Autism: Putting Together the Pieces One Puzzle at a Time

autism puzzleDid you know ….

that ‘autism’ is not a true disease, nor a specific disorder? It is simply a label for certain observed physical and psychological symptoms that don’t seem to fit any other box.

The label may provide some sort of psychological relief to the parents (that it is not something ‘more serious’), but often does the contrary, generating stress, as it seems to enlighten without providing any real form of resolution. Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders are labels that essentially describe a general difficulty in interacting with the outside world and a certain withdrawal into one’s own world. There are as many variations as there are individuals with the label, and the label does nothing to tell you the underlying causes. We seem to live in a world of alphabet soup labels for children – ADD, OCD, ODD, PDD, PDD-NOS, and the list goes on. If we add it all up, with a 1 in 30 incidence of ASD, and a 1 in 10 incidence of ADD  (the most commonly ‘diagnosed’ condition) in North iStock_000004312584Large1America, not to mention all the others, it seems that we are getting close to having somewhere near 1 in 5 children labelled with some form of behavioural, learning or social disorder.

The problem is that these labels lack specificity and different professionals will come to different conclusions as to whether a given label fits or not. Allopathic diagnosis is notoriously difficult in general . When it comes to psychological issues, the capacity to ‘get it right’ becomes even more problematic, as the definitions for each ‘disorder’ is quite general and open-ended. It is a bit like having certain symptoms and then going on-line to find out what they mean only to discover that it could be one of several dozen conditions. Even professionals are not much better at narrowing the uncertainty. In one case we had, the mother felt that her son had ‘recovered’ from autism, but the professional making the ‘diagnosis’ in the first place disagreed. She even went to a different profession, but he concurred that the child was still autistic. I suggested that many professionals suffer from a certain prejudice in what they see based on past labels, and are reluctant to go against them. She then travelled to another city, presented herself and son to a new professional in the field, but this time did not disclose anything about her son, and simply asked for an evaluation. This time, the professional concluded that her son was not autistic – he had some learning issues, but then, said the professional, so did most children in one form or another, himself included!

For Heilkunst, autism itself is not real, but what is real are the various issues, physical or behavioural, that each child may have. What is also real are the underlying causes for these issues. The key is to set up a systematic approach that can get at the complex of causes at many levels in each case. In some cases, vaccinations play a role, in others birth traumas or drugs, emotional shocks, and various inherited weaknesses (some genetic, but most epi-genetic). For most cases, particularly the difficult ones, and the so-called ‘non-responders’, we have to consider all these factors.

Many approaches claim some success in certain cases of autism, such as where the cause is purely a gut dysbiosis, or an overload of toxins. Here therapies aimed at these issues can have a significant effect. But what works for one case, doesn’t work for many, indeed, most others. A one-size fits all approach doesn’t work when the problem is complex. The best approach is one that offers a method for working at a long-term resolution of each individual case based on an assessment of its own particular complex of causes. This method must also be able to distinguish between effects (such as gut inflammation) and cause (such as vaccine shock triggering the gut inflammation). Treating for effects can provide some degree of relief of symptoms (palliation), but generally does not result in fundamental change.

Heilkunst is not a magic solution or quick fix but is an effective system for approaching the complexity of causes of each case and getting consistent results. And yes, it can take time, and even quite some time in the more difficult cases but most would say that it was time well spent.

If you have any questions please contact the Clinic for further assistance at
If you would like more information regarding Heilkunst and our approach to treatment you can look at the following resources:

It’s a SAD World, but It Doesn’t Have to Be.

Did you know…

that there is a cure for SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)?

Yes, you heard right. The sad thing about SAD is that it affects a lot of people, and comes up in February, creating a lot of disorder on and around Valentine’s Day. It’s no surprise that chocolates are one of the favourite gifts at Valentine’s as certain components of chocolate (the real stuff, not the pretend chocolate) help to alleviate the symptoms of SAD. But while chocolate may help, it can’t cure the underlying cause, which in Heilkunst, is often linked to another of the chronic disease archetypes we bring into this world with us, called Ringworm.

In Ringworm the state of mind is “wants to but can’t”. People suffering from the Ringworm chronic miasm would feel caught in things–that they couldn’t do what they want to do. Even just the thought of doing something immediately seems to bring itself down. They feel they can never meet the expectation of family, friends and society. They have strong dependence on someone they trust and they are very loyal. But then they depend on their loved ones to function. They feel trapped. This is the ‘February blah’s’ or seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Even the bowel movement shows the characteristic. It is bashful: wants to but recedes. They procrastinate and can never finish something. They are comfortable staying at home. Physically this is the misnamed “seasonal disorder” syndrome. It is a progression from the untreated chronic miasm Tuberculosis. It is caught in the incredible inertia of the winter month of February.

Classically, ringworm is well known as a skin problem. The skin lesion, which is fungal (people sometimes think it is a parasitic worm), is usually circular (but not always) and can be itchy. It used to be quite common in children and produces a characteristic eruption, a  round patch of reddish/purplish raised, rough skin that looks like it has worms in it. Ringworm as the skin problem has become rare in our days but continues nonetheless in the more suppressed form.

Acute ringworm skin problem can be treated acutely in various ways, drug and herbal related, including the simple use of apple cider vinegar, and, of course, using homeopathic medicines. But, the chronic form is less easily recognized and even less readily treated other than in Heilkunst.

Chronic ringworm can also manifest as a skin condition (not generally itchy), but more likely in psychological terms, such as a certain angry irritability that comes from the underlying keynote of ringworm, which is “wants to and can’t”. This means that the person is motivated to do something, but then loses all energy/motivation to carry out the wish, creating an internal frustration, but also a certain feeling of negativity that makes them feel and look depressed. It can involve constipation, lack of energy, and digestive issues as well (hunger, but difficulty digesting what is eaten).

If you feel trapped and irritable especially around Valentine’s Day, chances are you might be suffering from this chronic disease pattern. Don’t want to be SAD any more? Consider getting rid of SAD, and getting Heilkunst treatment. And if you still want the chocolates, that remains an option. Valentine’s Day is not as far away as you think. There’s still time to take action!

Can Heilkunst Help for … (Fill in the blank)?

This week we interrupt our regularly scheduled program for a special announcement.

We often get asked for specific information about the treatment through Heilkunst of X, Y or Z, whether arthritis, diabetes, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue or any of the various conventionally named conditions.

The answer is the same for all of them. These are almost always a name created to describe the obvious, common symptoms or signs in certain patients. For example, arthritis simply means an inflammation of the joints, and colitis means an inflammation of the colon. These names come from mostly Greek and sometimes Latin roots, so they sound more impressive than they are. Lets take another, fibroymyalgia. The term comes from three Latin and  Greek terms meaning pain in the muscle and connective tissue.

Wikipedia: The term “fibromyalgia” derives from new Latin, fibro-, meaning “fibrous tissues”, Greek myo-, “muscle”, and Greek algos-, “pain”; thus the term literally means means “muscle and connective tissue pain”.

Now, the patient already knows he/she has pain. The so-called diagnosis simply now tells the patient that the pain is in the muscles and connective tissue, but does not tell him or her the cause. Indeed, as Wikipedia states, and this is true for most if not all such conditions named by conventional medicine, the cause is unknown and is suspected to be multiple.

Wikipedia: Its exact cause is unknown but is believed to involve psychological, genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors.

Thus, in the face of an unknown, multiple causation, conventional treatment focusses on suppressing the overt symptoms, leaving the cause(s) untouched. Treating for the symptoms themselves is also complex, as they vary from patient to patient, meaning that the ‘diagnosis’ is very general and not specific to an individual patient.

Wikipedia: Fibromyalgia symptoms are not restricted to pain, leading to the use of the alternative term fibromyalgia syndrome for the condition. Other symptoms include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance and joint stiffness.  Some patients also report difficulty with swallowing, bowel and bladder abnormalities, numbness and tingling, and cognitive disfunction. Fibromyalgia is frequently comorbid with psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety and stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Not all fibromyalgia patients experience all associated symptoms.

While any relief to sufferers from symptomatic treatment is understandably welcome, it is usually partial, temporary and often comes with so-called side-effects (really drug induced disease effects or iatrogenic disease). Any treatment tends to be haphazard and random depending on the training and expertise of the practitioner. The old adage is that if all one has is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.

Heilkunst is not able to treat everything, as life is too complex for that, but it does have a systematic, comprehensive approach to various conditions people are suffering from, such as fibromyalgia (or any other condition one wishes to name) that involves regimenal factors (diet, nutrition, exercise, lifestyle, etc), underlying disease causes (such as physical or emotional shocks and traumas, as well as inherited disease archetypes called chronic miasms), and also the broader realm of soul-spiritual issues (living one’s true life, not suppressing the true self, and various false beliefs one may have that block the full unfolding and development of one’s being). Any and all of these can be part of the complex of causes in a given case that produce the symptoms labelled fibromyalgia, and these are all examined and addressed in a systematic, comprehensive fashion. No two cases of fibromyalgia (or X, Y, Z condition) are the same. Yet the complex of causes underlying the condition in each case can be individually addressed.

True treatment for any condition involves identifying and then removing the underlying causes, using safe and effective remedies, whether to remove an imbalance in diet or lifestyle, or to remove a disease state, such as unresolved chronic grief or from a vaccination, such as for Rubella, as was a factor in one case of rheumatoid arthritis we treated. Heilkunst can offer that type of treatment.

Why Am I Always on the Move but Never Seem to be Satisfied?

Tuberculosis – Restlessness

Did you know…

that tuberculosis is also an inherited disease pattern, which we call a chronic miasm?

Just as malaria, which we are familiar with in an acute form, now mostly exists in its chronic, hidden form, the Malarial miasm, so tuberculosis has largely disappeared in its acute form, but still plagues man as a chronic miasm.

If you suffer from the usual ‘colds and flus of the season’, often making the Christmas holiday period and the weeks after more miserable than joyful, you are suffering from the underlying impact of the Tuberculosis miasm. Other lung problems, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and various coughs, are also largely linked to the presence of this chronic disease pattern in your life, or that of family members. Tuberculosis (miasm) can manifest physically in any part of the body, although the key organ affected is the lungs. This relates to the fact that the issue of Tuberculosis is a lack of grounding and incarnation and lungs are the organ related to the earth element. They feel better at high altitude, but they are then caught in a conflict as their heart feels worse in the mountains. Tubercular children are active, restless, and destructive in a deliberate and selective way.

Tuberculosis has a characteristic state of mind – one of restlessness. Tubercular patients only seem to feel well if they are planning travel or change, preparing for travel or change or actually undergoing a change in routine.  Once settled, they seldom stay content for long, seeking again another destination to travel to (racking up the frequent flyer miles), another place to live, another job to do, a new hobby to follow. These are people seemingly on the move, but not with any deeper purpose than the move itself. For them it is more ‘change for change’s sake’. They can be constantly rearranging furniture, redecorating, renovating.

A darker side of Tuberculosis is a sudden impulse to break or destroy something. They can present as an ‘angel with a devil’s grin’ on occasion, usually more apparent in children, but discernible still, if more subtle and disguised in adults.

If you suffer from lung problems, constant or persistent ‘colds and flus’, particularly in winter, and feel restless, never really satisfied, suffering from ‘the grass is greener on the other side of the fence’ syndrome, then you would likely benefit from treatment for the chronic miasm we call Tuberculosis. Relief is as close as a Heilkunst practitioner near you (and now, with the internet and Skype, relief is just a nano-second away!).

Stay tuned. Next we will look at a little-know, but important and difficult miasm that often upsets Valentine’s Day.

Malaria – Victimization

Did you know….

that we have certain archetypal disease patterns that we bring into this world with us, and that lie at the root of many of our health problems? You did if you have been reading these blogs regularly. Our last blog spoke about the first of these chronic inherited disease archetypes, Psora. The theme of Psora is that of a poverty consciousness.

If you have been reading these blogs, you would also know that the chronic miasms have a certain order to them in the way in which they developed, and also how they are treated in most cases. After Psora, the first of the chronic miasms, we find Malaria.

Malaria used to be endemic around the world, including in Europe and North America, as an acute disease, but is now confined to only a few, mostly tropical places. In most of the world, acute malaria is gone, but has become a chronic,  largely unknown disease, producing and hiding behind many acute conditions that are given fancy names, from Greek or Latin, based on the main symptoms. These conventional ‘names’ aren’t very helpful as they don’t tell us or the person seeking to treat them what the cause is, so treatment amounts to suppressing the symptoms. But the underlying cause remains, and the disease(s) continue, just now deeper inside you and getting stronger as you get weaker. It’s ‘healthcare by proxy’ or ‘healthcare by hook or by crook’ – if you can’t get rid of the cause, then get rid of the evidence and pretend you fixed the problem.

Malaria produces many conditions involving the digestive system, in particular the liver. And the liver is the basis for our energy, our ability to digest food, but also life in general. With a weak liver, we also tend to feel generally weak, unable to handle the demands of the world, and psychologically, we start to feel like we are victims and the world with its many demands is oppressive and unfair.

The characteristic time for Malaria to manifest in most people is in the late Fall, from late October to early December, following the season of Psora (early Fall). The state of mind of Psora, of not having enough, coincides with the waning days of summer, the approach of the colder weather, shorter days, less sunshine, and the dying of nature’s vegetative cover of the earth. Malaria then follows, with the colder, damper and stormier days of late Fall, where we feel like nature is against us, the reprieve of ‘Indian Summer’ now gone and the harshness of winter soon to come upon us. Of course, these chronic miasms are not dependent upon the weather, and can manifest regardless of geography. To an experienced practitioner, the manifestations of each of the chronic miasms can be seen in the various symptoms that can flare up at certain times of the year. Every November, I used to get depressed by the damp, cold weather, get periodic fevers and feel very cold, seeking out warmth and feeling generally like the world was not a welcoming place. These symptoms were very familiar to me, as I had contracted malaria, the acute disease miasm in my youth when working and travelling in Asia and the Pacific. I had treated for the acute malaria, but the deeper, underlying chronic malarial miasm was still there. However, once I learned about it and treated for it, my seasonal malarial symptoms also ended.

Treating for Malaria, as for Psora, and all the other chronic miasms we’ll talk about can make a large difference in your overall health, and prevent other problems from emerging later in life. Even if the chronic miasms are not affecting you seemingly now, they are latent, and waiting to be activated by some event, and once activated can cause significant health issues. Next time we’ll talk about the chronic miasm following on Malaria, Tuberculosis, behind all the colds and flus we tend to suffer from in winter. Stay tuned.

Psora – Poverty Consciousness

Did you know…

that there are certain archetypal disease patterns that we bring with us into the world?

Do you have one or more of these chronic problems: skin issues, low grade depression, a sense of there not being enough in the world, common acne, asthma, headaches, insomnia, allergies, colds, bronchitis, earaches? You likely are carrying around one of these archetypal patterns from birth, indeed the first one, called Psora. If so, treating the symptoms won’t get you much other than possibly some temporary relief, even if using herbs or dietary changes. Even treating for the secondary disease patterns as homeopathy won’t help that much. You need Heilkunst, which is the only approach I know of that can systematically address these inherited, archetypal disease patterns, and thus, get to the bottom of chronic, complex disease conditions.

Last week we talked about the chronic miasms in general. This week we’ll start to take a look at them in more detail. There are eight such archetypal disease patterns and they follow a particular sequence. There are four major ones and four ‘minor’ ones, just as in music we can have a major and a minor key. They follow the seasons roughly, but as each season is generally divided into an early and later part (early Spring and late Spring, etc.), we then really have eight ‘seasons’.

The first miasm to appear is termed, Psora. It was discovered by Dr. Hahnemann and traced back to the earliest recorded times through various skin manifestations, including leprosy. The word was taken from the Hebrew term ‘tsorat’, which had the meaning of a ‘fault’ or ‘error’. The two chief characteristics of Psora are dryness and skin eruptions, usually dry and scaly. The allopathic term ‘psoriasis’ for one of the many skin manifestations has the same etymological root. However, Psora covers a multitude of skin eruptions, as well as many other symptoms.

Although Dr. Hahnemann did not identify the origin of Psora, work by Dr. Batmangelidj on the chronic impact of dehydration suggests that this may have been the source of the emergence of the first chronic miasm. The nature of chronic miasms is that they can then, once acquired, be passed on from generation to generation.

Dr. Hahnemann also called Psora, the ‘mother of all chronic disease’ for two reasons. First, the other chronic miasms emerged from it, and second, because each of the chronic miasms also caused the emergence of secondary chronic diseases in a person. The chronic miasms are primary, fixed nature or tonic diseases, and they then give rise to any number of secondary, variable nature or pathic diseases over time in a given individual.

The symptoms of Psora are too numerous to list here, but it we can give an idea of the essence of the disease as it tends to manifest in people. Psora is mainly a disease of deficiency at all levels – deficiency of knowledge, thought, assimilation of ideas and nutrition. There are a host of conditions identified by the prefix “hypo” (hypotension, hypochondriasis, hypotrophy) associated with psora. It causes little or no structural change, but much disturbance of functions, feelings and sensations. It seems to involve largely the nervous and reticulo-endocrine systems of the organism.

The psoric state of mind feels it does not have enough (of anything, be it money, food, energy, love, warmth, etc.). You may be familiar with it if you know anyone who had to live through the Great Depression or a war. They may hoard food, toilet paper, rubber bands or twist ties, for no apparent reason other than, “You never know when you may need them.” The stereotypical street person illustrates this miasm well, when they are carrying with them every one of their possessions, while wearing virtually all of their clothing, including coats and hats, even in sweltering heat. It is not likely to manifest in such an extreme form in most of us, but the underlying traits will be there.

If there is psora in your family history, it will manifest, according to Dr. Roger Morrison in his Desktop Guide, as: Abscess. Acne. Allergy. Anxiety. Aphthae. Asthma. Boil. Bronchitis. Colds. Connective tissue disease. Depression. Dermatitis. Eczema. Headache. Insomnia. Otitis media. Pharyngitis. Phobic disorders. Psoriasis. Scabies. Sciatica. Skin ulcers. Upper respiratory infection (among other conditions).

Next week is the minor key of Psora, or the Malaria miasm. Stay tuned.

What are Inherited Disease Patterns?

Did you know…

that there are inherited factors that affect our health that go beyond our genes?

Until recently, everything was either controlled by your genes or simply unexplainable. However, despite millions spent on mapping the human genome, it turns out that not only do we differ much from the common fruit fly when it comes to the number and types of genes, but most of the genes are not linked to anything in particular, and are known as ‘junk DNA’. Biology has begun to understand that genes are only receptors for something, like a radio receiver, namely, signals from the environment. These signals are not only physical, such as sunlight, air, water, food, but also thoughts and feelings. In many ways, we are and become what we eat, feel and think. Biology has also come around to accepting the idea prevalent at the start of the debate about evolution some two centuries ago, that we can inherit certain characteristics and influences that are not strictly connected to genes. In a real sense, we are more than what is contained ‘between our hat and our boots’.

In Heilkunst, the idea of inherited disease patterns was discovered by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann between 1812 – 1816, around the same time that the idea of inherited characteristics was proposed by Lamarck and others. Hahnemann spent over 12 years searching for the answer to a problem: despite the clear successes with homeopathy in removing diseases, he discovered that some patients continued to get worse overall. He felt that he was missing something. From diligent observation of his patients, he then discovered that there were certain fixed patterns that could be traced to birth, and also to various disease patterns their parents and even grandparents had exhibited. These were a peculiar kind of primary, constant nature (tonic) diseases.They also had an original infectious nature, once contracted could be passed on to one’s offspring, such as syphillis and gonorrhoea (which Hahnemann named sycosis). So, he termed them chronic miasms in contradistinction to the acute miasms (i.e. infectious diseases) such as scarlet fever, cholera, measles, etc. The passing of chronic miasms from one generation to another does not rely on a physical contact. This, we may consider, belongs to the “unexplainable” part that science hasn’t been able to understand. We may think that during evolution mankind as a whole has inherited some disease patterns from previous generations in a similar sense that we build our thinking and understanding of the world from the generations before us. Each generation or epoch leaves a legacy for the future generations. So, too, disease may be passed on, both in terms of natural diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, lyme disease) and spiritual diseases (e.g. false beliefs).

Miasms, chronic or acute, are primary, constant nature (tonic) diseases. Due to the fixed/constant nature of these diseases, there is a specific remedial agent or medicine for each one of them, which made them relatively easy to treat. However, the interaction between a given chronic miasm and the constitution of an individual produces various secondary disease patterns. These were more difficult to treat, as they varied according to each case. But fortunately, treating for the parent or chronic miasms seemed to remove many of the secondary diseases as well.

With his discovery of the chronic miasms, Hahnemann gave us the ability to treat for deep-seated, chronic, complex disease conditions that had roots in weaknesses that had little to do with the shocks and traumas of this life, but were there already at conception. The more of these inherited chronic disease patterns we had, the more likely that various shocks and traumas would destabilize us. Thus, as important as it is to remove the cumulative shocks and traumas, it is also critical in many cases to go past the point of conception and reach back into the various disease patterns we brought with us.

In our experience, many cases could not be helped without this monumental discovery of Dr. Hahnemann. We encountered many cases where people have tried many other approaches and have had little or no improvement. In the case of children on the autistic spectrum, they are labelled ‘non-responders’. I remember the first time I came across such a case. The doctors and even the natural health community had consistently thrown up their hands. Could Heilkunst do anything, the mother asked? I didn’t know for certain, but knowing that Heilkunst can treat diseases that no one else seems to see or know how to treat, I felt confident it could help at least to some degree. And it did! Since then we have been treating difficult, complex, chronic cases of all types – ones that others have given up on. I still recall one case where a woman did not respond to classical homeopathic treatment and was then told she was ‘incurable’. In tears she came to ask if this was indeed true. I told her that yes, by the tenets of classical homeopathy, this was indeed true, but fortunately, by the laws and principles of the complete medical system that Dr. Hahnemann gave us, Heilkunst, it was not. Her problems were resolved by treating for the shocks and traumas in her life and the inherited miasms.

Who would have thought that a discovery some two centuries ago, the chronic miasms, would be confirmed by the most recent scientific understandings in biology (epigenetics). Heilkunst has built in an effective way of treating for inherited disease patterns. In our next blogs we will look at each of the chronic miasms in more detail. Stay tuned.


Local News

September 23, 2012

Civil War anniversary: The Emancipation Proclamation

On Sept. 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, the document that added an important new dimension to the Civil War. Originally intended as a measure to disrupt the Confederate war effort, Lincoln’s proclamation eventually led to the abolition of slavery in the United States.

Prior to the Civil War, the American nation had never known a time without slavery. In the days before the American Revolution, captured West Africans were imported into the British North American colonies to furnish a source of labor. From these beginnings the institution of human bondage took root, and by 1776 slavery was present in all 13 of the original United States. Gradually, however, over the next 30 years all of the states north of the Chesapeake Bay region abolished this practice, thus setting in motion the sectional conflict between North and South that reached its zenith in 1860.

Like most members of the fledgling Republican Party, Lincoln was bothered by the existence of slavery as a legal institution, but was not all that concerned about people of color. Except for a fringe group of abolitionists led by spokesmen such as William Lloyd Garrison and former slave Frederick Douglass, the majority of Republicans wanted to gradually suffocate slavery by preventing its expansion into the new western territories.

Early in the war, Lincoln even backed a plan to remove slaves to a federally sponsored colony in Central America.

How then, did the Emancipation Proclamation come into existence? As the war entered its “death grip” phase in 1862, Lincoln came to the realization that he could use his war powers to cripple the Confederate cause by confiscating its human property. “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union,” Lincoln wrote. “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

Because of recent military reverses during the spring and summer of 1862, the president thought it necessary to wait for a victory before going public with his proclamation. That victory came on Sept. 17, when Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee’s bold offensive into the North ended at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Md. Five days later, Lincoln issued perhaps the single most important document of his administration.

The Emancipation Proclamation essentially gave the wayward Southern states 100 days’ notice to lay down their arms, after which “all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” It is important to note that through this language Lincoln was using his war powers to create mayhem among those Confederate regions not already in federal possession. He had no constitutional authority to abolish slavery in areas loyal to the United States — such action required Congress to authorize a constitutional amendment. But he did have the authority to seize enemy property. And Union armies would serve as his liberating agents as they moved through the South.

On Jan. 1, 1863, a revised version of the Emancipation Proclamation made its appearance. The most important difference from the preliminary version was the inclusion of a provision permitting African-Americans to enlist in the armed forces of the United States. Over the next several months the War Department established a Bureau of Colored Troops and began recruiting regiments. Two of these, the 14th and 44th U.S. Colored Infantry, were garrisoned in Dalton during 1864 and earned distinction as the only African-American units to see combat within the boundaries of Georgia. By the end of the war, an estimated 186,000 African-Americans had been inducted into military service.

The Emancipation Proclamation was not without its critics. Many white Northerners saw no need to liberate slaves, especially since many of those thus liberated would undoubtedly make their way into the northern states. A number of Republicans in Congress feared that the proclamation would cost the party dearly in the elections of 1862 and 1864. There were even a few abolitionists who criticized Lincoln for not going far enough.

The Confederate government was livid. President Jefferson Davis proclaimed the Emancipation Proclamation “the most execrable measure in the history of guilty man.” And on the field of battle, United States soldiers of color were frequently singled out for brutal treatment. Several cases were recorded in which African-American troops suffered death rates far in excess of what would otherwise have been characterized as normal.

In the end, however, the Emancipation Proclamation materially assisted the Union cause. Not only did it increase the nation’s military ranks, it also prompted Great Britain, the most powerful nation on the planet, to back away from aligning itself with the Confederacy. It also had the desired effect of disrupting the Southern war effort and striking fear into those regions with significant slave populations. But most important, the Emancipation Proclamation set the stage for the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery altogether in 1865.

Sources: James M. McPherson, “Battle Cry of Freedom” (1988); Winthrop D. Jordan, “White Over Black” (1968)

This article is part of a series of stories about Dalton and life in Dalton during the Civil War. The stories appear on Sunday and are provided by the Dalton-Whitfield Civil War 150th Commemoration Committee. To find out more about the committee, go to www.dalton150th.com. If you have material that you would like to contribute for a future article, contact Robert Jenkins at (706) 259-4626 or robert.jenkins@robertdjenkins.com.

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1 to 1 Computing in the Classroom

I am technology coordinator at Osceola Middle School and we are finishing our 3rd year in a 1 to 1 laptop project. Our school has an enrollment of 1200 students and each one of them carries a laptop to classes. Because of insurance costs and the inability to filter the internet when students are home, laptops are stored in carts overnight located in the 7th period classrooms. We are very proud of the success of this monumental endeavor. There have been some challenges that, through teamwork, have been overcome. I would like to get your input, thoughts, experiences, and questions on 1 to 1 computing in the classroom. Include both negative and positive, please.

Here are some questions to consider when posting to this blog.

1) What do you see as the pros and cons of a 1 to 1 project?

2) How does 1 to 1 computing change methods of teaching?

3) Is the financial cost, including support, worth this 21st century student immersion into technology?

4) How do you measure program success? I find that many of the successes cannot be measured but are intrinsic.

5) If you have participated in a 1 to 1 laptop program, what would you tell someone who is anticipating the implementation of a similar program?

Thank you for participating in the blog. Here is a link for our school virtual tour iso you can visit us: Osceola Middle School Tour

A voice for 1 to 1 computing

You pose some very good questions on the topic of 1 to 1 computing. I recently just had a discussion with a colleague about this topic, as our district is starting to debate the pros and cons of integrating a 1 to 1 computing program for the 5th - 12th grade level. As I am always an advocate for the integration of technology in the classroom, I think students would greatly benefit from having their own computer. As with the acquisition of any new program, many are initially hesitant because of the amount of work it takes to get them running and obtaining the desired results.

The closest our school has come to adopting a 1 to 1 program is that one of our teachers has a desktop computer in his room for each student. With student accounts on moodle (a course management program) and gaggle (free filtered e-mail accounts for students), they are able to access all of their homework documents from home, create wikis with other classmates for assigned projects, and have even created their own videos and podcasts on topics ranging from weather forecasting, book reviews (shown to the entire school once a week), and news casting (on virtually any topic being studied in the classroom). They also use tools such as Audacity to take spelling pronunciation tests, and create audio clips for other projects. I have had the opportunity to collaborate with the teacher of this classroom, and am amazed at what he is able to accomplish with his students. Not only are they learning the content required for state tests and assessments, but they are doing so in ways that ultimately prepare them for life outside of the classroom. They leave with skills that they will need for virtually any profession in today's world. Many are also extremely motivated just by simply using the technology presented to them, and take on learning in a whole new mindset than they ever did before.

After observing and working in this type of classroom, I am convinced that each and every student would benefit from these types of classroom experiences. One important thing to note is that in order for 1 to 1 computing to be successful, teachers must be willing to take on the challenges of learning new programs and effective ways to implement technology in their classes. They can not just assume they are going to digitize all of their notes and tests, and see improved results. Dr. David Thornburg, of Thornburg Center: Pragmatic Visionaries, states "Today we clearly are in the realm where the question is not how technology should change to fit classroom practice, but rather how, given current technology, classroom practice could change. We live in a world where it is commonplace for technology to be used to do different things, not just old tasks differently" (Technology and Education, May 2004, p. 3). Instead of using 1 to 1 computing to allow all students to have access to word processing software, we need to use it to allow students interactive means for constructing knowledge with classmates in engaging and effective ways. This is when 1 to 1 computing will see the results that schools implementing it hope for.

For others considering 1 to 1 programs, here is a great guidebook:

Does anyone have any personal success or failure stories of 1 to 1 computing programs?

A Vital Conversation

renga's picture

Thank you AnnieT for your blog post, and thank you Ksternquist for the thoughtful follow up. The questions raised by this topic are very interesting to me, as a technology specialist and a proponent of 1:1 computer:student education. I am not a regular classroom teacher and have not been exposed to a regular classroom environment which has a 1:1 computer to student ratio. I am however a computer lab teacher who integrates core content curriculum into the technology lessons. I'd like to see more research done with specific attention paid to the degree of student engagement, the quality of student output, and perhaps most importantly the level of student achievement. It would be nice to see some data. Though I think it goes without saying that the variables in any kind of study would be difficult to account for. I think I would like to continue to touch on this topic, but for now I'd like to answer the questions you asked.

1) Some of the potential cons I would be cautious of would be: a decrease in interpersonal communication skills, an over reliance on the computers at the expense of more tactile activities, decreased penmanship, and a potential for decreased classroom community. Some of the potential pros I see are: increased data collection and analyzation, the potential for adaptive/interactive educational software, increased student engagement, increased output options, a potential for increased classroom (virtual)community, more equal response opportunities / rapid feedback, and the potential for students who are more able to use and create the technologies of the future.

2) I think 1:1 computing in the classroom would change quite a bit about the way we teach. I see a tremendous opportunity for interactive / adaptive educational software which aligns with learning standards and objectives. As these tools become more available and better, a teachers job may be to help students use and understand technology as much as teach content. I see the teacher as utilizing the data produced by the software and able to target specific needs of individual students. The students may be able to direct and pace their own learning as long as they are meeting agreed upon goals with regards to content knowledge/exposure and performance expectations.

3) I think the financial cost is worth it. The software that will make this work (interactive/adaptive software aligned with learning objectives resulting in increased student achievement) will require a demand sufficient enough to warrant the expense of production. It is the transition that will be most difficult for those in the teaching profession and the public that will have to bear the cost. With the increases in technology and manufacturing efficiency there will surely be a decrease in the cost of the hardware. The majority of the cost is sure to come from software and training. At some point in the future 1:1 computing will be a reality for most in the U.S. The question is when and how.

4) I completely agree that a great deal of the benefit of 1:1 computing is intrinsic, though in our data driven society we must measure it. I think we should conduct as much research as possible. I truly believe that if implemented correctly 1:1 computing will not only result in increase intrinsic benefits, but also measurable student achievement.

5) I haven't participated in a 1:1 laptop program, but selfishly I would tell others to try it so that they could better inform our strategies for a more successful implementation and ultimately higher achieving students.


Folk Music Revivals

Updated: March 01, 2011

At the dawn of the twentieth century, amid industrial exploitation of the region’s vast natural resources and abundant labor force, educators and social workers committed to uplifting the region’s people extolled Appalachia’s wealth of distinctive cultural traditions.

At the dawn of the twentieth century, amid industrial exploitation of the region’s vast natural resources and abundant labor force, educators and social workers committed to uplifting the region’s people extolled Appalachia’s wealth of distinctive cultural traditions. In his often quoted 1899 Atlantic Monthly article “Our Contemporary Ancestors in the Southern Mountains,” Berea College’s third president, William Goodell Frost, afﬁrmed the aesthetic value of traditional ballads and advocated the revival of spinning and loom weaving as profitable, wholesome pursuits for Appalachian youth. Under Frost’s leadership, Kentucky’s Berea College became the epicenter of the Appalachian folk arts and crafts movement.

Emulating Frost, teacher, poet, and folklorist Emma Bell Miles advocated handicrafts as an alternative to factory work for Appalachian people. An enthusiastic self-taught folklorist, Miles was also interested in ballads and play parties (singing games). Miles’s evocative book The Spirit of the Mountains (1905) strongly inﬂuenced the founders of Pine Mountain Settlement School and Hindman Settlement School in southeastern Kentucky.

A cofounder of Pine Mountain Settlement School in 1913, Katherine Pettit was also an avid folklorist. In 1907 eminent Harvard scholar George Lyman Kittredge published ballads and play-party rhymes collected by Pettit in an article in the Journal of American Folklore. In 1916 English folklorist and musicologist Cecil Sharp and his assistant, Maud Karpeles, collected traditional ballads and songs from students at Pine Mountain and Hindman (in this era, collecting folk music entailed transcribing lyrics and notating tunes). Among these students was Edna Ritchie, older sister of renowned musician and writer Jean Ritchie, who became a leading exponent of authentic Appalachian music in the urban folk revival that ﬂourished in the post–World War II era.

A lively revival of Appalachian folk music was already underway during Jean Ritchie’s childhood, capturing the imagination of educated natives of the region such as Bascom Lamar Lunsford in western North Carolina and Jean Thomas in eastern Kentucky. In 1928 Lunsford established a major festival showcasing regional folk music and dance in Asheville, North Carolina. A scholar, collector, and per- former who staunchly rejected hillbilly stereotypes, Lunsford recorded traditional songs for the Library of Congress and also made a few commercial recordings, including one of his classic song “Mountain Dew.”

A native of Ashland, Kentucky, Jean Thomas in the 1920s moved to New York City, where she encountered future leaders of the urban folk revival. Returning to Kentucky, she began collecting local folk music and writing popular books about Appalachian musicians. She also established the American Folk Song Festival, which she directed from 1931 to 1972. Academic folklorists of her day questioned Thomas’s scholarship and were disturbed by the undercurrents of racism in her fanciful representations of Appalachian folk culture.

While some promoters of the revival of Appalachian folk music in the 1930s undeniably had reactionary political agendas, other influential scholars and promoters of Appalachian folk music at that time were politically liberal and progressive, while several were unabashedly radical. Teaching English at New York University from the early 1930s through the late 1940s, Mary Elizabeth Barnicle also served as a ﬁeldworker for the Library of Congress Archives of Folk Song and espoused left-leaning political causes, including the Kentucky coal miners’ strike organized by the communist National Miners Union. In the mid-1930s, she met and shortly thereafter married Tilman Cadle, a radical Kentucky miner closely associated with union organizers Aunt Molly Jackson, Jim Garland, and Sarah Ogan Gunning, whose powerful protest songs inspired the politically left- wing music group the Almanac Singers (which included future leaders of the urban folk revival such as Woody Guthrie, Leadbelly, and Pete Seeger). In 1947 Barnicle and Cadle moved from Greenwich Village in New York City to east Tennessee. Barnicle taught at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville for almost three years until she retired after having been accused of being a communist. Barnicle and Cadle continued to work with the Highlander Folk School, then located in Monteagle, Tennessee. Using topical songs based on folk music to raise consciousness of social injustices has been an integral feature of the Highlander program since its inception.

Awareness and appreciation of traditional Appalachian music greatly increased between the mid 1950s and early 1960s. The folk music boom created new audiences and markets for performers, instrument makers, and producers. The commercial success of the Weavers, a quartet featuring Pete Seeger on the ﬁve-string banjo, inspired the formation of a host of banjo-playing popular groups performing folk- inspired music, most notably the Kingston Trio, but also the Limeliters, the Chad Mitchell Trio, and the New Christy Minstrels. Issued in 1958, the Kingston Trio’s ﬁrst and biggest hit song was “Tom Dooley,” adapted from the text of a traditional murder ballad that Frank Profﬁtt Sr., of Watauga County, North Carolina, had recorded in the ﬁeld for folklorist Frank Warner in 1939. Folklorist Alan Lomax published the ballad in his 1947 book Folk Song USA, crediting Warner rather than Profﬁtt, and the Kingston Trio learned Warner’s rearranged version of “Tom Dooley” from his 1950 Elektra recording. In 1962, after Warner intervened on behalf of Profﬁtt, the ballad singer ﬁnally received a small share of revenue from the hit version.

Profﬁtt was but one of many Appalachian musicians (known in revivalist circles as “source musicians”) who were “discovered” (or “rediscovered”) during the urban folk revival in the 1950s and early 1960s. Literally reviving the careers of such older musicians as Clarence “Tom” Ashley, Dock Boggs, and Clark Kessinger (who had recorded commercially during the 1920s), this revival also introduced new and highly appreciative audiences to younger Appalachian performers such as the Stanley Brothers and Doc Watson, who mixed traditional material with contemporary innovation.

The urban folk music boom appeared to have peaked by the mid-1960s, when many young urban musicians previously performing acoustic folk-style material began switching to electric formats and harder rock-oriented styles. However, interest in older and newer forms of Appalachian music was renewed in the late 1960s after the inﬂuence of the British Invasion and psychedelic rock began to diminish. Urban non- native folk rock and country rock musicians, such as the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and the group Old and In the Way, brought a more comprehensive vision to acoustic Appalachian music. Such recording projects as the former band’s inﬂuential 1972 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken featured traditional country music performers (such as Roy Acuff and Maybelle Carter) alongside bluegrass musicians (for example, Jimmy Martin and Earl Scruggs) and eclectic interpreters of Appalachian music (including Doc Watson and Norman Blake). A number of younger revivalist performers during this era maintained an even more traditional stance, interpreting Appalachian music on recordings, at concerts and festivals, and in publications. Some of these performers, such as David Holt, Mike Seeger, John McCutcheon, Alice Gerrard, Wayne Erbsen, and Betty Smith, were not originally from the region, while others— James “Sparky” Rucker, Hazel Dickens, Rich Kirby, and Sheila Kay Adams—were natives of Appalachia. During the 1960s and 1970s, a variety of performance venues, including festivals, conventions, and contests, attracted new and old devotees of traditional music. A resurgence of interest in country music dance halls and music barns also took place during this same period. A noteworthy example is the Carter Family Fold in Hiltons, Virginia, established in 1974 by Joe and Janette Carter to celebrate their family’s musical heritage and to promote active interest in Appalachian music and dance traditions. Other notable individual promoters of Appalachian traditional music include John Rice Irwin, founder of the Museum of Appalachia in Norris, Tennessee, which stages the Tennessee Fall Homecoming, a major annual traditional music festival, and master old-time ﬁddler J. P. Fraley, who hosts an annual festival near his family home place of Denton, Kentucky.

Various organizations and institutions have also promoted interest in Appalachian music, including the John C. Campbell Folk School, in Brasstown, North Carolina; the Jubilee Arts Center, in Knoxville, Tennessee; the Birthplace of Country Music Alliance, in Bristol, Tennessee/Virginia; the Blue Ridge Traditional Music Association, in Galax, Virginia; and the Appalshop Center, in Whitesburg, Kentucky. Regional schools, colleges, and universities have also played a substantial role in promoting appreciation of Appalachian music. Warren Wilson College, in Swannanoa, North Carolina, hosts highly acclaimed summer workshops in Appalachian music, as does Davis and Elkins College, in Elkins, West Virginia. East Tennessee State University, in Johnson City, Tennessee, offers a popular bluegrass and country music program, attracting students from across the United States and from various other countries.

Just as earlier urban folk revivals led to the dissemination of traditional Appalachian music (via limited-release recordings from specialized folk labels) and of hybrid forms of regional music (via more commercially successful recordings by major labels), the commercial success of tradition- inﬂuenced recordings both by Appalachia-born and non- native performers in the late 1980s led to the emergence of a far wider audience for various Appalachian musics. Dolly Parton, Ricky Skaggs, Patty Loveless, and Ralph Stanley, from within Appalachia, and Steve Earle and Gillian Welch, among non-Appalachian alternative country music performers, have achieved signiﬁcant commercial success in recent years performing music overtly based on the region’s musical traditions. While such musicians cannot rightfully claim to make authentic “folk music,” they have surely contributed to increasing the receptivity of mainstream audiences toward more traditional Appalachian music.

After more than a century of rediscovery and revival, Appalachian music has achieved worldwide popularity while remaining ﬁrmly rooted within the region, a testament to the tenacity of generations of Appalachian people who have expressed themselves through their traditional music.

Cite this Entry

MLA Style

"Folk Music Revivals," Encyclopedia of Appalachia, 2013, Encyclopedia of Appalachia. 19 Jun 2013 <>

APA Style

"Folk Music Revivals." (2013) In Encyclopedia of Appalachia, Retrieved June 19, 2013, from Encyclopedia of Appalachia:

Poster for the 75th Mountain Dance and Folk Festival


The Kid

Numero‘s 100th issue features ‘The Kid’, by Paolo Roversi. Roversi is known for his 19th century style portraits, and I have to say that I am a bit surprised to see he shot this. It’s not something I would expect from him seeing as the colors are brighter and bolder than his usual work. However, it’s always interesting to see photographers do different things and I find myself impressed by this.

Magazine: Numéro (Issue #100)
Editorial: The Kid
Photographer: Paolo Roversi
Model: Nimue Smit

source | iperlchen @ tfs


Mike Pouncey is good, but No. 9 overall?

April, 7, 2011

Florida C Mike Pouncey visited the Dallas Cowboys on Wednesday and tweeted after the meeting that he would be shocked if he wasn't in a Dallas uniform next season. Is this a case of a young man getting overexcited about a great visit, or have the Cowboys truly set their sights on him?

Only time will tell, but a closer look at Pouncey, the positional value of centers and the Cowboys' needs will provide some perspective.

Why might Pouncey be a good fit in Dallas? And what could prevent the Cowboys from taking him high in the first round? Become an ESPN Insider to find out. Insider

Steve Muench played four years of Division I-AA football before joining Scouts Inc. in 2002. He has evaluated both NFL and college players for Scouts Inc., but his current focus is on the NFL draft.


Nutrition BMP

Best Management Practices for Nutrition

Honey bees require food as an energy source.

Why is nutrition important to Honey Bees?

Vigorous well-nourished colonies are able to withstand bee diseases and parasites better than poorly nourished colonies.  Scientists have emphasized that malnutrition may be playing a key role in the decline of colonies due to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD).  Honey bees can suffer from a compromised immune system related to poor nutrition.

Natural Forage

-  Healthy bees require a diversity of natural pollen.

-  Placing bees on locations with abundant and diverse floral resources will help them stay healthy.

-  Locations vary in their carrying capacity, and experience will suggest optimum densities.

-  Placing too many bees in one location will result in inadequate floral resources, robbing, drifting and the spread of bee diseases and parasites.

Supplemental Feeding

-  Forage can be limited in late summer and fall.  When floral sources are inadequate, feeding bees sugar syrup and pollen substitutes can improve colony survival and performance.

-  Supplemental feeding is critical to build bees for early almond pollination by February 1st.

-  Provide protein pollen patties.

-  Pollen substitutes should have three (3) essential properties:

          1.  Consumable - honey bees should be readily able to eat and consume the supplemental feed;

          2.  Absorbable -  honey bees should be able to digest and absorb the supplemental feed, and;

          3.  Nutritious -  it should contain the necessary and vital ingredients for honey bee health.

-  Place pollen patties between brood boxes or on top of hive frames.

-  It is critical to provide supplemental feed when colonies arrive for almond pollination; dearth is a factor prior to and

   after bloom.

-  Provide plentiful and abundant water.

-  Pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers may drift into water sources; locate colonies near accessible clean water.

-  Drought causes honey bee stress.  Work with your grower on identifying a potable water source for bees to avoid

The Beekeeper's Goal

-  Provide bees a diversity of natural pollen.

-  When possible, locate natural forage for your bees.

-  Fall is a critical time to build bees for almond pollination.

-  Provide supplemental feed, especially protein, to build strong, 8-frame colonies by February 1st.

-  Water is just as important as food; keep your bees well-hydrated with clean water.


Warning: The unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this copyrighted work is illegal. Criminal copyright infringement, including infringement without monetary gain, is investigated by the FBI and is punishable by up to five years in federal prison and a fine of $250,000.

Well that sounds kinda scary doesn't it? Rob McAninch Photography is not trying to steal money from your pocket but we're all trying to put food on the table. Most of the time you get an online proof gallery that is easy to share with your friends and family so please respect the law.

The Copyright Act gives the photographer the exclusive right to reproduce your photographs. If you need reprints, digital formats, special licensing, or other arrangements please contact us and we will try to accommodate all reasonable requests. Heck, sometimes we don't even charge you anything ;-)

If you are concerned about the safety of your images for the future. Rest assured the images are securely stored on multiple hard drives and media in multiple off site locations. (Some people call me paranoid but I'm always working to protect our investment in portraits. - Rob)


Home > NYU in Madrid

NYU in Madrid

NYU Madrid is the oldest of NYU's study abroad programs. Established in 1958, the Madrid campus hosts one of the most prestigious American university programs in Spain for both undergrad and graduate students. NYU Madrid offers an unparalleled opportunity to advance your command of the Spanish language and immerse yourself in both the European and Latin American traditions that comprise Hispanic cultures. We invite you to join us and experience all the excitement of living and learning in another country while earning college credit or working on your own research. NYU offers you an exceptional array of language courses as well as cultural activities and excursions designed to immerse students in the Spanish language and culture.


Length of Time (Days) to Complete Prosecution or Decline ATF Referral 1998

Federal Judicial District = U.S.

median time for prosecution (days) 310
rank: median time for prosecution -
average time for prosecution (days) 472
rank: average time for prosecution -
Number of Prosecutions Completed 3,544
median time before declined (days) 278
rank: median time before declined -
average time before declined (days) 464
rank: average time before declined -
# of referrals with prosecution declined 1,815
Median = half of referrals took longer, half took shorter.

Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Syracuse University
Copyright 2003


Bare Feet and Hula Hoops

I'm Mia. I'm 19, I'm vegan, and I lovelovelove hooping. I rarely wear shoes, and I really love to cook and grow my own food. I also really like music, books, doing anything outdoors, kombucha, and my pet rats. Living, laughing, and learning every single day. Loving every second of it.

Ask me anything

Is it weird that I believe in fairies but not god?

Tagged: Weirdnessfairies


Working Together

Individual actions taken to reduce our use of natural resources and impact on the environment are important steps to achieving a sustainable environment. However, an even greater impact on ecological health takes place when neighbors work together to create larger habitats for the long-term sustainability of the plants, animals, and other organisms that we coexist with. Wildlife management associations, habitat groups, watershed coalitions, and cooperatives organize adjacent or nearby landowners and other citizens with common goals to plan and discuss best practices for the sustainability of habitats and wildlife populations.

Why is working together important to birds and the environment?

Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are the leading causes of population declines in birds, other wildlife, and plants. Roughly 2.1 million acres of wildlife habitat are converted to residential use every year. Many birds of conservation concern need territories of vast, unobstructed habitat to survive. The decline of many grassland and wetland bird species can be attributed primarily to the loss of habitat, either by complete destruction or patch isolation. Efforts to retain or restore broad tracks of rich habitat are crucial to the survival of both common birds and more specialized species.

While implementing the best landscaping practices on an individual property can help support wildlife and protect natural resources, a more effective approach is to link adjacent properties through a broader management plan. Whether it's a suburban neighborhood, a subdivided ranch, or a multi-unit building complex, a community effort to create and manage a habitat will benefit wildlife and people.

Community organizations also provide opportunities for social interaction and a forum for presentations by experts in the field. Partnerships with public administrations, government agencies, nonprofit groups, schools, and businesses can strengthen the efforts of habitat enhancement organizations. Federal habitat incentive programs can assist landowners in the planning, funding, and management of restoration or enhancement of habitat, including wetlands.

Getting Started: What You Can Do

  • Form a group of like-minded neighbors to begin discussing the management of a particular habitat.
  • Contact local environmental groups such as land trusts or watershed coalitions, public officials, and government agencies (see incentive programs listed under "Helpful Links") to inform them of your ideas and to see what support they can offer.
  • Select a few species of greatest conservation concern in your area, and make a plan to attract and sustain them in your community.
  • Assess existing resources and information, create a program, and implement the plan.
  • Publicize your efforts and outreach to the community throughout the process.
  • Monitor your impact.
  • Contact your local Audubon Chapter

Helpful Links


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Éleuthère Mascart

Éleuthère Mascart

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Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart (February 20, 1837 – August 24, 1908) was a noted French
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...

, a researcher in optics
Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light...

 and electricity
Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning, static electricity, and the flow of electrical current in an electrical wire...

Mascart was born in Quarouble
-1954 incident:An alien encounter was reported in the commune in 1954. Calcinated rock was reportedly found at the site of the incident and some witnesses reported experiencing missing time.-References:*...

, Nord. He attended the École normale supérieure
École normale supérieure
An école normale supérieure or ENS is a type of publicly funded higher education in France. A portion of the student body who are French civil servants are called Normaliens....

 (rue d'Ulm). He became a Professor at the Collège de France
Collège de France
The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement, or Latin Quarter, across the street from the historical campus of La Sorbonne at the intersection of Rue Saint-Jacques and Rue des Écoles...

He won the Bordin Prize of the Académie française
Académie française
L'Académie française , also called the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution,...

 in 1866 and the Grand prix of the Académie des sciences in 1874.

He was elected Perpetual Member and Secretary of the Académie des Sciences and Foreign Member of the British Royal Society. Mascart founded Supélec
École Supérieure d'Électricité, commonly known as Supélec, is a French Graduate School of Engineering delivering the equivalent of a Master's Degree as well as Ph.D opportunities. It is one of the most prestigious and selective Grandes Ecoles in France, and a reference in the field of electric...

 in 1894.

He died in Paris

 at the age of 71. His son-in-law Marcel Brillouin
Marcel Brillouin
Louis "Marcel" Brillouin was a French physicist and mathematician.Born in Melle, Deux-Sèvres, France, his father was a painter who moved to Paris when Marcel was a boy. There he attended the Lycée Condorcet. The Brillouin family returned to Melle during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to escape...

 and his grandson Léon Brillouin
Léon Brillouin
Léon Nicolas Brillouin was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory.-Early life:...

were also noted scientists.


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Ademption is a term used in the law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...

 of wills
Will (law)
A will or testament is a legal declaration by which a person, the testator, names one or more persons to manage his/her estate and provides for the transfer of his/her property at death...

 to determine what happens when property bequeathed under a will is no longer in the testator
A testator is a person who has written and executed a last will and testament that is in effect at the time of his/her death. It is any "person who makes a will."-Related terms:...

's estate
Estate (law)
An estate is the net worth of a person at any point in time. It is the sum of a person's assets - legal rights, interests and entitlements to property of any kind - less all liabilities at that time. The issue is of special legal significance on a question of bankruptcy and death of the person...

 at the time of the testator's death. For a devise (bequest) of a specific item of property (a specific gift), such property is considered adeemed, and the gift fails. For example, if a will bequeathed the testator's car to a specific beneficiary, but the testator owned no car at the time of his or her death, the gift would be adeemed and the aforementioned beneficiary would receive no gift at all.

General bequests or general gifts - gifts of cash amounts - are never adeemed. If the cash in the testator's estate is not sufficient to satisfy the gift, then other assets in the residuary estate
Residuary estate
A residuary estate, in the law of wills, is any portion of the testator's estate that is not specifically devised to someone in the will, or any property that is part of such a specific devise that fails. It is also known as a residual estate or simply residue. The will may identify the taker of...

 will need to be sold to raise the necessary cash.

Some property lies in a "gray" area, in which the testator's specific intent must be determined. For example, where the testator bequeathes "500 shares of stock" in a company, this may be read as a general bequest (that the estate should purchase and convey the particular stocks to the beneficiary), or it may be read as a specific bequest, particularly if the testator used a possessive ("my 500 shares"). Such a gift is deemed to be a demonstrative gift. Such demonstrative gifts are deemed to be a hybrid of both specific and general gifts. If one were to bequeath "500 shares of stock," most states would deem that to be a demonstrative gift. The resultant gift to the heir receiving "500 shares," would be the date of death value of 500 shares of that particular stock.

Ademption may be waived if the property leaves the estate after the testator has been declared incompetent. Furthermore, in some cases the beneficiary will be entitled to the proceeds from the sale of property, or to the insurance
In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the...

 payout for property that is lost or destroyed.

To avoid confusion as to what may or may not be adeemed, sometimes the phrase "if owned by me at my death" is placed into the articles of a will in which property is being bequeathed.

As for the sale of land under an executory contract
Executory contract
An executory contract is a contract which has not yet been performed or executed. Although material, an obligation to pay money does not usually make a contract executory. An obligation is material if a breach of contract would result from the failure to satisfy the obligation...

, traditional case law
Case law
In law, case law is the set of reported judicial decisions of selected appellate courts and other courts of first instance which make new interpretations of the law and, therefore, can be cited as precedents in a process known as stare decisis...

 agrees that ademption occurs upon the death of the testator and that the proceeds of sale, when the closing, occurs should not pass to the specific devisee of the property. However, the more modern view and the Uniform Probate Code
Uniform Probate Code
The Uniform Probate Code is a uniform act drafted by National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws governing inheritance and the decedents' estates in the United States...

, which has been adopted by some states, disagrees. These jurisdictions find that when property subject to specific devise is placed under contract of sale before the decedent's death, the proceeds of the sale will pass to the specific devisee.

Statutory variations

Many jurisdictions have ameliorated the effects of the common law doctrine by statute.

In Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is...

, state law (854.08) attempts to abolish the common law doctrine of ademption by extinction, by, for example, awarding beneficiaries the balance of the purchase price of the item sold (subject to some limitations).

In Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

, ademption occurs with respect to most forms of property, but if the property at issue is stock certificate
Stock certificate
In corporate law, a stock certificate is a legal document that certifies ownership of a specific number of stock shares in a corporation...

s, then the fact that the issuer of the stock has been bought out by another company, and that the stocks have been swapped for a new issue by that company, will not adeem the gift of stock. Similarly, if the shares of stock that existed at the time the gift was made have split (for example, where the holder of 500 shares receives a reissue of 1,000 shares each having half the value of the original), then the beneficiary of that gift will be entitled to the number of shares that exist after the split.


Affirmations For Positive Thinking

Creating Success With Positive Thinking

Success attracts success. If you want to create success in your life then focus on your success regularly. This is the first step to applying positive thinking to create success.

Now you may say that you haven't had a lot of success in life, but positive thinking requires that you focus on even the smallest success because when you do you start to think of some of the other success that you've had in life. Start with even the smallest success that you can think of.

When you do that you focus on the positive, you keep thinking about the positive things that happened in your life and you attract more positive situations. You're drawing on past success to build current success and this process helps you achieve your goals sooner.

If you continually focus on the negative, where you failed, why you haven't succeeded at something or what you can't do then you attract negative energy and develop a negative thought pattern.

To change that  you have to develop a positive thinking pattern where you continually focus on the positive aspects so that you build more success.

This is usually a lot easier than you think and to succeed at it you should apply positive thinking regularly. So everyday take a few moments to think of your success, think of the things that have gone well, think of the things that have worked out for you - this is how you begin to apply positive thinking to attract, build and create more success.

The more positive, and upbeat you are the more optimistic you become and the more likely you are to succeed. So take some time apply positive thinking to create success everyday by looking at and appreciating even the smallest success that you have.

To help you to do this I've put together a special Positive Thinking e-email course - it's free and when you register today you'll get my Mp3 download. Simply fill out the form below:

I want to develop Positive Thinking for success..

First Name

Your information is secure. We do not rent or sell email addresses


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  • Lecrae "Background"

    Lecrae "Background"

    Since God grabbed a hold of Lecrae Moore when he was 19 years old, He has used Lecrae’s Hip Hop background to lead the way in a new genre of Christian Rap. Lecrae’s latest song “Background” talks about how important it is to put God front and center, and let everything else fade into the background.

    Lecrae was raised by his mom in various inner cities around the U.S. and he frequently turned to rap as a vessel to express his thoughts and emotions. It wasn’t until he was 19 when he directed his efforts and talents to God. He heard a message by Christian leader James White that would cause him to turn his life around 180 degrees and showed him his need for a Savior. Lecrae would go onto print his life story and conversion and passed it out to students across the University of North Texas campus.

    He went on to speak and rap at juvenile detention centers and began to gain attention for his music. His breakthrough single “Jesus Musik” opened a whole new door into Christian Rap, and while he has flourished musically, Lecrae has never lost his passion for reaching people with the message of Jesus. He cofounded ReachLife Ministries in 2005 to help take the message behind his music to the streets and build and equip leaders in the urban environments with resources to help to reach others.

    Lecrae "Background"


Retrain the Brain

For ALL "emotional" problems, including unhappiness, patterns of thought, beliefs, and behaviors have to change.

Master the principles of success, and you will be successful at everything you want or need to accomplish.

Reading motivational, spiritual, educational and positive books about how to live in a healthy manner with successful values and morals is critically important.  At minimum 5-15 minutes daily.  Books such as "Your Erroneous Zones" by Wayne Dyer, "How to Win Friends and Influence People" by Dale Carnegie, "Embraced By the Light" by Betty Eadie, and "Happiness is a Choice" by Barry Neil Kaufman are very helpful.

Must overwhelm your mind to new information, and program your "automatic" brain to think successfully.  Listen to tapes whenever you can - driving, getting dressed, cleaning, etc.  Zig Ziglar's "How to Stay Motivated" series is the best to get started (1-800-527-0306).  Nightingale-Conant has a catalog with an excellent collection of tapes (1-800-323-5552).

We are what we think about all day long.  Must learn to control our self-talk.  The first step is awareness (mood checks), the second "affirmations" - saying what we want to be in advance.  It takes 21 days to develop a new habit.

Counseling is extremely important and can be remarkably effective.  It needs to emphasize where you go from here, and learning the necessary skills to be happy and healthy.

Reduce negative influences: acquaintances (and sometimes family members), negative self-talk, media, co-dependent and stress provoking music.  Reduce stress: exercise, meditation, better career choices, lifestyle changes, learn better communication skills, choice of friends.

volunteering to help others, public speaking (support groups & Toastmasters), learning a new hobby, improving skills at something important to you.

These affirmations are mostly from Zig Ziglar, who has given me permission to use them for my patients.  Saying them out loud uses the entire brain and tells your brain what you want.  Here is an example for a person named Benjamin:

I, Benjamin,


Global Affinity in Healthcare

"Global Affinity in Healthcare" reflects our commitment to become an integrated global healthcare leader. Dynamism, flexibility, reliability, sustainability and innovation are part our core identity and express our calling and commitment to the highest standards of excellence and to create sustainable value to our stakeholders.

Global Organization

Broad and balanced presence in more than 40 countries, across 4 continents, CHEMO operates across the pharmaceutical value chain, with a diversified offering of healthcare products.

Committed to Healthcare

CHEMO is committed to continuously improving healthcare and living conditions, for more than 35 years, providing access to safe, quality and affordable medicines.

Affinity with our Customers and Employees

CHEMO is committed with promoting a positive work environment that encourages ethical behavior, motivation, recognition, engagement and positive long-term relationships.


Shinin' in the sun

Ol' man Simon, planted a diamond.  Grew his self a garden the likes of none.  Sprouts all growin' comin' up glowin'  Fruit of jewels all shinin' in the sun. Colors of the rainbow.  See the sun and the rain grow sapphires and rubies on ivory vines,  Grapes of jade, just ripenin' in the shade, just ready for the squeezin' into gree


Quantcast Amanda Mackenzie Stuart from HarperCollins Publishers
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Amanda Mackenzie Stuart

Amanda Mackenzie Stuart worked as a screenwriter and independent film producer for a number of years before publishing her first biography, the critically acclaimed Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt: The Story of a Daughter and Mother in the Gilded Age. She lives in Oxford, England.

Author Extras
Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt
When Consuelo Vanderbilt's grandfather died, he was the richest man in...


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CYBERGOMI [Here Today, Gone Tomorrow]

The protean nature of the computer is such that it can act like a machine or like a language to be shaped and exploited. It is a medium that can dynamically simulate the details of any other medium, including media that cannotexist physically. It is not a tool, although it can act like many tools. It is the first metamedium, and as such it has degrees of freedom for representation and expression never before encountered ..... [Alan Kay, 1984] Computer software can of course simulate other, more traditional media. However, considered as a medium, computer software can also do many new things: it can interact with users in relatively arbitrary ways; it can simulate other processes; and perhaps most importantly, it can adapt. Unfortunately, as commonly implemented, computer software is not a very good communications medium. It is relatively cumbersome to distribute software, there are too many incompatible platforms that can only 'display" very specific forms of it, it has very little structure, and it is relatively difficult to create "content" that exploits its full interactive potential. Also, software can be a dangerous medium. "Display" of the "content" in this medium (the execution of computer software) can actually cause damage to the property of the reader through theft or destruction of information. The internet/web is a bubbling primordial soup of opportunity and change. It is also a poorly developed and largely misunderstood rat's nest of incompatibilities, platform incongruities, brain bending hacks and glossed over problems waiting to be solved by ruthless corporate megalabs willing to spend whatever it takes to dominate the nature of art and art in life into next millennium. Many "cybernauts" jumped into this broken tornado bright eyed, open hearted and flush with ideas waiting to be loosed on a receptive, like-minded world. I want to peel away some misconceptions regarding the capacity of the net to deliver dreams in tact while opening a dialogue and demonstration on how to good stuff done. Suffer not the slings and arrows of outrageous Fortune 500 companies. Understand a little more about how tools are made, what art requires of all of us and put aside the notion that 18 hour days make you a better anything.

Related to event: (Poster session) CYBERGOMI here today, gone tomorrow (Henry Lowengard, Nik Williams)
Artefact (Book of Abstracts) ISEA96 Book of Abstracts including Final Program The Seventh International Symposium on Electronic Art


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Mastering 101 Part 2
Fotios Koulakos

Welcome back to part two of mastering 101. Last time, if you recall (or you can re-read part 1), I gave an introduction to mastering, as well as a basic itinerary of what I hope to cover in upcoming articles. Continuing on that theme, here is a brief overview of some of the basic tools and techniques required for mastering.

1). Mastering grade equalizers (analog or digital) Here are a few things that make mastering EQs different than any other EQ.

a) The sonic quality, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio and accuracy are vastly increased. Improved sonic quality, dynamic range, and signal to noise ratio are self explanatory. With regard to accuracy though, mastering grade EQs offer far more control over frequencies. Mastering EQs allow up to .5 db adjustments. We’re talking surgical adjustments. In the studio you might be boosting or cutting big chunks of audio (anything from 2 to 15 decibels). In mastering we are refining, so the controls are click indented to assure repeatable settings, and accuracy to the above mentioned half a decibel.

b) Transparency. Here comes another seeming paradox. In mastering you want the EQ to be as transparent (unnoticeable) as possible. “What? I thought the purpose of EQ was to color and shape the sound??” Yes, but here’s the clincher. General EQs, be they anything from studio to stomp box style, not only affect the desired frequencies, but also add sonic artifacts of their own. Added harmonics (not always pleasant ones), and noise are the two main culprits. While those things might be unavoidable, and even desirable in tone shaping of guitars all the way to mix downs, during mastering we want NONE of that. Zip, zero, zilch. We want cut/boost, bandwidth, and frequency adjustment…that’s it. No cool added distortion, no weird phase artifacts, and above all, no noise! Now that we got that out of the way, let’s talk reality…no piece of equipment is totally transparent, or totally colorless. That defies the laws of nature. We refer to transparency in relative terms, compared to inferior equipment. We just want the most amount of transparency available. As a quick side note, a lot of equipment boasts great specs, like high dynamic range, low noise (signal to noise ratio) and wide frequency response, but what looks good on paper is not always the way things sound. A general eq might share the same specs as a mastering EQ on the sheet, but that’s where the similarities end. Hence, some of the chunky price tags of mastering grade EQs.

2) Mastering grade compressors (again, analog or digital)

All of what was said above about EQ applies to compression. That’s simple enough.

But here is a summary of what a compressor does, and how it plays its role in mastering.

Reduced to its lowest common denominator, a compressor simply raises the volume of low signals and lowers the volume of high signals. All of how much and when, is determined by controls called: threshold, ratio, attack, and release. Some more sophisticated compressors have more bells and whistles, but the main crux is those four mentioned controls. Threshold controls the level your signal has to be at, for the compressor to start operating. Ratio controls how much altering the compressor does…higher ratios have a much more dramatic effect. Attack controls how fast the compressor latches on to your signal. Fast attack times clamp down on your sound quickly, while slower times allow some of the uncompressed sound to get through before clamping down, thus resulting in a fat, punchy sound. Release controls when the signal returns to normal uncompressed status. With those controls you pretty much have complete control over an incoming signal. Now, most musicians use compressors as tools to increase sustain of their instruments. That’s the #1 side effect of compression…the signal leveling and squeezing adds sustain…great for guitars, drums, vocals, etc. Usually, when used in that manner, compressors become a tone shaping tool. However, in mastering we are only interested in dynamic (volume control), not in added harmonics or sustain. So, we’re back to our old friend, “transparency.”

Mastering compressors also come in single and multi band versions. Single band versions work on the whole signal fed into it, whereas multi band compressors chop up the signal into 3 or more sub parts based on user determined frequency points, and compress each frequency “band” individually. Both serve their purpose, and we will discuss the mastering engineer debate over the pros and cons of each at a later time.

3) This brings us to Limiters (analog or digital)

Once again, what was applied to EQs and compressors above, applies to limiters.

Limiters are similar to compressors in function and layout. Even the controls are the same, so I won’t bore you with repetition. BUT…the main difference is that a limiter has one job only…to limit the incoming signal, and not allow it to get louder than a preset point. So, no matter how much signal or volume you apply, it will not go over the “limit”

That is how we prevent tape or digital overloads and when used in conjunction with a compressor, we can make the signal louder AND denser. With the compressor bringing up the rear, so to speak, and the limiter not letting the signal past a certain point, the ending result is a loud and dense signal. Now how much of that should be used, is a very hot debate going on right now which has spawned the “volume wars.” A full article on this topic WILL be up in the future, covering the history of this war, as well as the scam that most of us have bought into. Anyway, back on track, compression and limiting are subjective topics, but good taste is paramount in not overdoing it, and ruining the original mix. Here is my rationalization for this. For argument sake, let’s use a scale from 1 to 10. 1 being the lowest volume, 10 being the absolute max limit. So as an example, Johnny Guitar mixes his record and it looks something like this. Drums-8.8, bass-8.0, keyboards-5.5, guitars-7.7, guitar solos-100…just kidding- actually-8.7, vocals-8.5. He is really happy with the blend and mix. If we go in and start over compressing and limiting…that ratio might change from 8.8, 8.0, 5.5, 7.7, 8.7, 8.5, to, 9.0, 9.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.0, 8.8, or something of that nature. You see we can easily screw up a mix, because things that weren’t meant to be in the fore front, now suddenly are. The hard compression and limiting brought EVERYTHING closer to the ceiling max, AND also brought up the lower sounding parts (even though it was mixed that way on purpose!) to the same level. Dynamics and flow are gone, everything is thrown out of whack and we’ve ruined a good mix. That’s an example of over doing it. But seeing how powerful these tools are, they CAN also be used to refine a rough mix, or tame a problem spot.

4) Noise control and reduction. This isn’t the most exciting, but it is a necessary part of the cleanup. Here we use gates, expanders, noise reduction…all in single band and multi band format.

Gates, simply cut off a signal at a predetermined level. They are generally abrasive and blunt…great for special effects, or simply chopping off a section of noise with no music on it.

Expanders, work exactly like compressors, only in reverse. Once the signal hits a predetermined threshold, the expander kicks in, and simply shoves the noise far down, rendering it inaudible. This is a much more delicate and controllable form of noise control.

Lastly we have noise reduction units. They are not gates, they don’t have the soul of a compressor….they simply analyze a signal, lock onto the noise frame (user adjustable of course) and remove it. Care must be taken though, in checking the original signal vs. the noise print signal, to make sure we aren’t neutering any of the music. You would be surprised at how easily you can accidentally shave off a few KHz before you notice!

5) The last item I want to cover now is stereo image control.

These tools, on the simpler side, can widen or narrow a stereo sound, and on the complicated end of the spectrum, can manipulate ONLY certain frequency bands. The possibilities are endless. But care must be used again, because widening a stereo field too much (such as in getting a pseudo surround effect) can actually drop 3-4 db off of your signal. Conversely, narrowing the field can have the opposite effect, making all of your EQ, compression, and limiting calculations virtually useless. Again, proper compensation, and foresight are a requisite. By now I’m sure you’ve come to realize that the words “give and take” and “compromise” are a mastering engineers’ mantra. We are still governed but the laws of nature…we can only bend things so far.

Once again, the purpose of imaging tools can be to correct an out of balance audio field, to enhance, and widen one, or to simply prep the recording for a particular market. An example would be, optimizing it for stereo compatibility, mono compatibility, or both, strictly for CD sales, fm radio, am radio, and so on. Of course, again, keep in mind, that for every method, there is a counter method, and for every counter method, there is a counter-counter method. The rabbit hole goes as deep as you WANT it to go!

We’ll stop here for now, as this will give you an idea of the basic tenets involved in prepping a master. Technical comparisons and gear discussions will come later. As always, I’ll do my best to keep the thread flowing logically from one topic to the next, but feel free to ask questions or make suggestions.

The Legendary Forum is a great place for this. Until next time…


Reading post 491358 in main thread: How is the weather like where you are now?!
March 11th, 2009
It is 26 degrees F!

"The willingness with which our young people are likely to serve in any war, no matter how justified, is directly proportional to how they perceive the veterans of earlier wars were treated and appreciated." ~George Washington
(c)02-10 - Post # 491358


The official motto of Kenya is Harambee, which in English means "all pull together."

It is a fitting motto for a country consisting of more than 70 tribes that speak more than 30 languages and countless dialects. Fortunately for you, English is the official language along with Swahili, both of which are used as a trade language between the melting pot of cultures that make up Kenya.

So, forget your phrase books and translation phone apps. Climb Mount Kenya, go on a safari, trek along the Rift Valley, visit a genuine Masai village or relax at one of Kenya's popular beach resorts without worrying (too much) about the language barrier.

Our next stop takes us to South America. We know what you're thinking: an English-speaking country in South America?

Is the rainforest calling your name?

Guyana mountains

Does it get more exotic than the Far East?

Philippines resort


page 1  (16 pages)
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On limited versus polynomial nondeterminism

Uriel Feige? Joe Kiliany

December 5, 1995

We show that efficient algorithms for some problems that require limited nondeterminism imply subexponential simulation of nondeterministic computation by deterministic computation. In particular, if cliques of size O(log n) can be found in polynomial time, then nondeterministic time f(n) is contained in deterministic time

2O(pf(n) polylog f(n) ).

1 Introduction

A major open question in computational complexity is whether P = NP . Put in other words, is it true that if a language L can be recognized in time f(n) by a nondeterministic Turing machine (where n denotes the input length), then L can be recognized in time (f(n))c by a deterministic Turing machine (for some constant c)? Let DTIME(f(n)) denote the class of languages accepted by a deterministic Turing machine in time O(f(n)), and let NTIME(f(n)) denote the class of languages accepted by a deterministic Turing machine in time O(f(n)). The trivial relations between these classes are DTIME(f(n)) ae NTIME(f(n)) (by definition), and NTIME(f(n)) ae DTIME(2O(f(n))) (by exhaustive search). Perhaps the only nontrivial relation known is that DTIME(n) <> NTIME(n) [16].

A natural question to ask is whether there is a general methodology that improves over exhaustive search, and applies to a wide range of NP-problems. For some specific NP- problems, improvements over exhaustive search that involve the constant in the exponent were obtained in [23, 22, 4]. However, we seek a more dramatic improvement, with more general applicability. This leads to the following question:

?Department of Applied Math and Computer Science, the Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Incumbent of the Joseph and Celia Reskin Career Development Chair. Supported by a Yigal Alon fellowship. Work done in part while the author was visiting the NEC Research Institute.
yNEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540.