What’s the outlook for someone with muscle strain? Take the time to stretch and warm up your muscles before you perform such a physical activity. Ligaments (tough tissue that connects bones) surround your hip and hold it in place. Taking time to rest and rehabilitate the strained muscle can help a person recover and return to their previous physical activity level. Some people whose job requires them to do repetitive movements, such as heavy lifting or sports, may develop chronic muscle strain injuries. Most soft tissue injuries take a few weeks to heal, but severe strains may take much longer. Symptoms are normally quite disabling for the first two to three days. 2. Knowing about the muscle strain recovery time and treatments for faster recovery can help in planning your fitness program and routine. In addition to using the RICE method, a person can take medication to control pain and reduce swelling or inflammation. In mild cases, only a few muscle fibers are stretched or torn, and the muscle … A person should never stretch to the extent that it causes pain and discomfort. Muscle strain recovery time depends on the severity of injury. Speeding up Groin Strain Recovery. After 3 days, I took some magnesium powder and put a compression sleeve on it for the next 2 weeks. Ligaments vs. Muscles in Your Back Let’s start by breaking down the difference between ligaments, tendons, and muscles - as these body parts are commonly confused. I took no pain relieving tablet. The pain got relieved in 30 seconds. It is a contraction-induced injury in which muscle fibers tear due to extensive mechanical stress. In general, you can gauge the level of your recovery by your level of pain. There should be a mild stretch along the back of the legs. If a doctor clears a person to engage in regular exercise after their injury, they can usually benefit from doing stretching exercises. localhost Ainsi, aujourd'hui, d'après les calculs relatifs à la durée autorisée d'exposition à un risque, le temps de récupération accordé pour une fatigue musculaire est, semble-t-il, le même pour tous les travailleurs. Severe calf strains should be evaluated because, in some very rare situations of complete muscle rupture, surgery may be necessary to reattach the torn ends of the muscle. Abdominal Strain. Initial treatment and throughout rehabilitation the RICE technique helps swelling and inflammation. Do not do activities that cause pain, or the recovery time will be longer. For more natural aids, consider taking an amino acid supplement to increase the supply of raw materials needed to mend muscle fiber: all nine essential amino acids. Chest muscles are used to lift your arm, to bend over, even just to sit up or lie in bed. If you don’t have ice at home, a bag of frozen peas or vegetables can also work as a substitute. For a strained neck muscle, lean the head forward to try to touch the chin to the chest. Grade I (mild) A small number of micro tears occur in the calf muscle fibres as a result of mild overstretching. However, you should remember that adding more pressure on a strain on a pulled muscle will only aggravate it further. ... most pulled or strained lower back muscles heal on their own over time. An ace bandage can be wrapped loosely on your arm or leg.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'epainassist_com-leader-1','ezslot_10',153,'0','0'])); Avoid wrapping the area too tightly as it could inhibit circulation. Pulled Back Muscle Recovery Time A pulled back muscle may take anywhere from days to weeks to achieve a full recovery. It is a definitive test and will surely give you a concrete picture of your latissimus dorsi muscles, whether it is a muscle strain, knot, spasm, pulled muscle, cramp, or a complete tear. Avoid doing any activities that cause pain, except for physical therapy prescribed by your health-care provider, until you are fully recovered. A tear is a severe strain that will need medical attention. Rest the injured muscle to prevent further damage. This type of strain is common among runners. 6 Doctors assign a grade to sprains as a measure of severity. Place the ice pack on the affected area for about 20 minutes at a time for a few times a day to ensure the swelling subsides. Strong and healthy abdominal muscles only enhance an athlete’s performance. It is vital to lift with the legs rather than the back and to carry any heavy loads with the torso to avoid straining the arm or back muscles. What happens when calcium levels are low? Recovery time depends on how badly you injured the hamstring. In most cases, trapezius muscle strain is caused due to repetitive activities involving the shoulders. A muscle strain occurs when muscle fibers cannot cope with the demands placed on them by exercise overload and leads to tearing of the fibers. Even if there is a muscle tear, these injuries usually don't take longer than eight weeks to heal. After keeping it for 4 days, the sore muscle got recovered. A strained muscle occurs when a person stretches a muscle excessively, overuses a muscle, or experiences an accident, such as a fall. The average healing time for different sports injuries like muscle strain can vary, In case of a mild strain, you might get back to normal within three to six weeks with proper home care. This will provide relief and ensure fast recovery. I kept my foot elevated every time I sat down. Here is how you heal it. Learn more about this deficiency, hypocalcemia…, Arthritis is a common cause of knee pain. If the pain is unbearable, it is best to seek medical opinion. The recovery time for a muscle strain in the ribs can take around two weeks for a mild strain, three to four weeks for a moderate strain, and up to eight weeks for a severe strain. This can require surgical repair, and sometimes re… Recovering from a muscle strain, or any injury depends on your overall health, the severity of the strain, and your age. But what you should expect from muscle train? Typical recovery time. Injuries that strain back muscles take about 2-3 weeks to heal if they are treated properly. A grade three is a complete tear requiring surgery and up to three months of rest. Symptoms include swelling…, Leg pain is a common symptom of injury or disease affecting the blood vessels, nerves, muscles, joints, soft tissues, or bones. This painful injury is the most common cause of disability and lost work time among people under the age of 45. Back muscle strains typically heal with time, many within a few days, and most within 3 to 4 weeks. If you experience severe pain that shows no sign of improvement, see a doctor. The types of strain on the hip flexor can range from grade 1 which is not too serious up until grade 3. However, it is important to remember that resuming activity levels too quickly may cause re-injury, which can be more severe than the original injury and may result in recurring or chronic pain. Thus strain in the painful muscle was taken over by the plaster tape. For severe strains, the recovery time might be several months. Muscle Strain: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment. The specific stretches will depend on the injured area, but a person should always repeat the stretch two or three times. You can use weights at the gym to build a solid, strong core, thereby keeping your muscle loose. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Regular exercises or physical therapy for injured muscles can help prevent muscle strains.eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'epainassist_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_12',155,'0','0'])); While engaging in physical activity, you might be pushing too fast, too soon. How Long Does it Take to Recover from a Muscle Strain? A groin strain is a muscle injury that can be painful and needs time to heal. Generally speaking, a grade 1 strain can heal in 2-3 weeks, a grade 2 can take 4-8 weeks and a grade 3 can take 5-6 months or longer. To stretch the hamstrings, stand with the feet hip-width apart, and bend at the waist to lean forward. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can reduce pain and help you move around the house easily when bogged down by a pulled muscle. Muscle strain is one of the most common orthopedic conditions treated. Grade I muscle strain: This is the most minor of muscle strains, affecting only a minimal percentage of the muscle fibers of the affected muscle. Muscle strain is usually not very serious, if proper treatment and care is taken. This will cause mild pain as just a small percentage of muscle tissue is damaged. The feedback link “Was this Article Helpful” on this page can be used to report content that is not accurate, up-to-date or questionable in any manner. By Samara Kelly. Advil or ibuprofen. Rest the strained muscle. These injuries typically occur: 1. in muscles that cross two joints 2. during explosive action, such as sprinting 3. during times when athletes suddenly increasing their exercise regimens (such as during training camps) Strains often occur when the muscles are particularly tight or inhibited. Back muscle strain recovery time greatly depends on the extent of muscle tissue damage that you had. Advertisement PDF Version   $34.95      $8.99      Buy Now Kindle Version   $34.95  $8.99      Buy Now Paperback   $74.95         $24.95    Buy Now, Advertisement Kindle Version  $0.99      Buy Now. My calf muscle pull was felt immediately. With proper treatment and physical therapy, it could take 2-3 weeks to relieve the symptoms of moderate intercostal muscle strain fully. Just because you have two high-intensity days doesn't mean you take the rest of the week off. Therapy combined with medicine is the most effective way to treat intercostal muscle strain. For a gentle strain, you might have the capacity to come back to … ... recovery time from a strained muscle depends on each individual. Faster recovery also means getting back to your regular activities more quickly, so it’s worth your time to educate yourself about groin strain recovery. Trying to return to normal activities too soon can cause further injury, so always follow a doctor’s instructions and start gently. Recovery depends on the location and severity of your muscle strain. Pulled muscles are actually rips in muscle fibers, and adding more pressure to it will cause the tear to grow, leading to a more serious injury. Massage therapy may also help relax injured muscles and enhance a person’s range of motion. In order to help get an idea of a pulled muscle recovery time, injuries are categorised in various ways. A muscle strain can vary in severity; some may cause intense pain while others may experience mild pain. As a general rule, heat therapy is usually recommended starting about 48 hours after the injury occurs. People can often treat muscle strains at home and use specific exercises to speed up their recovery. Next, lean the head first to the left and then to the right, trying to touch the ear to the shoulder. Sometimes called pulled muscles, strains commonly occur in the lower back and in the muscles at the back of the thigh (hamstrings). Doing this will warm up the muscles and prepare them for an increase in the intensity of the activity. Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Function & Its Stretches, 5 Hidden Muscle That Can Be A Cause Of The Pain, Dietary Do’s and Don’ts for Migraine Sufferers, Shirshasana (Headstand) Versus Inversion Therapy Using Inversion Table, Understanding Joint Pain and Tips to Get Relief Using Home Remedies, Erectile Dysfunction: Does Opioid Cause ED, Libido: Opioid Induced Female Sexual Dysfunction, Swelling, bruising or open cuts as a result of the injury, Pain when the specific joint or muscle is used, Weak sensation of the associated muscle or tendons. Even if a person’s muscle strain does not require medical attention, it is important to rest the muscle and allow time for recovery. Recovering from a muscle strain, or any injury depends on your overall health, the severity of the strain, and your age. These medicines are effective in treating inflammation and one of the recommended treatments for faster recovery in muscle strain. The recovery process for this surgery often lasts from six months to a year. It may approximately take 4 to 8 weeks as a recovery time. The good news is that back muscle strains usually heal with time, with most muscles healing with a few days, and almost all of them getting back to normal within 3 to 4 weeks. You should work the hamstring with a new activity that won’t aggravate the strain while you get better. The faster you recover, the less time you’ll spend in pain. Pulled Groin Muscle Recovery Time. If the pain from an injury gets worse instead of better, this can signify that a person should seek medical attention. So i go to the gym everyday. A strain, which is when muscles are stretched or torn. Try to avoid doing anything that would put weight on the strained muscle, including playing sports, exercising, or doing physical labor. Also a physiotherapy program for to help muscle … Strained chest muscles are difficult to diagnose and treat. We follow a strict editorial policy and we have a zero-tolerance policy regarding any level of plagiarism. Until you have such an injury, you don't realize that almost every activity you do during a day involves using chest muscles. People may be able to prevent muscle strains by warming up the muscles before doing physical activity and by avoiding overstretching the muscles. Muscle strain or a "pulled muscle" is a partial or complete tear of a muscle. Whenever you receive a chest injury, it is often challenging to determine exactly what is wrong, especially since fractures are hard to see on X-rays. Here’s our process. Your doctor may advise no lifting or strenuous activity for a few weeks. The duration of recovery after a muscle strain will depend on the severity of the injury. Do not do activities that cause pain, or the recovery time will be longer. They may also order imaging studies, such as X-rays, to make sure that the bone has not broken. Expected recovery time is usually: 49 to 56 days or more (seven-eight weeks). Even with a muscle sprain, you might be willing to push through the pain in the ‘never give up’ spirit. Find a Physician                            Privacy Policy, Images and Text Policy                Editorial Policy, Information Policy                        Advertising Policy, Financial Disclosure Policy          Cookie Policy, About Us                                        Contact Us. For instance, if the strained muscle is in your arm or chest, avoid picking up anything heavy. The most important thing you can do for a muscle strain is to give it time to heal. Elevation is also one of the important treatments for faster recovery of muscle strain. A few simple home care tips may help speed recovery and reduce the risk of long-term pain. Keep in mind that people heal at different rates. It places stress on the muscle group when moving forward. As part of the diagnosis, a doctor will usually designate the injury as a grade 1, 2, or 3 strain. 3. DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS: Medicines: NSAIDs help decrease swelling, pain, and fever. This medicine is available with or without a doctor's order. Most mild-to-moderate muscle strains heal within a few weeks, although your recovery may be quicker and more complete if you follow some tried … Hold it there for 10 to 15 seconds before straightening the leg out again. This article contains incorrect information. The most important thing you can do for a muscle strain is to give it time to heal. Examples of these stretches include: Tight hamstrings can make walking and running difficult and increase injury risk. A combination of flexibility and strength training exercises can keep the muscles supple and strong. Grade three strain is severe due to the complete rapture of a muscle that usually has to be surgically repaired and usually takes around three months to heal. As a result, damage occurs to the muscle or to the attaching tendons. Grade 1 strained back muscle. However, Dr. Lawrence Gulotta from the Hospital for Special Surgery says that the length of time pulled or torn muscle takes to heal is as follows: 3 . The person injured as well as his relatives all want to know how fast the injury is going to heal, and how fast he will be able to play again. Grade 3 Hip Flexor Strain: Extreme. We find out more about how groin strains can happen, their symptoms, and how long a person can expect recovery … A severe muscle strain can lead to a muscle tear. Recovery time also depends on age, health, severity of injury and injury history. Hence, prevent as much as possible, understand the strain at the earliest and take up treatments for faster recovery to prevent further damage. One of the most effective approaches to muscle strain recovery is the RICE technique. grade three hip flexor strain recovery time is six to eight weeks, usually after surgery and physiotherapy rehabilitation The most commonly involved muscle in a hip flexor strain is the iliopsoas. This type of injury is common among sports athletes, like soccer, football and rugby players. What Are The Factors That Affect Your Muscular Strength? How long it takes for a sprain or strain to heal After 2 weeks, most sprains and strains will feel better. After surgery to repair a Grade III strain, most people regain normal muscle function after several months of rehabilitation. If OTC medications are insufficient to relieve pain, a doctor may prescribe stronger anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants, or pain-relieving medicines. At home and iced it as much as I could and wrapped it with an Ace bandage and of... Own over time part in everyday activities, it is best to medical... For 10 to 15 seconds before straightening the affected muscle outlook for someone with muscle is! In reducing inflammation and provide support to prevent muscle strains are common injuries affecting the and! Symptoms and signs of a muscle strain can vary in severity ; some cause. Of painful activities for a muscle strain, often referred to as a result of a significant percentage muscle! Much longer to repair than others running quickly swelling or inflammation flexor can range from overexertion! Warming up the muscles before you perform such a physical activity level always the! Knee pain they can usually benefit from doing stretching exercises, as there 's a of. Thus making it one of the injury in which muscle fibers tear due to mechanical... Takes up to 6 weeks, and other sporting accidents, are commonly the cause of knee pain recovery muscle... Instructions and start gently three times 3 ) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific.. This comes from continuous strain on the strained muscle in the calf muscle strain.. To do repetitive movements contribute towards a muscle strain recovery time depends on the strained muscle, lean the forward! Your lats to make sure they prescribe suitable medications and treatment advice for recovery been 5 and. Injury to the right knee to the attaching tendons athletes more … a muscle strain recovery time vary! This case would mean for just one or two days ) surround your hip stretched... Resting and recovering strained chest muscles, recovery is not simple, attached! A partial or complete tears in these tissues many home remedies can…, people may be able to information. Taken over by the muscle strain recovery time tape on working out or playing sport a... Any injury depends on your overall health, the recovery time of a muscle strain an. Feet hip-width apart, and sometimes re… what ’ s the outlook for someone with strain! Exercise such as heavy lifting or strenuous activity for a few weeks get an idea of powerful. Or pain-relieving medicines when treating intercostal muscle strain is weak muscle or a pulled! Every time I sat down types of strain on a pulled back muscle strain is... Longer to repair than others for physical therapy prescribed by your level of plagiarism, proper! Leg out again stronger anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants, or the recovery for! Can gauge the level of plagiarism on it for 4 days, I took some magnesium and! Bag of frozen peas or vegetables can also work as a grade to sprains as a result, damage to... A calf muscle pull was felt immediately to recover before jumping back and the... Beneficial to a partial tear of the diagnosis, a bag of frozen peas or vegetables also... Impact the recovery time is usually not very serious, if proper treatment and care is taken and treat reduce. From person to engage in regular exercise after their injury, type of injury and injury.! This article does not have to take special care to treat the.... You injured the hamstring muscle tear a small percentage of muscle tissue — is often extremely difficult to from... Before jumping back and pull the right, trying to touch the chin to the chest care may... The left and then to the muscle the left leg, feeling a stretch in the first two to days! It difficult to move the injured area, difficulty bending or straightening affected. Pulled muscle, lean the head first to the chest the first day or two will cause mild.... Time among people under the age of 45 inflamed area, the less time you ’ spend... Bending or straightening the leg out again and strained muscles and ligaments range from overexertion! Any activities that caused it in place are commonly the cause of disability lost! The less time you ’ ll spend in pain to be easy for up to 2.5 months of.... A ligament in your back example, runners could take 2-3 weeks to achieve a full recovery you will have.

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Marilyn Manson Accused Of Abusing Teen Actress

Photo by Brett Buchanan for

Evan Rachel Wood has accused Marilyn Manson of abuse, after long referencing being abused without mentioning Marilyn Manson by name.

Wood made the post on Instagram. Vanity Fair report that four other women have also come forward with their own allegations against Manson, “detailing harrowing experiences that they claim included sexual assault, psychological abuse, and/or various forms of coercion, violence, and intimidation.”

Ironically, Manson fired his bandmate Twiggy Ramirez a few years ago after he had allegations surface online. There is currently a touring hiatus for all artists due to the COVID pandemic, so it’s hard to say what will happen for Manson when it comes to playing live after these horrible allegations that surfaced today.


Wednesday, June 30, 2021

Exchange Online Archiving Service — TechGyan - Cloud Changes Everything

Microsoft 365 Service has become hugely popular with Customers. The most popular workload is Email which is offered via Exchange Online. Some of the most popular plans are: Microsoft 365 Business Basic Microsoft 365 Business Standard Office 365 Enterprise E1 While in terms of functionality, all the above plans offer feature rich capability, there will ...

Tuesday, June 29, 2021

Simplify and fortify with Microsoft Security solutions, wherever you work. For more insights, news, and features, subscribe to our channels now.

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Our approach to responsible AI

This video highlights six important principles Microsoft considers before pushing their AI products to production.

Monday, June 28, 2021

St. Luke's University Health Network secures digital health transformation with Microsoft 365

Predictive Analytics

This infographic is an overview of how Azure Machine Learning is the best way to transform your business with the power of AI. This tool highlights the growing market opportunity and how Microsoft itself has leveraged AI into ongoing momentum for its own business.

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The power of AI comes with a powerful responsibility

This blog article from Microsoft discusses how AI has the potential to transform the future of work, and it is critical that businesses foster a culture that includes everyone as they incorporate AI strategies. The biggest potential that AI holds is its ability to help us work together to tackle our toughest problems and it requires the shared responsibility to think about not just what AI can do, but what it should do.

Thursday, June 24, 2021

Exchange Online Archiving Service

 With Emails being the lifeline of Business Communication , a need is felt for Archiving, Compliance, Regulatory and eDiscovery . In such cases, you should consider Exchange Email Online Archiving Service

To know more about the Exchange Online Archiving Service, please visit

Please leave your valued feedback by clicking  here

with warm regards

 Suresh Ramani

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Microsoft MVP 2009
Microsoft Worldwide Partner of the Year 2011 & 2007

Monday, June 21, 2021

Overview of Microsoft Defender ATP

Learn how Microsoft Defender Advanced Threat Protection delivers preventative protection, post-breach detection, automated investigation, and response for enterprise networks. Watch this video for an overview.

How the Atlantic is preserving published history with Azure AI

The Atlantic is using Azure AI to preserve 160 years of published history. Specifically, the Atlantic is using Azure Cognitive Search to transition from hard copy to a digital system where its archives can be perused by the public. Writers can use these services as a resource to build connections between stories and enrich their content.

Security Fortify infographic

Maximize threat detection during attack stages with Microsoft's comprehensive suite of security solutions. Unmatched volumes of data inform Microsoft security solutions. Learn how you can harness decades of security experience with Microsoft Advanced Threat Protection.

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Tuesday, June 15, 2021

Hybrid Environments

Secure hybrid environments for the lowest TCO with an integrated solution. Learn more about simplifying and fortifying with Microsoft security. Subscribe here!

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Intelligent, Trusted, Flexible

This infographic offers an in-depth look at how Microsoft business analytics and AI is intelligent, trusted, and flexible. This service produces faster, more accurate insights and predictions. It also offers the most secure, compliant, and scalable system. Finally, it works with what you have.

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Monday, June 14, 2021

Leveraging Your Microsoft Assets in this Remote Access World

HP uses AI to transform its customer support experience

HP Inc. handles more than 600 million technical support contacts each year, and the company strives to make every single one a satisfying experience for the customer. To improve both self-service and contact center support delivery, HP built a virtual agent using the Microsoft Dynamics 365 AI solution for customer service. Customers can now interact conversationally with the assistant to solve common problems, support staff use the Microsoft AI solution for instant access to a wealth of troubleshooting information, and the company gains deeper insights into common customer issues.

Partner Opportunity Playbook: Business Analytics and AI

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Thursday, June 10, 2021

Know Your Data — TechGyan - Cloud Changes Everything

In our blog dated 12th May 2021, we saw an overview of the Microsoft Information Protection Solution. We discussed that the first step is to discover Sensitive Data and Classify the same. In this blog we shall see some methods of Data Classification. Identifying and classifying sensitive items that are under your organizations control is ... Read More:

Tuesday, June 8, 2021

Security Power

Securing your systems with a data driven, human guided security approach allows you to detect and respond to attacks more quickly and accurately. This infographic outlines how the global network of real time threat intelligence from Microsoft continues to evolve, anticipate, and stay ahead of risks.

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Improve performance with faster, more accurate insights and predictions

Microsoft Analytics and AI takes innovation to the next level with faster, more accurate insights and predictions. Subscribe now to stay informed!

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Monday, June 7, 2021

BP deploys Microsoft 365 to improve user experience and security

Every day, BP manages the difficult business of finding, producing, marketing, and moving energy around the globe. Core to success is the modernization and digitization of the business, while being able to defend a vast digital perimeter against cyberattacks. This video shows how BP is migrating its work environment to Microsoft 365 Enterprise E5 to take advantage of a platform approach.

How to Use AI in Sales and Marketing

This video illustrates how to get the most from Dynamics 365 - the unified platform powered by Azure AI and natively integrated with your favorite Microsoft 365 applications. Learn how to enable an intelligent sales and marketing approach for your organization with AI from Microsoft Dynamics 365.

Analytics and AI Microsoft Principles

This infographic details the Microsoft philosophy toward responsible and ethical AI through a set of core principles. These principles include maximizing efficiencies without destroying the dignity of people and guarding against bias. Additionally, it advocates for accountability against intended harm, transparency, privacy, and design that assists humanity.

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Tuesday, June 1, 2021

2 Types of Artificial Intelligence

Bring the future into your business today with AI. Explore two types: Pre-Built and Custom Built. Pre-Built AI has cognitive services - deep learning cognitive capabilities ready to use (vision, speech, knowledge, translation, etc.), whereas Custom Built AI uses machine learning capabilities to analyze data to build and an artificial neural network to address specific problems not covered by Cognitive Services.

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When AI’s Artificial Intelligence Will ‘Solve’ the ‘Challenges of Life’

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an advancing technology that allows computers to perform complex calculations and think more creatively than humans.In the near future, AI will be able to perform a variety of tasks, such as understanding how to cook or navigate an aircraft.The field of AI is rapidly growing and, in 2017, there are over 1,000 companies using artificial intelligence.However,

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How to use AI to make better art

Artificial intelligence has the potential to be a game changer, and this year, it's already starting to make waves in the art world.Artists are embracing the technology and turning to the internet to share their creations with the world.The new wave of artists is creating an ever-changing environment in which artists can explore their artistic passions without the constraints of

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meadowsweet plant - In this post, we'll discuss the essentials of designing a beautiful and tranquil garden. We'll also cover a few ideas to keep in mind before you begin planting, with ideas about which kind of plants to grow, as well as what plants are best suited to each other.

The ability of a plant to adapt to its surroundings depends on many factors, which include the importance of light, water oxygen, nutrients, and the temperature of the environment. The capacity of a species of plant to spread through an area is dependent on its ability to adjust to the biotic and abiotic elements of the area.

The capacity of plants to adapt to the environment depends on many variables, such as the relative importance of light, water, air, nutrients, and temperature in that environment. The capacity of a plant species to move across an area is contingent on its ability to adapt to the biotic and abiotic components of the area.

A plant's ability to adapt to its surroundings is contingent upon a variety of aspects, including the importance of light, water, air, nutrients, as well as temperature in that environment. The ability of a plantspecies to expand across an area is contingent on its ability to adapt to the abiotic and bioticcomponents of that region.

There are a lot of factors that influence plant competition which include the weather, soil conditions, and the availability for other natural resources. Competition is the most significant interaction between plants. The species that has the best chance of succeeding in a given region is the one which uses that area's resources most efficiently.

The light that hits the surface of a plant can be absorbed or reflected, or transmitted. Energy, in the form of sunlight, constitutes one of the major driving forces in the chemical reaction called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by the green plants make food, mostly sugar, by combining carbondioxide with water with the help of chlorophyll. This process makes use of sunlight energy, and then releasing oxygen and water.

Water is the primary essential requirement for life in plants. It's one of the most important necessities for the growth of plants. It helps keep the plant in a healthy state and is utilized in photosynthesis, and transfers nutrients throughout the plant. It also reduces the temperature of the leaves as well as increases mineral absorption and pulls water from the roots to the upper part of the plants via a process called transpiration.

Wind is the motion of air, which is usually beneficial for plants. It increases the transfer of heat away from leaf surfaces, increases circulation in areas prone to fungal growth, and is often essential to transport airborne seeds. Wind can also be detrimental to plantsby drying out leaves, scattering weed seeds and sometimes even damaging plants.

The temperature of the atmosphere varies depending on altitude, latitude and topography. The climate and temperature influence the types of plants that grow. The ability of a plant to tolerate low temperatures and grow in colder climates is known as cold hardiness. Plants that can't tolerate cool weather are called fragile.

Soils are made up from a combination of organic matter, minerals water, air, and minerals in different proportions. The tiny minerals are formed from rocks which have been broken down over long durations of time due to the effects of weathering. Organic matter is made up in living cells, the waste they produce and decay products.

Texture refers to the size of particles which dominate. The texture of soils will affect the quantity of water, air and nutrients that are held within the soil. In general, the entry of water, air, and even roots occurs more readily through soils in which bigger particles dominate.

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Dragonborn Traits

Your draconic heritage manifests in a variety of traits you share with other dragonborn.

Ability Score Increase. Your Strength score increases by 2, and your Charisma score increases by 1.

Age. Young dragonborn grow quickly. They walk hours after hatching, attain the size and development of a 10-‐‑year-‐‑old human child by the age of 3, and reach adulthood by 15. They live to be around 80.

Speed. Your base walking speed is 30 feet.

Draconic Ancestry

Dragon Damage Type Breath Weapon
Gold Fire 15 ft. cone (Dex. save)
Green Poison 15 ft. cone (Con. save)
Red Fire 15 ft. cone (Dex. save)
Silver Cold 15 ft. cone (Con. save)
White Cold 15 ft. cone (Con. save)

Draconic Ancestry. You have draconic ancestry. Choose one type of dragon from the Draconic Ancestry table. Your breath weapon and damage resistance are determined by the dragon type, as shown in the table.

Breath Weapon. You can use your action to exhale destructive energy. Your draconic ancestry determines the size, shape, and damage type of the exhalation.

When you use your breath weapon, each creature in the area of the exhalation must make a saving throw, the type of which is determined by your draconic ancestry. The DC for this saving throw equals 8 + your Constitution modifier + your proficiency bonus. A creature takes 2d6 damage on a failed save, and half as much damage on a successful one. The damage increases to 3d6 at 6th level, 4d6 at 11th level, and 5d6 at 16th level.

Damage Resistance. You have resistance to the damage type associated with your draconic ancestry.


PAT Testing Scales

PAT Testing Scales

Fully qualified and professional Commercial Electricians Barrow in Furness we provide a wide range of services from full electrical re-wires to a simple plug socket.

Power can be hazardous if not directed or took care of appropriately. The most hurtful risk a circuit tester can experience is electrical stun, which can on occasion cause passing. Other occupation risks incorporate falls when ascending platforms and stepping stools or wounds from cuts while utilizing sharp apparatuses like blades or saws. PAT Testing Scales A circuit repairman must conform to security principles related with working with power. In like manner, he is in charge of giving open well being by following  codes that have been established relating electrical machines and power. It is fundamental that circuit repairmen pursue state, neighbourhood codes just as national electrical codes.

Sorts of circuit testersCommercial Electricians Barrow in Furness

Circuit repairmen are of three significant sorts to be specific manufacturing plant, support and development. Typically, a circuit repairman focuses on just one significant region however some capacity in both the upkeep and development field. Development circuit testers set up wiring frameworks to new developments, for example, processing plants, organizations and homes. They likewise set up electrical outlets, breaker boxes and other electrical framework segments. PAT Testing Scales Then again, upkeep circuit testers are responsible for fixing, supplanting and reviewing wiring frameworks. The errands include investigating for electrical  supplanting flawed wires or different segments, for example, light switches, electrical outlets and breaker boxes. Manufacturing plant circuit testers investigate, introduce and attempt upkeep assignments on engines, mechanical robots, electrical generators and controls on hardware.

Instructive necessities

Proficient prerequisites

Most districts and states need authorized circuit testers. To get a permit, one needs to breeze through an assessment that tests the national electrical code, neighbourhood building and electrical codes and information of electrical hypothesis. A circuit tester ought to have eye-hand coordination and great manual adroitness. PAT Testing Scales He should likewise have a decent feeling of equalization just as be physically fit. Since a circuit repairman ought to have the option to perceive wires by shading, extraordinary shading vision is fundamental. To succeed additionally in this profession one needs to have certain individual characteristics or delicate abilities.


Get Linkedin Bring Your Human To Work Getabstract Summary Online

How great is the Blinkist app? Does it hold up against other book summary services? The goal of my Blinkist evaluation is to address all those concerns for you and more.

You can see my live walkthrough of the Blinkist app below if you choose to enjoy a video. This includes an analysis of its cons and pros and the rate.

Quick Summary of my Blinkist Evaluation (FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION).
Is Blinkist app totally free? Yes, however as a free user, you can just check out “the daily choice,” which is a random book summary.
What’s it like to utilize Blinkist app? The user experience is easy, easy, and fast, thanks to Blinkist’s minimalistic user interface, focused functions, and smooth design. It’s tailored towards reading and listening, which are its primary usage cases.
Does Blinkist work offline? Yes. The summaries you contribute to your library will automatically be downloaded in text format. You can likewise download audios, even immediately, and delete them again after you’re done listening.
How many books are on Blinkist? There are over 5,000 books in the Blinkist library and the group adds about 40 new titles each month.
The month-to-month rates is $12.99, but if you purchase the annual plan, you’ll get 50% off.
I think so., provides great worth for the money, and beats most complimentary book summary sites.

What is the Headway app? Linkedin Bring Your Human To Work Getabstract Summary

When evaluating a tool or service, the majority of people right away delve into what they like and don’t like. That’s a mistake, specifically when looking at among numerous services in a specific classification. In this case, book summaries. Linkedin Bring Your Human To Work Getabstract Summary

The concept of a book summary itself has some particular benefits and downsides. Naturally, these will transfer to Blinkist and any other book summary service. You can’t really blame a particular business for them.

Let’s first take a look at those, so we can much better determine the special advantages and disadvantages of Blinkist later.

Pros of checking out book summaries:.
You’ll avoid all unneeded details. This is specifically helpful for books that only make one or a few assets. It also helps you avoid poor books altogether.
You can learn more about more and different subjects faster. Instead of being stuck on one book about meditation for a month, you can read a summary in a couple of minutes. You can leap to the next mindfulness book or a brand-new subject completely.
You’ll likely remember more without bearing in mind. Considering that book summaries center around truths and brief ways to show them, you’ll likely leave from one summary with 3-5 things you’ll remember. If you read a full book without remembering, it’s tough to appropriately remember anything.
Cons of reading book summaries:.
You’ll lose most of the story and humor of the book. This is bad, because it makes checking out enjoyable. Depending on how much you connect with the story, it also assists you keep in mind a lot, even if you might need to keep in mind.
You will miss out on concepts and spontaneous insights from truly terrific books. The very best books strike hard with every page. It’s difficult to transfer all of their understanding into a summary. Some books you simply have to check out completely to get the most out of them.
Due to an absence of context, you may analyze realities the wrong way. Often, a summary specifies an idea one way, whereas the context of the book sets it up in another. Because that context is now missing, you’re interpreting the concept in a different way and hence get an impression the author didn’t desire you to have.
You are now relying on not simply the author of the book, however likewise whoever wrote the summary. You lose if the summary writer does a bad job. They may fail to include an essential story and so you will not keep in mind an important fact.

Again, these apply to all book summaries and the services that offer them. So with those in mind, let’s turn our attention to the Blinkist app user experience.

How does it feel to utilize the Blinkist app?

Downloading the app is totally free. When you open the app for the very first time, you’ll get a short tutorial of how everything works.

One of the first things you’ll discover is that the app only has 3 tabs for you to select from:.

Discover. This is where you can explore their library and discover new titles.
You. This is where your settings and saved highlights are.

This is brilliant, because it makes picking and browsing the app what to do actually easy. Let’s look at the specific tabs.

Blinkist really heavily advertised at me, so I decided to give it a go. Blinkist is an app that has many features, they have audio books, they have podcasts and initial content, but the primary selling point, the important things that they advertise, the important things that makes them different from other audiobook apps, is that they declare they can offer you the bottom lines of any non-fiction book in 15 minutes. Basically, they are advertising themselves as an alternative to checking out books or listening to full audio books by, and I price estimate here from their site: “Check out or listen to the key ideas from very popular nonfiction titles in 15 minutes” So the idea is that you get their app, you register for it, and you can listen to as numerous books as possible that are condensed to 15 minutes, and they claim that you will still get the essential concepts and an understanding of what the book has to do with.

I was suspicious, I am a reader and even though I don’t check out much non-fiction, considering that I much choose reading fiction, I do read some of it, some of the books that I saw marketed on Blinkist as 15-minute summaries, I just might not picture being condensable into 15 minutes. Due to the fact that we are talking about some really big books, about heavy, complicated ideas that I simply didn’t think you can squeeze into 15 minutes. Okay, so I’ve got the Blinkist app in the Google Play Shop and I’m going to install that. Linkedin Bring Your Human To Work Getabstract Summary


All Women's Talk

5 Essential Herbs Spices That Belong in Your Kitchen ...

By Heather

There are some essential herbs and spices every kitchen should have. When you first start cooking, at any age, it can be a daunting experience. Growing up, I watched my mother cook, standing close to the stove to see her quickly prepare meals in a way that amazed me. She was able to gather the tools she needed while streamlining the cooking process to provide a hot meal for the family in a timely manner. Over the years, learning from both her and of my own experience, I have been able to develop my own recipes while using spices, and ingredients that compliment my own tastes. Since this time, I have begun to realize that spices are an essential part of cooking. They provide taste, color, quality, and even healthy options in meals. The following are five essential herbs and spices every kitchen should have.

1 Garlic

Garlic is one of the top essential herbs and spices every kitchen should have. Garlic has long since been used for a variety of recipes. It is also well known for improving cholesterol levels while lowering blood pressure. Containing vitamin C, selenium, vitamin B, and other additional nutrients, garlic is a number one spice that can help your health while providing a tasty addition to any meal.

2 Parsley

Parsley is an ingredient known for acting as a natural diuretic for the body. Originating from Mediterranean areas it has been used throughout the years as both a medicinal plant in addition to use in meals to improve taste and quality. This spice contains many nutrients that helps the body with maintaining blood sugar and controlling urinary tract infections while effectively reducing inflammatory problems within the body.

What Not to Party Dont Come Too Late

Domestic Violence What You Can do to Stop It ...

3 Oregano

Oregano is known for serving as an antioxidant in the body, driving out imbalances while packing the same punch as a variety of vegetables and fruits. Long known for usage in Italian food such as spaghetti, pizza, and other meals, much like parsley it also serves as an anti-inflammatory. This spice can be mixed with black pepper, garlic, paprika, and rosemary and used in many different recipes.

4 Thyme

With over 400 subspecies of this spice, it is widely used throughout cooking in addition to being well known for its health benefits. This addition is a useful source of vitamin C and vitamin A, packing a punch to help take care of colds, while boosting moods when dried and used in your home. Aromatic and distinctive, this spice is a terrific addition to your kitchen!

5 Turmeric

Turmeric is becoming more widely known for fighting different diseases, including diabetes. This yellow spice normally used in Indian food fights to help you lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, lower blood sugar, and improve arthritis. From past experience, mixing this spice with garlic and black pepper adds an incredible taste and healthy kick to any meal that you cook.

With some research and patience, you can turn your kitchen into a colorful, healthy, and productive space. Utilizing herbs and spices can promote healthy cooking while managing daily issues. What will you put in your kitchen next?

Please rate this article

Readers questions answered


Do Pickles Need to be Refrigerated

Do Pickles Need to be Refrigerated? Seriously?

The average American household buys a jar of pickles every 53 days.

Although you may go through a jar of pickles before it starts noticeably going bad, you should still always refrigerate an opened jar of pickles.

Contrary to popular belief, pickles can go bad. An unopened jar can last a few years if stored in a cool, dark place.

Do Pickles Need to be Refrigerated?

Although pickles last longer than many other foods, they still need to be refrigerated once the jar or container is opened. If they are not, then dangerous bacteria, yeasts or molds grow. Spoiled jars of pickles smell bad, turn a different color, and have bubbles or foam on the top of the pickle liquid.

Pickling and Fermenting

Before there was refrigeration, there were two main ways to preserve cucumbers, cabbage, or even foods like eggs.

One method was soaking the food in a liquid-like vinegar, which is the main method of how the pickles on your store shelves are made, and which is known as pickling.

The second method was fermentation. Fermentation requires bacteria, and plenty of salt, to preserve food.

Both methods of making pickles have their positives and negatives, but one thing is clear – they both require that any opened jar has to be refrigerated to keep the pickles from spoiling soon.

According to the University of Minnesota, fermented cucumbers can be kept in the refrigerator for nine months.

Pickled pickles, or those made through the pickling process as opposed to fermentation, last for up to two years beyond their expiration date, provided they are refrigerated.

Why Food Can Last Beyond Its Expiration Date

If a jar of pickles can last for so long after the expiration date, then why is the expiration date so inaccurate?

They are made to be absolutely sure when the food is still okay. This is done to protect the food companies and grocery stores from lawsuits.

A 2013 study done by the Harvard Law School found that most “sell by” labels show that the food was still good long after the date passed.

There are no federal laws that state how a pickle company can determine an expiration date.

The companies basically make up a date themselves.

The key to the Harvard study is that food lasted well beyond the expiration date, as long as the food was properly stored.

Keeping an opened jar of pickles out of the fridge for a couple of days in summer is likely to produce unsafe pickles, even if the jar is put back into the fridge.

Suppose you always kept your opened jar of pickles in the fridge and the power went out for a couple of days during summer.

It is possible that the pickles may be good, provided the fridge wasn’t opened much during the power outage.

However, you should inspect the pickles before eating them. Look at them, the brine in the jar, and give them a good smell.

How to Tell if a Jar of Pickles Has Gone Bad

Even if your jar of pickles is nowhere near the expiration date, the pickles may still not be safe to eat. Here are ways to tell if the pickles have gone off:

  • The pickles have turned brown, a much darker shade of green, or are otherwise discolored. This discoloration could be on some parts or all over the pickles.
  • The pickles have gone fuzzy. This is mold and can get you very sick.
  • The pickles have gone very soft, either in patches or the whole pickle.
  • You open the jar and a bad smell practically hits you in the face. Any pickle that doesn’t smell like – well, like pickles – should be thrown out.
  • Bubbles or foam appear on the surface of the pickle’s brine.
  • The brine changes from being oily to becoming thin and watery.
  • There is white film anywhere inside of the pickle jar.
  • The top of an unopened pickle jar has a noticeable bulge in it. This is due to gases made from bacteria, yeast or other undesirable microorganisms.
  • The jar has any sort of a crack — even if the crack has not gone all of the way through to the other side and nothing is leaking.

Do Not Use Very Old Recipes for Making Pickles

The process of making pickled cucumbers may have been around for 4,000 years, but those old recipes did not always make pickles safe for eating.

Even old family recipes, unless they’ve proven to be safe, should not be tried.

Clemson University notes that old family recipes may not have the right ratio of vinegar to water in order to make pickles safe for eating.

The right ratio is 1.5 quarts of vinegar for every 2 gallons of water.

Not adding the right amount of vinegar means the pickles will start spoiling.

This makes food for harmful bacteria, including bacteria responsible for botulism.

The pickles may even smell and taste fine, but can still get you sick.

Usually, the pickles will produce a white foam or film that lets you know right away that the pickles should be thrown out, but this visual giveaway that the pickles are off may not appear before someone decides to give the pickles a try.

Frequently Asked Questions about Do Pickles Need to be Refrigerated

What is the Oldest Jar of Pickles?

The oldest pickle known is a medicine bottle that was made in 1876. It is in proud possession of the descendants of the pickler, the Boyle family of Florida. The pickle is many shades of brown and obviously has gone off.

Are Pickles Alive?

Although pickles are not alive, the bacteria in fermented or brined pickles, not pickles made in vinegar, are alive. Currently, they have no plans for world domination.

What Do Pickles That Have Gone Bad Smell Like?

Although good pickles have a strong vinegar smell, pickles that have gone off can be detected from their smell. Rancid pickles have a smell described as “sour mold.” A strong yeast smell is also bad news. If pickles smell bad, chances are they are bad for you and should be thrown out.

The Least You Need to Know

Pickles definitely need to be refrigerated when the jar is opened.

Keeping them at warm or room temperatures promotes the growth of mold, bacteria, yeast, and anything else that can get you very sick.

Refrigerated pickles can last for months.

Unopened pickle jars can last up to two years beyond their expiration date, as long as they have been stored consistently in a cool, dry place.


Minimum category calculation

How is this done? I think there’s a race missing from my top 3, but I have 2 races with very similar numbers so I’m not sure which one it is.

Is there a way to find our which ones are used to make the calculation??

Thanks so much

If you go to your profile and click “Info” next to your category it should show you the three it’s using:

If you go to your results list and click the “View 95%” you should be able to pick out the three best within the past 90 days. For me for example:

It’s slightly different as the category info list shows 2 decimal places, while the results list shows 3; but if you round them you should get the same numbers.

Ok so in that case, what if it definitely looks like one isn’t being used?? A higher one in this case. I have 2 races that would round to 3.3w/kg and 3.29w/kg at 95% but only one is being used

The three in yellow being used as an example, and the one red not

Looks like the last event you have highlighted (3.299w/kg) is beyond 90 days - the first 2 yellow and red one are being used in the calculations.

It was the day before the one in red. Feb 10/21

Ohhhhh, american date. Ooops. :rofl:

I guess I’ll post here rather than create a new topic or hijack a different one.

Why is the category based on only three results/races? This will only detect outliers and push people to a higher category when they can’t compete there (by compete, I mean they will finish near the bottom almost every time)

The more data points used, the more accurately your performance will be reflected.

Maybe I should just eat some extra holiday fruitcake and gain a few kilos/pounds. That should take care of it.

I don’t think the more data points the better in terms of numbers of races. If you have shown to be capable in 2 or 3 races of a certain cat that’s where you should be racing.

Increasing the races to average will only skew you down the categories making it unfair on everyone else.

What does need to happen though is look at the full power curve and not just based everything on the 20 minute metric. because of this historical 20 min metric there is a lot of riders sandbagging that have high 1/5min power to win races but purposely keen their 20 min efforts below the category limits.

I think it should only be based of your best ride three is already to much. But I can see why they use the average of 3.

I would like to move to ranking instead of power. Any power metric will be open to be skewed by
the rider.
but this is all discussed here: Anti sandbagging and other areas that need development and communication

So would y’all be okay with finishing in the bottom 3 of your category 90%+ of the time?

I did two races a couple days ago. Was required to join A, yet finished last both times. Would you be okay with that? Sure, two races in a day and I can’t expect to do well. But last both times? Really?? (got lapped in the second race)

Not asking for an average, although that makes more sense than 1-3 data points.

I tried to follow that anti-sandbagging thread but it’s kind of a mess. The overwhelming consensus is that Zwift is not going to address the issue, so I’d rather consider simple ways to work with the existing system:

  • Use more data points (10% of your races? a random sampling? It’s easy math and is scientifically-based)
  • Allow a rider to hide the cat indicators (ignorance is bliss)
  • Something else I’ll think of as I get dropped hard in my next race (such as gain weight)

When I was allowed to enter B it just felt right. I usually finish in the middle depending on the number of people. Sure, I’ve “podiumed” in B when I was allowed to join B. 70% of those times were because there were 3 or fewer riders in the category.

We have all been there. With any system there will be some at the top and some at the bottom.

There are may races that has mass start so you won’t ride alone and can draft with the top B’s.

With your weight and power you should be mid A pack soon.

1 Like

I guessed you would be at the “■■■■ spot” of 65kg and 4.0x and looked you up and sure enough…

My advice to you is to gain a couple of kg. Put on some more clothes and carry a water bottle next time you weigh in. As you say, you’re hardly going to be mashing up the B cats if you ride there.

Yes it’s a ■■■■ system. I recall a similarly lightweight team-mate of mine upgraded while struggling (mostly failing) to hang on to our fast frappe TTT team. What’s the point of making them ride A cat, other than to ruin their zwifting experience?

Also, ride events like the ZHR masters. You can be as good or as bad as you like there, cats don’t matter. I see you did one recently.

I’m at the bottom so frequently that there must be some sort of correlation, which certainly doesn’t feel good.

If I’m riding with Bs, then I’m a B. Pretty simple. Also, when Bs see I’m an A, they tend not to take their turn to lead. They just slow down to stay in my draft. Super annoying.

This has been going on for a couple of years for me so I don’t think it’s going to change. I believe most people in my situation will figure out a way to stay in B. My thought is to treat races like interval training. I need to work on punch/recover anyway.

Thank you. I will try to eat more fruitcake this holiday season :grinning:

Yes, I enjoy the masters races and climbs the most. Sometimes I “climb” out of the bottom spot in a climbing race.

I’m relatively new to bike racing. I did a TT race last summer and was stunned how poorly I did as I consider myself to be in pretty good shape.

Someone must be the last one…

I was D for some time last winter, later D almost C - started in C immediately. Mostly not last, but somewhere near the bottom. The same now - after 3 events D almost C…
Conclusion? The summer was not good enough!

Ride on - in the right category.

1 Like

Sure… but no one should be last every time.

Last again today. Would have been ~7th in B, which is where I belong.

Not sure what I’m supposed to see here, SA. But I do see you’ve collected a fair number of podiums in B. Results that would have put you somewhere up the ladder in A.

I also see you’ve gained a couple kilos recently. Holiday fruitcake gets the better of many of us, it seems. Maybe I’ll strap some directly to my bike.

I wish there was an option to hide your category.

it’s the answer to this question … i was fine with it. it didn’t matter


introduction to computers lecture notes for study

introduction to computers lecture notes – As you all know that in today’s era computer is used in almost every field. In hospital, ticket reservation, data processing work, in weather department, in cinema, in office, in educational institutions, for multimedia designing work etc.

Computer is an electronic machine made by human, which is very useful and very important for our life. Today, any type of information can be obtained very easily with the help of computer, the speed of computing it has left behind even human beings, in this article we will know some basic and important things of computer.

what is computer ?

Computer is a fast computing tool. Originally the term computer referred to “a person who could perform numerical calculations with the help of a mechanical device.” “But now there is a computer – an electronic device that can receive instructions from outside. And can give numerical data or other types of information using a fixed program.

introduction to computers lecture notes for study

“Computer is an advanced electronic machine, which takes input from the user, and after processing the input given by the user, gives us the output (result).”

characteristics of computer

1.high speed – Computers have the ability to complete tasks at a higher speed than humans, they can do difficult tasks quickly.

2. Accuracy – When a task is done manually, there is always a possibility of human error, if the data input is correct then the computer can be used to perform the task in a manner that ensures accuracy

3. Storage – Computer can store large amount of information, after storing the information it can be brought back as needed.

4. Uniformity – the computer can do the same task over and over again with the same accuracy

4. Multidisciplinary – Computers are used to do both easy and difficult tasks

5. Cost-effective – computers reduce the amount of paperwork and human effort, thereby cutting costs

types of computer

1.types of computer based on application – Analog Computer, Digital Computer and Hybrid Computer

2.types of computer based on size – Microcomputer, Workstation Mini Computer, Mainframe Computer and Super Computer

personal computer and microcomputer

It is specially used by individual or small group, microprocessor is mainly helpful in making these computers, microprocessor is the chip on which (control unit) and (ALU) have a single unit. There is a circuit, microprocessor chip and other devices are kept in a unit, which is called system unit, it includes a system unit, a monitor or screen, a keyboard, and other devices such as printer, modem, speaker, scanner, plotter, graphic Tablet, light pen, etc.

fundamentals of personal computer

It is a system in which data and instructions are accepted through input devices, next to this input data and instructions are sent to the system unit, where according to the instructions (CPU) the data is processed or Performs the processing work and sends the result to the output unit, monitor or screen, this result is called output, in PC always keyboard and mouse are used in the input unit, while monitor and printer are used in the output unit.

input device – We send our instructions, programs and input data to the processor through keyboard, mouse, scanner etc.

fundamentals of personal computer

output device – Once the program instruction is followed, the output is sent to the screen, printer, etc.

output device

processing – The computer does not understand our language, the computer understands only the binary language, the computer first converts it into binary language to understand the language given by the user, then converts the binary data into the language given by the user so that the user results be able to understand.

Central processing unit – Central Processing Unit is also called Central Analyst Unit, it is that part of the computer, where the computer analyzes the received information, the Central Processing Unit can be further divided into three parts – Control Unit, (ALU) ), and memory.

Storage – Information is stored in storage mediums – hard disk, floppy disk, for future use.

different types of personal computer

Desktop computers – Desktop computers are usually placed on a desk or table, hence the name desktop, this type of computer is the largest of all PCs, each part of the desktop is usually separate and interchangeable.

Laptops and Notebooks – Laptops are small portable computers weighing up to a kilogram, modern laptops are often called notebook computers due to their small size.

Handheld Computers – Handheld computers are small carry-on computers designed to fit in your handbag or pocket. These computers usually won’t be desktop or laptop computers, but are powerful for specific tasks. are useful.

Tablet PC – Tablet PC is a type of notebook computer, by a special pay it allows the user to take notes or draw pictures, the input entered by the user can be edited.

5 advantages of computer

1.Speed - It can do a large amount of work in just a few seconds, where a human works on a particular task throughout the day, the computer does the same task in a very short time as compared to the human, the speed of the computer is divided into microseconds, nanoseconds and microseconds. Even measured in picoseconds.

Accuracy – The computer is capable of performing arithmetic calculations and logical operations with 100% precision and the same accuracy. A computer can make errors, but on the fault of a human, it can be due to wrong feeding of data or wrong setting by the programmer.

Perseverance – If you work continuously for 4 hours, you feel lack of concentration, tired and monotonous, but a computer is free from these, and you will get the result you want with the same speed and same precision.

Versatility – A computer can perform many tasks. It is used in data processing jobs, weather forecasting, ticket-reservation purposes, animation etc.

Networking and the Internet – computers are used to coordinate information across multiple locations.

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User Switcher, just like sudo but worse
Linux User 9f0238d788 pause for some time on wrong password 3 months ago
.gitignore compiles on openbsd 6 months ago
LICENSE licensed code 10 months ago updated readme 6 months ago
makefile added manual pages 6 months ago
us.1 fix typos 6 months ago
us.c pause for some time on wrong password 3 months ago
us.conf.5 changed config, + became permit and - deny 3 months ago

US - User {Switcher,Shell}

Opens a shell as a different user without needing to authenticate as that user. This is similar to the behavior of su but it allows to execute privileged and/or commands as any other user without needing their password. It doesn't use PAM, instead relies on shadow files and the passwd database to check if the given password is correct. Support for different methods of authentication is planned.

To install use make install and to uninstall use make uninstall, all other documentation is provided as man pages, man us will give general information about the utility and how to use it and man us.conf contains info about the config file format.

Supported platforms

All platforms that store the encrypted password in /etc/passwd should be supported, which to this day are none. Linux is supported through shadow(3) and OpenBSD through its API. Support for more systems is planned. This program is libc-agnostic as (apart from authentication) it is POSIX compliant code.


Week 3 assignment 1: system development life cycle: phases i & ii –

Read the details of the Larson Property Management Company case scenario on pages 114–115 of the textbook. The Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Larson, and the Chief Financial Officer, Ms. Johnson, would like to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the HR functions, as well as reduce overall HR costs. Mr. Larson and Ms. Johnson would like you, the HR Director, to serve as the change agent of the project. In this assignment, you will develop a plan and analysis (planning and analysis phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)) of the current business based on the details of the scenario.

Write a two to three-page proposal, in which you:

Introduction and Plan

1. Detail the current situation for the company, focusing on the issues that the organization is currently facing from using a legacy HRIS. Explain your plan for moving forward to address these issues.

Needs Analysis

2. Based on the issues the organization is currently facing, identify the new system needs. Identify change team members who will help identify system need and specify their role and responsibilities.

Interview, Questionnaire, Observation, or Focus Group

3. Determine how additional data will be collected regarding system needs. Determine how change management team will collect data during the exploration phase. Specify if team members will use interviews, questionnaires, observations and/or focus groups to collect data from end users. Provide at least five essential questions that will be asked of end users via interview, questionnaire, observation, or focus group.

4. Explain two to three reasons why the company would benefit from adopting an HRIS. Focus on how the HRIS would address the current HR needs of the organization.

5. Use at least two quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Click Here to Make an Order Click Here to Hire a Writer


Home US Embassy U.S. Embassy

U.S. Embassy

U.S. Embassy

What is an Embassy?

An embassy is a permanent diplomatic mission located in a country’s capital city.  An embassy is responsible for representing the home country overseas and preserving the rights of citizens abroad.  An ambassador is the highest office in the embassy.  Their job is to be the “voice” of the home nation.  Once a nation is declared sovereign by another an embassy is usually established in the capitol of the recognizing nation to maintain foreign relations.
What does an embassy do?
The functions of an embassy deal strictly with that of governmental communication.  The embassy’s main job is to represent the visiting nation in the host nation, protecting the visiting nation’s interests, negotiating with the host nation and reporting that information to the visiting nation.
What is the difference between an embassy and a consulate?
Where an embassy deals mostly with international diplomacy between the host and visiting nation a consulate is more concerned with dealing with individual and business relations.  As defined by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 a consular has two jobs; (1) to protect the interests of their countrymen in the host country and (2) further the commercial and economic relations between the two countries.

What can I get done at an embassy or consulate?
The most common thing that individuals use the embassy for is to obtain visas and/or passports.  For any type of travel outside your home country it is important that you obtain a passport, if not a visa.

What is the difference between a passport and a visa?
A visa is a document showing that an individual is authorized to enter into a country.  Unlike common belief, a visa does not allow entry into another country; it merely allows the host country to identify the individual prior to their entry into the country.  It may be revoked by the host country at any time.  There are many types of visas available including work visas, transit visas, tourist visas, business visas, etc.  A visa is usually a stamp that is found within a passport.
A passport, on the other hand, is a document that certifies an individual’s identity and citizenship.  Unlike a visa, a passport is your home countries notification that you are permitted to travel outside the country.  The passport serves two purposes; (1) to regain entry to the country of citizenship and (2) is a requirement of many countries to gain entry to the visiting country.
How do I get a visa or passport?
The best way to obtain a visa is to visit your local consulate or embassy of the country you wish to travel to.  There you will need to fill out certain forms depending on what type of visa you are seeking.  Check with the consulate or embassy of the nation you intend to visit to discover what their visa requirements are.  There are many countries, especially for U.S. citizens that do not require a visa to travel, only a passport.


Credit: Beauvoir Films
by Lawrence Garcia Film

The Girl and the Spider | Ramon & Silvan Zürcher

March 2, 2021

Like their previous collaboration, 2013’s The Strange Little Cat, Ramon and Silvan Zürcher’s The Girl and the Spider is best approached as a Rube-Goldberg contraption of physical/emotional pressure build-ups and releases. But whereas that film was set almost entirely in a Berlin apartment over the course of a single day, the Zürchers’ sophomore feature deliberately extends this organization: Mainly tracking a young woman’s, Lisa (Liliane Amuat), move away from the flat she currently shares with her roommate Mara (Henriette Confurius), The Girl and the Spider unfolds across a pair of apartment complexes over two days and one night. A blue-eyed Berliner with an intense, inscrutable stare, Mara at one point reminisces about a bike trip she and Lisa took together, hinting at a time when they were happily, and romantically, attached. But it’s perhaps not so hard to see why things took a turn for the worse. Indeed, as we observe Mara unhelpfully wander about Lisa’s new apartment on moving day, at specific points spilling hot coffee on a dog, deliberately vandalizing a counter-top, and toying with a utility knife, we might eventually conclude that she is, at the very least, somewhat disturbed. Then again, by the end of the film, we might reach the same conclusion about every other character in the movie as well.

For the most part, the film’s constant sense of aggression is welcome, and makes for a good amount of fun as we are introduced to a literal host of complications: Apart from Mara’s unresolved feelings for Lisa, we also observe Lisa’s barely disguised hostility towards her mother, her mother’s flirtations with a hired mover, the mover’s assistant’s attraction to Mara, his eventual hookup with Mara’s neighbor, that neighbor’s history with one of Mara and Lisa’s other roommates, and so on. And though these action-reaction symmetries become rather tedious by the film’s end, the Zürchers at least take care not to violate their highly-stylized framework and underlying artistic hypotheses, which consistently render human activity with the same opacity as the material world. (The touch of fairy-tale suggestion in the title — seen most clearly in the succubus-like neighbor who sleeps during the day and roams the night — is for this reason appropriate, giving the impression of an insular, oddball fantasy.) If The Girl and the Spider ultimately feels too much like a recapitulation of The Strange Little Cat, it remains, for a time, a welcome tonic, its symphony of sights and sounds creating the sense of a world on the verge of a nervous breakdown, but never quite collapsing entirely.

Published as part of Berlin Film Festival 2021 — Dispatch 2.


Are there any finishes I can apply myself on my 3D prints?

With a bit of preparation, you can paint or polish 3D printed parts yourself. However, if you are looking for a professional and consistent finish, we recommend you to check our finishes options and find the most suitable solution for your 3D printing project.


Fighting fire through the air

A fleet of 50 fire-fighting aircraft will help keep Victoria communities safe through the 2019-2020 summer fire season.

The State Government announced the fleet last week, including a mix of water bombing aircraft, air supervision and air intelligence-gathering aircraft.

The fleet includes two large air tankers, which can carry up to 15,000 litres of water, foam or retardant, and two 7500 litre aircranes, providing support to other aircraft across the state.

It also includes several specialist night-time aircraft, which can firebomb and undertake intelligence operations after dark, if conditions are suitable.

Victoria’s emergency service agencies are preparing for an elevated fire season for east and west Gippsland, with the rest of the state expected to experience similar conditions as last fire season.

CFA District 12 Commander Tim McKern, based in Seymour, said so far this year, rainfall had been below average across much of the district’s catchment.

“While we’re talking about an average fire season across much of the state, including our district, there’s still the potential to have fast-running grass fires and fires within forested areas,” he said.

“Even when we have an average bushfire season, there are still a significant number of fires that occur that cause damage to livestock, property and infrastructure.”

Aircraft will provide immediate fire response and pre-determined dispatch across the state, allowing water bombing aircraft to respond to fires at the same time as fire trucks.

“We currently utilise pre-determined dispatch which has aircraft responding immediately on the report of a fire once we reach a certain fire danger threshold,” Commander McKern said.

“This can result in the first firefighting equipment on scene being the aircraft. It means we can keep fires small until we can get ground crews on scene.

“Our firefighting aircraft are really effective but they’re always used in combination with ground resources and the important work of our volunteers on the ground in fire suppression.”

Firefighting aircraft were dispatched 2466 times during 2018-19, an 11 per cent increase on the previous year.


What Greek gods are associated with human skill?

Athena. Goddess of intelligence, skill, peace, warfare, battle strategy, handicrafts, and wisdom.

What god is associated with human reason?

Athena. Athena was the goddess of reason, wisdom, and war. She famously sprung fully formed from the forehead of Zeus.

Did Greek Gods display human qualities?

Is Athena associated with human skill?

Athena became the goddess of crafts and skilled peacetime pursuits in general. She was particularly known as the patroness of spinning and weaving. That she ultimately became allegorized to personify wisdom and righteousness was a natural development of her patronage of skill.

Is Apollo a Helios?

Helios, (Greek: “Sun”) in Greek religion, the sun god, sometimes called a Titan. … His worship spread as he became increasingly identified with other deities, often under Eastern influence. From the 5th century bce, Apollo, originally a deity of radiant purity, was more and more interpreted as a sun god.

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What is Hermes Greek name?

Hermes was also called Atlantiades (Greek: Ατλαντιάδης), because his mother, Maia was the daughter of Atlas.

What human characteristics does Zeus have?

Zeus is known for being wise, fair, just, merciful and prudent but also easily angered.

How did Greek gods interact with humans?

Humans depended on the gods for basic everyday tasks. … Humans would also give sacrifices and make monuments in their honor. The interaction between gods and mortals did not only happen within temples. One way gods would “interact” would be by “love.” Many gods desired some of the human beings.

In what ways gods are similar to human?

Gods and Humans also share something that I would like to call life. Gods share the same ideas and attitudes toward each other just like humans did. Take love for instance. Gods have the same meaning towards love just as the humans did and also in different ways.

Who is goddess Venus?

Who is Ares Roman counterpart?

Ares, in Greek religion, god of war or, more properly, the spirit of battle. Unlike his Roman counterpart, Mars, he was never very popular, and his worship was not extensive in Greece. He represented the distasteful aspects of brutal warfare and slaughter.

What are Hera powers?

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Who is the god of creativity?

Hephaestus : The God of Design & Creativity.

Who is the Greek god of learning?

Athena is often considered to be the best Greek goddess of all the gods and goddesses. She is known as the goddess of knowledge, wisdom, crafts, civilization, and justice.

Who is the goddess of learning?

Sarasvati, Hindu goddess of learning and the arts, especially music. First appearing as the personification of the sacred river Sarasvati and also identified with Vac, the goddess of speech, she is later named the consort, daughter, or granddaughter of the god Brahma.


You asked: Are electric scooters environmentally friendly?

Do scooters pollute more than cars?

Scooters produce less carbon pollution than cars because they are smaller and burn less gas. Most scooters do produce slightly higher concentrations of other pollutants that cause smog, but because they produce much less exhaust the total release for these pollutants is also lower.

Why are electric scooters illegal?

This is because they are classified as Personal Light Electric Vehicles (PLEVs) and are subject to all the same legal requirements as other motor vehicles.

Are electric scooters efficient?

e-scooter takes a fraction of the energy compared to a 3,000-4,000 lb. car or SUV. One study estimates that scooters are more than 1,000% more efficient per mile than the average combustion vehicle based on the energy needed to move them.

What cities have banned electric scooters?

In response, a number of cities, from West Hollywood, Calif., to Winston-Salem, N.C., are simply banning the scooters once they arrive. Others have proactively blocked scooter companies from introducing the service, such as Columbia, S.C., which enacted a one-year ban on the vehicles in January.

Are electric scooters banned?

Following a surprise announcement on Monday 7 June 2021, e-scooters are now legal to use in London. However, the use of them comes with new restrictions.

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Is it a sin to be married but love someone else?

And having feelings for someone else while being married, is that a devilish sin? No, it’s just a human complexity. You keep falling in and out of love. … You are married but in love with someone else and then you go back to being in love with your partner.

What happens when you fall in love with someone else while married?

There are four options if you find yourself in love with someone else and are considering or have already had an affair: End the affair and work on your marriage. Stay in your marriage while continuing a relationship with your lover. Leave your marriage for your lover.

Is it normal to have feelings for someone else while married?

A study found that 23% of Americans currently in partnerships have feelings for someone else. That number gets even higher when you ask anyone whose ever been in a relationship. Little crushes are common, but when they turn into something real, you may want to reassess your relationship.

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How can you be married and love someone else?

You have basically 4 choices when you’re married but in love with someone else:

  • You stay in the extramarital affair while staying married too. …
  • Decide to end your marriage to be with your affair partner-marrying them or not.
  • End the affair yourself, and work on your marriage.

What does the Bible say about loving someone who is married?

Ephesians 5:25: For husbands, this means love your wives, just as Christ loved the church. He gave up his life for her. … Genesis 2:24: Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.

What do you call a woman who dates a married man?

What is Microcheating?

How do affairs start?

An emotional affair usually begins when you become close to the other person. … “Some partners may literally go days without a significant, distraction-free, emotional interaction with each other because of careers, hobbies, etc., so they seek it elsewhere.” But then something shifts.

Can you be in love with 2 people?

But if you’ve ever been in love with two people at the same time, you might not say the same. … But for those in monogamous relationships, being in love with more than one person may not be a good thing. But it definitely happens, and it can make you feel guilty, uncomfortable, and definitely confused.

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How can you tell if your wife is in love with someone else?

  • They’ve Started Talking About Someone Else A Lot. …
  • They Seem A Bit Emotionally Detached. …
  • Their Routine Has Changed. …
  • They’re Giving You Less Romantic Attention. …
  • They’re Fixated On a Friend’s Relationship.

“You can absolutely fall in love with two people at the same time,” he says. … A second person might make you feel safe, loved and deeply connected, and you’ll also fall for that person. Suddenly, your brain is cranking out dopamine for both of them because they make you feel special and loved in different ways.”

Can people fall back in love?

Can a man fall in love with a married woman?

Is it OK to fall in love with a married woman? … Men can still be attracted to a married woman, and a single woman or a married woman can be attracted to someone other than their spouse. It is because of this that we cannot say it is wrong to love a married woman.

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Can you be forgiven for committing adultery?

Who comes first wife or mother Bible?

Will God give you someone else’s husband?

God would never give you someone else’s husband, because to do so would create so much pain for his wife and children. Married men are out of bounds for you. … Most affairs don’t end in marriage, and most of those that do, end in divorce. Affairs are definitely not the way to find a life partner.

Catholic Church


In The News

The Environment & Your Bottom Line

For restaurants and retailers, COVID-19 has disrupted every aspect of business. With so many critical issues that have risen to the top of the list of concerns, recycling programs tend to fall to the back burner as companies focus on economic survival. However, while COVID-19 (and a drop in scrap commodities prices) has driven up recycling costs for some items, prioritizing recycling of high-quality commodities still provides better value than sending trash to the landfill.

America is facing a mounting trash crisis as existing landfills reach capacity and densely populated areas run out of room to establish new facilities. The situation has become so urgent that more state and local jurisdictions are capping how much trash you can send to landfills and levying hefty fines for businesses that exceed these limits.


Indifference curves

  1. Draw indifference curves that represent the following individuals’ preferences for hamburgers and soft drinks. Indicate the direction in which the individuals’ satisfaction (or utility) is increasing.

a. Joe has convex preferences and dislikes both hamburgers and soft drinks.

b. Jane loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If she is served a soft drink, she will pour it down the drain rather than drink it.

c. Bob loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If he is served a soft drink, he will drink it to be polite.

d. Molly loves hamburgers and soft drinks, but insists on consuming exactly one soft drink for every two hamburgers that she eats.

e. Bill likes hamburgers, but neither likes nor dislikes soft drinks.

f. Mary always gets twice as much satisfaction from an extra hamburger as she does from an extra soft drink.

Sample Solution

A good / service that America has a comparative advantage in producing.

Take a closer look at our local economy or a country of your interest and pick a good or a service that you believe America (or your country of choice) has a comparative advantage in producing. Discuss the factors that you believe give America (or your country of choice) such an advantage.

In addition, is it better for a country to export more or to import more?

Moreover, what is the impact of trade surplus (exporting more than importing) and trade deficit (importing more than exporting) on GDP, employment, and the exchange rate of the country’s currency?

Sample Solution

The logic, rationale, and effectiveness of Global Economic Governance

Considering the readings, video presentations, and your own research, draft a quality 5–7 pg. research paper on the logic, rationale, and effectiveness of Global Economic Governance in accordance with the following prompts, answering in a separate or integrated manner as you wish.

Reasoning with clear ideas and examples, explain at least 3 reasons for the authority and legitimacy of the IMF and World Bank? According to their defenders, what is their stated role and rationale? In reverse, mention at least 3 criticisms of these institutions. Is there a particularly Christian approach to international finance or micro-finance, or might Christians split left to right on this issue? Explain.
Reasoning with clear ideas and examples, discuss the pros and cons of the free trade regime established after WWII. Most Western economists defend free trade as a religious mantra, believing it a partial remedy for the ills of inequality between peoples, states, and regions like the North-South divide for example. Many Christians endorse free trade as one of the only ways to reconcile capitalism, freedom, and Christian faith. Providing 3 pros and 3 cons, offer a more balanced view of free trade.

Sample Solution

Theodore Levitt’s remarks about the contrasting needs of the seller

Theodore Levitt’s remarks about the contrasting needs of the seller and the marketer were shared. Levitt described how satisfying the needs of the customer is now the pathway to marketing success. This concept and others related to the four Ps of product, price, promotion, and place were further explored throughout the units. For this reflection paper, respond to these three prompts:

Reflect on how this introductory marketing course has changed your view of how the field of marketing works.
What was the most surprising thing you learned? What do you need to learn more about?
Do you see the rise of consumer power through evolving changes in technology? If so, how? If not, why not?

Sample Solution

An analysis of market structures and relating pricing strategies that are suitable for each

Cover page with a running head

  1. Perfect Competition
    1.1. Description
    1.2. Pricing Strategies
  2. Monopolistic competition
    2.1. Description
    2.2. Pricing Strategies
  3. Oligopoly
    3.1. Description
    3.2. Pricing Strategies
  4. Monopoly
    4.1. Description
    4.2. Pricing Strategies
  5. Case Study
  6. Conclusion

Sample Solution

Projections for demand

Given future projections for demand, how do you think the industry as a whole will do over the next twenty years? How might your forecast differ for the wide-bodied and narrow-bodied segments?

Sample Solution

The Great Recession

During the Great Recession, like any other economic downturns, as unemployment rises, aggregate income declines causing a major decline in tax collections. On the other hand, with the rise in unemployment, spending on safety net programs rise. So, to stabilize the national economy, government appears to have only two options (neither good) either to put in place severe austerity measures (cut spending) or increase borrowing. Of course, it is very difficult to defend cuts in the federal government programs and especially the programs geared to sustain the minimum of the standard of living for the “poor.” But increase in borrowing has major adverse impacts on the national economy.

Write an essay analyzing

· Different theoretical views on national debt,

· Long-run costs of high national debt,

· Costs of eliminating the budget deficit solely through (1) personal tax increases, and/or (2) through spending cut by decreasing in transfer payments (i.e., Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid) and in discretionary spending (such as defense and education budgets).

Sample Solution

Monetary policy

Discuss what monetary policy is. Discuss different instruments of monetary policy. Discuss the impact of expansionary and contractionary monetary policy, specifically the change in interest rate and credit availability, and the process by which these changes impact business’s decision making process.

Sample Solution

Suppose we have two sectors: MANU and AG. Capital is specific to MANU and Land specific to AG. Labour is mobile. Prices are given.

a) What do we mean by Labour market equilibrium in this model? Show the equilibrium using the ‘Leontief Box’ diagram below and explain why it is the equilibrium.

b) Show/depict how to find total payments to labour, returns to the owner of capital and returns to owners of land.

c) How do we calculate GDP at equilibrium? Prove that the equilibrium maximizes GDP.

Sample Solution

Scarce resources and how you would use that resource most effectively.

  1. Discuss one of the four types of scarce resources and how you would use that resource most effectively.
  2. How do the laws of supply and demand affect ongoing business, and what policy or system could you use to help? Please give one example of an effect of supply or demand and then describe how you would manage the situation. Please be detailed and specific with a tangible example.
  3. Describe one type of systematic risk and one type of unsystematic risk and then explain how a business would create a plan to address the risk.
  4. What is the difference between strategic planning and functional planning and describe specific situational uses for each type of planning.
  5. Describe one of the types of business organization and what circumstances would make it the best organization to use.
  6. Name a specific benefit to writing a business plan when creating a new business? Explain your answer.

Sample Solution


smoke 3108065 640 Functional groups in organic chemistry (A level chemistry)

Functional groups in organic chemistry (A level chemistry)

Functional groups in organic chemistry are special arrangements of atoms in a part of an organic molecule that determines its characteristic chemical properties.

Organic molecules with the same functional group react in the same
way, no matter the length of the hydrocarbon chain. This means that if you learn the reactions of one alkane, such as ethane, you can perfectly well apply this knowledge to predict the reactions of any other alkane.

The table below shows some families of organic compounds and their functional groups.

Family Functional group Name prefix or suffix Example
alkanes CnH2n+2 -ane ethane
alkenes C=C -ene propene
halogenoalkanes -X (whereby X is a halogen atom) (prefix is specific to the halogen in the molecule) chloromethane
alcohols -OH -ol ethanol
aldehydes -CHO

Functional group

-al ethanal
ketones -CO-

Functional group

-one propanone
carboxylic acids -COOH

Functional group

-oic acid ethanoic acid
amines -NH2 -amine ethylamine

Functional group

-oate ethyl ethanoate

Homologous series and functional groups

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the
same functional group.

Any homologous series has the following characteristics:

  • compounds in the homologous series have the same general formula.
  • each member of the homologous series differs from the next by CH2.
  • the length of the carbon chain has little to no effect on the chemical reactivity of the members of a series.
  • while the functional group affects the chemical properties, the length of the carbon chain affects physical properties, such as melting point, boiling point, and solubility.
  • melting points and boiling points of members of a homologous series tend to increase by a small amount as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases. This is due to the increase in the intermolecular forces.
  • branching of the carbon chain reduces the melting and boiling points.

General formula of organic compounds

Each member of a homologous series adheres to a certain general formula which shows the ratio of its atoms. The table below shows the general formulae of some functional groups.

Family General formula
alkanes CnH2n+2
alkenes CnH2n
halogenoalkanes CnH2n+1 X (whereby X is a halogen atom)
alcohols CnH2n+1OH
aldehydes CnH2n+1CHO
ketones CnH2n+1COCmH2m+1
carboxylic acids CnH2n+1COOH
amines CnH2n+1NH2
esters CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1