Deception Detection In Non Verbals, Linguistics And Data.

Australian Climate Data Before 2000 Has No Evidential Value - Digit Analysis Proof.

Data analysis of climate stations from the Australian Bureau Of Meteorology (BOM) shows that:

1-- Most country stations before 2000 are riddled with errors, fabrication and manipulation as to make them worthless of any evidential value relating to long term climate trends.

This is backed up by performing digit tests such as Benford's Law and Simonsohn's Number Bunching Test used in fraud analytics, as well Frequency Histogram analysis and pattern exploration within SAS software JMP, and using Bootstrap Resampling, a computational technique used to estimate statistics on a population by sampling a data set with replacement.

Also, data mining Decision Trees and Boosted Gradient Trees show patterns in the data.

2-- The BOM claim that raw data has only had basic data cleaning and spatial adjustments and then they say, "The often quoted “raw” series is in fact a composite series from different locations."   Raw is not Raw, as I showed my last blog post, it is a modeled output which fails digit analysis tests. On top of that, a series of further adjustments are done, which biases the data.

"The Bureau does not alter the original temperature data measured at individual stations." - BOM, 2014

"For two-thirds of the ACORN-SAT station series there is no raw temperature series, but rather a composited series taken from two or more stations." -BOM

3-- Missing values in the data can either be left missing or carefully imputed (infilled). We show that BOM are not adverse to making up values, copy/pasting blocks of temperatures into different dates, sometimes they delete data and sometimes they impute data creating outliers. This is bad practice and biases data.

BUT worst of all is data Missing NOT At other words, much of the missing data has structure, meaning it is missing for a reason, thus biasing the data further. State of the art data mining applications such as Treenet find structure in the missing data.

4-- BOM claim homogeneity adjustments are needed  because of changed conditions such as station moves, new screen installed etc.

"The differences between ‘raw’ and ‘homogenised’ datasets are small, and capture the uncertainty in temperature estimates for Australia." -BOM

 "... a systematic shift of observing sites from post offices to airports, leads to apparent and spurious trends in the data."

But as Prof. Thayer Watkins from San Jose University notes:

And further:

"Homegenization does not increase the accuracy of the data - it can be no higher than the accuracy of the observations. The aim of adjustments is to put different parts of a series in accordance with each other as if the measurements had not been taken under different conditions." (M.Syrakova, V.Mateev, 2009)

In fact, the medicine is worse than the disease here, with adjustments larger than any biases that they are attempting to correct. Some stations have adjustments of over 10 C degrees at some specific years. In fact Mildura has +12.80 C and -13 C adjustments in one times series, a range of over 25 C degrees!

The BOM is working with averaged averages which hides a multitude of sins, and makes the adjustments look smaller than they are. For example, Bourke has tens of thousands of adjustments, nearly all bigger than they claim:

"Bourke: the major adjustments (none of them more than 0.5 degrees Celsius) relate to site moves in 1994 (the instrument was moved  from the town to the airport), 1999 (moved within the airport grounds) and 1938 (moved within the town), as well as 1950s inhomogeneities that were detected by neighbour comparisons which, based on station photos before and after, may be related to changes in vegetation (and therefore exposure of the instrument) around the site."

Homogenisation has created an industry -- a large scale warming and cooling adjustment industry that is tweaked and changed every few years. The IPCC has 22 models running at once, as Prof. Thayer Watkins from San Jose Uni notes, if this was a science, why would 22 different models be needed?

On top of that, instead of changing the model to fit the data, the data is being changed to fit the model!

5 -- We show that as well as adjustments, there are tweaks involving 10-15 day blocks that have linear relationships with raw data. It appears linear regression is being used is used to "tweak" blocks of 10-15 days. Most of the linear relationships appear after 2000.

7-- We show most country stations are worthless for climate analysis before 2000, but some stations in particular are rotten, even after that time. Stations such as Bourke, Mildura, Moree, Nhill and even Port Macquarie are so riddled with fabricated and error ridden data that they are worthless for trend prediction. Digital analytics, bootstrap resampling, first differencing and data mining show show that these stations should not be used for analysis.

8--The dates 1953-1957 and 1963-1967 are significant in many times series and are identified with data mining software. These are the tipping points at which the earlier data date is cooled, and the later data is warmed. This follows with certain months too -- August, October and March have been highly tampered with in particular, in some cases the day of the week has biases too.

The myth created by the industry is that homogenisation is required for all stations due to changes of conditions or because homogenisation software has picked up a "break" in the temperature time series - note 5% false positives are picked up automatically when running software at 95% levels of significance and is cumulative in subsequent runs.

This homogenisation process is the principal driver of warming. All stations receive tens of thousands adjustments. In fact, adjusted data is in most cases less compliant to Benfords law (used for fraud detection) and other digital tests compared to raw data. The more the data is manipulated, the more biases are created.

a-- Biases are created with imputation/infilling, in some cases creating outliers, (record temperatures) as well as data deletion and large scale adjustments.
b-- Biases are created by sequentially running software without multiplicity corrections.
c--Biases are created by p-hacking, harking, publication bias. (link).
d--Biases are created by fabricating data by copy/pasting sequences of temperatures in other months and years.

Global warming Or Climate Change?

Google Ngrams (below) shows that the term "Climate Change" surfaced around 1992 after "Global Warming", yet it was Republican pollster Frank Luntz who came up with the term "Climate Change" but wanted to change it back to "Global Warming" because it was thought that climate change sounded less severe at the time. (link)

One of the most influential scientific philosophers of the 20th century, Karl Popper is known for his premise in empirical science that a theory can never be proven, but it can be falsified. Having a theory of CO2 causing warming AND also being responsible for cooling cannot be falsified and so is not science. (wiki)

Language has had a large part to play in the climate scenario and the language from the BOM has become progressively more deceptive. As in police statement analysis, red flag areas are always of special interest because they highlight areas where special attention is needed.

A Quick Look At An Australia Wide Warming Trend:

Or, What A Difference 10 Years Can Make.

Looking at the Australia averaged warming trends, at the moment (if you got the memo), the consensus is 1.5 C warming per 100 years, 2 years ago it was 0.9 C and 10 years ago even lower, around 0.57 C. The Wayback Machine on the internet can capture the BOM's previous submissions:

Above: Australia Averaged Temperature Anomaly of 1.5 C for 2021

Below: Australia Averaged Temperature Anomaly of 0.57 C for 2011

This shows 263% increase in Australia wide temperatures in 10 years as the BOM changes it mind and updates its new modeling.

A study below compares 100 rural agricultural climate stations with 'minimal adjustments' compared to BOM's "high quality" temperature series with 'many adjustments ' and shows large biases in the "high quality" network, on average 31% higher than the minimal adjusted stations:

Biases in the Australian High Quality Temperature Network

This suggests that biases from these sources have exaggerated apparent Australian warming. Additional problems with the HQN include failure of homogenization procedures to properly identify errors, individual sites adjusted more than the magnitude of putative warming last century, and some sites of such poor quality they should not be used, especially under a “High Quality” banner."

I download temps for Berlin, Marseilles, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and various USA areas to compare to Australia, and the level of adjustments and the creation of duplicated pairs of days with identical temperatures is dramatically higher.

Language can highlight problem areas:
1- "The Bureau does not alter the original temperature data measured at individual stations."  - BOM, 2014

3 - "Reference to ‘raw’ data is in itself a misleading concept...."

What is being said is that the original observed data aka RAW data, has never been altered by the BOM. Then we are being told there isn't Raw data for most of the stations, it's composited ie modeled. (wiki- "In computer science, a composite data type or compound data type is any data type which can be constructed in a program...").

Then we are told, don't mention Raw, it's a misleading concept--it may get you thinking there is something less fabricated and more accurate than homogenised data.

Quick Look At Australia Averaged Anomaly Trends part2

Since the main weapon in the arsenal of BOM is the Global or Average Australia  trend temps, it all comes down to a single number without Confidence Intervals.
Looking at the difference from warming in 2011 and 2021 and using the actual BOM data, another graph is presented below to show the extent of this "change of mind" the BOM had.

This histogram shows the 2011 warming data and the blue is the 'updated' 2021 warming data. You can see the standard methodology --  the past is cooled even more, the dates after the late 50's/60's are warmed even more. The original 2011 data has been deleted by BOM on its website, voila, history re-written.

Another histogram, with binned values to smooth it out:

So this looks bad. But how bad is it?

Above are 2 Benford's law curves based on the first digit of the temperature. I will go into more detail about Benford's Law later on, suffice to say for the quick comparison, that Benford's law provides a test for the value of the first digit. Most observational data complies with this log family of curves.

Looking at the red dotted curve as our baseline, you can clearly see that the 2021 data has less ones (lower blue bar on graph) than 2011, it has more 4,5,6,7 and 9's.

The 2011 curve is roughly compliant, 2021 is non compliant with p value >0.0001.

So in the 2021 curve, the first digit value has less 1 and 2's and lots more higher numbers than there should be. This shows more extreme numbers being used in the second graph as the 1's and 2's are turned into 4,5,6, and 7's! This has warmed up the temperatures significantly, but is also man made because it is is far less compliant.

This is typical throughout the whole time series -- the more versions of temperature we get, the more extreme they are, and the more non compliant to  Benfords Law they are.

Would it's own mother recognise what 2011 has become?

The distributions and therefore the temp trends are different enough at the 95% level to reject the null of similarity. They are different, and any claim of small changes between distributions are obviously not true

"Bootstrapping is a statistical procedure that resamples a single dataset to create many simulated samples. This process allows you to calculate standard errors, construct confidence intervals, and perform hypothesis testing for numerous types of sample statistics. Bootstrap methods are alternative approaches to traditional hypothesis testing and are notable for being easier to understand and valid for more conditions." (link)

Bootstrapping is a modern powerful statistical computation technique that overcomes many problems and assumptions of the old methods of estimating statistics on a population. I use this on all comparisons as well as creating Confidence Intervals, especially since the assumption of normality (used by older methods) is not true in much climate data, see for example Port Macquarie in February, the histogram shows "fat tails" or leptokurtic tails.

These are extreme weather event tails, where Normal Distribution and Standard Deviation are misleading or wrong-- Prof Thayer Watkins:

"...because of this skewness it does not have a finite standard deviation and thus any sample estimates of the standard deviation of annual changes is meaningless."

OK, so, maybe the old global data is bogged down with dodgy numbers in the first 90 years--maybe the most recent temperatures are similar between 2011 and 2021?

The difference of means between the 2 groups is not contained in either Confidence Interval at the 95% level, meaning the groups are different at 95% level.

I turned the 2011 and 2021 distributions into a time series model with a 10 year forecast at the end of it to compare models. There are vastly different results, but the important bit to is to look at the green Confidence Intervals at the 95% level--they are huge and this is where they uncertainty is! The warming variation is massive and you would be hard pressed to form a conclusion based on this series.

Below: 2011 and 2021 distributions turned into time series forecast model.

Notes On Benford's Law

I did go into depth on Benford's law in my recent posts, but there I was using the climate industry offsets called temperature anomalies to convert temperatures into a log type curve to use it for Benfords law.

Now however, I have been using an easier more effective method to allow temperatures to be analysed with Benford's Law -- First Difference the data and it follows a log type curve because the range has been increased.

Briefly, Benfords law is the most used technique in the world to red flag suspect data, there are tens of thousands of pages describing it on the internet, it is used by the tax office to red flag potential tax fraud, and law enforcement to detect money laundering, and so and so on.

Most observational data has enough range to automatically be able to be tested--the first digit of your house number address conforms to Benford's Law because the range of numbers is observational and the range is large enough.

Now the problem with temperature is that observed temps in climate are very narrow, lets say between -10C to +50C, give or take a few degrees. This range is not 200-1 or more so wont fit a log-type curve.

A simple technique I developed and baseline checked for accuracy  involves First Differences or First Differencing:

It is used in climate and economics and statistics and involves the subtracting of the number before it. If yesterday was 25 C and today is 20, the differences is 5...this is done for all the sequential values in a time series.

So Sydney's temperatures (left highlighted column) runs down in sequential order as they happened, and the differences are in the right column.

This results in the time series becoming de-trended, that is any trend in the time series is removed, it is also used to identify patterns and detect linearity. (link

But it also has the happy result of exactly conforming to Benford's Law. Of course, we need to test this on placebo data, so lets do that.

Placebo Data Checks (data we know is good as a baseline)
Baselining Benford's law and First Differences.

Case 1:

Kinsa in the U.S have several million thermometers connected to the internet via smart phones. People buy the body temperature thermometers for $30 and volunteer to add their readings into a real time data base. This has been the most effective predictor of Covid spread, because fever is one of the Covid symptoms. The accuracy of the 'fever' maps produced by Kinsa has helped develop strategies in the U.S to combat spread. We know the temperatures are on average accurate because of the effectiveness of the maps.

I downloaded 300 000 readings and selected a subset in Feb and March with the counties with highest number of readings.

A difference was done on the Kinsa temperatures for March and Feb.

Benfords Law first digit analysis was performed for the Feb data which resulted in a tight fit--the temperatures are Benford Compliant.

Case 2:
This was duplicated for March (below) with the same results.

Body temperatures have even a lower range than climate temperatures so are less likely to conform to Benford's Law but First Differences has extended to range and shows the data to be compliant, so this is a good test for temperatures overall.

Case 3:
But most observational data complies with Benford's Law, so 30 000 greyhound dogs that ran in Ballarat were downloaded. Their weight was differenced and tested:

Case 4 +5:
This was also down for Covid hospital admissions. I randomly picked Belgium  from European data and got a compliant fit. I also checked with PM2.5, one of the most widely analysed air pollution studies in the U.S, and this complied with Benfords law too, however, I have decided not to show every single study and analysis I did because of space constraints.

There is little doubt that First Difference of temperatures creates a curve that is Benfords law compliant.

case 6:
As a comparison, lets look at Nhill in Victoria for the month of October. Instead of a graph, I will used the actual numbers output so that you can see the size of the variation:

The first digit position has 9 values, of which 1 is most prevalent, it should occur about 30% of the time, here it occurs a bit over 20% of the time. This shows that the values of 1 and 2 come in far less than they should, with values 3,4,5 coming in more than they should. The p value is <0.0001, the data is non compliant. The data is red flagged and very suspicious--this is an extreme deviation from expected observational data.

Do Different Years Get Different Warming Treatment?

I binned the temperature time series into 20 year blocks to test how different years are treated. I used minv2.1 for Sydney.

The red values at the Pearson Test number show rejection of the null hypothesis at the 95% level, the p value is 0.05--anything less than this is non compliant and the null is rejected. The 20 year block of 1920-1940 scrapes thru. Overall, 3 out of 5 binned years are non compliant, the the other 2 binned blocks of years are just compliant.

Other Anomalies:

In my last blog I highlighted the large amount of copy pasting that was being done in Sydney data - large blocks of temperatures, full months in fact-- were  copy pasted into other years. I won't be repeating this in this analysis, instead I want to look at a few new directions.

Decimal values are are serious problem in the BOM data. I have already looked at the missing decimal values, where only months and months of integers exist. But there is another problem with decimals-they have a correlation with the integers.
There shouldn't be any correlation between the integer and the decimal value, if the integer goes up, the decimal value shouldn't be decreasing, but that is what is happening.

These are  not minor correlations, they are large, among the largest in the time series:

As a matter of interest, it's evident that the minimum temps are the most manipulated--they are the most copy/pasted/the largest anaomalies with integer to decimal, the largest warming or cooling adjustments and they fail the most in Benfords law and Number Bunching Tests in general.

While looking at tests, let's get into Uri Simonsohn's Number Bunching Test. (link)
This is a very novel premise to test all the numbers at once, instead of just the first one as in Benford's Law. I managed to script Uri's test in JMP for analysis and was able to replicate all his tests and results on his blog.

This allows me to get consistent output with the SAS JMP software. The test checks for bunching or clumping in histograms. We know the histograms are dodgy by the BOM, I had dozens of examples in my last blog.

A quick look at Nhill in Victoria shows a fabricated frequency distribution in the histogram:

This is very evident in raw and exists but is weaker in adjusted data. The histogram has highly repeated temps interspersed with low freq (occurring) temps, see raw pic above. There is a consistent pattern of high low. I have been told it may be conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius during metrication in the 70's, but this appears in some stations after 1980 and even after 2000.

Now this is extreme and easy to see, but the Melbourne August temperature below is more subtle and and a bit  different:

And Sydney August follows:

In both cases, a few temperature occur a lot (the high bars indicate high freq), while some temperatures say between 20-25 C never occur or occur a few times only in a time series that has 3300 days of August in this case. So certain temps dominate, some have large gaps revealing that they never occur or only occur a few times. These temps are "bunched" as per Simonsohn's terminology, or "clumped" together, with too few occurrences in some places and too many occurrences in others, above what is expected.

So we need a test to quantify this, and that's what the number bunching test bootstrap resampling test does. Simonsohn has much experience in exposing fabrication in scientific studies, and is an expert in digital analysis.

To test this on placebo data, I tested it on various data sets, notably the PM2.5 air pollution data set from the US, subject of over 40 studies, as well as the Kinsa body temperature data, greyhound dogs starting prices.... all checked out as expected, no excessive frequencies of certain numbers outside the 95% level of expectation. I am not showing the results here because I am having trouble keeping posts to a manageable size.

Simonsohn Number Bunching Test For Sydney Histograms, Month By Month.

Testing each month -- a distribution of expected average frequencies is created with a bootstrap resample and the monthly BOM frequency histogram is compared to the bootstrapped expected average frequencies to see how common or uncommon they are. See datacoloda for more info.

It can be seen that the temperature frequency histograms are extremely heavily manipulated and/or fabricated. We know some data has been fabricated in the Sydney time series with my last post showing some of the incidences of weeks and months being copy/pasted into subsequent years.

Now we can see conclusively that the temperatures have been heavily tampered with, by changing the frequency of occurrence, where some temperatures are overused and appear far too much, some far too little.

Each version of the adjusted data changes the frequency of occurrence of temperatures, which can be easily seen in histograms that have a bin width of 1.
September, June and May are the only months where the null is not rejected at the 95% level of significance, in other words, they have temperature frequencies as we would expect.

The other 9 months have heavily manipulated temperature frequencies, with many temperatures appearing far more often than they should.

Each updated adjusted data set further increases in frequency a range of temperatures. This increasing of frequency is a tool to increase warming, reducing the frequency of occurrence cools the temps down.

This further backs up Benford's Law that the temperature time series is not observational data.

One more thing to check, and keeping the Sydney data for consistency, lets look at the month of November for binned blocks of years-- 1920-1940, 1940-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-2000 and finally 2000-2020.

Every block of years for Sydney November temperatures fails horribly at the 95% level of significance, 2000-2020 is the only block of years that is at 1.2%, still lower than p value of 5% (0.05) so we reject the null, but not that far away.

The rest of the years are hopeless, the chance of seeing such extreme temperature frequencies at random are over a hundred million to other words virtually zero. Thus the probability of large scale tampering is virtually certainty.

As mentioned in the beginning, there is no evidential value in nearly any of the time series 1910-2000, and even after 2000 it is lucky dip as to which series still have value.

I was going to post some more number bunching tests for Bourke and Mildura, but they are even worse than Sydney, if that is possible. I may still do a few more in another post.

Summary: If a major capital city has dirty data, the country stations have no hope, and this is borne out with subsequent tests. The data is dirty, manipulated and fabricated and this can be proven with universal digit tests.

Averaging can hide a multitude of sins, that's why I am using daily time series with around 38 000 days. The BOM technique of coming up with a single averaged number instead of a distribution without Confidence Intervals which is supposed to encompass countrywide warming is meaningless, even if the data were clean!

The Flaw Of Averages States, " If you are using averages, on average you will be wrong." (link)

More to follow in part 2.

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How Do You Make A Elf On The Shelf Hat?

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How Do You Make A Elf On The Shelf Hat?

Just how do you knit a nightcap?Cut a 6-8 inch item of yarn and also draw it between the 2 fifty percents of cardboard. Link the thread snugly around both fifty percents. Pull or cut the cardboard rings out. Fluff your pompon and also utilize the tail from the thread you utilized to connect it together to safeguard it to the nightcap.

Is elf hat unusual in Adopt Me?The Elf Hat is a limited unusual family pet device.

Is Santa human or an elf?If you are talking about the character that originated from the legend of the Saint he is both a guy and a fairy depending upon which legend you believe in. So, yes, Neda, you are both right.”

Just how Do You Make A Elf On The Shelf Hat?– Related Questions

What is the rarest hat in Adopt Me?

The Fez Hat is an ultra-rare pet dog accessory that was added right into Adopt Me! as part of the Monkey Fairground Event. It could be gotten by creating a Toy Monkey (integrating a regular Monkey and also 3 Cymbal Ingredients) during the occasion.

How do you obtain the Santa hat in Blox fruit?

Santa Hat was an accessory that was added in Update 13. It is an unusual Accessory. Costs 400 candies from the LIMITED TIME NPC “Santa Claws”. Santa Claws was found at Middle Town or beyond Flamingo’s Mansion in New World.

What does the purple hat mean in Adopt Me?

The Purple Rose is an ultra-rare pet dog accessory in Adopt Me! that can be discovered in the Hat Shop. It sets you back. 500 and is currently the most affordable ultra-rare family pet device.

What is Dalmation well worth in Adopt Me?

Today, the Dalmatian is worth a famous Turtle. Other pets which you can get for it include: Kangaroo.

What is worth a trip remedy in Adopt Me?

It cost 150 robux. Its worth an animal that set you back concerning the same robux, a trip pet, or a famous.

Is Santa Claus genuine in 2020?

Santa Claus is also referred to as “Father Christmas”. He is a fictional personality as well as it is believed that he offers gifts to well-behaved children on the evening of Christmas Eve or December 24. The UK has started already mass vaccination of the Covid-19 vaccination.

Is Santa Claus still active?

The bad news: Santa Claus is definitely dead. Excavators in southerly Turkey say they have found the tomb of the initial Santa Claus, additionally referred to as St. Nicholas, below his namesake church near the Mediterranean Sea. Saint Nicholas of Myra (now Demre) was known for his anonymous gift-giving and generosity.

What is the genuine Santa’s contact number?

Now, kids can get to the huge man in the North Pole by phone! That’s right, Kris Kringle has a direct line: (951) 262-3062.

Exactly how uncommon is a shrew in Adopt Me?

The Shrew (formerly Elf Shrew) was a restricted rare pet dog that was obtainable throughout the 2019 Christmas Event for 23,000. It ended up being not available along with all the various other Christmas Event products, on, and also is currently just obtainable throughtrading.

How unusual is a Founders Crown in Adopt Me?

The Founder’s Crown is a restricted rare family pet device in Adopt Me! that was launched on. It is currently part of the ‘Pet Wear’ classification as well as is worn on a family pet’s head. It is no longer accessible and also can only be acquired with trading.

Is Kris Kringle Santa Claus?

Santa Claus– or else called Saint Nicholas or Kris Kringle– has a lengthy history steeped in Christmas traditions.

What does Usoaps hat do Blox fruits?

Usopp’s Hat/ Usoap’s Hat

Usoap’s hat is acquired by killing 3 gamers in PvP when you have more than 250k bounty. This accessory gives you 7.5% more damage on Gun strikes as well as 15% cool-down reduction on Gun strikes.

What does Santa hat carry out in dank Memer?

Santa hat is a Power-Up, it sets you back 2,500 Coins and also is on Page 5 of The Shop when utilized it makes Messages Green or Red, aka Christmas Theme!

What does great tones perform in Blox item?

17.5% faster run rate. 7.5% more damage on any type of strike. 100 health.

What is a purple rose Worth in Adopt Me?

The Purple Rose is an ultra-rare family pet device in Adopt Me! that can be located in the Hat Shop. It sets you back 500 and also is presently the most affordable ultra-rare pet accessory.

The length of time does it take to make a neon fabulous in Adopt Me?

An epic family pet will conveniently take control of 6 hours to level approximately completely grown. You may have discovered that some players have pet dogs that glow in all sorts of crazy, brilliant colours. These pet dogs are known as neons as well as make your pet dogs much more desirable.

Is Santa Dog unusual Adopt Me?

It can now just be obtained through trading. As of the Dress Your Pets Update on, the Santa Dog was divided right into 2 items; the animal was relabelled to the Dalmatian, and its hat came to be a ultra-rare animal wear product called the Santa Hat.

What is a FR Dalmatian well worth in Adopt Me 2021?

On paper, its price is 250 Robux today that it is no more available the cost has actually risen. The ultra-rare condition makes it more desirable.

What is a snow potion in Adopt Me?

The Snowflake Potion is a restricted uncommon remedy in Adopt Me!. It was obtainable in the 2018 Christmas Event via opening up Gifts. If the Snowflake Potion is taken in by a player, it borders them with snows for a time period.

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ASB MirrorWall

Mirrors as a squash court back wall

The ASB MirrorWall can be installed in each configuration of squash courts. The wall is operated electrically and all it requires is to press a button to lower the mirrors down from the ceiling. It gives the squash courts an extra range of utilization as the mirrors can be used for performing different activities like workout, aerobics etc.

For one court the MirrorWall is as wide as the glass back wall. It comes in two parts because the entrance door, which is also the emergency exit, has to remain uncovered. When the mirror wall is designed for two courts, only one entrance door is left free. Every mirror element is more than 3m wide and 2m high.

The mirrors are lowered down or lifted up by an electric motor via a belt that runs over a roller similar to the ones used for window blinds. The two mirrors for a single court run on only one roller, the mirrors for two or three courts can also run on one roller, requiring only one motor. In case every court should be equipped independently with a mirror wall, the respective number of motors and independently operating rollers are required.


New Delhi: Globally, food is responsible for a quarter of human greenhouse gas emissions. A large part of this is due to livestock farming. Animals convert only a small portion of the fed calories into the meat. Ruminants also produce methane, which further accelerates global warming.

Furthermore, what we eat also has consequences for our health and animal welfare. When comparing diets, these aspects should also be taken into account. Experts also refer to the optimal health of humans, animals and the environment from the ‘One Health’ perspective.

Actual food basket compared with three alternatives
Paris, together with colleagues, conducted an analysis that aims to fill this research gap to some extent. The findings were published in the journal Science of The Total Environment.

“To do this, we relied on various databases,” says Dr Neus Escobar of the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria, who supervised the work. “They enabled us, for example, to estimate the impact of each diet on certain environmental aspects — such as the amount of greenhouse gases produced during their production or the water consumption. We took a similar approach to assess the impact of each diet on health.” Red meat, for example, is known to increase the risk of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease.

The Mediterranean diet (although healthy) also results in increased water requirements due to the high amount of nuts and vegetables. Moreover, if — as assumed in the study — the meat consumed is completely replaced by fish, its effects on animal welfare are surprisingly negative: As fish and seafood are much smaller than, for instance, cows or pigs, considerably more animals suffer as a result of this diet.

According to the study, the DGE recommendations are going in the right direction. However, in terms of human health, the other two options are better. Nevertheless, the data here also show: If you do without meat more often and instead put whole grains, vegetables and fruit on your plate, you are not only doing something good for yourself, but also for the animals and the environment.

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Question: Who has home advantage in NBA Finals?

Who has home court advantage in the NBA Finals?

In the conference playoffs, home court advantage went to the higher-seeded team (number one being the highest). Seeding was based on each team’s regular season record within a conference; if two teams had the same record, standard tiebreaker rules were used.

Do Suns have home court advantage in the NBA Finals?

The Suns will again have home court advantage regardless of whether their Finals opponent is the Atlanta Hawks or the Milwaukee Bucks. The winner of their Eastern Conference Finals match will not be decided until Saturday, July 3 at the earliest or July 5 if their series goes the full 7 games.

How does home court advantage work in the Finals?

In playoff series format, the home-field advantage is said to exist for whichever team would win the series if all remaining games in the series are won by the home team for that game. … Since the Lakers would win the series in such a scenario, it is said that they have taken home-court advantage away from the 76ers.

IT IS INTERESTING:  How many European players are in the NBA?

How does home field advantage work in NBA playoffs?

The best record in the Finals between the two teams will have home court advantage. If both teams are tied with the same record they will look at the season match up and look at which team between the two won the most games. If that is tied it will go to the team with the most points scored during the season.

Does Phoenix have home-court advantage?

The series shifts back to Phoenix, and home-court advantage has been huge in the series, and to the odds. Phoenix is -4 at BetMGM, a 9-point shift from the closing line for Game 4. The home team has covered in every game this series. The first three games, the home team covered easily.

How often does home team win NBA Finals?

All-time, NBA teams win home games about 62% of the time. The record for best leaguewide home winning percentage was set in 1950-51, 74.3% — but this will be the eighth consecutive season when the home winning percentage is under 60%.

How many games do you need to win in the NBA Finals?

The NBA Finals features a matchup between the NBA’s Eastern Conference champions and the Western Conference champions (the winners of each conference’s playoffs). Like the other playoff rounds, it’s a best-of-seven series of games (in which the winner is the first team to win four games).

Who has home court 5?

The Phoenix Suns lost their third consecutive playoff game to the Milwaukee Bucks, 123-119, falling on their home court in Game 5 of the NBA Finals.

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Is Home Court Advantage Real NBA?

Home-court advantage didn’t matter one bit. Through 32 playoff games thus far, two home and two road for each club, home teams are 16-16. … Typically, the NBA’s home-court advantage is one of the strongest across the major North American sports, and it tends to increase in the postseason.

Is play in tournament best of 7?

How many games you have to win in the playoffs?

A best-of-seven with four games being necessary to win. After a team wins four games, they will be crowned as the Major League Baseball champions.


Where are all the aliens?!

Source: https://www.freckle.com.au/news/2017/9/28/are-we-alone-in-the-universe

The Kardashev Scale

As technology advances with more and more energy used, a soviet astronomer named Nikolai Kardashev, came up with a method to determine a civilizations technological advancements with the amount of power that is accessible to that civilization ( in watts ). Originally, this scale uses three categories but over the years it’s been modified with adding other categories but in this article, we’ll only go over the four types.

The Kardashev Scale can go beyond Type IV but it’s highly unlikely for humanity to reach these types. Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhFK5_Nx9xY
  • Type II: A Type Two civilization can be known as a stellar civilization having the capability of controlling all of the energy from its solar system. This civilization would consume 10²⁶ w of energy. This type of civilization would be capable to change who they are with the ability to read and engineer their genetic code. Concepts like the Dyson Sphere with encapsulating their home star is out of this world! Literally!
  • Type III: A Type Three civilization, also known as a galactic civilization, would be able to control all of the energy its host galaxy has to offer. This would be around 10³⁶ w of energy. This type of civilization is capable of manipulating molecules and molecular bonds creating new materials. This is every Star Wars/Star Trek fan’s dream of our civilization reaching this level!
  • Type IV: A Type Four civilization, which could be known as an intergalactic civilization, has the ability to control all of the energy it’s whole Universe has to offer! Consuming around 10⁴⁶w of energy! This type of civilization would be able to manipulate individual atoms and creating complex A.I. ( The original scale does not include a Type IV due to the speculation of it being impossible) Alright this civilization is god level!
Kardashev Formula

K = Type

P = Power a civilization uses (watts)

Using this formula, if we input the global amount of energy used which is about 18.40 TW or 1.84 × 10¹³ W, we’ll end up with a Type 0.73 civilization. Not yet a Type I civilization but in a few hundred years we’ll definitely make it to Type I! This is a surprisingly simple equation to determine how advanced a civilization is. You may now be thinking, “Wow! There must definitely be life out there” and this is where the Drake Equation comes into play.

Drake Equation

The Drake Equation (not the singer haha) was made by an American astronomer and astrophysicist Frank Drake in 1961. This equation’s solution gives you the number of intelligent civilizations out in the Milky Way using 7 variables:

These variables can be hard to attain since some of these numbers we don’t know and are using estimates with what we know. Source: https://www.lsntap.org/node/207/webinar-drake-equation-access-justice

Fermi Paradox

The Fermi Paradox was created by Enrico Fermi, an Italian physicist from the 1950s who made a lunchtime remark that holds the attention of multiple astronomers and scientists today:

“Where is everybody?”- Enrico Fermi

So simple but yet so deep! (*brain thinking intensifies*) The Fermi Paradox is the apparent contradiction that the Universe seems so empty with no life at all but with the high possibility that life out there does exist! There are around 10,000 stars for every grain of sand on Earth, the Universe is around 90 billion light-years in diameter, and has existed for more than 13.8 billion years! Surely someone should’ve answered our calls! Below are some thoughts and possible ideas to why:

1. The Limits of Humanity

In the center is the Milky Way Galaxy Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group

2. Communication

Communication is a possible barrier to discovering aliens! Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fQkVqno-uI
The Great Filter. Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjtOGPJ0URM&list=PLFs4vir_WsTzcfD7ZE8uO3yX-GCKUk9xZ
What’s the reason to explore?

Key Takeaways

Awesome! You just finished this whole article(more like finished frying your brain)! Or you just want to know the basic summary of this article, so here you go:

— Arthur C. Clarke

With the existence of extraterrestrial life, it could mean some bad news for us, it would be comparable to Christopher Columbus landing into the Americas making contact with the Native Americans. In this case, if we were visited by a super-advanced civilization from the cosmos, we would be the Native Americans, and we know how that played out and also in multiple sci-fi movies. But knowing that we are alone in Universe, leads into seeing that it’s as if we’re not supposed to exist and that the Universe is dead, which means we’re the only hope for life to exist out there in the Universe. It gives us a responsibility to explore and experience the quiet but beautiful Universe and to continue the delicate flame of life.

TKS Innovator | Space Enthusiast


What Skill should Gaius pass to Noire?

Gaius – The perfect father for Noire, due to process of elimination. See, Kjelle has high Defense which makes her better as Donnel’s child. Male My Unit is better as Nah’s father since that also means Manakete Morgan. For the curious, Gaius can pass down Thief, Myrmidon and Pegasus Knight to Noire.

Is Wyvern Lord or Griffon rider better?

Griffon Riders possess more balanced stats than those of the Wyvern Lord or the promoted Pegasus Knight classes. Compared to the Wyvern Lord, Griffon Riders have better Speed and Skill, but lower Strength and Defense. While they’re fairly well balanced, other fliers may do better depending on the situation.

Is NOWI good Fire Emblem Awakening?

How do you Reclass in awakening?

To reclass, a unit must be holding a Pitchfork item. This will allow them to “promote” to the Villager class by visiting a shrine. Afterwards, they can then promote into a selection of classes based on the gender of the unit in question.

How do you get a Wyvern Lord 3 House?

In Three Houses, Wyvern Lord is a Master class that requires a unit with a Lance level of C or higher, an Axe level of A or higher, and a Flying level of A or higher to pass the Certification Exam. The class has proficiency in axes.

Is Nowi a child?

Nowi is a character that appears in Fire Emblem: Awakening. Though she appears to be a girl in her young teens, she is actually a manakete, or a dragonkin, that is about a thousand years old. Despite her age, Nowi is of a childish temperament.

Is Nowi Tiki’s daughter?

Nah talks with Nowi in private and shows her the ring on her finger. Nowi notices that it’s the exact same ring as her ring from her husband, which reveals herself as Nowi’s daughter.

How do you get second seals in awakening?

You can get Master Seals regularly around chapter 12 and chapter 13. You can get Second Seals from the Mila Tree after chapter 16, or if Cordelia is already married, completing Paralogue 10 and getting them after chapter 14.

Who is the best father for Inigo?

Virion: Virion is a modestly good father for Inigo stat wise, giving him a great boost to his Speed and Skill and a little to his Strength. Inigo can spend time in Virion’s reclassing options (Archer, Mage, and Wyvern Rider) to collect necessary skills.

Who is Tharja in Fire Emblem Awakening?

Tharja is a playable character in Fire Emblem Awakening . Tharja is a Dark Mage who hails from Plegia, though she does not care about the conflict between Plegia and Ylisse. After joining Chrom ‘s army, she develops a strange obsession with Robin, regardless of Robin’s gender.

What kind of class does Gaius have in Fire Emblem?

Gaius has a Male-only class: Fighter. If he marries someone who produces a daughter, then his daughter will inherit the following class instead. Subjective: The following part of this article is based upon the editor’s personal experiences and opinions, and therefore may not be applicable for all readers.

Who are the playable characters in Fire Emblem Awakening?

Tharja is a playable character in Fire Emblem Awakening.

What kind of skill does Tharja get in the Dark Knight?

Despite the loss of Dark Magic, the Dark Knight gives Tharja the Slow Burn skill to help with her low Skill and Luck, as well as Lifetaker to prolong her survivability from the double-edged sword of the Vengeance skill’s damage. Tharja’s two reclassing options are Archer and Knight classes.


What was the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily?

Where was the kingdom of Sicily?

The Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae, Italian: Regno di Sicilia, Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia, Catalan: Regne de Sicília, Spanish: Reino de Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian peninsula and for a time the region of Ifriqiya from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.

What is the capital of Sicily Italy?

Which city was the wealthy capital of the island of Sicily?

Palermo, ancient (Latin) Panormus, city, capital of the island regione of Sicily in Italy.

Did Sicily belong to Spain?

Spanish Sicily (1409-1713) was a viceroyalty of the Kingdom of Castile and the Spanish Empire. United with the Crown of Aragon, Sicily was a part of Spain until the War of the Spanish Succession, when it was taken over by the Kingdom of Savoy.

Are Sicilians Italian?

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Sicilians or the Sicilian people are a Romance speaking people who are indigenous to the island of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the largest and most populous of the autonomous regions of Italy.

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Is Sicily dangerous?

What food is Sicily famous for?

Sicilian cuisine

  • The Catanese dish, pasta alla Norma, is among Sicily’s most historic and iconic.
  • Cassatas are popular and traditional Sicilian desserts.
  • An almond granita with brioche.
  • Tarocco blood oranges.
  • Limoncello is a popular and strong lemon liqueur.
  • Arancini from Ragusa, Sicily.

What is Sicily most famous for?

What is Sicily Famous For?

  • Renowned Greek Temples in ‘The Valley of Temples’
  • Mount Etna, the biggest active volcano in Europe.
  • Birthplace of Archimedes.
  • The biggest island of Italy and the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Sicilian Cuisine.
  • Where the Italian Mafia was originated.
  • The famous coastline, sandy beaches, and crystal clear water.

Are Italian and Sicilian the same?

What is the most conquered city in history?

Here’s a fun fact: Palermo is deemed the most conquered city in the world. It’s advantageous positioning on the Mediterranean Sea has given way to many different dominions throughout the centuries.

Does Sicily have its own flag?

The flag of Sicily (Sicilian: Bannera dâ Sicilia; Italian: Bandiera della Sicilia) shows a triskeles symbol (a figure of three legs arranged in rotational symmetry), and at its centre a Gorgoneion (depiction of the head of Medusa) and a pair of wings and three wheat ears.

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Who conquered Sicily from Africa?

How many years did Spain rule Sicily?

The Spanish kingdom of Naples: 1554-1860

Thereafter, for more than 200 years and almost without interruption, Sicily remains linked with Naples and is governed by members of the Spanish royal family. The exception is the period from 1713 to 1735, when Spain cedes Sicily first to Savoy and then, from 1720, to Austria.

Did Spain ever own Italy?

When did Spain lose Italy?

It had a cultural golden age in the 17th century. With the Peace of Utrecht (1713), Spain, stripped of its territories in Italy and the Low Countries, lost most of its power, and became a second rate nation in Continental politics.

Sunny Italy


Basil leaf is also called jiuceng tower, fish coriander. This leaf, known as the king of Western spices and seasonings, is widely eaten in Chaoshan area, including the well-known Guangdong Haifeng Lei salted tea. It is necessary to add a few slices of basil to the salted tea. In addition, boiled tofu soup, fried snails, fried sea melon seeds (thin shell) and so on are the best partners.

1 avocado
Spaghetti for 1 person
Basil leaf
Right amount of shrimp
2 tablespoons olive oil
Proper Octopus
Proper amount of salt
Half lemon juice
Proper amount of pine nuts
Appropriate amount of black pepper

Step 1
Prepare ingredients

Step 2
Because pine nuts are bought raw, in order to make them taste more fragrant. Heat the pot first, fry the raw pine nuts and set them aside.

Step 3
Heat the oil in the pot, add garlic slices, cut octopus and shrimps, and stir fry until cooked.

Step 4
Make Avocado Green Sauce. Put 1 sliced avocado, 2 sliced garlic cloves, half lemon juice, 2 tablespoons olive oil, an appropriate amount of basil leaves and a little salt into the cooking machine to make a thick sauce.

Step 5
Put the cooked spaghetti, Avocado Green Sauce, shrimp and octopus into the pot and mix well. Wrap each spaghetti with thick sauce.

Step 6
Finally, grind the lemon peel to increase the aroma of lemon and sprinkle some black pepper


The 2021 AGM

Golf Day 2021

The latest on Covid

Annual Dinner 2021

Subscriptions 2021

The new guidelines

New heights for Low

The 2016 run-getters

The Trellick Tower

The Invincibles

A brief history

No Sweat

The Trellick Tower

Sunday evening. Jim Hodgson's four-wheel drive is cruising melodiously and you are staring out over North Kensington and Kensal Rise.

You have passed Tom Wood territory and are now in Ryan Duff land. Either way, either side, it's looking urban out there.  Very urban. Especially after the bucolic delights of your day playing Strollers cricket.

Or maybe you are squashed into the back seat of Warren Crocker's low-riding, green Vauxhall Astra, your face pressed up against the glass, drooling slightly.

"Look," you say. "That's the Goldfinger building."

"Yes," sighs Stair. "Ian Fleming named the villain of the James Bond movies after him."

"It's a classic example of the brutalist style," offers Pies. "Grade II listed, though I understand this is hindering refurbishment of the facade, as all the tenants need to contribute to the cost.  It was completed just before the 1973 oil crisis and as a result it has very poor thermal properties. It's not double-glazed, you see.  And the wood is warping."

"Hmmm," dozes Mike.

"There's one just like it in Poplar," says Warren.

Why yes, Trellick Tower - for that is the tower we are admiring - was based on Erno Goldfinger's earlier and slightly smaller Balfron tower in Poplar. Trellick Tower has 31 floors and is 98 metres tall, 120 if you include the communications mast.  It was commissioned by the Greater London Council in 1966.

It has inspired a number of writers, musicians and designers, including JG Ballard's 1975 dystopian novel 'High Rise'.  In contrast to the monolithic and grey building he designed, Erno Goldfinger's life encompassed the entire colourful and tragic, splintering sweep of 20th century history, from the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to intellectual cafe culture and early modernism in Paris and finally to London which, as a result of the Blitz, offered great opportunities to civic planners and architects to fulfil their vision.

Goldfinger was born in Budapest on 11 September 1902. His family were important in forestry and saw-mills and he initially considered a career in engineering.  He became interested in architecture after reading Herman Muthesias' Das Englische Haus, a description of English domestic architecture. After the fall of the Austro-Hungarian empire he moved to Paris in 1921 and enrolled at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts.

It was in Paris that Goldfinger met various modernists, including Le Corbusier, whose work he greatly admired. In the early 1930s. Goldfinger met and married Ursula Blackwell, heiress to the Crosse-Blackwell fortune and they moved to London.  Crosse-Blackwell was a British food production company founded in the early 18th century and was eventually acquired by Nestle in the 1960s.  Some of its brands survive today.  At one point the company owned the largest fish canning plant in the UK, at Peterhead in Aberdeenshire.

Goldfinger built several houses, including his own in  Willow Road, Hampstead, now in the care of the National Trust, and several other minor buildings - offices for the Daily Worker newspaper, primary schools in Putney, etc.  But it was the shortage of housing following the Second World War which provided Goldfinger with the opportunity to stamp his mark on London. Balfron Tower, Carradale House and Trellick Tower are three of the finest examples of brutalist architecture.

Goldfinger himself was a humourless man, known for flying into a rage and dismissing assistants. Allegedly it was a discussion on a golf course between Ursula's cousin and Ian Fleming that prompted Fleming to name the fictional character Auric Goldfinger after him. Though, of course, Fleming was already aware of and had been in conflict with Goldfinger over the demolition of cottages in Hampstead. Goldfinger consulted his lawyers when Fleming published the book 'Goldfinger' in 1959, but backed down when Fleming threatened to rename it 'Goldprick'.

Goldfinger died in 15 November 1987.  At the time his work was largely unappreciated but has since undergone a revival of interest. Hipsters.

“Anyway, see you next week at Hurley. Chur, lads.  Thanks for the lift Jim/Warren. Have a good one. Cheers."

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Wednesday 19th
January 2022


inclusive fitness

friendship and natural selection (and human biodiversity)

i linked to this paper…

Friendship and Natural Selection

friendship and natural selection 01

friendship and natural selection 02

the middle ages

you’ve got:

– the black death.

in 1964, william d. hamilton published a couple of papers outlining his theory of inclusive fitness in which he suggested that individual organisms may increase their total fitness (i.e. the propogation of their genes) not only by reproducing themselves, but also by helping out other individuals with whom they share genes to reproduce successfully. if, in addition to having two children myself (or none at all for that matter), i also help my two siblings — with whom i share genes — to raise a couple of kids each, then i have helped to propogate even more copies of my own genes than those that my children carry. i have increased my fitness.

hamilton gave some examples in one of these papers of how this might work in various animal societies. he talked a lot about ants, for one, and how inclusive fitness explains the quirky social structure of the ant colony — i.e. that (in most ant societies) only the queen reproduces and all the rest of the ants just work to help raise her kids. why would any ant in their right mind do such a thing? well, the key is that, because of the way ants reproduce (don’t ask — it’s too complicated!), the worker ants actually share three-quarters (0.75) of their dna with their sisters rather than, say, one-half (like in humans), so it makes more sense for them fitness-wise to help raise their sisters than their own offspring. hamilton had cracked the mystery of the seemingly incomprehensible altruistic behaviors of ants.

much hilarity research into inclusive fitness and altruism has ensued since the publication of hamilton’s articles.

and while that’s all really interesting (really, really interesting!), hamilton thought that inclusive fitness could explain not just altruistic behaviors, but all sorts of social behaviors in organisms (including humans, of course), as is evidenced by the title of another one of his papers: “Innate Social Aptitudes of Man: an Approach from Evolutionary Genetics.” not the “innate altruistic aptitudes of man” but the “innate social aptitudes of man.” many different types of human behaviors hinge on inclusive fitness from the altruistic to the (depending on your p.o.v.) very un-altruistic.

one set of behaviors that seems to be influenced by inclusive fitness considerations is the control of reproduction in others. this has been fairly well established in certain social animals (mongooses, meerkats, naked mole-rats); but it also — not surprisingly — seems to be the case in humans. i haven’t discussed it much on the ol’ blog here, but i have brought it up once or twice. well, once anyways. humans — like mongooses, meerkats and naked mole-rats — take a keen interest in who their relatives choose to mate with — and they’re (we’re) more interested in the mating choices of closer relatives than more distant ones. this makes sense because we share more genes with more closely related relatives.

so, all sorts of social behaviors beyond altruistic ones are probably affected by inclusive fitness.

the other thing to keep in mind (which i’ve been babbling about at length here on the hbd chick blog) is that different populations of people have different degrees of relatedness to their fellows due to different mating patterns. this makes the inclusive fitness thing all the more interesting because, for instance, in many societies around the world, peoples’ children are also their cousins and so they (probably) share more genes with their children than we do with ours. therefore, their inclusive fitness interests in their children will be somewhat — or, perhaps, very — different from ours.

different degrees of relatedness (looking away from any inbreeding for a sec) have been shown to affect the behaviors of family members toward one another. the different types of grandmothers (paternal versus maternal), for instance, behave differently towards their male and female grandchildren because of inclusive fitness-related interests. (grandmothers are related to their granchildren to various degrees due to the differential inheritance of the sex chromosomes.) imagine what happens when inbreeding occurs and these different degrees of relatedness are, therefore, amplified.

mating patterns affect social behaviors right across entire societies because the relatedness between individuals in different societies differs. thus you get the rampant nepotism and clannishness in places like iraq and afghanistan that makes, as steve sailer, parapundit, stanley kurtz and robin fox have all pointed out, a political system based on democracy a non-starter in those places. the people in those populations are too genetically invested in their fellow family members to ever want to cooperate in a civil society with unrelated individuals. there is too much genetically at stake for them to do so.

the flip-side of inbreeding (too much?) is outbreeding (too much?). outbreeding results in a different set of inclusive fitness-related drives and issues as compared to inbreeding. in a population that is not inbred you get, as steve sailer put it, “broad but shallow regional blood ties.” inclusive fitness interests in an outbred population operate in such a way as to make, not the members of a clan (a very extended family) driven to cooperate against all outsiders like in an inbred society, but rather a much larger number of more distantly related individuals — a nation you might call it — really eager to work together. this is because the members’ genes are spread out over a wider population.

and, in a nice recursive twist, inclusive fitness and genetic relatedness affect the structures of societies — which, in turn, become new environments with new factors for natural selection to “use” upon individuals. a shift in mating patterns can mean a shift in the social environment, as we’ve seen in medieval europe (if you’ve been following along), which can mean that different behavioral traits will be selected for in a population. (yes, i know — i should read “A Farewell to Alms.”) what goes around comes around.

so, inclusive fitness underlies not only altruism and social control of reproduction, but nepotism and tribalism — and even individualism and democracy and universalism. genetic relatedness and inclusive fitness are the keystones of human social behaviors from the small (whether your favor your son or your daughter) to the great (western civilization as we know it). am i over-estimating its importance? maybe. but i don’t think so. it’s all biology, after all. (or maybe chemistry … or physics ….)

edit: boilerplate and boilerplate 2.0

see also: cousin marriage conundrum addendum and everything in the “Inbreeding in Europe Series” listed below in the left-hand column.

update 11/23/11: see also four things.

(note: comments do not require an email. altruism?)

setting the stage?

what if the degree/type of relatedness between the members of a society affects the selection pressures on those individuals?

what i’m thinking is: if my little hypothesis is correct that europeans quit being tribal because we started (and continued) outbreeding, what then? which individuals will do well (and succeed reproductively) in the new environment as opposed to the old?

the old, tribal social environment was one in which family/clan units were tightly knit and social stuff (like who gets to punish a lawbreaker, for instance) was based on the family/clans.

the new, corporate social environment is one in which clan units disappeared to be replaced with individuals/nuclear families as the basic units in society, and social stuff (like who gets to punish a lawbreaker) is based on the corporate groupings of a bunch of individuals (in the case of enforcing the law, the state).

so, who’s going to do well in such a society? what, for instance, personality traits might be selected for (or against, for that matter)? one possible example i thought of: might the “genes for” reciprocal altruism (whatever they might be) be more frequent in a corporate society than in a tribal one? makes sense to me. conversely, maybe the “genes for” altruism towards family members (whatever they might be) are more frequent in a tribal society.

just some thoughts.

previously: and so my next question naturally is…

(note: comments do not require an email. happy monday morning!)

and so my next question naturally is…

…what sort of selection pressures for, say, behavioral traits and iq existed under the manoralism system in medieval europe versus the earlier tribal system? (obviously these are pretty broad categories that changed in nature quite a bit over time and between places, but still….) i’m thinking along the lines of “The 10,000 Year Explosion” in which (duh!) human evolution is ongoing and, like in the case of ashkenazi jews in europe, what happened during the medieval period was obviously important.

so, what happened to the germanic peoples during the middle ages evolutionarily speaking? anything? nothing? a lot?

in a tribal system, you’d think that within any given clan or tribe, most or all of the members would be kinda-sorta taken care of since everyone is family. you’d think that a lot of the members, therefore, would be able to leave at least some descendants behind. obviously, the chief of a clan might be able to leave behind the mostest descendants of all, but might it be that in a tribal system, more of the members might be reproductively successful than maybe…

…in the manoralism system, where the extended family system is gone and we’re left with pretty much just nuclear families operating in a corporate sort of world. in the manor system, there were different classes of peasants/laborers from free tenants to slaves (again, depending on when and where you’re talking about). but, clearly, those more able to succeed under the manor system prolly left behind more descendants than some others (’cause they were more fit to that environment, no?). so, those able to work their way up to and maintain the status of peasant or free tenant presumably were the most successful reproductively (after the lords, of course).

given that these peasants had to work their own land as well as do a lot of work on the manor — and given that many of them settled and opened up new territories in eastern europe (in which to farm the new grains with the new techniques) — what traits might have served the successful ones well?

obviously, you couldn’t be too dumb. maybe even practical, 3-d rotation intelligence would be good to have for engineering drainage systems and the like. i’d say that personality traits like hard-working and industriousness would also be selected for. i guess that might sorta be conscientiousness in a way, but not exactly. law abiding? conformity? i.e. not rocking the manoralism boat too much?

i also think in this new, non-tribal corporate world, whatever “genes for reciprocal altruism” might exist would prolly be selected for at greater rates than in a tribal society ’cause in the latter, kin selection altruism should be enough to keep things ticking along amicably. but not in a society where people are not so closely related.

anything else? any of this sound completely far out?

previously: medieval manoralism and genetic relatedness and more on inbreeding in germanic tribes and loosening of genetic ties in europe started before christianity?

papa was a rolling stone

from new scientist:

from the research article:

and more:


which group was nearly wiped out by smallpox in australia

Which Group Was Nearly Wiped Out By Smallpox In Australia?

Smallpox would go on to almost wipe Gadigal people in the Sydney area. “There would have been a 50 to 90 per cent death rate, which is a huge number,” historian Craig Mear said. “It’s gone from Sydney all the way down to South Australia. And they were the major population centres of the Aboriginal people.”Mar 28, 2020

Did smallpox affect Australia?

Australia in the 1780s

How did smallpox affect indigenous Australians?

Effect on Aboriginal people

The spread of smallpox was followed by influenza, measles, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases, all of which Australia’s Aboriginal people had no resistance to, and all of which brought widespread death.

How many indigenous people were affected by smallpox?

When did smallpox break out in Australia?

Within perhaps as little as six months of the arrival of the First Fleet, venereal disease was already a serious problem for local Aborigines; but the first disease to produce a major fall in the Aboriginal population around Sydney was the 1789 outbreak, some 16 months after the Fleet arrived, of what Governor Phillip …

What diseases did the English bring to Australia?

The most immediate consequence of colonisation was a wave of epidemic diseases including smallpox, measles and influenza, which spread ahead of the frontier and annihilated many First Nations communities.

What diseases did Europeans bring to Australia?

Then, in 1788, the first permanent settlers from Europe arrived in New South Wales. These people brought with them all the infectious diseases com- mon in Europe at that time, including measles, influenza, smallpox, diph- theria, pertussis, typhoid, syphilis, gonorrhoea and tuberculosis (Gandevia 1978; Curson 1985).

How was smallpox solved in Sydney Cove?

Around 1829, smallpox erupted in central New South Wales. A military surgeon, John Mair, investigating the epidemic reported that, those natives with marks from previous smallpox, were now immune from catching the disease. No other disease but smallpox could have arrived with the First Fleet to generate this immunity.

How many natives were killed by colonizers?

Which state of Australia has the largest Aboriginal populations?

New South Wales
Of the states and territories, the largest populations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians lived in New South Wales (265,700 people) and Queensland (221,400 people).

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How many people died of smallpox?

What year was the smallpox epidemic?

10,000 bc Smallpox postulated to emerge in early northeast African settlements from unknown source
1600–1800s Severe smallpox epidemics occur globally
1763 Smallpox intentionally used against Native Americans during French and Indian Wars
1949 Last United States smallpox outbreak occurs in Texas

When did the smallpox pandemic start?

The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870-1874.

How many Australian Aboriginal were killed?

Historians estimate that Queensland’s Native Mounted Police was responsible for the deaths of between 24,000 and 41,000 Aboriginal people.

How did aboriginals get to Australia?

Aboriginal origins

which group was nearly wiped out by smallpox in australia
which group was nearly wiped out by smallpox in australia

Was Australia settled or invaded?

How many Aboriginals were killed by diseases?

What disease was reported in Australia 1876?

It can also be spread in soil and running water, on farm implements or machinery. Panama disease is one of the most destructive plant diseases of modern times. It is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia and was first reported in Australia in 1876.

Was there a smallpox pandemic?

The last major smallpox epidemic in the United States occurred in Boston, Massachusetts throughout a three-year period, between 1901 and 1903. During this three-year period, 1596 cases of the disease occurred throughout the city. Of those cases, nearly 300 people died. As a whole, the epidemic had a 17% fatality rate.

What really happened on Thanksgiving?

What was the group of 5 Native American tribes that formed a defensive alliance?

How many Aboriginal groups are there in Australia?

Are there any full blooded Aboriginal peoples left in Australia?

Yes there are still some although not many. They are almost extinct. There are 5000 of them left. There are 468000 Aboriginals in total in Australia in which 99 percent of them are mixed blooded and 1 percent of them are full blooded.

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Are there still Aboriginal living in Australia today?

Today about 400 000 Aborigines live in Australia and they form only about 2 % of the population of Australia. Nevertheless the Aboriginal culture is present in non-Aboriginal society. Many places have Aboriginal names such as “Wollongong” or “Wooloomoloo”, which are close of Sydney.

How was smallpox wiped out?

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. “It was eradicated solely through vaccination. We do not really have any treatments even today for smallpox that are proven, tried and tested,” Glatt said.

What is the round scar on my arm?

Before the smallpox virus was destroyed in the early 1980s, many people received the smallpox vaccine. As a result, they have a permanent mark on their upper left arm.

How many people died from chickenpox?

Usual onset 10–21 days after exposure
Duration 5–10 days
Causes Varicella zoster virus
Prevention Varicella vaccine

What animal did smallpox come from?

When did smallpox vaccine end?

What year was smallpox vaccine?

The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed. He observed that milkmaids who previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that inoculated vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus.

Which Monarchs died of smallpox?

In the 17th and 18th centuries, it killed several reigning European monarchs, including Habsburg Emperor Joseph I, Queen Mary II of England, Czar Peter II of Russia and King Louis XV of France, as well as an Ethiopian king, a Chinese emperor and two Japanese emperors.

Did Edward Jenner invent smallpox vaccine?

Is smallpox a virus or disease?

Before smallpox was eradicated, it was a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It was contagious—meaning, it spread from one person to another. People who had smallpox had a fever and a distinctive, progressive skin rash.

What actually happened on January 26?

Australia Day
Type National
Significance Date of landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson in 1788
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Who won the Black War?

Black War
An 1838 painting by Benjamin Duterrau of a Tasmanian Aboriginal throwing a spear
Date mid-1820s–1832 Location Tasmania Result British control of Tasmania
British Empire Indigenous Australians

Who first landed in Australia?

explorer Willem Janszoon

Was anyone in Australia before the aboriginal?

What is Australia’s aboriginal name?

The nations of Indigenous Australia were, and are, as separate as the nations of Europe or Africa. The Aboriginal English words ‘blackfella’ and ‘whitefella’ are used by Indigenous Australian people all over the country — some communities also use ‘yellafella’ and ‘coloured’.

Can Smallpox Be Weaponised?

How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus – Simona Zompi

Smallpox, the Deadliest Disease in History

History of smallpox

The Last Major Smallpox Outbreak in America

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Newborn Twin Photo Sessions

Newborn twins, just like other babies, only stay newborns for very little time. They go from sleeping all the time to being alert all the time within the first month. It is so important to photograph these incredible babies early on while they are still used to these adorable curled up positions. As a reminder, newborns sessions are typically done within the first 3 weeks (sometimes up to 6 weeks for twins if they spent time in the NICU). Please schedule your twin newborn session in your second trimester. While I try to accommodate last minute newborn sessions, sometimes it is not possible.

The bond twins share will continue to grow stronger over time, but nothing will compare to the time they spent growing as a pair and sharing such a small space. When I pose newborn twins together, they seem to remember being that close. They always look so comfortable when they are together, just the way they were meant to be.

Boy/Boy? Girl/Girl? Girl/Boy? My Fort Collins newborn studio is full of wraps, headbands, hats, tiny outfits and cute props. There are several coordinating outfits and wrap combinations specifically designed for twins. I even have a little bunk bed just for twin newborns. You are going to have so much fun designing your photos. For more information about my Fort Collins newborn photos studio click here

What could be more special than your first family photos? Maybe nothing. Adding two newborns into your family, truly, nothing will ever be the same. What a momentous time in your lives. You will want to remember every little detail, and I am here to do that in a way you will be excited to show your friends and family. From albums to wall art, I offer an exceptional selection of premium heirloom pieces I know you will adore. For more information about artwork and heirloom pieces click here.

They are incredibly special as a pair, but they are also individuals with their own personalities. Twins deserve to be photographed together but also by themselves. You are going to want to remember what made each baby unique. Twin newborn sessions typically last about 2-3 hours just like every other newborn photo session. And just like every other session, I always allow for more time if we need it.

If you want more information please message Megan.

Click here to contact Megan


How To Claim Work Expenses On Your 2021 Taxes

how to deduct internet expenses

Employees must return any excess allowance they are unable to substantiate to their employer. Remote work has caused increased home office expenses for employees. When readers purchase services discussed on our site, we often earn affiliate commissions that support our work. The fund cannot guarantee that it will preserve the value of your investment at $1 per share.

Credit card interest is not tax-deductible when you incur the interest for personal purchases, but when the interest applies to business purchases, it is tax-deductible. You can calculate your deduction using either thestandard mileage ratedetermined annually by the IRS or your actual expenses. If your spouse joins you on a business trip, for example, you can only deduct the portion of lodging and transportation costs that would have been incurred if you had traveled alone. Don’t forget that the business part of your trip also needs to be planned ahead.

Regular Method

For example, if you are an aspiring videographer have a YouTube subscription for business use, you may be able to deduct the service. If the IRS audits your return you need to be able to prove that the subscription meets these requirements. Employees with home offices aren’t as fortunate — at least for the next few what are retained earnings years. But even if your employer isn’t excited about the idea of establishing an accountable plan to reimburse you for your home office expenses, there’s hope on the horizon. Like many provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the suspension of miscellaneous itemized deductions is due to expire at the end of 2025.

how to deduct internet expenses

It must be ordinary and necessary for your business, and only used for your business. If you have a music streaming service that you use for both personal and business use, you can’t deduct it. If you own a business or are self-employed, you can deduct the following types of subscriptions as a business expense. Each subscription must be directly related to your business to be claimed as a deduction. And if you’re filing jointly with your married partner or registered domestic partner, or if you’re a qualifying widower, you should have itemized deductions totaling more than $9,074.

Standard meal allowance if you keep records of the time, place and business purpose of your travel. If you have a home office with separate Internet designated strictly for the home business operations, you can carry 100 percent deduction for the internet expense. However, if the Internet service is not designated exclusively for the business, the expense qualifies only for a percentage of the applicable deduction. To identify that percentage, you must first determine retained earnings how much of your home’s space is used for business. Identify the square footage of the work area that is designated for business use and divide the measurement by the total square footage of the home. The resulting percentage identifies the total percentage of the home that is used for business, as well as the percentage of the overall Internet expenses that qualify for the tax deduction. Internet services and products are a must for any business owner.

“Deferral of employment tax deposits and payments through December 31, 2020.” Accessed Feb. 04, 2021. Investopedia requires writers to use primary how to deduct internet expenses sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts.

Its Time To Get Rita Involved!

Brex Treasury is not a bank and your Brex Cash account is not a bank account. Enjoy refreshingly easy deposits, payments, credit cards, QuickBooks and expense tracking— all in one place.Get started. Take a picture of your receipt, and the app scans and extracts the details.

  • In California, the minimum weekly payment is $167 and maximum is $450.
  • However, even if you meet the qualifications, there are other considerations that have to be accounted for when claiming the deduction.
  • If your home office occupies 15% of your home, for example, then 15% of your annual electricity bill becomes tax-deductible.

You also must answer YES to all three of the following questions in order to qualify for a home office deduction on your Pennsylvania tax return. You can claim the cost of the phone at 100% business use if there are no personal calls on that phone. If there are personal calls, you will need to allocate the plan between business use and personal use. This may require you to log your calls to determine an average. Use that average for the rest of the year and keep your documentation. Use a reasonable rate that reflects actual use and apply that to the basic cost of having the phone in the house. Claim 100% of any features if added them to your phone plan when you started your business, or if you added them after your business began and they were added for business reasons.

Business Insurance Premiums

Make sure to keep excellent records of the date, mileage, and purpose for each trip, and don’t try to claim personal car trips as business car trips. Self-employed individuals determine their net income from self-employment and deductions based on their method of accounting. Utilities include expenses such as electricity, gas, and water. However, you are only allowed to write off a percentage of accounting your utilities based on what is actually used in your business . Whichever you use, keep track of your business usage if the vehicle is also used for personal use. You cannot deduct the cost of your regular phone except for calls or services that are directly related to your business (e.g., three-way calling). You can deduct the full expense of having a second, business-only line in your home.

how to deduct internet expenses

If you use Internet products exclusively for business, 100 percent of the expense is tax-deductible. List these on your business tax return under the “Other Deductions” section and label them as Internet and telecommunication expense. If you spent $3,000 on caroperating expensesand used your car for business 10% of the time, your deduction would be $300. Your computer, cell phone, Internet service, software and even some cool tech gadgetry are possible tax deductions if you must use them to run your business.

How To Calculate The Home Office Deduction

Keeper Tax automatically finds tax deductions among your purchases. On average, people discover write-offs worth $1,249 in 90 seconds. Kristin Meador is a Certified Public Accountant with over 5 years experience working with small business owners and freelancers in the areas of tax, audit, financial statement preparation, and profit planning. While she’s not hiking in the Smoky Mountains or checking out new breweries (@travelingcpachick), she’s working on growing her own financial services firm. One of the most confusing parts of being a freelancer is doing your own taxes, so I recommend leaning on a tax filing software designed for freelancers to do the hard work for you. The right tax software will walk you through how to fill out Schedule C, so you don’t have to worry about whether or not you filled it out correctly. This will allow you to determine which charges are directly related to your cell phone, and remove the charges that are related to family members.

However, interest that comes from your business producing physical property has to be capitalized. Reasonable recording transactions advertising expenses are considered deductible as long as they are related to your business.

For current tax or legal advice, please consult with an accountant or an attorney. The recording transactions good news is that you don’t have to have to conquer this tax beast on your own.

Business-related travel is deductible as long as it is short term and required for a business. Keep all your receipts and business information related to the travel. You can deduct 50% of the cost of taking your clients to lunch or dinner. Keep a log of who was at the dinner, what was discussed, and where the meal took place.

However, if a renter can qualify for the home office deduction, the portion of rent attributable to the business use of a their home is deductible. If you took out a loan from a bank, specifically for business purposes, the interest on that load is tax deductible. While credit card interest can’t be deducted for personal purchases, but if the interest applies to business purchases, it can be deducted. Keeping strong records or just keeping a separate card for business expenses is wise. You can use either the simplified method or the regular method each year, whichever gives you a higher deduction when you file your federal income tax return. The home office deduction is a federal income tax deduction that allows qualifying taxpayers to deduct certain expenses related to the business use of their homes.

The simplified option lets you multiply an IRS-determined rate by your home office square footage. To use the simplified option, your home office must not be larger than 300 square feet and you cannot deduct depreciation or home-relateditemized deductions. If you are self-employed and pay for your own health insurance, you can write off your premiums if you meet certain requirements. You can also deduct life, property, casualty, or business insurance. The second method applies expenses by multiplying the percentage of space your office takes up in your home by each applicable expense. For example, if your home is 2,000 square feet and your home office is 100 square feet, you multiply your home office expenses, utilities for example, by .05 .

If their useful lives are longer than a year, the IRS may view those things as assets that depreciate over time. Even though this means not being able to deduct the full cost of the item all at once, you likely can deduct the depreciation on the item over its useful life. The everyday things you use to run your business could score you some self-employment tax deductions. A little more than $1 for every two miles you put on your car for business purposes.

However, keep in mind that you can only deduct cell phone expenses that you pay for. So if a family member is paying for your cell phone and you are NOT reimbursing them, you would not be able to take the tax deduction. Simply put, a tax deduction is the same as a tax write-off for business expenses. Anything that you can deduct from your income to reduce your tax bill qualifies as a tax deduction. If you rent out an office space, you can deduct the amount you pay for rent. And if you have to pay a fee to cancel a business lease, that expense is deductible, too.

A Quick Overview Of Tax

For example, if you pay $240 for a two-year subscription that starts in July, you may deduct $10 per month over the life of the subscription. You would get a $60 deduction the first year, a $120 deduction the following year, and a $60 for the final six months of the subscription. Subscriptions to magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, and similar publications can be a deductible expense. However, due to changes in the tax laws brought about by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, they are deductible only if purchased for a business.

If your home office occupies 15% of your home, for example, then 15% of your annual electricity bill becomes tax-deductible. Some of these deductions, such as mortgage interest and home depreciation, apply only to those who own rather than rent their home office space. In short, the cost of any workspace you use regularly and exclusively for your business, regardless of whether you rent or own it, can be deducted as a home officeexpense. Throughout the years, legislators have written numerous lines into the tax code to soften the blow of the extra costs that self-employed persons must shoulder as they do business. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act , passed in December 2017 and effective as of the 2018 tax year, made several changes to self-employed tax deductions. Many of these changes are temporary and set to expire in 2025, but others are permanent. Equipment, such as computers, cell phones, and printers, can be partially or fully deductible.

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One Surprisingly Efficient Option to Cholesterol

Maintaining healthy cholesterol ranges performs an essential role in making certain hypertension is kept at bay. When you have ‘grade 1 hypertension’ – blood pressure of 140/ninety mm Hg in clinic or average blood pressure of 135/eighty five mm Hg, docs will test your 10-12 months threat of heart attack or stroke. This offers you a mean reading. Proceed studying our full review to learn extra about what this product has to supply. Garlic has been proven in quite a few research to be beneficial for blood pressure help and managing cardiovascular health. Instead, pointers recommend they need to test your average blood pressure at dwelling or using a machine you put on for 24 hours to measure your ‘ambulatory blood pressure’. However the truth is that having excessive blood pressure is a severe health risk-it boosts the possibilities of leading killers reminiscent of heart assault and stroke, as well as aneurysms, cognitive decline, and kidney failure. When it comes to income, North America is projected to dominate the worldwide laparoscopic retrieval baggage market from 2018 to 2026. This is attributed to early adoption of advanced technologies, massive affected person pool, and easy availability & profitable medical reimbursement policies in the U.S.

However, hypotension might be indicative of an underlying medical condition, reminiscent of coronary heart failure, infection, severe diabetes, shock, gland disorders or dehydration. Alcohol, anti-anxiety and anti-depressant medications, diuretics, painkillers, and another medications can also cause hypotension. When left uncontrolled, it may cause injury to the blood vessels and also lead to more critical circumstances resembling heart assault and stroke. Rule out (or diagnose) a secondary trigger of excessive blood pressure, corresponding to kidney illness. The right tunes (and some deep breaths) can assist carry your blood pressure down, in response to research out of Italy. Add the highest readings collectively and divide by 14. Then do the identical for the underside readings. It will give 14 high and 14 bottom readings. Your doctor will advise on the most effective one for you. See the separate leaflet called Home. Blood pressure recording outdoors of the doctor’s surgery is recommended in most people who are suspected of having high blood pressure.

Excessive blood pressure usually develops over time as we get older. We appreciated the very fact they based mostly their formulation on clinically-researched elements and that they included high quality ingredients. What’s extra, they are well-known in the industry and a longtime company that gives great customer support service, secure and straightforward checkout as well as immediate, environment friendly supply. If you’re looking to take care of wholesome blood pressure ranges, lower dangerous cholesterol, and assist optimal vascular health, then Bloodsyl is something that deserves your undivided consideration. A person’s blood pressure can change over time, so periodic monitoring needs to be a part of everyone’s preventative health care. Excessive blood pressure is straightforward to detect by a doctor.

Your blood pressure varies all through the day. The length of the statement period varies relying on the initial studying. A small machine that’s attached to your arm takes and data the readings, often over a 24-hour interval. These are readings taken by a doctor or nurse in a clinic or a GP surgical procedure, using a normal blood pressure machine. Blood pressure refers back to the power exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Note: It is suggested that you get your blood pressure checked not less than as soon as every year by a healthcare supplier. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves via your arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins. What if I want medication to decrease my blood pressure? Stopping smoking would not cut back your blood pressure as such, however smoking and excessive blood pressure put you at risk of the identical circumstances. Generally, the upper your blood pressure, the better the health threat. Study after examine after research has shown that interrupting prolonged sitting time at work can cut back hypertension, working in tandem with other practices like exercising, eating nicely, and getting sufficient sleep.


How many packs of FreeTress hair do you need for crochet?

How many packs of braiding hair do I need?

Does crochet braids damage your hair?

Should you wash your hair before getting braids?

Wash Your Hair

What is the best crochet hair?

Why does my hair feel thin after braids?

Traction alopecia is defined as hair loss caused by pulling on the hair. This type of hair loss can be caused by too-tight ponytails, buns, and braids. Symptoms of traction alopecia begin as small bumps on the scalp. As the condition progresses, hair begins to fall out and break off.

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How do I take care of my hair with crochet braids?

When you have crochet braids a spray bottle can be your best friend. You can use it for shampooing, conditioning and moisturizing your hair! Simply dilute a little shampoo, conditioner or moisturizer with water and spray it onto your scalp. Rinse the shampoo and conditioner after applying.


AI: The Digital Eye

Demystifying the most mysterious part of the brain

Large portions of the human brain are dedicated to the perception and cognition of visual information. Any attempt to reproduce the workings of the eye is bound to result in unique challenges. Yet two tools help: signal processing algorithms inspired by neuroscience, and fast computing devices. RayShaper is working on putting these tools to use for future generations of digital vision applications.

Intelligence is in the eyes of the beholder

The job of a computational vision system is to input an image in the form of pixels and output a code consisting of streams of bits. That’s what an encoder does. The design of encoders then depends on what kind of image is being processed and, more importantly, what is at the receiving end of the bit streams. Is a human enjoying a Netflix video, or is a machine monitoring scenes for detection of safety events?

The question is no longer who’s looking, rather what’s looking?

A smart vision systems should look at a video before it compresses it. Specifically, a smart encoder should look at each frame in the video to see what it’s dealing with. Is the frame largely made up of one color? Is there text overlaid on the picture? How complex is the picture?

Further, a smart encoder should monitor and track the motion in the video. Is it a basketball game? Or is it a serene lake-view?

Smart vision systems have digital eyes

Human intelligence answers these kind of questions at lightning speed. As it’s impossible to include a human in every vision system, we need to embed artificial intelligence instead — a digital eye.

An AI-powered  encoder equipped with digital eyes can discover the features of a video and use deductions to setup processing parameters. It can make smart choices about processing tradeoffs in real-time for highest compression and best possible quality.

The application drives the algorithm

Consider that on one hand we have standards like JPEG and HEVC with broad applications, and on the other hand we have specific use cases, commercial applications. Standards specify large sets of parameters that encoders must select and convey to decoders. Standards don’t tell application developers what methods or paradigms to use for the selection of encoder parameters. Here’s where AI can play key roles. RayShaper


Wellington’s talent unleashed on Southland

Follow @RedefinedRugby Wellington highlighted the difference between the talent pools of main centres and provincial bases when hammering Southland 60-21 at Westpac Stadium in the Capital on Friday. It was a disappointing night for the southerners who ran into a rampant Wellington team able to throw the ball around to allow the