The relative income, subjective well-being connect

“Well-being is attained little by little, and nevertheless is no little thing itself,” pronounced philosopher Zeno of Citium. While the centrality of the notion of well-being is hard to dispute, its measurement is far from straightforward. There are two distinct approaches to measurement of well-being: one is the conventional approach of measuring it in terms of objective criterion such as income/expenditure; and the second is the growing consensus around a measure of subjective well-being/SWB/life satisfaction/happiness that takes into account not just objective criteria such as income but also individual characteristics including age, gender, schooling, religion, caste, marital status, health, employment, social networks, and the overall economic and natural environment. The intuitive appeal of SWB measures is that these are influenced not just by objective criterion of income/expenditure but also by perceptions of individuals about their experiences of whether they are better-off, just the same or worse-off.

In a previous OpEd article, Kulkarni et al. (“Money vs. happiness” – Subjective well-being and income are intricately linked, The Hindu, February 18, 2021), it was argued that subjective well-being varies with level of income but at a diminishing rate. Here, however, our focus is on whether relative income (i.e., relative to that of a reference group) matters more than the level of income and, in that case, whether a shift in policy is necessary to enhance SWB. Our analysis draws upon the two rounds of the nationally representative India Human Development Survey (IHDS), conducted by National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and University of Maryland, covering the years 2005 and 2012. The data were released in 2015. Its salient features are: it is the only all-India panel survey; apart from the wide coverage of demographic, health, economic, and social variables, it asks a question on SWB. The question is: compared to seven years ago (2005), would you say your household is economically doing the same, better or worse today (2012)? Specifically, therefore, it is a measure of change in SWB, but for convenience of exposition we refer to it interchangeably as SWB, or, SWB outcomes. Admittedly, a broader coverage of both economic and social aspects (such as questions about the best possible life on a scale) would have been more helpful for comparisons with studies conducted using the Gallup World Poll.

Also read | Money can’t buy one happiness. So, what is true wealth for the human mind?

SWB and income/expenditure are positively related but at a diminishing rate. Besides, the association is weak and arguably transitory. These findings are not surprising. First, we find that the relative income effect (actual per capita income/expenditure as a fraction of the maximum in the primary sampling unit) is much larger. This is consistent with the relative income hypothesis formulated by Duesenberry (1949) and the famous Easterlin paradox (1973). This paradox states that at a point in time, SWB/happiness varies directly with income both among and within nations, but over time, happiness does not trend upward as income continues to grow.

Indeed, rank in the income distribution influences life satisfaction. As a society becomes richer, the average rank does not change and thus average life-satisfaction remains stable despite income growth. The relative income hypothesis cannot by itself explain why a permanent increase in an individual’s income has a transitory effect on his/her well-being, as relative standing would increase. However, the increase in relative standing can be offset by change in the reference group: with this increase, the new peers serve as a reference point, and the previous peers lose salience.

On material goods

Second, individuals adapt to material goods, and these goods yield little joy for most individuals. Thus, increases in income, which are expected to raise well-being by raising consumption opportunities, may in fact have minor lasting effect because consumption of material goods has little effect on well-being above a certain level of consumption or because of hedonic adaptation. This has been questioned on the grounds that there is no income threshold at which SWB diverged. Instead, higher incomes are associated with both feeling better moment-to-moment and being more satisfied with life overall. While there may be some point beyond which money loses its power to improve well-being, the current view is that the threshold may be higher than previously thought.

Also read | The happiness vaccines

Income changes

We further analysed how relative income changed during 2005-2012. We classified relative income/expenditure into three intervals: 0-25%, >25-50% and above >50% in both 2005 and 2012. The cross-tabulation unravels sharp changes. Consider the first interval with lowest relative income, 0-25%, in 2005. About 40% remained in this interval, while about the same proportion experienced a sharp increase in relative income (by moving to the interval, >25-50%), and above a fifth a substantial increase (by moving into the interval, >50%). The next interval with higher relative income, (>25-50%), revealed a different pattern. While about 40% remained in this interval, more than a third ascended into the highest relative income interval, >50%, implying substantial narrowing of the income/expenditure disparity. However, a distressing feature was that well over one fourth experienced a marked increase of this disparity or lower relative income (i.e., by moving into the interval 0-25%). In the third interval, >50%, about 51 % remained in it, while about one third experienced a marked reduction in relative income (by moving into the lower interval, >25-50%) and a considerably lower proportion (over 16%) registered a sharp reduction (by moving into the highest relative income interval, 0-25%).

Going forward

So, to recapitulate, the lower the relative income, the lower is SWB. What our analysis shows is that a large majority of those with lowest relative income experienced substantially higher relative incomes; also, a large majority of those in the next higher range (>25-50%) recorded significantly higher relative incomes; and, nearly half of those in the highest range of relative income (>50%) recorded lower relative incomes in 2012. During a period of steady growth of per capita income (just under 6% annually), the benefits in terms of higher relative income accrued largely to those in the lower intervals.

In sum, the important policy lesson is that, instead of relentless pursuit of income growth, more attention must be given to a strategy of shared growth through remunerative employment in order to enhance well-being.

Varsha S. Kulkarni is affiliated to Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S. Raghav Gaiha is Research Affiliate, Population Aging Research Centre, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S., and (Hon.) Professorial Research Fellow, Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England

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Is Wood Flooring Good or Bad for the Environment?

Managed Forests Maintain Tree Numbers

When a forest is certified by the FSC part of the certification means that for every tree felled a new one is planted. This will be a young tree (a few months old), not a seed. This is a very good reason to avoid cheaper imports from the Far East: unless you can be sure of the supply chain, your wood has most likely not come from a managed forest and is therefore contributing to deforestation.

Wood is Stored CO2

EnvironmentThroughout their lives, trees ‘breathe in’ CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and store it. Over the course of its life, a large tree can trap and store hundreds of kilograms of CO2. When it is chopped down, if its wood is burnt this then releases all that CO2 back into the atmosphere. However using the wood keeps that stored CO2 inside the wood.

Over the plank, board or block manufacturing processes that our different suppliers use, on average about 70% of the wood ends up as a finished floorboard. The other 30% is lost through cutting and shaping the wood; however it doesn’t go unused. Shavings and sawdust are, more often than not, sold in pet stores as bedding for small animals. Eventually it will end up as a waste product, but not a harmful one.

What About Packaging?

Woodcraft do not use boxes for our wood flooring. Instead it is taped together, so less rubbish is produced from each order.

What About Endangered Species?

We can source Wenge if a customer asks. However this is an endangered species, so we would usually prefer to work with Oak (which can be made to look remarkably like Wenge – read about custom finishing options here).

Are Your Finishes Environmentally Friendly?

We use Osmo, Blanchon and Bona products to achieve our colour finishes and to protect and preserve our wooden floors. Osmo use only sunflower, soya, linseed and thistle to make its oils, and only carnauba and candelilla to make its waxes – no solvents are involved. Blanchon products meet the EU EcoLabel voluntary standard (this is a free and independent scheme, read more about it here). Bona’s hard wax oils are all environmentally friendly, with VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) levels significantly under the recommended amount.


Introduction to Biblical Criticism: Once More, Unto The Breach

No book in human history has had its authorship contested – and no book has had as much at stake — as the Bible.  All major religions hinge, to one degree or another, on the Divinity of the Bible. Namely, that it was dictated by God and written by Moses. For centuries, people generally accepted that. But at the end of the seventeenth century, that began to change.

Scholars and novices alike voiced questions about the nature of the text, and broader questions about the very nature of authorship have since entered the conversation as well. What does it mean to be an author? If we were to look at our own lives as a text, is it coherent? Should it be? Maybe life is made up of multiple strands, orientations, stages, that have been stitched together. Does that preclude the notion of having an underlying narrative that animates the text of our lives? Join 18Forty, as we think about Biblical criticism, and these questions, together.

Why are we exploring Biblical criticism and who will we be talking to? Read on.

Why Talk About Dangerous Topics?

Curious readers may wonder – why journey into such weighty, contentious territory? Why not stay in safer waters? Might this not hurt one’s faith? To think through this question, we have to think about the choice – or perhaps the perspective – of faith.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., who served as the Associate Justice on the Supreme Court, is often quoted as saying that  “I would not give a fig for the simplicity this side of complexity, but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.” Faith can be simple; faith can be complicated. And perhaps it can be both: there might be a faith on this side of complexity, and a faith on the other side of complexity. One can value the faith on each side of complexity – the texture and merit of a simple faith uninfluenced by the intellectual challenges to faith, as well as the value of a faith hard-earned after engagement with challenge.

 Victor Frankl put the question of risk in faith best:

“There is always an element of risk involved in faith. One may spend one’s entire life believing, yet God may remain silent and the loneliness of the soul may never be healed on this earth. Then to affirm that God is “silent in His love” is the highest creative commitment of which a man may be capable. The element of risk is the source of tension that keeps the act of faith forever young. Because of the risk one has to believe every day anew, one has to affirm again and again. Therein lies the essential significance of faith.”

Engaging in conversations around uncomfortable topics is one way to keep one’s faith “forever young,” as Frankl puts it. Faith is an act of courage, and the vulnerability of faith is a testament to the strength of faith – not to its weakness. This month, 18Forty will be thinking about an area of faith that is vulnerable for some, empowering for others, and will do so with insight and perspective about the dangers and possibilities that such conversations pose to faith.

Conversation around any topic that is centuries old and that encompass an entire body of literature can not, and should not, end in a day. Biblical criticism is no different – we will not attempt to tell the entire story of Biblical criticism here, but we will offer an entrance point for thinking through these weighty issues.

There are four primary challenges that a critical reader of the Bible will discover: epigraphy, archaeology, lower criticism, and higher criticism. Each of these issues has engendered a broad range of articles, books, and debate. An exhaustive discussion of each, with concrete conclusions, is beyond anything we could reasonably attempt here. Below is simply an introduction to these broad categories in very, very broad strokes and some related materials, as background for our upcoming podcasts, and for further exploration on the part of the reader.

(1) Epigraphy: the contradictions between historical texts and Tanach, like the differences between Kings 2 and the inscription on the Mesha Stele found in ancient Moab, or the lack of records of the subjugation of the Israelites in Egypt. The study of these ancient inscriptions is called epigraphy and is closely linked with the next issue.

(2) Archaeology: the inconsistencies and omissions when comparing the Bible to the archaeological record of the Middle East. For example, there isn’t clear evidence of the Jews ever camping in the desert or existing anywhere outside of Israel, or archaeological evidence suggests that camels were only domesticated far after the Bible purports them to have been used.

When examining these issues, it’s important to consider a few factors. The first is that even in the academic world, these issues are not open and closed. Many Biblical scholars defend the veracity of the Biblical narrative to different degrees, such as Kenneth Kitchen in his book, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, as well as Barry Eichler who states “knowledge gleaned from ancient Near Eastern sources tends to support the biblical accounts in general terms and most of the existing discrepancies can be tolerated” (Study of Bible in Light of Our Knowledge of the Ancient Near East). There have also been accusations of ideological bias both on those seeking to affirm and disprove the Biblical narrative. Today’s scholarly consensus is that at least the later parts of the Bible are historically accurate (for a summary of these findings see Israel Finkelstein’s The Quest for the Historical Israel) and there are scholarly debates about how to incorporate archaeological evidence.

The second factor addresses the nature of archaeology and epigraphy themselves. As Shawn Zelig Aster notes:

The apparent conflict between the biblical narrative and archaeological and epigraphical discoveries is a product of the unrealistic expectation that the events described in the biblical narrative will conform exactly to the events portrayed in archaeological and epigraphic sources. The absurdity of this expectation becomes clear when we reflect on the fact that no narrative narrates every single event taking place in a particular time and space (A Personal Perspective on Biblical History, the Authorship of the Torah, and Belief in Its Divine Origin)

It isn’t always so easy to pin down objectively verifiable conclusions from archaeology and even what can be concluded is always subject to change. For example, the apparent anachronism involving domesticated camels mentioned before was promulgated since the 19th century, but recent archaeological evidence pushed the date of domestication back further (See R. Cohen, Ha-Yishuvim be-Har ha-Negev), which lessened the severity of the challenge. Aster also notes that Tanach isn’t written to be a historical text which may explain some discrepancies. This would explain archaeological findings which suggest major events which go unmentioned in Tanach.

(3) Lower Criticism: the area of study primarily concerned with the accuracy of the text in our modern Chumash, referred to as the Masoretic Text. The Masoretic Text comes from the Aleppo Codex, written in the 10th century CE, and it largely conforms to the text that is referenced in the Talmud, but there are more than a few discrepancies. Rabbi Akiva Eiger, in his glosses to Tractate Shabbos 55a, provides nearly an exhaustive list of such discrepancies. The Talmud and Midrash themselves indicate that the text the Rabbis used in that time contained variations and potential inaccuracies. Even as late as the Middle Ages, the Rabbis were dealing with variations in their texts. This has led to many Bible scholars to propose textual amendments in places where they feel the text has been corrupted, especially if they can support the assertion by pointing to alternative versions such as the Septuagint or Dead Sea Scrolls. By and large, Biblical commentators have been aware of these issues and have dealt with them over time. Their approach suggests that this issue was not perceived as being as fundamental to Jewish faith as the others mentioned here.

(4) Higher Criticism: also known as source criticism, examines the authorship of the Bible. Most scholars take it as a given that the Torah was compiled by multiple authors. They point to parallel narratives with different details or emphasis, or linguistic differences. While scholars disagree about which passages are associated with which authors or how exactly they were canonized together, the overwhelming scholarly consensus is that the Torah is not a unified document, but an amalgamation of many sources compiled over many centuries. This conclusion is derived solely from linguistic and literary analysis as no “proto-bible” has been discovered which would conclusively prove one way or the other. As Joshua Berman notes:

Confronted with the Pentateuch—a text seemingly rife with contradictions—scholars began to consider how such a text could have come to be. The problem with this type of speculation is that we have no documented precursors of the Torah or any of its hypothesized components in the epigraphic record. Scholars can only work backwards from what we have in the Torah today in an attempt to trace its composition and development. (Rethinking Orthodoxy and Biblical Criticism)

The responses to such theories have been varied, but can be arranged into three categories:

The first are responses which argue that the basis for the notion of multiple authors (the discrepancies and redundancies found in narratives and laws) aren’t really discrepancies and redundancies. For example, in the 19th century, Bible scholars sought to identify different strata within the Bible, based on the different names of God. They posited that passages referring to YAWE were written by one person, traditionally named “J”, and passages which invoked ELOHIM were written by another, named “E”. This methodology has largely fallen out of favor because, amongst other things, it is not beyond the realm of possibility to refer to the same god by different names within the same work and one need not resort to suggestions of multiple authorship.

A second approach has been to highlight the remaining questions that arise from such theories. For example, a common theory among Bible scholars is that Deuteronomy was written later than other portions of the Bible, specifically as part of an effort to institute centralized worship in Judaism. This theory is bolstered by several references to worship in the Holy Temple in Deuteronomy (12:13-14), which are absent from other places that mention similar modes of worship (Exodus 20:20). One could question this theory by noting that throughout Deuteronomy, the name of Jerusalem is absent. This makes sense if the passage was written before Jerusalem was settled. However, if it was written after, specifically to enshrine Jerusalem as the central place of worship, then this lacuna is quite glaring. If the answer the Bible critics provide is found to be unsatisfactory, then one could reasonably just leave the question it sought to answer as a peculiarity. Strange literary choices do not prove anything on their own.

It is also worth noting that there is evidence to support the traditional version of the Bible. Yoel Elitzur notes, quoting the work of Avi Hurvitz, on the basis of comparative linguistic analysis, he [Avi Hurvitz] convincingly demonstrated that the cultic terminology of the “priestly” chapters in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers is completely different from that of parallel texts in Ezekiel, Ezra, and Chronicles, a factor that reduces the probability that any of the former were written at the same time of the latter. (The Names of God and the Dating of the Biblical Corpus).

Additionally, David Berger notes that there are places in the Bible where consistent word choices, themes, and parallelisms repeat in multiple places, suggesting they are designed to be read in light of each other. Berger explains “It is becoming clearer from year to year that Genesis is replete with linguistic and thematic patterns of subtlety and power which run through the warp and woof of the entire work” and points out “You can allow the ‘redactor’ just so much freedom of action before he turns into an author” (On the Morality of the Patriarchs in Jewish Polemic and Exegesis). This is especially poignant since most Bible critics assume the ‘redactor’ to have complete ignorance to the agendas of the original authors.

There is a third option available and that is to offer alternative explanations to the critics’ questions. A famous example of this is in Lonely Man of Faith, where Rabbi Joseph B. Soleveitchik notes that the creation of man is written in two drastically different ways. He posits that this is intentional and is meant to reflect the two sides of Man, which he dubs “Adam I and Adam II.” Building upon this theory, Rabbi Mordechai Breuer (who is most famous for developing Torah commentary directly influenced by the observations of Bible critics) posits that the Torah was written with different voices or “aspects”. These function as a powerful literary technique in which multiple perspectives of an issue can be fleshed out. Rabbi Shalom Carmy notes a similar phenomenon wherein, “great writers are eminently capable of employing multiple styles: the stylistic variations among Kierkegard’s ‘pseudonyms’, for example, are so thorough-going that they show up on computer analysis” (Introducing Rabbi Breuer). Rabbi Breuer ultimately thought that the questions raised by Bible critics ultimately had little bearing on a person’s belief in the divinity of the Bible. As he says,

The man of science sees in the Torah a collection of documents, written by J, E, D, P, and redacted later on by R…. The man of great faith, in contrast, sees in the Torah the work of God. This man believes that God Himself wrote J, E, D, and P, and He Himself also took on R’s redaction work. (Shitat ha-Bechinot shel Ha-Rav Mordekhai Breuer)

Tune in to this introductory episode to Biblical Criticism.


Here is a breakdown of construction project bids in the Mid-Atlantic region. Of the 4,142 bids, 1,103 were private and 3,129 were public.

In an effort to hire more local workers, the city of Akron, Ohio is starting it’s own construction company to complete a $1.4 billion multi-stage sewage system project. Some local companies object to the new government intervention. Read this article and comment with your feedback!

The story of this Brooklyn condominium represents a larger fear that buildings are increasingly being poorly constructed.

A recent proposal in New York City authorizing the building of more structurally diverse buildings may create additional opportunities for builders who use the modular method. In modular building, crews construct individual units in factories and deliverer the finished units to the site for final assembly.

“For decades, there has been a problem: Because units are stacked on top of each other, the floors in modular buildings are much thicker than those conventionally constructed. So despite having no additional square footage, modular projects are taller than normal, which has made it difficult to meet height requirements in certain neighborhoods in the city.”


What Characteristics Should A Piece Have To Qualify As Art?

What are the characteristics of an art?

What are 5 characteristics of modernism?

The Main Characteristics of Modernist LiteratureIndividualism. In Modernist literature, the individual is more interesting than society.Experimentation. Modernist writers broke free of old forms and techniques.Absurdity. The carnage of two World Wars profoundly affected writers of the period.Symbolism.Formalism.

What is another name for installation art?

What makes a successful painting?

What are the 4 steps in art criticism?

What is the criteria for art?

Artwork will be judged using the following criteria: uniqueness/originality, professional quality (neatness and craft), aesthetic quality (design, composition, color/tones), concept, selection and application of materials, and complexity/level of digital technology used.

What are its characteristics of modern art?

What are the 6 main elements of art?

What are the examples of modern art?

What comes to your mind when you hear the term Modern Art?

Modern art includes a wide range of trends, philosophies, and attitudes whose modernism exists in particular in a tendency to disregard conventional, historical, or academic forms and traditions in an attempt to produce an art more in line with changed social, cultural, and intellectual conditions.

What are two characteristics of installation art?

Major characteristics of installation artMixed media. Contemporary artists usually create art installations in mixed media. … Sensory experience. This point follows from the previous one. … Conceptual use of space. … Site-specificity. … Temporality.

What are the 3 types of arts?

What are the characteristics of installation art?

Installation art is a modern movement characterized by immersive, larger-than-life works of art. Usually, installation artists create these pieces for specific locations, enabling them to expertly transform any space into a customized, interactive environment.

What are the examples of installation art?


Garceline’s Classroom

Garceline Champagne teaches ESL 2 and Humanities at Boston Adult Technical Academy, a school that serves students who are 19-22 years old, either recent immigrants to Boston or students with interrupted education in BPS. Almost all of her students are of color, mostly of African descent or Latinx. Students come from Vietnam, El Salvador, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cape Verde, Somalia, Colombia, Guatemala, among other countries.

With many students coming from either Haiti or the Dominican Republic, Garceline felt it was important to teach students their shared history on the island of Hispaniola. She designed a unit around the text “The Farming of Bones,” by Edwidge Danticat, about the genocide and expulsion of Haitians by the forces of dictator Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic in 1937, the “Parsley Massacre.” The text is challenging, particularly for ESL students, so Garceline suggests excerpting the text from the beginning, middle, and end, to create a cohesive story, and also to bring in supplemental texts to support students’ understanding of key concepts. For Garceline, it was critically important that students saw this particular period in history as not an isolated event or issue, but deeply connected to systems of oppression and violence throughout the world. She says, “The students shouldn’t see things just as one moment in history - they need to be able to make connections and critically analyze the topic of injustice, oppression, identity, and how those things connect.” To that end, she starts her unit with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s “Danger of a Single Story,” to ensure that students understand the idea of historical narratives, especially how they are often shaped by the viewpoint and ideology of the oppressor. She has students consider the “single stories” within their own histories and cultures, and analyze them critically.  Later on, students view the film “In the Time of the Butterflies” to examine how Dominican people felt about the Parsley massacre, and to discuss the idea of upstanders in history.

As a Haitian-American educator herself, Garceline was careful to ensure that all students felt capable of critically analyzing power relations in history, and she was particularly careful to make sure Dominican students were able to do the work of unpacking the historical narratives they had learned about Haitians and Trujillo. She says, “I feel like I had to do a lot of my own research in order to feel comfortable teaching it and doing it justice.” She took pains to include multiple eyewitness accounts of the time period, creating first person narrative examples to go along with the primary text.

Another critical part of her teaching is that she wants students to build community with each other and notice similarities in their shared experiences as members of oppressed groups. She says, “I like to think that after my students leave my class, they are both proud of their own identities but they don't see themselves as "I'm just Haitian and I stick with Haitian people" - and instead they see themselves connected as marginalized communities, who will lift their voices together. When I have students who come in and don't know their histories, I see my role as getting people to look at their stories and histories, looking critically at themselves, and ultimately, fight the power.” At the end of their unit, students worked together to write and perform a class play that linked the Parsley Massacre, the Rwandan genocide, and anti-immigrant violence at the U.S. southern border (pictures included).

In addition to teaching “The Farming of Bones,” Garceline also teaches a unit on “Raisin in the Sun” to her English Language Learners, where she emphasizes internalized oppression and colorism, concepts which she has personal familiarity as a Haitian educator. She says, “If we can look at these things deeply and recognize them in ourselves and in communities, we can break certain cycles of oppression. I think liberation of the self is a major factor in our collective liberation, being able to liberate your mind. I see my job as not re-educating, but exposing people to things that they may not have thought about before. My students and I need to talk about the legacy of colonization, and how it impacts us, past and present, politically, mentally, spiritually.”

Download Garceline's classroom files

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From the beginning, the trend of fashion has been about style.

    Today, it is about fashion.

    It is about what it means to be fashionable.

    But what does the word “fashion” mean?

    And what does fashion mean to us?

    How does it help us express our individuality?

    The answer is that fashion is a way of life, a way to express ourselves and be creative.

    It’s a way for us to express our identity and our style.

    In fact, it’s a part of the fabric of our lives.

    What are the definitions of the word?

    The word “fashion” is used to describe what it’s like to wear and the people and the places that we go to.

    The word is used as a noun and it refers to clothing that is worn, dressed, and/or presented.

    In the case of the term “fashion,” it means the act of being dressed, the presentation of clothing, the expression of style, and of course the clothes themselves.

    What does the term mean in English?

    The term “fashions” can refer to a wide variety of items and styles.

    We’ll look at some of the most popular examples of this definition.

    The phrase “fashion is a fashion” can be found in a variety of places, such as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (ADA), the Oxford Companion to the English and Related Languages (OCAL), the Dictionary of American Usage (DAW), the International Encyclopedia of American English (IEA), the Encyclopedia of Contemporary American English-Danish (EAD), the Dictionaries of America (DAA), and the Dictionary Of American English.

    The Oxford English dictionary uses the term in the following ways: To describe a style, look, or accessory of clothing that has a specific function or style.

    To describe something that is unique or distinctive about the clothing, or a specific type of clothing.

    To convey the idea of being unique or unusual in clothing, and that a particular type of apparel may be used to express that idea.

    To identify a person, place, or thing.

    It was coined in the late 19th century to describe a certain kind of dress worn by women.

    In its current meaning, the phrase refers to a particular kind of clothing or accessory that is traditionally worn by a specific group of people, such the women who dress up as a fashion icon and fashion model, or women who wear fashionable dresses and accessories.

    The term can also refer to the style of clothing worn by certain types of people.

    The American Heritage dictionary uses “fashing” to refer to clothing worn in formal settings, such a wedding, a reception, or any other event.

    The dictionary definition is used in the above examples of “fashion.”

    What do we mean when we say that fashion has become a fashion?

    This phrase has come to refer in many ways.

    We can think of it as a way that we can express our individual identity.

    The idea of style is a part that we create for ourselves, to express and express our own individuality.

    We are a society of people who are trying to find our own unique identity.

    We want to express the individuality of our individual personalities, and the uniqueness of our style, whether it’s in our clothes, our hair, or our looks.

    And we also want to have our own style.

    We’re trying to create the very best in ourselves.

    So, what is the fashion that we wear, what do we wear?

    The meaning of the expression “fashion has become fashion” is that the clothing we wear has become the fashion.

    We don’t wear clothing because we like it; we wear clothing to express what we want to be.

    We wear clothes because it makes us feel good.

    We think about what we wear because we want other people to feel good about us.

    We buy things to express how we feel about ourselves, what we’re about to say, and how we want others to feel about us too.

    How do we express ourselves?

    The first thing that we do when we start wearing clothing is we go online.

    We take a look at what others are wearing, what other people are doing, and we search for what others think about us or about us as a person.

    The results are often quite amusing and we find out that we have a lot of friends who wear clothes.

    We then look at our friends’ clothes and we see how they do it and we learn that it’s all about being in control of our own clothes.

    Our clothes reflect our personality.

    We dress up for fun and have fun.

    We have fun because we’re in control and our own personalities are being expressed.

    The second thing we do is we read the fashion magazine.

    We see the articles and we’re drawn to the clothes that they have and our favorite styles.

    The third thing we think about is the style we wear.

    We look at the pictures and the pictures inspire us to dress up.

    We start to take it for granted that we look like other

    What is interior design?


Wunderman Thompson

"Nature is calling for help"

Client: WWF
Product: WWF Donation Campaign
Title: Nature is calling for help
Media: Radio
Country: Chile
Date Of Campaign: From November 2020 until January 2021

Background: We have been witnessing for decades how the devastation of our nature takes millions of animals lives each year, and during the last one, more than 4.5 million bushfires were registered, over 3 billion animals died just in bushfires of Australia and more than 13 million hectares were deforested in the world. Reaching the highest level in history of 40 soccer fields of virgin forests per minute.

Idea: We created “Nature is calling for help”, the first radio campaign made with real bird songs, recorded while their forests were being destroyed. Making an emergency call that seeks to raise awareness and make visible the impact of bushfires and deforestation on the biodiversity and ecosystem of our planet. Because if through all these years they didn't listen to us, now they will listen to them.

Results: Because this campaign is still on air and being broadcasted in all countries of WWF's global network, we do not yet have definitive feedback on how many people it impacted and how many new members it attracted.

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August's Total Solar Eclipse 2017

Rebooting - Relationships, Revelations And Revolutions

I don’t want to achieve immortality through my work… I want to achieve it through not dying. Woody Allen

I argue thee that love is life and life hath immortality. Emily Dickinson

The beautiful drawing of 'Avalon' to the left by Isabella Sanburg.

August's total solar eclipse falls on August 21 in the US, and, in Australia, on August 22. This is a big eclipse, and, the Symbols of it are rather extraordinary. Much has been said about this eclipse, as it is not only a total eclipse, but, it's path falls right across the contiguous United States. Click here for eclipse maps from NASA.

This eclipse (which, of course, is a new moon) is a very powerful one, and, it's one that is causing a level of consternation and fear. It's understandable, particularly with the current political and social climate, that people are worried: Everything is so uncertain now. It feels like an incredible turning point, and obviously, we hope that it's for the better, although, also, obviously, we have a ways to go for things to turn out ok...

Mars has a very strong placement in this eclipse, so, we are facing some very real challenges. In the lineup at this eclipse we have Mars on Leo 21, the Moon's north node on Leo 25 and the Sun and the Moon (the eclipse) on Leo 29. This means that Mars is going to transit over both the Moon's node, and the eclipse point in the days following the eclipse. A lot of anger, dismay, upset and determination is likely to follow this eclipse for some time. Cool heads need to prevail, although that is a tall order at the moment. So, we are being asked to find some equilibrium in amongst what's going on: We have to find a still point of trust in amongst it all.

Also, in the days following this eclipse, Venus will be squaring Uranus, and, we are likely to be making all kinds of decisions about our values, relationships, money issues, directions in the future, etc. A Venus/Uranus square can feel like a big pair of scissors being wielded to cut off those things that are no longer working in our life. This can also extend to our feelings, thoughts and emotions. We can be challenged to change our responses, especially if we're finding that they don't align with our true values. Venus, in Cancer, can bring up issues to do with home, family, emotions, homeland, belonging, our definition of our 'territory', etc. Furthermore, Venus is involved in three major aspects at the time of this eclipse. In the days leading up to the eclipse, Venus is opposing Pluto, squaring Jupiter, and then, a few days after the eclipse, squaring Uranus. This can lead to a lot of realigning with others, with ourselves, with our objectives. Some friendships, relationships and alliances could find themselves under a lot of strain and some will be jettisoned as we find ourselves growing and evolving, sometimes in ways that can be rather too quick for us to really keep up. In just over 24 hours after the eclipse, Venus moves onto Cancer 27: A FURIOUS STORM IN A CANYON FILLED WITH VALUABLE HOMES, and, we are likely to see some big events take place that require cool heads and cool responses. This is going to be a very interesting couple of weeks.

There's a lot that could be said here about politics, the world, and, Donald Trump, and, recent events... especially as Trump's chart is incredibly lit up by this eclipse. I don't want to talk about him here, but, as a lot of other people have noted, this is an enormous time for him and the US and the world.

And, with Mars and Jupiter sextiling each other, and, Mars and Saturn in a trine aspect, there's the strong possibility of feeling the need to get organised, get our 'ducks in a row', to make decisions in order to live a more authentic life. Even in amongst the challenges, fear and confusion of this time, if we concentrate on what is real, on what we really want, on what we value in our lives, we can instigate some real changes with Mars and Saturn trining. The trick is the right use of our energies, which can be an interesting challenge, but, a very rewarding one if we strive for that outcome. And, a week or so after the eclipse, Mars trines Uranus, which can add to the feeling of change and renewal and bringing in new realizations and realities.

Part of the muddle at the moment is Mercury, along with all the outer planets, being retrograde. This is made even stronger by Mercury going retrograde opposite Neptune, which can cause things to feel unclear, uncertain and downright confusing. Messages can get lost in translation and we can feel rather stymied and 'held up'. The trick is to see through the fog of the confusing and sometimes bewildering messages or 'news' that we receive, read and see every day.

The core issue of this eclipse can be seen from the Sabian Symbol for it: Leo 29: A MERMAID HAS CLIMBED TO THE ROCKY SHORE OF A BLEAK COAST, SHE AWAITS THE PRINCE WHO WILL BRING HER IMMORTALITY. This can be about waiting for the 'right relationship' to turn up, and, this might be something that you are truly seeking - that true life mate, and, for some people, there will be the promise of someone special turning up.

However, I see this Symbol as bringing us the possibility of so much more. The true 'inner marriage' is more the point of this Symbol - the alchemical marriage with a higher force may be just what we need in order to strengthen our resolve to live a more authentic, fulfilled and worthwhile life. I've been listening to a lot of Neville Goddard's lectures on Youtube, and, I'm seeing the need to relax into finding that true sense of 'immortality' within one's own soul. Goddard's work is extraordinary and I highly recommend him - his words have shown how we can realize and access the Christ Consciousness within us all. It's a tall order to fulfill, but, extremely rewarding. Goddard speaks of how our 'own wonderful human imagination' creates everything. I sense that this eclipse can bring about, for many, a true revolution in consciousness.

BUT, the major aspect of this eclipse is the fabulous trine between the eclipse and Uranus. This gives us a huge opportunity to find our true authentic path, to tune into and release any negative energies around us, to feel a true sense of liberation and release. It could be that asking the question "what do I really want?" that we can bring much more of what we really want into our lives.

There's more that can be said about all of this, but, it is covered in the list of Sabian Symbols for the planets below.

The solar eclipse is on Leo 29: A MERMAID HAS CLIMBED TO THE ROCKY SHORE OF A BLEAK COAST, SHE AWAITS THE PRINCE WHO WILL BRING HER IMMORTALITY - the following is my interpretation from my book The Sabian Oracle: 360 Degrees Of Wisdom -

At this point in time particularly, many of us feel like we're on the 'Rocky Shore Of A Bleak Coast', wondering when things will get better. When will things get back on a good track and improve? I sense an incredible sense of loneliness and longing in this Symbol, however, it is an incredibly powerful one of finding our 'immortality' within. This Symbol can speak of an alchemical marriage: We can find that part of us that is so perfectly complete, regardless of our more 'outer relationships', this can be one of the 'inner marriage'. Interestingly, this is the Moon's node of Princess Diana.

Commentary: The ‘Mermaid Has Climbed to the Rocky Shore of a Bleak Coast’, shows a woman who has previously felt like she (and this, of course, can relate to a male) merely existed in the waters of life and is now ready to emerge into a more conscious existence as an individual in her own right. She is willing to ‘Climb the Rocky Shore’ no matter how ‘Bleak’ the 'Coast' may be. She may have to leave her home and past behind in order to move into a new life, a new relationship or new beginning of some kind. She will learn to better communicate her emotions, thoughts and ideas. In being able to more fully verbalize and express herself and to “walk her talk”, she can find her place and sense of purpose: the 'Immortality' that can be achieved in this new reality.

Oracle: You must have belief in your ability to cope as an individual emerging into new arenas. ‘The Prince Who Will Bring Her Immortality’, can show the seeking of perfection in one’s self through relationships. Be careful not to project too much authority onto your partner(or, onto anyone). This can lead to feelings of insecurity and being out of one’s depth. You may be expecting others to acknowledge your existence, possibly feeling invisible until they do. However, other people, and probably someone in particular, may bring you insights into your capabilities, talents and attributes so that you can become more of what you’re meant to become. The female/mermaid, male/prince doesn’t necessarily always translate into these gender definitions. The ‘Mermaid’ may indeed be male, waiting for his “princess” to come to make his life complete. Whichever, how will the partner cope when the ‘Mermaid’ truly gains her own feet and voice? With this new sense of belonging, ideas can be brought into reality in a new world of experience.

The Karmic Degree for the Solar Eclipse is Leo 28: MANY LITTLE BIRDS ON THE LIMB OF A LARGE TREE - when I see this Symbol, I often think of Twitter and other forms of social media.

This Symbol shows many people and voices and a gathering together with those of like mind. There seem to be so many possibilities or ways to go. Although the overall situation is secure and stable there will still be some confusions to resolve. Perhaps you're forced to be with people who don't share the same mindset or goals? You may be vulnerable to lots of chatter going on in your mind, or having too many thoughts or people, their voices or their needs to consider. Try to relax and gain some perspective; not all that you see or hear is going to be worth thinking about or pursuing.

Keywords: Gathering with people of like mind. Sharing ideas. Huge structures where people can get lost in the crowd. Big business, government and bureaucracy. Multilevel marketing. Databases. The Internet and chat groups. Books, tapes and cds. Publishing houses. Competition. Telephone switchboards. Trying to gain attention. Twitter.

The Caution: Many voices—some heard, some not. Being confused or immobilized by too much advice or information. Too many sounds. Having trouble hearing the essential truth. A scattering of energies. Not getting a word in edgeways. Everybody talking and nobody listening. Being one of many. Noise and distraction. Staying with the mediocre. The masses. Being invisible. Useless chattering or noise.

The Quest Degree for the Solar Eclipse is Leo 30: AN UNSEALED LETTER HAS VITAL AND CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION - I believe that this degree Symbol is the crux of the eclipse; the Moon moves onto this degree almost immediately after the exact moment of the eclipse and the Sun just an hour or so later.  What is likely to be revealed? What do we need to discuss? What 'secrets' need to come out into the open? What secrets are better kept out of sight from others? As many have noted, and I feel to make mention here, this is the Sabian Symbol of Donald Trump's ascendant.

Commentary: ‘An Unsealed Letter’ is an image of words or thoughts, letters, notes or messages. They have been written, but as the ‘Letter’ is ‘Unsealed’, they have not been ‘Sealed’ in an envelope. ‘Vital and Confidential Information’ implies that important messages and information may need to be concealed from others. Being ‘Unsealed’ shows that it is possible that others would want to peek at (or be shown) what’s been said or written. There could be important papers lying around, or perhaps they are lost amongst other papers and proving difficult to find. It is possible that this ‘Information’ could be seen by the wrong eyes.

Oracle: Getting your thoughts down on paper can lead to greater understandings about people and situations. If there is a message that you wish to spread, you will be able to do it as long as you make the effort to put it into reality. When this is done out in the open anyone can, and will, benefit from it. Communicating in a trusting, carefree way leads to doubts being dispelled. However, are your ideas, thoughts and emotions feeling exposed because you have been too trusting and “worn your heart on your sleeve”? Pausing to reflect can be advantageous. Sometimes we have very strong feelings about a person or a situation, but caution is called for as these can change with time. You may regret someone having seen or learnt what’s been on your mind. The ‘Information’ in the ‘Unsealed Letter’ can be messages, thoughts or ideas that have been thought through and are now being translated to the written word. This also shows writing books, articles, e-mails along with verbal messages of all kinds. The ‘Vital and Confidential Information’ is obviously something important. Should it be shared with all or only a few? Remember to employ integrity in all that is said and thought.

symbols_mercury.jpg Mercury is on Virgo 9: A EXPRESSIONIST PAINTER MAKING A FUTURISTIC DRAWING

This Symbol shows the talent or the need to make drawings or plans for the future, or for being able to see what's coming up. Individuality and originality seem to be the uppermost requirements. Draw up your plans with an eye to what you want or what's desirable. How do they look? Have you considered everything? Even against the pressure for a traditional response, it is your individual creativity and forward thinking that is needed. Although a wonderful degree often showing talent, the trick can be that you can get drawn into what you're doing, dreaming things up to the point where you exclude other priorities in life.

Keywords: Creativity projected into the future. Seeing things ahead of their time. Taking chances. Having the dreamer's disease. Talent. Seeing things in a different way. Being unrestricted by reality. Time machines and time travel. Artists, architects and engineers. Plans, schemes, blueprints. "When I win the lottery..." Forecasting and prediction. Genius. Sketches. Abstract art.

The Caution: Focusing on tomorrow not today. Not seeing the complete picture. Plans that often come to nothing. Being unrealistic. Losing touch with the real world. Losing enthusiasm. Thinking the worst will happen. Making things up that don't reflect reality. Being stuck on one version of the future. Living for tomorrow, not today. Distorted reality. Getting lost in abstract thought. Being divorced from the real world.

The Quest Degree for Mercury is Virgo 10: TWO HEADS LOOKING OUT AND BEYOND THE SHADOWS - this Symbol can show the confusion and division that is rather rife in the world at the moment. People are feeling rather polarized, and, we may feel like we're being 'observed', or, we may have arguments with others, or, we may feel like we need to see all sides to each story - something rather hard to achieve in this age of misinformation.

This Symbol implies the ability to see things from many sides, not just one. You may be able to, or need to, see things from two perspectives. This can be a marvelous asset, particularly with the Virgo ability to discriminate and make observations. This Symbol can also imply split personalities or not being able to make one's mind up. Further, it can show situations where two people are checking each other out, but aren't able, or allowed, to show themselves, they're "Beyond the Shadows". This Symbol asks that you look beyond situations and into the light. People may be afraid to take a chance, just 'looking out' and not moving forward.

Keywords: Duality of observation or thought. Being able to see both sides of a situation. Fear being the opposite of faith. People peering and peeking. Secret service and government agencies. Gunfights of the old west. Trench warfare. The media, the press, paparazzi, spies, private detectives. Conspiracy theories. Crossed eyes. Eavesdropping. Voyeurism.

The Caution: Confused by duality of thought. Failing to see the integration and cohesion of more than one perspective. Schizophrenia. Fear freezing up positive attitudes. Debates. Stalemates. Making assumptions without the relevant information. Quarrelling. Not seeing the light. Inability to agree. Bickering with others or with one's self.

symbols_venus.jpg Venus is on Cancer 25: LEADER OF PEOPLE WRAPPED IN AN INVISIBLE CLOAK OF POWER - this is a very powerful degree, and, it can be very transformative and healing when we align with a sense of our own inner power. Of course, we will see instances of this shown to us in the outer world, particularly on the political stage.  This Symbol can show someone who is on the right path, incredibly strong and centered for right action, but, it can also show people who are 'too big for their own boots' - strong arming and showing off when perhaps showing humility and restraint may be the true order of the day.

This Symbol points to 'Invisible' levels of 'Power' that are cloaking someone. It could show someone who's powerful, a leader, someone to be reckoned with. There is often an unavoidable need to accept powerful responsibilities and to respond rationally to anything that needs to be done. It is almost as though this has been thrust upon you, but it is as much because you have placed yourself in this position of power and responsibility and you both understand and accept the consequences of the role. Take care not to lord it over others. If this is not about you, it can be about someone in your environment.

Keywords: Leadership and its honors and responsibilities. Powerful descent of energies taking over one's being. Feeling invincible-one can do nothing wrong. Hugging and being hugged. Sore shoulders. Shawls and cloaks that empower or coverup. Gurus. Quiet, unassuming strength. Charisma, strength and presence. Beautiful coats. Furs. Huge personalities. A man who lives right, and is right, has more power in his silence than another has by his words. Phillips Brooks

The Caution: Outer shows of superiority. Presuming oneself to be more than one is. Megalomania. Not owning one's magnificence. Being pushy. The weight of the world on one's shoulders. Abuse of power. Not owning one’s magnificence. Having the weight of the world on your shoulders. People on power trips. Lording it over others.

This Symbol shows people seem locked into some situation, environment or relationship that pushes the boundaries of relationships. There could be too many people, as in relationship triangles, or there could just be too many people to take into consideration as sometimes happens, i.e., when a child intrudes too much into a relationship between adults. You may find that it is difficult to choose what you want as others may have something different to say. Your wants seem to vacillate from one extreme to the other. Perhaps there is a need to get away from those trying to confuse you with conflicting views, although this may sometimes be impossible.

Keywords: Feelings of being fenced in. Too little room to move. Lack of privacy. Relationship triangles. Claustrophobia. Isolation. Love affairs. Too many people or having no one. Having to schedule people's needs. Competition and rivalry. Polygamy.

The Caution: Not seeing the whole picture. Fighting over 'territory'. Having too many people to consider. The specter of 'someone else'. Jealousy. Infidelity. Unacceptable relationships. Sexual infidelity. Misleading relationships. Being shut out of relationship. Fickleness. Not being able to choose. Having too many people to consider. Only being 'the third wheel' in a relationship.

This Symbol points to the desire, or the ability, to relax and retire into luxury, being able to do what one wants and to share quiet moments of reflection and sharing with others. There is an opportunity to relax and enjoy your self here and there is time to catch up on the attitudes of others without any pressure. Sharing your ideas, time and energy with others can be rewarding on many levels. This Symbol implies both luxury and indulgence. There does, however, need to be a caution against self-indulgence, as time can slip away if you're not paying attention to what needs to be done around you.

Keywords: Sharing of thoughts and ideas in an environment of social privilege. Social protocol that says what one should be digesting, emotionally, intellectually or physically. Libraries. Hotel reading rooms. Chatting quietly. Books, magazines. Quiet, knowing atmosphere. Learning and sharing ideas. Having friends over. Relaxing. Taking time off. Study groups.

The very best addictive drugs are produced by our bodies when we’re in romantic/erotic love. Barbara Sher

This Symbol can indicate the loss of reality or rational reactions. Often it shows not being in touch with what's realistically possible and what's worth trying. There can be an attempt to do too much or too soon or before maturing enough to be capable of doing it. Still, trying to do things that are outside one's natural sphere can be a good thing, as long as you don't overreach and cause damage. Sometimes, first attempts at a new experience may prove less than elegant or skillful. Soon you'll look back with amusement at these early attempts. Find enjoyment in the "Intoxication", but come back to earth when the feelings vanish.

Keywords: False courage. Inexperience. Trying to do something beyond the bounds of experience or possibility. Getting "out of it" in order to escape something. Getting all het-up over tiny or illusive prospects. Alcohol and drugs and the allure of escapism. Drinking binges. Ecstasy. Hangovers. Attempting to do the impossible.

The Caution: Giddiness, lightheadedness, unwanted side effects. Getting nowhere. Inability to ground things in reality. Making a fool of one’s self. Intoxication that inhibits seeing what's really possible. Alcoholism and drug habits. Losing reality. Mindlessness that confuses or misleads. Going too far too fast. Forgetting who or where you are.

This Symbol implies a clear sense of purpose and direction, even a sense of divine guidance. The 'Carrier Pigeon' may have to go through hardships and obstacles in order to deliver the message it is carrying or to complete the mission. This can be about bridging communications between people or conveying something that someone needs to hear or know. Pigeons were trained to deliver very important messages and some won honors and medals. Be sure that the end is in sight and there is a prize to be won in bringing a message to those who need it. Whatever this Symbol is speaking about, someone has a "Mission" that needs to be fulfilled.

Keywords: Bringer of good tidings and news. Creating lines of communication. Completing tasks. Feeling like one is on a mission. Finding out what's truly going on. Having a sense of destiny. Receiving orders from a higher authority. Being magnetically aligned. Pigeons, doves. Not being put off the track no matter what. Mail. Flying home.

The Caution: Gossip. Messages that are not useful to anyone or are outworn and old. Needing recognition and applause for doing simple things. Useless information. Putting a lot of effort into something that is not worth it. “Stool pigeons”. Working until one drops from exhaustion. Being so one-pointed that you forget other parts of your life.

symbols_jupiter.jpg Jupiter is on Libra 21: A CROWD UPON A BEACH

Nobody goes there anymore. It’s too crowded. Yogi Berra

This implies getting along with people with a live-and-let-live approach. People enjoy the outdoors and each other as they leave behind the stresses and strains of modern life in order to get more in touch with their bodies and their environment whilst having fun and relaxing. At times you may feel the need to get out into the open air or spend time with others or get in touch with your emotions. Joining with people of like mind in a natural setting, in a free and easy way, you can feel the release that can come from reminding yourself of the wonders of nature. Any feelings of what needs to be done should be put aside as you enjoy, relax and play.

The Caution: Avoiding close interaction with others. Being just one of many who desire their moment in the sun. Drowning –with others or alone. Sunburn. Sunstroke. Feeling like just one of the many. Dehydration. Traffic that hampers flow. Loneliness.

This Symbol implies a person having the role of administering the spiritual and ethical laws and rituals and rules for living in their society. No matter how large or small the role is, this Symbol implies being in touch with one's roots and studying and learning how to translate the lessons and the benefits for others. There is age old wisdom and established tradition which has survived to this day and you may need to access this knowledge though instruction or an inner search in order to deal with situations. There are "Duties" and ceremonies that need to be performed, either for your self of your community. Do what's needed with faith and reverence.

The Caution: Religious dogmatism. Racial prejudice (given or received). Following the rules of “the book”. Sticking to what convention says. Losing one’s sense of individuality. Over-inflated sense of self. Distrust or hate of different religions, backgrounds or ethnic origins. Restrictive rules.

symbols_saturn.jpg Saturn is retrograde on Sagittarius 22: A CHINESE LAUNDRY

The Caution: Giving in to prejudice. Self-inflicted sense of inferiority that can lead to missed opportunities for relating. Feeling trapped with no way out. Not being taken seriously. Doing menial jobs with little reward or real return. Slave labor. Lack of individual identity. Shutters to keep the world out.

symbols_uranus.jpg Uranus is stationing retrograde on Aries 29: THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERES

This Symbol speaks of the beauty of music and harmony and it is particularly intuitive. It doesn't matter if things are going well or not, if you are in tune with the inner voice, this can show an inner accord with your path. Savor the lessons that come and know that everything happens in its own time and you'll grow in wisdom. 'The Music of the Spheres' can show attuning to the messages of astrology, numerology, mathematics and science. Sing, tune into the planets, listen to music, dance and celebrate life.

Keywords: Voices bringing messages. Attuning to the messages inherent in astrology. Harmonies, chords, keys, octaves, tones. Things heard. Natural harmony of life. The beauty of the planets. The measurement of time. Circadian rhythms. Dancing to the wind. The humming of bees. Days of the week. The sound of water over rocks or crystals. The planets speaking through or to you. Sending love. The atomic clock. Harmonics. Musical ratios. Numbers. Numerology. Sound healing.

The Caution: Inflating rational ideas to appear to be inspired thought. Delusion or enlightenment? Getting lost in abstractions. Loving only the sound of one's own voice.

symbols_neptune.jpg Neptune is retrograde on Pisces 14: A LADY WRAPPED IN FOX FUR

symbols_pluto.jpg Pluto is retrograde on Capricorn 18: THE UNION JACK FLIES FROM A NEW BRITISH WARSHIP

This Symbol talks about supervision, border protection and control. There can be a feeling of having to oversee a large 'empire' where reliability and leadership are vital. This can be a tiring responsibility, but there can be an awareness of the protection of 'all who went before'. However, political and social restraints from the past could be causing you to feel that you've somehow got to 'wage war'. Issues to do with the government can come up, whether you agree with what they do or not. You may be confronted with having to make your presence felt and guard your territory. Effective supervision will help you to relax.

Keywords: Colonialism. Protectionism. The government, big business and the media. Class-consciousness. Power and political displays. Displays of "law and order". Border patrols and protection. Strength and might. Nationalism. Royalty. The ruling elite. Supervision. The armed forces. Patrols. Pitting people against each other. Empires. Victory bringing riches. The mother country. The struggle against decline. Flags. Imperialism. The Commonwealth. The rule of law. Brexit

The Caution: Artificial shows of strength. Bullying from the “big guys”. Being armed “to the teeth”. Strong-arm tactics. Disrespect for authority. People or institutions that throw their weight around. Anarchy. Traitors. Being anti-establishment. Social disintegration. War games. Civil wars. Feeling squeezed by authority. Rebellion. Civilian lives lost for political causes. Governing forces that deny individual rights. Invasions. Being defensive.

symbols_chiron.jpg Chiron is retrograde on Pisces 28: A FERTILE GARDEN UNDER THE FULL MOON

This shows enjoying nature and the fruits of your life, your country, your culture. There's often a sense that one has all that's needed, and emotions can be running high. The "Fertile Garden" signifies that you have things that you need at your disposal. This Symbol has a strong clairvoyant sense to it, with the ability to pick up on subtle energies and life forms in the environment. You'll get a lot of opportunities to enjoy the moment, but keep a sense of equilibrium, as soon the energy will be on the wane and you'll have to get back to more practical, everyday tasks.

The Caution: Too many possibilities. Psychic confusion. Difficulty sleeping or shutting down the mind. Missed opportunities. Night shadows. Jealous protection of possessions. Not being able to make one’s mind up because of the number of possibilities. Emotions that get out of hand.

symbols_north_node.jpg The Moon's North Node is on Leo 25: A LARGE CAMEL CROSSING A VAST AND FORBIDDING DESERT

The Promised Land always lies on the other side of a wilderness. Havelock Ellis

This Symbol implies the need to push ahead in difficult times, going alone and coping even in the most difficult circumstances. It also shows being self-sufficient, or someone with a big journey to complete. You may find that your situation has been like an arduous journey, but there could still be further to go. Be confident that you have the reserves to survive and the endurance to succeed. Although you may like the company and assistance of others, in the end, you can really rely only on yourself. Self-sufficiency and mental self-control are necessary as is a commitment to get to the other side of your issue.

Keywords: Completing a journey. Protecting oneself from spiritual "sunstroke". Tests of karma. Taking on daunting tasks. Taking one step at a time. Feeling totally at home. Provisions that nurture and satisfy. Camels, caravans, oasis, mirages, water, deserts. Stamina and fortitude. Crossing to the other side. Endurance. Thirst. Survival against the odds. Transport. Bad backs. Back packs. Cargo. Saddling up.

The Caution: Not preparing properly and running out of reserves. Feeling weighed down and in danger of not making it through. Not seeing the big picture. Lack of sustenance. Big plans with no backup. Taking on huge tasks when one shouldn’t. Being daunted by huge projects. Mirages that confuse objectives.

symbols_south_node.jpg The Moon's South Node is on Aquarius 25: A BUTTERFLY WITH THE RIGHT WING MORE PERFECTLY FORMED

This Symbol shows the ability, or the need, to find balance, to find your center so that you might be more effective, stable and organized. As the "Butterfly" has a "Right Wing More Perfectly Formed", you may be applying your rational logical mind out of balance to your intuitive and creative wisdom, or, vice versa. It is often harder to understand your intuitive messages, but reliance on logic can limit your possibilities. However, not applying logic can lead to big problems as well. There can be physical handicaps which may prevent one from truly doing what one wants, or strange imbalances on the spiritual level.

Keywords: Rising above life's distortions. A need to bring some type of balance to situations. Injuries or problems with hands or arms. One side being more 'Perfect' than the other. The 'Right' being better than the left. Mutations. Handicaps. Challenges. Disabilities. Impediments.

The Caution: Imbalances and physical distortions. Asymmetry. An imbalance of functions leading to involuntary flapping around. Distortions of reactions or of the truth. Lopsidedness. Hindrances. Being at a disadvantage. Feeling incapacitated. Judging beauty on external appearances.

StephanieV 17th August 2017 6:37 pm

Many thanks for this wisdom, Lynda. Highly appreciated!

Toni 17th August 2017 7:26 pm

Yes, hello Stephanie, I've been enjoying the wisdom of Lynda too... Much of what is happening seems to be a repeat of the last eclipse...Out with the old that no longer creates joy and in with the new that does...The focus point is on the US of A. Wondering if this solar eclipse path across the USA is the same public path the Hopi travelled with their 12 crystal skulls recently...well years ago really. I only remember reading the story not the path. Wouldn't surprise me in the least if it was close, I dare say they were prepping for this timing. Their skulls have absorbed the energetics of humanity for the past 24000 years, each skull has a 2000yr ram.(random access memory).

Interesting times indeed. :thumbs:

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What is the hardest metal on earth?

Can I melt aluminum with a propane torch?

Aluminum has a low melting point, so you can easily melt it using a propane torch or a DIY foundry.

How do you melt charcoal?

Coal doesn’t melt. If you heat coal, it decomposes by giving off a whole range of volatile organic compounds, and if it is heated in air it eventually catches fire.

Is melting aluminum toxic?

Failure to use proper procedures in melting and casting aluminum can be dangerous. … Contact with molten aluminum can cause severe burns and create a serious fire hazard. Mixing water or other contaminants with molten aluminum can cause explosions.

Which coal is used to melt iron?

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Is it possible to melt coal?

Coal is loaded into the ovens and then heated in the absence of oxygen up to temperatures around 1,100 degrees Celsius (2,000 degrees Fahrenheit). Without oxygen, the coal does not burn; it begins to melt. The high temperatures volatize unwanted impurities, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

How many items can one coal smelt?

8 items

Can you die cast stainless steel?

Most die cast parts are made from non-ferrous metals like zinc, aluminum, and magnesium. Investment casting is capable of casting cast those metals along with ferrous metals, including stainless steel. … However, if you are looking to use stainless steels or copper alloys, investment casting is the better option.

Can you melt aluminum on a gas stove?

True, the melting point of aluminum 660 °C while the temperature of the blue flame of the gas stove is more than twice of that, but the vessel does not melt. … Even then it will not melt because the heat is distributed over a large area (the vessel) compared to the size of the flame.

Can you melt metal with a lighter?

This is because even though your lighter has the temperature high enough, it doesn’t put out enough BTUs of heat to actually raise the temperature of the metal. … A larger torch can do the job, but melting metals with a lighter is not worth even trying. It is not going to work and would be dangerous.

Coal mine


What is balancing chemical equations called?

  • A balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge is the same for both the reactants and the products. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.

This page shows discussions around "What is balancing chemical equations called?"

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Tagged: Animals

Fountain and reflections at the Stravinsky Memorial

Where the Queer Wild Things Are

Can wildness be its own way of thinking and knowing? And where should we look to find out? Julia Dauer reviews Jack Halberstam’s wide-ranging new book, Wild Things.

Soft lit cow in a dark room

When Sacred Cows Become Tools of the State

In the midst of India’s beef ban, beef detection kits are supposed to help stop violence against Muslim and Dalit people accused of eating the meat. But do they? Clara Miller and A. Parikh argue that increased surveillance hurts both people and cows.

Cattle carcass with bone beneath its hide exposed, decaying in a field

When Climate, Cattle, and Copper Collide

For many Botswanan farmers and their cattle, home is where the water used to be. Justyn Huckleberry describes how international investments in copper mines erase families and their livestock from the land.

Shark swimming in black ocean

This Shark Can Outlast Nuclear Waste. But Will It?

This mysterious deep-sea shark is built to live centuries. Will it survive to tell the tale of the Anthropocene? Sadie E. Hale considers the Greenland shark, nuclear waste, and ocean plastics, showing how their sclaes of time and space converge.


Regional knowledge-sharing initiative among leaders of integrated landscape management in Mesoamerica

Those working to achieve sustainable development, food security, watershed management, forest restoration, biodiversity conservation, and climate resilience in Mesoamerica, please join us for this powerful multi-day learning and sharing event.

Registration is open, but limited spaces remain. Sign up today!

Leaders from farmer, community and indigenous organizations, local governments, businesses, NGOs and other stakeholders across Mesoamerica are working together through integrated landscape management to achieve multiple goals from their land and resources. If you are one of those people, the Mesoamerican Landscapes Dialogue is designed for you.

The Mesoamerican Landscapes Dialogue will gather the diverse communities of practice in sustainable landscapes at the beautiful campus of CATIE in Turrialba, Costa Rica to learn together through:

  • Exchanging experiences and knowledge: Meet with other actors working towards the same goals
  • Mobilizing finance: Open doors to sources of high-level funding for coordinated public, private and civic investments in the region
  • Increasing impact: Drive action and collective impact; boost impact from the community level towards the landscape; organize different actors to work together
  • Forming strategic alliances: connect local initiatives with large-scale initiatives; encourage collaboration between organizations; form public-private alliances

Register here

La inscripción está abierta, pero quedan espacios limitados. Regístrate hoy:

Aquellos que trabajan para lograr el desarrollo sostenible en Mesoamerica—con la seguridad alimentaria, la agricultura regenerative, manejo de cuencas, conservación de la biodiversidad, restauración de bosques, y la resiliencia climatica—por favor únanse a nosotros para participar en este evento de aprendizaje e intercambio de conocimientos, experiencia, e ideas para colaborar en planificación estratégica del manejo integrado de paisajes en Mesoamérica.

Líderes de organizaciones agrícolas, comunales e indigenas, gobiernos y otros actores interesados en Mesoamérica están trabajando juntos en el manejo integrado del paisaje. Si usted es una de estas personas, el Diálogo Mesoamericano de Paisajes Sostenibles está diseñado para usted.

El Diálogo reunirá a diversas comunidades de práctica en paisajes sostenibles en el hermoso campus del CATIE en Turrialba, Costa Rica, para aprender juntos a través de:

  • Formar alianzas estratégicas: hacer vínculos entre iniciativas; buscar cómo colaborar con otras organizaciones; formar alianzas públicas-privadas.
  • Intercambio de experiencias y conocimientos: conocer ejemplos e innovaciones de otros actores que están trabajando a escala de paisajes.
  • Movilizar financiamiento: abrir puertas para buscar fuentes de financiamiento de alto nivel en la región; atraer financiamiento incluidas inversiones públicas y privadas para el manejo integrado de paisajes.
  • Aumentar los beneficios: impulsar acciones colectivas; tener una incidencia mayor desde el nivel comunitario hacia el paisaje; organizar actores diferentes para trabajar en conjunto.

Registrar aquí

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Scaling up Social Enterprise for Sustainable Landscapes

The Social Enterprise Alliance defines social enterprises as “organizations that address a basic unmet need or solve a social problem through a market-driven approach.” Social enterprises are businesses that use markets to provide goods and services, but they reinvest their earnings into social or environmental initiatives. Social enterprises are driven by environmental, cultural or social principles, rather than by maximizing profits. They strive to make a difference in the world and bring about positive change.

Bill Drayton, founder of Ashoka, a global organization dedicated to identifying and supporting social entrepreneurs, says that “social entrepreneurs are the essential corrective force. They are system-changing entrepreneurs. And from deep within they, and therefore their work, are committed to the good of all.”

Since the 1980’s, when Ashoka first began to recognize and organize a network of change-makers and entrepreneurs, the movement has grown and evolved.

It has recognized problems and implemented market-driven solutions to challenges throughout various sectors. Thriving models like Terracycle or the One AcreFund have paved the way with examples, demonstrating that it is possible to build a sustainable and economically viable business model around a social cause. The success of their business models depends not only on return on investment (ROI) but social return on investment (SROI).  Unlike the ROI, which is a parameter that solely assesses financial profitability, the SROI is a tool that quantifies extra-financial impacts, including the broader social, environmental, cultural and economic impacts of an activity or business.

The world has recently seen a surge of interest in social enterprise projects. The rise of consumer consciousness is expanding opportunities for businesses to incorporate the value of social impact into product prices.

The sectors of agriculture, forestry and the environment are all experiencing growth in the number of social entrepreneurship initiatives, projects and businesses that are being leveraged to market-driven social good. These projects tackle issues such as deforestation, reforestation, water conservation and waste management. A network of projects that provide localized solutions to sustainable landscape problems is growing. To what extent can this movement be a part of the solution toolbox toward more sustainable land management?

The panelists that will be discussing social entrepreneurship have direct experience being part of social enterprises, accelerators and working with financing solutions.They will express their views on the following:

  1. To what extent do they believe that social enterprises can have important, sustainable landscape impacts?

  2. What kind of social return on investment (SROI) have we seen from funding that has been directed into social enterprises driven by sustainable landscape objectives? How is the SROI assessed and what is the impact?

  3. How accessible are financing options to social entrepreneurs? From the funder’s perspective, what are the obstacles and opportunities in making loans and financing available? And, from the social enterprise’s perspective, what are the obstacles and opportunities in accessing financing options?

  4. What examples do we currently have in this sector? What kind of social enterprises can already serve as models? Are we seeing models that have achieved scale through funding support?

  5. What lessons can participants share about supporting this sector in meaningful ways?

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Fashion for the SDGs: Sustainable supply chains

Time: 10.15 – 11.45 (US East Coast Time)

When most think about contributing factors to environmental health and Climate Change, typically we think about energy production, shipping, and agriculture. What often flies under the radar is the immense contribution from the fashion and textile industry.

‘The Fashion industry – worth $3 trillion annually – is clearly an environmental emergency’, warned top UN officials. According to Olga Algayerova, the Executive Secretary of the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe, the Fashion industry is the second biggest consumer of water and produces 20% of global wastewater while producing approximately 10% of global carbon emissions – more than all international flights and maritime shipping combined. Simply addressing the sustainability of this supply chain could drastically reduce the impact of fashion and textile industries.

While the sustainability of the Fashion industry’s supply chain should already be cause for serious concern, the main driver of the Fashion industry’s environmental epidemic is a shift in consumer behavior. Compared to 2000, the average consumer in 2018 is purchasing 60% more clothes but wearing them for half the time and in the case of 40% of clothes, not wearing them at all. Bearing in mind the rate of population growth, consumption will rise by 63%, from 62 million tons today to 102 million tons in 2039—an equivalent of more than 500 billion T-shirts.This monumental shift in consumer behavior puts immense pressure on not just the supply chains of these industries, but also on natural resources, ecosystems and local communities that these supply chains depend on.

The fashion and textile industries is an engine for global development. Being one of the world’s largest consumer industries, it generated $1.5 trillion in annual apparel and footwear revenues in 2016 and employs approximately 60 million people. There is no question that the industry is a force for economic and social progress, but currently it does not do enough to ensure sustainability along its supply chain.

Addressing the production and consumption patterns of the fashion industry to improve sustainability would have a domino effect on many aspects of development and provide a visible and meaningful contribution to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Tune into this discussion of how the Fashion and Textile industries can make meaningful contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals. We will be joined by experts from UNEP, Future Tech Lab, Fashion for Conservation and more to discuss steps in ensuring sustainability in fashion and textile supply chains and to highlight fair and equitable investments as well as accelerating the provision of green jobs for youth and women especially in rural areas.

Should you have any questions or enquiries, do not hesitate to contact GLF Digital Summit Coordinator Charlie Nelson at c.nelson@cgiar.orgfor further information.

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The Role of Private Capital in Conservation

Time: 13.00 – 15.00 (USA East Coast Time)

There is a huge gap between the level of funding that is needed to protect the world’s valuable ecosystems, and actual money that is being directed into them, most of which, to date, has come from public or charitable sources. However, this is truly beginning to change, with an increase in the use of private capital being used to achieve positive conservation outcomes along with competitive commercial returns.

“Conservation finance” investments can now be used to point to specific examples of how investments can be structured and show performance, as well as how we demonstrate the high levels of measurable positive social and environmental impact of these investments.

The funding mechanism for these forest conservation projects which protect vulnerable landscapes from deforestation and degradation, is primarily carbon finance. The projects generate verified REDD+ carbon credits which are sold to companies as part of their solutions to reduce net emissions. By bringing a tangible value to the carbon-reducing services forests perform, those companies are making critical forest ecosystems more valuable standing than felled or burned for the land beneath them.

This flow of investment is financing a transition to sustainable land use and commodity production and causes a chain reaction of other positive impacts such as protecting biodiversity, supporting endangered species, empowering women and bringing new jobs to local communities.

Natural solutions to carbon emissions, such as forest-based carbon credits, are recognised by scientists as one of the most powerful and immediate ways to tackle climate change and meet the Paris Agreement reduction goals, with better land management accounting for 37% of all emissions cuts needed by 2030 and critical alongside the energy transition . Avoiding deforestation is also the most cost-effective action for capturing, avoiding and storing carbon emissions with nearly 2GT of potential at <$10/tonne .

By expanding the carbon markets to new sectors and creating further demand for forest-based carbon credits at their true value, conservation finance is absolutely key to protecting critical ecosystems, and enabling businesses and consumers to take much needed climate action.

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Rules of the Cleanest Zone Competition

The detailed criteria and marking system can be found on the Assessment Criteria page.

The rules for the competition have been carefully designed to ensure that all communities have an equal chance of winning the prize.  Some areas of Freetown are of course already cleaner than others.  The competition therefore rewards the greatest improvement in cleanliness in each zone, measured against a baseline assessment which was undertaken by the Council’s team of assessors in November 2018.

The baseline status and the improvement against baseline will be measured by reference to clear and publicly available criteria, which are themselves designed to make sure that communities’ efforts are targeted to the most important sanitation issues, and that communities are encouraged to make sustainable and permanent changes.

In headline terms, the rules are designed to:

Ensure that communities’ efforts at increasing cleanliness include clearing waste and silt from drains and gutters, to ensure that flooding risk is reduced. Less flooding means less risk to life, and to jobs and homes.  Freely flowing drains also greatly reduce the risk of malaria and cholera by reducing standing water.

Ensure that communities’ efforts at increasing the beautification of their zone include planting trees and vegetation (in particular flowers and/or carpet grass) which protect against silt being washed away, thereby decreasing the risk of landslides and flooding.

Ensure that communities’ efforts to win the Cleanest Zone Competition are sustainable. 30% of the marks are available for communities which ensure that they have implemented arrangements to have their waste properly collected and properly disposed of.  We are also rewarding waste separation at source (plastics separate from other waste), because FCC is seeking to support waste recycling initiatives, and separation of waste by householders and businesses is key to the success of such businesses.

Communities should also note that if anyone is caught illegally dumping either liquid or solid waste, their entire zone will be immediately disqualified from the competition.

The improvements in each zone will be measured by teams of independent assessors, who will make one baseline assessment visit to each zone, one secret visit to each zone, and one final visit.  The winners will be determined by a judges’ panel.

Communities’ efforts in each zone should be co-ordinated through the Disaster Management Committees, Ward Development Committees and through the councillor for the relevant ward.

The Freetown City Council looks forward to working with everyone in Freetown to make our city a cleaner and safer place.

The zones are those defined by the National Electoral Commission and used to locate polling booths at election times.  If you do not know your zone, Please check on our website for the rules of the competition, the map and our list of wards and zones, with key boundaries and landmarks identified. If you are still unsure, please ask your ward councillor.

  1. The criteria for winning and the marking system are as set out below. To ensure fairness, the following system will be adopted for the first competition:
    1. A baseline assessment of all zones will be conducted by the assessment team in November 2018, by reference to the Cleanliness and Beautification criteria.
    2. For the first competition, a final formal assessment, which will be notified to the Development Committee and the Disaster Management Committee in advance, will be carried out in February/March 2019.  The final assessment will be by reference to the Cleanliness, Beautification, Sustainability and Innovation criteria.
  2. For subsequent assessments:
    1. The final formal assessment from the previous competition will be used as the baseline.
    2. A secret assessment will be carried out at approximately the mid-point of the competition, by reference to the Cleanliness and Beautification criteria.
    3. A final formal assessment, which will be notified to the Ward Development Committee and Disaster Management Committee for the ward in advance, just before the results of that round are announced. The final assessment will be by reference to the Cleanliness, Beautification and Sustainability criteria.
  3. The winning and runner-up zones will be the zones which have demonstrated the greatest improvement against the baseline, by reference to the criteria.
  4. The assessment team will consist of 30 teams of 3 people.
  5. The judging panel will use the assessments made by the assessment team against the criteria to determine the winning and runner-up zones. The judges’ decision is final.
  6. There will be one winning zone and four runner-up zones.
  7. First prize for the winning zone consists of:
    1. 10 solar-powered street lights.
    2. A water point which will be connected to the Guma system where possible.
    3. Scholarships to provide school supplies ( to 10 pupils, 5 for junior secondary and 5 for primary schools (3 girls and 2 boys)
    4. 250m) of road paving using recycled plastic outdoor paving tiles (for the inaugural competition only).
  8. The first two runner-up zones will receive water points and the final two runner-up zones will receive the scholarships.
  9. Communities can choose where in their zone the prizes will be installed, and which children receive scholarships. Decisions will be made by the community through the Ward Development Committees and the Disaster Management Committees working with key stakeholders. To ensure fairness, the community must apply the following rules when making these decisions:
    1. Water point and streetlights must be in an area which is near a school, hospital, health centre or market,
    2. Paved road must be in place which improves access to schools, hospital, health centre or market or which connects the community to a larger road.
    3. Water point, streetlights and paved road do not have to be in the same location or area as long as the choice of location complies with the above rules.
    4. Installation of the paved road will be by the community under the supervision of the manufacturers of the recycled outdoor paving tiles, in accordance with a community contract
    5. Scholarships must be awarded to financially disadvantaged pupils with proven academic potential
    6. There must be no political basis in the decision-making.

BE WARNED:  any person caught illegally dumping solid or liquid waste will automatically disqualify their entire zone from the competition

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What Is Dyno Tuning in Santa Rosa, CA?

What Is Dyno Tuning in Santa Rosa, CA?

February 14, 2019

If you’re interested in performance engines or alternative means of tuning your engine, you might have heard of dyno tuning before. This process is used to give vehicles a tune-up the likes of which they’ve never had before, to provide the smoothest, highest quality and most economical performance possible from the vehicle.

Here’s an overview of what’s involved with the process:

  • Vehicle audit:
    The first step of dyno tuning is to perform a thorough audit of all the vehicle’s systems. Determine if the vehicle has any current pain points or problems you need to address, such as poor gas mileage, lack of power, pinging, hard starting or otherwise. This will help you determine the exact steps you need to take moving forward.
  • Engine compression:
    After the mechanic discusses the vehicle’s performance with the owner and performs a detailed vehicle audit, the next step is to check the engine compression to see if the engine is mechanically sound or if there are any fundamental issues that must be resolved before further tuning can occur. Some of the most obvious problems that can come up during this inspection include broken vacuum lines, an excessively dirty air filter or some sort of leak.
  • Spark plugs:
    Based on the analysis of the engine, sometimes spark plug replacement is needed. Usually, they should be changed either 30,000 or 60000 miles.
  • Dynamometer:
    The final step is to place the vehicle on the dynamometer, with its driving wheels on top of the driving rollers. Here, the vehicle will be tested with the engine running in gear and under different speeds and loads. During these tests, mechanics track the performance of the engine, comparing the horsepower transmitted by the drive wheels to the amount of vacuum in the engine.

This is just a simple overview of what’s involved in the process of dyno tuning service in Santa Rosa, CA. For more information about how you can get the most out of performance engines, or to schedule an appointment for dyno tuning, we encourage you to contact the team at Fine Line Imports today.

Fine Line Imports