Neither a Christian Nor a Secular Nation

Stephen V. Monsma

In June of this year, the Michigan legislature passed and the governor signed a package of three bills allowing faith-based adoption agencies in Michigan not to provide adoption services to persons if doing so would violate the agencies’ sincerely held religious beliefs. These highly controversial bills were passed by largely partisan votes, with Republicans supporting them and Democrats opposing them. They were accurately seen as allowing faith-based adoption agencies to refuse to place children for adoption with same-sex or unmarried couples.

The opponents of these bills labeled them as “state-sanctioned discrimination” and argued they would allow organizations to impose their religious views on others. The supporters of the legislation insisted the issue was one of religious freedom: namely, the freedom of faith-based agencies to act in keeping with their religious beliefs. Since the faith-based agencies will continue with their adoption services, the supporters also argued that more children will be placed with more families. They also pointed out that no one will be denied the opportunity to adopt a child, since the legislation requires faith-based agencies electing not to provide adoption services to certain persons to inform them of other agencies willing to provide them with adoption services.

As Christians, how should we react to legislation such as this? Is it an unjust exercise in discrimination? Or is it a commendable effort not to compel faith-based agencies to act contrary to their religious beliefs? Considering these questions requires us to do some careful thinking about the nature of a diverse, free society, and how God calls his followers to relate to the society in which he has placed them.

A Christian Nation or a Secular Nation?

Let’s begin with considering the two opposing positions regarding the role of religion in the public life of our nation. Both, I believe, are deeply flawed. One position is the “Christian nation” stance, characterized by an insistence that the United States is a Christian society, founded on Christian principles that have made our nation great and that are still reflected in our Constitution, laws, and practices. Those holding this view believe all this is now under threat from a militant secularism that is driving Christian recognitions and standards out of public life. Therefore, they would urge Christians to enter the political realm to defend the Christian roots of our nation and society and advance Christian principles and practices.

This Christian nation approach poses significant problems, even though many Christians today support it. First, it overstates the extent to which Christian beliefs and practices were explicitly a part of our Constitution and early history. From the beginning, our nation was marked by a diversity of beliefs and religions. There were New England Unitarians, Quakers, Jews, evangelical heirs of the Great Awakening of the mid-eighteenth century, skeptics such as Ben Franklin, and rationalists such as Thomas Jefferson. Second, there are justice problems if we support public policies that impose Christian practices and rituals onto non-Christians. While I look forward the growth and expansion of Christian influence, I am equally convinced that it must come by the power of persuasion and appealing models of faithful Christian lives, not by the power of public policies that favor Christianity and impose Christian practices on all.

This leads to the “secular nation” position. Most of American society—and especially its academic, journalistic, and entertainment elites—support this option. This view argues that the public realm must be a thoroughly secular realm where religion is to be limited to the rituals and celebrations of religious congregations in their houses of worship and to personal devotional activities in the privacy of one’s home. Adherents of this position believe that Christians and other religious people should leave their religion behind when entering the world of government and public policies. For them, a secularized public world means Christians of various persuasions—as well as Muslims, Jews, or those of any other faith—will not be in a position to impose their beliefs and practices onto others. In the secular nation position, the argument is that if all religions are banned from the public realm, no one religion will be favored over any other.

But this position is also deeply flawed. First, most religions have public dimensions to them. To confine religion within houses of worship is to do violence to the very nature of religion and is a violation of the freedom of religion. Many nineteenth century abolitionists, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., and most recently Pope Francis and his encyclical on the environment are all examples of those whose beliefs compelled them to take their faith out into the broader public realm.

Second, the secular nation position contains the hidden but false assumption that a secularized world is a religiously neutral world. But as the political scientist A. James Reichly once wrote, “[B]anishment of religion does not represent neutrality between religion and secularism; conduct of public institutions without any acknowledgment of religion is secularism.” Secularism is a certain worldview, a set of assumptions concerning human beings, society, and moral standards that can run counter to Christianity and other religions. The secular nation position is no more neutral or just than the Christian nation approach. Both end up favoring a particular religious or religious-like perspective or worldview.

A Better Way: Principled Pluralism

Much of the so-called culture war battles pit Christian nation advocates against secular nation advocates. Is there no better way? Are we doomed to continued culture wars, with eventually either the Christian or the secular side standing triumphant over the other?  I think not. Principled pluralism offers a better, and I would argue, a more Christian way that allows all of us to live together in spite of our differences.

What is principled pluralism?

Principled pluralism rejects both the Christian nation position’s attempt to Christianize the public square and the secular nation position’s attempt to secularize the public square. Instead, it favors a pluralistic public square. We are a diverse society, composed of a variety of ethnic and racial groups, religions, political opinions, and much more. Some of us are ardent conservatives, others are equally ardent liberals; some of us are deeply religious, others see religion as retrograde and foolish; some support women’s liberation, others see women’s liberation as a threat to the family and societal stability; some are strong supporters of same-sex marriage, others believe equally strongly that marriage should only be between one man and one woman. How are we then to live together as one society with diversity such as this? Principled pluralism argues that we must learn anew to live together with our differences. We need to learn a tolerance and forbearance that is reflected in our public policies.

That is why the legislation recently enacted in Michigan that allows faith-based adoption agencies not to facilitate adoptions that run counter to their religious beliefs got it exactly right.  It would have been a different question if the issue had been banning all adoptions by unmarried and same-sex couples. Such a ban fits the Christian nation approach. But making faith-based agencies choose between violating their sincerely held religious beliefs or operating in keeping with secular standards fits the secular nation approach. Either one of these approaches would have involved one segment of the population attempting to impose its views onto all of society. In this case, pluralism won out. Same sex and unmarried couples are free to adopt if they otherwise meet important standards; faith-based adoption agencies are free to follow their religiously shaped understanding of marriage and family. The new laws favor a diverse, pluralistic public realm--not a uniform, secularized public realm, nor a Christianized public realm.

Under principled pluralism, the world of public policies, social service agencies, schools, health care centers, and business will be a diverse world. There will be evangelical colleges and universities that raise questions about some aspects of naturalistic evolution and state universities that accept fully naturalistic evolution; there will be faith-based drug rehab agencies that follow faith-influenced treatment modalities and secular drug rehab agencies that follow thoroughly secular treatment modalities; there will be agencies that do not provide birth control services in their health insurance plans and other agencies whose plans do provide those services; there will be Christian student organizations on university campuses that require their leaders to adhere to certain Christian beliefs and there will be other student organizations with no such requirements.

The principles in principled pluralism

Principled pluralism is not a pragmatic, second-best, fallback position to retreat to when failing to secure a more fully Christian policy position. Nor is it rooted in a relativism that supports diversity out of a refusal to make moral judgments. “Who am I to say that my values and beliefs are true and yours are false,” is relativism’s theme. Principled pluralism insists that there is truth—indeed Truth with a capital T—which also means there is falsehood and error.

What then are the principles at the heart of principled pluralism? First is the Christian understanding of human beings as God’s image bearers, created with dignity and worth, having basic human rights, and possessing a God-given ability to make morally guided choices. The apostle Paul wrote to Timothy of Jesus Christ “Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of truth.” (II Timothy 2:4) But this being saved and coming to the knowledge of truth must be by winsome examples and persuasion, not the force of law. No one—Christian or otherwise—should use public policies to impose their beliefs onto others. Doing so violates God’s intent for us as morally responsible, free human beings.

A second basic principle underlying principled pluralism is the social nature of human beings.  God created us with individual worth and dignity, and he also created us as social beings. To be fully human we must live in human societies and those human societies are marked by a host of formal and informal organizations and human interactions. All societies have families and other kinship groups, neighborhoods, work groups, religious organizations, and a host of other social associations. These too are a part of God’s will for human beings, and their integrity and freedom of action should also be protected by a nation’s public policies. That is why principled pluralism insists that not only the religious freedom of individuals must be protected, but also the religious freedom of the faith-based organizations within which many of us work and live.

Both a Christianized and a secularized public realm run counter to a just society where no one faith is favored or disfavored, advantaged or disadvantaged. Principled pluralism supports a truly free, truly just public realm, where neither Christianity nor any other religion is favored, but also where secular points of view and practices are not favored. In such a realm, human beings, created in God’s image, can be the free, creative, and morally responsible persons that God intends them to be, as individuals and as members of organizations of like-minded persons.

Questions for Reflection:

  1. Is there a danger by both religious and secular persons of accepting pluralism “for me but not for thee” (accepting pluralism in arguing for my policy positions, but not accepting it when it comes to others’ policy positions)? How willing are you personally to accept public policies that are contrary to your own religious beliefs?
  2. This essay uses the Michigan adoption legislation as an example of principled pluralism. Can you think of other public policy issues or areas where principled pluralism offers a distinctive policy perspective?

- Stephen V. Monsma is a Senior Research Fellow at the Henry Institute at Calvin College and Professor of Political Science Emeritus at Pepperdine University. He is a trustee of the Center for Public Justice.


SC-40(1): Electromagnetic Interference

CSF v1.1 References:

(Not part of any baseline)

Next Version:

Control Statement

The information system implements cryptographic mechanisms that achieve [Assignment: organization-defined level of protection] against the effects of intentional electromagnetic interference.

Supplemental Guidance

This control enhancement protects against intentional jamming that might deny or impair communications by ensuring that wireless spread spectrum waveforms used to provide anti-jam protection are not predictable by unauthorized individuals. The control enhancement may also coincidentally help to mitigate the effects of unintentional jamming due to interference from legitimate transmitters sharing the same spectrum. Mission requirements, projected threats, concept of operations, and applicable legislation, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines determine levels of wireless link availability and performance/cryptography needed.


Library cleaning too low

I don’t know if this issue is already spoked, i will try. I have a s905x with a 1TB nas on lan . When i try to clean the video library on the nas , this operation is very very low. This might do 30 minutes and sometime the process may block. The nas, switch and router have 1Gbps link but the s905x 100Mbit. I know that this may decrease the speed of the link but especially lately it has become more slower. In fact before it was slow but the work ended but now it is even slower and sometimes it does not finish cleaning. Any suggestion? Thanks

You can find PR for this issue here:

So it’s WIP from kodi side…

I have a lot of content and it cleans in just over a couple of minutes. I find one of the big differences is the speed of cleaning is the sd speed a box installed to internal is generally quicker. My old kodi media box used to take 5 mins with a conventional HDD when I swapped to mSata it droped to less than a Min.

Hello, i see that the issue still remain. Any chances to solve? Thank you!

What’s your setup? I have a S905X connected to a 4TB NAS over a USB 1Gb (so about 300Mb in practice!) and it cleans the library pretty quickly.

I assume you go to the settings; Media;Library: Clean library.

I have over 1200 movies on a nas & it doesn’t take very long on my H96 Pro S912 or android kodi on my shield, I use homeplugs.

I assume that you have updated the library, & all movies ave been scrapped?

Perhaps, you could try scrapping them all again using a different scrapper.

There is an addon called missing movies, which tells you which movies haven’t been scrapped to the library.

One thing I have find is it is better to have smaller amounts of files in each directory. I find if I have a lot of films in one directory the cleaning process will often clean off films that are still available.


The mass (or inertial mass, from Greek: μᾶζα, máza, barley cake, lump of dough) is a physical quantity that represents the amount of matter proper to material bodies that determines their dynamic behavior when subjected to the influence of external forces. In classical mechanics the term mass can refer to three different scalar physical quantities, distinct from each other:

  • inertial mass is proportional to the inertia of a body, which is the resistance to changing its state of motion when a force is applied;
  • passive gravitational mass is proportional to the force of a body’s interaction with the force of gravity;
  • active gravitational mass, on the other hand, is proportional to the intensity of the gravitational field produced by a body.

Inertial mass and gravitational mass have been experimentally proven to be equivalent, although conceptually they are distinct. The first experiments aimed to establish this equivalence were those of Galileo Galilei.

Throughout the history of physics, in particular classical physics, mass has been considered an intrinsic property of matter, representable by a scalar value and which is conserved in time and space, remaining constant in any isolated system. In addition, the term mass has been used to denote two potentially distinct quantities: the interaction of matter with the gravitational field and the relationship between the force applied to a body and the acceleration induced on it. However, the equivalence of the two masses has been verified in numerous experiments (put in place by Galileo Galilei first).

The mass does not correspond with the amount of substance, the physical quantity for which it has been introduced in the SI a fundamental quantity, the mole (symbol mol). The mass of a body is commonly determined by measuring its inertia which is opposed to a change in its state of motion or the gravitational attraction to other bodies by comparison with a sample (see balance).

Unlike space and time, for which operational definitions can be given in terms of natural phenomena, defining the concept of mass requires explicit reference to the physical theory that describes its meaning and properties. Pre-physical intuitive concepts of quantity of matter (not to be confused with quantity of substance, measured in moles) are too vague for an operational definition, and refer to common properties, inertia and weight, which are considered quite distinct from the first theory to introduce mass in quantitative terms, Newtonian dynamics.

The concept of mass becomes more complex at the level of particle physics where the presence of elementary particles with mass (electrons, quarks, and so on) and without mass (photons, gluons) still has no explanation in fundamental terms. In other words, it is not clear why some particles have mass and others do not. The main theories that try to give an interpretation to mass are: the Higgs mechanism, string theory and loop quantum gravity; of these, as of July 4, 2012 thanks to the LHC particle accelerator, only the Higgs theory has had the first experimental evidence.

In the current International System of Units (SI), mass has been chosen as a fundamental physical quantity, i.e., not expressible solely in terms of other fundamental quantities. Its unit of measurement is the kilogram, indicated by the symbol: kg.

In the CGS system, the unit of mass is the gram. In the United Kingdom and the United States the pound (approximately 454 g) and the stone (14 pounds) are commonly used. Other units of measurement are commonly used in specific fields of physics.

In atomic physics and physics of matter are commonly used the Hartree units, based on the mass of the electron or the atomic mass unit, roughly equivalent to the mass of a proton. In chemistry is frequently used the mole that, even if it is not a mass unit, it is linked by a simple proportionality factor. In nuclear and sub-nuclear physics is common the use of atomic mass unit. However, especially in the field of high energies, it is used to express the mass (at rest or invariant) by its equivalent energy E = mc2. The energy is in turn expressed in: eV.

Conservation of mass

In classical mechanics there is the fundamental law of conservation of mass, in various formulations. In general, given a control volume, fixed, the variation of mass contained in it is equal to the outgoing flow of mass through the frontier of the system, that is through the closed surface that delimits the volume, changed of sign: in simple words, the variation of mass of a system is equal to the incoming mass minus the outgoing mass; this implies, for example, that the mass can be neither created nor destroyed, but only moved from one place to another. In chemistry, Antoine Lavoisier established in the 18th century that in a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products.

The principle of conservation of mass is valid with very good approximation in everyday experience, but it ceases to be valid in nuclear reactions and, in general, in phenomena involving relativistic energies: in this case it is incorporated in the principle of conservation of energy.

Inertial mass

Newtonian definition

The inertial mass \(m_i\) of a body is defined in the Principia as the amount of matter by tying it to the principle of proportionality as the constant of proportionality between the applied force \(\vec{F}\) and the acceleration undergone \(\vec{a}\):

The inertial mass can actually be obtained operationally by measuring the acceleration of the body subjected to a known force, being an index of the resistance of a body to accelerate when subjected to a force, i.e., of the inertia of the body. The problem to use this property as a definition is that it needs the previous concept of force; to avoid the vicious circle generated by Newton who did not specify the instrument to measure it, often the force is then defined by linking it to the elongation of a spring following Hooke’s law, definition clearly unsatisfactory as particular and not general. In addition, this definition has given rise to several problems, particularly related to the reference system in which the measurement is made: the concept of inertia, like that of force, was in fact historically criticized by many thinkers, including Berkeley, Ernst Mach, Percy Williams Bridgman and Max Jammer.

Machian definition

The concept of inertial mass was revolutionized by Mach’s work. He was able to eliminate metaphysical elements that persisted in classical mechanics, reformulating the definition of mass in an operationally precise way and without logical contradictions. From this redefinition, general relativity started, even if Einstein himself was not able to include Mach principle within general relativity.

The Machian definition is based on the principle of action-reaction, leaving the principle of proportionality to define the force later. Consider an isolated system consisting of two interacting (point-like) bodies. Whatever is the force acting between the two bodies, it is observed experimentally that the accelerations undergone by the two bodies are always proportional and in constant ratio between them:

What is particularly relevant is that the ratio \(\mu_{12}\) between the two instantaneous accelerations is not only constant over time, but does not depend on the initial state of the system: it is therefore associated with an intrinsic physical property of the two bodies under consideration. By changing one of the two bodies, the constant of proportionality also varies. Let’s suppose then to use three bodies, and carry out separately three experiments with the three possible pairs (it is always assumed the absence of external forces). In this way we can measure the constants \(\mu_{12},\mu_{23},\mu_{31}\). Note that by definition:

Comparing the values of the observed constants, one will invariably find that they satisfy the relation \(\mu_{12}\cdot \mu_{23}\cdot \mu_{31}=1\). Thus the product \(\mu_{12}\cdot \mu_{31}\) does not depend on the nature of body 1, since it is equal to the inverse of \(\mu_{23}\), namely \(\mu_{32}\), which is independent of it due to the independence of \(\mu_{23}\). From this it follows that any coefficient \(\mu_{ij}\) must be able to be expressed as a product of two constants, each dependent on only one of the two bodies.

\[\mu_{ab}=\nu_{b}\cdot m_{a}=\dfrac{1}{\nu_a m_b}=\dfrac{1}{\mu_{ba}} \quad \Rightarrow\begin{cases} \nu_a=\dfrac{1}{m_a} \\ \nu_b=\dfrac{1}{m_b} \end{cases}\]

\[\mu_{ij}=\dfrac{m_i}{m_j}\quad\Rightarrow\quad m_i\vec{a}_i=-m_j\vec{a}_j\]

at any instant of time, for any pair of bodies. The quantity \(m\) that results so defined (unless a constant factor, which corresponds to the choice of the unit of measurement) is called inertial mass of the body: it is therefore possible to measure the mass of a body by measuring the accelerations due to interactions between this and another body of known mass, without needing to know what are the forces acting between the two points (provided that the system formed by the two bodies can be considered isolated, ie not subject to external forces). The link between the masses is given by:

Gravitational mass

If a body, such as a basket ball, is left free in the air, it is attracted downwards by a force, in first approximation constant, called weight force. By means of a plate scale, it can be seen that different bodies, in general, are attracted differently by the weight force, i.e. they weigh differently. The plate balance can be used to give an operational definition of gravitational mass: a unit mass is assigned to a sample object and the other objects have a mass equal to the number of samples needed to balance the plates.

Passive gravitational mass is a physical quantity proportional to the interaction of each body with the gravitational field. Within the same gravitational field, a body with small gravitational mass experiences a smaller force than a body with large gravitational mass: the gravitational mass is proportional to the weight, but while the latter varies with the gravitational field, the mass remains constant. By definition, the weight force \(F_w\) is expressed as the product of the gravitational mass \(m_g\) by a vector \(\vec{g}\), called gravity acceleration, which depends on the place where the measurement is made and whose units depend on that of the gravitational mass.

The active gravitational mass of a body is proportional to the intensity of the gravitational field generated by it. The greater is the active gravitational mass of a body, the more intense is the gravitational field generated by it, and therefore the force exerted by the field on another body; to make an example, the gravitational field generated by the Moon is less (at the same distance from the center of the two celestial bodies) than that generated by the Earth because its mass is less. Measurements of active gravitational masses can be performed, for example, with torsion balances like the one used by Henry Cavendish in the determination of the constant of universal gravitation.

The gravitational mass is to all intents and purposes the charge of the gravitational field, exactly in the same sense in which the electric charge is the charge of the electric field: it simultaneously generates and suffers the effects of the gravitational field. Objects with zero gravitational mass (e.g. photons) would not suffer the effects of the field: in fact a result of general relativity is that any body follows a trajectory due to gravitational field.

Related keywords

  • Electromagnetic mass
  • Negative mass

  • How to find the center of mass

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Fighting Strategy Discover Reddit Software

Elden Ring Player Defeats Malenia Without Getting Hit Once

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Elden Ring released back on February 25 to critical and commercial success, but despite it being almost six months since the game's release and players having discovered all the game's secrets, many are still testing builds and strategies for conquering the Lands Between.

While the game is full of difficult fights, the most notorious boss is Malenia, Blade of Miquella, as she has tested even the most hardcore Elden Ring players.

In a video posted to Reddit, a player has managed to defeat her without taking a single hit.Most Elden Ring players have at least heard about the difficulty of Malenia.

She can recover her own health when she hurts the player, she has a lengthy set of moves making her difficult to predict, and she has a string of sword slashes known as the Waterfowl Dance that is incredibly difficult to survive.


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Dr. Ellery Vas is a xenobiologist following in the aftermath of her spouse who vanished while re searching extra-terrestrial entire life within the ocean planet Gliese 667Cc. Stationed in her spouse left wing laboratory and equipped by having the AI-controlled diving suit, Vas explores the depths looking for answers. At an disarming inversion of this standard human-AI romantic relationship, you play the AI; Vas sets the objectives, frequently amazes together with you, however it is your job to storyline her path, gather samples, and conduct evaluations backwards into the lab.

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Can Sunscreen Protect Against Blue Light? Let's Find Out

Can Sunscreen Protect Against Blue Light? Let's Find Out

The population that grew up with technology and the Internet are spending more and more time in front of device screens – computer, smartphones, large flat-screen televisions, and tablets, to name a few. Blue light has become a cause of concern as careers have become more digitally-dependent. Millennials and Gen Z-ers derive their entertainment from their phones and even use them as aids for education. In this article, we learn the answer to the question: Can sunscreen protect against blue light? To understand more, we first delve into what this light is and how it affects us. We then learn if sunscreen is effective against light, and if so, what kind.

What is blue light?

This type of light is part of the visible light spectrum between wavelengths of 400 nanometers (nm) to 500 nm. During the daytime, blue light is useful for increasing attention span and reaction time. It also influences mood. The problem is when we are exposed to blue light at night, it inhibits melatonin, the hormone responsible for making you sleepy. In this way, it affects the body’s natural sleep and wake cycle. Sunlight is the primary source of blue light. However, LED lights, fluorescent lights, electronic devices, TVs, and computer screens can also emit it.

It might sound silly to ask can sunscreen protect against blue light, but studies have shown that blue light has both perks and disadvantages to the skin. A study has shown that low energy and low exposure times to high energy visible light (HEV), or blue light, prevent skin diseases. Its harms lie in longer exposure time – it causes damage to DNA, the eyes, skin barrier and can even cause cell and tissue death and photoaging.

What are its effects?

The most notable effect of blue light is the generation of non-enzymatic nitric oxide radicals (free radicals) and reactive oxygen species. Many factors contribute to skin aging: extreme physical or psychological stress, alcohol, improper nutrition and pollution. But ultraviolet radiation makes up 80% of these environmental factors. In fact, it is the most crucial factor in skin cancer and aging.

Blue light accounts for 10% of skin aging and can manifest in the following ways: melasma, freckles, actinic keratoses (precancerous spots), and texture change.

What are the signs of photoaging?

Sun exposure and UV light exposure can damage skin. However, 10% of skin aging is attributed to HEV.

Other signs of photoaging include:

  • Spider veins on nose, cheeks, neck
  • Pigmented spots
  • Uneven skin color
  • wrinkles and deep creases

Can sunscreen protect against blue light?

The answer is yes.

To protect against visible light, the sunscreen itself must be visible. Tinted sunscreens contain a formulation that includes ultraviolet filters such as titanium oxide and iron oxides.

A study revealed that sunscreens with titanium oxide and zinc oxide are effective against UVA and UVB radiation, but are only somewhat effective against HEV (blue) light.

However, sunscreens containing zinc oxide and iron oxides do protect against blue light.

Key Takeaways

With regards to the question can sunscreen protect against blue light, it is best to go with tinted ones with a formulation of titanium oxide and iron oxides.

Blue light is potentially harmful, but we receive a lot of it from TV and computer screens, LED lights, fluorescent lights and electronic devices. Not only does it affect our eyes and sleep habits, but it also could spur on skin aging.

Learn more about Skin Health here.

How Blue Light Affects Sleep, https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bedroom-environment/blue-light. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Blue Light Protection, Part I-Effects of blue light on the skin, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33247615/. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Blue-Violet Light Irradiation Dose Dependently Decreases Carotenoids in Human Skin, Which Indicates the Generation of Free Radicals, https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F579675. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Free Radicals and Extrinsic Skin Aging, https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F135206. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Photoaging: What You Need to Know About the Other Kind of Aging, https://www.skincancer.org/blog/photoaging-what-you-need-to-know/. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Photoaging, https://dermatology.ca/public-patients/skin/photoaging/#:~:text=Photoaging%20is%20premature%20aging%20of,sources%20%E2%80%93%20alter%20normal%20skin%20structures.. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Iron oxides in novel skin care formulations attenuate blue light for enhanced protection against skin damage, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13803. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

Tinted sunscreens: Benefits beyond an attractive glow, https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/tinted-sunscreens-benefits-beyond-an-attractive-glow-2020071320534. Accessed 9 Mar 2022

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Written by China Logarta Updated Apr 11
Medically reviewed by Dexter Macalintal, MD


Don’t Know Much Biology

When asked the definition of the word woman, Ketanji Brown Jackson said she couldn’t answer the question because she isn’t a biologist. This raises several questions. First, does she consider herself to be a woman, and if so, why and by what standard? Second, how can she determine if the Violence Against Women Act is an applicable statute in a given case?

She was also was asked when human life begins, and she said that she had a religious belief which she set aside when deciding cases. When asked a follow up question about when equal protection of the laws attach to a human being, she said that she didn’t know.


UCLA Religion Judaism Christianity & Islam Discussion

Question Description

Reflecting on what you have learned about Judaism and Christianity and Islam, all three tracing their origins to Abraham and speaking in a prophetic tradition, what do you think are some of the central differences between Islam and the other two? Present two differences, say why they are different, and discuss in the group.

You might consider the status of the “Word of God” in each of these “People of the Book,” their doctrine about God, the difference between clergy and lay people, forms of practice or ritual, just to point to some possible topics.


Aim: In this introductory exercise the students are to experience how and why categorisation occurs, and how notions of ‘us’ and ‘them’ can be constructed.

Requirements: Small paper dots with glue on one side to place on each participant’s forehead. The dots must be in at least five different colours. The best number of participants for doing this exercise is between 15 and 30.

The exercise prepares the students for topics addressed later in the session, such as questions connected to the minority/majority, stereotypes and prejudice, ‘othering’, discrimination and others.

  1. The session leader asks the participants to place themselves in a circle facing the session leader who stands in the middle. He/she says to the participants: I will soon ask you to close your eyes. You are not allowed to open your eyes until I say so. While you have your eyes closed, you will feel a soft touch against your forehead. Close your eyes please.
  2. While the participants have their eyes closed, the session leader places a paper dot on their foreheads. The dots must be in different colours and some of the participants (e.g. 4-6) will receive the same colours. Two of the participants will be given dots with colours that nobody else has. NB: The persons chosen for this must have enough self-confidence to be able to stand alone outside the groups, which will be the result of the exercise. They must also be ready to talk a little bit about what they experienced during the exercise.
  3. When everyone has been given a dot (still with their eyes closed) the session leader will say to them: When I say, “Open your eyes”, your task is to make groups. Open your eyes please.

Usually the participants, after opening their eyes, will be unsure of what to do. However, after a short while, they will gather into groups. In 99 per cent of the cases, the participants with the same “dot colour” will go together. In a group of 25 participants, there will be a “blue”, a “red”, a “yellow” group and so on. Very often, the two persons with dot colours that differ from the rest will end up outside the groups or come together.

The session leader should take note of what happens while the participants are making groups. The observations may be useful in the discussion afterwards. Is anybody directing the others and taking the lead? Are the participants talking? [Often, they believe they are not allowed to speak, even if the session leader has said nothing about that]. What about the two people who have their own colour? Do they try to join some of the groups? What are the reactions?

When the participants have formed their groups, the session leader opens for reflections. Often individual participants might be addressed with some short questions to start the reflection. The discussion and summing up can take place while all are the participants are standing on the floor.

 Usually the participants find the exercise and the questions interesting and have many comments.

Remarks to conclude with:

This exercise can be used as an introduction to such topics as stereotypes and prejudices, minorities, ‘othering’ and discrimination. It will function well as a starting point for a lecture on the challenges and possibilities in multicultural societies, and the role of journalism and journalists in this context.


5 easy self care strategies

Here in Australia it is transitioning from winter into spring. Many of our trees are flowering and bulbs bringing welcome bursts of colour and scent are blooming. The temperatures are starting to rise and the thoughts of buying summer hats have flitted across my mind for the first time in months. The energy in the air is palpable.

Another season is being ushered in, and time is moving on. As it always does. This past winter has been long and cold and dark. Longer and colder and darker than any I can remember anyway. There were weeks upon weeks of wishing for the warmth and the buds on the trees, any sign at all that things were changing. And then little by little, it was here.

And so it is with seasons of our lives. Nothing lasts forever, everything does eventually change, or move or end. And yet, when we are in the midst of something that is stretchy and hard, it can feel like the very longest winter. If you are still waiting on your spring to arrive, here are some ideas to keep your hopes up:

  1. Buy some plants or flowers for indoors – In my experience, bringing nature inside can spark joy like no inanimate object can.
  2. Find comfort and pleasure in the little rituals – just as rituals are comforting for children, so they are when we are adults. Make a cup of tea in a nice cup, just the way you like it. Make your bed with fresh sheets, and mist some essential oils (diluted of course!) across your pillow. While you are at, dab your favourite scent on your wrists, so that you unexpectedly catch a waft from time to time.
  3. Go for a walk around your neighbourhood – look up and around, enjoy noticing the way other people live and make a home. There are so many ways to live a life, it can be heartening to remember that through the simple act of observing others.
  4. Take yourself somewhere in nature – beach, lake, forest, sand dunes, desert. Somewhere where all you can see is nature. Feel small, in a good way. Feel grounded and reconnect.
  5. Treat yourself to a story – pick a new audiobook, movie, friend or podcast and find out about someone else’s life. Listening to stories of overcoming adversity can provide you with new ideas to tackle any issues in your own life, as well as the realisation that everyone is working on something hard.

How do you nourish yourself?

Mistakes people make when organizing Christmas.

Blowing it up versus feeling powerful

The Drier and the Chicken: Helpful Analogies for the Busy

The launch of Project Strength: An experiment. Join me?

The Circle Analogy; Separating other’s experiences from your own

I’d love you to

my new free training


Calculating body fat, 3 ways

I didn't find the site I got measurements from, but I did find this site with several different ways to calculate your body fat. I think one of them is the one I used to use.

I love these measurements, because they say I am making much more progress than my scale says. According to them, I'm “only” 35 pounds of fat, instead of 45 pounds of fat, which is what my scale has been saying the last couple of weeks. (Yes, I know a lot of people out there are grossing out over 35 pounds of fat, but I do have large breasts carrying some of that.)

I've been going down in weight on the scale, but it's been from muscle and since I'm following my diet, I don't know what the problem is other than that the scale is wacky. I did replace the batteries on the scale today, in the hopes that they had something to do with it.


Russia Slams US Attempts To Change Iran Nuclear Deal

Fact checked

Russia has stressed that it will not support US demands to change the 2015 nuclear deal which was struck between Iran and the P5+1 group of countries.

The Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov  told a news conference on Monday: “We will not support what the United States is trying to do, changing the wording of the agreement, incorporating things that will be absolutely unacceptable for Iran”

Lavrov also made it clear that Russia is determined to work at preserving the existing nuclear agreement with Iran. He called the new U.S. demands to Iran “deplorable,” saying they raise doubts about Washington’s ability to observe international agreements.

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Press TV reports: His remarks come a few days after US President Donald Trump extended sanctions waivers on Iran to give Washington and its European allies a chance to “fix the terrible flaws” of the nuclear agreement.

“I have outlined two possible paths forward: either fix the deal’s disastrous flaws, or the United States will withdraw,” Trump said last week.

In his remarks, Lavrov emphasized his country’s determination to work to preserve the existing nuclear agreement with Iran.

Russia’s top diplomat also warned that the breakdown of the deal could be detrimental to dialogue with North Korea.

The agreement, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was reached between Iran and six world powers — the US, the UK, France, China, Russia and Germany — in July, 2015. The deal puts limitations on parts of Iran’s peaceful nuclear program in exchange for removing all nuclear-related sanctions.


E-volving umbilicals

Alan Dobson, Technip Umbilicals

September 1, 2016

The move towards all-electric subsea facilities will precipitate an evolution in umbilical design. Alan Dobson outlines the challenges and what is already available for the market.

Technip Umbilicals R&D Center. Photos from Technip.

As the subsea oil and gas industry has been adjusting to a “lower for longer” oil price, it has brought into focus the potential costing saving opportunities subsea processing technologies could bring to future projects.

By treating produced fluids on the seabed rather than on the topside, longer distance transportation to either an existing host facility or to an onshore facility could make future projects economically viable. Some operators are facilitating development of this concept through research and development initiatives, for example, Total’s DEPTH (Deep Export Production Treatment Hub) and Statoil’s Subsea Factory. Class society DNV GL released its All Subsea study in order to develop, integrate and qualify key technologies.

Certain technology building blocks, either in isolation or combinations, are required:

In terms of controlling and supplying essential fluids and power to the additional subsea equipment, the control umbilical must evolve to incorporate new functionality required by electric control systems and provide greater levels of electrical power transmission.

A combined steel and electric cable umbilical.

Impact of all-electric control on the umbilical

The first subsea trees with all-electrical control were installed in the Dutch North Sea in 2007. Although in this application the hydraulic downhole safety valve was retained, all other actuators on the trees were electrically powered. Future deployment of all-electric systems will more likely use electric downhole safety valves, such as those now being trialed in the field (Read more: Electrifying).

The fluid functionality of the umbilical will be simplified as the hydraulic power supply and return is no longer needed. This will benefit extremely long tieback umbilicals because hydraulic power efficiency diminishes as lines get longer, leading to higher costs for larger bore tubes working at a higher operating pressure.

Although electrical transmission also suffers losses over longer distances, this can be eased by switching from conventional AC (alternating current) power supply to a DC (direct current). This change opens up the choice of cable construction to include coaxial designs and umbilicals have been supplied incorporating this type of DC coaxial cable.

As future deployment of all-electric control systems is likely to involve very long tiebacks, the control umbilical will remain a critical component that must be engineered for the operating environment.

The design and analysis tools developed by the industry for conventional AC cables have been adapted for DC cables and successfully proven through project experience. Subsequent deployment on further projects mean it can be considered a mature technology. Umbilicals will also retain fluid conduits to provide service fluids such as scale and hydrate inhibitors, methanol injection and also barrier fluids for pump motors. The cost of these conduits can be optimized by utilizing alternative construction methods, materials and efficient manufacture.

Assembly of these extra-long length umbilicals requires specialist assembly machines with large capacity bobbins to maximize component lengths, minimizing the number of welds and splices, leading to greater reliability. However, the ultimate length limit of a continuous umbilical is generally driven by the installation vessel carousel capacity and potential weather window restrictions.

Field proven factory fitted inline joints allow lengths of umbilical delivered on reels to be efficiently joined during offshore installation into a long-length tieback. They are fully factory tested before deployment, ensuring reliability and enable schedule flexibility during the installation campaign where partial lengths can be laid, maximizing available weather windows.

Subsea power

Of the other key technologies, heated pipes, pumps and compressors all consume high levels of electrical power, meaning increasing numbers of medium voltage three-phase power cables in the umbilical. This brought additional design challenges in terms of electromagnetic balance, temperature and structural integrity, for which solutions have been developed and qualified in readiness.

High power three-phase cables generate heat and all umbilical components need to be designed and materials selected to handle continuous operation at elevated temperatures. This could impact material yield strength, fatigue capacity or accelerate long-term aging. Thermal analysis models have been developed and validated, which enable accurate assessment of in-service conditions. Coupled with knowledge of long-term material behavior at temperature, this ensures design life reliability.

The electromagnetic radiation emitted by three-phase power cables needs to be carefully understood, again through detailed analysis, and components positioned accordingly to minimize electrical losses and induced voltages on metallic components. If neglected it could result in high transmission losses, accelerated corrosion of metallic components or cross talk of signals onto control cables. Recent advances in higher pressure, deeper water thermoplastic hoses, that can operate continuously at higher temperatures, offers an alternative solution to steel tubes without the thermal and induced voltage concerns.

With increasing amounts of copper cables being required, the weight and strength of the umbilical assembly becomes a concern. Copper has a high density and low mechanical strength, which can pose challenges during installation, particularly in deepwater. Aluminum cables offer a solution, where the reduced weight and greater strength significantly increase the installability of the umbilical and reduce material cost.

Umbilicals will continue to be a key component of the subsea infrastructure as the industry collaborates on placing more subsea equipment on the sea floor. Cables to support all-electric control have been designed and proven. Solutions are available to competently transmit greater levels of electrical power. Efficient manufacture of extra-long length umbilicals can be reliably performed and use of factory fitted mid-line joints can provide cost benefits during installation.

Alan Dobson is vice president of research and technology with Technip Umbilicals. He has worked in subsea technology for over 20 years, developing subsea robotic systems, cable and fiber-optic trenching technologies and, in his current role, several umbilical technologies focused around subsea power, chemical injection and control. Dobson has a PhD in subsea control and automation from Newcastle University. He is also a chartered mechanical engineer.

Read more:


Judges given new sentencing guidance for criminals with mental illnesses and learning difficulties

Criminals with mental illnesses and learning difficulties are to be sentenced according to new guidelines aiming to determine their level of responsibility for offences.

Campaigners hailed a “big step” towards consistency in courts across England and Wales, but magistrates warned of a “lack of appropriate options” outside of imprisonment.

The Sentencing Council has launched a consultation on guidance that it said would “help judges and magistrates assess how much responsibility offenders retain for their crime, given their particular condition and how it affects them”.

The independent body said that for the first time, courts would have “a clear structure and process to follow when sentencing people with mental health conditions and disorders, and those with learning disabilities, autism, brain injury, substance misuse disorders and dementia”.

Read the full story here.


Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Spieckermann, Hermann" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Spieckermann, Hermann" )' returned 11 results. Modify search

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(1,001 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann | Karrer, Martin
1. OT In the Near East, anointing is almost as essential as eating and drinking, with the three often occurring together in cuneiform texts. We also find anointing in many cultic and legal records. In the OT the main Hebrew word for “anointing” is māšaḥ, with šemen used most often for “oil.” Although anointing appears in OT texts of various provenance (e.g., Gen. 28:18; Exodus 40), its primary emphasis is in connection with the appointing of the king (e.g., 2 Sam. 2:4; 5:3). In David’s dynasty anointing quickly established itself as a separate action (1 Kgs. 1:39; 2 Kgs. 11:12; 23:30), a…

(446 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann
Noah is a widely attested legendary figure from primeval history (Genesis 1–11) of unknown, pre-Israelite origin. The Priestly Adamite genealogy in Genesis 5 introduces him in tenth position as the son of Lamech (Pentateuch). A non- or pre-Priestly redactor in Gen. 5:29 interprets his name as meaning “one who brings relief” (from nḥm Pi., “comfort”), though a connection with the verb nwḥ, “rest,” seems more likely. The original etymology is probably irretrievable. Noah’s most important role is found in the flood narrative (Genesis 6–8). There he is the “righteous ¶ man” (6:9, also 7:…

Hammurabi, Code of

(311 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann
The Code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest and best-known cuneiform law codes in Akkadian. It appears on a stele over 2 m. (6 ft.) high (now in the Louvre; there are many copies). It was promulgated by Hammurabi, king of the first dynasty of Babylon (1792–1750 b.c.), in an attempt at legal reform. In 282 casuistically formulated legal rulings, selected cases from various branches of law (trial, property, family, and inheritance) are dealt with, along with judgments concerning bodily injuries, various occupations, the hiring of cattle and servants, and the holding of slaves. Worth noting…

Word of God

(5,104 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann | Wolter, Michael | Malcolm, Lois
1. OT 1.1. As Israel began to develop a Word-of-God theology, it had at its disposal important predecessors, especially in Mesopotamia rather than Egypt. Praising the word of the gods was common in Mesopotamia, and it was thought that the divine will was communicated by prophets (§1.2). Yet Egypt proved to be a fruitful starting point for reflections on creation by the Word, which occurred in various cosmogonic systems. The divine Word found personification ¶ in various deities. In literature dealing with death we find divine words, magical words, and oracular words, w…

Kingdom of God

(5,852 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann | Pratscher, Wilhelm | Steinacker, Peter
1. OT The OT contains only a few late references to the kingdom of God. The terms used—Heb. mĕlûkâ, malkût, mamlākâ; Aram. malkû, šolṭān, all meaning “kingdom,” “kingly rule,” or “empire”—show that what is meant is God’s royal rule or dominion. None of these well-attested terms, however, is primarily theological. For the most part, they refer to earthly kingdoms and empires, whether Israelite, Babylonian, or Persian. There is certainly unanimity that ¶ God gives and takes away earthly dominion (see 2 Sam. 16:8; 1 Chr. 10:14, etc.), but this conviction did not at firs…

(515 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann

(492 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann
The term “Hebrews”—in Hebrew ʿibrı̂ (pl. ʿibrı̂m), in Ugaritic ʿpr (pl. ʿprm), in Egyptian ʿpr (pl. ʿpr.w), in Akkadian ḫab/piru (pl. ḫab/pirū, ideogram lúSA.GAZ, with the broader reading ḫabbātu = robbers), in Greek Hebraios—common in the ancient Near East from the late third millennium b.c., designated people who had lost their position in society through war, debt, criminal acts, and so forth, who were organized in loose bands, and who offered their labor to foreign masters in return for recompense. Not by accident …

(742 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann
The Arameans (Heb. and Aram. ’ ărām, ’ ărammî, ’ rm; Akkad. aramu, arimu, etc.) left an important legacy in the Near East until well into the Christian era, namely, the Aramaic language, which belongs to the West Semitic group and is closely related to Hebrew. The OT contains several passages in Aramaic (Gen. 31:47; Ezra 4:8–6:18; 7:12–26; Jer. 10:11; Dan. 2:4b–7:28); the Hebrew text itself also contains various Aramaisms. Widespread from around the eighth century b.c., Aramaic became an official language in the Persian Empire and, with its many d…

(401 words)

Author(s): Spieckermann, Hermann
Josiah, king of Judah (639/638–609 b.c.), was the last significant ruler on the throne of David. The sources tell us more about what he stood for than about himself. During his reign a book of the law (probably identical with the core of Deuteronomy) was found in the temple at Jerusalem, which Josiah pledged himself and his people to keep. Cultic reform meant exclusive worship of Yahweh (Deut. 6:4–25; Monolatry) and centralization of worship (chap. 12) in Jerusalem. (Authentic material strongly shaped by Deuteronomistic redaction appears in 2 Kings 22–23; a wholly tendentious parall…

(10,262 words)

Righteousness/Justice of God

(5,846 words)


Ryan Corcoran on how to effectively navigate contract negotiation

Ryan Corcoran explains that contract negotiation is a tricky process, and you have to be mindful not to push too little or too hard.

Ryan Corcoran explains that contract negotiation is a tricky process, and you have to be mindful not to push too little or too hard. Ryan Corcoran helps you understand how to walk that fine line.

Contract negotiation can be quite the minefield, especially if you do not have the experience to do it effectively. You want to benefit from a contract, but pushing too hard can hurt the deal entirely. Having worked with his fair share of contracts, Ryan Corcoran has some tips on proper contract negotiation that will help you make more contracts with more benefits more efficiently.

Contract negotiation: why Ryan Corcoran finds it essential to find balance:

The first step is often one of the most important in contract negotiation, Ryan Corcoran notes, as it sets the stage for future parts of the negotiation. Instead of trying to negotiate the contract as a whole, a good approach is to divide it into sensible portions. This allows you and the other party or parties to better figure out individual aspects of the contract that may need to be modified or removed in order to achieve mutual satisfaction. You may not get everything that you want through this method, but at the same time, not putting all of your eggs in one contractual basket may ensure that you leave the negotiation table having gotten something out of it. An excellent way to maximize your gain is to have sound reasoning behind why you want what you want. Citing industry precedence and standards can lend more credence to these changes and make them more willing to accept your terms.

Ryan Corcoran recommends you read the room:

Ryan Corcoran also extols the virtues of being in control. Not just in terms of location, timing, location, and pace of the discussion, but also the tone. A commanding presence can help make them more willing to acquiesce, but do make sure that you do not push too hard, as they may be bothered by that tension. Yet, something you will learn is that not every contract negotiation will be the same process. Every suggestion is merely a guideline, Ryan Corcoran states, rather than a hard and fast rule. So try to figure out what works and when. Different people will react to being treated in specific ways differently. For example, if the contract negotiation is going pretty casually, being too serious may create awkward tension that makes them less interested in negotiating. On the other hand, if negotiation is serious, taking things casually may seem insulting, or depending on the kind of person you are working with, it could be seen as a show of weakness. Take the tone that you think fits the situation and run with that. Experience will help you get more consistent.

Ryan Corcoran

RC Lake Rentals LLC

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Triangle Inequality

Move the sliders to change the length of the sides of the line segments and move points C and D to form a triangle.
1.) Give at least three triples (a,b,c) representing the triangles that you have formed. 2.) Is it possible to find a triple (a,b,c) in which cannot form a triangle? Justify your answer. 3.) What conditions must be satisfied so that (a, b, c) can form a triangle?


‘Dearest Elsie, if you’re reading this, I’m dead.  I hope you’re sitting comfortably.  Below is the address of your father.  He’s alive… I know you’re probably thinking I’m a right old fanny for naw telling you sooner… but better late than never.  Love Nan.  PS Dinnae forget tae feed the cat.’  Armed only with an address, a pack of Jammy Dodgers and a Scottish sense of humour, Elsie heads from Glasgow to Manchester in search of her father.  Two actors and 20 characters drive this fast-paced dark comedy.

Elsie Thatchwick is dramatic, human and moving piece of drama, even more so given it is Skye Lourie’s first play.  The writing is humorous, poignant and sharp, moving from some gallus laugh out loud moments to genuinely moving scenes.

This is a good show dealing with an interesting subject with tenderness and humour, one that deserves a wider audience.  Lourie also plays Elsie and is joined on stage by Graeme Dalling, who plays a variety of characters, each one with a deft touch.

Most impressive was a jakey character, who is convincing rather than a trite cliché of how people think a street drinker behaves.  Dalling’s facial reactions are realistic in the parts and he helps sell them, no easy task given how quickly he moves from one to the next.  The pair only have a handful of props but all are used to good effect while also making full use of the performance area.

None of the dialogue sounds unrealistic or false, it flows like all conversations do.  Each of Elsie’s relationships are given time to shine and feel believable.

I particularly liked the way Elsie’s father is portrayed, in a subtle manner without any nonsense.  The part could quite easily get mishandled but Lourie doesn’t, much to her credit, which helps make the play a better piece.  Lourie has dedicated the play to her father, Buzz, and that shows in her acting at times, but not in a bad way.  The emotions on her face towards the end are genuine, or at least I felt so; you can see how much the story means to her.

The play’s music also works, the songs aren’t shoe-horned in but fit well with the play and its pace.  I look forward to seeing more of both Dalling and Lourie and I hope she continues to write.


Artist & Scriptwriter

Franz Drappier (1948-2003) was born in Charleroi, Belgium, and was a prolific artist who tried his hand at just about everything, from political cartoons to comics and scriptwriting. Over the course of his career he created or took over several prominent adventure series set across the globe in various eras: Jugurtha in Ancient Rome, Poupée d’Ivoire in 12th-century Central Asia, Lester Cockney and the British Empire of the 19th century. A taste for history equaled only by his passion for horses, fertile soil for his western Wyoming Doll published toward the end of his career, in 1999 (Dargaud; Europe Comics in English).


November 5, 2021

Therapeutic oligonucleotides offer promising treatments—typically by antisense interactions or siRNA-mediated effects—for a wide range of medical conditions that cannot be effectively treated by small-molecule or protein therapeutics. Current mass spectrometry (MS) based identification (ID) testing is straightforward, generally only requiring a m/z measurement for the target molecule. However, to facilitate deployment in regulated manufacturing environments, a range of system suitability tests (SSTs)—which can create labor-intensive manual calculations that may be subject to errors—need to be performed.

Liquid chromatography (LC) data with both MS and UV detection was processed and analyzed using Genedata Expressionist software (Genedata AG, Basel). An automated data processing workflow was developed to identify the therapeutic oligonucleotides using the observed m/z value, while SST criteria (e.g., retention time, peak area, and sample purity) were verified using UV-based measurements. The entire workflow was fully automated, which not only dramatically accelerated data analysis in comparison to manual measurements, but also significantly decreased the risk of errors.

The approach taken in Genedata Expressionist ensured that all measurements were done automatically, free from human input, and all within the same data platform; thereby facilitating the implementation of the assay in regulated environments.


What are Black PCBs?

What are Black PCBs? Why are they used?

PCB Fabrication
1 Answer
Can you answer this question?

Editorial Team - PCB Directory

Aug 2, 2022

A Black PCB is a black-colored printed circuit board that uses a black solder mask. The Solder mask is a thin layer of polymer that is applied on a circuit board to protect the copper from oxidation and several other environmental factors like contaminants, dust, and dirt which might affect the overall performance of a PCB.

Why are Black PCBs used?

Low reflection of light:  Black is a good absorber of light and a poor reflector of the same. Hence, black circuit board materials are used in applications to minimize light reflection.

Difficult to Copy: Black PCBs feature copper traces that are difficult to spot while looking at them through the naked eye which makes them difficult to replicate by simply following the design traces. The board is also hard to copy given the high costs of production when compared to other types of boards. This is an important factor that makes tech giants like Apple, MSI & ASUS adopt black PCBs in their motherboard designs.

Visually appealing: Black is a visually appealing color that provides a luxurious feel to the overall look of the product.

Limitations of Using Black PCBs

More visible scratches: Scratches on Black PCBs are more visible compared to other lighter colors. This can cause the boards to look more worn out.

Hard to manufacture: Black PCBs need more light when tracing copper paths on the board. Manufacturers and designers find it difficult to work with black PCB boards because these routing paths are not easy to design and follow when manufacturing the board.

Black ink is slightly toxic and expensive –  Black Solder Inks are more expensive than the other inks that are used. Additionally, the chemicals used to create the black ink are more toxic than the standard green ink. The black inks are more troublesome to dispose of for wastewater treatment factories when compared with other types of solder inks.

Black PCB Boards are an excellent choice for boards that need to be visually appealing. PCB traces are difficult to spot which makes it harder to copy these boards. However, these boards are more expensive to manufacture in bulk and difficult to repair/maintain.

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1) What is statute -

      A statute means any Law, Enactment, Act.  "A  Statute is a formal written enactment of Legislative authority that governs a country, state, city or county. Generally, Statute can be classified with reference to its duration, Method, Object, and extent of Application.

Read... Classification of Statute

2) What is consolidating statute -

      It is the Statute which consolidates the law on a particular subject at one place.  A  Consolidating Statute is one which collects all statutory provisions relating to a particular topic in one place into one Legislative Act with minor amendments and improvements, if necessary. While integrating a consolidating Act a presumption exists that the legislature does not intend to change the existing law because it has only collective or relevant existing statutory provisions, which always specified a topic at one place and has not enacted new legislation.

     It has been said that the Consolidating Act should be interpreted reasonably with reference to its context. The Court Nowadays say that a consolidated Act that should also follow the same canons of construction as are being followed in respect of other Statutes and that there are no separate rules of construction of a consolidating Statute.  However, in such cases where in spite of the best efforts of the court any ambiguity remains then reference can be made to the interpretation given in the past to the repealed enactments which have been consolidated to form the present Act.

Examples -

         In England the law of Property Act 1925 which consolidated the Acts of 1922 and 1924 (Act No. 2 of 1974) if consolidating Act. Similarly,  in Australia, the New South Wales Justice Act 1902 is a Consolidating Act. In India, the code of Criminal Procedure, 1974 is a consolidating Statute relating to Criminal procedure.

3) Purpose/Object of consolidating statute -

         The purpose of a Consolidating  Act is to present the whole body of statutory law on a subject in a complete form repealing the earlier Acts,  however, a  consolidating act may not be a mere compilation off earlier statute.

4) Relevant case law -

Beswick vs Beswick, 1968, A.C 58

      In this Case, Court Stated that very object of consolidation is to collect statutory law bearing upon a particular subject to bring it down to date, in order that it may form a useful code applicable to the circumstances existing at the time when the Consolidating Act is passed.

State of West Bengal Vs Nipendra Nath AIR 1966, S.C 477

       In this case, the Supreme Court of India, Stated that there to find out the meaning of law, recourse may legitimately be have to a prior state of Law, the evil sought to be removed and the process by which law was evolved.

See Also..


Digital platforms can be used to poison our politics

Megaphone Social Media Concept. [Getty Images]

The political season is upon us, and the internet and social media are awash with information about campaigns, polls conducted by various firms, and analyses on politicians or coalitions which appear likely to carry the day.

But digital spaces are fraught with risks as well as opportunities. The challenge is, do we understand the risks, while at the same time taking advantage of the opportunities?

Social media has become the online equivalent of a political marketplace, hosting the political discourse of the day across various platforms. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok are the popular social media networks today.

According to the Digital 2022 Global Overview Report, 58.4 per cent of the global population (4.6 billion people) are social media users. In East Africa, 10 per cent of the population are social media users. In Kenya, 21 per cent of the population are active social media users.

Kenya boasts a rapidly growing and sophisticated digital space; hence ‘the Silicon Savanah’. Social media plays an outsized part in this growth: it plays host to social gatherings, is a place where people research everything from what is trending to possible travel destinations, and is even a growing source of news and political gossip.

Some 40 per cent of internet users surveyed in Kenya said they trust social media as a source of news. The attention seeking phenomenon has meant that ‘news’ is laced with whatever is likely to generate interest and engagement.

However, research by the Reuters Institute has revealed that 75 per cent of respondents found it difficult to differentiate between fake and real news on the internet. This is a conundrum given our voracious appetite for news and politics sourced from social media.

Indeed, this is one of the goals of misinformation and disinformation campaigns: to poison the information environment such that no one knows what is true or false and to obliterate critical thinking. This is due to the fact that just as ‘bad news travels fast’, misinformation and disinformation have an inherently greater capacity to go viral.

This can prove disastrous for democratic processes, as has been proven in numerous elections around the world. A 2018 report by Portland Africa revealed that in 10 elections across Africa between 2017 and 2018, bots were increasingly prevalent in attempting to sway public opinion and fuel negative sentiment.

Thankfully for Kenya, the Portland survey also found that two thirds of Kenyans (67 per cent) prefer to read comprehensive and detailed information over concise and summarised information; and 78 per cent prefer factual and accurate information over opinion based news.

Thus, given the overwhelming trust Kenyans have in social media as a news source, even mainstream media outlets have been known to curate ‘breaking news’ from social media. In the ensuing media frenzy, it becomes relatively easy to get caught out by information that is intended to mislead or deceive. While mainstream media has a duty to counter fake news, we as consumers also need to be more mindful of the media we consume and share.

This becomes all the more important during the political season, such as we are in now. Our digital space is replete with political messaging, manifestos, and content crafted by those who understand our digital proclivities only too well. In a world where the production of information, misinformation, and disinformation has become commercialised, we should pay careful attention to how we access and utilise digital platforms.

The writer is a governance consultant

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Heading into the 2019 NHL All-Star break the Chicago Blackhawks post a dispirited 18-24-9 record. The team’s 45 points through 51 games is a franchise low since the 2006-2007 season (19-25-7) when Denis Savard took over for Trent Yawney. They currently sit seven points behind the second wild card spot and only two ahead from last place. But first-time head-coach Jeremy Colliton has a plan to turn it all around; an all Patrick Kane line.

Since taking over for future hall of famer and three-time Stanley Cup winner Joel Quenneville, who started the season 6-6-3 before getting the boot, Colliton has managed a 13-18-6 record. The low point being eight straight loses.

Colliton has secured the same technology that cloned Dolly the Sheep more than 20 years ago and plans to use it to duplicate the Art Ross Trophy winner, who’s seen his ice time jump to as high as 28:50.

“Cloning Kane is really going to help us,” said Colliton. “Not to take anything away from the rest of the guys, but he’s magic. Why not have five of them? If it works out, we may bump that number even higher.”


In Good Condition

Once again, my musical bent intruded on the writing of this installment about the use of the conditional. We’re going to be focusing a lot on the word if today, which of course immediately made me think of this song from the early ’70s. But if you need something a bit more funky to get you going, here’s another good option

OK, yes, I admit it: I’m old.

Anyway, most conditional sentences have an easily recognizable structure: they start with an if clause (phrase containing a subject and verb) that sets up a hypothetical world, then are rounded out by another clause describing what happens in that world.

Image by Paul Brennan from Pixabay

So let’s start out by looking at the if clause. Sometimes it describes a situation in which the speaker (or writer) is either leaving the options open or doesn’t know if the if clause is true or not. This is known as the open conditional:

If Kurt likes that song, he’ll watch the video. (The speaker doesn’t know if Kurt likes it or not, but is confident that if he does, he’ll watch the video.)

If Kurt liked that song, he watched the video. (Again, the speaker doesn’t know if Kurt liked it or not, but is that confident that if he did, he watched the video.)

In these two sentences the tenses of the verbs show only the time of the action, the same way that verb tense does in most of the sentences we usually construct: likes indicates action in the present; he’ll watch, the future; and liked and watched, action in the past. So verb tense rules in the open conditional are flexible and work pretty much normally.

Image by songpon pirom from Pixabay

So far, so good. Things get more interesting, however, when we start exploring the opposite of the open conditional, called the remote conditional. Here the speaker either knows for certain that the hypothetical world created in the if clause is not true or thinks it very unlikely:

If Kurt liked that song, he would watch the video. (The speaker thinks it’s very unlikely that Kurt likes or liked it. The clause he would watch the video describes what might happen on the off chance that Kurt in fact likes or liked it.)

If Kurt had liked that song, he would have watched the video. (Again, the speaker thinks it’s very unlikely that Kurt liked it. And he would have watched the video implies that he didn’t watch it, serving as proof that he didn’t like the song.)

By the way, we saw this same concept of remoteness in our last installment on the irrealis mood. And, as with the irrealis, remoteness in the conditional is reflected in the verb tense.

Now let’s turn to those verb tenses, where we’ll find that the structure of the remote conditional is more rigid than that of the open. Notice that in the examples both if clauses are in past tense; as a matter of fact, in the second example it’s in the past perfect tense, the “past of the past”: had liked. In the second clauses, we have the auxiliary (“helping”) verb would, which is the past tense of will. Would is by far the most common past tense auxiliary to show up in the second clause, but it can also be should, could, or might—the past tense forms of shall, can, or may.

Now here’s what’s odd about the remote conditional: the use of the past tense in the if clause does not necessarily mean that the action happened in the past. Its only function is to mark remoteness. Notice that I said that in the first example’s if clause, If Kurt liked that song, that the speaker doesn’t think that Kurt likes or liked the song. In this case, we can’t determine the time of the action without more context.

But another example will show the tense oddness much more clearly:

If you waited until the singer’s birthday next week to post the video, you would get more views.

Since we have next week in the if clause, clearly the action did not take place in the past. The past tense verb waited shows only the remoteness—that the speaker is pretty sure that the you addressed won’t wait to post the video.

Finally, what about our example with that past perfect verb in the if clause?

Remember that in the remote conditional, the past tense shows only remoteness, not past time. So if we want to express that Kurt liked the song in the past, we have to take the past tense for remoteness and add another past tense to it. This gives us the past perfect (the “past of the past”), which can always be recognized by the auxiliary had.

By now your brain is probably ready about to explode—I know mine certainly is! The good news is that most native speakers of English construct these conditional sentences correctly most of the time. But it’s always a good idea to give them a second look to make sure that you’re conveying what you intended, particularly whether the if clause should be open or remote. There’s just one fairly common pitfall to avoid with the remote conditional: remember that the auxiliary would goes only in the second clause, never in the if clause:

Wrong: If you would have waited to post that video, you would have gotten more views.

Right: If you had waited to post that video, you would have gotten more views.

And if you can’t make heads or tails out of what I’ve said, here’s another explanation of the conditional that might help. Please feel free to leave a comment below with any questions or any good examples of conditionals you come across in your reading!


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Lewis, Turning Earth

Choose Local Lea Bridge: Lewis, Turning Earth

Published: 9 May 2022
Filed under: Choose Local

Turning Earth, a ceramics studio based in the Argall Industrial area, is a creative space in the borough for us to all to love and appreciate. They have unique and high-quality facilities that are open to everyone, regardless of any previous interest or skill level. There is really a lot to enjoy, including experiencing some of the lessons and courses offered in ceramics for those that really want to get stuck in the wonderful world of clay, with all the fun and relaxation that it brings.

We caught up with Lewis, managing director of Turning Earth to discuss what makes the creative studio such a special space.

Can you tell me about when and why you started your business?

Turning Earth opened its pilot studio in December 2013 with the intention to bring ceramics back into public life and make it affordable and accessible for all.

What is special about your business/ makes it stand out?

We offer ceramic facilities for all in spacious, bright and accessible studios, where students, hobbyists and burgeoning professionals make up a buoyant community, sharing ideas, learning new skills together, fostering friendships and developing skills.

What makes Lea Bridge and the business community here special?

We are right in the midst of multiple diverse, studios, commercial and industrial businesses cafes and breweries right next to Walthamstow marshes. This makes it a fantastic place for the community to work or just visit and relax.

Why should people support local businesses/ why are local customers important to you?

We believe that a strong sense of community cohesion makes people feel more at home and better connected, more willing to engage and more rooted in their environment.

 Where do you like to visit/shop locally?

We love all the local cafes and restaurants and use many of the local traders, such as timber, electrical and plumbers merchants.

How can people find out more about you?


Password managers are useful because they let you remember passwords to websites and services you often use. They can also be used to generate complex passwords to make it harder for people to guess, and you can then store those complex passwords in it so you don’t have to remember it yourself.

Of course, all of this is locked behind a master password, like the key to a vault, which means that unless someone else has that key, they won’t be able to access your passwords. Unfortunately for LastPass users, they are reporting on Hacker News that they have received notifications of login attempts using their master passwords.

Some users are reporting that even changing their master password doesn’t seem to help as bizarrely enough, they still get login attempt notifications even after the password change. However, in a statement made to AppleInsider, LastPass spokesperson Meghan Larson says that they have not been breached.

According to Larson, “LastPass investigated recent reports of blocked login attempts and we believe the activity is related to attempted ‘credential stuffing’ activity, in which a malicious or bad actor attempts to access user accounts (in this case, LastPass) using email addresses and passwords obtained from third-party breaches related to other unaffiliated services.”

That being said, if you do use LastPass, you should probably enable two-factor authentication so that even if your master password has been leaked, hackers won’t be able to get into your account, unless for some reason they have access to your phone or authenticator device.

Filed in General. Read more about , and . Source: appleinsider


Total operations made for digital analyse of any information system to present it court, legal document in order to prove guiltiness or innocence. As a summary of process below may be presented; before analysing all record environments (hard disc, memory card, USB memory, mobile phone, SIM card, GPS navigation device etc.), one to one cloning should be made in laboratory. The gathered clone is same copy of original record environment and while imaging a unique hash (MD5 or SHA) value is calculated proving even a tiny change has not occurred on evidence. By this way the validity of evidence is kept as hash code will not change – in the case of intervention the hash code will change so it is not possible to make any operation on the evidence. Also, in order to prevent any change risk on evidence such as virus, user fault etc. while imaging original environment and while investigating on the evidence write-protect extra connection apparatus (write-blocker) is used.


Panni Puri

The AIHR invites the Hampton Roads Foodies to take part in the Panni Puri competition- open for Age 16 and above to participate and win the prize for being a food lover.

Disclaimer: AIHR reserves the right to make any changes to a contest or cancel a contest. AIHR reserves the right to cancel India Fest or change the date or any format or item of the INDIA FEST event.


Ancient Monuments

History on the Ground

Roman fort 300m east of Drayton Lodge Farm

A Scheduled Monument in Shifnal, Shropshire

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Latitude: 52.6842 / 52°41'3"N

Longitude: -2.355 / 2°21'18"W

OS Eastings: 376097.594203

OS Northings: 309672.446271

OS Grid: SJ760096

Mapcode National: GBR 06M.RDR

Mapcode Global: WH9D4.SSRL

Entry Name: Roman fort 300m east of Drayton Lodge Farm

Scheduled Date: 22 October 1973

Last Amended: 18 September 2001

Source: Historic England

Source ID: 1020283

English Heritage Legacy ID: 34909

County: Shropshire

Civil Parish: Shifnal

Traditional County: Shropshire

Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Shropshire

Church of England Parish: Shifnal St Andrew

Church of England Diocese: Lichfield

The monument includes the buried remains of a Roman fort. It is located 1.2km
south of Watling Street, the present A5, and 2km south west of the Roman
marching camps at Burlington, which are the subject of a separate scheduling.
The fort is situated on gently sloping ground, which rises to the south, and
is overlooked by low hills to the north and east. From this location Watling
Street and the sites of the Roman marching camps at Burlington cannot be seen.
The fort was discovered during aerial reconnaisance and has been recorded from
aerial photographs taken over the last 30 years. It is rectangular in shape
with a roughly triangular annex to the east. Its overall dimensions are
approximately 155m north-south by 205m east-west. An internal rampart, now no
longer visible as an earthwork, defines a rectangular area of about 0.9ha. The
rampart is surrounded by four ditches, now infilled but surviving as buried
features. The two innermost ditches on the northern side are partly overlain
by a modern farm track. At the mid-point on the eastern side the two middle
ditches turn at right angles to form an entrance causeway about 15m wide. The
adjacent ditch to the east, which separates the main body of the fort from the
annex, is slightly angled in relation to the causeway. The ditch defining the
annex has also been infilled, but survives as a buried feature.

The size of the fort indicates that it was built to accommodate an auxiliary
unit of 500 infantry - a Cohors quingenaria peditata. From its topographical
location it would appear that the fort was established at the time of the
Claudian military advance into this area, about AD 47, thus predating Watling
Street, which was constructed around AD 50. The fort is also considered to
have been built about the same time as the auxiliary fort at Wroxeter, nearly
20km to the west, which is the subject of a separate scheduling.

The surface of the farm track is excluded from the scheduling, although the
ground beneath it is included.

It includes a 5 metre boundary around the archaeological features,
considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.

Source: Historic England

Reasons for Scheduling

In outline they were straight sided rectangular enclosures with rounded
or more outer ditches. Some forts had separately defended, subsidiary
enclosures or annexes, allowing additional storage space or for the
accommodation of troops and convoys in transit. Although built and used
throughout the Roman period, the majority of forts were constructed between
the mid first and mid second centuries AD. Some were only used for short
a gradual replacement of timber with stone.
important in representing army strategy and therefore government policy, forts
forts with surviving archaeological potential are considered to be nationally

Despite modification of the defences, the Roman fort 300m east of Drayton
Lodge Farm is a good example of its class. It is believed to date to the
earliest stages of the Roman military advance into the western midlands of
England, and is therefore of particular importance to the understanding of the
conquest of this area by the Roman forces.

The buried remains of structural features, including the headquarters
building, commanding officer's house, barrack blocks and storehouses, all
probably built from wood, are expected to survive within the interior. The
very pronounced soil and crop marks seen from the air of the infilled ditches
indicate that they survive well, and may be waterlogged in part. Within the
ditch fills a range of artefacts and organic remains, associated with the
occupation of the fort, are likely to be preserved. In addition, organic
remains surviving in the ditches will provide valuable evidence about the
local environment and the use of the surrounding land at the time the fort was
constructed and subsequently.

Source: Historic England

Books and journals
White, R, Dalwood, H, 'Central Marches Historic Towns report' in Archaeological assessment of Wroxeter, Shropshire, (1996), 2
Olique APs and a vertical AP in SMR,
White, R, (2000)

Source: Historic England