The steps involved in managing risk

A. Establish Goals and Context
As outlined in the Risk Management process, the risk assessment is undertaken within the context of your goals.   The identification / validation of your goals is therefore a critical first step in the risk management process.

Effective risk management requires a thorough understanding of the context in which your Department or Agency operates.   The analysis of this operating environment enables you to define the parameters within which the risks to your outputs need to be managed.

The context sets the scope for the risk management process.   The context includes strategic, organisational and risk management considerations.   According to the Standard, strategic context defines the relationship between the organisations and its environment.   Factors that influence the relationship include financial, operational, competitive, political (public perceptions / image), social, client, cultural and legal.   The definition of the relationships is usually communicated through frameworks such as the SWOT (Organisational strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and PEST (Political, Economic, Societal, and Technological).

The organisational context provides an understanding of the organisation, its capability and goals, objectives and strategies.   According to the Standard, organisational context is important because:

a) risk management occurs within the context of endeavouring to achieve the goals and objectives,
b) failure to achieve the objectives is one set of risks that need to be managed, and
c) the goals and strategies assist to define whether a risk is acceptable or unacceptable.

The risk management context defines that part of the organisation (goals, objectives, or project) to which the risk management process is to be applied.

B. Identify risks
Identify the risks most likely to impact on your outputs, together with their sources and impacts.   It is important to be... [continues]

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Cite This Essay

(2007, 10). Risk Management. Retrieved 10, 2007, from

"Risk Management" 10 2007. 10 2007 <>.

"Risk Management." 10, 2007. Accessed 10, 2007.


A Towering Mystery Solved: Why ancient alphabets adorn a university icon

Some species threatened by climate change could be moved to new ecosystems, says biologist http://www.utexas.edu/features/2010/04/05/assisted_migration-2/ http://www.utexas.edu/features/2010/04/05/assisted_migration-2/#comments Mon, 05 Apr 2010 21:46:16 +0000 Daniel Oppenheimer http://www.utexas.edu/news/?p=14869 » Continue Reading]]> Camille Parmesan’s new, big idea in conservation biology–the “assisted colonization” of species threatened by climate change–is a product, in roughly equal parts, of cynicism, experience and hope.

Parmesan, an associate professor of integrative biology, wasn’t cynical at all when she first got involved, in the mid-1990s, with the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). An expert on the responses of butterflies to climate change, Parmesan was brought in to help assess how climate change was affecting species’ ranges on a global scale.

Camille Parmesan
Dr. Camille Parmesan, at one of her field sites in the French Alps. Photo courtesy of Camille Parmesan

What she found was frightening. Even though the planet hadn’t yet seen much man-made warming–less than a degree Centigrade increase in global temperatures–the data was already indicating enormous changes in species’ ranges. With a projected warming, over the next century, of 4-6 degrees Centigrade, the future was looking like a scary place for the wild kingdom. Although many of the affected species would be able to migrate away from, or adapt to, warmer conditions, many others, particularly species “endemic” to a particular ecosystem or geographic region, would not. They would, instead, go extinct. Depending on the rate of increase in emissions, in fact, it was estimated that 20-40 percent of the earth’s species were likely to go extinct.

For Parmesan, whose work on range shifts in butterflies had first helped demonstrate the effects of climate change, the coming changes weren’t just global, they were personal. Some of the species she’d been following for years–like the Quino checkerspot butterfly, which is native to California–were already in serious danger of extinction.

“One reason why I’m more radical than a lot of conservation biologists is that I work on species sensitive to climate change,” she says. “I’ve already watched populations go extinct. A lot of people haven’t seen much change within their systems. To them it’s a thing that’s far away, maybe 100 years from now, but I can see that it’s not 100 years from now. It’s right now.”

Still, Parmesan was hopeful. The data seemed powerful, and the human race certainly had the means, and (just barely) the time, to change. Relatively soon, however, Parmesan began to notice that while a lot of people were talking a good game about dealing with climate change, nobody seemed to be doing very much. By 2001, when the IPCC issued its Third Assessment Report, Parmesan had grown even more cynical about the willingness of people–particularly the American people–to alter their habits in response to climate change.

Parmesan has grown even more cynical about the willingness of people-particularly the American people-to alter their habits in response to climate change.

“In terms of actual reduction of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases, what had happened?” says Parmesan, who was one of the lead authors of the Third Assessment. “Very little. At the same time, the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted just kept going up and up and up. In fact, we kept exceeding our predictions. It radicalized me.”

Parmesan began to entertain the idea of rescuing certain species from climate change by moving them to new ecosystems. It was simple enough, in theory, but for years Parmesan kept the idea mostly to herself. Restoring a former habitat was one thing, but adding a species to an ecosystem which hadn’t historically been its home was a notion that cut radically against the grain of conservation biology. It wouldn’t go over well, in particular, with colleagues who studied invasive species, and therefore knew intimately the extraordinary damage that could be done to an ecosystem by the arrival of a non-native species.

“I thought that the 2003 heat wave in Europe, followed by hurricanes Rita and Katrina,  would change the mind of the American public,” she says. “It seemed like for a few months it did, and then that consciousness just went away again.”

Over the last few years, Parmesan and a small but growing contingent of fellow biologists have finally brought the assisted colonization idea out of the closet. The threat of climate change, they’ve concluded, is simply too great, and too novel, not to entertain radical ideas.

A decision framework for assessing the feasibility of whether or not to attempt the movement of a species to prevent its extinction or ecosystem collapse
A decision framework for assessing the feasibility of whether or not to attempt the movement of a species to prevent its extinction or ecosystem collapse. View large version of the decision framework in a new window.Image courtesy of Camille Parmesan

“In traditional conservation, conservatism is a good thing,” says Parmesan. “Why be risky? But climate change is so different. It’s having such a huge impact all over the globe that you’ve got to be willing to do something that’s a little more risky. Doing nothing is risky too. There is no no-risk option.”

In the summer of 2008, Parmesan and her colleagues made the case for assisted colonization in an article in Science magazine. The article, “Assisted Colonization and Rapid Climate Change,” was respectful of the anticipated objections from conservationists, and guardedly optimistic about the degree to which traditional conservation measures could help ameliorate the impact of climate change. It was blunt, however, in its assessment of the most likely outcome of climate change.

“We must contemplate the possibility,” they wrote, “that some regions of the Earth will experience high levels of warming (greater than four degrees Centigrade) within the next 100 years, as well as altered precipitation and ocean acidity. Under these circumstances, the future for many species and ecosystems is so bleak that assisted colonization might be their best chance.”

In order to try to balance the risk of doing nothing against the risks of moving species to new habitats, Parmesan and her colleagues proposed a “decision framework” for when to move forward with assisted colonization.

We're not going to move polar bears to Antarctica. They would cause the extinction of several penguin species. That's not preserving biodiversity. Dr. Camille Parmesan

If a given species, for instance, wasn’t in short-term danger of steep decline or extinction, then conservation efforts should focus on preserving and restoring their natural habitat, or on creating low-impact “corridors” between a threatened habitat and other suitable habitats within the species’ historic range. If a threatened species was simply too expensive or too difficult to transport, then efforts might focus on creating artificial environments–an artificial reef, for instance–in cooler, nearby regions to which the species could migrate on its own. In the worst-case scenarios, scientists might simply have to store seeds, sperm and eggs so that at some future point, when circumstances change, they could try to restore a species to existence.

If assisted colonization proved optimal, after all alternatives were explored, it would be done with the lightest possible footprint. In many cases, it could be as simple as moving a population to a mountain at a higher latitude within the same mountain range.

“We already do something like that, as butterfly biologists, when we’re restoring habitats,” says Parmesan. “We can take an area that’s basically a trash heap, and bring in the soil, bring in the plants, bring in the butterflies, and boom, you’ve got a population. If the host plants of a given area are right, I can create a population with one egg cluster just by putting it in my pickup truck and driving it there.”

Under no circumstances, says Parmesan, would scientists help a species colonize a new region if the risks to the new ecosystem, or to other species native to it, appeared significant.

“We’re not going to move polar bears to Antarctica,” says Parmesan. “They would cause the extinction of several penguin species. That’s not preserving biodiversity.”

Parmesan acknowledges that catastrophic scenarios need to be taken into account in assessing the risks of assisted colonization. But the most destructive invasive species, she says, are almost always ones that have traveled from one continent to another, or from one ocean to another, usually as unwanted hitchhikers on planes or boats. Assisted colonization, on the other hand, would be undertaken over much smaller distances, with much greater forethought, and between ecosystems that are much more similar.

ariations of the Earth's surface temperature over the last 140 years and the last millennium
Variations of the Earth’s surface temperature over the last 140 years and the last millennium. View large version of the temperature variations graphs in a new window.Image from the Third Assessment Report of Working Group I
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

“If you confine assisted colonization to organisms that are innocuous in their current communities, and you’re not moving them far, I think you’ve got a very low probability of causing a problem,” she says. “If it’s only a few hundred miles, in fact, there’s a good chance that at some point in their evolutionary history they had contact with this other community.”

Not only are such risks manageable, she argues, the truth is that we’re managing them already. Every time we blast a mountain to make way for a highway, or clear forest to make way for a housing development, we’re shifting the ranges of native species. Sometimes we’re just diminishing their ranges, but in many cases we’re pushing them to migrate out into new areas. The choice we face, she believes, isn’t between intervention and non-intervention, it’s between intervening thoughtfully, with preserving biodiversity as the goal, and stepping back and leaving the interventions entirely in the hands of people–developers, governments, farmers–who are changing the landscape already, often without much concern for biodiversity.

“Think about the panda,” says Parmesan. “Does it have to live where it lives now? Can we create bamboo forests that will be climatically suitable over the next hundred years? Well, why not? It will mean shifting land ownership and land use, but we do that all the time anyway, and for far worse reasons than saving the panda.”

When Parmesan began contemplating assisted colonization, she conceived of it primarily as a rescue operation, and on a limited scale. Even under the best of circumstances, biologists won’t be able to save more than a small fraction of species threatened by climate change. The big charismatic carnivores, for instance, like the polar bears and the snow leopards, are probably doomed, along with thousands of other species that aren’t suitable for relocation, or that simply won’t find a benefactor.

Where we need to be going, I believe, is toward a real science of ecosystem engineering. Dr. Camille Parmesan

As Parmesan has thought more about assisted colonization, however, she’s also begun to believe that change might be possible, on a much broader scale, if we can let go–in the right way–of the expectation that climate change is going to be stopped or slowed significantly. Keep fighting to diminish the emissions of greenhouse gases, of course, but also begin to think radically about how to use our knowledge and skill to alter the natural world for the benefit of species other than humans.

“Where we need to be going, I believe, is toward a real science of ecosystem engineering,” says Parmesan. “Can we design habitats, for instance, that are viable for species that don’t live together now but that we expect to see come together in a future climate? Can we create new ecosystems that do what we want them to do, whether it’s preserving biodiversity or even mitigating climate change?”

Among the more majestic ideas that has, recently, emerged from Parmesan’s fertile imagination is that of resurrecting the great American plains. It came to her after reading a study that found that of all the potential biofuel crops, the ones that came closest to being carbon neutral were native American prairie grasses. What if, it occurred to Parmesan, energy companies blanketed the midwestern and western United States with fields of such grass? Since prairie ecosystems need to be managed anyway–in the past, fire and large game grazing (for example, the huge bison migrations) did the trick–the harvests of the grasses would be a win-win-win scenario.  They would, at one and the same, make money for the companies, help our nation decrease emissions, and foster massive, native, diverse prairie landscapes that would allow species to move around the whole American west.

“It’s not that I think anyone’s going to do this,” says Parmesan, “but it’s exciting to think that there are solutions. If people don’t bother to take advantage of them, then that’s on their heads.”

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AKLIDES® Nuk Software

Evaluation and Results

The AKLIDES® Nuk is an adaption of AKLIDES® Kyto for detection of double-strand breaks in cell preparations. The experience with characterization of immunological fluorescence pattern facilitates the valid recording and detection of punctuate fluorescence (foci), which become visible due to specific double strand-break markers.

This time, measurements are carried out by a 60x lens on object slides. An additional contrasting staining in the blue DAPI channel ensures a robust focussing despite various monolayer cell preparations. Subsequent morphological description allows for a directed selection of cellular phases for the detection of strand-breaks (e.g. exclusion of metaphases). Pre-defined cell-line dependent profiles (e.g. average nucleus size) make for a fast interpretation without the need of manually adjusting measurement parameters. Artefact structures are therefore detected and excluded from further analysis.

Highly sensitive measurement of the γ-H2AX signal in the green FITC channel ensues along several z-planes (cell-line dependent). This makes it possible to detect every strand-break independent of the focal plane. The used algorithms produce a 3-dimensional array composed of the detected x,y and z coordinates of the foci. Succeeding filtrations facilitate the perimeter of for example highly prominent or weakly marked strand-breaks. For every single focus, detailed parameters as size, intensity, brightness, shape and position are gathered.
The statistical evaluation of measurement values by, for example, robust median calculation of single cell measurements and the definition of minimum requirements for the quality of foci (visible in at least 2 planes) permit a valid calculation of the measured parameters.

alt  Report per slide

alt  In detail

alt  Single report


Lutz Strassburger | 3 Jan 2008 23:03

Happy new year!

Hello Frogs,

What you all have been waiting for for five years is finally a reality:

It is the first paper that contains a readable proof of the decomposition
theorems and it is the first paper that contains a splitting proof
involving exponentials.

Any comments about this new version of an old paper are, of course,
very welcome.

Best wishes for the new year,

Title: "A System of Interaction and Structure IV: The Exponentials"

Authors: Alessio Guglielmi and Lutz Straßburger

Abstract: We study some normalisation properties of the deep-inference
proof system NEL, which can be seen both as 1) an extension of
multiplicative exponential linear logic (MELL) by a certain
non-commutative self-dual logical operator; and 2) an extension of system
BV by the exponentials of linear logic. The interest of NEL resides in: 1)
its being Turing complete, while the same for MELL is not known, and is
widely conjectured not to be the case; 2) its inclusion of a self-dual,
(Continue reading)


Using 1-to-1 devices in the classroom > Planning - 21 Steps resource

Supporting 1-to-1 Implementation (non-NSSCF)

Having access to a wireless portable computer is a critical way to support learning in schools. The portability and multimedia capabilities of the 1-to-1 device can transform teaching and learning. To make this learning succeed, there are some essentials that can be followed, outlined here as 21 steps.

For each step there is:

  • an overview
  • questions to consider
  • suggestions and links to resources to enable you to answer those questions relevant to your school.
21 Steps:

1 Consider current research
2 Establish the eLearning vision for 1-to-1
3 Engage school council
4 Develop communication strategies
5 Conduct a detailed readiness assessment
6 Develop a project plan
7 Prepare a detailed budget
8 Select a preferred ownership and finance model

9 Ensure teachers are optimising use of devices
10 Professional learning
11 Learning places and spaces
12 Software, tools and online resources
13 Suppliers and $$
14 Calculate the total cost of participation
15 Support documentation
16 Prepare responses to anticipated questions

17 Onsite service structures
18 Conduct parent and community sessions
19 ICT infrastructure and technical support
20 Distribute student devices

21 Review and management


Art Glass

Frank Lloyd Wright sought to break out of the box-like structure of the Victorian house. In his Prairie style homes, he succeeded in blurring the line between interior and exterior spaces by using groups of art glass windows as “light screens.” He wrote in his autobiography, “Now the outside may come inside, and the inside may, and does, go outside.” Wright's windows usually wrap around the entire surface of the house. Their complex geometric patterns are often abstract representations of nature. Composed of pieces of clear and colored glass, the “light screens” enliven the light as it filters in, yet provide privacy to the dweller within the house. The art glass windows in the Robie House are a key part of the design. They are made of polished plate glass (clear), ‘cathedral' glass (colored), and copper-plated zinc cames (metal joints holding the glass in place). The art glass design consists of a geometric pattern, predominantly triangular, featuring multi-colored smaller panes set in the cames. The windows occur throughout the house, and are used to stunning effect on the main level, where the entire south wall consists of paired art glass French doors, which open out onto a balcony. On the ground floor, the less public area of the dwelling, the windows contain only clear glass and came, with a pattern similar to that used in the other windows of the house.

Wright considered light "the beautifier of the building," and glass as an incarnation of light. He wrote in Architectural Record in 1928, “Glass and light—two forms of the same thing.” In the Robie House, they are integral to the building.


When older lacrosse players head home for the holidays or for a visit they often unearth old mementos from their former lacrosse lives.  We’ve seen some photos, apparel and even a helmet so far.  Now we take a short trip back in time to Deerfield, MA where the Eaglebrook Varsity team went 11-0 as a middle school squad playing other middle schools and some high school JV teams.

Not only was our main man, Payu, from the Thailand Lacrosse Association on the team, but so was Pete Striebel, who went on to play at Deerfield and later Princeton.  A number of other players went on to play at D2 and D3 schools in college.  I think Payu actually played LSM or close D back then, instead of his now preferred attack.  Deep down every long pole wants to score.

Eaglebrook Varsity Lacrosse 2000s

Love the stuff from the past!


10 decorative uses for old windows

    Head out to your local flea market, antique shop, or garage sale and you can pick up old windows at a steal. Many people simply don't consider reusing them for other purposes, but there are so many exciting ways to recycle them. By finding other uses for old windows, you can help keep them out of landfills and help the environment. Plus, they look pretty darn good when used for decorative purposes. Here, we've listed 10 of our favorite ways to use old windows.

    The best type windows to use for the ideas we've listed are discarded wood-framed windows. They don't have to have glass attached for them to be useful, either. If needed, sand down the surface and repaint the color of your choice. Then, use the decorative uses for windows we've provided to create a country, rustic, or eclectic feel to your current home décor.

    Mirror - Remove the window and replace it with a large mirror, or use several small ones behind panes. Try painting the frame with a Shabby Chic Paint Technique or an Aged Crackle Finish for a unique look. Then, hang your new mirror on the wall.

    Garden accent - Accent the beauty of an outdoor flower garden with a set of old windows. Place the windows behind a colorful bed of flowers, a showy bush, or a shimmering birdbath to add something unexpected to your outdoor display.

    Pot rack - Create a gorgeous pot rack out of an old window by attaching four large hooks to each corner. Anchor the window to the ceiling with heavy-duty chain and attach additional hooks to hold the pots and pans in place. This is a great idea for either a stained glass window or a plain glass window. For safety reasons, do not place any objects on top of the glass.

    Faux window - Have a windowless basement, garage, or office? Use an old window to brighten things up and give the illusion of a view. Simply remove the glass from the window and replace it with a mirror. Then, hang the window on the wall. Hang a set of pretty curtains above it, or a set of old shutters beside it.

    Garden trellis - All you'll need for this project is the frame of an old window, so you can likely find a discarded one absolutely free. Take the frame and insert it behind a flower box, or directly on the ground in front of a climbing vine or flower.

    Room divider - Attach eye bolts to the top of a large window and suspend from the ceiling. Use it to divide the space of a large room, or as a barrier between an open living room/dining room combination. This will help to define two distinct areas, without closing off the space completely.

    Table - Take a long narrow window and attach four table legs to the bottom. Paint the legs the color of your choice and refinish the frame of the window, if needed. The window will act as a tabletop on this one-of-a-kind piece of furniture. For a coffee table, use short table legs. For a dining room table, use long legs. A short window can be used to create a side table, too.

    Side table - Take a small inexpensive standing shelf or bookcase and turn it into a unique side table by attaching a window to the front with hinges. The window will act as a swinging door, and will look great with any décor.

    Refresh kitchen cabinets - Change the look of your kitchen cabinets by removing the doors and replacing them with old windows. The windows act as cabinet doors, but allow you to attractively display dishware, cocktail glasses, and more.

    Message center - Remove the glass from a discarded window and sand and paint the frame. Insert a blackboard behind the frame, and voila - You've created an instant message center for the kitchen, or for a teen's bedroom. Go a step further and add a few cabinet knobs below the blackboard to hang keys.

    More from Jennifer Wagner:

    12 Decorative uses for ladders

    Fix up flea market finds of any kind

    12 Decorative uses for shutters

    Personal knowledge


Come Visit the California Redwoods  - Victorian Village Inn of Ferndale California - The Perfect Bed and Breakfast Inn for Your Redwood Forest Vacation Discover the Majestic California Redwoods Call us today!
Discover the Majestic California Redwoods
Availability & Bookings Availability & Bookings

The California Redwood Forest

Redwoods grow from Big Sur to the Oregon border, but only on California's Redwood Coast, not far from our Victorian village of Ferndale, these magnificent trees achieve their primeval glory. Here are untouched groves that stagger all of your senses. Make the pilgrimage to the Northern California Redwoods and discover why these are much more than the world's tallest trees. To many, a California redwood forest is truly nature's cathedral; feel the peace and reverence as you pass between the lofty pillars, while high above the sunlight filters through the canopy like a great stained glass window. In the misty silence you just might hear an inner voice.
A short day trip to the California Redwood Forest added to your relaxing stay at the Victorian Inn makes for a wonderful vacation of scenic beauty.

Avenue of the Giants

Just a short 20 miles south of the Victorian Inn, this world-famous scenic drive is a 31-mile portion of old Highway 101, which parallels the main highway with its 51,222 acres of redwood groves. It is by far the most outstanding display of these giant trees in the 500 mile redwood belt and is accessible to all with convenient services provided along the way. The Avenue of the Giants is surrounded by Humboldt Redwoods State Park which has the largest remaining stand of old growth redwoods in the world. Take time to picnic, hike, swim, fish, raft or bike ride in the cool hush of the redwood forest just a few minutes from the Victorian Inn.

Book Your Vacation
to the Redwoods and
discover why
Road & Track authors say….
this may be the most scenic drive on the planet”
Click here for Details

Avenue of the Giants, a short drive from the Victorian InnCoastal Redwoods
Majestic are these redwoods, reaching to the sky and taking our breath away. Driving from your room through the Redwood Region, you'll be transported to a rare and wondrous world of beauty and peace. Visit the State and Federal parks to experience these trees in all their glory.

Standing beside the tallest living thing on the planet, amazing. Now imagine being surrounded in all directions with these giants of nature, indescribable. You just have to experience it for yourself. If you live in the region or are a short drive away, take a break and get rejuvenated with a walk among these friends.

Imagine if trees could talk! Many of these trees are thousands of years old. When we get troubled by the thoughts of current circumstances, a walk in the trees can bring new perspective to our concerns. These trees have been standing prior to current wars, civil wars, stock market crashes, floods and earthquakes. They were here before the explorers first sought and landed on this continent. Before there were kings in Europe ruling, these trees ruled in silence. The concept of something living that long boggles the mind and changes the thoughts of the impossible into possibilities.


Soil Temperature/Moisture Sensor - SHT10

  ID: 1298

Add to Cart:

Technical Details

The sensor is essentially just a Sensiron SHT-10 with the 4 data/power wires brought out so any SHT-1X code for a microcontroller will work. The sensor works with 3 or 5V logic. The 1 meter long cable has four wires: Red = VCC (3-5VDC), Black or Green = Ground, Yellow = Clock, Blue = Data. For Arduino, there's a handy Sensiron library with example. For Propeller, there's an SHT1X sensor object. Don't forget to connect a 10K resistor from the blue Data line to VCC.


Oxygen Storage

Since many cetacean species are required to make deep dives for long periods of time to hunt for food, they must efficiently store large amounts of oxygen. Inflating their lungs with large amounts of air before a dive would be counter-intuitive since they would need to use energy and oxygen to overcome their buoyant lungs. Instead, cetaceans primarily store oxygen in their blood and muscle, where it can be easily accessed when needed during cellular respiration (Marshall 2002). In the blood oxygen binds to hemoglobin and in the muscle it binds to myoglobin.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin are both iron-proteins with an attached heme group. They bind to molecular oxygen, carbon-dioxide and carbon-monoxide and are instrumental in the cardiovascular oxygen transport. When they are saturated with vascular oxygen they are known as oxyhemoglobin and oxymyoglobin. Each protein is more strongly attracted to CO2 than oxygen, so when CO2 begins to accumulate in the blood oxyhemoglobin releases its oxygen to be used metabolically. When both the blood and peripheral tissues are oxygen deprived, the myoglobin in the muscles releases its stored oxygen (King 2005). This is the final metabolic option before anaerobic oxidation begins. Cetaceans must use both oxyhemoglobin and oxymyoglobin during physically-taxing deep dives. Oxygen-saturated hemoglobin gives blood its red color while myoglobin-saturated muscle is characteristically brown.

Photo provided by gimp-savvy.com

Brix et. al conducted a study to test the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in a Lesser Rorqual whale. They looked at the affect of increasing concentrations of CO2 and lactate on the ability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen. The results reveal that like terrestrial mammals, Lesser Rorqual whale hemoglobin becomes less and less attracted to oxygen as CO2 and lactate levels increase (Brix et. al. 1990). We can therefore conclude that cetaceans can be forced to surface and breath either because of intense physical activity that produces lactic acid in the blood and muscles or because of prolonged submergence leading to the depletion of oxygen and the increase of concentrations of CO2.

Porpoises with different behaviors and environments have different volumes of blood and hemocrit per kilogram of body weight. Figure adapted from Ridgway and Johnston 1966.

The ability of a cetacean species to successfully store oxygen may also be affected by its behavior and environment. Ridgway and Johnston (1966) compared the blood volumes and hemoglobin concentrations of three genera of porpoise. They found that the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), the most pelagic and active swimmer, had the highest volume of red blood cells per body weight, while the Montagu porpoise (Tursiops truncates), which lives in shallower waters, had almost half the volume of red blood cells per body weight as the Dall porpoise (Ridway and Johnston 1966). Since the hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells, it comes as no surprise that the Dall porpoise is able to be more active and dive deeper because of its increased ability to store oxygen.

Hot Topics in Animal Physiology Page

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milly the monopoly mogul

We've been playing Junior Monopoly lately and the kids really enjoy it. For the past week someone in the family has been sick and board games are the saviour when we need diversion. Somehow Emily seems to constantly win - not bad considering she is the only player who can't actually count. Sam has fun trying to work out how many different ways he can make $5 using notes of different denominations.The board was taken to Tim and Margaret's last weekend when we went up for Sunday lunch.

wonderful #41

I spent the afternoon working in the library - marking Year 9 work. When I got home Michael was making the icing for this Jubilee Cake. He and the kids had been baking, they were all very pleased with themselves.

doing it for himself

Suddenly there is constant evidence that Sam is growing up in all the nicest ways. I am loving his shift towards independence; that he no longer relies on me to meet all his needs. It's great to be busy, have him ask if he can have something to eat, encourage him to get it for himself and then keep about my business while he sorts himself out. That said - I am still sometimes befuddled that he no longer needs to drag the chair over to see above the kitchen bench, when did he grow that last 20 centimetres?

flights booked

I booked my flights this morning. Five days with Amber (and Russell) in Brisbane during the school holidays. Thoughts of it will keep me going during the coming weeks while I work Monday to Thursday. Heading north in winter will renew me.

little things

I'm working two extra days for the next few weeks and I will miss riding to school with the kids.

at the moment I am...

...watching Glee. Truly hilarious, from Sue Sylvester's lines to Kurt's ultra campness to the feelgood cheesy singing. Even Michael laughs from behind his book.

...eating Navel Oranges. Buying them by the bagful and converting Sam and Milly to their delights.

...listening to Priscilla Ahn on my iPod. I Shazam-ed one of her songs from a movie soundtrack and when I listened to the album on iTunes decided to buy it all. Really lovely.

wonderful #40

Emily wanted glass like her Dad's. Not quite the same but she was pleased with the result.
We found autumn in Queensland! Beautiful Mount Tamborine countryside. Pity about the acres of crafty dross peddled in all the shops.

Plan B

Sam has been particularly horrific since Friday afternoon - cheeky, arguing back, teasing Milly, overtly physical all the time - imagine all the intolerable behaviours of a five year old boy from hell and call him Samuel.

It peaked on Sunday morning when he mercilessly teased Milly then mimicked Michael as he was being told off. His punishment was that he wasn't allowed to go to football, however it was only 8am so we definitely needed a plan B in order to survive the rest of the day:

So, off to the You Yangs National Park for some rock climbing, making a campfire, cooking sausages for hotdogs, toasting marshmallows, a 3 km bushwalk while Mike and Milly waited for us, a bike ride along the road (downhill at 20km/hr) and taking lots and lots of photos.

It worked, we had a great day, Sam quickly returned to his normal, agreeable self; both kids returned home shattered and happy; and we salvaged the tone of the weekend.

autumn jobs

Emily has been helping me propagate and sow; seeds and cuttings from the front garden. Sam's job is to water them. Fingers crossed and we will have some new plants by spring time. At the end of the work we settled on the step with ice-blocks while Sam snapped a family photo.

wonderful #39

Amber sent me a book about paper art, it is lovely and while this bow is hardly an example of how stunning the pieces in it are, I loved making it to stick on the gift for the hosts of the dinner party we went to last week.
Wonderful blue sky day in the middle of May.


Q: I’m training hard and trying to lose some weight in preparation for some Alpine sportives. I’d like to lose a pound a week for the next seven weeks. I currently weigh 12st 12lb and am 6ft tall. I’m currently doing one hard day of intervals alternated with recovery or endurance rides.
Simon Francis, email

To lose fat, but maintain lean tissue and strength, aim to eat at least 2,500-3,000 ‘quality’ calories a day, every day. Try and spread this intake over the course of the day into five or six small meals/snacks. Athletes tend to eat more regularly anyway than non-active individuals, which in many ways helps them to stay lean! Regular eating helps ‘fire up’ the metabolic rate via the ‘thermic’ effect of eating food.

Another key to fat loss is effective blood sugar balancing, which is largely determined by our intake of carbohydrate and protein. Eating too many high glycaemic index (GI) or fast-releasing carbohydrates (white bread, potatoes etc) and not enough protein to ‘counter-balance’ glucose levels and burn fat, can result in a sharp rise in glucose and insulin, and fast conversion of blood glucose to fat — if the glucose is not used for energy.

Lucy-Anne Prideaux


LOS ANGELES -- Microsoft Corp. will make a "major" announcement after the market closes. It's not saying anything about the nature of it.

Speculation has ranged from an unveiling of a new tablet computer that uses low-power chips to a new system that will use an upcoming version of Windows to help people access TV shows and movies across a range of devices.


Go to the 4schools home pageGo to a glossaryGo to a brief timeline of the First World WarGo to a page of links to useful websites
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Home > What was it like to fight in the Battle of the Somme? > What lessons were learned?

What lessons were learned?

The Official View

The infantry officer's view

The artillery officer's view

18 Durham Light Infantry

Details about the Battle of the Somme

Lessons learned from the Somme

Much has been written about the Battle of the Somme and it has long lain at the heart of controversy. To many the Battle of the Somme represents tragedy and futility. According to this analysis, the Somme was a disaster from start to finish in which many innocent lives were lost due to the stupid and reckless behaviour of the 'butchering and blundering' commanders. This popular view, espoused by historians such as A J P Taylor and Alan Clark, went largely unchallenged until other historians such as John Terraine, Paddy Griffith, Gary Sheffield and Peter Simpkins started to publish alternative theories. Although differing in many respects, these historians have argued that the Somme represented an important step forwards in the war and resulted in developments which would ultimately lead to the defeat of Germany.

Photograph showing 142 (Durham) Heavy Battery.

Photograph showing 142 (Durham) Heavy Battery. (DUL ref: Add MSS 1584)

Working together also required a change in tactics as did the circumstances. The Army, faced with thousands of new recruits with no military experience, was forced to standardise training and procedures and placed a greater emphasis on the training of junior officers. Officers were also allowed to take more initiative after the Battle of the Somme. Haig and the other generals accepted that company commanders should be making many tactical divisions and so the platoon rather than the company became the key tactical unit.

Tactical developments were not confined to the infantry. In addition to pioneering the use of the 'creeping barrage', the artillery also started to develop the techniques of 'flash-spotting' (using the flash from the gun muzzles of the enemy to locate enemy positions), sound-ranging (using the sound of the enemy gunfire to calculate their position) and pre-registration (using grid co-ordinates to target the most likely positions for guns). These techniques allowed them to launch bombardments without giving prior warning and proved to be very effective.

All branches of the services also benefitted from the development of effective supply lines. Up to and including the Battle of the Somme, supply lines were set up on an almost ad hoc basis but this system of improvisation was near breaking point. After the Somme, a new system of supply was brought in by Sir Eric Geddes. This was based on predicting where supplies would be needed and making sure that lines were quickly established. Again, this proved very successful.

Photograph showing the signalling section of 4 Highland Light Infantry.

Photograph showing the signalling section of 4 Highland Light Infantry. (DUL ref: Misc Photo Album 2)

The revisionist camp see these advances and developments as being part of the learning curve that the British Army had to embrace during the First World War and particularly during and after the Battle of the Somme. Admittedly progress was not smooth and the ride was bumpy but these historians believe that the lessons learned from the Somme helped the British and her allies to defeat the Germans in 1918.

Aerial photograph of Somme Battlefield.

Aerial photograph showing part of the Somme Battlefield. (DUL ref: Lowe Papers, File B1)

According to the revisionist camp, one of the major achievements of the Somme was that it heralded the start of real co-operation and collaboration between the different arms of the armed forces. The artillery and infantry started to combine their attacks, making great use of the 'creeping barrage'; these two branches were able to work much better because of the reconnaisance work undertaken by the Royal Flying Corps; and much vital work was done by the Engineers and the Signallers. From 1917 the attacks on German defences started to become more successful because of this co-operation.

Details of 'creeping bombardment' to accompany the attack on Gavrelle Trench (DUL ref: Lowe Papers File B2)

The commanders soon realised that many of the failures in the Battle of the Somme were due to breakdowns in communication. It was incredibly hard getting information to and from the front line despite the efforts of the signallers. After the Somme, signallers were told to follow close behind the forward attack laying their lines in a ladder formation so that if one part of the line was broken, messages could still get through. This was a major development. Greater use was also made of intelligence. Aerial reconnaissance photographs proved very useful as did the intelligence reports from the airborne spotters.

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Culture as Location Factor

Thanks to the contemporary art biennial Manifesta 7 and the inter – regional exhibition  in 2009, the cultural context in South Tyrol has been enriched by two unique and international events. Other events  such as TransArt and Merano Music Festival complete the cultural landscape of this region.

In the scientific debate, culture is often seen as an efficient mean to develop the innovation potential. Richard Florida create the expression “creative class” and in his book “The rise of the creative class” (2002) examined the social and economic impact of creativity on regional development.  The European Commission study "The economy of culture in Europe" of October 2006 points out how the culture can bring benefits not only to economic and social development, but also to innovation and cooperation.

In this context, South Tyrol is also facing the interesting question: “do cultural events in the region give a positive boost to art, culture and economy, promoting development and innovation? How is it possible to develop a creative environment and which are the conditions and the background for this?”

The scientific studies already carried out identify cities and the urban environment as the best conditions for cultural innovation and conclude that events constitute important location factors mostly for cities and metropolitan areas. With regard to this specific aspect, the perspective of this EURAC study is new, as it takes in consideration cultural development in a rural – alpine context.

Aim of the research is to explore the importance of art and culture in South Tyrol for innovation and competitiveness in the region. By studying the South Tyrol case, the aim is to understand how it is possible to form a creative environment and which are the necessary conditions for doing that.

Therefore, from the research objectives, the following questions have emerged:

- Can events offer a cultural impulse for art, culture and economy in the Bolzano Province?

- Which are the condition for the birth of a creative environment, that could create innovation through the actors’ network and the cultural, artistic and economic initiatives?

- Which are the general principles to plan and promote a creative environment?

Research: Projects: Project Details


Could you explain to our readers when you decided to become a politician?
It was the Parliamentary elections in 1979 where the National Coalition Party won a landslide victory, but the party was still kept in opposition. I found this very unfair and wanted to find the reasons for this. This is how I became interested in politics and little by little this interest has taken over me.

Did you have strong political beliefs during your youth?
I still have strong political beliefs and a belief in politics.

Was the choice of becoming a “full time politician” difficult to make?
It was not really a decision I made. It all went very naturally, once you show your interest in politics and have ideas of how to develop it, the duties start to flow your direction.

How could you present The National Coalition Party to our readers who don’t know it?
The National Coalition Party is a bourgeois party with long traditions but a modern view of the world around us.

Has The National Coalition Party always been present in the Finnish political life?
The National Coalition Party was founded on December 9, 1918, at a time when Finland’s fromer party division had grown outdated as a result of the independence in 1917. It was one of the very first political parties in Finland and the guiding idea behind the establishment of the party was the achievement of national unity through the promotion of social justice, among other things.

If you had to describe this party with 5 words…
The national coalition party is bourgeois, individualistic, supporter of social market economy,

What are the positive and negative aspects of being a politician?
It is hard to live with the lack of privacy. On the positive note I should say, that playing an active role in the politics really is the only way to make a change in the society.

Do you consider it as a profession or is it more than that?
This is a way of life, not just a profession. It also is a life-long learning experience, one has to build opinions af a variety of matters and drive for what you think is best for your region or your country.

When you became Minister for Foreign Trade and European Affairs in 2002, did you have the feeling that it was the achievement of something?
I felt it was a recognition of my previous work, I had been active in politics for more than 20 years. But there was also an element of surprise in the process.

If you had the possibility to totally change your profession. What would you choose?
I donÂ´t feel like changing anything much, but if I had to, I could see myself working in an international NGO to tackle globalisation.

Why do you think thatÂ  in Europe people become less and less interested in politics?
Life in Europe is secure and stable, most people don’t need an urgent change.

How do you explain the results of Mister Tony Halme during the last Parliamentary elections? Do you think that he was elected for his ideas or for other reasons?
Tony Halme was able to draw to the polls people who don’t usually vote. If he adapts to the parliamentary working habits he will probably lose these radical voters. If he does not adapt, then it will be difficult for him to really make a change of the system.

What are your professional or personal projects for the future?
To participate in drawing my parties future political guidelines. The National Coalition Party will be in the opposition for the near future, but we will not be a quiet opposition.


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Colourful storage canopy

Add extra storage to your nursery or kids' room with this accessible and washable canopy.

You will need:
6 metres of canvas or other heavy, washable material (Measurement may change based on dimensions of your window)
2 spools of thread
2 metre curtain rod, cut into two 1 metre sections
2 finials
4 small hooks
3 metres chain
sewing machine
hand saw

Here's how :

1. Measure the width and height of your window.

2. Cut a length of washable fabric the appropriate length, approximately 20cm off the floor to determine length and 1 metre wide. A heavier fabric, like canvas, is a good choice so the curtain will hold its shape even when the pockets are stuffed with your child's objects.

3. Hem all edges. Then, fold the fabric over and stitch two sleeves for the curtain rods to run through. Be sure the sleeve is wide enough for the finial to fit through, approximately 10cm in circumference.

4. On each side sew horizontal bands of fabric for the pockets. For this project, they created two rows on the front and back of each panel for a total of four rows on each side. You can make the pockets out of a different fabric or keep things simple by using one material for everything. Sew the pocket-bands into place along the left and right edges and bottom only and divide the band up into smaller pockets with vertical stitches. This project features four pockets that are 20cm wide. For a more open pocket, fold 2cm of extra fabric over at each pocket edge - see image right.

5. Hang curtain rods perpendicular to wall at desired height. Install a flat metal bracket to the edge of the curtain rod and used the extra holes in the bracket to attach the rod to the wall. Put a small hook on the outer edge of the curtain rod, facing up and another 50cm" above the curtain rod on the wall. Run the chain between these two hooks to add support for the curtain.

6. Last, hang the curtain rods and enjoy.

home and garden tv


IdeaLearning Group selected to speak at ASTD Cascadia Annual Conference

Tuesday, May 22nd, 2012

Jillian Douglas and Jennie Thede of IdeaLearning Group have been selected to present at the 2012 ASTD Cascadia Conference. Their session is titled Your Brain is Not a Bucket: Learning through Experience.

The brain is not a finite container that you fill up. Instead, the brain is a complex system of dynamic connections that interpret, process, and organize an amazing amount of information. Most of our learning takes place through direct experience as opposed to formal instruction. In this session, we look at the shortcoming of traditional lecture-based training and education through the filter of brain-based learning research. What roles do experience and sensory intake play in learning? How can we implement brain-based learning principles to get back to the basics and create richer, long-lasting learning experiences? This hands-on workshop will inspire you to reframe the way you train using practical brain-based tools and strategies with your learners.


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Afghanistan - Have you Heard of 9/11? (HD) - 9 min 15 sec [10 September 2012]

In the West we take it for granted that everybody knows about the events of September 11th. But is this really the case, especially in some of the places that have been most affected by its consequences?

Amazingly, in Afghanistan, where for ten years a war has been fought with 9/11 as its root cause and justification, not only do many locals claim to be oblivious to 9/11 but it appears that so are the police and even some of the translators working with the US military. "We're farmers, we're just working in our fields. We don't know anything else about the world," they shrug. With high rates of illiteracy, poverty and lack of infrastructure, many Afghans live in what is close to a media vacuum. With American troops set to start withdrawing this year, it appears that they will leave with a huge number of Afghans never having really understood why they came in the first place. For the majority of US soldiers however, it's a different story. "Some of us still have a personal vendetta with the beings that roam here. I still find it very personal."

Adam Pletts

(Ref: 5627)


EL PASO, Texas -

More than $105,000 was raised during the 19th Annual Humane Society Save-a-Life Telethon on KVIA -- and the final number has yet to be tabulated.

Donate online year-round by going to the Humane Society of El Paso's Website or copying and pasting this link: https://hselpaso.org/index.php?option=com_dtdonate&task=pre_paypal&Itemid=11

Why give to the telethon?

Every year the Humane Society of El Paso takes in nearly 2,700 pets. The Humane Society of El Paso works very hard to find each one a new loving home.

Why is your donation so vital?

The Humane Society of El Paso is a non-profit organization. It receives no financial support from the municipal, county, state or federal governmental agencies, nor are we affiliated with any national organizations. The organization is able to do its work because of generous donations from individuals like you, local business sup-port, grants and bequests. If it were not for you the HSEP would not exist.

Where does your donation go?

The Humane Society of El Paso provides quality care and a safe, healthy, temporary shelter for thousands of animals every year. It provides public education regarding responsible pet ownership, low cost humane euthanasia services and we have the only pet crematorium in the city. These are just a few of the many services that the HSEP provides for the community and it is all made possible because of your pledge!

Source: Humane Society of El Paso


Sadhana Pada is the book focused on practice.  And we've been practicing.  As we travel through the second book of the Yoga Sutra we soon learn that the piece we're mostly drawn to; the asana, are nothing without the breath.  Patanjali tells "once you have perfected the pose, then practice the breath."  I don't know about you, but I'm far from perfect as far as my asana practice goes.
Svadhyaya is about the Self.  As we practice asana, we learn about the areas in which we hold back, the places where we push too hard and when we have and lack flexibility.  These are all reflections of how we live our lives.  Our breath and the ability to move our breath, can help us to release, engage and move not only our bodies but our selves.
As you practice your asana and get closer to your own perfection, don't forget to breathe.  Each breath creates space, openness and connection.  Use your breath to discover your Self.
We have reached the end of bliss contemplation and contemplate it we did.  For those of you who are still having a difficult time wrapping your head around how the ocean would not be the ocean without everything in it and at the same time it is not attached to those things (a metaphor of ourselves), we understand.  Patanjali must have also understood.  Book II; Sadhana Pada, gives us guidance from a tangible perspective.  Throughout the next few months we will work our way through the "Portion on Practice."  As we study the Yamas and Niyamas, Kleshas and Asana, we hope to guide you into deepening your practice and bringing it beyond the physical.

Lake Tahoe Yoga Blog


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Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان) (July 23, 645 - 683) was the second Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty and ruled for 3 years from 680CE until his death in 683 CE. His mother Maysun was Jewish. His reign is marked by two major revolts. One of Hussein ibn Ali and the other known as Ibn al-Zubair's revolt. He is also notable as an object of Shia Muslim animosity; they reject his legitimacy and condemn his role in the Battle of Karbala which resulted in the death of Hussein ibn Ali and the greater Sunni-Shia schism.

Yazid was an important general and naval commander in his father's Syrian army. As early as 668 the Caliph Muawiyah I sent an army under his son Yazid against the Byzantine Empire. Yazid reached as far as Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion. Although the city was quickly recovered, the Arabs next attacked Carthage and Sicily in 669. In 670 the Arabs captured Cyzicus and set up a base from which to launch further attacks into the heart of the Empire. Yazid’s fleet captured Smyrna and other coastal cities in 672.


Denae Quijas

Trying to pinpoint relevant details regarding Denae Quijas? If this is the case, you have come to the right place because USA People Search specializes in offering data such as address, phone number, and email for people like Denae Quijas. Also, with the vast amount of information we provide about people with the last name Quijas, we are sure that you will uncover the right person.

If you do not stumble upon the Denae you are looking for, try to locate it again with the assistance of the search box above. A different spelling variation might be beneficial, but also make sure to type in the full name, if you know it. Once you locate the exact Denae Quijas, proceed to the details page to see all the details we provide.

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Valence electron

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In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons contained in the outermost, or valence, electron shell of an atom. Valence electrons are important in determining how an element reacts chemically with other elements: The fewer valence electrons an atom holds, the less stable it becomes and the more likely it is to react.

The number of valence electrons

Valence Electrons
Helium atom (not to scale)
Helium atom model
This helium (He) model displays two valence electrons
located in its outermost energy level.
Helium is a member of the noble gases and contains
two protons, neutrons, and electrons.

The number of valence electrons of an element is determined by its periodic table group (vertical column) in which the sup element is categorized. With the exception of groups 3–12 (transition metals), the number within the unit's place identifies how many valence electrons are contained within the elements listed under that particular column.

Periodic table group Valence electrons
Group 1 (I) (alkali metals) 1
Group 2 (II) (alkaline earth metals) 2
Groups 3-12 (transition metals) 1 or 2*
Group 13 (III) (boron group) 3
Group 14 (IV) (carbon group) 4
Group 15 (V) (nitrogen group) 5
Group 16 (VI) (chalcogens) 6
Group 17 (VII) (halogens) 7

* The count of valence electrons is not generally useful for transition metals.

** Except for helium, which has only two valence electrons.

Valence electrons in chemical reactions

Main article: Valence (chemistry)

The number of electrons in an atom's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior. Therefore, elements with the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements. As a general rule, the fewer electrons in an atom's valence shell, the more reactive it is. Group 1 alkali metals are therefore very reactive, with lithium, sodium, and potassium being the most reactive of all metals.

The valence electrons are also responsible for determining the electrical conductivity nature of an element.

External links

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Nature is all around in its glory and the impressive views of mountains and volcanos. Tourists are welcome and embraced with the love Salvadorean are known for. Stay within the tourist limits. If you plan to venture out take a local guide with you. Modernization is in progress and it can be seen with the new infrastructure. The capital San Salvador is glorious with modern shopping center, night clubs (sona rosa)and restaurants from Argentina, Japan, and all your favorite American fast food restaurants.


U.S-China talk nuclear issues

The National Nuclear Security Administration's Anne Harrington recently co-chaired the 7th Joint Coordinating Committee meeting of the 1998 U.S.-China Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Technology (PUNT) Agreement. Hao Weiping, Deputy Director General of the Electric Power Department of the China National Energy Administration, was the other co-chair at the April 9-12 meeting in Washington, D.C.

According to info released by the NNSA, both countries reviewed progress made under each of the five PUNT working groups: (1) Nuclear Energy Technologies; (2) Safeguards and Security; (3) Environment and Waste Management; (4) Nuclear Emergency Management; and (5) Radiological Source Security.

They also explored next steps on technical collaborations in nuclear safety and security, NNSA said. Multiple agencies from each of the countries participated in the meeting.

In a statement, Harrington said, "Our PUNT activities represent longstanding cooperation between the United States and China to advance peaceful uses of nuclear technology. As nuclear power expands around the world, the United States and China share an interest in ensuring this growth is carried out responsibly."

Hao's statement said, "China and the United States recognize the significant benefits of using nuclear power and actively support the development of civil nuclear applications without compromising nuclear safety, security, and nonproliferation objectives."

About this blog


a night without Perseus

i went the other way this time. a longer but scenic route; a two lane where passing is dangerous and oncoming cars frequently leave their lanes. the curves too hard to hold. the sun was low in the south barely cresting the tree line making long shadows across the road. the flickering light put me into an altered state as i travelled through what was to be the last of blue sky.

i passed a country house which featured a strange fruit of corvidae hanging from the branches by their frozen feet. feathered black drooping as only death does. perhaps the spirit crows shape-shifted into other forms.

hopefully to revisit these woefully ignorant lynchers with their supernatural medicine. the eyes that function as doorways to unknowable mysteries might draw from their trickster's tool bag to play havoc on that house this spring ; or so it goes in my karmic fantasy.

the black vultures roosting in the fire tower on 129 had no adversaries and their numbers impressed. i would never have noticed them in the green season but now that the world is spare they were startling silhouettes.
next came the apple house with the petting zoo that now contained concrete goats,sheep and pigs. the apple house was closed as well -odd for a friday in barely post-apple season. it should have been filled with tourists buying butters and cider, old timey hard candies and country trinkets.

on the final eleven miles to the west, the cohuttas appeared ultramarine like a blue whale had laid down on the horizon. the blue skies were behind me and ahead a heavy blanket of dull white with no hope of snow. my driveway appeared barren now that the trees had shed all their fall glory. the american flag cattle gate had rusted like a fall leaf and seemed a fitting metaphor for the nation in this moment and it let out a mournful song as it swung open. dropping below the road i rolled in slowly in case any animals were at the feeder. that would be the last chance i would have to see them because the hound, Trout, will have it creature free within 15 minutes after arrival.

tapping my loblolly of survival resources i made a meal of black beans and yellow rice and pistachio almond ice cream. i had one black tea bag left and 2 hot chocolates. the game is to stay the weekend without going out for groceries. there were frozen lima beans, eggo waffles, apple sauce, expired apple juice, a packet of tuna, and some frozen spaghetti sauce. in the cabinets was a mish mash of soups and canned vegetables, a box of mac and cheese and a box of vermicelli. all set then. looking for something to watch as i dined but avoiding all news, i happened upon the opening scenes of "the shining", quite possibly the most elegant horror film of all time. i marveled as i have many times at the lush cinematography the magic way movement is recorded and how tension is built through imagery.

we walked the perimeter and noted the limbs that had fallen, any changes along the creek side. the rhododendron was heavy from cold with only the tight buds for next summers blooms standing upright. a chickadee stood on a little mud-flat to drink and flew away as we approached. there weren't as many birds as usual - the feeder was empty though i filled it when i was last here. but its been almost a month. too long.

it was freezing cold. less than 30 and dropping in the twighlight. if it the sky was clear i would wait for the first star - most likely not a star at all, but venus and then jupiter. my planet. and my sky of sagittarius. it has been shining so brightly this winter.

if it was a clear night i would build a fire and stay out with perseus; i would be safe in his company as he holds the head of medusa in his hands. i remember this very scene on the side of a greek vase having shown it to my art students last summer. when i have guests to chickory i love to show them the double cluster, a mini milky way found near perseus. when the cabin was burglarized the telescope was taken - probably rolled up the the fabulously warm pine green cashmere blanket my mother had given me for a gift years ago. nights at the cabin have been much colder without it.

Trout's nose twitches and she is off on a hunt across the creek. i watch her climb the hill on the other side until she disappears over the ridge. i wont call. she wont come. until she is ready. i found a few larger limbs that were great for a fire but too long. i fit them into the vise of a double trunked tree and pushed until i felt the satisfying snap - the bright white dry wood inside revealed in a jagged end. i spent the very last of the light taking the limbs to the fire pit.

the chicks were waiting for me at the door. i took them up into my arms and cradled them above the propane heater until the shivering stopped and put them in their kitchen basket. i offered them some yellow rice and smashed bean, corn and a piece of chocolate chip cookie. the cabin is warm in this room but in the bedrooms very cold. i prep my bed as Trout pushes the door open and barks for dinner. I watch a little telly and then fire up my laptop to find an archived podcast. this one is on the codex alimentium: the control of food. it should be good and spooky for this winters eve. under the covers but still dressed in shirt layers, flannel pants, and socks. any part of my body exposed is cold. I cant count on Trout for warmth, she likes the chair by the fire. when i wake up it is 12:30 and the podcast has ended. before i fall asleep again i hear a dog barking far away and take comfort that at least on this night, that dog isn't my own.


Karl Marx and Henry George

W.H. Kaufman

[Reprinted from the Single Tax Review, March-April 1916]

Marx and George criticised each other. Each held the other to be superficial and unsound.

The feud started with such vigor by the Prophets has been sedulously kept alive by their disciples. Of late, however, circumstances have been forcing more amicable relations between these two great divisions of the "Army of To-morrow."

For a time Single Tax seemed in danger of degenerating from a religion to a creed while Socialism had degenerated from a crusade to a debating society. Single Taxers became too opportunist, calling every slight reform "Single Tax," while many Socialists seemed to care less about real progress than about academic definitions.

The sole object of this series of papers is to reestablish both Single Tax and Socialism on the "Gospel according to St. Marx and St. George" - for, as I will show, the philosophies of Marx and of George agree as completely as though they had collaborated in the same room.

Marx and George agreed in ideas: they disagreed only in the use of words.

I know that, at the outset, both Socialists and Single Taxers will think me Quixotic; but I also know that in the end all will agree with me.

Marx and George each used common words in most uncommon senses: each assumed that the other used words in his peculiar sense: hence each had, as he thought, good reason for esteeming the other a near-fool.

Before we can intelligently compare the teachings of the two prophets we must get the "patois" of each. To some this word-study will be tedious and uninteresting, but it is absolutely necessary and so we will get through with it at once.

Land - This is the only important word which Marx and George use in the same sense-but both use it in a most uncommon sense.

By land men commonly mean the solid earth as distinguished from water; or agricultural land; or farms as they now are ditched, fenced, cleared, under irrigation, etc.

Far be it from our twin iconoclasts to bow to custom.

By land Marx and George mean air, water, wild horses, virgin forests, fish swimming in far off oceans, coal, oil and iron!

Ordinary people would call all these things "natural resources;" but Marx and George agree in defying common usage by calling them "land."

As a matter of fact, by land Marx and George do not commonly mean the natural resources themselves, but rather "the community-made values of natural resources." Hence, in order to be understood, when I quote from Marx or George I will put natural resources or the community-made value of natural resources in place of the misleading word land.

Capital - By capital we commonly mean "wealth used in the production of wealth."

Not so with our two prophets!

By capital George means only labor-made things as are used in the production of wealth; excluding all natural resources and also excluding men (slaves). With George capital means machinery, food, clothing, semi-finished labor products, hand-made things used in the production of wealth. Most men in speaking of the capital invested in an enterprise would include the price of the land in the factory site along with the money invested in the building, in raw material, etc. To this Georgian idea of capital Marx applies the word "commodities"- a fairly correct use of the word.

But if George's use of capital is confusing, Marx' use of the same word fairly makes one dizzy.

Marx says

III-948: "Capital signifies the means of production monopolized by a part of society;" that is, capital means private monopoly.

1-840: "We know that the means of production and subsistence, while they remain the property of the immediate producer are not capital. They become capital only under circumstances in which they serve at the same time as means of exploitation and subjection of the laborer;" that is, they become capital only when they become a private monopoly.

III-207: "Let us assume that the laborers themselves are in possession of their respective means of production, and exchange their commodities with one another. In that case these commodities would not be products of capital; that is, as there was no "private monopoly" so there would be no capital.

Time after time Marx defines capital as the "privately monopolized means of production;" or for short, private monopoly.

Hence, in the Marxian sense, there can never be public capital for those two words would mean public private monopoly.

When Marx proposes to "abolish all capital" he means simply to abolish all private monopolies. "Capitalistic production" means merely production under or controlled by private monopoly.

Capitalism means merely that condition of society where private monopoly is in the saddle.

Marx' great work "Das Kapital" can be translated into English only by the title private monopoly.

George limits capital to commodities (whether monopolized or not); but Marx limits capital to private monopoly, whether of commodities or of natural resources.

Marx' and George's ideas are as much alike as two peas from the same pod-their words alone are confusion.

Show George a fish, swimming in a lake and ask him whether the fish is land or capital, and to save his life he could not answer until you had first told him whether it was a "wild" fish or one "hand fed."

Show Marx the same fish and ask him whether it is capital and to save his life he cannot answer you until he has learned whether the fish forms part of a private monopoly!

Marx' commodities means exactly the same as George's capital. But capital in the Marxian sense means merely private monopoly.

George never had the faintest idea what Marxian socialism was. Using words in a special sense himself, he assumed that Marx used words in the same sense. So interpreted Marx' writings would be utterly senseless. George therefore hastily concluded that Marx was a near-fool.

I quote from "The Labor Question," an abridgement of "The Condition of Labor," Will Atkinson, Seattle, Wash.

IV: "Socialists do not seek the abolition of all private property... .What the Socialists seek is the State assumption of capital" (George thought commodities but Marx' idea was private monopoly in which they vaguely and erroneously include land."

This is a mere jumble of inaccuracies. Marx sought the abolition of all private monopoly, but manifestly the State cannot have any capital, that is the State cannot have a private monopoly; when the State takes charge, it at once becomes a public monopoly. George thought Marx vague in his use of land as capital; but Marx is most explicit. Where land is free; where land has no community-made value and so is not a private monopoly, it is not capital; as in a very new farming community. Ordinarily land is a private monopoly, and therefore is capital. As to its being erroneous for Marx to call land capital - if we go by either the dictionary or by common usage land is capital; George being erroneous and Marx right.

However, the essential thing is that in all these ideas Marx and George agree perfectly, only in words do they disagree.

"But it seems to us the vice of Socialism in all its degrees is its want of radicalism, of going to the root."

As I will soon show, Marx taught the full Georgian Single Tax a generation before the publication of "Progress and Poverty;" gave a definition of Single Tax that has never since been equalled for accuracy and conciseness; and also, in some minor matters, Marx is even more radical and consistent than is George himself.

"It (Socialism) assumes that the tendency of wages to a minimum is the natural law;" whereas Marx says scores of times that only under private monopoly (capital) are wages less than the full product of the laborers' efforts.

"This superficiality and this tendency may be seen in all the phases of Socialism. Take, for instance, Protectionism. (But every Socialist is a free trader).... "Take Trades Unionism." (But do not Socialists and Trades Unionists fight year in and year out)?

"Jumping to conclusions without effort to discover causes, it (Socialism) fails to see that oppression does not come from capital (by which Marx means private monopoly). But from the wrong that robs labor of capital (that is, robs labor of private monopoly)! George never understood Marx.

"It fails to see that it would be impossible for capital (private monopoly) to oppress labor were labor free to the natural material of production"-But Marx says again and again that where land is free or very cheap there can be no oppression of the wage worker; that the monopolization of land is the first step toward monopolistic production; that wages are what they ought to be whenever land is free or very cheap.

"We have no fear of capital," says George, attacking the Socialists. But to attack anything except a man of straw, George would have to say: - "We have no fear of private monopoly," for that is what Marx means by capital.

"In its idea there devolves on the State the necessity of intelligently organizing the industrial relations of men; the construction, as it were, of a great machine whose complicated parts shall properly work together under the direction of human intelligence. This is the reason why Socialism tends to Atheism."

Fudge! What a pity George never took the pains to understand Marx - who in the misuse of words transgressed only a shade more than did George himself!

Throughout IV George makes so many mistakes that out of sincere respect for the great work he did and the great inspiration he has been to me, I have been trying for some time to have IV expurgated from the "The Labor Question." Personally it does not offend me, for I see precisely how George came to make these tremendous errors; attributing to Marx the same use (or misuse) of words that characterized George's own writings: but a Marxian scholar, on reading "The Labor Question," would naturally think George either utterly dishonest or a near-fool.

As Marx and George agree perfectly in their attack on private monopoly, special privilege and all related forms of graft; differing only in the choice of words, there seems to be no good reason why we, their disciples (and a rapidly increasing number of us gladly recognizing ourselves as disciples of both Marx and George) there seems to be no good reason why we, their disciples, should not stand shoulder to shoulder in the battle for economic democracy. Hereafter in these articles capital will be a word "taboo."

When I mean commodities I will say commodities. When I mean private monopoly I will say private monopoly.

Marx' great work "Das Kapital" will be referred to as Marx' work on private monopoly - the only English phrase that expresses Marx' idea.

Sometime we will have a new translation of this same private monopoly - a translation that the man in the street can understand.

Value Marx defines as the average socially necessary labor time required to produce an article. If it takes four hours average time to produce a bushel of wheat, and the cost of a worker's time be 25 cts. per hour, then the value of a bushel of wheat is $1.

Value and price fluctuate from time to time, but average the same where there is no private monopoly. When price regularly exceeds value, there must necessarily be a monopoly charge (which is what Marx calls profit). Surplus value is the excess of price above wages paid; while profit is the same thing viewed from the standpoint of the employer. In other words, George's "Unearned Increment" is one form of Marx' "Surplus Value."

Unearned increment is not caused merely by the presence of people: but by the presence of people who have worked and so have the wherewith to spend.

The ground value of a business block is created by labor just as certainly as is the value of a bushel of wheat.

Many Socialists regard Marx' surplus value as his chief contribution to economic science, yet it is identical with George's unearned increment, save that Marx' applies it both to land and commodities, whereas George applies it only to land.

At bottom both Marx' surplus value and George's unearned increment are based on the idea made effective in the labor lien.

Let us make this plain even to the school boy.

Suppose my good friend, Dr. Post, brings to my farm a colt, asking me how much I will charge to care for it for three years till it becomes a horse. We agree on $50 a year; $150 for the three years.

Just before the three years are up, Dr. Post brings Victor Berger to the farm, shows him the colt, and sells it to Berger for $200 - never mentioning my unpaid labor claim.

When the three years are expired, Berger comes out, puts a halter on the colt and starts for the gate.

I put my back against the gate and tell Berger that he can't take the horse away until I get my $150.

B.-But I have a bill of sale from Post.

K.-That makes no difference at all to me. I don't know where Post is. I hold the colt until I get my $150.

B.-But you have no claim on me. I never made any contract with you. It's my horse, isn't it?

K.-Sure, it's your horse.

B.-Well,' if it is my horse, can't I take my own horse home?

K.-When you've paid the bill. If you take a horse to be shod, it's your horse all right; but you can't take it out of the shop until you pay for the shoeing.

B.-But what am I to do about the $200 I paid for the horse?

K.-That is none of my business-I didn't advise you to pay it.

B.-Then you mean to confiscate my horse?

K.-Not at all. I am merely trying to keep you from confiscating my pasture bill.

Years ago Congress (that is the corporation attorneys in Congress) gave to the Northern Pacific millions of acres of Washington timber lands. That was the colt.

We, the people, have cared for that timber land until now it has become a horse.

Whatever the Northern Pacific, Mr. Weyerhaeuser or other holders have added to the value of that timber is fairly theirs. But the values added by us constitute a valid labor lien, and there seems to be no reason under heaven why, by initiative measure, we should not so declare, and instruct our State attorney general to at once proceed to collect our labor lien.

Practically the entire stumpage of the 294,600,000,000 feet of privately owned timber in the State of Washington!

Marx was an economist. George was a prophet.

Marx is more exhaustively accurate: George more luminous and popular in style.

At the bottom they agree.

Both make this robbery ("surplus value" or "unearned increment") depend on privately monopolized natural resources!

Both agree that machinery (progress) enables men to create more surplus value (unearned increment).

Both agree that this surplus value (unearned increment) is mainly absorbed by land.

Marx tells with great glee of a Mr. Peel who took 3,000 people and $250,000 in commodities to Swan river, West Australia, intending to establish a manufacturing village similar to those of England. But the unfortunate Mr. Peel did not have foresight enough to have the land made a private monopoly and so on the morning following his landing, every man, woman and child fled to take up homes on the free land, and the owner of all the machinery, food and other supplies "had not a servant to make his bed or to fetch his water from the river."

Has George anything better than that?

Marx, like George, directs the wage worker against the monopolist - not against the non-monopolist employer. Between St. Marx and St. George there is a far less divergence than between St. Matthew and St. Luke.

I challenge any Socialist to bring forward any quotations from Marx concerning natural resources (land) that I cannot duplicate from George: and I also challenge any Single Taxer to bring forward any quotations concerning natural resources (land) from George that I cannot duplicate from Marx.

In 1847, thirty-one years before the publication of "Progress and Poverty," Marx and Engles were directed to draw up a statement of principles and also a practical programme that would express the attitude of the Internationals.

Of the sixteen distinct steps or planks therein enumerated the very first one was:-

"1. Abolition of private ownership of natural resources: application of all rents of natural resources to public purposes"-which is an excellent statement of Single Tax."

As I will show, Marx makes land monopoly the chief cause of most of our economic ills: such as Unemployment, Low Wages, Rural Depopulation,. Congestion in City Slums and The High Cost of Living.

Marx took Single Tax to mean merely getting all taxes from land owners (but not heavy enough to abolish speculation and private monopoly) and so his criticisms of Single Tax are as superficial and foolish as are George's criticisms of Socialism.

But if we define Single Tax as a means whereby every citizen is assured an equal interest in all the community-made values of all natural resources - as Marx himself states it, "The application of all rents from all natural resources to public purposes" - Why then Single Tax is the very heart of Marxian Socialism.

George says: - "We would simply take for the community what belongs to the community, the value that attaches to land by the growth of the community; leave sacredly to the individual all that belongs to the individual; and treating necessary monopolies as functions of the State...."

As a Marxian Socialist I readily subscribe to this statement by George, but would add Marx' provision that a majority should be able, at any time, to operate collectively even a non-monopolistic enterprise - as, for instance, war munition manufacture; which although not necessarily a monopoly is a very dangerous thing in private hands; leading to agitation for preparedness.

To say that nothing but necessary monopolies are to be operated by the people collectively -this assumes omniscience as to the future. A city's milk supply may possibly be best distributed collectively.

I do not say that it must be best; merely that it may, sometimes, be best; furnishing cheaper and purer milk.

Manifestly George erred in limiting public management to "necessary monopolies."

Aside from this slip, George and Marx agree perfectly.

*See note under Publisher's Notes.


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/1214

Title: Environmental pollution detection and bioremediation by marine bacteria
Authors: Ramaiah, N.
De, J.
Iyer, S.R.
Citation: Recent advances in environmental science, ed. by: Hiremath, K.G. 376-398p.
Issue Date: 2003
Publisher: Discovery Publishing House
Abstract: Microorganisms, in particular bacteria, play far more important ecological roles in natural environments than their small sizes would suggest. The environment for bacteria is everything that surrounds and sustains them including air, plant, animal surfaces and interiors, soil, water and even the micrometer sized organic particles. Thus, from an ecological perspective, bacteria are integral parts of the organismis communities that interact variously with each other and between other, higher and lower forms of life. These interactions in any ecosystem are of greater significance both in terms of ecological dynamics and stability. Some microbes are autotrophic, capable of generating new organic matter. However, most microbes, in particular bacteria, are heterotrophic. Heterotrophic bacteria are largely responsible for biodegradation and recycling of organic matter. Thus, they are intimately involved in biogeochemical reaction of the key elements of living systems viz. C, H, N, S, P, O in addition to a few trace elements. In simple terms, biogeochemical reactions are all those changes and element undergoes in its oxidation state as it moves through an ecosystem, in and out of organisms. Microbiology is a many faceted science. Its understanding is essential for a better appreciation of ecological and technological events to which microbes are intimately linked. Efficient and economically beneficial industrial applications of microbes have been possible by understanding the basic ecology, physiology, biology and biochemistry of microbes. The results of these studies on the usefulness of marine luminous bacteria in marine pollution pre-screening, the direct viable counts of bacteria in sensing marine environmental pollution stress are reported.
Document type: Book Chapter
Copyright: Copyright [2003]. It is tried to respect the rights of the copyright holders to the best of the knowledge. If it is brought to our notice that the rights are violated then the item would be withdrawn.
URI: http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/1214
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Sweet and Smokey Rotisserie Grilled Chicken

Recipes »  Main Dish  »  Poultry - Chicken

Can you say moist? Flavorful? Easy?

Cuisine: AmericanMain Ingredient: Chicken

7 people want to try | 4 have favorited

Ready in 2 hours, 15 minutes
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Original recipe makes 4
4 lbswhole chicken; (up to 6 lbs)
0.5 cupextra virgin olive oil
2 tablespoonsorange blossom honey
2 tablespoonsorange juice; preferably freshly squeezed
0.5 tspsmokey paprika
0.5 tspgarlic salt
0.25 teaspoonfresh black pepper

Sweet and Smokey Rotisserie Grilled Chicken Preparation

Thoroughly wash and pat dry the chicken and gizzards and set aside. Combine remaining ingredients in a small saucepan, until smooth. Brush inside of chicken with mixture, add gizzards, attached to rotisserie, and tie up drumsticks and wings.

Cook on indirect heat on a 300º - 350º gas grill until temperature is 175º with a thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the thigh (over the drumstick) and the juices run clear. Take it off the barbie and let it rest, covered in aluminum foil.

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Calories Per Serving: 1206
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Sweet and Smokey Rotisserie Grilled Chicken Reviews

NOTE: You can make excellent gravy if you prepare a dripping pan correctly - find an aluminum pan to fit under your chicken and add water to the bottom of the pan. NOW cover it with aluminum foil. This will keep the drippings from sticking to the pan, and will keep them liquified, so you can make gravy. NOTE: 20 - 30 min per pound is average. [I posted this recipe.]
3 years, 9 months, 8 hours, 16 minutes ago

  1. Chicken
  2. Grill
  3. Budget
  4. Excellent Flavor
  5. Moist
  6. Summer

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