabad attending as a social commentary of the city. The works hold an inherent photo journalistic oeuvre as the photographer walks the city allowing its everyday to empower the lens.

Imminently the series of works on paper by Abeerah Zahid hold a meticulous raw minimalism. With her minimal aesthetic Zahid records parts of the surface to map sites of the replenishing cityscape, contrastingly leaving large empty spaces on her canvas. This dissimilarity in treatment of the subject adds loaded vigor of the political tensions of the city, aiding as a poignant commentary of the current landscapes. The series provides a complex narrative through instilling juxtaposed symbolisms while also adding dynamism to the banal.

The center of the space is displayed a collaborative piece, a soft sculpture primarily sculpted with paper by Nadia Rahat and Mehrbano Khattak titled ‘You and Me somewhere in Between’. The title itself and the play of words provide a literal relevance to the title of the exhibition. While one wonder on the intention of the title of the work, the artists interpret and exhibit the combined dualism inherent in the process of collaboration, and back and forth conversation that artists universally share. One finds the meticulous craft and collaborative process intrinsic in the work as it provides a latent testament to a binary pairing of the cities.

Lubaina Rajbhoy works exhibits a collage of land/city-scape of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, mapping the grid. Segments of the drawing extend away from the installed collage incorporating fragments of the wall to become part of the work. The installation provides the viewer into a personal diary of the artist and its personal association to the landscape. It is a commentary on the history of the city and its migrant heritage whilst its modern setting.

One involuntary wonders if the political serves as a personal for the artists of the Islamabad and Rawalpindi, and whether the demographics of the city dictate the culture making process. It is apt to revisit the argument that the market dictates the art, and a lot of times artists navigate within these confines. Are we currently to redefine the parameters of the market in the capital? Shall we revisit the context of site?  What is poignantly noticeable in the contemporary practices of art internationally is a considerable shift in paradigms. With sites like Lok Virsa Museum or perhaps other public sites getting notifications from the art world makes one wonder the next chapter, the next development, the continuation of the dialogue that lies ahead.

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Economy over climate

By Nagaland Post | Publish Date: 11/6/2019 11:52:33 AM IST

 What environmentalists have been planning for decades to save planet Earth was negated when US President Donald Trump formally announced his intention to withdraw the United States from the 195-member United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which signed the historic Paris climate agreement in December 2015. As one of the most important outcomes of international multilateral progress, the Paris Agreement showed the willingness of member countries to cooperate and clearly signalled the need for the low-carbon transformation of the international society. The global community has prepared for the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement after Donald Trump was elected as US president. However, Trump’s formal declaration of withdrawal still caused worldwide reaction. Trump’s predecessor Obama’s support and his cooperation with China were seen as major factors leading to the convention’s early success. As per records, in 2019, the top carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters were China(27.2 %), the United States(14.6 %), the European Union(9%), India(6.8 %), the Russian Federation(4.7 %), and Japan(3.3%). As can be seen both China and the US contributed around 41% of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. These data include CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, as well as cement manufacturing and gas flaring. The Paris climate deal signed in December 2015 at best, was a first step toward fixing the problem that has been in evidence for decades by melting ice sheets in the polar regions, rising seas and flooding of coastlines etc. Yet some of the consequences of an overheated planet might be avoided, or at least slowed, if the climate deal succeeds in reducing emissions. The withdrawal will leave America as the only country on Earth outside the accord, that does not agree to reduce greenhouse gas emissions enough to keep temperatures from rising to dangerous levels. Formal notice of the U.S. withdrawal comes just as global emissions keep rising, climate ambitions keep falling short, and climate scientists warn of increasingly dire consequences including drought, extreme weather, and rising sea levels. As per Article 28 of the Paris Agreement, the earliest possible effective withdrawal date by the United States cannot be before November 4, 2020, four years after the Agreement came into effect in the United States and one day after the 2020 U.S. presidential election. The long-term goals and international cooperation on climate change will be affected by budget cuts in American climate change research and the cancelation of donations from the multilateral environmental fund of the U.S. The US withdrawal stems largely from Trump’s 2016 election pledge to withdraw from the UNFCCC as part of his promise to ‘make America great again’. That means, the US will continue to take unilateral decisions not in consonance with the climate change agreement in order to pursue its economic interests. In line with policies for reducing fossil fuel emissions, countries like Germany which adhere to the emission standards would be hit by the US withdrawal. German autos will be costlier on account of fuel emission standards while those of the US will be cheaper. A UN report warns that if greenhouse emissions are not brought under control within the next 25 years, 310 million more people will suffer adverse consequences related to temperature increases, 20 million more people will fall into poverty and 75 million extra people will be displaced by climate change and would become environmental refugees.

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Cancer Pain

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