Composition Structure Of DC Motor:

(1) main magnetic pole

The main magnetic pole is to produce air gap magnetic field. The main magnetic pole is composed of two parts, the main magnetic pole core and the exciting winding.

The core of general use 0.5mm ~ 1.5mm thick silicon steel lamination riveting pressure tight, is divided into two parts pole and the pole shoe, the above set of excitation winding part called pole, following widening part called pole, pole width to the body, not only can adjust the distribution of magnetic field in the air gap and, at a fixed excitation winding. The excitation winding is made of insulated copper wire and is sheathed on the main magnetic pole core. The main magnetic pole is fixed on the machine base with screws,

(2) Huan Xiangji

The function of the commutating pole is to improve the commutation and reduce the commutation spark between the brush and the commutator when the motor is running. It is usually installed between two adjacent main magnetic poles, which is composed of commutating pole core and commutating pole winding. The commutating pole winding is made of insulated wire and is sheathed on the commutating pole core. The number of commutating poles is equal to that of the main magnetic pole.

(3) frame

The shell of the motor stator is called the frame. The function of the machine frame is two:

One is used to fix the main pole, the reversing pole and the end cover, and the supporting and fixing function of the whole motor;

Two is the frame itself is part of the magnetic circuit, in order to constitute the magnetic path between the poles, the magnetic flux through the part called magnetic yoke. In order to ensure the frame has sufficient mechanical strength and good magnetic conductivity, generally cast steel or welded by steel plate.

(4) brush device

Brush device is used to introduce or draw out DC voltage and DC current. The brush device consists of brush, brush holder, brush rod and brush holder. The brush is placed in the brush holder and pressed by spring, so that there is a good sliding contact between the brush and the commutator, the brush holder is fixed on the brush rod, and the brush rod is mounted on the ring shaped brush holder seat, so the brush holder must be insulated. The brush rod seat is arranged on the end cover and bearing cover, the circumferential position can be adjusted, adjusted to be fixed after.

(1) armature core

Armature core is the main part of the main magnetic circuit, and is used to insert armature windings.

The general armature iron core is made of punched sheet punched by 0.5mm thick silicon steel sheet, so as to reduce the eddy current loss and hysteresis loss in the armature iron of the motor. The laminated iron core is fixed on the rotating shaft or the rotor bracket. The outer circle of the iron core is provided with an armature slot and a slot armature winding is embedded in the slot.

(2) armature winding

Armature winding is to produce electromagnetic torque and induction electromotive force, which is the key component of DC motor for energy conversion, so it is called armature. It is composed of many coils (hereinafter called components) according to a certain rule is connected to the coil with high strength enameled wire or glass fiber enameled copper wire wound into a coil, different coil side is divided into two layers embedded in the armature slot, between coil coil and core layer between the two sides and both upper and lower must be properly insulated. In order to prevent centrifugal force, the coil edge is thrown out of the slot, and the slot is fixed with the slot wedge. The end part of the coil outside the slot is bound with thermosetting glass tape.

(3) commutator

In the DC motor commutator with brush, can be an external DC power supply is converted to alternating current armature coil in the direction of electromagnetic torque is constant; in the dynamo, the commutator with brush, the alternating induced electromotive force generated in the armature coil is converted to DC electric potential leads to positive and negative brush on. Commutator is a cylinder made up of many commutating pieces, and the commutating piece is insulated by mica.

(4) rotating shaft

The supporting function of rotating shaft rotating rotor needs a certain mechanical strength and stiffness, which is usually made of round steel


Hazards with cracked eggs and their relationship to egg shell strength

Widdicombe, J P and Rycroft, A N and Gregory, N G (2009) Hazards with cracked eggs and their relationship to egg shell strength. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, 89 (2). pp. 201-205.

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BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between egg shell strength and the prevalence of cracked shells, plus the relationship between egg shell cracks and the presence of bacteria in the albumen of retail eggs. A total of 500 eggs was sampled from five supermarket stores. Each egg was assessed for shell cracks using a candling method. The strength of the shells was assessed using a penetrometer. Bacteria from the egg albumen were recovered on blood agar. RESULTS: The proportion of eggs that were cracked was on average 9%, and at one of the stores it was 17%. Albumen from eggs with gross cracks produced more abundant bacterial growth on blood agar compared to non-cracked eggs, and contained a higher incidence of Gram negative bacteria. Campylobacter spp. were not recovered from any eggs. The shells in cracked eggs had lower Shore D durometer values indicating that they were physically weaker than non-cracked eggs. CONCLUSIONS: Weaker shells were more prone to developing cracks, and cracked eggs were more likely to contain bacteria. There were substantial differences between supermarkets in the prevalence of eggs with cracked shells. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry


5 tips that’s will make your belly flatter

“My belly” is the no 1 complaint area I hear from the majority of people I deal with. It’s true that it is a tough area to combat. Especially as stress and lifestyle play a big part in our cortisol levels, which causes fat to be stored on our stomachs. Below are 5 pointers to help reduce belly fat and give you a flatter tummy. Only one involves changing your food, the rest are all lifestyle changes. 21 days give it a go!
Eat slower. It takes at least 20 minutes for the hormone Leptin, which is responsible for telling your brain you are full to register. Sit down, and consciously chew each mouthful before you take the next bite. This will reduce bloating, you will feel full when you are actually full, not 20 mins later when you are feeling sleepy at your desk, and you will end up eating less.
Cut out refined carbs. Breads, pastries, cakes, sweets and chocolates. No way round this. These foods go straight on the belly.
Get an extra 30 mins a night sleep. Lack of sleep causes an increase in cortisol levels which cause fat to be stored on the belly. It also interferes with your levels of ghrelin, which is a hormone that tells your brain you are hungry. This is why on days after a late night you quite often crave carbs or never feel fully satisfied.
  Drink plenty of water. 2 litres a day is the recommended amount. If you don’t like plain water, add squash or try green or herbal teas.
Don’t eat just before you go to bed. Make sure you have finished your last meal 90 mins -2 hours before you head off to bed.


It is blessed with a rare bio-diversity, inter-alia, 175 rare species of aromatic & medicinal plants are found in the State. It has almost all major climatic zones, making it amenable to a variety of commercial opportunities in horticulture, floriculture and agriculture. It has a vast tourism potential in adventure, leisure, and eco-tourism.

The State is rich in mineral deposits like limestone, marble, rock phosphate, dolomite, magnesite, copper, gypsum, etc. The number of small-scale industries is 25,294 providing employment to 63,599 persons. As many as 1802 heavy and medium industries with an investment of Rs 20,000 crore employ 5 lakh persons. Most of the industries are forest-based. There is a total of 54,047 handicraft units in the state.

With levels of literacy higher than the national average, the State has abundant availability of quality human resources. Within a short span of its existence, Uttarakhand has emerged as a significant destination for investments in the manufacturing industry, tourism and infrastructure. Emphasis is on stimulating all three sectors of its economy (agriculture, industry and services),to their fullest potential in tandem with the geographic profile of the state. The Government of Uttarakhand has undertaken several policy measures and incentives in order to encourage inflow of investment into the various sectors of its economy.

Official Website of Uttarakhand Government: http://uk.gov.in/
Wikipedia:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand


The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Attendance and Punctuality

Timothy leads meetings which frequently run beyond their allotted time. Over the next year, Timothy should ensure that his meetings start and end on time.

Jane consistently runs late from her breaks and needs to ensure the breaks are only for the allotted time.

One of Sally's most important skills is her ability to effective communicate complex topics. Over the past year, this ability has been very useful for the company and has helped alleviate several problems which arose.

Keith always asks for immediate feedback to ensure he is on task and performing his work correctly.

One of Frank's strengths his ability to provide candor and effectively communicate change with his employees.

Hilda's project teams always commend the way she communicates and encourages communication.

The feedback Jim provides his coworkers has been essential in how the team improved over the past year.

Communication is one of the areas Jack should work on this year. Effectively communicating involves more than just providing information when demanded, but proactively providing information to the team as issues arise. Additionally, jack should work on the tone of his communication. Communicating effectively means communicating in a style and tone which the listener finds easy to accept and understand.

Terry continually attempts to withhold important information form team members.

Jim should work on his ability to take feedback and criticism from coworkers. Too often, Jim feels the need to "lash out" when presented with constructive criticism.

Janet needs to improve on how she communicates bad news to her management team. She has a tendency to withhold the information for fear of how it will make her look which is causing problems on how the management team runs the business.

One of the positives from this past year has been how Shirley has cooperated through the difficult company merger. Shirley has demonstrated a willingness to work with the transition teams and provided an excellent example of how cooperation can yield results.

Heather always creates a positive and inclusive work environment.

One of the more effective things about Jennifer's management style is here ability to build consensus. This has helped cut down on the animosity between the team members over the past year and improved productivity significantly.

Jerry creates an atmosphere where people can share their thoughts – good and bad – and not fear retribution or intimidation.

Kevin should work to improve his cooperation. Over the past year, there have been several instances where Kevin has refused to cooperate despite the timing pressures facing his coworkers, which has caused a considerable loss in productivity for the team.

There have been multiple instances of shouting matches between Harry and his coworkers over the past year. Harry should improve his interpersonal skills over the next year.

Jim has a tendency to make other people feel intimidated when they ask for his assistance.

Creativity and Innovation

Doug shows how innovation and creativity can significantly improve a company's performance. Doug's willingness to take chances was shown in the ad campaign he pitched which on the face looked like it would bomb, but proved to be a smash hit.

Shannon took many steps to improve processes for the team over the past year. These steps were innovative and resulted in a 30 % productivity gain on the team.

Kevin has a knack for changing directions when presented with new information.

A great attribute of John is his ability to skillfully move around obstacles as they present themselves.

Gina found a creative workaround to the customer billing issues which has improved revenues by 22%.

Over the past year Todd has been a very consistent employee. Throughout this time, Todd has performed his work as instructed, but did not take any opportunities to think about new ways he could be working. Improving process and procedures could be a significant benefit to the company, but Todd needs to work on his creativity and how to think about the steps he takes in his work and how he can reduce the time it takes.

Time creates a stifling environment which is not conducive to creativity.

Lilly is not willing to take chances and step out.

Walter is reluctant to explore new ideas, processes, or alternatives.

The sales team has an effective telephone script which is shown to work. Jim consistently tries to "reinvent the wheel" and not work within the system which is designed for success.

Wording of annual reviews should be frank and honest; this is a partial list of the matrix used by some companies. Others may include:

Customer Service, Goal and Objective setting, Initiative, Job Knowledge, Leadership and Listening Skills.

Remember annual reviews are a year long process, and should never be a surprise. An employees' self review should be close to their manager's review of their performance.

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Rock Me Archimedes

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Rock Me Archimedes is a two player abstract game requiring both strategy and dexterity. The game is named after the ancient Greek mathematician, famous for describing the principle of the lever.

The game consists of: a wooden board affixed to a rounded base, forming a teeter-totter assembly; 14 white marbles and 14 black marbles; and a specially numbered die. The length of the board is engraved with a grid of spaces in which to fit the marbles, 16 rows of 3 spaces each. The goal of the game is for the winning player to move at least 4 of his marbles to one end of the board without either end of the board touching the table at any time.

The game begins with no marbles on the board, and the board balanced level. Each player receives 14 marbles of one color, and chooses one end of the board as his goal. On the player’s move, the player may choose to either place a marble in one of the two central rows of the board, or to roll the die. The die will indicate a number from one to three. The player may then move any of his marbles already on the board the number of spaces indicated by the die roll. The player may move a single marble, or split the move between two or more marbles. Marbles may be moved in any direction except diagonally. The player may jump the opposing player pieces, but not his own. If at any time during the move either end of the board touches the table, the player loses and the game ends. Otherwise, the first player to place four of his marbles in his goal spaces (last two rows on the end of the board) wins the game. The rules also contain several variants of the basic game.

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LASSO stands for Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. It was first introduced 21 years ago by Robert Tibshirani (Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B). In 2004 the four statistical masters: Efron, Hastie, Johnstone and Tibshirani joined together to write the paper Least angle regression published in the Annals of statistics. It is that paper that sent the LASSO to the podium. The reason? they removed a computational barrier. Armed with a new ingenious geometric interpretation, they presented an algorithm for solving the LASSO problem. The algorithm is as simple as solving an OLS problem, and with computer code to accompany their paper, the LASSO was set for its liftoff*.

The LASSO overall reduces model complexity. It does this by completely excluding some variables, using only a subset of the original potential explanatory variables. Since this can add to the story of the model, the reduction in complexity is a desired property. Clarity of authors’ exposition and well rehashed computer code are further reasons for the fully justified, full fledged LASSO flareup.

This is not a LASSO tutorial. Google-search results, undoubtedly refined over years of increased popularity, are clear enough by now. Also, if you are still reading this I imagine you already know what is the LASSO and how it works. To continue from this point, what follows is a selective list of milestones from the academic literature- some theoretical and practical extensions.

A short comment about the term consistency in the context of LASSO. The LASSO method simultaneously selects and estimates the covariates. The term consistency can mean then two things: (1) A recovery of the real value of the coefficients or, (2) recovery of what is called sparsity pattern; which variables should be included and which variables should be excluded. I like to call this the structure of the model. I wish all papers would clearly make this distinction between the two options but they very rarely do. Unless stated otherwise, it is (2) that is most often discussed in this context, in contrast to other statistical theories where (1) takes center stage.

  1. Zou, Hui & Hastie, Trevor (2005). Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 67, 301-320.
  2. In high cross sectional dimension, for example when we have more names in the portfolio than we have data points (e.g. 500 names with yearly data, or in microarray data), the LASSO can only pick as much variables as data points allow. If the number of potential explanatory variables is 100 but we only have 20 time points, than only 20 variables can be chosen by the LASSO. This is simply an algebraic limitation of the LASSO solution. Apart from that, the LASSO has difficulties retrieving the real structure when we throw at him regressors with high correlation between them. To counter those two problems the authors propose to add a ridge penalty to the LASSO penalty; equation (3) in the published version. There are many advantages, not least is better prediction accuracy. In my opinion, this is the most interesting extension out of this list.

  3. Wang, Sijian, Nan, Bin, Rosset, Saharon & Zhu, Ji (2011). Random lasso. The annals of applied statistics, 5, 468.
  4. The LASSO is not without limitations. In the presence of highly correlation variables, the method tends to include all- or to remove all those highly correlated variables. This is not wise from a information-theoretic perspective. If two variables are highly correlated we better use one of those only since they have a lot of “overlap” in terms of information, and the LASSO solution does not follow this reasoning. To overcome this particular limitation, the authors propose a computationally intensive method, the random lasso method, for variable selection in linear models. It is computationally heavy since they use a two step procedure where both steps require bootstrapping. In step 1, the lasso method is applied to many bootstrap samples, each using a set of randomly selected covariates. A measure of importance is yielded from this step for each covariate. In step 2, a similar procedure to the first step is implemented with the exception that for each bootstrap sample, a subset of covariates is randomly selected with unequal selection probabilities determined by the covariates’ importance.

  5. Tran, Minh-Ngoc, Nott, David J & Leng, Chenlei (2012). The predictive lasso. Statistics and computing, 22, 1069-1084.
  6. This is a fairly recent paper, but long overdue. The paper was published in Statistics and computing. This is a fairly math-hungry journal and so the paper is not easy to follow. It is also not easy because all is framed in terms of densities rather than point forecasts. However, the idea of the predictive LASSO (pLASSO) is straight forward: “The pLasso in this form differs from the original Lasso only in the way it replaces the observed responses by the predictions” (under their equation (9)). Which prediction do you place instead of the original Y? If I understand correctly, the predictions are made simply using the full model.

  7. Park, Trevor & Casella, George (2008). The Bayesian lasso. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103, 681-686.
  8. Estimation of the beta parameters in a Bayesian fashion (using Gibbs sampler). A nice by-product of the Bayesian approach is that you directly get confidence intervals (ok ok, Bayesian credible intervals). They also discuss an interesting extension, something they call “Huberized LASSO” or robust LASSO where instead of the usual squared loss function we can use a more outlier-resilient loss function like the Loss Absolute Deviation (LAD).

  9. Wang, Hansheng, Guodong Li, and Chih‐Ling Tsai. Regression coefficient and autoregressive order shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 69.1 (2007): 63-78.
  10. This is an extension for time series analsysis. Another LASSO penalty is introduced in order to choose the number of lags in a regression model with autoregressive errors.

  11. Yuan, Ming & Lin, Yi (2006). Model selection and estimation in regression with grouped variables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 68, 49-67.
  12. The title of this paper is apt. Some variables are naturally grouped (e.g. companies from the same industry). Perhaps we would like to exclude all the names of a particular industry, meaning we use single names data but would like to decide on groups eventually. Instead of same penalty term for all variables, we define a penalty term for each group separately.

  13. Zou, Hui (2006). The adaptive lasso and its oracle properties. Journal of the American statistical association, 101, 1418-1429.
  14. Derive a necessary condition for the lasso variable selection to be consistent. Consequently, there exist certain scenarios where the lasso is inconsistent for variable selection. Propose a new version of the lasso, called the adaptive lasso, where adaptive weights are used for penalizing different coefficients in the LASSO penalty. This is an important paper, it is downloadable, well written and fairly simple to understand. The idea is to re-scale the LASSO penalty so that each variable gets a different penalty according to its presumed importance- hence the word adaptive in the title of the paper. High penalty for unimportant variables and low penalty for important variables. Generally speaking, the importance is estimated using a simple OLS; a high value of beta signals high importance. Equation 4 is key.

  15. Tibshirani, Robert, Saunders, Michael, Rosset, Saharon, Zhu, Ji & Knight, Keith (2005). Sparsity and smoothness via the fused lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 67, 91-108.
  16. Very creative paper. The idea is to smooth the penalty term for variables which have natural ordering. For an example using time series, you don’t want the coefficient of lag number 3 to be zero and lag number 4 to be large (seasonality aside). Equation (3) in the paper adds another penalty term for the size of the difference between the coefficients of adjacent explanatory variables (so this is only relevant when you can naturally order the variables).

  17. Meinshausen, Nicolai (2007). Relaxed lasso. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 52, 374-393.
  18. The settings is very high cross sectional dimension. This is not a very easy paper to understand since the author speaks about the norm of the coefficients instead of directly speaking about the penalty parameter like everyone else. But the idea itself is clear: in high cross sectional dimension where many explanatory variables are available but only few are indeed relevant, you can improve prediction using higher penalty. Higher penalty better prevents the LASSO from including too many variables which are actually irrelevant. In that sense the title is not very intuitive. What we relax is the norm of the coefficients, but we eventually end up with a stiffer penalty- so a better title in my opinion would be “Stiffer LASSO” (or “Stiff as an old man on a cold winter’s night LASSO”).

  19. Bach, Francis R. Bolasso: model consistent lasso estimation through the bootstrap. Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Machine learning. ACM, 2008.
  20. Detailed asymptotic analysis of model consistency of the Lasso (see initial comment on consistency).

  21. Witten, Daniela M., and Robert Tibshirani. A framework for feature selection in clustering. Journal of the American Statistical Association 105.490 (2010): 713-726.
  22. They use the LASSO for clustering. Again, most useful when in high cross sectional dimension settings.

Footnotes and references

* In 2008 there was another suggestion by Kim, Jinseog, Yuwon Kim, and Yongdai Kim. A gradient-based optimization algorithm for lasso. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 17.4 (2008): 994-1009. But this suggestion did not grab hold.

Three out of the four statistical masters in a joint interview

There is also a post which concerns inference in the LASSO, hence not included in the list above: A significance test for the lasso

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CrococryptFile 1.6

CrococryptFile is a small and unobtrusive file encryption tool that creates encrypted archives of arbitrary files and folders.

CrococryptFile is a suite that includes the following: Password-based encryption (following PBKDF2) with AES-256, Windows Keystore based encryption using RSA keys and AES-256, and GPG/OpenPGP key based encryption with AES-256.

In many ways the encryption features of CrococryptFile could be compared to a ZIP utility, which uses ZIP's AES encryption, but there are differences between the two. CrococryptFile, for instance, encrypts all file and folder information including file names, time/date and file size information, and it also disguises any information of the archive's content, because all data and meta-data is simply integrated into a giant file dump.

Overall, CrococryptFile is a really useful tool that reliably allows you to encode important files and thereby renders them inaccessible to any other unauthorized users. The utility allows you to add individual files to a password-protected archive, which the encodes the file name, time/date, as well as the file size information. As the application integrates with the Windows Explorer context menu, you can also right-click on the desired file and start the encoding process.


Medicare vs. Medicaid: What's the Difference?

Medicare and Medicaid are two separate programs that help cover health care costs and medical expenses. While Medicare is for all American individuals over 65 years of age, Medicaid is for those with financial need. Each program may also apply to individuals with specific disabilities.

You will be automatically enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B when you turn 65 unless you choose to delay enrollment, for example because you are still covered by your company's health insurance plan. In contrast, you have to apply for Medicaid if you want coverage and believe you are eligible.

Recent expansions of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act have extended eligibility to low-income individuals in many states, even if they did not previously qualify.

Medicare is federal public health insurance coverage for seniors or people who have certain disabilities.

Medicare parts A, B, and D cover what is commonly thought of as health insurance, including doctor visits, hospital stays and some prescription medications.

Most people are automatically enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B when they turn 65. To determine if you qualify early due to disability, contact your local Social Security office.

While you can enroll in Medicaid at any point when you meet the requirements, you can enroll in Medicare only during enrollment periods: when you turn 65, the annual general enrollment period after you turn 65, or during a special enrollment period you will get if you lose employer coverage after age 65.

Medicaid is a joint federal and state public assistance program designed for low-income individuals, children, pregnant women, parents, seniors and people with certain disabilities. Income requirements for eligibility vary by state, and in some states, adults who are not members of the previously mentioned categories may still qualify.

Each state creates its own Medicaid program with its own eligibility requirements and coverage, but the federal government sets requirements for certain services that must be covered, including:

  • Hospital services
  • Nursing home and home health care
  • X-rays and lab diagnostics
  • Transportation for medical care
  • Pediatrician visits

If you are eligible, you can enroll in Medicaid at any point in the year, and do not need to wait for an open enrollment period.

In all states, you can qualify for Medicaid based on a combination of income, family size, disability, pregnancy and other factors.

Your state has a maximum income for patients who qualify for Medicaid on the basis of income, generally based on the Federal Poverty Level. If you spend a significant amount of your income on health care, you may also qualify for Medicaid on the basis of being considered "medically needy." To find out if your medical expenses are high enough, or your income is low enough to qualify, you can contact your regional Medicaid office.

Under the ACA, many states have expanded Medicaid to allow individuals to qualify for Medicaid on income alone, without needing other factors to qualify. You can find out more about qualifying for Medicaid in your state at the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website.

Can you be eligible for Medicare and Medicaid?

Yes! This is known as dual eligibility. When you are dual eligible, Medicare pays your health care providers first, and then Medicaid pays remaining expenses, often covering most of the total health care cost.

If you have a limited income, dual Medicare and Medicaid coverage may offer better coverage with lower out-of-pocket costs for you than Medicare Parts A and B and a separately purchased prescription drug plan, and may be significantly more affordable than a Medicare Advantage plan.

Dual coverage often offers benefits not covered by Medicare Parts A and B, including hearing exams, vision coverage, and dental benefits. Dual coverage may even cover transportation for medical appointments. Medicaid offers more nursing home coverage than Medicare, and seniors who qualify for dual eligibility may receive better coverage for long-term care.

If you are dual eligible, you will most likely get a letter from your state's Medicaid office. If you think you should be eligible for Medicare and Medicaid together, but have not received a letter, you can contact your state's Medicaid office to find out your status.

For more information about dual eligibility programs, you can call Social Security toll-free at 800-772-1213, TTY 800-325-0778, or call your state's Medicaid office.


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15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. WRITING THE RESEARCH PAPER: A HANDBOOK, Eighth Edition, is an easily accessible handbook that provides students with simple, specific information on the conventions of the research paper.

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Written by the original author’s son, this text remains the foremost handbook for current, detailed guidance about academic research, writing, and documentation. Over the last two decades, the world of academic research has changed dramatically.

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computer vision applications in deep learning ai | DEEP LEARNING ( AI ) FOR BEGINNERS AND CODERS | MULTIPLEWORDS BY PROGRAMMERS

Deep learning is a technique to develop complex application which is not possible through normal programming but it is possible with data science development. You can create application using data which you have or you have collect with less line of code with maximum result. We will see list all wonderful applications which can be created or already developed through deep learning ( AI ).

From deep learning ( AI ) you can make applications of any field. We will list some of the major field's and discuss its impact on the field.

As the name suggest this field belong to computer vision (Images). This field of computer science deals with images and its segmentation. Deep learning has shown state of art result in classification, objects detection, regeneration of image.

computer vision application in deep learning classification | DEEP LEARNING ( AI ) FOR BEGINNERS AND CODERS | MULTIPLEWORDS BY PROGRAMMERS

Deep learning module will able to correctly predict the name of the animal or person in image. Let say you have 120 species of dog and cat images and you want to find out which image is which species. You need to just show that image to deep learning module will automatically classify for you that which image is of which species dog and cat.

Deep learning is also used to detect object in scene with bounding boxes. Deep learning module will detect for you all object present in a image by drawing box around it and with its name written down of it. let say you have image of dog cat and sofa in single image. deep learning module will detect object and shows at which position that object with boxes around it. In this case it will detect dog, cat and sofa and draw box around it.

Deep learning module is highly used in medical facilities. This object detection technique is used to detect early stage cancer in patient. Early stage cancer is hard to detect as it is not that visible by human eye. But deep learning module is able to detect cancer molecule from image in its early stages.

vision application in deep learning ai of googles in tanzania example | DEEP LEARNING ( AI ) FOR BEGINNERS AND CODERS | MULTIPLEWORDS BY PROGRAMMERS

Like wise deep learning module is used to detect disease in plant also. Tanzania google team has developed deep learning module to detect disease in some plant by just showing leaf to mobile camera, from camera deep learning (AI) application will detect is leaf in infected or not? If it is infected then that leaf is taken out of plant so that it want spread to other leaf and infect full plant.

Deep learning module is also used to convert old black and white photos to its colored version. If you have some old photos of your grand mother or father and you want to see them in colored. You just have to pass that black and white photo to deep learning (Al) application which convert your photo to colored one. Google photos has developed deep learning module for this.

computer vision application of in deep learning ai for black white | DEEP LEARNING ( AI ) FOR BEGINNERS AND CODERS | MULTIPLEWORDS BY PROGRAMMERS

You can generate new image from deep learning (AI) application. Let say you like some artist and you want your image to be of that flavour deep learning module which generate your image of the artist flavour. You like Leonardo da Vinci painting and you want your painting to be done by him. Deep learning module will do this task for you.

You can also use deep learning (AI) application to replace one image with other image with accuracy and officiently if you want to replace your brother face from photo with your face. You need to show your face and your brother face to deep learning module, it will replace face in the photo.

In this tutorial we have explore computer and deep learning application in detail. How deep learning module can help you in achieving maximum result you want in computer version.If you have any query or feedback or need any help regarding boiler code of any topic , you can freely ask in comments. I would really love to help you

taher AI Professional

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 Riad Hartani, Strategic Technology Adviser, Algiers Smart City project: Interview | Algeria 2017 | Oxford Business Group

Riad Hartani, Strategic Technology Adviser, Algiers Smart City project

Interview: Riad Hartani

How is the Algiers Smart City project a catalyst for the development of innovative firms?

RIAD HARTANI: The Algiers Smart City project shall be seen as a means and not an end in itself. Its primary goal is to fast track the development of a technology-based ecosystem, and for the city and its citizens to take advantage of that. In other words, it should be a catalyst for bringing together various players in the ecosystem. It aims to reinforce synergy between the various stakeholders — from actors in technology and business, to those involved with legal and policy decisions — and progressively craft a win-win situation for all the entities along the value chain. The project allows for, among other things, the emergence of a demand-driven start-up ecosystem, the linking of local players to the global tech landscape, rapid transfer of value from research and development to industrial applications, re-enforcement of the legal and regulatory frameworks, and improved dialogue between academia and industry.

What strategies does the ICT sector need to put in place to avoid technological dependency?

HARTANI: In the world of ICT, it is necessary to keep a significant level of experience to ensure technological sovereignty. If we fail to keep relative control over key segments, we will be obliged to follow a path of technological dependency. When we analyse the curve of technological evolution, we realise that it reaches an inflection point once every two or three decades, representing a window of opportunity to take the lead in a few specific segments. The emergence of leapfrog technologies, especially those centred around intelligent data platforms, alternative wireless internet innovations, blockchain information models, cloud-based service delivery mechanisms, the internet of things, internet scale content delivery platforms and open-source software deployment business models, provide a unique chance for Algeria. To lessen our technological dependence, we must take appropriate measures and build a roadmap for the emergence of a progressively sustained domestic technology ecosystem.

How will Algeria combat its relative technological delay and enhance its competitiveness?

HARTANI: We live in unique times. Much of today’s technological development is concentrated in the hands of a few technology leaders, which is a direct consequence of the “winner take all” theory at the core of internet business models. One strategy that is characteristic of these leading corporations is the deployment of leapfrog technologies to strengthen their position of domination over incumbent players in adjacent industries. Leapfrog technologies accelerate the obsolescence of legacy technologies, as they can skip over inefficient technological stages and speed up disruptions in competition among businesses. These are primarily in the realm of ICT, but also affect other industries, such as energy, transport, finance and education.

What changes has the ICT sector seen in recent years, and what is the outlook for the future?

HARTANI: The ICT sector is at a defining crossroads. While significant efforts have gone into evolving it over the last few years, greater efforts are required to continue in that trajectory. The foundations for successful development in the ICT sector have been laid, and the short-term strategic decisions that need to be taken will either build upon that foundation or weaken it.

The dynamic of the ICT sector is no longer independent but will in fact become the most critical variable that defines the maturity levels of other socio-economic sectors. This will affect the country’s overall development as well as see ICT maturity prioritised as the benchmark for measuring global competitiveness.

Anchor text:
Riad Hartani

The Report: Algeria 2017

ICT chapter from The Report: Algeria 2017

The Report: Algeria 2017

The Report

This article is from the ICT chapter of The Report: Algeria 2017. Explore other chapters from this report.


Deer Symbolism in Pueblo Pottery and Native American Artwork

Deer Symbolism

The deer is an important being that sustains life. It is a provider of essential things like food, clothing, and tools. Creating the deer’s image is a way to honor it for giving its life to sustain us, to give an offering to the Creator for providing the deer, and to serve as a reminder of the gift of life.

It is a symbol of life, reciprocity, stewardship, and strength. SHOP NOW >


Tax Lawyers in Wildomar

The government of Wildomar, California collects taxes from its residents in order to pay for general public services, like police and fire departments, libraries, hospitals, and public transit.

You are legally-obligated to pay your taxes in Wildomar. If you fail to pay your taxes, without a compelling reason, you are committing a crime, and may end up going to jail as a result.

Sources of Tax Dollars in Wildomar, California

A wide number of activities are subject to taxation in Wildomar, California, creating a massive range of revenue sources. For example, cities normally impose a sales tax, charge fees for certain licenses, and collect tolls on roads and bridges.

Sales Tax: A sales tax in Wildomar is a surcharge added to the price of most goods that are sold by retailers to the general public. The government of further imposes a sales tax, which must be paid in addition to the local tax. Usually, local sales taxes are less than one percent, while state sales taxes are in the 5% range.

Licensing Fees: In Wildomar, licenses are required to engage in many different activities, or at least to do so legally. The most frequent of these are business licenses. While some professions require licenses because the state has an interest in ensuring competence in them (in law and medicine, for instance), many business licenses exist for the primary purpose of compiling revenue, and therefore serve the same purpose as taxes.

How Can a Wildomar, California Tax Attorney Help?

In Wildomar, California, the laws and regulations that govern the tax system are fairly complicated, even if determining one's tax rate is, in theory, a simple matter. Furthermore, there are many different exemptions, breaks, and deductions that can make the matter even more complex.

Therefore, if you have any questions or problems with your taxes in Wildomar, California, it's very important to speak with a reliable Wildomar tax law specialist.


Mick Foley Reveals Unique Way He Handles Small Crowds

WWE Hall of Famer Mick Foley has been performing one-man comedy shows for many years. Despite being one of the most beloved figures in professional wrestling, even Foley has had to deal with small crowds every now and then.

Foley noted that even if he has a poor house, he brings out his A-Game. During an interview with Wrestling Inc., Foley said that he channels his Mankind character to get himself and the crowd pumped.

"I started [channeling my past 'Mankind' character] when I had a tough crowd," Mick said. "The tour we did all across Canada went really well; the one exception was a show in Timmins [Ontario, Canada] that was very under-attended, and I need something to jolt me into the moment. And when I do that voice [of Mankind] and I get into that character, I can look out at the crowd and I can read their faces, and their faces are - and I'll verify it later - they can't believe I'm bringing my A-game for the small crowd.

"All of the shows had gone so well that I didn't have any bad experiences to talk about, and the bad experiences make for good stories. Once in a while you actually hope for a bad night just so you have something to talk about."

You can watch Foley's interview in the video above, or read a recap at Wrestling Inc. here.


Frankfurt Dresden Dance Company - Jacopo Godani

Frankfurt Dresden Dance Company ::New version Extinction of a minor species

In June 2018, the Dresden Frankfurt Dance Company presented the new version of Jacopo Godani's choreography Extinction of a Minor Species at the Bockenheimer Depot in Frankfurt am Main.

Extinction of a Minor Species structures itself around a series of acts with dance as its hallmark. In this “environment of actions”, an out-of-time narrative permeates the atmosphere to figure purposefully, the boundaries of uncertainty in the construction of an artistic space, where dance, choreography and body empower a furtherance of an aesthetic resistance.

The imagery of Extinction of a Minor Species centres essentially on the human body. Before the space is always the body. Bodies are everywhere in this performance – implied, represented or transformed choreographically and artistically. Body images recall us of the Antiquity and of mythical wars. Abyssal creatures and cyborg-fauns lurk on stage while godlike beings whispers in unknown tongues. But, we are not able to understand the language of the body and the flesh anymore.

Extinction acknowledges how little is necessary to transform a body: a painted line, a shape, a prosthesis, or a sound. Body attitude also metamorphoses the outside shell of the performers into a narrative: a fragile body with a dangerous face. Physicality is conceived as a communication, one that animals have, and that humans had before mastering language. At the beginning, it was the gesture: a window into the mind. And we, human animals, continue expressing ourselves through gestures and physical signals.

But, even having been trained so strongly to not show its real nature, the human animal – haunted by its ghosts, sometimes terrified, and concealing itself – refuses to die away, and is constantly reappearing, unlearning all imposed boundaries and squirming against the pressure of beauty norms. In the body´s quest to accomplish its own loyalty in movement lie a theatricality. In the choreographic actions of Extinction lies a harmony and, in the assembly of choreographic material lie a freedom of independence, even a sentimental independency.

This production, since its birth, was demanding a reflection of what is inside of us: a demand of the theatrical. Godani´s more treasured artistic concepts are all present and contextualized in a myriad of possibilities – as hidden reminiscences, while they allowed this “environment of actions” decided what had the right value, in an effort to reach a realm of meaning. Blending classical shapes and extreme aesthetics, Extinction appeals for us to question our values of beauty, to create space for other kind of beauty, to re-evaluate the current concepts of beauty in society, to re-imagine what we can perceive as beauty, and finally, to allow our vision on it.

In a world where it seems that we don’t care neither about time nor about its preservation, where it seems like all we do is kill it, beat it, or race against it, Extinction of a Minor Species is a hint to a timeless universe in which any internal decision have a choreographic repercussion. It is a place where extinction can be slowed by the efforts to open a space of imagination.

Luisa Sancho Escanero

Extinction of a Minor Species

Choreography Jacopo Godani

Light, Stage, Costumes Jacopo Godani
48nord, live performed by Kubus Quartett
Rodion Shchedrin, Basso Ostinato for piano, Musikverlag Hans Sikorski, Hamburg,
live performed by Hermann Kretzschmar (Ensemble Modern)
Improvisations on the piano by Hermann Kretzschmar (Ensemble Modern)

3D-Animation/Illustrations Amir Andikfar, Jonas Lauströer
Length 70 min / 16 dancers

Premiere New version 8 June 2018, Dresden Frankfurt Dance Company, Frankfurt am Main, Bockenheimer Depot
In cooperation with Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung und Ensemble Modern


5 Strategies To Release The Stress

1. Seek the support of friends or family

If you are going through a situation of work-related stress, the first thing you should do is seek close support to share your experience. Whether it’s a co-worker, a friend or a family member, talking with someone else will help you feel less alone.

2. Disconnect from work

Work is necessary for our lives and is essential for well-being, but some people become addicted to work and they themselves are the cause of their stress situation. If you are one of those individuals who are always on the phone for work issues or when you finish your workday you take your work home, you should seriously consider taking a break. Rest is synonymous with well-being, and therefore work should not compromise your psychological health.

3. Exercise

Rest is important, but so is having healthy habits. There are many people who exercise when they leave work because it helps them to disconnect. There is nothing better than going to spin class or playing a paddle game to release tension and clear the mind after a long working day. Scientific studies have shown that physical exercise reduces cortisol levels (which is the stress-related hormone), increases the production of norepinephrine (norepinephrine), a neurotransmitter that can moderate the brain’s response to stress, and produces endorphins or serotonin, which help improve mood.

4. Manage time

Bad time management is one of the most common causes of stress. For example, getting distracted by the computer, or not having planned the time of the task you have to do, can end up taking on many tasks at the same time or not completing any. Therefore, a correct organization of time is one of the best strategies to prevent stress. Unfortunately, we cannot choose between saving or spending time, and then we must find a way to use it more effectively. We all have in common that the day lasts 24 hours, but how we manage our time depends solely and exclusively on each person. If you want to learn how to organize your time to prevent stress at work, there are many courses that will help you manage it more effectively.

5. Practice Mindfulness

Mindfulness (or Full Attention) can be considered a philosophy of life that helps to cope with experiences in a more adaptive and healthy way. Thanks to meditation and other techniques, the person who practices Mindfulness manages to develop the ability to be conscious, compassionate and to be in the here and now with a nonjudgmental mindset.


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The Beach

The Surroundings

The Cottage

Poppit sands Guide.

Poppit Sands is a vast golden sandy beach on the west coast of Wales in Cardigan Bay, with larged sand dunes at the mouth of the Teifi Estuary.

1. Poppit  Sands Beach itself

The stunning beach of Poppit Sands has to be at the top of the list. This beautiful sandy beach stretches for about a mile and is a haven not just for families, but also for a variety of water sports. There are kite surfers, dog owners, horse riders,  photographers (Michael Jackson, David Wilson)  birdwatchers , artists, walkers on the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path and so much more. At low tide the sea retreats for up to half a mile  leaving vast expanses of open flat beach and exposed rock pools on the western end of the beach

2. Sand Dunes

The sand dunes are the most iconic feature of Poppit Sands. Children and dogs love  playing in the dunes, running up and down and just getting lost. They are also an important wildlife habitat for a variety of locally and internationally important animals and plants.  There are a number of Adders in the dunes which you can see on very rare occasions.

3. Not Very Easy to Reach

Whilst there is a large car park right next to the beach.  It is a little off the beaten track unless you happen to live nearby.  This is great since it doesn’t get very busy even in the summer months

4. Variety of places to stay

Welsh holiday cottages are numerous and a quick search can find some fantastic places to stay nearby.  There is a tent only campsite right next to the beach and another further up the hill.  There is a YHA just up the costal path from the beach, a small select holiday park a little way in the other direction and a few holiday cottages on the beach (like ours)

5. Cardigan

Cardigan is a great shopping location and is the local market town. Plenty of places to shop, eat and drink on the high street and the maze of smaller streets leading off it. There is a great little cinema for those odd rainy days in Wales

6. Tesco’s

Ok, this is a terrible reason for holidaying in Poppit Sands, but there is a very large Tesco’s in Cardigan which makes buying food for the week cheap and simple.  One big shop on Sunday and you are sorted for the week, or why not go for home delivery. It does mean that you can get on with your holiday without spending too much time feeding and shopping for staving children.

7. Activities

There are several outdoor centres nearby doing all sorts of aquatic based pursuits, horse riding and a few surf schools a little further away. Plenty to do for the adventurous.

8 History

There are some great castles nearby in varying states of repair which make fantastic days out.  Drive a little further afield and there are some fantastic examples of our past castle building talent. Pembroke castle being a good example

9. Bowens Fish and Chips

St Dogmaels which is a couple of miles down the road has I think the best Fish and Chip shop in the area.  Well worth a visit for hungry holiday makers

10)Blue Flag

Poppit Sands has a blue flag, which means that there are certain standards that have been met.  Water quality being the most important for me , but there are also lifeguards on patrol in the summer months, a lovely little cafe and the beach is kept pretty clean by the local authority.  There is an RNLI station on the beach which are great to watch when they are practicing.


Faculty of Psychology

Studenter nytt semester 2018

The Faculty of Psychology offers vocational training for psychologists, is responsible for university teaching training at UiB, contributes with the pedagogy part of teacher training and offers degree courses in a wide range of subjects: child welfare, health promotion, education, special education, psychology, work and organizational psychology and speech therapy. The Faculty's main focus in research is related to health, learning, development-related research and basic research in a broad sense.

Trond Mohn Foundation 15 years
Karsten Specht, IBMP, Det psykologiske fakultet

Fascinated by the brain

Honorary Doctorate 2019
Jo-Anne Baird

- Educational assessment has a powerful effect upon people’s lives

Stacking rocks

Actionable knowledge to meet global challenges

How can your research contribute to solving global challenges? How do you design, conduct and communicate research to stimulate social change? And how do you create actionable knowledge?

Photo of Sofia Petkovic.

Had her eyes set on her dream job

Sofia Petkovic chose a masters program with an internship component. Then she used the internship to network her way to a full time job.

Exchange studies
Psykologistudenter, Kanada

Erica and Zaria chose UiB for Bachelor-writing

Erica Seelemann and Zaria Connors have come all the way from Halifax, Nova Scotia in Canada to follow courses at the University of Bergen, and they will write up their Bachelor in Psychology here.

Doctoral Education

The doctoral education lasts for a standard period of three years and includes independent scientific work in the form of a thesis to be defended at a public defence. In addition, the organized doctoral education includes a training module (30 ects) lasting one semester.


This Real-Life Sherlock Holmes Hunts Down Stolen Nazi Art

Nov 12, 2014 at 7:18 AM ET

When German authorities descended on a cluttered, unassuming Munich apartment in March of 2012, they uncovered a stash of some 1,500 paintings and drawings that had been kept from the public eye for more than 70 years. The collection, which was valued at $1 billion, included masterpieces by Chagall, Picasso and Matisse, and was in the possession of Cornelius Gurlitt, the 80-year-old son of a prominent dealer of Nazi-looted art.

Many of the paintings had been taken from distinguished Jewish art collectors and gallerists as part of the Hitler-mandated plunder that occurred throughout World War II, and among them was a Matisse that had belonged to Paul Rosenberg, a renowned Parisian art dealer and personal friend of the artist.

So after a German magazine feature broke the historic discovery in November of last year, the Rosenberg heirs set about getting the Matisse back with the help of Chris Marinello—one of the world’s most experienced art hunters and restitution experts. As the founder of Art Recovery International, a London-based company that specializes in returning fine art pilfered by Nazis and modern-day criminals, the 52-year-old, Brooklyn-born attorney has located and recovered some $350 million worth of stolen and looted art in his 20 years on the job.

“Some of the biggest cases we’ve got going on right now are some of the biggest cases in the world in this area,” Marinello says. “A 30 million euro piece in Italy, a 10 million euro Crivelli in Portugal, the Gurlitt case, and we have some other Matisses. I think I’ve recovered five or six Matisses over the years.”

Marinello is one of a small handful of lawyers around the world who work in this area, and last Friday many of them gathered in New York for NYU’s Art Law Day, a conference dedicated to the intersection of law and the art market.

A sharp-suited Marinello and I meet at a café following his panel on restitution, which featured Christie’s director of stolen art, as well as Marianne Rosenberg, the granddaughter of Paul Rosenberg. Marianne is currently leading the decades-long fight to recoup hundreds of paintings stolen from her family by the Nazi regime; as of today, around 60 paintings from the Rosenberg collection are still missing, along with nearly 100,000 works of art that belong to other families.

In the past 15 years Marinello has helped the Rosenbergs recover one of Monet’s “Waterlillies,” which was found hanging on the wall of Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts during a Monet retrospective, as well as Matisse’s “Woman in Blue in Front of a Fireplace,” which was discovered as part of a Norway museum’s permanent collection. Today, Marinello and the Rosenbergs are embroiled in the battle for the Matisse from the Gurlitt trove, which has faced enduring complications, including the death of Gurlitt himself in May of this year.

Retrieving Nazi-looted art is never easy. You can’t just ask for it back. First there is the task of proving provenance (art world jargon for history of ownership) decades after the crime, and once you do that, the current owner—be it a museum or a private buyer—is not even legally obligated to return it. The only existing statutes that deal with how countries should handle Nazi-confiscated art—known as the Washington Conference Principles—are nonbinding.

To make matters more difficult, in most cases the people who end up with this art are known as “good faith buyers,” implying that they bought the pieces without knowing they were stolen. Ultimately, this means that Marinello, despite being a lawyer, is unable to depend on the law for much of the work he does. Instead, he is compelled to rely on the more tenuous forces of morality, ethics and politics in order to convince people that retuning a painting is in their best interests—what he calls “creative solutions.”

For example, with the Rosenberg Matisse found on the museum wall in Norway, “This meant going to the Norwegian ambassador to the U.S. and having a long discussion about what Americans would think of Norwegians living here, and the consequences for publicity and the tourism industry if Norway was seen to claim that Norwegian law allowed them to keep a Nazi-looted painting from a family,” says Marinello. “We made them very aware of this, and we did get some assistance from political leaders, both in the U.S. and in Norway, that encouraged the parties to work out a settlement.”

Finding the missing art in the first place is also a major undertaking. The Gurlitt case was unique in that the media brought the painting to Marinello, but most of time his team locates a stolen work even before law enforcement. To do this, they rely heavily on proprietary technology called ArtClaim, a private, comprehensive database of lost, stolen and looted works of art from around the world.

After a missing item is entered into the database, Marinello’s team then uses image recognition software to scour the catalogs at Sotheby’s, Bonham’s, eBay and other auction venues, until they find a match. From there, they will either notify law enforcement if the item was recently stolen, or contact the dealer or auction house to notify them that the work they are trying to sell is actually Nazi loot.

There are also cases where Marinello’s team is directly involved in helping the police or government agency catch a criminal.

“We had a major case in Prague where a photograph was taken from a museum, and it was worth about half a million dollars,” says Marinello. A few days after it was stolen, Marinello was contacted by someone who was offered the work. “We posed as potential buyers, and we convinced the seller to send the item to us. Two weeks after the theft, we had it back on the wall of the museum.”

Eighty years after the Nazis’ plunder rampage, art is still a frequently stolen commodity—the third highest-grossing criminal trade, behind guns and drugs. The value of paintings and art has risen dramatically in recent years (two Mark Rothko paintings just fetched over $76 million at a Sotheby’s auction yesterday), and it also remains relatively easy to steal.

“A small painting here or a small object there—it’s easy to hide,” Marinello says. “It’s easy to transport from one place to another because it’s not inherently illegal. Someone sitting in an airport next to a painting is different than someone sitting next to a gun or a bag of cocaine.”

Marinello’s hope, however, is that technology will make it increasingly difficult to sell stolen art, which is a thief’s ultimate goal. Early next year the ArtClaim database will be made available to the public, with the intention of making it easier for buyers and sellers to check whether or not a work was stolen. And once more people are made aware of a work’s tainted provenance, the industry is unlikely to touch it for fear of reputational damage.

“Stolen art is genuinely worthless in a legitimate marketplace,” Marinello says.

Apart from making the art market a more honest and transparent one, Marinello is also helping many people heal. And not just prominent families like the Rosenbergs; Marinello does a lot of pro-bono service for Holocaust victims who had culturally and emotionally significant work looted from their homes during the war.

In 2008 Marinello and his team were able to track down an Anto Carte portrait of a little girl holding a bunny that had been taken from her family’s home in Brussels after they fled during the Nazi occupation. At the time, it was being offered for sale in New York, and with the assistance of the FBI, Marinello was able to set up a sting operation and recover the painting. He went to Belgium the following year to reunite it with the family, which included the girl in the painting—now an old woman—who had posed with her fluffy pet so many years before.

“It gives us a great deal of satisfaction to reunite victims with their lost possessions because in many cases, especially with victims of the Holocaust, they’re not just possessions,” Marinello says. “They are symbols of the loss suffered by their family at the hands of the Nazis. They’re getting a little piece of their lives back that was taken away from them in a very brutal way.”


Data Governance Software

Satisfy today's and future governance requirements

Data Governance Compliance with Waterline Data

The European Union (EU) published the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in May 2016, and it went into effect on May 25, 2018. Almost immediately we started to see rulings and fines, from smaller cases such as the ICANN internet domain registrations system, to a €50M fine levied against Google, and more recently, a £183M fine levied against British Airways following a data breach. Data privacy regulations have been around for a long time, but suddenly the regulations, and regulators, have teeth, and data governance software is more important than ever before.

GDPR applies to the processing and protection of the personal data of all data subjects, including customers, employees, prospects, and any other people about whom we collect data. The regulation applies to organizations collecting, retaining, and processing information about data subjects who reside in the European Union or Special Member State territories. Non-compliance with GDPR may result in huge fines, which can reach €20M or 4 percent of an organization’s worldwide revenues, whichever is highest.

In addition to GDPR, CCPA and similar data privacy initiatives and other regulations have been enacted, ranging from data residency laws to industry-specific regulations. No one expects the pace of regulations to slow down. A strong data governance program, including utilizing a scalable data governance software platform, is a pivotal part of the landscape for organizations wishing to protect their brand reputation and bottom line. The traditional data governance disciplines of data ownership, metadata management, data quality management, and model governance are critical to GDPR compliance.

Comparing GDPR and CCPA

According to PWC, CCPA is the beginning of “America’s GDPR.” Similar to GDPR, the CCPA will require organizations to focus on user data and provide transparency in how they’re collecting, sharing, and using such data. Certain CCPA requirements overlap with the existing GDPR individual rights requirements, which may give GDPR-ready organizations a jumpstart on building a capability around user-data handling practices.

Solution Approach

Over the past decade, Waterline Data has worked with a wide variety of data governance software and management tools that help manage artifacts such as policies, data taxonomy, data owners, critical data elements, and data standards that are equally applied to GDPR, and recently CCPA. However, most current data governance software platforms are useful only at the governance process and policy level. They tell you what kinds of data are sensitive, or what combinations might be considered sensitive, and they provide guidance to data security professionals about whether data should be masked, de-identified, or completely locked down and restricted.

Data governance and management software can tell you what kinds of data should be considered to be sensitive (e.g., national ID, first name, and last name) and what policies to apply when you see that data. However, it assumes you already know where to find it.

At the other end of the spectrum is software at the data security and storage level for masking and de-identifying data. These software platforms help you successfully obfuscate or even lock down access to sensitive data when you see it. They also assume you already know what it looks like and where to find it.

The Tough Questions

  1. Where is the data protected by GDPR, or CCPA located in the first place?
  2. Where did the protected data come from and where is it going? What is its provenance?
  3. How do we automate the process of identifying, reporting, and then controlling access to GDPR-regulated data as new data is constantly entering our environment?
  4. How do we fulfill our obligations under GDPR, or CCPA to report the uses to which data has been put, and to erase or correct data in flight upon demand of the subject?

Two Critical Components Need to be Addressed and Automated:

  1. Identifying personal data elements and their location across all data stores spanning the organization
  2. Establishing a practice of data-driven decision making on access control, and record keeping of who is using what data, when, for what purpose

The Technical Challenge

Keeping data that is covered under GDPR and CCPA in a governable state is much harder than it sounds. In fact, most organizations don’t even have the baseline infrastructure to properly support data privacy initiatives.

The result is that very often the solution to governing data is to lock it all down, put it into quarantine, and limit access. This approach has the unfortunate side effect of treating all data as if it is sensitive. People who have legitimate need to see some data, but not all data, have to go through a centralized group to process their requests. Unfortunately, these centralized groups are often understaffed, so access to data is slow and frustrating, with the result that the concept of “Data Governance” now has a bad reputation.

This approach also fails to support GDPR or CCPA because part of the regulations includes “the right to be forgotten,” requiring companies to be able to present whatever information is being kept about an individual as well as provide the ability to remove most of this data upon request. Other regulations may require you to keep some of the data, perhaps to balance your books, or to support accident investigations, or to meet potential discovery requirements. Therefore, just protecting data from unauthorized access is not enough to comply with GDPR.

Fortunately, data governance software solutions are now available that can automate much of this process.

Identify Personal Data Elements and Their Lineage

“The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay. . . .” GDPR Article 17 deals with the right to erasure (a.k.a., “The Right to Be Forgotten”). Article 17 of GDPR deals with an individual’s right to have their personal data erased once their “personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed.”

“…the controller and the processor shall implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk.” GDPR Article 32 deals with the security of data processing. Similarly, Article 32 of GDPR calls for organizations to “ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk” associated with this same data. In simple terms, GDPR expects organizations to secure personal information about their customers and consumers.

With both of these articles, there is an assumption that the organization already knows where all the personal data is located across the vast mounds of data that exist.

How can you “forget” someone if you don’t know where their data is located in the first place?

The challenge is that most organizations have no process for tracking and documenting all their data and data flows. Many organizations will have kept track of their most critical systems but lack a comprehensive catalog of all their data, including development, test, production, data warehouse, and backup systems.

In addition, GDPR Article 30 requires organizations to maintain a record of processing activities, including a description of the categories of personal data; the categories of recipients of personal data, including those in third countries or international organizations; and transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organization. The record-keeping requirements also extend to so-called processors who process data on behalf of an organization. To comply with this article, data privacy teams need to strengthen metadata management and data lineage capabilities using a machine learning-based data governance software platform.

As part of your GDPR or CCPA strategy, you must locate, identify, and catalog all personal data and its lineage in your organization. Given the magnitude of variety and volume of your data, be sure to automate the process or you will be limited by the relatively slow speed and inaccuracy of reviewing and tagging data manually.

Implement automated tagging of personal data to keep up with the volume and velocity of data using data access and masking tools. Data tagged as “Personal” or “Sensitive” or as an item that needs to be protected under GDPR, should be masked, de-identified, or have access restricted automatically. The objective is to reduce the need for data stewards to manually program access control tools since large-scale manual intervention will not be practical.

Masking Sensitive Data

“The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable natural person.” GDPR Recital 26 addresses the kind of data to be protected.

To comply with GDPR, the data protection officer must establish controls to appropriately mask or encrypt sensitive personal data. The data masking standards need to ensure that data cannot be reconstructed when multiple fields are combined.

The challenge, once again, is knowing where the personal data is located and what standalone data and data combinations will be considered sensitive. The second challenge is then programming data masking or de-identification tools to do this work.

Most of these data governance tools are programmed manually, either by a data steward who personally identifies the specific attributes to be masked column by column or by using a “broad brush” approach in which all data in each data source is protected.

Determining what should be masked or de-identified is especially problematic because new data arrives in organizations on a regular basis, and that data must be evaluated to determine whether it should be masked or de-identified. Most organizations don’t even have the baseline infrastructure to properly support data governance initiatives as data volumes and variety continue to scale up. Enterprises are adopting tag-based security policies, such as those implemented by the Apache® Ranger project. Instead of defining access control for each specific field, table, or file, by name, instead access control is defined for any field, table, or file tagged with a specific tag.

Finding Sensitive Data

Waterline Data Governance software can discover, search, and surface critical data to an organization, connecting the business and governance processes built around GDPR, CCPA, and other privacy rules to the actual data that needs to be governed. It automatically “fingerprints” data at scale by analyzing source data. If a business glossary exists, it organizes the data to that nomenclature using machine learning to automatically tag and match data fingerprints (Figure 1). It then matches the unmatched terms and creates new missing terms through crowdsourcing. This is the process that automatically builds an inventory of all your sensitive data and answers the first question:

“Where is the data that is protected by GDPR located in the first place? (Figure 1)

As part of this fingerprinting process, Waterline lets data stewards review and curate the automatic suggestions. Waterline also profiles data, providing data quality metrics that include min, max, cardinality, and selectivity as well as presenting statistics such as data type, number of null values, mean, standard deviation (when appropriate), and total number of rows (Figure 2).

Waterline also captures data lineage (Figure 3), importing lineage from other systems and filling in the gaps automatically by using automated algorithms to infer lineage when it isn’t already documented, answering the second question:

“Where did the protected data come from and where it is going?” (Figure 3)

Waterline protects sensitive data within its own interface, showing users only data values they can already see based on their permissions to the underlying file or table. More important, because Waterline automatically tags data as sensitive, those tags will be passed on to access control tools such as Apache Ranger or Cloudera® Sentry (or others via a published and supported REST API), which can then be used to make sure only people who should see the sensitive data, can see the sensitive data.

This answers the final question: How do we automate the process of identifying and controlling access to GDPR-regulated data as new data is constantly entering our environment?

Figure 1: Waterline Data discovers and automatically tags sensitive (and other) data types.

Figure 2: Waterline Data Catalog profiles data, providing data quality metrics and statistics

Figure 3: This Waterline Data captures data lineage.

Benefits of Waterline Data for GDPR, CCPA and other privacy rules

Automating the end-to-end data cataloging process with Waterline data governance software significantly reduces the cost of data governance while making it a process that can be used for competitive advantage:

  • Significant increase in data inventory and lineage accuracy, reducing the risk of financial penalty (e.g., 4 percent of worldwide revenue from GDPR fine exposure)
  • Significant reduction in time required to get data out of “quarantine” and into use
  • Making it practical to tag and inventory data at scale, enabling organizations to spend more time using data and less time protecting and searching for it
  • Agility and readiness for additional regulations

Complying with GDPR or CCPA doesn’t have to leave business professionals muttering under their breath. With Waterline Data, organizations who can automate this process and properly get data into production quicker will reap the benefits that come from being first to market with new

information, products, and services. By automating the underlying process for inventorying, tagging, and curating data and data lineage, organizations can quickly pass new data through quarantine and safely put it into use, while complying with GDPR and CCPA. These same companies will turn the governance process from a liability into an asset that continuously delivers competitive advantage.

Want to learn more about Waterline Data Catalog?


CompTIA Cloud Essentials CLO-001 – Question151

A financial services company plans to move its existing CRM system into the cloud. The current system hosts 50 million customers. Which of the following steps should be done FIRST for moving this application into the cloud?

Perform security testing of the application to ensure that there are no new security vulnerabilities being introduced.
B. Perform testing to confirm that all the customer data can be mapped/migrated during the allocated change window.
C. Communicate with customers that they will be moving to a new CRM system which will be hosted in the cloud.
D. Perform a physical site assessment on where the application is hosted to ensure adequate controls are in place.

Correct Answer: A


Self-Sufficiency and Individualism

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A central tenant of the American spirit and indeed even the U.S. constitution is the principle of individualism that promotes individual freedoms and interests over governmental institutions or the interests of the greater society. Related to the principle of individualism, is the personal obligation to be self-reliant in order to be free of state and social institutions that are believed to tend towards totalitarianism and socialism. With rising global populations that require greater food supplies, coupled with developmental incentives in every country to raise the standard of living with the same finite resources, issues of global capacity have been used in order to argue for more state control.

While smallholders have been assumed to be stagnant and homogenous traditionalists, or as Marx has infamously suggested, comparable to sacks of potatoes. On the contrary, however, Netting argues that smallholders continuously adapt to changing circumstances and are neither dependent on subsistence consumption or wage labor. Instead, “smallholders the world around emphasize their freedom to chart their activities and goals independently, to be their own bosses” (Netting, 332).  As such, smallholders as individuals seek to improve their lot in life through the effective use of limited resources by their own efforts, skills, knowledge, and management abilities. Smallholders do participate in wage labor and market exchange, but they also insist on providing part of their own subsistence when possible, such as the Embu of Kenya who “view a good farmer who grows enough… to feed the family… without relying on income from wage labor to purchase goods that could be grown at home” (Netting, 84).

At the level of the individual household, there is considerable differences  in wealth and property that is based on the capability of each smallholder to make the most of their limited resources. It is generally understood that their small plot of cultivated land and individual abilities forms the means of productions through which smallholders can improve the fortunes of their household. However, smallholders do appear to be risk-averse as well, preferring to ensure a reasonable livelihood and the long term security of their household, rather than seeking to get rich quick through riskier ventures. Their farming system also maintains a high level of productivity in an ecologically sustainable manner in order to protect their investment through on- and off-farm labor, in-depth knowledge of their microenvironment and with little to no costly external inputs. To the extent that smallholders are able to provide for their own sustenance without depending on wage labor or external inputs, they demonstrate a greater resilience against negative economic and political changes. “When labor and property rights are combined, and when the farm household organizes and schedules its own skilled activities as an independent enterprise, the relations of production are not those of alienation” (Netting, 331).

Therefore, while the development of a market economy with opportunities to take part in wage labor and commodity exchange is welcome in smallholder communities as additional strategies to improve their financial standing, they also remain committed to maintaining the means of production in order to provide for their own household at the most basic level. The way of life of the smallholder may not be one of luxury, but it adheres to the American values of self-sufficiency and individuality without requiring strictly hierarchical subordination or environmental compromising.

The American Context:

Review of Relevant Literature:


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Welcome to the Laboratory of Vocal Learning at Hunter College

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Sexual dimorphism in striatal dopaminergic responses promotes monogamy in social songbirds

We found that the dopaminergic reward circuitry of zebra finches can simultaneously promote social cohesion and breeding boundaries. Surprisingly, in unmated males but not in females, striatal dopamine neurotransmission was elevated after hearing songs. Behaviorally too, unmated males but not females persistently exchanged mild punishments in return for songs.  In females, we observed song reinforcement exclusively to the mate’s song. These findings suggest that song-triggered dopaminergic activation serves a dual function in social songbirds: as low-threshold social reinforcement in males and as ultra-selective sexual reinforcement in females. Co-evolution of sexually dimorphic reinforcement systems can explain the coexistence of gregariousness and monogamy.

The forebrain song system mediates predictive call timing in female and male zebra finches

Zebra finches can quickly learn to modify the timing of their innate calls. Using vocal robots, we show that birds can dynamically adjust call timing in anticipation of complex rhythm patterns. Interestingly, non-singing female zebra finches exhibit better learning than male, when interacting with vocal robots. In both females and males, the song system is necessary for predictive call timing and precision. We propose that the song system is a general-purpose commination system: in the case of calls, it enables plasticity in vocal timing to facilitate social interactions, whereas in the case of songs, plasticity extends to developmental changes in vocal structure.

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Learning vocal sequences: a comparative study across songbirds and human infants

Both birdsong and human language rely on the ability to arrange syllables in new sequences. We developed an experimental technique for presenting zebra finches with sequence rearrangement tasks:

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Nature Dina

We can now ask the bird: can you swap the order of these sounds? Can you insert this syllable into that string? Birds were able to solve these tasks, but never in a single step. Instead of swapping syllable order or inserting syllables into strings, the birds solved those tasks in a series of steps, gradually approximating the target syntax. For example, to transform the song ABC-ABC to ACB-ACB, the bird learns one transition, say CB (and sings ABCB-ABCB for awhile), a few days later it might learn a second transition, say AC. Finally, once the bird learned the third transition BA, it promptly switches to the target ACB-ACB song, and will never sing ABC again. We found that Bengalese finches learn their more complex song in a similar manner. Strikingly, human infant babbling also develops in a similar manner: each uttered syllable is first performed singly, reduplicated, or at an utterance edge. Then, over 20 weeks or so, the new syllable type gets connected to other syllables in a stepwise manner. Eventually, the infant can babble 'freely' but this is not the starting point of vocal learning -- it is an endpoint of an elaborate developmental process, where combinatorial abilities are gradually acquired. This slow process can explain the developmental gap between the early perceptual capabilities to perceive complex vocal sequences, and the delayed motor capabilities of producing them.

Click here to watch a short movie demonstrating the effect

Click here to read our Nature paper about the development of vocal combinatorial abilities in songbirds and human infants

Vocal exploration is locally regulated during song learning

Birdsong is highly variable during learning. This variability is generated by the Anterior Forebrain Pathway to allow vocal exploration. How is this variability regulated? Is it evenly distributed across song elements, or perhaps controlled over fine time scales? To test this question, we manipulated song learning in zebra finches to experimentally control the requirements for vocal exploration in different parts of their song. We first trained birds to perform a one-syllable song, and once they mastered it, we added a new syllable to the song model. We found that when practicing the modified song, birds rapidly alternated between high and low acoustic variability to confine vocal exploration to the newly added syllable. Furthermore, even within syllables, acoustic variability changed independently across song elements that were only milliseconds apart. The variability of each song element decreased as it approached the target, suggesting that vocal error is computed locally in subsyllabic timescales and that song elements can be learned and crystallized independently.

Images of song perception: How early auditory experience shapes auditory fMRI responses in songbirds

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Juvenile male zebra finches develop their song by imitation. Females do not sing but are attracted to males’ songs. With functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials we tested how early auditory experience shapes responses in the auditory forebrain of the adult bird.

Adult male birds kept in isolation over the sensitive period for song learning showed no consistency in auditory responses to conspecific songs, calls, and syllables. Thirty seconds of song playback each day over development, which is sufficient to induce song imitation, was also sufficient to shape stimulus-specific responses.

Strikingly, adult females kept in isolation over development showed responses similar to those of males that were exposed to songs. We suggest that early auditory experience with songs may be required to tune perception toward conspecific songs in males, whereas in females song selectivity develops even without prior exposure to song.

Click here to read Kristen Maul dissertation about how early auditory experience shapes auditory fMRI and ERP responses

Co-authors: Kristen Maul, Henning Voss, Santosh Helekar, Lucas Parra

Culture in the lab: development of song culture in the zebra finch

Zebra finch raised in isolation develop abnormal songs. We designed an experiment to determine whether wild-type song culture might emerge over multiple generations in an isolated colony founded by isolates. In tutoring lineages starting from isolate founders, we quantified alterations in song across tutoring generations.

We found that juveniles imitated the isolate tutors but changed certain characteristics of the songs. These alterations accumulated over learning generations. Consequently, songs evolved towards the wild-type in three to four generations. Thus, species-typical song culture can appear de novo.

Nature Olga

Click here to download our Nature article about development of song culture

Click here to read Olga Feher's PhD dissertation about song culture

Click here to download examples of song-culture development

How a song is born

Zebra finches learn their song during two months of development (days 30-90 post hatch). Over that time, they listen to adult birds (tutors) and produce 1-2 million song syllables.

We record ALL of them. The images below show the distribution of song syllables during early and late song development. Each dot represents one syllable, presenting the duration of that syllable versus its frequency modulation:

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Click here to download our Science article about dynamics of song imitation

Download a movie of syllable types emerging out of an amorphous cloud of undifferentiated sounds (30Mb)

How sleep affects song learning

As mentioned above, zebra finches sing about 1-2 million syllables over song development, or to be accurate, during the days of song development. What do they do over night? Sleep, of course.

But sleep is an active process, and it appears that vocal changes occur during sleep. Those changes are stronger, and qualitatively different than changes that occur during daytime singing.

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Click here to download our Nature article about how sleep affects song learning

Watch the NOVA Science Now episode about our research

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Watch the World Science Festival presentation about our research

Watch the BBC Horizon documentary about how birdsong and speech evolution might be linked

Watch the PBS "The Music Instinct" documentary about our research

Copyrights: The City University of New York. All rights reserved.

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Wikis in the Workplace : How Wikis Can Help Manage Knowledge in Library Reference Services

I saw this article linked to from Librarians as Knowledge Managers This is an interesting article which explores how wikis can be used in libraries to manage knowledge and why they should be used in this environment.

"The article begins with a description of wikis, then covers knowledge management and the systems that support knowledge management, specifically collaborative and conversational technologies. Next, the author discusses how wikis can be used as a knowledge management system and explores the organizational applications. Finally, a discussion follows on how wikis can be used to support knowledge management in library reference services with some examples of wikis as both private and public knowledge repositories and as collaborative workspaces."


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