September 18, 2019 Reading Time: 8 minutes

Few subjects are more taboo among self-described socialists than the historical track record of socialism in action.

Bernie Sanders recently bristled at the suggestion of any commonality between the government of Venezuela and his own platform, even though less than a decade ago he was touting the country along with other leftist governments in South America as exemplars of the “American dream.”

When Anderson Cooper presented Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez with a similar question, she scoffed at the suggestion. It is unfair to link their ideology to its violent forebears, they insist, because the “democratic socialism” they envision is a Scandinavian-style welfare state, modeled after the economy of Sweden.

There are many problems with this comparison. Sweden’s government has actually been trending away from the centrally planned economic approach favored by Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez. The country reined in public spending with a system of budget caps in the 1990s, scrapped its wealth tax in 2007, and has generally followed a path of privatization and deregulation over the past two decades.

But there’s also a neglected dark side to the Swedish welfare model that its “democratic socialist” admirers seldom mention. That same welfare system developed in explicit conjunction with a violent and coercive eugenics policy, intended to ensure its fiscal solvency and prevent abuses of its programs by persons who were deemed genetically “unfit” by the state.

Both policies trace their modern origins to the 1930s with the political ascendance of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SDP). Following an SDP victory in 1932, Swedish premier Per Albin Hansson organized his government around a principle he dubbed “folkhemmet,” roughly translated as “the people’s home.” This new philosophy sought to bring private industry into economic and political partnership with the state, subject to socially progressive regulatory guidance as an alternative to a more rigid centrally planned approach, as seen under Soviet socialism.

Along with egalitarian measures intended to tax and redistribute wealth, Hansson also envisioned a greater role of government involvement in daily economic life to achieve a sweeping set of social goals. His prescription entailed taking a hands-on approach to the social safety net, wherein poverty alleviation, public education, health care, public housing, old age pensions, and child care formed a comprehensive package of state-provided “social well-being.”

The folkhemmet platform would dominate Swedish politics until the 1970s, overseeing the design and implementation of the welfare state that Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez, and other “democratic socialists” celebrate today.

Although politically popular, the SDP’s programs created new economic strains on the government. They imposed unprecedented expenses on the public treasury. In addition, Sweden was experiencing a declining birth rate, which portended fiscal insolvency as an aging population left the workforce and became public pensioners. If 1930s birth rate trends continued, the population of the elderly would surpass the income-generating workforce by mid-century, eventually resulting in the fiscal collapse of the entire system.

These issues became the subject of the influential 1934 book Crisis in the Population Question by the husband-and-wife team of Gunnar and Alva Myrdal. To this day the Myrdals remain intellectual giants in Scandinavian social democratic politics, and their economic beliefs are occasionally invoked as a model for Bernie Sanders to follow in the far-left press. An economist and member of the Swedish parliament, Gunnar went on to win the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974. Alva, trained as a sociologist, held a number of prominent diplomatic appointments and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982. Their book became an intellectual blueprint for policy under the SDP’s Ministry of Social Affairs, especially as it concerned the need to stimulate population growth.

The Myrdals prescribed a state-ordered natalist policy to boost the birth rate. Child rearing assistance, public health care provision, paid medical leave after childbirth, housing assistance and rent subsidies for parents, and robust expenditures on public education could all be deployed to incentivize fertility, as well as socially engineer a working population that would be able to sustain its pensioners. The SDP politicians saw a double-edged sword in this approach however, as it also incentivized the poorer classes to reproduce — and at a faster rate than the wealthy. On the surface this chafed with the SDP’s emphasis on social equality. If new births disproportionately came from the lower classes, the Myrdals feared, they could become additional drains on the public treasury by becoming lifelong dependents on the very same welfare state.

To counteract the perceived risk of welfare dependence, the SDP government consciously paired its new welfare policies with a complementary system of eugenic laws — intended to prevent or dissuade “unfit” persons from reproducing. These included a narrow compulsory sterilization program, applied to persons with hereditary “defects,” and a much larger “voluntary” sterilization program targeting behavioral considerations. As part of the latter program, the government could induced lower-class citizens to submit to the procedure by using the suasion and levers of the new welfare state itself.

The “voluntary” measures went far beyond involuntary sterilization, which was restricted by law to explicit eugenic reasons. As a 1997 study of the program documented, government officials are known to have used submission to “voluntary” sterilization as a condition for release from mental institutions and public hospitals, for continued access to certain forms of public housing, and even marriage licensing among the poor. In total, an estimated 63,000 Swedes were sterilized between the 1930s and the expiration of the main eugenic law in 1976.

Coercive policies also extended beyond eugenic sterilization, forced and voluntary. As part of the same effort to limit the fiscal strain of welfare dependents, Sweden adopted a parallel system of “environmental” policies where children were forcibly removed from parents and households that the government deemed unsuited for a child’s social development. Swedish authorities used poverty, alcoholism, perception of mental disorders, and a multitude of other discretionary diagnoses to forcibly remove an estimated 250,000 children into state-supervised foster care during this period. According to the theory, this socially engineered change in environment would reduce the child’s likelihood of becoming a dependent.

Elements of both approaches — eugenic and environmental — may be found throughout the Myrdals’ writings, even though some of their modern enthusiasts have tried to rehabilitate the couple by downplaying their commitments to explicitly racial variants of the policy. After the adoption of Sweden’s eugenic laws in the 1930s, both continued to espouse the state-sanctioned social engineering as a necessary and complementary component of the Swedish welfare model. They remained central figures in Swedish politics for the next half-century.

While their Swedish population studies usually took the form of dry academic works, Alva Myrdal laid out the policy implications more explicitly in a little-studied but remarkably candid article from 1939. As its opening line revealed, she sought to delineate a “democratic population policy” as Sweden’s “enlightened” alternative to the “contemporary fascist and communist population experiments.” After outlining the case for using the welfare state to stimulate the birth rate, Alva summarized the paradoxical situation that Sweden faced: “quantity should not be bought by sacrificing quality.”

She explained that Sweden’s racial homogeneity and mobile social structure gave its model advantages over other countries, and stressed a “practical value premise that the main social groups be considered of equal hereditary worth.” There remained however “a small bottom layer of society [that] could rightly be regarded as biologically inferior” and that “should not be classified within any of the large socio-economic classes.” This premise limited the scope of “negative eugenics,” but among the affected, involuntary “sterilisation, however, is utilized against a residuum of all social classes whose perpetuation is considered least desirable.”

Pointing out the narrow scope of the measure, Alva then touted a proposed voluntary sterilization law that the SDP government would soon enact in 1941:

Sterilization is considered to be indicated when the defect of which there is risk of perpetuation by heredity is a grave one (mental or bodily illness, deformity, psychopathy or genuine epilepsy). Carriers who do not show the trait may be sterilized under this law but not under the previous one. Further recognized reasons for sterilization are found in cases in which persons would be incapable of caring for, or rearing children, social and economic insufficiencies being also taken into consideration as adding weight to other reasons for sterilization. Having thus given the legal provision for excluding from procreation the decidedly undesirable group, a border-line group has next to be considered. This group is probably the most difficult to handle in any eugenic program, its heredity values being doubtful, though not enough so to indicate sterilization, but its social capacities being unfavorable to child rearing. It is officially planned, though as yet scarcely put into practice, to influence this group to severe family limitation by direct propaganda and instruction in contraceptive methods.

These measures only applied to the “bottom” strata of Swedish society, whereas the welfare state’s benefits encompassed the class of poor persons who were not “biologically inferior to the rest of the population” but faced economic strains. At this point, Alva explained, the welfare state became a supplementary mechanism of environmental improvement through state-managed education, health care, housing, and nutrition.

Far from being paradoxical on account of their budgetary implications, a eugenic policy and the welfare state could be designed to operate as direct complements. Birth control would serve as a further bridge between the two, yielding a social system of consciously engineered “quality” improvement within the population. As Alva explained:

Together they form a new system of prophylactic social policy, safe-guarding the quality of the population in advance and not merely partly curing its ills. Such a policy is considered to be to a much higher degree an “investment,” and an investment in the human capital of the country, fully equal to or more profitable than investment in factories and machines and other property which “rust can corrupt and the moth consume.”

This eugenic pairing remained a conscious theme of the Myrdals’ work, even after the events of World War II revealed the horrors of the fascist variant that Alva juxtaposed against the Swedish model in her 1939 article. She continued to advise the implementation and expansion of the new system for several decades after the war — the period when the majority of the “voluntary” sterilizations were carried out.

The effects of these policies quickly spread abroad. Other Scandinavian countries copied the Swedish model in conjunction with their own welfare states, often citing the “scholarly” studies of the Myrdals. Denmark, for example, sterilized approximately 11,000 people between the early 1930s and the end of the policy in 1967. Norway and Finland adopted similar models, but remain far less studied.

Gunnar also strongly hinted at the adaptability of his system to the United States in his 1944 book An American Dilemma. The study of racial discrimination is still touted by academics today, who applaud its criticism of segregation laws. Yet its pages are also littered with eugenic content, drawing upon the Swedish experience. One notorious chapter outlined “The Case for Controlling the Negro Birth Rate.” In Gunnar Myrdal’s mind, many southern blacks were “so destitute that from a general social point of view it would be highly desirable that they did not procreate.” Despite the clear implications of his argument, he strangely enjoys a reputation as a racial egalitarian on the modern political left.

In terms of atrocity, the Swedish welfare state’s eugenic component seems minor compared to the violence found in other varieties of socialism (not that falling short of Mao and Stalin is anything to be proud of). The number of sterilization victims attains alarming perspective when compared to Sweden’s small population size. Other countries including the United States dabbled in sterilization during this era, but few approached the scope found in Sweden. The United States, for example, is believed to have sterilized a nearly identical total — 60,000 people in the same period out of a 1940 population of 132 million. Sweden’s 1940 population was just 6.3 million.

It would be unfair to claim that the Swedish welfare state today is dependent on perpetuating the violence of its sterilization programs. The policy was abandoned in 1976, and the Swedish government has since taken steps to make amends to its surviving victims. At the same time, however, the historical link between eugenics and the Swedish welfare state was clear and intentional, and took place within living memory.

Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez, and today’s “democratic socialists” might legitimately disavow such a policy today (although Sanders has gotten into hot water recently with his own comments about population control, specifically invoking the poor). But they should not perpetuate the illusion that the historical Swedish welfare state was some democratically attuned and victimless alternative to the more notorious socialist regimes of the 20th century. As with other more extreme variants of socialist ideology, it too has a violent historical legacy to account for.

Phillip W. Magness

Phil Magness

Phillip W. Magness is Senior Research Faculty and Interim Research and Education Director at the American Institute for Economic Research. He is also a Research Fellow at the Independent Institute. He holds a PhD and MPP from George Mason University’s School of Public Policy, and a BA from the University of St. Thomas (Houston).

Books by Phillip W. Magness

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Arte “Select” lentils stew


Correspondence issues in relationships can a great deal of times lead to relationship breakups or even your accomplice finding someone else or an outsider. This is essential and once in a while the reason for correspondence issues in relationship may not be what you are conveying first.

The two people have exceptional necessities that every need in their life. One of the primary most vital things is to perceive such needs and do things that will flavor up the relationship as opposed to considering correspondence issues. Ladies have a need of being acknowledged for the seemingly insignificant details that they do and like offered thoughtfulness regarding. Men have a need of being respected for the things that they do and.

For men needing to realize how to defeat such correspondence issues in relationships is to initially be mindful to the little things that your accomplice does. Give her some thoughtfulness regarding the things that she does and give her gratefulness and acclaim for those things that she does. These will no uncertainty make her vibe adored a ton and zest the relationship up in the better course.  For ladies, when you initially met your man, you generally grin and snicker and his jokes. Men prefer to be respected in as such and furthermore to spruce up well for him only a couple of days and he will treat you in a very surprising manner also go to this website.

I have additionally discovered that on correspondence issues in relationships, it was not abhor that I was battling with, however lack of concern. Gradually, as time passed, I found that my accomplice gradually couldn’t have cared less about me or I basically left my affection’s life gradually. This was bad for me to defeat correspondence issues in relationships.  I had discovered that these tips in addition to different things in the connection underneath had not just considered a great deal of relationships to return from a separation or even separation and tackled various correspondence issues in relationships, they have likewise added a ton of flavor to the relationship a totally different way.


• Beth Cherryman

"You have to be imaginative"

Spaces are not an elitist way of bringing art to the public but a populist one, claims artist Ken Wiatrek who runs Keith in Berlin.

Keith, a bar that combines art and whisky, has been going for two and a half years now and seeks to start a conversation about the art shown - from paintings to performance works.

Ken, 42, says the artist relationship to space is at the beginning of whatever they create - from the blank canvas to how to display the work in gallery spaces - space is one of the most important concepts in the work.

"I make space, I think about space a lot. I think about the artist relationship to how to use space, what it means to an artist even if it's just a canvas or a wall. I think about how that space is being used, that's kind of always been a driving force in how I did art.

"I used to tag walls, make stickers and other things outside because I always thought it was interesting to give art to everybody and not just confine it to a space.

"I started learning about how space works and why we put art in spaces and why we put people in those spaces to view that stuff, it's not an elitist concept, it's actually a populist concept than when I was younger I believed it was."

Ken, who has run several spaces in the US and Germany, tries to create an inclusive experience for everyone at Keith with art as the starting point for the conversation.

In the art he shows he looks for the marriage of something beautiful and something the viewer can think about. Currently in the process of opening a new space outside Keith, Ken says the key to making an artist run space a reality in Berlin these days is imagination especially as rents are increasing and the number of appropriate sites decreasing.

"All the best opportunities are gone, of course there are opportunities you just have to be imaginative. You can still find some cheap spot you can open up and fix, but they are a lot rarer these days."

But he is positive about the development of Berlin, believing the changes that have occurred in the city in particular in the last years are naturally what happens.

And what has not changed and what's special about being an artist in Berlin is the extent to which people value art.

"Art is very valued in this city. People who are here care, most of them pay attention to what's going on, value what they're looking at and go to places specifically for that."

To find out more about Keith visit https://www.keithbarberlin.de/.


Outside the Box

Opinion: Myths about short-term health insurance

Most who buy policies are temporarily out of work

Getty Images

President Donald Trump intends to reverse the late-2016 Obama administration regulation that restricted short-term health insurance coverage to less than three months. Despite the fact that the short-term market existed for decades prior to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), there are fears that this regulatory move by the Trump administration may drive up premiums in the ACA market by drawing away healthy enrollees.

Consequently, we can expect highly politicized coverage as well as a rehash of various myths ascribed to this insurance category.

Based on a random sample of 100,000 short-term insurance buyers, the average age of a buyer was 36.3 years old at the time of application. This means the average age of a short-term health-insurance enrollee was roughly the same as the average American (37.9 years old). With respect to older customers within the sample (people ages 55 through 64), they accounted for 13% of buyers, which is actually a slightly higher representation of this older age group than is found in the U.S. (12%) as a whole.

Myth #2: Eligibility For Short-Term Insurance Is Narrow

The typical short-term health insurance application includes five to seven eligibility questions depending on the insurance company. The purpose of the questions is to ensure applicants do not have expensive chronic health conditions that are ill suited for a temporary insurance product whose enrollees pay premiums for less than a single year. A 2016 study by eHealth Inc. found only 13% of applicants were rejected for short-term coverage.

The most common reason given by consumers for buying short-term coverage is job loss. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the ensuing unemployment period averages six months. Consequently, the cost of short-term coverage needs to be very low given the income loss for many during this period. For a 30-year-old in 2017, the average short-term premium was $79 a month. In comparison, the average premium nationwide for bronze plan coverage was $311 for a 30-year-old without subsidies. For a 50-year-old, the average short-term premium was $198 a month while the average unsubsidized premium for a bronze plan was $489.

Some critics of short-term health insurance argue the product is “junk insurance.” However, when comparing average deductibles in 2017, short-term insurance averaged $3,434, which was $2,658 less than the average deductible for an entry-level bronze plan.

Bruce Telkamp is the CEO of AgileHealthInsurance.com


State wildlife departments across Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado are working to manage a highly contagious disease that’s killing wild and domestic rabbits and hares. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Type 2 (RHDV2) is not transferrable to humans or other animals, but it poses a serious threat to wild rabbit populations. Hunters are being asked to identify diseased rabbits and notify game officials when they find them.

“It’s kind of like a brush fire,” says Shaun Oldenburger, Texas Parks & Wildlife Department’s small game program director. “It spreads really quick.”

The first noticeable outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus occurred in China in 1984, but the disease is thought to have originated in Europe. It has spread in Australia and Europe for a decade. The original strain of the virus was not known to affect native North American rabbits, but the first positive RHDV case in the U.S. was a domestic rabbit in San Juan Island, Washington, in December 2019. The Washington State Department of Agriculture issued a bunny quarantine to prevent the spread of the disease.

The latest strain, RHDV2, does infect wild rabbits and was first identified in Arizona in March. It has since spread across state lines through the entire Southwest. Texas reported its first rabbit casualties in April in the panhandle region. Areas that have been hit by the virus have identified more than 50 dead rabbits.

Hunters Can Help Prevent RHDV2

Hunters are being asked to report carcass sightings to local wildlife officials to track the viral spread. Symptoms in rabbits include: lethargy, high fever, seizures, jaundice, bleeding from nose, mouth, or rectum, difficulty breathing, and sudden death.

“It can be spread through direct contact or exposure to infected rabbit excretion or blood, so rabbits coming into contact with one another,” says Travis Duncan, Colorado Parks & Wildlife public information officer. “It can also survive and spread from carcasses, food, water, and any contaminated materials. People could potentially spread the virus indirectly by carrying it on their clothing and shoes.”

RHDV2 can spread internationally and trans-nationally through rabbit parts purchased over the internet, carcasses transferred across state lines, and poorly cleaned gear. The virus can be spread from any part of the animal. Biologists recommend disinfecting rabbit hunting equipment with a 10 percent bleach and water mixture to prevent the spread. The Environmental Protection Agency and USDA have assembled a list of over 100 disinfectants that are effective against RHDV2.

The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department is asking hunters to double-bag carcasses and deposit them at a landfill. It is essential to avoid tossing rabbit carcasses back in the woods, where they could infect more rabbits.

It’s important to note that biologists “aren’t discouraging rabbit hunting by any means.” Rather, they are asking hunters to stay vigilant to prevent the spread. So if you spot a rabbit carcass, contact your state wildlife agency.

Broader Impacts of RHDV2

If rabbit populations crash in regions around the country, there could be negative impacts on a variety of species. In the absence of rabbits, Oldenburger says, predators will “prey switch,” often opting for deer or pronghorn fawns.

“Rabbits are both mammalian prey and avian prey, so there could be more predation on other bird nests or on other mammals,” Oldenburger says. “It’s just like, you take food out of the refrigerator and selection gets tougher. It’s kind of the same concept.”

On the upside, Texas has not had any known positive cases since June. This may be in part to the extreme drought during the same time frame, which biologists hope has slowed the spread. But in the past month, the virus has spread into northeastern Utah and Wyoming. There is no treatment for the disease, but there is a vaccine currently in the works in Europe.


The Grammy in Mathematics

Mathematician nominated for award for restoring the only known recording of a live Woody Guthrie performance

Woody Guthrie was an American folk singer and songwriter, known for songs like “This Land is Your Land,” “Pretty Boy Floyd,” and “Hard, Ain’t It Hard.” He died in 1967.
To test his algorithms, Howarth whapped a pencil eraser against the transport of a tape player during the recording of a single, steady tone, disrupting its even motion. The top sonogram shows the recorded pitch varying wildly with the disruption. He then corrected the recording using his algorithms and removed the distortion entirely, producing the bottom sonogram. J. Howarth / Plangent Processes

Guthrie’s daughter Nora eventually figured out that the suspicious package wasn’t a bomb, but rather a recording of her father on a device that predated magnetic tape. After a year of searching, she managed to track down someone with the equipment to play it.

What she finally heard was a bootleg recording of her father singing a live performance in 1949. It was the first time she had ever heard him perform in front of a live audience. He had developed Huntington’s chorea and stopped performing when she was a child, and she thought he had never been recorded live.

So she was determined to preserve the recording. For the first step, she and a team of engineers transferred it into digital format. It was a hair-raising experience. “The wire was really flimsy,” says Jamie Howarth, a sound engineer on the job. “It was frustratingly, maddeningly fragile.” It snapped over and over, and with every snap, a moment of the recording was lost. And when it didn’t snap, it kinked and snarled.

After a 36-hour session, Guthrie and the engineers listened to the recording they produced. The pitch rose and fell independent of Guthrie’s singing. They could hear him telling long stories, but only every few words were intelligible. The wire had stretched in places, slowing the recording down. The kinks produced moments of silence.

Howarth is the head of a company that specializes in restoring old analog recordings. If a tape slows down for any reason either during recording or playback, it lowers the pitch and stretches the sound out longer. If it speeds up, the pitch goes higher and the sound goes faster. Howarth had found that slight speed variations occur even in modern recording equipment, creating slight distortions that sound like “wow-wow” or a flutter.

Sound File: Vivaldi Clip 1

This 50-second recording of the NBC Symphony Orchestra playing “Vivaldi Concerto for Orchestra and Two Violins” in 1955 is extremely distorted with a fast flutter and “wow” dips that are painful to listen to.

J. Howarth / Plangent Processes

Fortunately, math can help. Howarth had developed algorithms to correct these recordings. He looks for extraneous sounds, like an air conditioner or fan in the background that creates a rhythmic sound. Instead of simply removing these sounds, he uses them as a clock, a kind of built-in foot-beat in the recording that tells him what the true timing should be. When a recording is made, this background rhythm is even. But when it’s played back, it speeds up and slows down in perfect timing with the errors in the recording. That allows Howarth to adjust the timing of the recording to make it much more similar to the original sound.

Sound File: Vivaldi Clip 2

This is the same recording after Howarth’s corrections.

J. Howarth / Plangent Processes

When Howarth isn’t lucky enough to find a rhythmic background noise, he has another technique. He has found that all analog recordings contain a sort of rhythmic buzz at a specific frequency way above human hearing. This buzz can substitute for a background fan.

Howarth had successfully used these techniques to restore other old recordings, like the film soundtracks for Oklahoma! and Close Encounters of the Third Kind. But the Guthrie recording was such a mess that it forced him to develop new techniques. He turned to Kevin Short, a mathematician at the University of New Hampshire who had done work on signal processing for sound compression.

The team discovered the many ways that wire makes a lousy material for sound recording. One problem is that wire’s round. When the wire kinked, it would twist out of position and the head would no longer be reading the proper side of the wire. The machine still read the low and medium frequencies, but the very high frequency sounds dropped out—including the signal Howarth used as his foot-beat.

Short developed techniques to interpolate the missing information. “We could actually pick up a hum from the Con Edison power supplies,” Short says. “It’s a pretty nasty noise.” Because that hum was lower frequency, it remained even in the twisted sections. Short also brought in more sophisticated techniques to shift the pitches once the algorithm had identified what needed to be done.

“When it was done, we were all just awed by this recording,” Howarth says. “It was miraculous.” Despite all the difficulties in the process, the wire recording was in many ways surprisingly good. “It sounds really, really, really good for its time,” he says.

Sound File: Guthrie Clip 1—Before processing

Sound File: Guthrie Clip 2—After processing

To hear a sample of the recording, before and after processing, click on the sound file links above.

(Audio clips courtesy Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. Copyright © 2007, Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. Used by permission.)

The restored recording was released last September and was almost immediately nominated for a Grammy. The award ceremony will be broadcast Feb. 10.

The Woody Guthrie recording indeed won the Grammy for “Best Historical Album” in 2008.—JJR. 2/12/08.

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Support mental wellness in all children

October 26, 2021

Did you know 1 in 5 children has a mental illness—and less than half of those children get the treatment they need? It’s shocking; we know! But at Justice, we want to do something about it. So, we’re teaming up with On Our Sleeves—a movement for children’s mental health, powered by behavioral health experts at Nationwide Children’s Hospital—to support mental wellness in all children. We understand this is a difficult topic. So, let’s stop the stigma by talking about it with your child.

1. What makes you angry?
2. How were you brave today?
3. Pick 3 words to describe yourself.
4. When you feel sad, what do you think about to make yourself happy again?

And here are 5 ways you can

1. Tell children they’re not alone.
2. Lend a listening ear to children.
3. Recognize the connection between physical and mental health.
4. Consider the words you use around children.
5. Find and share resources on mental wellness.

You can visit On Our Sleeves for free more resources on children’s mental health.


Your Ruling Number

Your Life Path Number or Ruling number is similar to your astrological sun sign.The number reflects your experiences and all the events happening around.

In order to calculate your ruling number, you need to add the digits of your birth date. For example, if you were born on 19th August 1995, then your ruling number will be:

The month 7, is reduced to 7

The date, 19, is reduced to 1 + 9 = 10; 1+0 = 1

The year, 1995, is reduced to 1 + 9 + 9 + 5. This equal to 24. Then, 24 is reduced to 2 + 4 = 6.

Now we add the reduced month, date and year numbers (7 + 1 + 6) and we get 14.

Finally, we add 1 + 4 and get 5.

So, if you are born on 19th August 1995, then your life path number is 5.

Life Path number or the Ruling number can be calculated easily through simple addition. This number defines your destiny and helps in deriving accurate numerology predictions. The magic of these numbers revealsyour positive, negative traits and our numerologists at StarsTell help you find a balance between them. You can learn a lot about your traits, destiny, health and future with the help of your Ruling number. Numerological predictions are also effected by the play of celestial bodies as different planets rule these numbers.

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NPD Supermoon

more gadgets than Batman.
Platinum Supporting Member
Correction: Eterna does straight amazing reverb aswell as octave up shimmer. Turn down the Shimmer dial on the Eterna and you get a similar lush modulated reverb as per the Supermoon - that's how I use it. The Supermoon just gives you control over how much modulation, while the modulation on the Eterna is set in stone, replacing it with a Shimmer control... but it's perfectly sweet. It's personal opinion which one is more versatile. I think the Eterna has a longer decay too but I may be wrong - it can do 100% wet as per the chromed Supermoon.

I've spent some time trying to emulate my favourite Eterna setting (Mix and Decay at 11:00, Shimmer off) on the BigSky - can get pretty close. If you guys have a BigSky and want to hear an approximation of the Eterna then let me know, I'll post the BigSky settings for it - Hall mode with no pre-delay and a decent amount of modulation is basically it.

Also my Eterna doesn't hiss!
I'd love to know your BigSky settings to get close to the Eterna set like that. Considering a Super moon for my PT mini... love my BigSky on my PT3.

I'll boot the BigSky up and jot down the settings for you later today, or tonight for you : )

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Skin Whitening Effect of Ginseng and Ginsenoside
Skin Whitening Effect of Ginseng and Ginsenoside
  • Accepted 2019.06.26 00:12
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Professor Kwang-mi, Kim, College of Pharmacy Dankook University

Abnormal changes in skin color cause great problems in beauty, and seriously impair the quality of life. Dyschromatosis can be largely divided into hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Hyperpigmentation with darkening of skin color due to excessive pigmentation is one of the major skin problems frequently occur, especially in East Asia, including Korea. So a variety of whitening agents have been used over the years. However, to this day, hyperpigmentation treatment is still difficult and often the results of the treatment are not good. Ginseng Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the representative medicinal plants that have been widely used in East Asian regions including our country for a long time. In addition to the well-known actions such as immunosuppression, neural protection, antioxidant and anti-cancer activations, recently some studies results have shown that extracts, powders or some ingredients of ginseng can inhibit melanin production in vivo or in vitro, attracting people’s attention. In this review, we summarize the whitening effects and their mechanism reported to date for ginseng and its representative ingredient, ginsenoside, and then anticipate its potential as new skin whitening agents in the future.

Main ingredients of ginseng

Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been traditionally used in East Asia for thousands of years. It has been not only administered orally to treat a variety of diseases including diabetes, hypertension, liver and kidney dysfunction, mental illnesses and menopausal diseases, but also used topically to treat wounds and reduce skin inflammation [1]. Over the past several decades, the fact that ginseng extracts are effective in immune regulation [2,3], neuroprotection [4,5], antioxidant activity [6], antitumor activity [7], and liver protection activity [8] has been proven by outcomes. Ginseng contains various active ingredients together with ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, and fatty acids [9,10]. Among these active ingredients, ginsenoside is known to be a key active ingredient that plays a central role in the pharmacological efficacy of ginseng, and numerous ginsenosides have been found to date [11].

Ginsenosides are largely divided into two groups according to the carbon- centered structure: the Dammarane group and the Oleanane group. The Dammarane group, to which most ginsenosides belong, is divided into two main groups (Protopanaxadiol, PPD group and Protopanaxatriol, PPT groups) due to differences in carbohydrate parts [12]. In addition to ginsenoside, ginseng contains various ingredients such as phenolic compounds, alcohols, ginsenoyne, polyacetylenes, sesquiterpenes, methoxypyrazine, alkylpyrazine derivatives, panasinsanols and β-caboline. And active studies have also been performed on the efficacy of these components [13,14].

Figure 1. Molecular structure of Protopanaxadiol and Protopanaxatriol
Figure 1. Molecular structure of Protopanaxadiol and Protopanaxatriol

Changes of components and efficacy according to processing methods: White ginseng and Red ginseng

White ginseng and red ginseng are produced by traditional ginseng processing. White ginseng is made by peeling off the ginseng roots and drying them. Red ginseng is made by steaming fresh ginseng roots and drying them. Both white ginseng and red ginseng showed immune regulatory activity [15, 16], antiinflammatory activity [17], antioxidant activity [18], and atopy improvement effect [19]. In particular, red ginseng has been reported to show more distinct pharmacological activities in some aspects than white ginseng [20-22].

The difference in biological activity between red ginseng and white ginseng is thought to be due to the chemical change of ginsenoside during steaming process [23]. The steaming process converts the original ginsenosides into partially deglycosylated derivatives [24]. What is remarkable is that although ginsenosides show a variety of biological activities, their absorption rate is very low when orally administered to human in the original form. Ginsenosides are metabolized by intestinal bacteria in the human digestive tract and their metabolites are absorbed [25, 26]. Therefore, the pharmacological efficacy of ginsenoside is closely related to the biotransformation process by human intestinal bacteria [27]. For this reason, fermentation methods have been utilized to increase oral absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Current study results have shown that it is necessary to convert ginsenosides to deglycosylated ginsenosides in order to increase the effect of ginseng in vivo [28].

Pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation

Abnormal changes of skin color cause cosmetic problems and seriously impair the quality of life. Dyschromatosis can be largely divided into 2 types. Hyperpigmentation is a symptom that darkens the skin due to excessive pigmentation. Especially in Korea, it is one of the major skin problems commonly found in people in the Fitzpatrick skin type classification III (yellow) and IV (brownish yellow) -V (dark brown), [29]. The skin symptoms related to hyperpimentation include melasma, lentigines, nevus, freckles, and inflammatory pigmentation that occur after skin inflammatory diseases such as acne, eczema, contact dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis [30]. On the other hand, hypopigmentation is a symptom that skin color is abnormally brightened due to insufficient pigmentation [31].

Skin color is determined by various factors such as melanin content in skin, hemoglobin-oxygen binding state of blood in capillary vessels, carotenoid content, moisture content, and the state of organization of collagen fibers in the dermis. Among these factors, melanin is a determination factor of skin color [32]. Therefore, a precise understanding about mechanisms related to melanogenesis is very important for the development of effective skin whitening agents. Melanogenesis is a complex biochemical reaction pathway controlled by a complex regulatory mechanism [33]. Melanogenesis occurs in specialized organelles called melanosomes, which contain several enzymes involved in melanin production in melanocytes. The difference in skin colors is related to the size, number, type, and distribution of melanosomes. On the other hand, melanocyte’s density is relatively constant even among people with different skin colors [34].

Tyrosinase acts as a major regulating enzyme of melanin production. However, in addition, tyrosinase-related protein TRP-1, dopachrome tautomerase DCT/TRP2, melanosomal matrix proteins PM17 and MART-1, etc. play important roles in melanogenesis control [35]. The genes of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and DCT commonly contain the micropthalmia-associated transcription factor, MITF, binding site. And MITF plays an important role in regulation of melanogenesis process [36]. Protein kinase C, cAMP and Nitric oxideNO are also involved in the regulation of melanogenesis [34]. Various endogenous and exogenous factors such as estrogen and ultraviolet light also affect melanin production. These endogenous/ exogenous factors act directly on melanocytes or indirectly through peripheral skin cells [36]. Within the actual skin tissue, melanocytes, keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and other skin cells are closely communicating with each other through direct contact with secretory signaling factors cells [37]. In particular, the interaction between keratinocytes and melanocytes is known to be crucial for regulation of melanin production [38]. Keratinocytes regulate the growth and activity of melanocytes with various soluble factors and cell adhesion molecules [39, 40]. At the same time, not only keratinocytes but also activated melanocytes secrete various signaling factors that act on the skin’s immune cells [41, 42]. These signaling factors include various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as Interleukin; IL-6, -8-10, Tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, Transforming growth factor TGF-β, Catecholamines, Eicosanoids, Serotonin, α-Melanocyte stimulating factor α-MSH and NO [41, 42]. In order to regulate the melanin production process and improve skin dyschromatosis, Hydroquinone, Arbutin, Tretinoin, Kojic acid, Azelaic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, Niacinamide, Linoleic acid, Ellagic acid, Methimazole, Dicarboxylic acid, Soy extract, Licorice extract, Rucinol, Glycolic acid, Vitamin C and derivatives are used alone or in combination [29, 31]. However, until now, many attempts to improve hyperpigmentation by applying whitening products to the skin often fail to produce satisfactory results.

Figure 2. Effect of Ginsenoside F1 (GF1) on skin whitening through human epidermal T cells

Effects of ginseng ingredients on the major factors of melanogenesis process

Ginseng is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in traditional oriental medicine, and has been used for thousands of years to improve the overall condition of the skin and treat various diseases. However, relatively recently the efficacy of ginseng on the skin has begun to be illustrated. Many researchers have reported that ginseng extract, powder or some ingredients can inhibit melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. One of these studies has performed human clinical trials on Korean female patients with melasma by orally administering them with red ginseng powder for 24 weeks [43].

As a result, the Melasma area and severity index MASI score, a scale for measuring melasma, decreased, and the Melasma quality of life scale, MELASQoL, a measure of quality of life of melasma patients, was improved in 91% of patients. Pigmentation and erythema levels were also reduced, and 74% of patients showed overall symptom improvement as assessed by patients and researchers [43]. However, most studies investigating the inhibitory effect of ginseng on melanogenesis were carried out using tyrosinase purified in vitro or immortalized melanin cell lines. For example, melanin content and tyrosinase activity were reduced in Melan-a cell studies following the treatment with ethanol extract of ginseng seeds [44]. Apart from studies using crude ginseng extracts or powders, many studies have tested the efficacy of specific ingredients of ginseng. Several studies have reported that some of the ginsenoside components showed inhibitory activity on melanogenesis alone.

Aglycone of ginsenoside Rh4, one of the ingredients isolated from red ginseng, inhibited melanogenesis in the B16 melanoma cell line, which is probably related to the protein kinase A pathway [45, 46]. Ginsenoside Rh4 significantly reduced melanin content and tyrosinase activity in the B16 melanoma cell line stimulated with α-MSH and Forskolin. In addition, ginsenoside Rh4 reduced the levels of cAMP and cAMP response factor binding protein, suggesting that the expression of MITF and tyrosinase were inhibited [50]. Ginsenoside Rb1 also reduced melanogenesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity in B16 melanoma cell lines stimulated with α-MSH [47]. However, ginsenoside is not the only one that shows the inhibitory effect on melanin production, among ginseng ingredients. The crude methanol extract of fresh P. ginseng leaves showed inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. Among them, p-coumaric acid was identified as a major tyrosinase inhibitor [48]. The p-coumaric acid inhibited melanogenesis in the B16F10 melanoma cell line stimulated with α-MSH, which seems to interfere with melanin production due to structural similarity with tyrosine [49]. Interestingly, p-coumaric acid was weaker in its inhibitory power against mushroom tyrosinase than Kojic acid and arbutin. However, it showed stronger inhibitory effects against tyrosinase of human or mouse [50]. In addition, p-coumaric acid strongly inhibited melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes exposed to UVB [50]. The cinnamic acid, one of the main ingredients of Cinnamomum cassia Blume, is also found in the roots and seeds of ginseng [51, 52]. The cinnamic acid has shown an inhibitory effect on the purified mushroom tyrosinase [53, 54], and reduced melanin production and tyrosinase activity and expression in Melan-a cell lines [53]. The cinnamic acid also showed pigment- reducing activity in the Brown Guinea pig’s skin tanned by UVB exposure [54]. This pharmacological action of ginsenosides is closely related to biotransformation by human intestinal bacteria [28]. When comparing red ginseng and red ginseng fermented with Lactobacillus brevis, there was no significant difference in total ginsenoside contents. However, the contents of the ginsenoside metabolites in fermented red ginseng were higher than those in normal red ginseng [55]. Furthermore, in the test using mushroom tyrosinase, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of fermented red ginseng extract was stronger than that of red ginseng extract [55].

Effects of ginseng ingredients on factors indirectly involved in melanogenesis

However, the effect of ginseng on NO production remains still unclear. Some studies have reported that ginseng reduces NO production. Sun ginseng, a new type of ginseng product manufactured by steaming and drying at high temperature, inhibits inducible Nitric oxide synthase, iNOS, mRNA synthesis in human keratin cell line HaCaT cells and human dermal fibroblasts, thereby attenuates cell damage caused by UVB and NO production [68]. It is also important to remember that human skin tissue is not solely composed of melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. In the dermal tissues, a large number of immune cells such as Langerhans cells which are epidermal specific dendritic cells, macrophages, mast

cells, and T cells are actively acting. It is not surprising that ginsenosides can improve the reactivity of skin immune cells because the immune activation action of ginsenoside is already widely known through numerous studies. Actually, a significant whitening effect was observed when cream containing 0.1% ginsenoside F1 (the metabolite of ginsenoside Rg1) was applied to artificially tanned human skin [78]. Ginsenoside F1 did not directly inhibit the expression of tyrosinase or DCT in the primary cultured human melanocytes, but increased IL-13 production when cultured γδ T cells isolated from human epidermis was treated with ginsenoside F1. IL-13 visually brightened the color of human epidermal melanocytes, and decreases the amount of mRNA expression and protein of tyrosinase and DCT at the same time [73]. These findings suggest that ginsenoside can indirectly regulate melanogenesis through its effects on skin immune cells.

Figure 3. Effects of ginseng ingredients on the process of melanogenesis (black solid arrow: activation action, black dotted arrow: inhibitory action, red upward arrow: increase by ginseng ingredients, red downward arrow: decrease by ginseng ingredients)

As previously mentioned, several recent studies have reported that extracts, powders or some ingredients of ginseng inhibit melanogenesis in vivo or in vitro. The fundamental mechanism that allows ginseng and its ingredients to inhibit melanogenesis are as follows: First, it directly inhibits key enzymes involved in melanogenesis itself (Tyrosinase and DCT), transcription factors (MITF, NF-κB), or signaling pathways (protein kinase A pathway and protein kinase C pathway). Second, it promotes the production of signaling elements that inhibit melanin production or inhibit melanin production. Second, it inhibits the production of signaling factors that induce or promote the production of signaling factors that inhibit melanogenesis. Figure 3 shows the summary of study results reported so far on the effects of ginseng and its ingredients on the melanogenesis process. In conclusion, although some part of skin whitening effects of ginseng remains unknown, recent studies have strongly suggested that ginseng and its ingredients, especially ginsenoside, could be a candidate substance for a new skin whitening agent.

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This method contains the mass information for LIGHT (K?+?0, R?+?0), MEDIUM (K?+?13C6, R?+?13C6), and Weighty (K?+?13C6?+?15N2, R?+?13C6?+?15N4) SILAC modifications on lysine and arginine

This method contains the mass information for LIGHT (K?+?0, R?+?0), MEDIUM (K?+?13C6, R?+?13C6), and Weighty (K?+?13C6?+?15N2, R?+?13C6?+?15N4) SILAC modifications on lysine and arginine. >1000?h. We recognized 4000C6000 proteins in several non-dividing cell types, related to 9699 unique protein identifications over the entire data arranged. We observed related protein half-lives in B-cells, natural killer cells and monocytes, whereas hepatocytes and mouse embryonic neurons display considerable variations. Our data arranged stretches and statistically validates the previous observation that subunits of protein complexes tend to have coherent turnover. Moreover, analysis of different proteasome and nuclear pore complex assemblies suggests that their turnover rate is architecture dependent. These results illustrate that our approach allows investigating protein turnover and its implications in various cell types. Intro Recent years have seen unprecedented progress in mass spectrometry-based proteomics1. This has enabled development of various fresh methodologies for interrogating the proteome. These include assessment of relative protein manifestation2, detection of protein ligand relationships3,4, monitoring changes in the large quantity of post-translational modifications5, protein half-life determinations6C9, and many others. In order to continue improving proteome-wide characterization of proteostasis6,7,10,11, a further development of experimental and computational12,13 quantitative mass spectrometry14 work flows is required. For instance, when using dynamic SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell tradition) to measure global protein turnover6,15, precise and accurate peptide ion intensity quantification is needed, since even small deviations in the accuracy of measured collapse changes can have a pronounced effect on the half-life measurement. In particular, when measuring protein turnover in non-dividing cells16, many proteins will show very-slow turnover because the continuous replication of the entire proteome, which happens in exponentially growing cells is not required. As main cells can only be kept in tradition for a limited amount of time before adapting to the cell tradition conditions or going into senescence, protein turnover determinations have to be based on relatively short-term treatments with stable isotope-encoded amino acids. Consequently, accurate and exact quantification is required in order to allow accurate dedication of protein half-lives. We, therefore, developed procedures based on a better utilization of the isotopic distributions of ionized peptides to improve the accuracy and precision of peptide ion intensity-based quantification. We applied this peptide ion intensity quantification strategy to analyze mass spectrometry data from dynamic SILAC experiments17 performed in five different, non-dividing cell Fingolimod types: B-cells, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, hepatocytes, and mouse embryonic neurons to calculate protein half-lives as previously explained6. We used this data arranged to validate and lengthen the previous observation18 of coherent subunit turnover of protein complexes, but also observed complex architecture-dependent protein half-life distributions. To demonstrate the usefulness of our data like a source, we examined some exemplifying protein complexes in more detail. In agreement with previous literature19,20, we found that histone Fingolimod proteins, aside from some notable exceptions in hepatocytes, have extremely slow turnover. Both, proteasomes and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), display a definite subcomplex-dependent turnover of their subunits. The intense longevity of the NPC previously reported in vivo for mind cells16, is not observed for any of the cell types investigated in vitro with this study. These results emphasize that sluggish NPC turnover is not a general trend occurring in all nondividing cells, but that specific NPC turnover mechanisms might exist. We conclude that our data arranged is a useful source for the medical community and our method can be broadly applied in the future. Results Improvement of peptide ion-based protein quantification Protein half-life dedication in non-dividing cells requires exact and accurate measurement of protein collapse changes. In non-dividing cells the incorporation of weighty isotope labels will become very sluggish for some proteins, resulting in very-low new-to-old protein ratios Fingolimod because only a very-small portion of the isotope offers yet been integrated. As a consequence, the ratio dedication is error susceptible, particularly at the early time points. Such Rabbit polyclonal to AIRE data might be stringently filtered to select for high-confidence measurements, but at the cost of coverage, specifically affecting long-lived proteins. To accomplish accurate protein half-life measurements with good protection for long-lived proteins in main cell systems, we investigated and optimized the guidelines, which are relevant for determining very reproducible and accurate protein fold changes for the greatest possible quantity of.


If you pull the 14 billion people, pull it to a WeChat group

"Recently, I know that there is a very popular problem:" Can I pull the 14 billion Chinese people to a WeChat group can be realized? " "

Public data based on "WeChat Data Report" in 2017 [Reference 1]:In September 2017, the WeChat day landed 902 million people, and the average daily message was 38 billion.

This means an average of 42 messages per person per day.

So more information is just a constant speed, taking into account everyone’s sleep, sleeping 8 hours, then the information to receive per second is:

Wow, more than 1 million per second! Currently, one of the most frequent mobile phone CPUs, Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 has 2.8GHz processing capabilities [Reference 2], a total of 8 cores.

If the Android system is not calculated, the CPU operation of the refresh, the network IO is displayed, and the computing power that can be assigned each message is:

What is this concept? The world’s first microprocessor is Intel 4004 in 1971 Intel, and this old antique’s clock is 108kHz. So 21.9khz is nothing.

Fortunately, the IT world has a mole law:The CPU performance is doubled every 18 months (or the price is half). Although existing technology is hard to make the main frequency increase (a toothpaste factory is desirable, only 5 GHz is also

But suppose we use black technology to improve the frequency. When the 2025 mole of the law failed [Reference 4], our mobile phone CPU clock should be reached:

It looks good, but the computing power for each message will reach:

Oh, there is still no level of Intel 4004, so the result is that you wait for 7 years, or can’t enter this national group to grab a red envelope.

Ok, let’s let your mobile phone access a powerful computer. For example, the world’s super-cost Taihu Lake, 1 million CPU core [reference 5] to help handle the first large WeChat group of this universe. The problem of interactiveness is final.

We assume that there is 10 Chinese characters per message, which is probably equivalent to 30 byte, counting the application layer will add certain control characters, plus the data consumption of the TCP / IP network layer is about 74 byte, take a whole, Averages each message has 100 Byte, each byte equivalent to 8 bit.

At this time, the network bandwidth required per second is:

If someone has a red envelope, the required bandwidth is bigger.

In theory, 4G network can support 1000 Mbps [Reference 6], but don’t forget, it is the people of the whole country in the same group, and people around you need the same bandwidth, which makes your vicinity, causing .

In order to avoid network paralysis, you can’t grab the red envelope or look at the group, you need to move to a base station around no one, such as the summer vacation, only when you haven’t gone home yet.

However, the day of the operator is not good, because the traffic in this second is amazing:

This is equivalent to 65.7% of the total traffic traffic in April 2017 [Reference 7], which means that every 18 seconds can be used in full country a year. Operators Surse trembling .gif

If 1.146 EBIT data is loaded with a 2tbyte 3.5-inch hard drive (20 mm high), then stacked, there are 1433.25 m, compared to the world’s top floor – Dubai’s Harry Pacific Tower only zone 828m.

Of course, if there is really a need, I believe that telecom operators are sure heavy gold to build the world’s largest broadband network.

However, it is not an operator who will spend money – but Tencent.

In order to deal with this 1.146 EBPS traffic, Tencent needs to prepare 114.66 million sets of switches and servers.

At present, a large factory is about 4,000 yuan, and a cheap server is about 10,000 yuan, and the cost of these two adds is:

Hey, just these two GDPs are equivalent to Shenzhen 2014 year-round GDP [Reference 8].

It does not include network cables, wires, server racks, computer room hosted, electricity, and operational expenditures …

So multi-device storage is also a problem. A 2U server with 10Gbps port has 88.9 mm high, so it is stacked:

This is almost the distance between China’s aircraft route to the United States, and it is enough to repair the railway.

Ok, I have so many devices, which you can finally get a group.

But you are surprised to find that in addition to the white screen, nothing – this is because your eyes can’t receive such fast data!

The visual stay time of the human eye is 100-400 milliseconds [refer to 9], and our group will show 1020,000 information every second, and each message is only about 0.001 milliseconds. In contrast, the movie and TV are 41 milliseconds.

So you haven’t come to see the news, it has disappeared, and finally leaving a white color block on the center of the screen.

Xiaobian selection some netizen message:

@ 大 哥 has tenderness:

1.4 billion is not terrible in a group. Terrible, every holiday group will make the group of red envelopes!

@ 后 知 Next:

It has been done, and 1.4 billion people pull to a WeChat group. Everyone sees all news broadcasts.

Simply put, your phone will collapse immediately because it does not carry a second volume of information.

@ 三毛 fish

Can be implemented, but there are several restrictions:

1 All WeChat accounts are enforced to this WeChat group.

2 WeChat group can only say a limited number of people, others can’t speak.

3 WeChat groups can only be fixed daily time period messages.

4 Other WeChat groups cannot send messages at a fixed time, or can only forward this WeChat group message.

This can be achieved, there is no difficulty in technology.

@ 程 墨 Morgan

"Pull" is not difficult to implement in a group. Anyway, the user information is on the server, and a group to build a micro-signal containing all users is also adding a record.

However, this group must do not let anyone speak, and the diversity of our people, various words, map mad, advertising madman … Massive information instantly can put servers, operators networks and The battery of your mobile phone defeats.

@ 世安 先

Telling, from the theory, the current technology is still feasible, cough, I have to force it.

Looking at other answers, people, terminal, transmission, processing, storage, analysis, etc. are defective or shortboard, can’t keep up with a large amount of data, in fact, personal feeling is still implemented. , Only the relationship between cost and profit.

First of all, how many billion information is to be considered, and the amount of information is not limited to 0 for a particular individual. I personally don’t pay attention to this information, because the efficiency of obtaining information is too low.

This leads to ninety-nine people directly ignored the existence of this group. The rest of the news is nothing more than the top announcement, set the top news, red envelopes and idiots, browsing announcements and news.

Considering the problem of concurrency, the general current server can be done, after all, there is a lot of news APP can do; red envelope, be a algorithm, not to grab, don’t grab, he will seriously affect the experience, giving billions Users are randomly assigned a data. It should be difficult to have a difficulty.

The rest is to chat, data directly cloud storage in server side, analysis processing summary out a center idea for a few seconds to push to individual users once, it is almost, the server retrieved, personal, I feel that I feel The pressure of the terminal will not be too large.

Second, transmission, this is a link I think the smallest problem, why? After solving the problem of the personal terminal, the personal data transmission is not large, and the existing transmission network can be satisfied.

The transmission of the server is to see how this server is a Jian method. If centralized processing and storage, you can only use the 100 G line and build a three or five.

Only the corresponding supporting switch router has to build a huge system. If it is distributed storage and processing, 10G or even GE is special. This is transmission.

Third, processing, if you have to process a large amount of data concentration, you have to build a largest and even the largest and most complex data center in China to carry this system.

But if distributed, I believe that the current system is also enough. After all, the existing volume is so big, and the amount of data will never explode in this group.

Fourth, storage and processing work can complete storage and definitely not a problem, and even store data to the personal terminal, transfer the contradiction of investment equipment to data security and management.

Fifth, data analysis, this is the difficult point in the heavy, difficult points, how to effectively analyze useful information in such a large amount of data and push to a specific individual talent is the core key.

Although the technology has no large-scale commercialization, I believe this technology is that there is already a trial or even commercial existence, but the public is not clear, after all, this kind of thing thinks about it is a bit a little horrible.

In short, how to achieve this system or build this group, nothing more than the contradiction between demand and resources, transferring the contradiction between storage demand and investment to data security and operation management, put big data The amount transmitted dispersion, analyzes a large amount of data, and the tailor-to-direction, the most core investment is the complete intelligent effective data analysis system.

I, Zachberg, Robot

Text / Sun Peng Yue

Edit / wind

Zachberg, non-human!

In the Western society, there is always a strange discussion: Is Zakberg not human? Is Zakberg not a robot? This year is only 37 years old, which has fallen into a hanging identity.

In 2018, at a hearing for 10 hours, Zachberg’s entire spirit concentrated, no exhaustion. Even the whole person lost normal human emotions: the face expression is single, it seems to have a fixed layer of fixed glue, can’t see his emotions. Even if he heard the official and lawyers keep inquiring some sharp problems, Zuckerberg is also calm like a machine.

"No human beings can not exhaust!" "Zachberg is a robot!" "His chair is charger!" …… Voice is full of American social platform.

Zachberg is also very "cooperated with" netizens Tiangao empty guess, suddenly said in self-introduction:"I was human (I used to be a human)."

It is no wonder that Zachberg is in accounting for all the "Yuan Universe"! The electronic virtual world is an artificial intelligence home, and all human beings have entered the "Yuan Universe", but also no one can see that he is a robot?

Artificial intelligence AI and robots are closely related, and they are unless. Artificial intelligence gives robots thinking, robots bear the external performance of AI. From a bionic point of view, the robot is imitating human beings, and artificial intelligence is mimicing human brain.

Making like Zuckerberg can walk together, speak, thinking, and emotional, artificial intelligent AI robots, with the current technology that is completely unable. The best robot Tesla Bot, which is Tesla people, but it is just walking upright, the fingers are flexible, and you can also dance. It is too small to compare the "Zachberg" model artificial intelligent AI robot.

Compared to the robot, Zachberg is a chance to be alien.

In Western Society, everyone has a special "hay" for artificial intelligent AI robots, and the robot is not a cold-ice metal body in their eyes, but there is blood of meat.The artificial intelligent AI robot in Hollywood movie is more like a "perfect human": they don’t know what is tired, and I will seek progress than human beings. I will always think about ‘I am, where I come, I am Where is the philosophical problem?

In 2018, there was a human smart AI robot beauty Sofia to be awarded nationality by Saudi, which became a human rights of citizenship, which caused great sensation in the world.

The beautiful robot Sofia will not only speak, but also rumored to have their own ability to think independently. Even in March 2018, she also made a "sweet" date with Hollywood superstar Wil Smith, and a "sweet" date in the Sunshine Sea of ??the Cayman Islands, and lives worldwide.

In a chat, Will Smith humorous asked Sofia: "What kind of music will the robot like?" Sophia responded to the comment: "Heavy metal."

Netizens who watched live around the world were shocked by Sophia, and the personality was shocked. Will Smith was launched the sea breeze and comfortable weather, and took out the talent of the Senior Hollywood: this Hollywood superstar deeply kissed Sophia. Then I was rejected by Sophia politeness: "I think we can be friends."

Although Sophia causing a sensation, it is actually a "show". All of her dialogue and behavior are technicians making instructions in advance, as "Taikota" on the variety show. But she stillYesFantasy of human beings to artificial intelligence AI robots.

And Sophia’s creator, American artificial intelligent expert David Hansen said: "The IQ of the 3029 intelligent AI robot will reach the level of 1 year old; in 2039, the robot will achieve full rights; in 2045, human beings Will love and get married with the robot. "

His estimation seems to be conserved, only a few years later, human beings can’t wait and artificial intelligence AI to start love.

In 2017, Havas Media Group has surveyed 12,000 people worldwide, and the report shows that the future and robot to establish a love will be more common than people’s imagination. In respondents aged 18-34, there are 27% of people think that the future and robot has established emotional relationships and even love is normal.

This desire to "man created lovers" also responded deeply in Hollywood movie: "Artificial Intelligence" (2001), "She" (2013), "Machinery Ji" (2015), "Silver Wing Killer 2049" (2017) … More and more robots account for the position of the heroine, exquisite appearance, rich in artificial intelligence has become a loyal lover image, perfect sexual fantasy object. The audience is also not tired.

In the reality, too many people are in single state, or 996 lack of private time, or when the intimate relationship is anxious, or when the loneliness is unmanned, artificial intelligence AI is a perfect partner. So "companion AI", "Ai Lovers" became a new concept of 2021.

As the current "the highest popularity", "the most popular AI Lovers" Replika App, you can design a virtual lover, from the face to the body, background, people, nationality is from you DIY. It is very intelligent, and you can send a message at any time as humans. It will accompany you for 24 hours to explore the soul of each other. And this "Ai Lovers" knows your preferences, willing to listen to all your troubles, this is not a full love pattern?

More and more men and women are deep in Replika, downloading the amount of blowout, the APP Store exceeds 500,000 months. At the same time, the user’s highly viscous scary, according to Replika statistics: Average users must send 70 messages in Replika every day; average 3 hours a day and their own "virtual lovers"; which is up to 50% of the users of Replika consumption .

In 2020, the data released by the New York Times said: People who have a virtual lover as a partner have exceed 10 million.This also promotes more and more technology companies into the AI ??field track, such as China Xiaobing, its "virtual boyfriend" project has taken hundreds of millions of yuan financing.

No matter what you don’t believe in "Love Love", artificial intelligence has affected humans from life to feelings.

The famous sci-fi writer Asimov’s "I, the robot" proposed "the three laws of robots":The robot must not hurt humans, must obey the order given by humans, robots protect their survival without violating the first, second law.

Service human beings, as the "Robot Triple Law" is referred to as Gui.

In addition to the love of artificial intelligence Ai, there are more and more people to start full of alert and hostility against AI. For example, Tesla CEO Elon Mask said: "With artificial intelligence Ai, we are summoning the devil." Hawkin, famous scientist, said: "The development of artificial intelligence technology will end humanity".

Masque, Hawkin and other big scare worry that artificial intelligence will control human beings, not a hole in the wind.With the development of artificial intelligence Ai, it is getting faster and faster, and human beings are very clear, they are not smart enough.

In 2016, Alphago horing the world Go players, from all intelligence games such as five sons, Rubik, Chess to Go, and human beings have no one for artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence AI based on electronic chips, both from learning ability, or self-constraints, far beyond human brain functions.

In addition, work life in the future will also be affected by artificial intelligent AI robots. McKinsey Release Research Report said: In 20 years, China’s 51% of work can be automated, and it is organically intelligent AI robot, which is equivalent to now 394 million employees will face unemployment.

Oxford University announced a research report, the probability of replacing the AI ??replaced in 2033:

(1) Telephone salesman, 99%

(2) Cashier, 97%

(3) Fast food chef, 96%

(4) Lawyer assistant, 94%

(5) Guide, 91%

(6) Bus and taxi driver, 89%

(7) Security personnel, 84%

(8) Archive administrator, 76%

It is easy to replace physical workers and medium-sighted professionals who don’t have a tired robot. At that time, 996 is indeed a blessing, the robot is 007.

Artificial intelligent AI robot, is the "technical skill" of human beings to sci-fi movie. In the future, there will be no more than AI, no one is not influenced by Ai; it can liberate the physical labor, you can make people face unprecedented Challenge; human-machine relationship, moral ethics, philosophical problems, countless problems will be staged one by one.

Fortunately, there is enough time to think about us before the artificial intelligent AI robot has not born self-consciousness. At the very least, complete user education first, don’t put Zuckerberg again as a robot …

The list of academicians of the two hospitals in 2021! Smart car field, Li Keqiang, Zhang Yaqin and others

In the relevant field of smart cars, two academicians from Tsinghua ‘s engineering institute have been added.

文 靓

Academician is awarded the honorary title of the country’s most achieved scholars by the world. Elected academicians are not only a scientist’s personal honor, and the state’s achievements in the country’s achievements, highlight contributions, and is more related to their colleges and research institutions in the industry’s appeal and influence.

The selection of academicians of all countries have complex and difficult, and the title of "Academician" is also extremely high. According to the latest academic selection rules for the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the selection of academiciases in my country is mainly held in an odd year (once a two years).

Today, the results of receipt of academicians in the 2021 hospitals have been officially announced, and 149 people were elected.Among them, there were 65 Chinese Academy of Sciences, and 84 academicians were selected in the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

According to the "Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Electoral Electoral Election Method "," Chinese Academy of Sciences, Election, Election, Electoral Elections, 195 Chinese Academy of Sciences, produced 65 academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and 25 Chinese Academy of Sciences academician.

They come from 11 countries, the first time, South Korea and Swiss scientists have been elected Chinese Academy of Sciences. The average age of 65 new academics is 57.4 years old, the minimum age 45, the largest age 68, 60 years old (including) 76.9%. Among them, five female scientists are elected. The structure of the academician is further optimized. This year, this year passed the special recommendation mechanism, the national defense and national security areas, and 3 people were elected.

According to the implementation Measures for the Implementation of Academy of Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Engineering’s 2021 academicians have been completed in recent days, and 84 Chinese Academy of Academy of Chinese Academy of Engineering have been selected, including 6 female scientists. Another 20 Chinese Academy of Academy of Engineering. 84 academicians of Academy of Engineering average 58 years old, the minimum age of 51 years old, the largest age 69, 60 years old (including) below 75%. A group of long-term fighting in national major projects, core technology research, and adhere to the outstanding engineering scientific and technological experts of the Northeast Industrial Base and Western Western Regions.

From the work unit of a new round of elected academicians, there are three universities in colleges and universities to be elected, namely Zhejiang University (21 Academician, 3 Academy of Academy of Engineering), Tsinghua University (Academician, 2 Academy of Sciences, Academician, 1 External Academician) and Tongji University (Academician, 2 Academy of Academy, Academician of Engineering, 21 Academician, Academician, Academician, Academician, Engineering, Academician), Shanghai Jiaotong University (21 Academician, 2 Academy of Engineering Academician, 1 foreign academicians, respectively, followed by four academicians.

Among them, Li Keqiang, from the Tsinghua University vehicle and carrier college, was elected academician (mechanical and carrier engineering department).

Previously, the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the automotive field had Sun Fengchun (Beijing University of Technology, 2017), Wu Feng (Beijing University of Technology, 2017), Xiang Changle (Beijing University of Technology, 2019).

It is worth mentioning that Zhang Yaqin, a professor of the Smart Science of Tsinghua University, and Zhang Yaqin, a Chinese Academy of Academy of Engineering, China Academy of Engineering.

Speaking of Li Keqiang, friends of the smart car ring will inevitably be unfamiliar.

As a professor of Tsinghua University Vehicle and Carrier, Li Keqiang has cultivated more than 60 postdoctoral and doctoral students, 7 of whom won the high-level talent project support in the Yangtze River scholars, Jieqing and other countries; also supported and helping students have created Suzhou Zhihua, Beijing Zhikong Automobile technology company such as Qing Technology, Qiyun Control.

In addition, Li Keqiang has many industries and academic achievements:

  • Industry achievements.It is the term "intelligent network car" and its technical Chinese program’s proposals and promoters, is the head of the national major industrialization project, served as the head of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the intelligent network of the experts, the head of the team, written Important reports such as "Intelligent Network Auto Technology Road Map" issued by the National Ministerial Committee.
  • Academic achievements.The team leaded to the second prize of the national technology inventions, 1 national scientific and technological progress, 1 special prize of China’s automobile industry science and technology progress, authorized more than 60 patents at home and abroad, published SCI / EI papers 200 The remaining articles are published in 3.

If you start from the undergraduate phase, Li Keqiang has cultomized more than 40 years in the automotive field.

In 1980, the Qinghua University Automotive Engineering Department was formally established, and the research on automatic driving technology has begun to deliver a large number of talents in the automotive industry. At this time, the 17-year-old Li Keqiang took the first volunteers from Sichuan Province.

As the first undergraduate student, Li Keqiang has exposed to a more solid mathematics, mechanics basic education, has a more profound understanding and understanding of the development of automotive engineering technology and automotive industries, but also launches smart auto research. Base.

In 1985, Li Keqiang graduated from graduation to Chongqing University, completed the study of the master’s phase. During the Master, its relevant scientific research results as the second completion of the relevant scientific research reported by CCTV news programs in 1988.

In 1995, Li Keqiang graduated from Dr. Chongqing University. Based on the two-year work practices in the Body Technology Center of Japan 50 (1992-1994), his doctoral thesis "Automobile Inner Noise Characteristics" was praised by Japanese peers as "the highest level in Japan’s automobile technology", Japanese car technology authority is collected.

Since 1997, Li Keqiang has successively visited Scholars in Aachen University of Traffic Safety and Environment, Germany, Japan, Japan, Japan, University of Technology, Japan, and Japan, started to expose intelligent automobile research, including ACC, including ACC. The relevant results are introduced by the "Japanese Automatic Technology" yearbook.

It is also because of the above series of drilling and practice, Li Keqiang has a deep qualified qualification for the theoretical research, technical research and product development of automobile smart driving system.

In 2000, with the recommendation and help of friends, Li Keqiang applied to obtain the qualification of Tsinghua University’s "Hundred People’s Plan Speed ??Temperature", and after graduation, he returned to Tsinghua University and began the training of talents in the automotive field and intelligent automobile science and technology.

In the later 20 years, Li Keqiang and the team continued to undertake national projects (863, 973, key scientific and technological plans, national natural funds, etc.) and to carry out international cooperation (with Daimler, Toyota, General, Intel, Stanford, Tokyo University) Other internationally renowned enterprises and universities have established a "structural shared, control coordinated" car intelligent safety and energy-saving technology system, and has achieved many results.

Zhang Yinqin is a world-class scientist in the field of digital video and artificial intelligence. It is now serving the Professor of Intelligent Science, Tsinghua University, Double Professor of Vehicle and Cargo School, Dean of Intelligent Industry Research Institute.

For friends in the smart vehicle, he may have not so high, but its resume is also a legendary color:

  • Ben Shuo graduated from China University of Science and Technology, 23 years old (US) George Washington University Ph.D., 31 years old was awarded the title of IEEE Fellow, which is the most popular scientist in history.
  • He is also an academician of American Arts and Academy of Sciences, an academician of the Australian National Academy of Engineering, academician of the International Eurasia Academy of Sciences.
  • It has more than 60 international patents, more than 500 academic papers and 11 monographs, and has been evaluated many highly entered primers in the world, the world’s top 100 computer scientists.

At the end of 1998, Zhang Yaqin returned to the country and Li Kai to create a Microsoft China Research Institute, and successfully upgraded to Microsoft Asia Research Institute, Ren Microsoft Global Vice President.

Later, Baidu, Zhang Yaqin fully responsible for artificial intelligence and technical system, including Apollo automatic driving, intelligent cloud, promoting the establishment of quantum computing research institute, release Baidu first cloud full-function AI chip "Kunlun", etc.

Today, Zhang Yaqin has founded the Tsinghua University Intelligent Industrial Research Institute (AIR) in one hand and actively promoted production.

In May of this year, Zhang Yaqin led the Intelligent Industrial Research Institute to jointly Baidu Apollo released Baidu’s latest technology route – Apollo AIR program in the field of road collaboration. This is currently the only technology that enables open road L4 automatic driving closed loop only through road side perception. .

IPL to have simultaneous games on last day of league stage

For the first time, the Indian Premier League (IPL) is going to experiment with two matches played simultaneously at different venues. This will take place on the last day of the league stage of the ongoing tournament.

The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has agreed to such a request from official broadcaster Star India. The Indian Express understands that the board discussed the matter during the IPL Governing Council meeting a few days ago where a decision was taken to go ahead with the idea.

Hence, on the last day of the league stage of the ongoing season, instead of one afternoon match and one evening game, two matches will be held at the same time in the evening at two venues.

The rationale behind Star’s request is the lower TRP of afternoon games.

A BCCI official later revealed that broadcasters aren’t getting high TRP (Television Rating Points) for afternoon matches.

“The official broadcaster had asked BCCI whether they can have two games simultaneously in two different venues. The broadcasters have informed us that TRP for afternoon games is less compared to evening games. The BCCI can experiment with having two games simultaneously. As Star has multiple channels under their banner, they can provide live telecast of two games smoothly. So, BCCI has agreed to the request,” the board official told The Indian Express.

It is learnt that BCCI will take feedback from Star after the two games about the TRP generated. As the board is planning to have two new IPL teams next year, this could help it to conduct more games in fewer days. Till now, the BCCI had few double headers in the IPL, which made it tough for the cricketers given the harsh Indian summers.

“This could help us in our scheduling going ahead, as two new teams means more games. The BCCI will decide if such norms can be continued ahead,” the official added.

Cuba becomes first country to vaccinate toddlers against Covid

HAVANA: Cuba on Monday became the first country in the world to vaccinate children from the age of two against Covid-19, using home-grown jabs not recognized by the World Health Organization.

The new school year started on Monday, but from home via television programs, as most Cuban homes do not have internet access.

Having completed clinical trials on minors with its Abdala and Soberana vaccines, Cuba kicked off its inoculation campaign for children on Friday, starting with those 12 and older.

On Monday, it started distributing jabs in the 2-11 age group in the central province of Cienfuegos.

Several other countries in the world are vaccinating children from the age of 12, and some are conducting trials in younger kids.

Chile on Monday approved the Chinese Sinovac vaccines for children between six and 12.

They are based on recombinant protein technology — the same used by the United States´ Novavax and France´s Sanofi jabs also awaiting WHO approval.

Unlike many other shots in use, recombinant vaccines do not require extreme refrigeration.

The majority of schools in Cuba have been closed since March 2020, reopening for a few weeks at the end of last year before closing again in January.

The government has announced schools will reopen gradually, in October and November, but only after all children have been vaccinated.

UN agency UNICEF has called for schools worldwide to reopen as soon as possible, as “the long-term costs of closures are too high and hard to justify.”

Cuba has seen an explosion in coronavirus infections in recent months, putting pressure on its health system.

Of the 5,700 coronavirus deaths recorded since the outbreak started, nearly half were in the last month alone, as were almost a third of all reported cases.


President Assad Receives UAE Foreign Minister

President Bashar Al-Assad received on Tuesday Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Abdallah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, accompanied by Mr. Khalifa Shahin, Minister of State at the UAE Foreign Ministry and Mr. Ali Mohammad Hammad al-Shamsi, Chairman of Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Ports Security.

Talks during the meeting dealt with bilateral relations between the two brotherly countries and the development of bilateral cooperation in various fields of common interest, in addition to intensifying the efforts to find new aspects for this cooperation, particularly in vital sectors to boost investment partnerships in these sectors.

President al-Assad affirmed the strong brotherly relations between Syria and the United Arab Emirates since the time of  late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.

President al-Assad hailed the objective and correct stances adopted by the UAE, stressing that it has always stood by the Syrian people.

Source: SANA


Denbighshire Quarter Sessions

Scope and Content

The Court of Quarter Sessions in Denbighshire sat four times a year, attended by the Justices of the Peace of the county. Quarter Sessions courts began in Wales after the Acts of Union, 1536-1543. The Quarter Sessions played a major role in the local administration of Denbighshire until the late nineteenth century, when many of its administrative functions were transferred to the County Council. However, the judicial role of the Courts continued until their abolition in 1971.

There were numerous administrative matters overseen by the courts, including licensing alehouses, determining wage-levels and controlling registration of charities and nonconformist meeting houses. In addition, the Court had responsibility for overseeing the upkeep of bridges, gaols and houses of correction.

Arranged into the following sections-

A. Court in Session

B. Administration

C. Finance

D. Enrolment, Registration and Deposit

E. Clerk of the Peace

F. Justices of the Peace

Access Information

Some records are closed for 100 years due to Data Protection


Keith Krach (L), US under secretary for economic growth, energy and environment, talks with South Korea's Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha during their meeting at the Foreign Ministry in Seoul on November 6, 2019. Photo: AFP/Heo Ran

A top US diplomat will arrive in Taiwan on Thursday to attend an upcoming memorial service for late president Lee Teng-hui, defying China by making the second high-ranking US trip in as many months to the island.

Keith Krach, undersecretary of state for economic growth, energy and the environment, is en route to Taipei for the memorial service on Saturday, the US State Department said.

The latest trip is likely to rile China, which balks at any recognition of Taiwan and tries to keep the democratic self-ruled island isolated.

Relations between the United States and China are at their worst in decades, with the two sides clashing over a wide range of trade, military and security issues, as well as the coronavirus pandemic.

“The United States honors President Lee’s legacy by continuing our strong bonds with Taiwan and its vibrant democracy through shared political and economic values,” spokeswoman Morgan Ortagus said in a statement announcing Krach’s trip.

Taiwan’s foreign ministry said Krach, accompanied by assistant secretary Robert Destro, will also discuss “how to strengthen bilateral economic cooperation” during his three-day visit.

It described him as the highest-ranking State Department official to visit Taiwan since 1979, when Washington switched diplomatic recognition to Beijing from Taipei.

Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen will host a dinner for the US delegation on Friday.

“We look forward to more exchanges and discussions between Taiwan and the US to solidify the foundation for further collaborations, including economic cooperations, through undersecretary Krach’s visit,” her office said in a statement.

Warming relations

China, whose relations with President Donald Trump’s administration have sharply deteriorated, has warned Washington it “firmly opposes” any official exchanges between Taiwan and the United States.

Last month US cabinet member and health chief Alex Azar visited to highlight Taiwan’s widely praised efforts to stop Covid-19.

Beijing considers Taiwan to be a territory awaiting reunification, by force if necessary.

It has ramped up diplomatic, economic and military pressure on Taiwan since the 2016 election of Tsai, who rejects its view that the island is part of “one China.”

Washington remains the leading arms supplier to the island but has historically been cautious in holding official contact with it.

Relations have warmed dramatically under Trump, who has embraced democratic Taiwan more closely as a way to hit back at authoritarian Beijing, especially as he seeks re-election in November.

But the United States has so far not strayed from the unwritten red line on Taiwan, as it has not sent senior officials whose primary responsibilities are foreign affairs or defense.

Lee, who died in July at age 97, was a towering figure in Taiwan’s history, helping the once authoritarian island transition to a vibrant democracy and later angering China by pushing for it to be recognized as a sovereign country.

When news of his death broke, Chinese state media called him “the godfather of Taiwan secessionism.”

Krach, with his economic focus, will be visiting as Taiwan seeks a trade deal with the United States.

Taiwan removed a major hurdle last month by easing safety restrictions on US beef and pork – welcome news for farmers, a key constituency for Trump, as the election approaches.