Quick Answer: What Is The Rarest Color Of Horse?

What does a GREY horse symbolize?

Colors: white – omen of death but also innocence and divinity; black – famine; red – war; grey – devil.

Types of horses: two – intellect, especially when harnessed together; winged – poetic relations; grazing – peace..

What is the most loyal horse breed?

Morgan HorseMorgan Horse According to the American Morgan Horse Association, this breed has it in its heritage to bond with people and please people. Morgan horse is not only one of the most loyal horse breeds, but also a suitable choice for both beginners and experienced riders.

Does a white horse mean death?

Depending on the culture, white horses symbolize purity, heroism or death. As befits its other role as psychopomp, a pale horse also bears the figure of Death in the Biblical Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. …

How rare is a white horse?

“True white” horses, especially those that carry one of the dominant white (W) genes, are rare. Most horses that are commonly referred to as “white” are actually “gray” horses whose hair coats are completely white and may be born of any color and gradually “gray” as time goes on and take on a white appearance.

Should you look a horse in the eye?

For one, when you work with a horse, it’s advisable to look him in the eye a lot. … Because horse’s an extremely observant animal and they study their surroundings. If you’re in their surroundings they are studying you too. If they see you looking at them in the eye it sends a message to them about who is in control.

What is the smartest horse breed?

Thoroughbreds are considered the fastest horses in the world and dominate the horse racing industry, while Arabian horses are known to be intelligent and excel in endurance riding. Take a look at some of the horse breeds used in racing, dressage and general riding.

What is the most cheapest horse breed?

Why do you call a white horse GREY?

Grey horses usually are born a darker color and grey out over time; white is born white. The degree of greying out can go all the way to looking white, but there will likely be darker hairs somewhere, often on the muzzle or hocks. White horses are called grey because their skin is grey/black, not pink.

What does a white horse symbolize?

Although the horse was present in many different cultures, they represent the same concepts of freedom and power. In some cultures, white horses stand for the balance of wisdom and power. In others, like Christianity, the white horse is a symbol of death. … The horse also represents power in Native American tribes.

What is the most rare horse color?

The silver dapple color is a result of a silver dilution gene on a black base and it is indeed a rare color. Gaited and mountain breeders call it chocolate and Icelandic breeders call it blue silver. You can find more information about the genetics of silver dapple (and other silver colors) at Equine Color.

What breed of horse is the rarest?

12 Rarest Horse Breeds in the WorldThe Canadian Horse. . . … Akhal-Teke Horse. . . … Dales Pony. . . … The Suffolk Punch Horse. . . … The Cleveland Bay Horse. . . … Newfoundland Pony. . . … The American Cream Horse. . . … Eriskay Pony. . .More items…•

What is the most dangerous horse breed?

Friesian HorseFriesian Horse Also known as Belgian, blacks are native to the Netherlands. It is one of the rare breeds with unique characteristics.

What is the smoothest riding horse?

Who owns the most expensive horse?

Are GREY horses rare?

Gray horses have an admixture of colored and white hairs over a dark skin. Graying is a process that occurs with ageing so that gray horses are born some other color and eventually look almost white (though they are not genetically white horses, which are actually very rare).

What is a GREY horse called?

As they age, some gray horses, particularly those heterozygous for the gray gene, may develop pigmented speckles in addition to a white coat, a pattern colloquially called a “fleabitten gray.”…Gray horse.GrayOther namesGreyVariantsdapple gray flea-bitten gray iron gray rose grayGenotypeBase colorAny9 more rows

What is the ugliest horse in the world?

Akhal-TekeAkhal-Teke. The world’s oldest breed but, to me, the world’s ugliest horse. Horses, Akhal teke horses, Horse breeds.

What are horses afraid of?


5 Reasons Why ‘Eclipse’ Is A Supreme Twilight Novel

In honor of Eclipse’s publishing birthday, here are five reasons why the book is a supreme Twilight novel.

Book Culture On This Day Recommendations Young Adult

Eclipse, the third novel in the Twilight Saga, was published fourteen years ago today. Since the novel falls in the middle of the now five-book series, Eclipse can sometimes blend in with the Edward-versus-Jacob plot of New Moon and the high-stakes Volturi battle in Breaking Dawn. But the third novel in the Twilight series answers so many questions that readers have had over the previous two books. It is the perfect setup for the climax to Bella and Edward’s story, yet it is also a fantastic stand-alone novel that warrants multiple reread sessions. In honor of Eclipse‘s publishing birthday, here are five reasons why the book is a supreme Twilight novel.

***Major spoilers ahead if you have not read the Twilight Saga***

Victoria’s Return

For much of Twilight and New Moon, Victoria fell to the background of more important events happening in the series (James was tracking Bella, wolves were popping up throughout Forks). Frankly, I had completely forgotten about her by the time I first read Eclipse. Not only that but she is described as sort of a meek, scared character when she is first introduced in Twilight.

Perhaps that was the point, to take readers away from suspecting her of anything. However, Eclipse completely changes how readers see Victoria. If you ask me, I think she is the evilest, most vile character of James’s coven. She lives under the radar without a coven before creating her own army of vampires. That’s insanely badass of her to do! So despite her vengefulness, you can’t deny that Victoria’s character arc and story in Eclipse absolutely make the novel.

The Newborn Army of Vampires

Speaking of Victoria’s army, the newborn army of vampires that stalk Seattle and Forks are something of my nightmares. However, they also fill the void of what most people expect when they think of vampires. Up until now, the Cullens were the only vampires in Forks, and they’re super tame. The Volturi feel so far away in Italy (and as readers, we wouldn’t know how important they would be until Breaking Dawn). James and Laurent were easily taken out by the Cullens and the wolves.

So to have brand new vampires for the Cullens to face was exciting and daunting. We were introduced to two important side characters, Riley and Bree, who would become important pieces in Victoria’s puzzle. Not only this, but readers receive an explanation from Jasper about just how dangerous newborn vampires can be. Would this be where we lose a beloved character? The suspense was maddening and kept me reading until the very last page.

Jasper’s Background

One of my personal favorite parts about the Twilight books is learning about each vampire’s background. How did they come to be, and what were their stories before Bella walked into their lives? Well, Eclipse introduces us to Jasper Hale’s background story. This was surprising considering Jasper, himself, was such a mysterious character whose only true plot point was that he had attacked Bella in New Moon.

However, Jasper’s knowledge becomes imperative to the battle against the newborns. Readers enjoyed learning about Jasper’s battle between good and evil as he struggled with a) being a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War and b) becoming a vampire who murdered relentlessly. It’s a fascinating story that explains how the quiet Cullen came to be, and in the end, it further develops Jasper and Bella’s friendship.

The Joining of Vampires and Wolves

Most readers never would have guessed that the Cullens would join forces with the Quileute wolves to defeat a common enemy, especially after Jacob tried to steal Bella away from Edward in New Moon. But what’s great about their coming together in Eclipse is that it proved both sides can move on from the past.

The initial animosity between the Cullens and the Quileute tribe stems from when the Cullens first arrived in Forks. If they hadn’t caused any trouble since, why did the treaty to keep them away from one another last for so long? The wolves were undeniably a huge part in defeating the newborn army, so the Cullens honestly couldn’t have done it without their help. It was exciting to see two enemies unite, and succeed, as one. And readers wouldn’t know it yet, but this would set them up for the battle against the Volturi army in Breaking Dawn.

Bella is a Badass

Eclipse- Bella Swan - Fanpop

Fans and haters alike make fun of Bella as a character because she’s not exactly the headstrong heroine you would expect from a vampire novel. She’s the typical “not like other girls” girl and falls at Edward’s feet, even chasing him to Italy overnight. She’s not exactly a feminist icon. However, it is undeniable that Bella saves the day at the end of Eclipse.

After remembering a Quileute legend about a woman who sacrifices herself to save her village, Bella hurts herself to distract Victoria, allowing Edward to rip her, unsuspecting, apart. Had she not created a distraction (or stayed in the tent, as Edward had initially asked of her), who’s to know what would have happened during Victoria and Edward’s fight. For once, Bella stepped up to the plate and used her humanity to her advantage. She didn’t wait around for the mythical creatures to save her or close her eyes and wait for death (which she was wont to do). She fought back in the only way she knew she could, and it worked. By the end of Eclipse, Victoria and her newborn army are destroyed and  Forks is (relatively) back to normal…for now, that is.

Which Twilight book is your favorite? Let us know in the comments!


Riccarde Tiscci, the Italian fashion designer whose works have made him a household name, has won the Design of The Year award for his latest fashion collection for Men’s Wearhouse.

    Tisci’s latest collection, titled the New York Collection, was released on Wednesday, but its release came at the end of a tumultuous year for fashion designer.

    His fashion brand, which includes the Tisca, Tisco, Toni and Giuseppe and Salvatore Ferragamo label, was forced to close its doors in March due to debt and management issues, and was ultimately sold in July.

    In October, he announced his intention to sell his business to the company that owns the Italian label, and in November he said that he was looking to make his own fashion brand.

    In February, he won the prestigious American Fashion Design Awards for his collections, including his latest collection for Louis Vuitton, which included a line of dress shirts and blouses that included a black-and-white striped shirt.

    His winning design for the Louis Vuitons was named “New York,” and the shirt was also featured on a collection by designer Michael Kors.

    Tischci, who also created the dress shirts, told Vogue magazine that he had a great time working with the Louis, but that he felt the fashion industry needed to do more to better cater to young women.


What’s in a community name? [“Down on Uptown,” April 3.] What images do you conjure when considering Chicago’s neighborhoods? Despite the “negative connotation” that Uptown conjures for some, this is a vibrant community with many individuals and organizations actively pursuing its betterment. Due to their efforts, Uptown is thriving with expanding residential and commercial opportunities, and thankfully, its diversity will remain intact. The fact is that all communities have challenges and problems. A community’s conditions are the collective responsibility of its members. It is the charge of all residents, businesses, and local officials to collaborate and initiate civic improvements.

Do not blithely expect that your neighborhood is due to be “transformed” or regain its old prominence. Donate your time and energies to your local block club. You are either part of a solution by accepting your responsibility or tacitly enabling urban problems.

Sean Keenan

Uptown Chicago Commission


Is coal tar the purest form of carbon?

coal tar.

What is the purest form of carbon for Class 8?

Which is the purest form of charcoal?

Which is obtain from coal tar?

What is the difference between coal tar and coal gas?

COAL GAS: Purified coal gas is used as an industrial and a household fuel. COAL TAR: Coal tar is a foul smelling,dark brown liquid. On fractional distillation it furnishes a number of useful organic compounds that are used for making dyes and explosives.? COKE: Coke is an amorphous form of carbon.

What is the full form of carbon?

Carbon (from Latin: carbo “coal”) is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. … The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon.

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Is Coke pure form of carbon?

What is the purest form of water?

Rain water

What is the purest form of coke?

The purest form of Cocaine is a white, pearly product. The powder form of cocaine is a salt, which is typically cocaine hydrochloride.

What is the purest form of iron?

Wrought Iron

Is coke obtained from coal tar?

Is coal tar safe for skin?

Can you still buy coal tar soap?

What are the 3 types of coal?

What is coke coal tar and coal gas?

How are Coke,Coal Tar and Coal Gas Obtained? When Coal is heated in absence of air . It produces gas which is called coal gas. It produces liquid which is called coal tar. A solid residue is also produced which is called coke.22 мая 2020 г.

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What is Coke and its uses?

Coal mine


Back Forward
道家 -> 庄子 -> 外篇 -> 田子方 -> 5

庄子鲁哀公At an interview of Zhuangzi with duke Ai of Lu,
the duke said,
'There are many of the Learned class in Lu;
。”but few of them can be compared with you, Sir.'
庄子 Zhuangzi replied,
。” 'There are few Learned men in Lu.'
：“'Everywhere in Lu,' rejoined the duke, 'you see men wearing the dress of the Learned
？” - how can you say that they are few?'
庄子：“'I have heard,' said Zhuangzi,
'that those of them who wear round caps
know the times of heaven;
that those who wear square shoes
know the contour of the ground;
and that those who saunter about with semicircular stones at their girdle-pendents
settle matters in dispute as they come before them.
君子But superior men who are possessed of such knowledge
will not be found wearing the dress,
If your Grace think otherwise,
why not issue a notification through the state,
’？” that it shall be a capital offence to wear the dress without possessing the knowledge.'
throughout all Lu, there was no one who dared to wear the dress of the Learned.
庄子 Zhuangzi said,
'When the state of Lu can thus produce but one man of the Learned class,
？” can he be said to be many?'


New Brunswick

New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick, pronounced [nuvo bʁœnswik], locally [nuvo bʁɔnzwɪk]) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both French and English as its official languages.

New Brunswick is bordered by Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the northeast, the Bay of Fundy to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to the west. New Brunswick is about 83% forested and its northern half is occupied by the Appalachians.[7] The province's climate is continental with snowy winters and temperate summers.

New Brunswick has a surface area of 72,908 km2 (28,150 sq mi) and 747,101 inhabitants (2016).[8] Atypically for Canada, only about half of the population lives in urban areas. New Brunswick's largest cities are Moncton and Saint John, while its capital is Fredericton.

In 1969, New Brunswick passed the Official Languages Act which began recognizing French as an official language, along with English.[9] New Brunswickers have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice.[10] About 23 of the population are anglophone and 13 are francophone. New Brunswick is home to most of the cultural region of Acadia and most Acadians. New Brunswick's variety of French is called Acadian French and 7 regional accents can be found.[11]

New Brunswick was first inhabited by First Nations like the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet. In 1604, Acadia, the first New France colony, was founded with the creation of Port-Royal. For 150 years afterwards, Acadia changed hands a few times due to numerous conflicts between France and the United Kingdom. From 1755 to 1764, the British deported Acadians en masse, an event known as the Great Upheaval. This, along with the Treaty of Paris, solidified Acadia as British property. In 1784, following the arrival of many loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, the colony of New Brunswick was officially created, separating it from what is now Nova Scotia.[12] In the early 1800s, New Brunswick prospered and the population grew rapidly. In 1867, New Brunswick decided to confederate with Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (now Quebec and Ontario) to form Canada. After Confederation, shipbuilding and lumbering declined, and protectionism disrupted trade with New England.

From the mid-1900s onwards, New Brunswick was one of the poorest regions of Canada, a fact eventually mitigated by transfer payments. As of 2002, the provincial GDP was derived as follows: services (about half being government services and public administration) 43%; construction, manufacturing, and utilities 24%; real estate rental 12%; wholesale and retail 11%; agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, mining, oil and gas extraction 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%.[13] Most companies and news outlets in the province are owned by the Irving corporation.[14][15] The province's 2019 output was CA$38.236 billion, which is 1.65% of Canada's GDP.[16]

Tourism accounts for 9% of the labour force either directly or indirectly. Popular destinations include the Hopewell Rocks, Fundy National Park, Magnetic Hill, Kouchibouguac National Park and Roosevelt Campobello International Park.[17]

After the founding in 1784, the colony was named New Brunswick in honour of George III, King of Great Britain, King of Ireland, and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in what is now Germany.[18]

Prior to European arrival, Indigenous tribes did not leave a written record, but their language is present in many placenames, such as Aroostook, Bouctouche, Memramcook, Petitcodiac, Quispamsis, Richibucto and Shediac.

Indigenous peoples have been in the area since about 7000 BC. At the time of European contact, inhabitants were the Mi'kmaq, the Maliseet, and the Passamaquoddy.

The first documented European visits were by Jacques Cartier in 1534. In 1604, a party including Samuel de Champlain visited the mouth of the Saint John River on the eponymous Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. Now Saint John, this was later the site of the first permanent European settlement in New Brunswick.[19] French settlement eventually extended up the river to the site of present-day Fredericton. Other settlements in the southeast extended from Beaubassin, near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, to Baie Verte, and up the Petitcodiac, Memramcook, and Shepody Rivers.[20]

By the early 1700s, the French settlements formed a part of Acadia, a colonial division of New France. Acadia covered what is now the Maritimes, as well as bits of Quebec and Maine. The British conquest of most of the Acadian peninsula occurred during the Queen Anne's War, and was formalized in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. After the war, French Acadia was reduced to Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island) and Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island). The ownership of continental Acadia (New Brunswick) remained disputed, with an informal border on the Isthmus of Chignecto. In an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia, the French built Fort Beauséjour at the isthmus in 1751.

From 1749 to 1755, the British engaged in a campaign to consolidate its control over Nova Scotia. The resulting conflict led to an Acadian Exodus to French-controlled territories in North America, including portions of continental Acadia. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour, severing the Acadian supply lines to Nova Scotia, and Île-Royale. Unable to make most of the Acadians sign an unconditional oath of allegiance, British authorities undertook a campaign to expel the Acadians in the initial periods of the Seven Years' War.

Continental Acadia was eventually incorporated into the British colony of Nova Scotia, with nearly all of New France being surrendered to the British with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Acadians that returned from exile discovered several thousand immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands. Some settled around Memramcook and along the Saint John River.[21] In 1766, settlers from Pennsylvania founded Moncton, and English settlers from Yorkshire arrived in the Sackville area. However, settlement of the area remained slow in the mid-18th century.

A romanticized depiction of the arrival of the Loyalists in New Brunswick

After the American Revolution, about 10,000 loyalist refugees settled along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy,[22] commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope restored"). The number reached almost 14,000 by 1784, with about one in ten eventually returning to America.[23] New Brunswick was founded in 1784 upon the partition of Nova Scotia into two areas which became the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.[24] In the same year, New Brunswick formed its first elected assembly.[25] In 1785, Saint John became Canada's first incorporated city.[26] The population of the colony reached 26,000 in 1806 and 35,000 in 1812.

The 1800s saw an age of prosperity based on wood export and shipbuilding,[26] which was bolstered by the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 and demand from the American Civil War. St. Martins became the third most productive shipbuilding town in the Maritimes and produced over 500 vessels.[27] In 1848, responsible home government was granted,[25] and the 1850s saw the emergence of political parties largely organised along religious and ethnic lines.[26] The first half of the 1800s saw large-scale immigration from Ireland and Scotland, with the population reaching 252,047 by 1861.

The notion of unifying the separate colonies of British North America was discussed increasingly in the 1860s. Many felt the American Civil War to be the result of weak central government and wished to avoid such violence and chaos.[28] The 1864 Charlottetown Conference was intended to discuss a Maritime Union, but concerns over possible conquest by the Americans, coupled with a belief that Britain was unwilling to defend its colonies against an American attack, led to a request from the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) to expand the meeting's scope. In 1866 the United States cancelled the Reciprocity Treaty, leading to loss of trade with New England and prompting a desire to build trade within British North America,[29] and Fenian raids increased support for union.[30] On 1 July 1867, New Brunswick entered the Canadian Confederation along with Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada.

Confederation brought into existence the Intercolonial Railway in 1872, a consolidation of the existing Nova Scotia Railway, European and North American Railway, and Grand Trunk Railway. In 1879 John A. Macdonald's Conservatives enacted the National Policy which called for high tariffs and opposed free trade, disrupting the trading relationship between the Maritimes and New England. The economic situation was worsened by the decline of the wooden ship building industry. The railways and tariffs did foster the growth of new industries in the province such as textile manufacturing, iron mills, and sugar refineries,[21] many of which eventually failed to compete with better capitalized industry in central Canada.

In 1937 New Brunswick had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in Canada.[31] At the end of the Great Depression the New Brunswick standard of living was much below the Canadian average. In 1940 the Rowell–Sirois Commission reported that the federal government attempts to manage the depression illustrated grave flaws in the Canadian constitution. While the federal government had most of the revenue gathering powers, the provinces had many expenditure responsibilities such as healthcare, education, and welfare, which were becoming increasingly expensive. The Commission recommended the creation of equalization payments, implemented in 1957.

After Canada joined World War II, 14 NB army units were organized, in addition to The Royal New Brunswick Regiment,[32] and first deployed in the Italian campaign in 1943. After the Normandy landings they redeployed to northwestern Europe, along with The North Shore Regiment.[32] The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, a training program for ally pilots, established bases in Moncton, Chatham, and Pennfield Ridge, as well as a military typing school in Saint John. While relatively unindustrialized before the war, New Brunswick became home to 34 plants on military contracts from which the province received over $78 million.[32] Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had promised no conscription, asked the provinces if they would release the government of said promise. New Brunswick voted 69.1% yes. The policy was not implemented until 1944, too late for many of the conscripts to be deployed.[32] There were 1808 NB fatalities among the armed forces.[33]

A provincial welcome sign in English and French, the two official languages of the province

The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from the more numerous English speakers to the south. The population of French origin grew dramatically after Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 34 per cent in 1931.[34] Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in Francophone areas was less developed than elsewhere. In 1960 Premier Louis Robichaud embarked on the New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program, in which education, rural road maintenance, and healthcare fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage throughout the province, rather than the former county-based system. In 1969 the Robichaud government adopted the Official Languages Act making the province officially bilingual and establishing the right of New Brunswickers to obtain provincial government services in the official language of their choice. In 1982 at the request of the government of Richard Hatfield, this right became part of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and therefore part of the Constitution of Canada.[10]

The flag of New Brunswick, based on the coat of arms, was adopted in 1965. The conventional heraldic representations of a lion and a ship represent colonial ties with Europe, and the importance of shipping at the time the coat of arms was assigned.[35]

Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement but which are home to enormous forests.[36]

New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along the moderating sea. New Brunswick has a humid continental climate, with slightly milder winters on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a subarctic climate.

Evidence of climate change in New Brunswick can be seen in its more intense precipitation events, more frequent winter thaws, and one quarter to half the amount of snowpack.[37] Today the sea level is about 30 cm (1 ft) higher than it was 100 years ago, and it is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100.[37]

Most of New Brunswick[38] is forested with secondary forest or tertiary forest. At the start of European settlement, the Maritimes were covered from coast to coast by a forest of mature trees, giants by today's standards. Today less than one per cent of old-growth Acadian forest remains,[39] and the World Wide Fund for Nature lists the Acadian Forest as endangered.[40] Following the frequent large scale disturbances caused by settlement and timber harvesting, the Acadian forest is not growing back as it was, but is subject to borealization. This means that exposure-resistant species that are well adapted to the frequent large-scale disturbances common in the boreal forest are increasingly abundant. These include jack pine, balsam fir, black spruce, white birch, and poplar.[40] Forest ecosystems support large carnivores such as the bobcat, Canada lynx, and black bear, and the large herbivores moose and white-tailed deer.

Fiddlehead greens are harvested from the Ostrich fern which grows on riverbanks. Furbish's lousewort, a perennial herb endemic to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an endangered species threatened by habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank.[41] Many wetlands are being disrupted by the highly invasive Introduced species purple loosestrife.[42]

Bedrock types range from 1 billion to 200 million years old.[43] Much of the bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean deposits in the Ordovician that were subject to folding and igneous intrusion and that were eventually covered with lava during the Paleozoic, peaking during the Acadian orogeny.[21]

During the Carboniferous period, about 340 million years ago, New Brunswick was in the Maritimes Basin, a sedimentary basin near the equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, accumulated there; after being compressed, they produced the Albert oil shales of southern New Brunswick. Eventually, sea water from the Panthalassic Ocean invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea. Once this receded, conglomerates, sandstones, and shales accumulated. The rust colour of these was caused by the oxidation of iron in the beds between wet and dry periods.[44] Such late Carboniferous rock formed the Hopewell Rocks, which have been shaped by the extreme tidal range of the Bay of Fundy.

In the early Triassic, as Pangea drifted north it was rent apart, forming the rift valley that is the Bay of Fundy. Magma pushed up through the cracks, forming basalt columns on Grand Manan.[45]

New Brunswick lies entirely within the Appalachian Mountain range. The rivers of New Brunswick drain into either the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the east or the Bay of Fundy to the south. These watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine.[38]

New Brunswick and the rest of the Maritime Peninsula was covered by thick layers of ice during the last glacial period (the Wisconsinian glaciation).[46] It cut U-shaped valleys in the Saint John and Nepisiguit River valleys and pushed granite boulders from the Miramichi highlands south and east, leaving them as erratics when the ice receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation, along with deposits such as the eskers between Woodstock and St George, which are today sources of sand and gravel.

The four Atlantic Provinces are Canada's least populated, with New Brunswick the third-least populous at 747,101 in 2016. The Atlantic provinces also have higher rural populations. New Brunswick was largely rural until 1951; since then, the rural-urban split has been roughly even.[47] Population density in the Maritimes is above average among Canadian provinces, which reflects their small size and the fact that they do not possess large, unpopulated hinterlands, as do the other seven provinces and three territories.

New Brunswick's 107 municipalities[48] cover 8.6% of the province's land mass but are home to 65.3% of its population. The three major urban areas are in the south of the province and are Greater Moncton, population 126,424, Greater Saint John, population 122,389, and Greater Fredericton, population 85,688.

In the 2001 census, the most commonly reported ethnicities were British 40%, French Canadian and Acadian 31%, Irish 18%, other European 7%, First Nations 3%, Asian Canadian 2%. Each person could choose more than one ethnicity.[49]

According to the Canadian Constitution, both English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick,[50] making it the only officially bilingual province. Government and public services are available in both English and French.[51] For education, English-language and French-language systems serve the two linguistic communities at all levels.[51]

Anglophone New Brunswickers make up roughly two-thirds of the population, while about one-third are Francophone. Recently there has been growth in the numbers of people reporting themselves as bilingual, with 34% reporting that they speak both English and French. This reflects a trend across Canada.[52]

In the 2011 census, 84% of provincial residents reported themselves as Christian:[21] 52% were Roman Catholic, 8% Baptist, 8% United Church of Canada, 7% Anglican and 9% other Christian. Fifteen percent of residents reported no religion.

As of October 2017, seasonally adjusted employment is 73,400 for the goods-producing sector and 280,900 for the services-producing sector.[53] Those in the goods-producing industries are mostly employed in manufacturing or construction, while those in services work in social assistance, trades, and health care. A large portion of the economy is controlled by the Irving Group of Companies, which consists of the holdings of the family of K. C. Irving. The companies have significant holdings in agriculture, forestry, food processing, freight transport (including railways and trucking), media, oil, and shipbuilding.[54]

The United States is the province's largest export market, accounting for 92% of a foreign trade valued in 2014 at almost $13 billion, with refined petroleum making up 63% of that, followed by seafood products, pulp, paper and sawmill products and non-metallic minerals (chiefly potash). The value of exports, mostly to the United States, was $1.6 billion in 2016. About half of that came from lobster. Other products include salmon, crab, and herring.[55] In 2015, spending on non-resident tourism in New Brunswick was $441 million, which provided $87 million in tax revenue.[56]

A large number of residents from New Brunswick are employed in the primary sector of industry. More than 13,000 New Brunswickers work in agriculture, shipping products worth over $1 billion, half of which is from crops, and half of that from potatoes, mostly in the Saint John River valley. McCain Foods is one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen potato products. Other products include apples, cranberries, and maple syrup.[57] New Brunswick was in 2015 the biggest producer of wild blueberries in Canada.[58] The value of the livestock sector is about a quarter of a billion dollars, nearly half of which is dairy. Other sectors include poultry, fur, and goats, sheep, and pigs.

About 85 to 90% of New Brunswick is forested. Historically important, it accounted for more than 80% of exports in the mid-1800s. By the end of the 1800s the industry, and shipbuilding, were declining due to external economic factors. The 1920s saw the development of a pulp and paper industry. In the mid-1960s, forestry practices changed from the controlled harvests of a commodity to the cultivation of the forests.[34] The industry employs nearly 12,000, generating revenues around $437 million.[21]

Mining was historically unimportant in the province, but has grown since the 1950s.[59] The province's GDP from the Mining and Quarrying industry in 2015 was $299.5 million.[60] Mines in New Brunswick produce lead, zinc, copper, and potash.

Public education elementary and secondary education in the province is administered by the provincial . New Brunswick has a parallel system of Anglophone and Francophone public schools. In the anglophone system, approximately 27 per cent of the students are enrolled in a French immersion programs.[61]

The province also operates five public post-secondary institutions, including four public universities and one college. Four public universities operate campuses in New Brunswick, including the oldest English-language university in the country, the University of New Brunswick. Other English-language public universities include Mount Allison University and St. Thomas University. Université de Moncton is the province's only French-language university. All four universities offer undergraduate, and postgraduate education. Additionally, the Université de Moncton and the University of New Brunswick also provide professional programs.

Public colleges in the province are managed as a part of the New Brunswick Community College (NBCC) system, except for the New Brunswick College of Craft & Design,[62] which has operated through the Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour since 1938. In addition to public institutions, the province is also home to several private vocational schools, such as the Moncton Flight College; and universities, the largest being Crandall University.

Under Canadian federalism, power is divided between federal and provincial governments. Among areas under federal jurisdiction are citizenship, foreign affairs, national defence, fisheries, criminal law, indigenous policies, and many others. Provincial jurisdiction covers public lands, health, education, and local government, among other things. Jurisdiction is shared for immigration, pensions, agriculture, and welfare.[63]

The parliamentary system of government is modelled on the British Westminster system. Forty-nine representatives, nearly always members of political parties, are elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. The head of government is the Premier of New Brunswick, normally the leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly. Governance is handled by the executive council (cabinet), with about 32 ministries.[64] Ceremonial duties of the Monarchy in New Brunswick are mostly carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.

Under amendments to the province's Legislative Assembly Act in 2007, a provincial election is held every four years. The two largest political parties are the New Brunswick Liberal Association and the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick. Since the 2018 election, minor parties are the Green Party of New Brunswick and the People's Alliance of New Brunswick.

The Court of Appeal of New Brunswick is the highest provincial court. It hears appeals from:

The system consists of eight Judicial Districts, loosely based on the counties.[66] The Chief Justice of New Brunswick serves at the apex of this court structure.

Historically the province was divided into counties with elected governance, but this was abolished in 1966. While county governments have been abolished in New Brunswick, counties continue to be used as census divisions by Statistics Canada, and as an organizational unit, along with parishes, for registration of real-estate and its taxation. Counties continue to figure into the sense of identity of many New Brunwickers. Counties are further subdivided into 152 parishes, which also lost their political significance in 1966 but are still used as census subdivisions by Statistics Canada.

Ninety-two per cent of the land in the province, inhabited by about 35% of the population, is under provincial administration and has no local, elected representation. The 51% of the province that is Crown land is administered by the .

Most of the province is administrated as a local service district (LSD), an unincorporated unit of local governance. As of 2017, there are 237 LSDs. Services, paid for by property taxes, include a variety of services such as fire protection, solid waste management, street lighting, and dog regulation. LSDs may elect advisory committees[67] and work with the Department of Local Government to recommend how to spend locally collected taxes.

In 2006 there were three rural communities. This is a relatively new type of entity; to be created, it requires a population of 3,000 and a tax base of $200 million.[68] In 2006 there were 101 municipalities.

Regional Service Commissions, which number 12, were introduced in 2013 to regulate regional planning and solid waste disposal, and provide a forum for discussion on a regional level of police and emergency services, climate change adaptation planning, and regional sport, recreational and cultural facilities. The commissions' administrative councils are populated by the mayors of each municipality or rural community within a region.[69]

In 2015, New Brunswick had the most poorly-performing economy of any Canadian province, with a per capita income of $28,000.[70] The government has historically run at a large deficit. With about half of the population being rural, it is expensive for the government to provide education and health services, which account for 60 per cent of government expenditure. Thirty-six per cent of the provincial budget is covered by federal cash transfers.[71]

The government has frequently attempted to create employment through subsidies, which has often failed to generate long-term economic prosperity and has resulted in bad debt,[71] examples of which include Bricklin, Atcon,[72] and the Marriott call centre in Fredericton.[73]

According to a 2014 study by the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, the large public debt is a very serious problem. Government revenues are shrinking because of a decline in federal transfer payments. Though expenditures are down (through government pension reform and a reduction in the number of public employees), they have increased relative to GDP,[74] necessitating further measures to reduce debt in the future.

In the 2014–15 fiscal year, provincial debt reached $12.2 billion or 37.7 per cent of nominal GDP, an increase over the $10.1 billion recorded in 2011–12.[74] The debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to fall to 36.7% in 2019–20.[75]

Publicly owned NB Power operates 13 of New Brunswick's generating stations, deriving power from fuel oil and diesel (1497 MW), hydro (889 MW), nuclear (660 MW), and coal (467 MW). There were 30 active natural gas production sites in 2012.[21]

The Department of Transportation and Infrastructure maintains government facilities and the province's highway network and ferries. The Trans-Canada Highway is not under federal jurisdiction, and traverses the province from Edmundston following the Saint John River Valley, through Fredericton, Moncton, and on to Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.

Via Rail's Ocean service, which connects Montreal to Halifax, is currently the oldest continuously operated passenger route in North America, with stops from west to east at Campbellton, Charlo, Jacquet River, Petit Rocher, Bathurst, Miramichi, Rogersville, Moncton, and Sackville.

Canadian National Railway operates freight services along the same route, as well as a subdivision from Moncton to Saint John. The New Brunswick Southern Railway, a division of J. D. Irving Limited, together with its sister company Eastern Maine Railway form a continuous 305 km (190 mi) main line connecting Saint John and Brownville Junction, Maine.

There are about 61 historic places in New Brunswick, including Fort Beauséjour, Kings Landing Historical Settlement and the Village Historique Acadien. Established in 1842, the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John was designated as the provincial museum of New Brunswick. The province is also home to a number of other museums in addition to the provincial museum.

New Brunswick is home to a number of individuals that worked as musicians, in the performing arts, and/or the visual arts. Music of New Brunswick includes artists such as Henry Burr, Roch Voisine, Lenny Breau, and Édith Butler. Symphony New Brunswick, based in Saint John, tours extensively in the province. Symphony New Brunswick based in Saint John and the Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada (based in Moncton), tours nationally and internationally.

Theatre New Brunswick (based in Fredericton), tours plays around the province. Canadian playwright Norm Foster saw his early works premiere with Theatre New Brunswick. Other live theatre troops include the Théatre populaire d'Acadie in Caraquet, and Live Bait Theatre in Sackville. The refurbished Imperial and Capitol Theatres are found in Saint John and Moncton, respectively; the more modern Playhouse is in Fredericton.

Mount Allison University in Sackville began offering classes in 1854. The program came into its own under John A. Hammond, from 1893 to 1916. Alex Colville and Lawren Harris later studied and taught art there, and both Christopher Pratt and Mary Pratt were trained at Mount Allison. The university also opened an art gallery in 1895 and is named for its patron, John Owens of Saint John. The art gallery at Mount Allison University is presently the oldest university-operated art gallery in Canada. Modern New Brunswick artists include landscape painter Jack Humphrey, sculptor Claude Roussel, and Miller Brittain. The province is also home to the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, which was designated as the provincial art gallery in 1994.

Julia Catherine Beckwith, born in Fredericton, was Canada's first published novelist. Poet Bliss Carman and his cousin Charles G. D. Roberts were some of the first Canadians to achieve international fame for letters. Antonine Maillet was the first non-European winner of France's Prix Goncourt. Other modern writers include Alfred Bailey, Alden Nowlan, John Thompson, Douglas Lochhead, K. V. Johansen, David Adams Richards, and France Daigle. A recent New Brunswick Lieutenant-Governor, Herménégilde Chiasson, is a poet and playwright. The Fiddlehead, established in 1945 at University of New Brunswick, is Canada's oldest literary magazine.

New Brunswick has four daily newspapers: the Times & Transcript, serving eastern New Brunswick; the Telegraph-Journal, based in Saint John and distributed province-wide; The Daily Gleaner, based in Fredericton; and L'Acadie Nouvelle, based in Caraquet. The three English-language dailies and the majority of the weeklies are owned and operated by Brunswick News—which is privately owned by James K. Irving. Due to its dominant position, critics have accused Brunswick News of being biased towards the Irving Group of Companies, noting its reluctance to publish stories that are critical of the group.[76][77][78][79]

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has anglophone television and radio operations in Fredericton. Télévision de Radio-Canada is based in Moncton. CTV and Global also operate stations in New Brunswick, which operate largely as sub-feeds of their stations in Halifax as part of regional networks.


This documentation supports the 9.1 version of Remedy Action Request System.

Assigning values using arithmetic operations

You can use arithmetic operations, such as "+ " or "- " to compute a value that you can use in a Set Fields action. The same arithmetic operations allowed for specifying qualifications are used to build a computed value (see Operators). The operation must meet all of the rules for arithmetic operations and produce a result with a type that is compatible with the target field.

If you include a process result or DDE result (active links only) in a mathematical operation, the process definition must not be contained within parentheses and it must be the last item in the operation because all data after the tag $PROCESS$ or $DDE$ is considered to be part of the command line or DDE definition.

In some cases, arithmetic operators can also be used for concatenation. Some examples of valid arithmetic operators are:

"hostname = " + $PROCESS$ hostname


Evaluation Research Essay

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Evaluation research originally emerged in the education and human services arenas as a means for improving social programs, but it now focuses more on determining the overall effectiveness of programs. Both approaches are valuable in that they yield evidenced-based research to secure funding or develop and implement effective programs.

One type of evaluation research, formative evaluation, deals with influencing the beginning stages of program development. The evaluation researcher collects and interprets data about how a program operates in its early stages and then translates this information into concrete suggestions for improvement to be shared with program staff. For example, if a local school board requests a formative analysis of a new Holocaust Education program, the researcher would carefully review the program’s goals, objectives, curriculum, and instructional materials as well as collect data from students, teachers, and administration about how the program functions. After analyzing and interpreting the data, the evaluator could offer program improvement suggestions in such areas as curriculum, instructional materials, and overall program management.

The second type of evaluation research, process evaluation, determines whether a given program was implemented as designed. Understanding the sources of variation in program delivery allows evaluators to understand better how a program works. Process evaluations are especially important when trying to understand multisite programs such as the Gang Resistance Education and Training program. The focus is not to determine if a program works, but rather to determine how it works and what variations in its delivery could potentially contribute to its overall effect.

Summative evaluation, the third type of evaluation, focuses on determining the program’s outcomes. In other words, did the program work? Did it meet its professed goals and objectives? This type of evaluation research resonates strongly with funding agencies. For example, in the 1990s, the National Cancer Institute funded several health promotion programs reaching out to Hispanic women to raise awareness, increase knowledge, and improve access to cancer screening opportunities. For funding eligibility, each proposed program had to include a summative evaluation component. The proposal design comparing the intervention group with another group had special appeal to the funding agency.

Program evaluations, regardless of type, typically encompass a sequence of stages. The initial two stages involve understanding the essence of the program. More specifically, stage 1 involves the formulation of the program’s goals and objectives, while stage 2 involves developing an understanding of the program’s delivery, setting, and participants. Stage 3 focuses on designing the evaluation. The design can include both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. Choice of methodologies depends on several factors, including purpose of the evaluation and type of information needed. The fourth stage involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the data. The fifth and final stage of the evaluation involves utilizing the evaluation results to improve the program or to verify that it works.

Evaluation Research Designs

Evaluation researchers typically use a variety of research designs when evaluating a program. Design choices depend on several aspects of the evaluation, including the intended audience, available resources, and ethical concerns. Three main types of evaluation research designs exist: experimental designs, quasi-experimental designs, and qualitative research designs.

Experimental designs use summative evaluations to assess whether the program worked. Because this design involves the random assignment of participants to an experimental or a control group, researchers can be reasonably certain that any outcome differences between the two groups result from program participation as opposed to preexisting group differences. For example, if an elementary school principal applies for funding for a social-skills training program for fifth-grade students, she must include an evaluation design in her proposal. Recognizing that experimental design is a stringent, respected means for evaluating program effects, she proposes that her school’s fifth-grade students will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. She hypothesizes that those students assigned to the experimental group will demonstrate more positive social skills than those in the control group.

Quasi-experimental designs are more commonly utilized than the more stringent experimental design. Examples of quasi-experimental designs include non-equivalent control groups and time series. Like experimental designs, the nonequivalent control group design involves both an experimental and a control group. However, because random assignment is not possible, the researcher must find an existing “control” group that is similar to the experimental group in terms of background and demographic variables. Despite the matching process, the two groups may still differ in terms of important characteristics. Because of the nonequivalent nature of the groups, pretests will determine baseline differences on the outcome variable. Controlling for these differences allows the researcher to isolate program effects. Another type of quasi-experimental design, time-series, involves measurements made over a designated period of time, such as the study of traffic accident rates before and after lowering the speed limit. Time-series designs work in those situations in which a control group is not possible.

Qualitative research methodologies are another means for obtaining evaluation research data. These methodologies are especially useful because they can provide in-depth information about program processes, which in turn can inform program modifications. Focus groups, in-depth interviews, and content analyses of program materials are all useful tools for the program evaluator. For example, in a process program evaluation of a school-based parent-involvement program, Spanish-speaking parents are less likely to attend sessions than English-speaking parents, despite the fact that sessions are available in Spanish. An evaluator decides to find out why this is the case by setting up focus groups with Spanish-speaking parents. Results indicate that although Spanish-speaking parents want to be involved in their children’s schooling, they view their lack of English proficiency as a barrier to effective involvement. Program staff can use this information to modify recruitment strategies, ensuring communication to Spanish-speaking parents that their involvement encompasses more than schoolwork assistance.

From Research to Practice

It might appear that evaluation research would have a significant impact on whether a program continues. However, this is not always the case, particularly when a program is immensely popular and taps into the public’s perception of what should work. The Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program provides a good example of a program that receives continued funding despite a plethora of evaluation research indicating that it has no long-term effects for preventing and reducing adolescent drug use. The D.A.R.E. case illustrates that program evaluation research can only be effective when program stakeholders, those with a vested interest in the program’s success, actually utilize the results either to modify the existing program or to design a more effective one.

  1. Adler, Emily S. and Roger Clark, eds. 2007. How It’s Done: An Invitation to Social Research. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
  2. Birkeland, Sarah, Erin Murphy-Graham, and Carol Weiss. 2005. “Good Reasons for Ignoring Good Evaluation: The Case of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program.” Evaluation & Program Planning 28:247-56.
  3. Fitzpatrick, Jody, James R. Sanders, and Blaine J. Worthen. 2004. Program Evaluation: Alternative Approaches and Practical Guidelines. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  4. Patton, Michael Q. 2002. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  5. Rossi, Peter H., Mark W. Lipsey, and Howard E. Freeman. 2003. Evaluation: A Systematic Approach. 7th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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What is Snapchat live streaming?

In a bid to get a glimpse of how social media is changing the world, one of the world’s biggest app-based messaging platforms Snapchat Live Stream has announced that it is making its first live stream of the US presidential election.

The livestream, which will begin on Tuesday and run until November 8, will be hosted by Facebook’s Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg.

The livestream is a way for Snapchat to provide a virtual window into the US election, and as the company’s business is increasingly moving away from traditional newsrooms, the livestream will also serve as a platform to connect with users across the country, where they will be able to vote on Election Day.

Snapchat Live streams have been a major boon for the company in the past, but this time around, the platform will not be using its own livestream technology.

Instead, the company will be relying on a partnership with the US Election Assistance Commission (EAC), a non-profit that tracks the election and monitors and distributes the votes in the US.

The EAC is responsible for monitoring the results of the elections and distributing them to state and local officials across the US, with the aim of preventing electoral fraud.

The EAC was set up in the aftermath of the 2008 US presidential race, when it was criticised for not doing enough to prevent fraud and the lack of an accurate count of votes.

The US election commission has since increased its focus on preventing voter intimidation, voter suppression and voting fraud.

This has seen the EAC become an early partner in the election, with Snapchat being a key player in the platform’s election monitoring.

This partnership with EAC, however, does not mean that the company has decided to take its live streaming live.

Instead the company plans to keep the livestream in-house and will use a small team to stream the event.

The reason for this is that the livestream is something of a milestone for Snapchats growth.

It is not the first time the company livestreamed its presidential election, but it is the first to do so with an outside entity.

While it has been a long time coming, the live stream is now a significant step forward for the platform, which has seen its userbase grow rapidly in recent years.

It also shows that the platform has the potential to grow beyond its niche audience.

In a statement, Snapchat said that its live stream will be free, and that it will also be in-depth, covering topics such as how the presidential election will be covered in the coming weeks, how the candidates will conduct their campaign, and other topics.

The company also said that it was working on a special section for voters who are undecided on who to vote for in the presidential race.


Arable farming is not one of the classic tasks of a consulting company. But perhaps this is why the Euverion team was so enthusiastic about this project.

In order to be able to reliably plan costs and yields, we had to intensively deal with the basics of grass breeding (e.g. Miscanthus), soil preparation, but also plant density and fertilisation and determine the basics in detail. How does the weather correlate with the biomass yield? How high may or must the moisture content of the crop be in order for combustion to run optimally? The “other” calculations were almost standard – from the calorific values and volume flows to the power plant outputs and the probabilities of failure to the quantities of electricity that could be sold.

Of course, we have also examined alternative utilisation possibilities for our client, e.g. the utilisation of biomass as wood pellets, and also calculated completely different “sources” of biomass, such as biowaste, liquid manure, etc.. Because every project must also “pay off” for its success.

We have also examined the aspect of the impact of a biomass project on the regions. Renewable resources can be used to create jobs, especially in structurally weak regions. In rural regions, for example, new and above all sustainable perspectives are opened up and the migration of the rural population to the cities is stopped.

Another important consulting module was financial planning and project financing, as well as preparations for raising funding.

Euverion was able to significantly expand its expertise in the cultivation and production of biomass, pellets and power plant construction through this major project.


Quick Answer: Did the British win World War 2?

How did Britain win World war II?

In the summer of 1940 – after Hitler swept through France and drove the British army out of the European mainland – the people of Britain made ready for a Nazi invasion. … By October 1940 the RAF was victorious.

What countries did not fight in ww2?

Why did the Germans lose ww2?

After the Allied invasion of France, Germany was conquered by the Soviet Union from the east and the other Allies from the west, and capitulated in May 1945. Hitler’s refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war.

Why did Germany lose the Battle of Britain?

The decisive factors were British capability and determination, but German mistakes, before and during the battle, contributed significantly to the outcome. German rearmament was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I, but aircraft development continued under the guise of civil aviation.

IT IS INTERESTING:  What is flat in British English?

What would happen if Britain lost the Battle of Britain?

The stakes

But any invasion required air superiority, and that meant defeating Britain’s air force. If Britain lost the battle, and Germany was able to manufacture a successful invasion and capitulation, then the last realistic launchpad for the liberation of Europe would be gone.

What country killed the most German soldiers in World war 2?

The Red Army claimed responsibility for the majority of Wehrmacht casualties during World War II. The People’s Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million, while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million.

Who has the largest army in ww2?

While the United States had the largest military during World War II, other nations weren’t far behind. The German army during World War II reached 11 million soldiers, as did the Russian army.


September 16, 2019

Renewable Energy

ECOSOC: Environmental

Topic: Renewable Energy

Reliable access to energy is a fundamental part of daily life for billions of people around the world; however, today there are still almost one billion people who lack access to functioning electricity, half of whom can be found in sub-Saharan Africa alone. While increasing energy access is in and of itself an important issue, increasing the proportion of electricity generated from renewable energy sources is a growing concern in the face of climate change. Rapidly declining costs of renewable energy in the past decade have resulted in wind and solar becoming cost competitive with fossil fuels in many regions across the globe. In seeking to expand energy access, it is essential that we consider the future and the impact that energy generation has on the planet. The United Nations has shown its commitment to this mission by establishing “Affordable and Clean Energy” as the seventh of its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out in 2015.

The 2016 Paris Agreement marked transitioning to renewable energy as a crucial step towards meeting the Paris climate goals, as reliance on fossil fuels has widely been recognized as one of the largest contributing factors to climate change. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has itself been a major proponent of energy solutions that integrate climate and development benefits, establishing an approach that focuses on zero-carbon, risk-informed, sustainable development in order to achieve climate targets and reduce disaster risk. The UNDP acknowledges both on and off-grid renewable solutions as key to expanding renewable energy penetration, encouraging governments to transform their renewable energy markets by strengthening investment in new technologies. Well-established energy systems promote success across all sectors, including business, medicine, communication, and education.

While the developed world has been the main culprit of greenhouse gas emissions, the effects of climate change are felt globally, and often it is the poorest populations who are least able to adapt their lifestyles. Therefore, renewable energy is an issue to be carefully considered by both developed countries with existing energy infrastructure and developing countries looking to expand energy access and reliability within their borders. A shift toward renewable generation also comes with significant impacts upon nations who rely on fossil fuel exports as their primary source of revenue, necessitating strategic planning to restructure entire economies. In discussing its clean energy goal, the UN states that energy is “central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today” including jobs, security, food production, and raising income. Expanding renewable generation presents a key opportunity to transforms the lives and future of both our people and our planet.

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The Fix-It Fairies

May 15, 2018.

The Fix-It Fairies by Samantha Gray

The Mom Belt System

After spending the past few months watching my children learn Jiu Jitsu, I have begun to realize the sport of MOTHERING has it’s belt system too.

Mothering is a really tough sport. Whether you are a full-time mom or a super-full-time mom, it is ROUGH. It is a rewarding and heartbreaking sport though. There are many highs, lows and lessons learned that you would never have imagined. My children are ages 5 and 7, and are both obsessed with Jiu Jitsu. As I have watched them at practice, day after day, I have started to think about how the sport of mothering is much like the sport of Jiu Jitsu. There are different belt colors: White, Blue, Purple, Brown and Black. The kids have a whole different set of colors, but for parenting purposes, I’m focusing on the adult belt system. It starts with the white belt.

The WHITE belt is ALL about survival. You need to make it through the round without getting your ass kicked and hopefully learning a few new techniques and strategies that will make you look semi-good (if you tilt your head and squint in a dark room). That is the birth-5 year-old parents in my opinion. They are learning the sport of mothering. They have transitioned from a fun-filled life to having responsibilities, but it is still new, exciting and terrifying to them. You have enough skill and talent to keep your kids alive, but the amount of knowledge you still do not know is almost impossible to imagine at this point. You are constantly getting schooled about what to do and what not to do. You win some battles, but most of the time, you feel as though you are caught somewhere between an arm bar and a choke-hold. You look up at that clock more than you should and try to hold on as best as you can until it is bedtime or even that five minutes rest you can squeeze in between matches. It is exhausting and your entire body and mind hurts all the time, but as time goes on, you adapt. You learn. You adjust. Then, somewhere in the chaos, you graduate to a blue belt.

The BLUE belt. The blue belt mother has the fundamentals of the “sport” down. They know what the moves are but still are in an experimental mode. Yes, at this age, blue-belt mothers experiment. A LOT. They test out different sports, adventures, classes, techniques, toys, foods, bribes, pretty much everything you can thing of. There are self-help books, mothering books, cooking books, and random inspirational books littering their counters or Kindles (most of them only skimmed through). They are trying to figure out what path they can take that will lead them to the most success in their game. The hone in on that special skill that they take to a match in hopes for the right moment to shine and conquer. Blue belt mothers are constantly on social media or engaging with other mothers looking for praise, support, or the feeling of normalcy. They are constantly seeking the latest and greatest way to give their child that edge on life that they need at this level. They are finally starting to win some of their matches, while still being surprised on almost a daily basis of things they have never seen before. The blue belt is rewarding and inspiring, but at the same time still full of humility and defeat. This belt is usually in the 4-10 year old mothering age-range. Once they have a set standard of what works and doesn’t, moms get promoted to a purple belt.

The PURPLE belt. I think of this belt as the tween belt. It is for the mothers who have children progressing into the teenage years. The hormonal years. This is where the real mentoring of the sport begins. They are still working on their own techniques, which the kids will certainly test on a daily basis. However, for then most part, their mothering-style will be set quite well. They will continuously reinforce the basic lessons of life and technique, style, and grace with their children. They will start reaching out to those around them and give them advice (wanted or unwanted) on what they are doing right or wrong and ways they can improve their mothering game. They are gearing up for that age where they can refine their own certain skills and prepare for the future. Their children should already understand the basic concept of this world. Even if this mom has new babies at this time, she is confident in her abilities to raise the child they way she sees fit. Once the purple belt is “mastered”, we move to the brown belt.

The BROWN belt is reserved for the mom of teenagers, specifically ones that are close to being ready to leave their care and move out on their own. She has endured countless hours of no-sleep, stressful days and nights, numerous teacher meetings, more flash-card than she wants to admit, and at least a handful of days where she was left with no-voice, due to whatever circumstances (we don’t judge). These moms have been there. Done that. And SURVIVED! They are just putting the final touches on their children; grooming them to go off and be adults. They are preparing themselves for what the world has to offer. Hoping that their journey as parents is as fulfilling as their progression through the ranks was. It is not an easy time for a brown-belt parent, but seeing the light at the end of the tunnel is a rewarding one (so I believe is the case). When that child finally moves out of the house, the mom graduates to a full-on black belt. She has made it to the top. Her children are out of the house, successful, and maybe even starting a parenting jiu-jitsu journey of their own.

The BLACK belt. After many years, sleepless nights, all-out battles with the children, devotion like no other and undying love for the sport of mothering, one may reach her blackbelt. It is when a mom has made it through the trials and tribulations of parenting. She has felt on top of the world, yet at the same time feared the judging eyes of everyone around her (whether or not they even existed). She raised, trained, and mentored a (or multiple) human being from a helpless creature to an adult. It is a magnificent time. She is a mentor. A leader. A coach. She has made many mistakes along the way but came out on the other end a winner because she never gave up. She is there to give advice to her students when needed. She is there to watch them make their own mistakes, because that is how they must learn. She is there to guide and cherish them, but to also let them fail if they have to. Hopefully, her children will not believe they are too good that they don’t have to reach to her for advice and guidance, but it is only a natural part of the belt progression where the white belts and even blue belts will think they are all-knowing and need to learn the hard way that some of their techniques simply do not work. It takes a strong black belt to foster the lower-belt mom’s confidence and knowledge but respect the fact that they must make their own choices in their fights. They must determine what path they take. Because that is the only way they can grow. In my opinion, the black belt is the hardest role as a mother. It is having the ability to let your children make their own choices, their own mistakes, and their own successes, while still being there to support them in the process.

I currently am a blue belt in this sport of mothering. My kids are young, but I have survived the first phase of their lives. I am learning everyday on how to raise them correctly while still trying to get over the constant feeling on inadequacy and failure. I am trying not to take comments and social media personally, while making my own opinions on how my children should interact with this world. I am trying new things all the time and read way too many “how to make sure your children are successful” articles. I make mistakes by the dozen and feel like I tap out to my self-doubt more than I should. I hope as I earn my higher mom-belts, I will be able to look back and say I did a good job or at least I did the best I could do on any given day and any given match.

Being a mom is a rough job. It doesn’t get easier either. I just hope that someday, I can make my coaches proud of the journey I have accomplished and the lessons I have survived. As I look towards the future, I also hope that one day, I will be at least half the black belt as the ones I look up to and have guided me through this crazy journey of Jiu-Jitsu mothering.

A Year’s Journey

Blog: It’s been a while since my last post. A lot has happened. Here is a recap and a forecast of what the future may bring. Wish us luck.

It’s been quite a while since I last wrote a post. We have pushed the pause button on our RV journeys for the time being. We made it through 12 states and ended up deciding to settle back down in Idaho, almost right where we left off. Our house is still being rented out (with amazing renters I must say) so we decided to keep living in the RV, since it only made sense.

Yes. I said it. We are STILL living in an RV with two kids and a dog and so far we haven’t lost our minds. So far.

I must also add in there, that we are living on the ostrich farm that Dan works for. So now, instead of just having one dog, we also have four Great Pyrenees, three goats and about 450+ ostriches (and growing…). It is quite a life to say the least.

In the last 12 months, we have downsized immensely. We have learned to live simpler, happy, more fulfilling lives. We have grown as a family and learned a lot about ourselves. We have seen the western United States and visited 17 National Parks and Monuments (if I counted right… it may be 18). We found beauty in nature. It has been beyond amazing.

We have also struggled. My health has not improved the way we hoped it would. Being in close quarters with two kids sometimes makes me feel like I am losing my mind. Living in an RV is not as glamorous as one would think (ok… no one thinks RV living is glamorous). I miss taking long, hot bubble baths. I miss sitting at a real dining room table having dinner. There isn’t much room for toys, so they end up on the floor ALL THE TIME. My kitchen is tiny and there are times (everyday) that I seem to find myself trying to cook with two kids and a dog all in the 21 sq ft of space. I miss my old kitchen soooo much.

However, in this year, Alexander and Evelyn have excelled in their academics (homeschool). They get along SOOOO much better. They have learned to help one another. With all of our traveling, they have learned to make friends quicker (although they are still pretty shy). They have pushed through long hikes and have thrived without technology. I’m beyond proud of all their achievements and their growth. I’m honored to be their mom and humbled to be their teacher. It has been a good year.

So… what do we have in store for year two?

For starters, I have a short children’s book being published in the next month. It is exciting because it started off as a quick story I made up on the fly and progressed into a fairy tale the kids loved talking about. We are very excited to see it come to life and anxiously await the release.

We are still going to be at the ostrich farm. I have begun to work in the social media and customer service realm while Daniel still works as the Assistant Manager. American Ostrich Farms is an amazing company. They have values and morals and I am proud to have my children see daily what sustainable meat production is like. I love everything about the ostriches and am excited to start working with them in soap production, using the ostrich oil in phenomenal soap.

The kids are still homeschooled. Alexander is learning to play the guitar and they are both in Jiu Jitsu. We love the flexibility of homeschooling and the ability to focus on what we need to or advance as we see fit. The kids love being able to sleep in (almost as much as I do). It just works better for us so we will keep it going.

This summer, we are planning on returning to Wisconsin to visit family for a week or so. We are also hoping to make it to the Redwoods in California as well since it was part of California we missed the first go-around. We have built a greenhouse so I already have plants started and we are going to plan a huge garden. Maybe do a farmer’s market or two. Maybe just donate the produce to the homeless shelters. We will see. I have never had the green thumb, but I feel as though this may be the year.

This has been a long rant, and for that I do apologize. I want to thank all of you for your support, encouragement, love and friendship. It means the world to me to have you in my life and the messages I have received since starting this journey have helped us keep our heads above the water. I have met so many new friends on this journey and I hope to continue to keep in touch and meet many more.

Until we meet again.

Invisible Sludge

When your nightmares come to life yet you are the only one that can see them… Autoimmune disease and the true reality of a fake perception.

I have had the dream for as long as I can remember. It is one where I am running but I am stuck in some sort of sludge. not physical sludge, but one that I can’t see. It is pulling me down, making me slow, letting the bad guys get closer and closer. I can see my escape but I don’t know if I can reach it before they get to me.

Now I am an adult. I know I am fast. I have made myself that way over many years of training. I know I am strong. I eat well and make sure I don’t get sucked into a vicious cycle of fast food and unhealthy choices. I have made the decision to avoid the sludge. Yet, somehow, the dream has breached into my reality. My body doesn’t function the way it did even a year ago. It is painful to step up or down stairs; to squat down to give my children hugs. The exhaustion clings to me, pleading with me to stay in bed or lay down a bit longer. Sometimes the pain is so bad that it brings me to my knees. The dream has seemed to taken over a body that was trained to fight, but I haven’t surrendered to it.

Even though my body may want to quit, I have two beautiful children that keep me striving towards my super-hero status.

Learning to live with an unknown autoimmune disease is almost as if I am living in that nightmare. My body wants to quit on me, but yet, my mind keeps trying to tell me to keep running. To not give up. To keep moving. Just a year ago, I was the definition of health. I felt great, my body was strong. I was Super Mom (well at least thats what my kids thought). However, things started changing. Fast.

My life just a couple years ago. Fit, strong, and unstoppable

Now, I look in the mirror and I am a girl trapped in glass. My body still looks the same. However, it is the battle that is going on inside that has changed me. That is the hardest part. I look like a very healthy woman. So healthy that my immune system doesn’t know what to do but to fight itself. It has left me blinded in one eye and has presented me with issues such as extreme fatigue, joint pain, migraines, and painful muscle spasms to name a few. I keep hoping this is just another nightmare that I will awaken from, but I know better. This is my new normal, at least for now.

Even with only one eye, I am still able to see how lucky I am

I am not a person who posts the bad things about my life. It just isn’t my style. However, with this post, I am hoping for people to realize that what their eyes may see when looking at a picture or a person isn’t the whole story. Just because people make look healthy or happy doesn’t mean they are. Perception is not reality. In fact, I have talked to many people who are sick, have been sick or who are disabled and I would never have known if it weren’t for their courage to talk to me about their experiences. What you see with your eyes is only an optical illusion when it comes to a person’s life and their struggles. Please remember this when you talk to someone. We rarely know what a person is going through and we never know the whole truth about their feelings or their pain.

I haven’t given up on my body. I keep fighting, even when it causes repercussions that last for days or weeks. I still have unfinished dreams and goals that I need to achieve and nothing will stop me from trying. I have had a rough year but it is only a year, not an eternity. I hope that one day, the dream will end. I will make it out of the sludge and get away. However, even if the sludge is still trying to hold me back, I will continue to run away from the darkness trying to take over. I will keep running towards safety and I wont let this nightmare get to my heart and soul.

So until then, the nightmare continues, even when I am awake. The sludge is slowly incapacitating me. I am trying to run but my body is in fighting something it can’t see. This may not be my dream anymore, but I do know how it always ends. Somehow, someway, I always manage to escape. Maybe that is what life is all about: making it through the sludge and coming out a better person.

The Mountain

The Mountain.

A Monumental Day For Our Nation

Hiking with Children

Reflections of Barstow

How to be a “Leaf in the Wind”

All Dogs Need a Heaven


4 juvenile offenders who escaped from Holding Centre recaptured

Four juvenile offenders who escaped from the Sophia Juvenile Holding Centre this morning have been recaptured.

Police said at around 02:00hrs today, the offenders escaped by breaking the padlocks that were used to secure the cell doors and removed some wooden lattice works from the ceiling on the eastern side of the building which allowed them to make good their escape.

Ranks who were on duty at the facility, heard a loud noise and upon making checks, noticed the four juvenile offenders on Dennis Street, Sophia, running in a western direction.

One of the ranks chased after the offenders but they made their way to Pike Street, Campbellville.

A police patrol was informed and the four offenders were recaptured on Delhi Street, Prashad Nagar and taken to Brickdam Police Station.

Investigations are ongoing.


Osprey Vs Eagle

Osprey Vs Eagle

How do you tell the difference between an osprey and an eagle?

But there are ways to quickly separate them. Ospreys are smaller, have white ■■■■■■■, gray legs, and a distinct dark brown eye stripe. And when they fly, the wings form an M. The adult bald eagle - with its distinctive white head and tail - has dark ■■■■■■■, yellow legs, and has flat wings.

Even an osprey and an eagle?

In heraldry, the osprey is generally depicted as a white eagle, often with a fish in its claws or beak, and is referred to as a white-tailed eagle.

Is there even a bird that looks like a bald eagle?

Red-tailed hawk From a distance, the red-tailed hawk is the same shape as the bald eagle, but the wings are shorter, the heads smaller, and the bird’s body and wings are generally paler than those of a bald eagle. bald eagle.

And how do you recognize an osprey?

Ospreys are brown on top and white below and are generally whiter than most raptors. From below, the wings are mostly white with a distinct dark spot on the cuffs. The head is white with a wide brown stripe above the eye. Teens have white patches on their backs and brown shadows on their chests.

Do eagles eat ospreys?

Hawthorn also feeds on birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates. Sometimes an eagle strikes an osprey or other fish-eating bird, forcing it to release a trapped fish that the eagle catches in mid-air. This behavior is known as pirate loot.

Will Osprey eat dogs?

The osprey can lift fish up to around 4kg, so there is no way the bird can lift your dog up to 35kg. The dog is the prey of such a bird. Even if the bird attacks it and finds it too difficult to lift, its large, sharp and vicious points can even kill your pet.

Do eagles dive to fish?

To catch fish, eagles usually see the surface of the water from a perch or floating in the air. They then swim close to the water and dip their feet into the water to catch the fish. Eagles often steal food from other eagles or other raptors such as ospreys.

Does the eagle kill ospreys?

The eagle attacks the osprey

Do hawks ■■■■■■ eagles?

Bald eagles and red-tailed hawks are usually not friends - they have even been known to fight to the death. This is why Canadian bird watchers were so surprised to see a pair of bald eagles sharing a nest and caring for a red hawk alongside their three eagles.

Do eagles have predators?

Is an eagle bigger than an osprey?

Size: Osprey has an average wingspan of 59 to 70 inches and weighs 34 kilograms. They have long, narrow wings with a distinct fold that makes them look like an M shape from below. The bald eagle is one of the largest birds in North America, with an average wingspan of 80 inches and a weight of 6.5 to nearly 14 pounds. 2.

What is a hawk or a bigger hawk?

Eagles are generally larger than hawks. Typical eagles weigh 18 pounds, while large hawk species rarely exceed 8 pounds. Eagles have a wingspan of 8 feet while most hawks have a wingspan of less than 5 feet. Hawks can fly for a long time thanks to their long, wide wings and wide tails.

What do ospreys live on?

The vast majority of the osprey’s diet consists of fish, which is typically 516 inches tall. Only occasionally, when there is no fish available, the osprey eats small mammals, birds or reptiles. Ospreys, however, are highly specialized in the consumption of fish and do not deviate from this diet when they are not needed.

What does it mean to see an osprey?

As an experienced hunter of the oceans, he has become a symbol of many things. Osprey is a symbol of royal power, with domination of the sea, air and land. It is a symbol of sharp vision, of seeing the prey clearly and of not being blinded by the sun when diving towards the target.

What is the largest flying bird in the world?

How many times does osprey lay eggs per year?

Females lay three eggs between mid-April and late May, which are speckled with beige and brown spots. The incubation lasts from 38 to 42 days. The eggs do not hatch at the same time. The first hen can hatch up to five days before the last, and the older hen often hangs over the younger noses.

How much does an osprey cost?

The V22 had additional airfare costs of 67 million per plane in 2008, which the Navy had hoped to reduce those costs by about 10 million through a five-year production contract in 2013. Each CV22 costs $ 73 million.

Ospreys in the 2014 budget?

Ospreys have loud, shrill voices. Their calls can be a slow in-flight chirp or an alarm call - or converge in a sequence that increases in intensity and then fades, just like the sound of a kettle screeching.

How big is an osprey?

1.4 kg

What is the name of an osprey?

Is the osprey a hawk or an eagle?

An osprey is classified as a hawk, but as ornithology has recently benefited from advances in genetics, the distinction between hawks and eagles appears to become less clear.

Are women taller than men?

Osprey Vs Eagle


It's been amore than a year since the derecho devastated Iowa. Much of the state saw some sort of damage from the storm that rolled through the Midwest. As someone who is new to the area, I had no clue what a derecho was or that one made its way through this part of the country.

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After doing some digging about the storm, I saw the devastating effects this storm had on various parts of the state. Areas like Cedar Rapids and other parts of northeastern Iowa got the brunt of it. One family from Iowa shared their first-hand experience with the storm, and it went viral. In August of 2020 this mother, Brooke Porter, took her kids with her on a few errands in Grimes, Iowa. Porter was on her way to pick something up from Facebook marketplace when the storm hit.

The mother of several young children did not know that this powerful weather pattern was on its way to the area. The family's dashcam captured the entire ordeal.

Douglas Porter

In the video, you can see Porter trying to navigate the storm and get the family to safety. One of the oldest children remains calm in the front seat, where he gives his thoughts on what they should do. During this three-minute video, he's acting as her co-pilot. Halfway through the video, one of the children in the backseat begins to cry hysterically.

Luckily they were able to get to safety in a local store. They only suffered a few scratches and a lost stuffed animal.

You can watch the full video down below.

Largest Skatepark In America is in Iowa

Announced in 2021, Lauridsen Skatepark in Des Moines will be the country's largest skatepark to date.

Hilarious Iowa DOT Signs


Data Mining Defined

As I write this in 2020, the phrase Data Mining is increasingly out of fashion. It has become associated with privacy concerns as shown by this quote from a Computer World article entitled Big data blues: The dangers of data mining.

Clearly, privacy concerns are both valid and important but most of the projects that I’ve been involved in over the last 25 years have used data that is internal to the organization. For instance, it is common to look at mortgage defaults on a bank project, but it actually would be very unusual to try to acquire mortgage default information through a third party for a health insurance project. There are so many well-known and strange case studies in the news that it is common knowledge that attempts to acquire private data occur, but it is not as common as the famous case studies lead us to believe. Also, we have all been annoyed by pop-up ads that appear mysteriously after a Google search. It is so commonplace that we might reasonably believe that all machine learning is done in this way.

If there a negative connotation then why use the phrase Data Mining at all?

When the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) was written in the late 90s the term was not yet associated with privacy concerns. The document is still influential today and is still considered to be the de-facto standard. Attempts to modify it have never truly taken hold, and they rarely depart greatly from the original. I discuss some CRISP-DM alternatives in a video from my Data Assessment course. Therefore, I still embrace the phrase Data Mining and the recommended process in the CRISP-DM document. Perhaps the safer phrase to use today, albeit a bit wordy, is Traditional Supervised Machine Learning.

Predictive Analytics was the phrase of choice for a while, but that is now less often used. Artificial Intelligence as a description is so all-encompassing in how it is used today that it is increasingly unclear what it is referring to, but it is safe to say that Data Mining is a subset of AI. One of my favorite attempts to define AI is by one of the co-creators of CRISP-DM, Colin Shearer. The same can be said for Data Science, which is also so broadly defined as to create problems.

I first started trying to nail down a good definition many years ago, but I know favor this one that I used in my LinkedIn Learning course: The Essential Elements of Predictive Analytics and Data Mining.

Data is the selection and analysis of data, accumulated during the normal course of doing business, in order to find (and confirm) previously unknown relationships that can produce positive and verifiable outcomes through the deployment of predictive models when applied to new data.

This definition, while a bit longer than some, identifies several distinguishing features of Data Mining. We will discuss each in turn.

Historical Data:

Data Mining needs data where the outcome of interest has been achieved. It is common for the data to be a year or more old. One desires outcomes to have been achieved recently, but the data tends to be older because you want to understand the inputs at the time that the prediction would have been made. For example, if you want to understand an insurance claim the inputs should be what was known early in the claim cycle even if it took a considerable amount of time to determine that the claim was fraudulent.

Normal Course of Business:

In statistics, one often has a hypothesis and then creates an experimental design to capture data capable of testing the hypothesis. In data mining, the data already exists. It was captured to run the business, not to perform experiments. Now that it exists, we capitalize on it to create value for the business. This has implications for how we go about the process of Data Mining.

Selecting and Preparing:

It is often believed that Data Mining is conducted on all of the data in the data warehouse. This is not true. Data Mining is often conducted on a much smaller portion of the data than the entire amount. Also, Data Mining always involves data preparation.

Previously Unknown Patterns:

Data Mining is not about having a hunch and exploring the data to confirm one’s hunch. It is a systematic search for patterns that can provide value to the business. A search without some valuable surprises would be a disappointment but is actually very rare.

A model, usually in the form of a formula or a set of rules is a systematic way of recording the patterns so that they can be applied to new data. One is not looking merely for insight, but to systematically describe patterns that can be put to use.

A model that is not deployed is incomplete. The model only provides value if it is inserted into the business process, driving better decisions, and shown to provide a measurable benefit to the business.

The Essential Elements course is in many ways a course about CRISP-DM, but with relatively few explicit references to the document as I describe the elements of Data Mining. In the first half, I describe the characteristics of a Data Mining project that you will always encounter and should therefore be prepared for. In the second half, I make explicit mention of each phase of CRISP-DM and also discuss the Nine Laws of Data Mining.

This video excerpt provides a high-level overview of the entire data mining process.