What gives you high self-esteem?

What gives you high self-esteem?

Spend Time Clarifying Your Values. Finally, having high self-esteem comes from living your life in a way that is consistent with your ideals. On the other side, if you consistently compromise your values in your thinking and behavior, you're setting yourself up for low self-esteem, self-worth, and confidence.

It also helps if you learn from those who are better than you. I always try to do that. It's important not to be envious of others' accomplishments or success because if you are, you'll feel bad about yourself and have low self-esteem.

Have faith in yourself. Have confidence in your abilities. Know what you want out of life and go after it with all your heart. Self-esteem grows as you achieve more and more goals. You will only grow confident as you gain experience and learn more about yourself and your abilities.

How does your level of self-esteem influence your behavior in everyday life?

People who have high self-esteem do better in school, are less sad, experience less stress, and may even live longer than those who have a poor self-image. The researchers also discovered that high self-esteem is associated with higher initiative and activity; people who have high self-esteem just do more things. It is possible that if you take away their self-esteem, then these successful people would stop acting like stars and try to behave like average people.

In addition, high self-esteem is linked to better social skills and healthier relationships. People with high self-esteem are more likely to make friends, develop friendships, and keep relationships going for longer periods of time.

Finally, the researchers found that low self-esteem is linked to worse health behaviors, such as drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and doing drugs. People who have low self-esteem are more likely to drink alcohol or use drugs to feel better about themselves.

These are just some of the many studies that have looked at the relationship between self-esteem and health-related behaviors. What this study shows us is that there is a clear connection between self-esteem and health-related behaviors. People who have low self-esteem are more likely to act in ways that will hurt them emotionally or physically. They may drink too much alcohol or use drugs to feel better about themselves.

What are the benefits of high self-esteem?

One of the advantages of having high self-esteem is that a person feels good about himself. He is confident in his abilities and regards himself as a person worthy of others' respect. This kind of feeling makes him happy with what he has, who he is, and his life situation.

Another advantage is that you feel comfortable in yourself and your environment. You have no need to compare yourself with other people, because you know that you belong to this world and have your own special qualities. This gives you freedom and confidence, which leads to happiness.

High self-esteem also protects you against depression. If you believe that you're not good enough, then it's easy to think that everything that happens to you - good or bad - is due to your own shortcomings. This can lead to feelings of guilt and shame, which can eventually cause depression.

However, if you have high self-esteem, then even though things may go wrong, you still believe that you are a good person who deserves better circumstances. This means that you don't feel guilty about what has happened, and you don't let it bring you down. Instead, you use it to learn from your mistakes and become a better person.

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Gisele Lee

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10 Best Cities for Patient Satisfaction

There are many problems with American healthcare, but one seems to be the inconsistency of the care provided. These 10 cities are better at keeping their patients satisfied.

There are many problems with American healthcare, but one seems to be the inconsistency of the care provided, according to a report from Vanguard Communications.

Depending on where you live will greatly impact how satisfied you are as a patient.

Vanguard collected ratings of individual doctors, group medical practices, clinics, and hospitals in the 100 largest US cities, then ranked each according to the average patient rating on a 5-star scale. The firm scoured online reviews of 46,300 healthcare providers on Google+ and Yelp.com.

“From these findings, I’d say that doctors get much better reviews than hotels, restaurants and retail businesses,” Vanguard Chief Executive Officer Ron Harman King, said in a statement. “Another discovery is that you can find happy patients everywhere, not just in sunny, warm places but also in relatively cloudy and damp locations such as Cleveland and Seattle.”

There are no correlations between city rankings and other statistics, like population size, average income, age, educational attainment, political leanings, or even percent of the population with health insurance, according to Vanguard.

Here are the 10 cities with the highest patient satisfaction scores. (Cities with less than 50 healthcare providers were not eligible for the top 10.)

10. Birmingham, Alabama

Average rating: 3.93

Median age: 35.5

Population: 212,038

Median income: $31,467

Birmingham is perfect proof that living there is no correlation between income and patient satisfaction. The city has the second-lowest median income in the top 10, and its household income is well below the nation’s $51,017.

9. New Orleans, Louisiana

Average rating: 3.97

Median age: 34.9

Population: 369,250

Median income: $36,681

The insured rate in New Orleans is among the lowest (79%) with just one city reporting a lower rate of insured residents (the next on the list, actually). However, it also has one of the highest poverty rates (27.2%). And yet, despite that, the residents are very happy with their healthcare providers.

8. Austin, Texas

Average rating: 3.98

Median age: 31.1

Population: 842,592

Median income: $52,431

© 2006 Larry D. Moore

Austin is a young city and, as such, it has the lowest insured rate with just 78.4% of residents covered by insurance. However, satisfaction may drop in the future: Texas is expected to have one of the worst primary care physician shortages. By 2030, the state will need to increase its primary care physician workforce by 47% in order to maintain the status quo.

7. San Jose, California

Average rating: 4

Median age: 35.2

Population: 982,765

Median income: $81,349

San Jose is one of the most expensive cities in the US to live in, so it’s a good thing the residents are satisfied with their healthcare. The city has the highest median income on the top 10, though its high school graduation rate and insured rate are only in the middle of the pack among the top 10.

5. (tied) Cleveland, Ohio

Average rating: 4.02

Median age: 36.3

Population: 390,928

Median income: $26,556

Chris Gent

Despite the fact that a lot of the categories would seem to work against patients being satisfied, that’s not the case. Cleveland has the lowest high school graduation rate (76.7%), the lowest median income, and the highest poverty rate (34.2%). And, yet, it’s insured rate is roughly the same as other cities in the top with higher median incomes and lower poverty rates.

5. (tied) St. Louis, Missouri

Average rating: 4.02

Median age: 34

Population: 318,172

Median income: $34,384

Like Cleveland, St. Louis has a low median income and a high poverty rate (27%), and yet 89.3% of residents are insured, which is the second-highest on the list. However, St. Louis is one of the most dangerous cities with high crime rates.

3. (tied) Seattle, Washington

Average rating: 4.05

Median age: 36.1

Population: 634,535

Median income: $63,470

The cost of a primary care visit is among the most expensive in the country, though it is the cheapest of 30 cities to get an MRI, according to a report from Castlight. Seattle has the highest high school graduation rate (92.9%). The poverty rate is fairly low (13.2%), but the insured rate (86.3%) is in the middle of the pack among the top 10. It is one of the oldest cities on the list.

3. (tied) Indianapolis, Indiana

Average rating: 4.05

Median age: 33.8

Population: 834,852

Median income: $42,144

Among the top 10 cities, the poverty rate is fairly high (19.9%), while the insured rate is on the low wend (80.3%). On top of that, the median income is lower than the national average, but the cost of living in Indianapolis is lower than the national average.

2. Honolulu, Hawaii

Average rating: 4.14

Median age: 37.7

Population: 375,111

Median income: $72,292

Honolulu is officially the oldest city on the list (although the top city is a very close second), but it has the second-highest high school graduation rate (90.4%), and the second-highest median income. However, Hawaii is the most expensive place to live with a very high cost of living rate of 158 compared to the national average of 100.

1. San Francisco/Oakland, California

Average rating: 4.15

Median age: 37.35

Population: 1.2 million

Median income: $62,743

Since the 2 cities are so close in proximity (roughly 10 miles apart), Vanguard gave them the top spot together despite the fact that San Francisco and Oakland are vastly different in demographics, culture, and mindsets. However, the company treated them as one metropolis with one pool of healthcare providers.

When they are counted separately, though, Oakland’s rating is 4.14 stars and San Francisco just wins with 4.15 stars. The median household income for San Francisco is $73,802, which is much higher than Oakland’s $51,683.

It’s a good thing that residents of the Bay Area are satisfied with their healthcare, though, especially since they have some of the most expensive care in the country.


How old is Ella Mai?

Ella Mai was born on 3 November 1994.
Ella Mai is 27 years old.

How old is Ella Mai in days now?

Ella Mai is 27 years 2 months 16 days old.
Total 9,939 days old now.

When is the next birthday of Ella Mai?

Ella Mai's next birthday is in 9 months 15 days.

What is the zodiac sign of Ella Mai?

Zodiac sign of Ella Mai is Scorpio.

Ella Mai is a singer and a member of the band Arize. Born Ella Mai Howell in 1994 in London the UK, Ella grew up in the family of huge music fans and, according to her mom, she was named after amazing Ella Fitzerald. When Mai was 12 he family moved to the US where she graduated from high school and started her musical career. In 2014 she was back to London to study at the British and Irish Modern Music Institute, and in the same year, she joined auditions for The X Factor where she became a part of the Arize trio. Unfortunately, the trio did not manage to make it to the finals, but the young singer continued promoting her songs, mainly with the help of online platforms like YouTube and Instagram. Her first single "Boo'd Up" received a very warm reception and at the end of 2018, Ella released her debut eponymous album. She collaborated with Meek Mill, Kehlani, and other popular singers. Ella Mai is a promising young singer who has been nominated twice for Grammy Award and has become the winner of one.

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Quick Answer: When Is Dr Strange Coming Out?

Are they making a Doctor Strange 2?

” Doctor Strange 2 ” now has a US release date of March 25, 2022, which would make it the first Marvel Cinematic Universe movie of next year.

Who will play Nightmare in Dr Strange 2?

CONFIRMED: Bruce Campbell will have a role since Sam Raimi is directing the film. David Tennant is the studio’s number one choice for Nightmare, in regards of Kilgrave.

Who is the villain in Dr Strange 2?

This is what Agatha meant when she said Wanda will destroy the world; Wanda herself won’t bring about destruction, but her chaos magic will unleash a force that will. Wanda as the ” villain ” of Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness makes perfect sense.

Is Doctor Strange on Netflix 2019?

” Doctor Strange ” is one of the most critically acclaimed movies in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and you can watch it on Netflix right now.

Will there be an Iron Man 4?

Yes, there will be an official Iron Man 4 and yes, Robert Downey Jr. is in discussion to reappear as billionaire playboy philanthropist Tony Stark. Fans either loved or hated Iron Man 3 so it’ll be interesting to see which direction the fourth installment of the Iron Man series points.

Who is the most powerful Avenger?

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Who is the weakest avenger?

  1. 1 Weakest: Captain America.
  2. 2 Strongest: Thor.
  3. 3 Weakest: Winter Soldier.
  4. 4 Strongest: Vision.
  5. 5 Weakest: Falcon.
  6. 6 Strongest: Scarlet Witch.
  7. 7 Weakest: Black Widow.
  8. 8 Strongest: Doctor Strange.

Is Wanda Maximoff good or bad?

Wanda first appeared as a member of the Brotherhood Of Evil Mutants, led by Magneto. Her mutant power was a ‘hex power’ but not defined as magical in any way. It would be many years – almost two decades – before she began experimenting with the mystic arts.

Will Dr Strange appear in WandaVision?

WandaVision Showrunner Addresses Doctor Strange’s Absence Despite rumors that the Sorcerer Supreme would cameo on WandaVision, the finale came and went without his arrival. For showrunner and head writer Jac Schaeffer, it just wasn’t in the cards. “I heart Doctor Strange just like anybody,” Schaeffer told Deadline.

Who is the real villain in WandaVision?

The name’s Agatha Harkness. Lovely to finally meet you, dear.” At the end of WandaVision’s seventh episode, Agnes finally unveiled her true identity to Wanda Maximoff, confirming that the former Avenger was never the only witch hiding in Westview.

Why did Mordo attack Pangborn?

In the film, it is Pangborn who gives Stephen Strange the initial hope that The Ancient One can help him. Mordo attacks Pangborn, revealing that he has found a new path, now: eliminating what he feels to be an overpopulation of sorcerer’s in the world.

Is Scarlet Witch a villain in WandaVision?

There’s a good chance Wanda is being set up as the villain for Marvel movies in the future. From her very first appearance, Wanda has shown some villainous streaks. When she first appeared in Avengers: Age of Ultron, she appeared as a villain, as an ally of Ultron and made the Avengers fight each with her mind tricks.

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Is Doctor Strange on Disney+?

“ Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness” hits theaters on May 7th, 2021, which means it should be available on Disney+ in late 2021 or early 2022.

Why is Dr Strange not on Netflix?

Why is Doctor Strange leaving Netflix? Titles come and go from Netflix all the time but in the case of this title, it falls under the Disney. The Disney contract started in 2016 which brings movies to Netflix roughly 8 months after their cinematic release.

Is Doctor Strange on any streaming service?

Currently you are able to watch ” Doctor Strange ” streaming on USA Network, Disney Plus.

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Numeric and Alphanumeric Expressions

To zero in on

The difficulty translating this expression lies in the limited verbal aspect of the word “zero.” The expression means to focus heavily on something, and among the various explanations that exist in this regard, the most prominent is the idea of getting so close to somthing, whether it is a physical object or not, that no gap remains between our view and the object in question.

Catch 22

A situation referred to in English as a Catch 22 refers to a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape due to conflicting rules, or a hopeless situation where one can only obtain something they need by forgoing the need for such object. The expression comes from a novel by Joseph Heller, called Catch 22, which describes the frustrating bureaucratic avatars hanging over the soldiers in World War II. The expression is introduced by the character Doc Daneeka who refers to the Catch 22 situation to explain the predicament where if a pilot requests a mental evaluation for dementia –in hopes of being found insufficiently sane to fly and thus avoid dangerous missions– he ends up proving his mental stability by applying for the evaluation and therefore may not be declared insane.

The meaning of these numbers comes from the story of a group of young people from San Rafael High School in California, who called themselves the Waldos and who used to meet at 4:20 p.m. each evening to smoke marijuana alongside a statue in honor of French chemist Louis Pasteur. Over the years, April 20 (4/20) became a sort of holiday and later on, global cannabis day. It is difficult to translate these numeric and alphanumeric expressions because they lack meaning in other cultures where these traditions are not found.

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FTC Announces Settlement with Zoom Resolving Data Security Concerns

By Jessica S. Heim, Ryan Will, and W. Logan Lewis

On November 9, 2020, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) announced a proposed settlement with Zoom Video Communications, Inc. (“Zoom”), a video conferencing provider, to resolve claims that Zoom deceived users about the extent and nature of its software’s encryption and secretly installed software that circumvented a browser security safeguard.1 The proposed settlement, which is subject to public comment and final FTC approval, contains a range of injunctive relief that, according to the Majority Statement, will “ensure[] that Zoom will prioritize consumers’ privacy and security.” Two commissioners—Rohit Chopra and Rebecca Kelly Slaughter—dissented, saying that the proposed settlement offers no redress to affected users, does not require Zoom to pay a monetary penalty, and fails to require Zoom to address privacy as well as security concerns.

The Complaint

The FTC complaint alleges five counts of violations of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45(a).

First, the complaint alleges that Zoom misrepresented its use of end-to-end encryption to secure the content of the communications between participants using Zoom’s video conferencing service. End-to-end encryption is a method of securing communications where an encrypted communication can only be deciphered by the communicating parties and is intended to prevent communications from being read or modified by anyone other than the true sender and recipient. According to the FTC, Zoom misrepresented that it provided end-to-end encryption for all of its video conferencing services from at least 2016 until April 2020, when its Chief Product Officer revealed in a blog post that end-to-end encryption was generally unavailable for a “Zoom Meeting,” Zoom’s core product.

Second, the complaint alleges that Zoom misrepresented since at least June 2015 that it employed 256-bit encryption to secure Zoom meetings. According to the FTC, Zoom actually used 128-bit encryption, a lower level of encryption that provides less confidentiality protection.

Third, the complaint alleges that Zoom misrepresented that recorded Zoom meetings were stored in encrypted fashion in Zoom’s cloud storage immediately after a meeting had ended, when, in fact, recorded meetings were stored unencrypted on Zoom’s servers for up to 60 days before Zoom transferred these recordings to secure cloud storage.

Fourth, the complaint alleges that Zoom, without adequate notice or consent, installed software called ZoomOpener as part of a manual update for its Mac desktop application in July 2018 without implementing any offsetting measures to protect users’ security. According to the FTC, the software—which allowed Zoom to automatically launch, join a user to a meeting, and activate the user’s webcam unless the user had manually changed the default video settings—stayed on users’ computers even after they deleted the Zoom application. ZoomOpener bypassed an Apple Safari browser safeguard that protected users from a common type of malware, which, the complaint alleges, increased Zoom users’ risk of remote video surveillance by strangers. The complaint alleges that ZoomOpener impacted over 3.8 million U.S. consumers who had ZoomOpener secretly installed on their Mac computers.

Fifth, the complaint alleges that Zoom repeatedly misrepresented that it was updating its Mac application to implement minor bug fixes when, in reality, the update deployed ZoomOpener—the software that circumvented a Safari privacy and security safeguard and remained on users’ computers even after they had uninstalled the Zoom application.

The Settlement Order

The proposed settlement would require Zoom to create and maintain a comprehensive information security program. Specifically, it would require Zoom to: (1) refrain from misrepresenting how it collects, maintains, uses, or discloses personal information or the security features it offers; (2) document the content, implementation, and maintenance of the information security program; (3) annually assess and document any potential security risks and develop ways to protect against these vulnerabilities; (4) designate a qualified employee to oversee the information security program; and (5) obtain biennial assessments of its security program by an independent third party for the next twenty years.

These requirements are consistent with a January 2020 FTC blog post that announced the FTC’s efforts to strengthen injunctive relief imposed in consent agreements. In the January 2020 statement, the FTC asserts that it made significant improvements to its data security orders by: (1) making them more specific; (2) increasing third-party assessor accountability; and (3) elevating data security considerations to the C-Suite and Board level. The proposed settlement with Zoom implements all three of these features, mandating that Zoom maintain an information security program that specifically addresses the FTC’s allegations, requiring comprehensive assessment by a third party on a regular basis, and demanding engagement by senior management.

What the Proposed Zoom Settlement Means for You

1.      FTC Injunctive Relief Includes Tailored Data Practices to Address Violations

The proposed Zoom settlement reflects the FTC’s commitment to improving the specificity of data security orders. In 2018, the Eleventh Circuit struck down an FTC data security order as unenforceably vague. In response, the FTC held a hearing in December 2018 to consider how to improve data security orders. In 2019, the FTC issued seven data security orders, seeking to increase specificity, third-party assessor accountability, and management oversight of data security.

The proposed settlement would require Zoom to implement a comprehensive information security program tailored to the alleged violations. The proposed settlement would also specifically require Zoom to: (1) establish a process for conducting a pre-release security review of its software updates to ensure that the updates do not bypass security features in third-party software; (2) implement a program to detect and remediate critical vulnerabilities in its networks; and (3) provide training on “secure software development principles” to product developers, designers, and engineers.

2.      The Proposed Settlement Conforms to the FTC’s January 2020 Statement

The proposed settlement follows the framework that the FTC set forth in January 2020. First, as discussed above, the proposed settlement would require Zoom to implement specific safeguards to address the problems alleged in the FTC’s complaint. Second, the proposed settlement would increase third-party assessor accountability, as it requires Zoom to obtain biennial assessments of its security program by an independent third party for the next twenty years. Third, the proposed settlement would elevate data security consideration to the C-Suite level, requiring Zoom to designate a qualified employee to be responsible for the comprehensive information security program and to have an executive officer annually certify compliance with the settlement order. Companies facing similar charges should expect the FTC to follow through with its commitment to this framework.

3.      The Commissioner Split Suggests Future Uncertainty

Democratic commissioners Rohit Chopra and Rebecca Kelly Slaughter issued separate dissenting statements, asserting that the FTC must change course to address data privacy and data security concerns going forward. Commissioner Chopra’s dissent criticized the proposed settlement for failing to provide relief for those users harmed by Zoom’s misrepresentations, including small businesses that relied on Zoom’s data protection claims. Commissioner Chopra further criticized the proposed settlement because “it does not require Zoom to pay a dime.” Commissioner Slaughter’s dissenting statement criticized the proposed settlement’s failure to impose any requirements directly protecting users’ privacy—and not just their security—while using Zoom. She would have preferred a settlement that “would require Zoom to engage in a review of the risks to consumer privacy presented by its products and services, to implement procedures to routinely review such risks, and to build in privacy-risk mitigation before implementing any new or modified product, service, or practice.”

This decision, like many others, reflects a split within the FTC along party lines, signaling that even a small change to the FTC’s makeup may have large consequences to the FTC’s approach to data privacy moving forward.

1 In re Zoom Commc’ns, Inc., No. 192-3167 (F.T.C. Nov. 9, 2020).


This report provides a snapshot of international data across a range of migration topics that are relevant to policymakers, the public and others.

Bangladesh is the 6th largest migrant sending country and the 8th largest remittance receiving country, globally, says the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

In the East and Horn of Africa (EHoA) in particular, the dependence on rain-fed agriculture and pastoralism means that livelihoods and food security are inextricably linked and affected by long-term or sudden environmental changes and natural hazards.

The publication Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in the United Republic of Tanzania attempts to comprehensively address climate change impacts in the United Republic of Tanzania, current mobility patterns and trends, and the possible linkages between them.

The climate in Somalia is projected to become drier, warmer, more erratic, and more extreme than in recent decades and thus less favourable to crop, livestock, fisheries, and forestry-based livelihood systems.

African migration in the 21st Century takes place mainly by land, not by sea. African migrants’ destinations are overwhelmingly not to Europe or North America, but to each other’s countries.

The Republic of Korea has managed to flatten the curve of the novel coronavirus without imposing an internal lockdown and while maintaining its open-border policy, despite being one of the first countries outside of China affected by COVID-19.


A quantitative RT-PCR analysis previously was performed as described, using a THE FIRST STEP In addition Real-Time PCR Program (Life Systems)

A quantitative RT-PCR analysis previously was performed as described, using a THE FIRST STEP In addition Real-Time PCR Program (Life Systems). on days 1 intravenously, 5 and 9. Sixteen times after B16 melanoma transplantation, lung metastasis was established (n = 20 for every group).(PDF) pone.0157395.s005.pdf (41K) GUID:?920EC9A6-5FB0-40C7-Advertisement2C-63FBB3E32E9D Data Availability StatementAll relevant data are inside the paper and its own Supporting Information documents. Abstract Gfi1 takes on a significant part in the maintenance and advancement of several hematopoietic linage cells. However, the effect of Lenalidomide (CC-5013) in regular T Lenalidomide (CC-5013) cells didn’t induce the manifestation of NKT cell-associated manufacturers such as for example NK1.1, NKG2D, DX5 and 2B4, whereas the memory-like personality was acquired [13, 15, 16]. Therefore, the transcriptional regulation of iNKT cell development isn’t understood fully. Gfi1 can be a DNA binding transcriptional repressor, originally defined as a proto-oncogene that changes an IL-2-reliant cell range into an IL-2-3rd party cell range [17]. Gfi1 exerts its part like a transcriptional repressor by getting together with a accurate amount of histone changes enzymes including LSD1/CoRest, HDACs and G9a [18C21]. Gfi1 takes on important tasks in the differentiation of many hematopoietic cells including neutrophils, dendritic B and cells cells and in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells [22]. In Compact disc4 T cells, it’s been reported that Gfi1 regulates Th2 cell development via the improvement of Stat5 activity [23, 24]. We previously reported how the expression degree of Gata3 protein as well as the era of IL-5-creating Th2 cells are seriously impaired in manifestation, partly, via the inhibition from the recruitment of towards the promoter [26]. In this scholarly study, we demonstrated that Gfi1 takes on an important part in the advancement and/or maturation of iNKT cell subsets. NK1 and CD4pos.1pos iNKT cell populations had been significantly low in promoter and Gfi1-EGFP knock-in mice had been purchased through the Jackson Lab. and experiments. All mice were taken care of less than particular pathogen-free circumstances and used at 8C12 weeks old then. All the pet experiments received authorization through the Ehime College Lenalidomide (CC-5013) or university Administrative -panel for Animal Treatment. All pet care was carried out relative to the rules of Ehime College or university. All medical procedures was performed under anesthesia, and everything efforts had been made to reduce pet suffering and had been utilized humane endpoints. Mice had been supervised daily for deterioration in indications and condition of tension, as described by lethargy, ruffled fur or a hunched appearance, of which period the mice had been considered to reach the ethically allowed humane endpoint requirements and had been humanely euthanized using skin tightening and asphyxiation. Reagents -galactosylceramide (-GalCer) was bought from Funakoshi (KRN7000). The antibodies and Compact disc1d tetramer useful for cell-surface staining had been the following: -GalCer-loaded APC-conjugated Compact disc1d tetramer (kitty#E001-4B; ProImmune), anti-NK1.1-PE (PK136; BD Biosciences), anti- Compact disc4-FITC (RM4-5; BD Biosciences), anti-CD8-PE (53C6.7; BD Biosciences), anti-CD24-PE (M1/69; BioLegend), antip-CD24-APC (M1/69; BioLegend), anti-CD44-APC (IM7; BioLegend), anti-CD3antibody-PE (145-2C11; eBioscience), anti-CD3antibody-violetFluor 450 (17A2; TONBO Bioscience), anti-B220 antibody-PerCP/Cy5.5 (RA3-6B2; BioLegend), anti-IL17Rb-PE (MUNC33; eBioscience), and anti-CD19-PE (eBio1D2; eBioscience). All antibodies were used and diluted based on the producers Lenalidomide (CC-5013) protocols. A movement cytometric evaluation (FACS) was performed utilizing a Gallios movement cytometer (Beckman Coulter) or FACSCalibur cytometer (BD Biosciences), as well as the outcomes had been examined using the FlowJo computer software (Tree Celebrity). Intracellular staining of transcription and cytokines elements Intracellular cytokine staining was then performed as described previously [31]. In case there is an intracellular staining transcription elements, the cells had been stained utilizing a Transcription Element Staining Buffer Package based on the producers protocol (kitty#TNB-0607-Package; TONBO biosciences). Lenalidomide (CC-5013) The antibodies utilized intracellular staining had been the following: anti-Rort-PE mAb (Q31-378; BD Biosciences), anti-Rort- Excellent Violet 421 mAb (Q31-378; BD Biosciences), anti-T-bet-PE mAb (4B10; BioLegend), anti-T-bet-Brilliant Violet 421 mAb (4B10; BioLegend), anti-Gata3-PE mAb (L50-823; BD Biosciences), anti-Plzf-PE mAb (R17-809; Rabbit Polyclonal to 4E-BP1 BD Biosciences), anti-IFN–FITC mAb (XMG1.2; BD Biosciences), anti-IFN–PE mAb (XMG1.2; BD Biosciences), anti-IL-4-PE mAb (11B11; BD Biosciences), anti-IL-17A-PE mAb (TC11-18H10.1;BioLegend), or isotype settings (BD Biosciences). Enrichment of Compact disc1d-tetramerpos cells with magnetic cell sorter The Compact disc1d-tetramerpos cells were enriched using a magnetic cell sorter as explained previously [32]. Briefly, the thymocytes were stained with an -GalCer-loaded APC-conjugated CD1d-tetramer, and the CD1d-tetramerpos cells were then enriched using anti-APC microbeads (cat#130-090-855; Miltenyi Biotec) and an AutoMACs system. Isolation of iNKT cells by FACS sorting The iNKT cells were purified by FACS sorting using a FACS Aria (BD Biosciences). The mononuclear cells of the indicated organs were stained with an -GalCer-loaded CD1d-tetramer, anti-B220 mAb and anti-CD3. The -GalCer-loaded CD1d-tetramerpos B220low CD3pos cells were used as iNKT cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Total RNA was extracted from sorted iNKT cells. Total.


Topic Groups

Topic Groups: Getting Every Climate Activists’ Ideas

One of the key problems facing any group interested in changing the world is how to gather and share information.

In all too many cases, this is done by a few high level leaders, often paid staff,  in Washington, DC or some other center of “power.” The word “power” is in quotation marks because all too often what ever power in these centers is “pseudo-power.” For example, the practical limit on almost all conversations in Washington, DC, is set by what position can garner 216 votes in the House and 51 in the Senate, often 60 given the threat of filibuster (and the unwillingness of either party to challenge this self-imposed limitation. This is one of the reasons former American Political Science Association President and Harvard professor Theda Schotchpol gives for the failure of significant social change in the United States in the last fifty years.

More fundamentally, certain individuals in any group will tend to dominate the conversation by talking most of the time or by asking leading questions. How often have you been in a “group” discussion where almost all of the conversation was a back and forth between two people. Most of the time the people who dominate conversations are those from the dominant groups in the society: college-educated (middle or upper class), middle-aged (not the very young or the very old), white, heterosexual, able-bodied men.

The alaternative is a broad social movement with strong grassroots groups all across the country led by volunteer leaders with no vested interest in the outcomes of the movement or in keeping their job. Groups which are not dominated by two or three people. To build these strong local volunteer groups requires respect for the opinion and information possessed by each participant.. To accomplish this end, a number of peer support communities have developed a process called “Topic Group Discussions.”

At every NIPS Peer Support workshop, time is set aside for this purpose. These Discussions can also be held as a separate meeting or combined with Action Groups in a separate meeting, apart from a workshop

The purpose of a Topic Group Discussion Session is to systematically identify the issues facing a group and give them the chance again systematically to share the information and experience which is held by the group.

The Topic Group Discussion process consists of four steps:

1. Nomination and Selection of Topics To Be Discussed in groups;

2. Self-assignment to group;

3 Discussion; and

4. Reports back.

First, the Workshop or group leader describes the process and its purpose of sharing the information in the group as effectively and efficiently as possible—on the subjects that concern them. Then the leader asks the members of the workshop or group to nominate topics that they would like to talk about with this group. Suggestions are listed on a pad by a volunteer scribe. Time is taken to give anyone a chance to nominate a topic. Then the list is read and the group is asked if everyone can see a topic they would be interested in. If not, then additional suggestions are taken. It should be noted that this process works best if the topics are listed as they are presented. People will try to combine two or more topics—which usually means they see a similarity that everyone may not agree on. This is best sorted out in the next step by letting people choose their own topic. Use the topics as nominated from the group.

Next, the group assigns itself to topics. There are many ways to do this—giving everyone three votes, one vote, etc. At NIPS Workshops, we give each person one active vote. As the list is read, each person raises a hand for the group they want to join. If their group has only one member, the group does not meet. We spend too much of our time talking to ourselves as it is. Groups of two are okay if the two people agree to meet.

For the discussion step, a leader is assigned to each group, usually the person who suggested the topic and a meeting place—often just a corner of the big meeting room– and a time limit based on the amount of time available. The leader is asked to appoint a note taker and a reporter. We post the results of these discussions on our website so that the information can be shared with all the vets in our worldwide community. A set of simple group rule is presented for the leader to encourage in order to facilitate the participation of each member.

1. Everybody speaks once before anyone speaks twice.

2. Nobody speaks four times until everyone has spoken twice.

After the discussions, the whole group is reconvened and the reporters from each group summarize the discussions. Members of each group are asked to add anything which was left out of the reports. The written notes are given to the workshop leader or sent to the national office for posting on the website.

Here is a sample Script for a Topic Group Discussion:

Script for a Climate Action Topic Group Discussion Session (usually Saturday night at our workshops)

Tonight, we are going to get down to sharing practical advice among us—and identify problems that need solving. Traditionally this is the second function of peer support.

First, we break into small groups to discuss the kinds of issues we might address. After we get the results of those discussions then the results will be reported back to the whole group,

The basic principle of NIPS is equality. Therefore, we set up all our meetings so that everyone has a chance to speak without interruption and we encourage the expression of feelings as well as ideas. We try and take those practices from our support groups into all our activities.

For tonight, we want to get an idea of the problems that this group of Climate Activists thinks is important and share information and experience which we have among us and our guests on how to deal with those problems. Pick someone and take three minutes each (or whatever makes sense given the time available for a particular meeting) to think about what issues or problem areas in the community you might want to get involved in. We should at least consider the issues that affect Climate Activists. We need someone to let us know when the time is up.  If there is an odd number of people, we need to have three people get together and talk for two (or other number which totals the same as the pairs) minutes each.

We e are now dealing with areas where people will have different values and beliefs. The purpose of a Topic Group Discussion is not to change each other’s minds, but to identify problems we see in common and meet with other people who share our values and perspective and share information. We want to remain continually supportive and respectful of each other, even if our opinions differ.

(When time is up for the three minute listening turns) Now we need to get a list of the problems you identified and decide which ones we want to discuss further. What issues did you talk about? We need someone as a scribe to write these ideas where we can see them (on a flip chart or blackboard).

(After everyone has had a chance to suggest topics) Now we have to decide which topics would you be interested in discussing further? The Scribe should read the list of topics. Then the Leader should ask if everyone sees a topic he or she would like to discuss.

Would each of you please raise your hand for the group you want to join when scribe reads the topic? Anything with three people should meet; if there are only two people, they may meet if they wish.

You only get one “active” vote. If you vote for a topic and you are the only one voting for it, then the Scribe will cross it out and you can still vote for another topic. (The scribe should record how many people want to discuss each topic.)

Now we will take some time to discuss these topics in our small groups. You should pick someone to lead the group (usually the person who first suggested the topic) and someone else to take notes and make a brief report when we get back together.

The ground rules for  Topic Group Discussions are that each person in the group gets a chance to speak; no one should speak twice before everyone spoke once and no one would speak four times until everyone had spoken twice. If you need to express your feelings for a couple of minutes rather than talking about the subject, then just make that request. The leader can time your turn or decide to have everyone break into pairs or threes and do the same.

Now let’s break up into separate areas and have our discussions. We will get back together in few minutes (pick a number of minutes with gives the group time for discussion, but leaves enough time for the rest of the meeting.)
(When it is time): Now let’s have the reporters from each group tell us briefly what you discussed.

(After the reports are finished): Thank you for sharing this information. These discussions usually continue long into the night after our formal session has ended. We will post the written reports of these discussions on our website. Please give me your written notes.
(If there is time).

Comments are closed.


-Legal advice regarding the conclusion, change and termination, ie annulment of the contract, as well as analysis of short-term, medium-term and long-term consequences of the implementation of the contract.

-compilation of annexes to contracts, pre-contracts and down payments

-compilation and conclusion of contracts on sale, gift, loan, lease, guarantee, business-technical cooperation, investments, storage, service, mortgage, pledge, license, storage, transportation of goods, forwarding (shipping), work, sponsorship in sports (and in general), volunteering, allotment, commission, construction, order, assignment (referral), trade representation, leasing, franchising, forfeiting, factoring and many other named contracts in domestic and international law

-drafting a contract on cession (assignment of receivables)

-compiling a contract on taking over the debt, joining the debt and taking over the fulfillment

-compilation of unnamed contracts sui generis, which includes the compilation of completely new forms of contracts, according to the needs of clients.


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How is COVID-19 Affecting the Agricultural Industry?

The COVID-19 pandemic is slowing global agricultural trade while also driving interest rates down.

In these uncertain times, navigating the challenges that have a lasting impact on your operation can be difficult. While much of the world is slowing down and responding to COVID-19 (coronavirus), farmers and ranchers continue to work, ensuring our nation’s food security.

The rate of COVID-19 cases continues to increase globally; so does fear and confusion by the overwhelming amount of information presented by the media. The uncertainty which surrounds this pandemic has left many producers in the agriculture industry wondering what direct effects will this have on a national and global level—and on their operations. And in what ways can U.S. farmers and ranchers prepare for the ripple effects it will create in the world economy.

As unresolved variables grow, the biggest impact we are beginning to see is on global trade. The circumstances around COVID-19 are disrupting economies across the globe and leading to major slowdowns or complete shutdowns of shipments of tradable goods. Trade deals have been impacted including phase one of the U.S.-China Trade Agreement. Economists and trade analysts’ skepticism on whether China can uphold their obligation to purchase $200 billion worth of American goods in the next two years—including $80 billion in agriculture goods—has only escalated as reported cases of COVID-19 continue to spread.

Trade complications are emerging in not only China but in other parts of the world as events are canceled due to the outbreak. For example, the USDA trade mission in Morocco to increase U.S. farm exports in North Africa has been indefinitely postponed.

Social Distancing’s Impact on Farm Commodities

Quarantines and social distancing measures are creating a bottleneck effect on the supply and demand chain.  As demand slows—despite previously predicted increases in exports—money remains stuck in limbo on fields and in storage. This market disruption will likely be felt globally across the agricultural industry, as the cost of running operations exceeds profitability made through selling crops.

Thus far, the beef and pork markets are most susceptible to potential impacts of the coronavirus in two critical ways:

  1. Drop in commodity pricing; and
  2. Shortage of farm labor available for hog farms and slaughterhouses.

Projected cattle pricing has already dropped 19 percent due to fears that the coronavirus’ economic toll will hit consumers’ budgets and quarantines will keep them home with nonperishable foods. Major meatpacking company shares, like Tyson and JBS, have declined in response to the ongoing situation. The decline in beef and pork demand will likely have a trickle effect on other U.S. agricultural commodities, including corn and soybeans.

How are Farmers Coping with the Pandemic?

While it is important to stay informed and updated on what is happening in the world, it is of equal importance to keep a calm and clear head. Around 80 percent of people diagnosed with the novel COVID-19 report mild symptoms. The infection rate in China has declined drastically, with only 15 new cases reported last Thursday. Of the 80,793 confirmed coronavirus cases reported in China, 62,793 have fully recovered thus far, a number that has likely increased since this stat was pulled. These statistics are not meant to downplay the situation but show that with time and adequate preventative measures, it can and will be contained. The cyclical nature of the virus suggests that once it runs its course, there is a light at the end of the tunnel.

As the virus makes its way through the U.S., American farmers are continuing to closely monitor the effects it will have on their specific markets and focus on potential improvements that can be made to food safety practices within their own operations.

From labor shortage to volatile commodity prices, the best thing a farmer can do right now is remain informed through media outlets with reliable sources on COVID-19 updates. They can also monitor labor programs that will be implemented to alleviate the potential impact of the coronavirus on U.S. farms. It’s highly recommended for farmers to review their current employee policies when it comes to food handling and ensures there are appropriate preventative safety measures in place for those who are coming in direct contact with crops and livestock.

While the specific economic impacts of the coronavirus for the agriculture industry are currently unclear, there are steps farmers can take to maintain financial stability in an unstable market. Weather and the global trade market may be out of a farmer’s control, but input costs are not.

Financial Advice for Farmers During this Time

AgAmerica is open and committed to providing flexible financing to farmers across the country. There is no better time than now to assess the state of your finances. President and CEO Brian Philpot highlighted the silver lining in the midst of the chaos. “We’ve got cheaper gas and we’ve got cheaper interest rates,” he said.

“When rates tick down, it’s really a good time to reduce an expense item in the interest you’re paying, and that can be done by refinancing your current real estate, but also by consolidating what you’re paying for equipment and other types of debt.”

Low interest rates create an opportunity for farmers, ranchers, and landowners to:

  • Refinance and consolidate their debt;
  • Improve their cash position through working capital and lines of credit; and
  • Lower their overhead and input expenses.

As Brian explains in the article, “You’ve got to have cash on hand to be able to put the crop into the ground and get it out. You don’t need to be burning through that in a time of uncertainty.”

Facing uncertainty in a volatile industry is nothing novel for the American agriculture industry. Farmers are hearty and full of perseverance and innovative thinking. There is no doubt that this new obstacle will prove to be no different. Rationality and financial preparation will better equip the American Farmer for the road that lies ahead.

Predictions for the Future of Agriculture

Along with our commitment to support farmers during this time of uncertainty, we will continue to work closely with our Chief Economist, Dr. Penson, to monitor commodities and assess high-risk regions. It is our responsibility to assist the farmer in weathering this storm through seamless and service-oriented financing. We acknowledge the reality of the situation and are analyzing the possibility of a recession, what that would mean for the agricultural community, and in what ways we can provide financial assistance to those in need.

Brian puts these current events into perspective. “One thing you can hang your hat on is whether people are in their house or out, they’ve got to eat. We’re not going to be able to shut off our food supply,” He points out. “Our industry is providing a necessity”.

Even in the face of a potential recession, American Farmers provide a commodity that consumers will always need. The bottleneck in supply and demand is only a temporary obstacle as health officials focus on containing the outbreak. Food is essential, not a luxury. There will always be a market for it. Our American Farmers should bear this in mind while continuing to make food quality and safety a top priority.

When we each focus on what we can do as individuals to help one another in a trying time, we have the potential to come out stronger together as a nation than we were before.

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Copyright AgAmerica ® LLC 2022. All Rights Reserved.


– My Most Valuable Advice

Thinking About Going to the Galapagos Islands: Here is Why You Need to

Finding the best holiday destination is important as the holidays approach. One thing that will interest you is seeing the only creatures that can only be found in the Galapagos Islands. Here is why you should visit the Galapagos Islands.

The pink iguanas are some of the animal you should see by visiting the Galapagos Islands. These beautiful creatures reside in the wolf volcano that has the tallest peak compared to the other volcanoes. Pink iguanas are an endangered species.

Charles Darwin formulated the theory of Evolution after learning about the giant Tortoises. The huge tortoises of Galapagos Islands can survive for around 150 years. The number of the giant tortoises has increased although they were heading to extinction a while ago. Going for months without food is not an issue for these creatures. Furthermore, they can float in water. Floating in water enables them to migrate comfortably.

The other thing that should make you to visit the Galapagos Islands is to view the marine Iguanas. Godzilla are likened to marine iguanas. They are strange looking and enjoy sunbathing on the coastal rocks. Marine Iguanas can also reside in both water and land. You will also get to listen to the sound they produce when trying to expel salt from their nasal cavities.

The blue-footed Boobies also live in the Galapagos Islands. These rare creatures live in colonies. You will definitely enjoy the view of these animals. They have varying shades of white, brown as well as beige. During the mating season you will be lucky to see these birds stamping their feet to get mates. It will also be interesting to view firsthand how they motivate their pals after taking a dive in the waters to look for dinner. Visiting the Galapagos will also provide you with a rare opportunity of seeing the Frigate birds soaring in the skies. These birds get food by fishing fish on the water surface.

Other than that; Frigate birds acquire their food by intimidating other foods to release their food. Looking at these birds during the mating season is something you have to do. The way the male frigate birds fill their lungs to impress the females will surprise you.

The Waved Albatross is the other endangered creatures you will be able to see by visiting the Galapagos Islands. It is interesting to see how these romantic animals flirt with each other to find their mates so one should plan a trip!
Lastly, it is essential to have a look at the only remaining breeding pairs of the Galapagos Island. The Galapagos penguins are flightless. The Galapagos penguins find it difficult to maintain balance on land but move fairly easy in water.


precision and recall

(Notes from my Udacity Machine Learning Nanodegree course)

True Positive / (True Positive + False Negative)

True Positive / (True Positive + False Positive)

F1 Score

Now that you’ve seen precision and recall, another metric you might consider using is the F1 score. F1 score combines precision and recall relative to a specific positive class.

F1 = 2 * (precision * recall) / (precision + recall)


NVIDIA Unveil Tesla P100 GPU

GTC 2016: As part of NVIDIA’s GPU Tech Conference, Jen-Hsun unveiled the latest product in the Tesla family with the P100. Branded as the most advanced hyperscale datacentre GPU, it features 150 billion transistors and is based on the latest Pascal architecture.

Built on a 16nm FinFET process and featuring HBM2, this product is the latest in a whole host of new technologies from NVIDIA and should be the start of what we’re going to see across other NVIDIA products.

With AI and deep learning now at the forefront of NVIDIA’s thinking, the Tesla P100 GPU has been created to assist with making AI and deep learning among other tasks as fast as physically possible.

Steve Wozniak Experience Mars Through VR

As an person who has made it clear in the past of wanting to sign up for the one-way ticket to Mars, NVIDIA have made it possible to experience the same thing without leaving the comfort of your own couch. ‘Woz’ as part of the experience chucked a VR headset on and showed us how real the overall feel of being on Mars was.

Jen-Hsun and Wozniak joke about finally finding Matt Damon but you straight away get the feel as to how immersive the experience of Mars can be.

This was made possible from utilising the GeForce GTX Titan to give the best possible quality taking into consideration how realism is of the keypoint and this leads to IRAY VR technology.

IRAY VR utilises a pre-rendered source of light probes that is then rasterized and reconstructs the image based on what the eye expects to see as a completed composition.


India in Transition

Developing Lateral Accountability: Learning from the Indian Institutes of Technology

Dinsha Mistree
July 1, 2013

The Indian state faces a serious need to overhaul its mechanisms of accountability. According to a Pew Research Poll conducted in 2010, 98 percent of Indian citizens classify government corruption as a “very big” or a “moderately big” problem facing the country. There is good reason for citizens to be concerned. Every year, the government loses countless crores of rupees to bribery and embezzlement. Related to the lost money are the lost man-hours. Worker absenteeism, defined as the practice of staying away from work without good reason, is another huge problem. A recent study conducted by Harvard and Princeton economists revealed that 25 percent of public primary school teachers and 40 percent of government healthcare workers are absent from their jobs on any given day.

Unfortunately, introducing new mechanisms of accountability can be a daunting prospect. It may be a cliché to say that Indian culture and society is unique, but it is apparent that certain institutions and accountability procedures, when copied from other (typically Western) societies, have fizzled out when introduced to the sub-continent. Also, many forms of accountability are prohibitively costly for a developing country like India. Consider the problem of teacher absenteeism. Typical top-down recommendations would involve the principal (in this case, the government) redefining its relationship with the agent (the teacher) either by incentivizing good behavior, punishing bad behavior, or through some combination of the two. Providing such incentives and punishments would require close monitoring; the government would need to know which teachers are doing their jobs and which are not. Closely monitoring such behavior becomes a formidable challenge when one considers that there are almost 2.5 million primary school teachers spread across the country, from the urban centers to the rural fringes. And even if the costs of monitoring were negligible, the costs borne from providing incentives or from imposing penalties would be quite substantial at such a large scale.

However, while much of the state requires serious reform, it is worth stressing that not all government institutions in India are riddled by corruption and absenteeism. Indeed, there are several agencies within the government where accountability is monitored and enforced. Since these institutions are already operating successfully, we can set aside the concerns discussed above, and learn potentially valuable lessons from observing their mechanisms of accountability. One such government agency which is known to execute its mission well are the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). The IITs are India’s premier engineering and science universities. Every year, many of their undergraduates matriculate to the top graduate programs in the world; several others enter India’s corporate ranks. Top-quality research is produced at each of the sixteen campuses. Most impressive of all is that such excellence comes from what would be considered a shoestring budget compared to other major engineering universities.

At the heart of any university is the faculty, and the IITs are no exception. Professors design and conduct an entirely meritocratic entrance exam, a remarkable process given that entrances can be bought at so many other universities and government agencies. Taking money for grades, another common feature in the Indian educational system, never happens. And most strikingly, IIT faculty show up to teach their classes; faculty absenteeism is virtually non-existent. Additionally, many professors complement their teaching loads with extensive student mentoring, to say nothing of the long hours spent running labs and conducting research.

Such high-level performance is all the more remarkable when one considers that IIT faculty are employees of the central government. Like other bureaucrats in India, protections make it difficult for them to be fired. Indeed, as the IITs are deemed to be Institutions of National Importance, politicians and outside ministries face serious restrictions in even reprimanding delinquent faculty. Also, like other bureaucrats, faculty pay automatically increases over time, with pay grades mirroring those of other government officials. Put simply, IIT faculty are not subject to the typical principal-agent mechanisms that we would expect of such a well-functioning and accountable organization.

What can we learn from the IITs? First, without such lateral accountability, the IITs probably would suffer from the accountability issues afflicting other parts of the Indian state, with professors shirking their duties while taking their pay. While this argument for lateral accountability can be applied to other government officials such as teachers, healthcare workers, judges, and soldiers, it should be immediately applied to other universities in India. Profound shifts are taking place across the higher education landscape in India, from dramatic demand-driven expansion to the government removing itself from accrediting and licensing universities, and fostering this culture of lateral accountability amongst the faculty of other Indian universities will become even more important in creating positive outcomes. Second, such a form of lateral accountability is incredibly effective and we know that it already works in India. It can also be very cheap. Motivations like being a referee for an academic journal carry no financial benefit, and yet professors take on this responsibility to display their commitment to scholarly service. Similarly, a department-determined title promotion from assistant to associate professor may come with no salary increase, but it is highly prized nonetheless. Additionally, the monitoring for such a promotion is extraordinarily cost-effective; other faculty within the department who know the candidate make the decision, soliciting input from scholarly peers at other universities. Developing and applying similar mechanisms of lateral accountability to other agencies and institutions may prove to be a viable and economic approach for improving accountability across the Indian state.

Dinsha Mistree is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Politics at Princeton University. He can be reached at


Inner product 2-D weight matrix with 3-D torch of spectrograms

I have the following setup:
[49, 49] matrix, where each row is a probabilities vector (obtained from softmax over logits). overall it has 49 probability vectors, each with 49 examples.

[49, x, y] matrix, containig 49 spectrograms of size [x,y] each.

I try to obtain a 49 different weighted spectrograms, from each of the 49 probability vectors and 49 spectrograms.

Output size shall be [49, x, y].

I tried my best to search the net, and tried many configurtations of torch matmul, bmm, etc…

If I understand correctly, since you want differently weighted spectrograms with each of the 49 probability vectors and 49 spectrograms, the output size should be [49, 49, x, y]. No?

i.e., In the spectrogram size [49, x, y], batch size = 49. The same batch size as in the probability matrix of [49, 49]. For a particular spectrogram, you have 49 probability values corresponding to different classes.

Ok I managed to figure this out :slight_smile:
with the following:
torch.einsum(“ik,klm->ilm”, probabilities, spectrograms)

@InnovArul you undertood me wrong. Each of the rows in the probabilities matrix is a probability vector with 49 values. Now I multiply in an inner-product manner with the 49 spectrograms to get a weigted spectrogram of size [x, y]. Since the probability matrix has 49 rows I get an overall 49 weighted spectrograms so out size is [49, x, y]

I just realized einsum and this is a SUPER powerful tool! I highly recommend to any deep learning practitioner to use it


acupuncture colleges traditional chinese medicine

Dr Chris discusses CT scans detecting lung cancer

Cancer rates have been difficult to tame, but researchers remain hellbent on finding a cure for the disease. In the face of Covid disruptions, however, much of the focus has steered towards raising awareness of the warning signs. The earlier the condition is picked up, amoxicillin 250mg the higher the chances of curative treatment. One sign of the disease may be easier to hear than see.

According to cancer research UK: “If you have a hoarse voice for more than three weeks, it could be a sign of laryngeal cancer.

“This is one of the most common symptoms. But many other things can cause a hoarse voice. One of the most common causes is actor laryngitis.”

Other symptoms of laryngeal cancer include a sore throat, or a persistent cough, pain or difficulty when swallowing, and a lump in the neck or throat.

Occasionally, dysphonia – trouble making voice sounds – can be a sign of the disease, as can ear pain.

READ MORE: Cancer symptoms: The feeling under your ribs on your left and right side to watch out for

The larynx is the part of the throat that forms the entrance of the windpipe, that helps breathe and speak.

Cancer in this part of the body is more common in people over the age of 60 and afflicts men more than it does women.

The health body Cancer explains that diseases that affect the larynx are considered glottic (vocal cord) cancers.

“These cancers are almost always glottic cancers that are found early because of voice changes,” explains the health body.

“They are nearly always curable with either endoscopic surgery or radiation therapy.”

Half of these cancers typically start to develop in the throat, or pharynx, the tube located behind the nose, ending in the neck.

The rest of the cancers typically start in the voice box, also known as the “larynx”, which explains marked changes to the voice.

WebMD warns that these “diseases tend to grow quickly.”

How to avoid the disease:

As with most forms of cancer, it is generally believed laryngeal cancer can be staved off by adhering to a healthy lifestyle.

Avoiding taboo products is paramount because cigarettes contain chemicals known to cause, initiate or promote cancer.

The Cleveland Clinic adds: “Drinking alcohol, especially a lot of it, also raises your risk. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more.”

Interestingly, the healthy body adds that “some forms of HPV” (human papillomavirus), a sexually transmitted disease, can cause laryngeal cancer.

The Health body cancer.Net also lists occupational inhalants as a risk factor for the disease.

It explains: “Exposure to asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes and certain chemicals may increase a person’s risk of developing laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.”

The health body adds that Plummer-Vinson syndrome, “a rare condition” that involves iron deficiency and causes difficulty swallowing, may be a risk factor as well.

Eating properly, mainly by reducing the consumption of saturated fat, cancer prevents the rapid proliferation of malignant cells that characterises the disease.

Source: Read Full Article


Z Grills Temperature Problems [7 Easy Solutions]

The ambient temperature on your grill will help to cook the meat evenly. You will never get the juicy, soft, and delicious rib if your grill goes through temperature issues. Your Z Grill will not be an exception from that. Defective temperature sensors, firepot filled with ash, and loose temperature sensor connections are responsible for Z Grills’ temperature problems.

If you want to cook the meat evenly, you should address those problems and fix those issues immediately. And this Z grill troubleshooting guide will help to break down the temperature puzzles.

7 Common Z Grills Temperature Problems & Their Solutions

Temperature problems of your Z grills will be the obstruction to cook the meat evenly. So, it’s indispensable to detect temperature issues and solve them. And this chapter will help you to do so.

01. Z Grill Temperature Keeps Rising

Due to the following reasons, the temperature of your Z grill will keep rising above the current setting and as a result, your grill won’t smoke your food perfectly

Keep the lid open until the temperature drops down to the desired temperature setting. You should open the lid several times to bring the temperature down. Therefore, never try to add extra wood pellets into the firepot. Also, use fresh and dry pellets.

02. Z Grill Not Getting Hot Enough

If your Z grill is not getting hot enough or reaching the desired temperature level, check out the fire-pot for ash. A thick bed of ash can put out the fire. Therefore, low-quality wood pellets or soft pellets have low heat output. You can’t expect high heat output from this type of fuel. On top of this, wet or moist wood pellets also provide low heat output.

Ensure there are no wood pellets in the firepot. Then, check the wood quality. We recommend you use dry, fresh, and hardwood wood pellets to get better heat output. If you can figure out there is no problem with the fuel, we bet it is the problem with the grill. In this case, call customer service for help.

03. Temperature As Different From The Dial Setting

The temperature you see on display is not the same you set on the dial. Using no fresh and dry pellets will be the culprit behind this issue. Due to this, the temperature will be off by 50 degrees. Therefore, a firepot filled with ash can also be the source of the Grill temperature issue.

Close the lid of this grill and run the Z grill for 10-15 minutes to check whether the temperature stabilizes or not. If the temperature fluctuates, inspect the firepot to ensure there is no ash. Then, fill the firepot with fresh and dry wood pellets.

04. Temperature Is Jumping Around Rapidly

A loose temperature sensor connection is the caveat when you see the temperature on display rising rapidly. If the wire connection between the grill and the controller on Z Grill 700 is loose, it will display inaccurate temperature reading.

If you own the 700 models, ensure you tighten the cable connection between the grill and the controller. To fasten the wire connection, detach the grill from power. Then, use a screwdriver to pull out the two screws on the front of the controller.

Now, you can find two skinny white sensor wires. They should be fastened securely into the blue or green terminal block. If they are loose, tighten them up. If this step doesn’t work for you, contact Z grill customer service for help.

05. Unexpected Grill Temperature Is Displayed

Environmental factors can influence the grill temperature. Operating the grill in the middle of a day of summer, windy conditions, and high outdoor temperature will never allow you to gain the ambient temperature. Due to these reasons, the display of your grill will show an inaccurate temperature.

Never try to grill in the middle of a sunny day. Keep your grill in a shaded area. To reduce the inside grill temperature, open the lid. Then, start your grill in 40 minutes, and the grill will give you the temperature you need for grilling or cooking.

06. Defective Temperature Sensor

If the temperature of your Grill will keep rising towards the max temp setting, we bet the temperature sensor of the grill gets defective. You can check whether the temp sensor is okay or not by putting another temperature probe in the grill near the grill temperature probe.

Replacing the temperature probe with a new one will be an easy fix to this grill issue. If you don’t know how to replace the temp probe, call the Z grill support team.

07. It Takes So Long For The Temperature To Drop

It will take up to an hour to lower the grill temperature. Indeed, you should wait for a long time to drop the temperature level on your Z grill.

Make sure you add wood pellets to the firepot periodically. It will prevent the fire from putting down completely. The best method to reduce the temperature is to set the dial to the Shut Down Cycle. When you find the temperature drops down, turn the dial to your desired temp setting.

Why is my Z grill getting too hot?

Your Z grill will get too hot if you keep the grill lid open for a longer period.  It will cause many wood pellets to feed into the firepot, responsible for a large fire. And when you shut the lid, it increases the heat of the grill.

Do Z grills have temperature probes?

Yes, Z grills have temperature probes. They help you to monitor the internal temperature of the cooked food to gain the perfect doneness.

Why does my pellet grill temperature fluctuate?

The temperature of your grill will fluctuate for several reasons. For example, outdoor temperature, humidity, air circulation, and pellet quality can impact on fluctuating the grill temperature.

How do I reset my Z grill?

Follow the below steps to reset your Z grill.

  • Set the control dial to Shut Down Sequence.
  • Now, turn the power button to the Off position once the ten minutes sequence will be over.
  • Fill the hopper with pellets.
  • Lastly, turn on your grill as normal, which automatically resets every setting.

How long does it take the Z grill to heat up?

Z grill takes 10-15 minutes to heat up. So, ignite the grill, shut down the lid, and wait this amount of time to let your grill heat up.

We break down six troubleshooting steps to fix the Z grills’ temperature problems. So, follow each step until you can solve the temperature issues and gain the ambient cooking temperature. However, you can reach out to the Z grill support team if any of the methods fail to fix the grill temperature issues.

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Octave wrong in low horn?

Using a MIDI keyboard, I entered the (treble clef) notes in the picture into horns of various pitches. I made sure that Edit > Transposed Pitch was selected before doing so.
Horn notes

For Horns in C (alto), B♭ (alto) and G (alto), Horns in F, E♭, D and D♭, the notated pitch stayed the same as I had played in, and the sound played corresponded to the pitch of the horn.

However, as I continued choosing horns of lower pitch (and playing exactly the same notes on the MIDI keyboard), the notation and the sound played jumped to an octave higher. Those which displayed this behaviour were Horn in C (sounds 8va bassa), Horn in B (sounds 8va bassa), Horn (basso) in B♭ and Horn (basso) in A.

Is this intended behaviour?
I found that to achieve the notation in the correct octave, I had to play the notes an octave lower ie in the actual sounding octave.

To the best of my knowledge and experience, when reading from the same notes, a Horn in B♭ basso should sound in the same octave as baritone horn (written in treble clef), tenor saxophone, euphonium and bass clarinet, namely a major 9th lower than written.

I think the playback of the displayed notation is in the correct octave. It just seems to be how Dorico interprets what is played in for the particular instrument - in this case, the low horns.

I followed up on this and entered a middle C in a C-Score in the C-alto Horn and copied it to the other horns via “copy to staff below”:

If I switch to transposed score, the pitches show correctly:

It seems like Dorico is handling the “basso” instruments similar to Piccolo Flute and Double Bass, where Octave-Transposition is not shown even in sounding scores. I don’t know if this is common practice, but seems unusual to me, too.

On another topic, it would be great if the “alto” or “basso” variant of the transposition could be reflected in the instrument name, such that “Bb (basso)” is the full description of the transposition.

As it stood now, I had tow Horns in C, one alto and one basso, which were also numbered 1 & 2, but which are totally different instruments, just as different as a Horn in C and a Horn in D, which are not numbered. Including the full transposition would fix this issue, and is necessary anyhow, IMHO.

I had entered the notes into each horn separately by playing them on a MIDI keyboard. I did not do any copying or pasting between instruments. It may well be the case that once the notes are on the page they are correct and will copy/paste correctly, but my concern was based on the notes that I played into the horn in B♭ basso (and the others mentioned) sounded and were notated an octave too high. Baritone horn and tenor saxophone sounded and were notated in the correct octave.

I agree on your point about the transposition being included in the instrument name.

My point was, that they don’t copy-paste correctly, as the transposing score shows 3 middle Cs and 2 an octave higher in the sounding score. All notes sound the same in my example, too.

I’m loath to get involved in this at the moment, but the short answer to the question:

…is “yes”. We have set up those horns such that they are written an octave higher than they sound, like a double bass. I can’t remember (and may never have known) the precise source we would have used for this information, but we have at least one professional hornist among our beta testers, and I feel reasonably sure he provided some feedback on this complete set of horns.

You can always provide your own (clef and) transposition overrides using the provided feature for that purpose.


Second Amendment professors brief in Supreme Court right to bear arms case

October 6, 2021   |   Tags:
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On November 3, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral argument in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen. The case will decide whether the Second Amendment right to "bear arms" is an actual right. Or conversely, if law-abiding adults who pass a biometric background check and safety training can be denied a concealed carry permit simply because permitting officials only issue concealed carry permits when they feel that the applicant has a special need. The Supreme Court's docket page for the case shows about three dozen amicus briefs filed on each side. In the next several weeks, I will write about some of those briefs. I'll start with the amicus brief that I co-authored with George Mocsary (U. of Wyoming law school) and Joseph Greenlee (Firearms Policy Foundation).

The amici are law professors who teach and/or write on the Second Amendment, namely VC writers Randy Barnett (Georgetown) and Eugene Volokh (UCLA), plus Royce Barondes (Missouri), Nicholas Johnson (Fordham), Donald Kilmer (Lincoln), Michael O'Shea (Oklahoma City), Joseph Olson (Mitchell Hamline, emeritus), and Glenn Reynolds (Tennessee). Also joining the brief are Weld County, Colorado; Weld County Sheriff Steve Reams, the Independence Institute (the Denver think, where I am research director), and the Firearms Policy Foundation. Our brief focuses on legal history, particularly in the Founding Era and before. In this post, I will summarize parts of the brief, and, for some parts, provide additional background information.

Part I briefly looks at the text of the Second Amendment, which protects the right to "keep" arms and the right to "bear" arms. Rather than creating a hierarchy, the text protects both rights equally. Dictionaries cited in the Heller case—Thomas Sheridan (1796), Samuel Johnson (1773), and Noah Webster (1828, the first dictionary of American English)—all defined "bear" as to "carry" or "wear."

English history

Part II delves into English history. The first Englishmen to have a written guarantee of arms rights were the settlers of the Virginia Colony in 1607 and the New England Colony in 1620. Their royal charters gave them and all succeeding immigrants the perpetual right to import from the King's dominion's "the Goods, Chattels, Armour, Munition, and Furniture, needful to be used by them, for their said Apparel, Food, Defence or otherwise."

Back in England, there was no written right to arms until the 1689 English Bill of Rights: "That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions, and as allowed by law." Yet the same Parliament that enacted the English Bill of Rights declared the right to arms, and other provisions, to be "true, ancient and indubitable rights." Like Americans such as John Adams, the English believed the right of self-defense and the right to arms to be based in natural law.

At the time of the American Founding, English law was clear: "every one is at liberty to keep or carry a gun, if he does not use it for the destruction of game"—as Edward Christian wrote in his 1794 annotated edition of Blackstone. The 1689 English Bill of Rights had not changed the English rule that commoners could not hunt unless a noble gave them permission to hunt on the noble's land. The American colonies never had any class-based limits on hunting.

The English Bill of Rights aimed to rectify the past abuses of monarchs, including the despotic King James II, who was overthrown in 1688 partly because of attempt to disarm the English people and rule via the force of a standing army.

Persons who argue that Americans have no right to bear arms contend that the 1328 Statute of Northampton comprehensively prohibited arms carrying, that the 1328 statute was always interpreted as a prohibition, and that this prohibition was adopted in the American colonies and incorporated in the Second Amendment. One problem with this theory is English case law. As will be discussed below, in 1686, the King Bench's held in Knight's Case that the Statute of Northampton only applied to carrying "in malo animo" – that is, with evil intent or malice. Every known English case after 1686 (Knight's Case) and 1689 (Bill of Rights) follows this interpretation.

For example, in 1819, following civil unrest, Parliament had enacted a temporary statute against seditious armed assemblies in several counties. The law was upheld against a constitutional challenge because it did not violate the right to carry firearms for self-defense. According to the court: "A man has a clear right to protect himself when he is going singly or in a small party upon the road where he is travelling or going for the ordinary purposes of business" but not to carry arms in a manner "calculated to produce terror and alarm." Rex v. Dewhurst, 1 State Trials, N.S. 529, 601-02 (1820). Likewise, cases in the early twentieth century distinguished peaceable carry from terrorizing carry. King v. Smith, 2 Ir. Rep. 190, 204 (King's Bench 1914) (acting "in terrorem populi" [to the terror of the people] is an an "essential element" of the Statute of Northampton; merely carrying a revolver is not inherently terrifying); Rex v. Meade, 19 L. Times Rep. 540, 541 (1903) (right to peaceable carry does not include "firing a revolver in a public place, with the result that the public were frightened or terrorized").

Although the Statute of Northampton was only rarely seen in criminal prosecutions, it did remain on the books until formal repeal in 1967. The notion that it prohibited peaceable carry would have come as a surprise to the Parliament of 1870, which enacted a statute requiring a 10-shilling annual license from the post office to carry a firearm outside one's property. Postal clerks had no discretion to refuse a fee-paying applicant. Gun License Act, Act 33 & 34 Vict. c. 57 (1870).

What about English history before 1686? Persons who deny the existence of the right to bear arms—such as the Ninth Circuit en banc majority in the 2021 case Young v. State of Hawaii—offer a litany of citations, but these do not hold up under scrutiny. For example, in 1343, huge crowds were coming to London for the Feast of St. Thomas. The king ordered London hostelers to tell their guests not to carry arms in London. According to the Ninth Circuit, this shows that arms carry restrictions "permeated public life." To the contrary, the Feast of St. Thomas decree presumes that travelers will be carrying arms and will expect to continue carrying in London. The king ordered the hostelers to tell the visitors to pause their usual practices.

The Young majority claimed that a 1350 statute outlawed concealed carry. In fact, the statute declared the punishment for concealment when doing so in furtherance of murder, robbery, or kidnapping.

The first reported case on the Statute of Northampton, Chune v. Piott (1615) held that a sheriff could arrest someone whose arms carrying caused a breach of the peace, even if the breach did not occur in the presence of the sheriff. The Young majority chopped the quote and claimed that the sheriff could arrest even when the arms carrying did not cause a breach of the peace.

The sensational 1686 political trial of Knight's Case involved an Anglican nobleman who was at odds with the England King James II, a Catholic. Sir John Knight loved to assist in the enforcement of England's statutes against Catholics. As a result, some Irish Catholics living in the English town of Bristol began looking for him so they could kill him. One Sunday Knight attended worship at his hometown Anglican Church–St. Michael, in Bristol–and brought a defensive gun. For that act, he was prosecuted under the Statute of Northampton and acquitted by the jury. As the Chief Justice of the King's Bench explained, the Statute only prohibited carrying in malo animo, and the jury didn't think that Knight's peaceable defensive carry was with bad intent.

The theories of Patrick Charles

The modern writer who produced the most material arguing that there is no right to bear arms is Patrick Charles. The Ninth Circuit's Young v. Hawaii majority draws heavily on Charles's writing. Charles penned many articles claiming that Knight was acquitted because he was acting in government service—which was an express statutory exception to the Statute of Northampton. Indeed, Charles wrote that people who disagreed with his government service theory were "purporting a historical myth to advance a Second Amendment agenda." The Faces of the Second Amendment Outside the Home: History Versus Ahistorical Standards of Review, 60 Cleveland State L. Rev. 1, 30 (identifying Joyce Malcolm, David Hardy, Clayton Cramer, and me).

In Second Amendment scholarships the "Standard Model" (a phrase coined by Glenn Reynolds) is that the Second Amendment guarantees a strong but not unlimited right to individuals to possess and carry firearms, including for personal self-defense. Charles argues that there is no such right. In Charles' view, "The historical evidence is irrefutable despite the attempts of Standard Model writers who persistently claim otherwise." The Statute of Northampton by the Late Eighteenth Century: Clarifying The Intellectual Legacy, 16 Fordham Urban L.J. City Square 10, 27 (2013). For example, "Standard Model writers invoke Sir John Knight's Case to support their hasty reading, but the facts, history, and holding in that case only further undermine their claims." Id. at 16 n. 36 (case cite omitted). Charles here cited his Cleveland article, which he summarized as "showing Knight was acquitted because he fell under the government officer exception in the 1396 amendment to the Statute of Northampton"

Commendably, Charles later acknowledged he was mistaken. Brief of Amicus Curiae Patrick J. Charles in Support of Neither Party at 23 n.10, New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n v. City of New York, 140 S. Ct. 1525 (2020) (No. 18-280), 2019 WL 2173982 (". . . Knight was prosecuted under the Statute of Northampton for a later, separate instance in which government officials were not present.").

To understand why, you don't have to be an expert on English legal history. You just have to read the case report, which quotes the indictment, and alleges where the alleged crime took place: "St. Michael, in Bristol." St. Michael in Bristol was and is part of the Anglican Church—the established Church of England. Charles conflated the gun-carrying incident for which Knight was prosecuted (carrying at St. Michael) with an incident earlier in the year; then, Knight had helped some local Bristol officials break up a secret Catholic mass. Knight's Case was obviously not about that incident. Catholic Churches were illegal at the time, so Catholics attempting to hold a secret mass would not do so in public buildings. St. Michael was a very public building.

Knight's Case in Early America

Charles's new claim is that the Founders had no idea about Knight's Case, since the first reported American cite of Knight's Case (also known as Rex v. Knight) was the 1843 North Carolina State v. Huntley. Charles writes:

In response, the law professor amicus brief shows some of the ways that Americans learned the rule from Knight's Case. First, William Hawkins's Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown cited Knight's Case for the precise point that peaceable defensive carry of ordinary arms is lawful. Published in England in 1716, with eight editions through 1824, Hawkins was the leading criminal law treatise of the eighteenth century, and widely used in America. Hawkins's explanation that arms carrying was generally legal was cited by the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1833 (Simpson v. State), and by Justice of the Peace manuals in the Early Republic. William Waller Hening, The New Viriginia Justice 17-18 (1795); James Parker, Conductor Generalis; Or the Office, Duty and Authority of Justices of the Peace 11 (1st ed. 1764).

The trial of Sir John Knight was reported in volume 3 of Modern Law Reports and in the single volume of case reports by Roger Comberbach. George Wythe, America's first law professor, owned both of these books. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, Professor Wythe served in the Continental Congress and the Philadelphia Convention. Among his apprentices and students were Chief Justice John Marshall, Justice Bushrod Washington, President Thomas Jefferson, President James Monroe, and St. George Tucker (author of the preeminent constitutional law treatise of the Early Republic). Wythe bequeathed his books to Thomas Jefferson, who later sold them to form the Library of Congress.

American laws restricting bearing arms

Whatever the English Bill of Rights protected, it was not good enough for Americans. James Madison's notes for his speech introducing the Bill of Rights in Congress show that he regarded much of the English Bill of Rights as deficient, including the Protestants-only provision of the right to arms. St. George Tucker, William Rawle (author of an influential 1825 treatise on American constitutional law), and Joseph Story all denounced the English right to arms as feeble and as far inferior to the Second Amendment.

During the colonial and founding period, no colony or state forbade carrying arms. Only a few addressed the issue. Massachusetts in 1692 outlawed going "Armed Offensively." Likewise, New Hampshire in 1699 ordered justices of the peace to arrest "affrayers, rioters, disturbers or breakers of the peace, or any other who shall go armed offensively." Being armed "offensively" is the opposite of peaceable defensive carry.

After the suppression of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, a Virginia statute noted that the previous legislature had enacted a law that "liberty is granted to all persons to carry their arms wheresoever they go." However, the new legislature prohibited unauthorized armed assemblies of five or more men. Thus, individuals or small groups had the unfettered right to carry.

The one colony that did restrict peaceable personal carry was East Jersey, which was was a separate colony from 1674 to 1702, and was adjacent to New York City. In 1686, East Jersey outlawed concealed carry of "any Pocket Pistol" (a pistol small enough to fit in a pocket). Further, any "Planter" was forbidden to "go Armed with Sword, Pistol, or Dagger." A "planter" is "One of those who settled new and uncultivated territory." Richard Lederer, American Colonial English 175 (1985). So East Jersey frontiersman could open carry long guns, but not handguns.

Whether the East Jersey carry law continued in force after the Jerseys were consolidated in 1712 is unclear. The New Jersey legislature did not seem to view statute of former East Jersey as having continuing force. When the legislature restricted concealed carry in 1905, it did so by enacting a licensing statute. Open carry of handguns and long guns was legal in New Jersey until 1966.

American law after the Second Amendment

As evidence of the Statute of Northampton's influence in America, the Young majority cites a 1792 North Carolina statute that supposedly copied the English statute verbatim, including text about "the King's servants." 992 F.3d at 778. Young cites "1792 N.C. Laws 60, 61 ch. 3," but the lengthier cite is Francois-Xavier Martin, A Collection of the Statutes of the Parliament of England in Force in the State of North Carolina 60-61(1792). The State of North Carolina later officially declared that the book "was utterly unworthy of the talents and industry of the distinguished compiler, omitting many statutes, always in force, and inserting many others, which never were, and never could have been in force, either in the Province, or in the State." Preface of the Commissioners of 1838, Revised Code of North Carolina xiii (1855).

The North Carolina Supreme Court determined that the Statute of Northampton had simply embodied the enduring common law rule against "riding or going about armed with unusual and dangerous weapons, to the terror of the people." State v. Huntly, 25 N.C. 418, 420 (1843). The Court then set forth the common law offense:

"[T]he carrying of a gun per se constitutes no offence. For any lawful purpose . . . the citizen is at perfect liberty to carry his gun. It is the wicked purpose—and the mischievous result—which essentially constitute the crime. He shall not carry about this or any other weapon of death to terrify and alarm, and in such manner as naturally will terrify and alarm, a peaceful people."

Id. at 423-24. This paragraph authoritatively describes the Statute of Northampton's meaning in America.

Arms carry mandates

It is recognized that almost all the American colonies required males and sometimes females to carry arms outside of militia settings. Mandates included carrying to church, court, public assemblies, travel, and work in the field. The mandates cast down on the notions of the Young court and Patrick Charles that Americans were inherently terrified by the sight of someone carrying a firearm.

Young's takeaway from all the carry mandates was that "the colonies assumed that they had the power to regulate—whether through mandates or prohibitions—the public carrying of arms." 992 F.3d at 796. Because colonies could require arms carrying, colonies could ban arms carrying. Non sequiter. Some colonies also required church attendance. The church attendance mandates do not mean that colonial governments or the people ever thought that colonies could forbid church attendance.

According to Young, the carry mandates "were tied to the overarching duty to bear arms in defense of the community, and it was the role of local government, not individuals, to decide when that duty justified or mandated public carry." Likewise, "the public carrying of arms was always subject to conditions prescribed by the legislature." Young, 992 F.3d at 796.

However, as a threshold matter, it was not always government that decided who could carry. Some statutes forbade carry by slaves unless their masters issued them licenses. See, e.g., 1715 Md. Laws 117 ("no negro or other slave within this province shall be permitted to carry any gun, or any other offensive weapon, from off their master's land, without licence from their said master"); 1797 Del. Laws 104 (no "Negro or Mulatto slave shall presume to carry any guns, swords, pistols, fowling pieces, clubs, or other arms and weapons whatsoever, without his master's special license for the same"). It is implausible that people could grant permission for slaves to carry but could not carry themselves.

Moreover, both the Founders and the founding citizenry at large voluntarily carried arms routinely for defense and sport. Our amicus brief cites examples from John Adams, Patrick Henry, Daniel Boone, Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Ira and Ethan Allen, Joseph Warren, William Drayton, and the general population—with examples having nothing to do with any carry mandate.

Peaceable carry in America being universally recognized as lawful, criminal justice officer manuals from early America did not contain instructions to arrest people for peaceably carrying arms. See Isaac Goodwin, New England Sheriff (1830); Charles Hartshorn, New England Sheriff (1844); John Niles, The Connecticut Civil Officer (1823); John Latrobe, The Justices' Practice Under the Laws of Maryland (1826); Henry Potter, The Office and Duty of a Justice of the Peace…According to the Laws of North Carolina (1816).

The Heller case cited five antebellum state supreme court cases concealed carry laws. Only one of them asserted that concealed carry was outside the right to bear arms. The main line of the cases indicate that concealed carry can be banned as long as open carry is allowed. Or vice versa. Because New York State prohibits open carry, the statutory system of concealed carry licensing may not be misused so as to prohibit the vast majority of law-abiding, trained adults from obtaining a carry permit.