When is One Day Without Shoes Day 2021

There are a lot of people in our world, who have a lot of opportunities to do something and to have what they want. But at the same time, there are people, whose every day of life is a struggle, who do not have simple things, which for most of us are normal. We do not think of it during our life, but these problems exist and we often are not aware of it at all. In this article, we would like to pay attention to one of these problems and gather people, who try to do this. There a holiday exists – One Day Without Shoes. If you haven’t heard about it, we will explain you and hope that at least some of you will take part in it. We will know, what does it all mean and when is One Day Without Shoes Day in 2021.

Background and meaning of the holiday

So, to begin with, we would like to say that the named holiday is dedicated to the problem of poor and developing countries.

One Day Without Shoes Day 2017

We all know, what they are – mostly they are countries of Africa, where practically all people live on the edge of poverty, suffer from hunger and lack of means of subsistence. They do not eat normally or eat very little and poor food, they do not have normal places to live, can’t buy furniture, toys, clothes, etc. A usual person can hardly imagine, how can a single person live in such conditions at all. Any of them haven’t seen at least a couple of those things, which a normal person doesn’t even notice during his everyday life.

But their different charity organizations exists, which try to deal with such like problems and try to help these people as much as they can. Their help comes in different ways, depending on the aims of a concrete organization, but here we will touch upon only one of them. As you could guess from the name of a holiday, connected to the article, we will speak about people, who deal with the problem of lack of shoes at these people. Let’s explain it more concrete further and know, what day One Day Without Shoes Day in 2021 is.

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So, a huge problem is that the people, we are speaking about, do not have the opportunity to buy shoes. They live barefoot and for most of them, at least one old pair of shoes if a luxury. Can you imagine, how is it to live like this? The ground is full of stones or such like things, which bother feet and it is very painful and dirty to walk always without shoes. But people there have no other choice and have to endure all this. The problem has been evoked many years ago, when a head of a shoe company, called TOMB, visited one of these countries. He noticed, that people there do not wear shoes and he was touched much by this fact. He decided to raise the problem among people and created a plan.

The sense was that, first of all:

  • He wanted to pay people’s attention to this problem
  • To make people in the world know, that there are people in other regions, who suffer much
  • To make people help others

That is why he made the following thing. As he owned a shoe company, he had an opportunity to help people. One day a year any person, who bought a pair of any shoes in his shop, had a second one, which was sent to those people, who are in need. Certainly, he sent shoes not by himself, but collected it all through the day and gave it to the organizations, who work with such programs. Also, if a person couldn’t afford to buy a new pair, he just could send his old ones in a good condition, to the same organizations by himself. In such a way this person made a great step in solving this important problem, to which practically nobody paid attention before. In such a way this holiday appeared and now more and more people know, when is One Day Without Shoes Day 2021.

With the help of this program, thousands of people in poor countries got their shoes and got an opportunity to live better without sufferings. It’s a good news that a lot of people from all corners of the country heard this person and supported the idea, but were not left aside.

One Day Without Shoes Day

How is the Day held

As you now know the sense of the holiday, it is maybe obvious that there are no special celebrations or something of the sort. But there is one tradition, which also helps people not to be aside important problems. Everybody during this day is offered to take off his or her shoes and walk like this for the whole day. In such a way a person will have an opportunity to feel, how is it to live barefoot and feel the importance of the problem. It’s a good news that really many people take part in this holiday ad help people from Africa and such like countries and know, what is the date of One Day Without Shoes Day 2021.

There exists a special organization, which works with this particular problem. The have their own website, where all the information is placed and any person can visit it, see the results of their work and ways to help personally. There are a lot of photos, posted after visiting these countries and giving them shoes. You can find the information, about how you personally can help, where to go and what to do. It all can be done not obligatory on this very holiday, which is, by the way, celebrated annually on the May 14th this year. You can help all year round, there is no need to wait for particularly this concrete day. It is very important to be involved in world’s most important problems and to not stay aside. Remember that helping those, who suffer and have not such opportunities as you have, you make your life better too. That is why look up, when is One Day Without Shoes Day in 2021, in calendar, and be a part of all this. They are waiting for your help – remember that it is not so difficult and you only win!

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Plant Biology

In this Director’s Dialogue, three Whitehead Institute scientists speak with Ruth Lehmann about exciting opportunities for leveraging fundamental biological research to create biotechnologies that address some of climate change's vexing effects.

If we imagine the cell as an orchestra, with many musicians who each have a small part to play, then what conducts all of these musicians and keeps them organized and harmonized as they play a symphony?

Experience a multimedia story exploring Whitehead Member Jing-Ke Weng’s work. Weng’s laboratory is combining the ancient wisdom of traditional plant-based global medicine with genomics, analytical chemistry, and synthetic biology in order to advance our understanding of plant metabolic evolution and impact a new era of natural products-based therapeutics.

Maintaining food security in the face of climate change is a complex, multifaceted problem of global importance, and so researchers are tackling it from many different angles. Whitehead Institute Member Mary Gehring is starting to work on ways to engineer crops that can better survive the effects of climate change and continue to produce high yields with high nutritional value.


Why we exist....

Our team of action biased researchers delves into urban problems and passionately co-create innovative processes, digital technologies and collects and analyses urban data to support sustainable development through transparent and agile decision making.

What do we mean by sustainable development?

Why  7 Gen Analytics?

7 Gen takes its name from the Seventh Generation Principle of the native North American Iroquois nation. The principle states 'that every decision we make results in sustainable relationships that last at least seven generations into the future'. We hope our analysis of our increasingly complex built environment will move humanity closer to achieving this goal.

We support the sustainable development goals.

Sustainable Development Goals
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Microglia: the brain’s immune barrier at the interface of good and bad

In this blog post, we share an overview of the existing knowledge regarding the neuro-modulatory function of microglia.

It may come as a surprise that the central nervous system (CNS), the brain and spinal cordhosts its own specialized active immunity.

The brain and spinal cord are hence not totally immune-privileged. The microglial cells (microglia) are the primary cell type within the immunological community of the CNS, fulfill a diverse set of roles associated with CNS homeostasis and immune defense.

Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. Microglia are endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease.

Microglia cells are motile, and within their routine comes the constant patrolling and scanning of the CNS microenvironment and the reaction to danger signals.

Somehow, virtually every physiological state of the brain, basic developmental and physiological processes, appears, in one way or another, to involve this amazing cell type.

Microglia exhibit widely differing functions depending on the stage of life and area of residence within CNS. In the healthy prenatal CNS, microglia exert lifelong support to neurogenesis and nerve wiring, and synapse pruning.

In their role as innate immune cells, microglia play their macrophage “act,” sensing danger signals in the brain tissue microenvironment either caused by pathogens or trauma. Like macrophages, they are phagocytotic, antigen-presenting and display class II HLA-DR antigens on their surface.

Hortega, the father of microglia

The origin of the microglia was shredded in mystery since their first description by the histologist Franz Nissl in 1899 as ‘Stabchenzellen’ or rod-like cells. Twenty years later, the neurobiologist Pio del Rio-Hortega, a disciple of Cajal, revealed and described the phagocytic and migratory properties of these cells and adopted their phenotypic designation as “microglial cells.”

Figure. 1 Image of ramified microglial cells drawn by Pio del Rio-Hortega (1882–1945).

Following years of debate as regards their true identity, the basic immune cell identity of the microglia was unraveled by their positive immunohistochemistry (IHC)-staining for the macrophage-associated proteinsthe allograft inflammatory factor 1 (Iba1/AIF1, HPA049234), the integrin alpha M complement component (ITGAM/CD11, AMAb90911), and the scavenger receptors CD68 (AMAb90874) and CD163 (HPA046404).

Microglia: the tissue-resident macrophages of the CNS

Ontogenetically, microglia arise from fetal hematopoietic stem cells in the yolk sac seeding the rudimentary CNS. However, in contrast to any other hematopoietic cell type, microglia show a surprisingly slow renewal rate, uniquely remaining alive and functional for decades.

As additional proof of the macrophage-lineage identity of microglia, the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALSP) is manifested by a common deficiency in all macrophage lines.

Despite their ubiquity, microglia are morphologically and functionally diverse. Single-cell RNA-based sequencing of microglia isolated from post-mortal human brain tissue has unveiled functional states of microglia, each categorized by a particular set of protein markers. Moreover, definable classes or subtypes of microglia show a differential distribution between the white and grey matter.

This phenotypic and functional variability of microglia is critically determined by local cues (cellular and neurochemical microenvironment) and by the local physical interaction of microglia with neurons or astrocytes. One compelling example is the physical interaction between neurons and the purinergic receptor P2Y12R+ (HPA01379) microglia, an occurrence that seems to offer a neuroprotective role.

Microglial and neurodevelopmental disorders

Microglial cells respond to various stimuli in the CNS resulting in their activation, which may have a beneficial or a detrimental effect.

The activated microglia remove damaged neurons and infectious agents by phagocytosis, therefore being neuroprotective. However, their chronic activation exacerbates neuronal damage through the excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators which contribute to neuroinflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration in the CNS.

Microglial activity is intimately related to neurodevelopmental disorders. Any change in the physiological functions of macrophages and microglia can impact neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative events. Microglial contribution to disease, associates with compromised physiological roles such as synaptic maintenance and plasticity.

Figure 2. Origin of tissue macrophages in healthy CNS. Microglia and tissue-resident macrophages are derived from prenatal sources. The primitive erythromyeloid precursors (EMPs) located in the yolk sac during E7.58.0 soon develop into A1 cells and finally become A2 cells. The matured A2 cells then differentiate into microglia, meningeal macrophages (mMø), perivascular macrophages (pvMø), and choroid-plexus macrophages (cpMø). However, after birth, cpMΦ originate only from bone Ly6chi monocytes (Image from Wang J. et al., Front. Pharmacol., 2019; 10:286).

Persisting microglial reaction, triggered by insults to the CNS, is involved in pathological conditions ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders, traumatic injuries (like a stroke), infectious diseases, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and neuroinflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS).

As an example, key feature of Alzheimer’s disease is the prominent neuroinflammation. The inflammatory nature of amyloid has been recognized as a potential mechanism of disease progression, and the microglia surrounding Aβ plaques show elevated production of inflammatory factors.

One of the main functions of microglia within the normal and compromised CNS is to actively regulate myelin homeostasis. MS is a disease characterized by demyelination of axons and chronic inflammation. Within the MS-brain, there is a distinction in the transcriptional profiles of human microglia. Active myelin destructiontightly coupled with inflammation and reactive microgliosis, is a basic characteristic of MS and other demyelinating diseases.

Iron-accumulation is another early pathological hallmark of MS, and in MS-lesions, microglia show a distinctive upregulation of the mitochondrial iron transporter proteins, including ABCB6 (HP046723) in response to iron deposition.

Individuals carrying a defunct copy of the colony-stimulating factor receptor CSF-1R (HPA012323) develop ALSP (autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome), a rare hereditary neurodegenerative syndrome that couples to white matter degradation with dementia and motor impairment.

In neuroinflammatory lesions, the activated microglia display a dramatic loss of homeostatic markers (like P2Y12R) and upregulation of phagocytic markers (CD68) and markers associated with oxidative metabolism like NADPH oxidase (NOX1)The small molecule drug minocycline transiently reduces microglia/macrophage activationHence minocycline-induced inhibition of microglial activation shows substantial benefit to the MS-afflicted brain in clinical trials. Currently, the clinical treatment of MS includes recombinant IFNb-1a, glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab to mainly regulate T- and B-cells.

Therapeutic strategies

Various anti-inflammatory drugs have been identified in treating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the CNS. However, hurdles in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), expression of metabolic enzymes, presence of efflux pumps, and several other factors prevent the entry of these drugs into the CNS.

Nanotechnology can improve the delivery of therapeutic drugs across the BBB for treating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration enabling new alternatives with significant promises in revolutionizing the field of neurodegenerative disease therapy.

  • Cserép C. et al., Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions. Science 2020; 367(6477): 528-537

  • Masuda et al., Microglia Heterogeneity in the Single-Cell Era. Cell Report 2020; 30(5): 1271-1281

  • Stratoulias V. et al., Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community. EMBO J. 2019; 38(17):e101997

  • Wang J. et al., Targeting Microglia and Macrophages: A Potential Treatment Strategy for Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2019;10 (28)


Little Spotted Kiwi

Soft Toy Kiwi made in NZ by NativeZ.

Kiwis are endemic to New Zealand and renown for several unique features. They have no wings or tail, they have nostrils at the end of their beak, and they lay the largest eggs of all birds in proportion to their body size.

Three sizes.  All Kiwis are safe for all ages.


An egalitarian Conservative congregation serving the diverse Orange County Jewish Community

Passover Resources from Rabbi Spitz

Dear Friends,

Our Pesech seders are a celebration of our collective identity. The following are some resources to help you prepare and to enrich your gathering of family and friends.

1.The Order of the Haggadah, a Program. When we read through the Haggadah its structure is unclear, which is ironic since the word “seder” means order. The traditional seder is actually a four-act play. The second act is the “telling,” composed of four different tellings, each structured with a question, an answer, and words of praise. Please consider using this program to both pace and give context to the flow of the teaching.

2.This year the Conservative Movement’s Law Committee approved the eating of rice, beans, tofu, corn, and chickpeas on Pesech, in Hebrew called Kitniyot. Beginning in the 12th century, Ashkenazic Jews (those living in Eastern Europe) avoided eating legumes on Passover for fear of confusion. Technically, it was permitted to eat these items as they are not of the five forbidden grains: barley, wheat, oats, spelt and rye. The forbidden grains are precisely the items that we also used to make matzah. Jews from Iran, Yemen, and Mediterranean countries (Sephardim) never forbade kitniyot. The Conservative Movement has decided that now is the time to offer this more expansive alternative due to the unity of Jews and the increase in vegans or those eating more vegetables. This ruling does not mean that a Jew needs to eat rice and many will refrain from doing so due to family custom. I share a few articles on the topic to further fill you in. I will add that I come to this topic with some hesitation, as I am used to a certain approach to Passover and yet this year, I am open to eating what until now was outside Ashkenazic practice. Heaven knows, there will remain for my family and me many rules of Pesech eating.

Los Angles Jewish Journal, “Rice and beans for Ashkenazi Jews on Passover?”

Reisner and Levin, “A Teshuvah permitting Ashkenzin to eat kitniyot on Passover,”

Elliot Cosgrove, A Manhattan Rabbi’s Sermon on kitniyot and why he will not be eating rice this year:

3.A detailed guide for the preparation of foods for Pesech:

4.Carl Cedar, our music specialist, has put together a collection of songs to enliven your Seder.

So many food rules! Particularly on Passover what we eat tells a story of our people’s past and our identity. Traditionally, the greeting for Passover is “May you have a kosher and happy holiday.” May it so be for you and your family.

Hag Sameakh, Elie


The future may or may not be Finnish

The future may or may not be Finnish

Last Friday the 21st Century Learning Reference Group here in NZ released their "Future-focused learning in connected communities" report. The document is worth a read, but if you're busy, read the summary.

RadioNZ has already picked up the story, and reported these key points:

".. the ministry should recognise digital competencies as essential foundation skills.

Defining and refining what "digital competencies" actually are, and deciding how to measure them will be problematic. The NZ curriculum, as far as I'm aware does not contain any standards or frameworks for what this 'digital competence' may look like.

Let's put aside the flame-war related fodder like the debate about handwriting skills vs keyboarding skills, and actually look at a current measurable example of "digital competency".

The ICAS tests, provided by the UNSW in Australia are currently available to NZ schools. They provide assessment data on a range of subjects, including computer science.

Here's a practice paper from that specific assessment.

Test questions include:

Becky has a new scanner to use with her computer.

Which of the following will Becky be able to scan?
(A) text and sound
(B) images and text
(C) video and sound
(D) images and video

I'd argue we've a a lot of work to do before 2017. Because by then:

"... all school students in Year Four and above should be using their own digital devices for learning."

It's not enough to be able to access internet resources reliably and with some measure of curation, such as Pond and TKI we're now going aspire, within the next 1000 days no less, to have the infrastructure and technical knowledge available within all 2500 of our existing schools to provision and support every single school student above Year Four with a digital device.

That's just the technical aspects, I'm not even bothering to consider the shifts required in teacher capacity, and societal mental models around the purpose and veracity of these devices - that allows them to be a useful and effective part of learning.

Arguably it's in the areas that involve actual humans that the shift will require the most systemic and empathetic focus.

"... the Government should ensure early childhood services provide digital learning, and charities and businesses should help poor families buy digital devices for their children."

This frustrates me. If as a society we truly believe in the value of a shared public education, in my opinion, that same society shouldn't rely on charities and businesses to fund the public good.

At the same time as this report with a lot of future sounding points was published, Politico ran this story: Finns beat US with low-tech take on school.

Yep - the same Finland that many in our teaching profession hail as the edu-Nirvana, to which we should aspire to in all ways, says this:

The article also points out some of the pitfalls of trying to mass-deploy technology into the education sector:

I think there is value in the 21st Century Learning Reference Group report, but there is much to clarify and refine as we frame this potential future. This clarity needs be articulated in such a way that the recommendations can be made an effective reality.

NOTE: I realise in this post, I'm using the RadioNZ bullet points, not the specifics as outlined in the report. However, I believe the narrative of the RadioNZ's presentation will resonate with the public. The three that RadioNZ present are just three of a number in the report. But I believe for most people these are the points they will understand once you decipher the language of educational policy.

For that reason, I think it's fair to talk to the report in this manner. But I'm happy to be corrected in the comments.

Creative Commons Licence


Talking GDPR (ESG 360 Video Series)

Peters_Bertrand_360_GDPRThis video series has already featured a discussion with Christophe Bertrand talking generally about the data protection market. In this video, part of ESG's 360 Video Series, Christophe focuses specifically on explaining the key points about one of the most significant contemporary DP issues - that is, the recently implemented European GDPR (or General Data Protection Regulation). He covers how it intersects with the topic of compliance, how its impact is essentially often global, and how it poses many questions in terms of execution and rigidity. He closes by speculating on the likely imminent increase in the number of Data Protection Officer roles - and explains why they would be needed.

Please feel free to reach out to Christophe Bertrand or me, Mark Peters, to discuss any of these topics in more depth.

Topics: Storage Data Protection GDPR


Resources to Help You Rebuild School Communities

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Teach Compassion and Collaboration: Start a Classroom Charity

Take the Harmony teachings of empathy and collaboration beyond the classroom, and out into the community. Teach your students the importance of coming together to help others in need. Here are some ideas for getting your students involved in a charity to teach lessons that will stay with them for a lifetime.

Start with a Discussion

Inform your students and their families of your intention to come together as a class to serve the community. Reach out to parents and families through the home-school connection letter for suggestions or volunteers. Some family members may already be involved with a charity, or work someplace that could use donations—like a children’s hospital, fire station, senior center, or homeless shelter.

Choose a Charity

Have the class work together to choose a charity that they want to collaboratively support. As homework, ask students to research local charities. Then, as a classroom exercise, you can list their ideas on the board and vote. This process creates an opportunity to discuss why these charities are important, and encourages students to work together for a common goal.

Contact the Charity

Once you decide on a charity to support, reach out to the director of that charity to let him or her know of your class’s interest in helping. Ask how they can get involved, and what they are most in need of—like warm coats, canned goods, or children’s toys.

Organize a Fundraiser or Drive

As a class, discuss ideas for how students can support their charity. They can organize a bake sale to raise funds, or a school-wide canned food, jacket, stuffed animal, or toy drive.

Create Assignments

Put students into groups and give each group a specific task to carry out for the fundraiser or drive. For example, one group could be in charge of getting the word out to the rest of the school by creating and hanging flyers; another group could be responsible for collecting items; another group could deliver the items to the charity (with supervision). If hosting a bake sale, ask for student volunteers to promote the event, bring baked goods, collect money, deliver the money to the charity, etc.

After the class charity drive or fundraiser, make sure to have a discussion with students about the impact of this activity. Ask how they felt before, during, and after the event. Ask if they would do this again, and what they would do differently—maybe create a classroom competition next year. Ask how they can continue to serve the community throughout the year. Ask questions as a whole group during Meet Up, or have them discuss their answers with their partners during Buddy Up.

Children tend to be very “me-centric” by nature, and getting out into the community to lend a helping hand to those in need is a great way to teach compassion and empathy for others. Coming together for a good cause also teaches students the importance of collaboration, group work, and getting along with classmates. Conflicts may arise during the process as well, which are learning opportunities for students to work out differences and practice respecting others.


Modernization technique terms

Legacy modernization is being accomplished in several ways. Applications can be subdivided into a number of smaller service components and each service is being rewritten using a modern programming language while guaranteeing the legacy application's functionality. Even the original architecture of the legacy application can be changed using the latest architectural styles, such as SOA, EDA, or a combination of both. The legacy applications currently running on centralized and mainframe servers can be modernized to run on completely new platforms and infrastructures, such as cloud environments. Thus, the modernization strategy development and planning are done by taking several principles, goals, technologies, ...


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Grab a Book and Soak in your Softened Water

th, is just around the corner and is the perfect time to plan a relaxing, guilt-free night to yourself and let the water do the healing. We all need some time away from the hectic schedules and lives we lead. Without the pressures of work, family, or school, a long bath can be just what the doctor ordered… unless you have hard water. Almost 85% of homes deal with the problems hard water creates and in this case, you may feel worse after your long, hot bath than beforehand, or at least disappointed with the soap scummy bathtub. Hard water is a problem for many homeowners because of the nuisances and hard-to-deal-with issues it brings. It is usually defined as water which contains a high concentration of calcium and magnesium minerals or ions. Measurements of hardness are given in terms of the “calcium carbonate equivalent, which is an expression of the concentration of hardness ions in water in terms of their equivalent value of calcium carbonate.” Water is considered to be hard if it has a hardness of 100 mg/L or more as calcium carbonate. Hard water makes soap precipitate out of water and form a scum, such as the ring which forms around bathtubs. In addition to being unsightly, the reaction of hard water with soap results in excessive use of soaps and detergents. Hard water may also cause taste problems in drinking water, cause discoloration, and may shorten the life of fabrics washed in hard water and even the appliances themselves due to buildup in pipes. With all of these worries that hard water brings, it is hard to imagine how someone could enjoy bathing in it after all. Hard water leaves skin feeling itchy and dry. In fact, people suffering from skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis especially report much nicer skin. According to experts, dry, scaly skin is one of the most common effects of hard water. Since hard water makes it more difficult to rinse soaps and shampoos from the skin’s surface, the skin may become quite irritated. To prevent the effects of hard water on skin, people should limit their exposure to hard water and use a natural soap on their bodies. For those with sensitive skin when the water comes in contact with a person’s skin, a small portion of the minerals are left behind. These deposits can absorb the moisture and natural oils from the skin. Dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis sufferers, for instance, often experience more dryness and irritation after being exposed to hard water. So how can we avoid contact with hard water, particularly to not bathe or shower in it? Our PE Tank Service is an easy and affordable solution for households who require soft water. With this service, one of our technicians will deliver a fresh Soft Water Exchange Tank to your home and exchange it regularly depending on the demands of your household. The old tank gets regenerated at the plant while we do all of the work. It doesn’t get much more relaxing that, right? So this Read in the Bathtub Day, grab a good book and think about how much better you (and your bathtub!) will look and feel with soft water.]]>


Movie Agreement Format

However, these agreements can and often are limited only to certain rights and may exclude others. The rights of the writer usually depend on the bargaining power of the writer and the wishes of those who buy the property. Rights purchase agreements are the broadest form of purchase of real estate by a writer or other owner. They can be used to buy everything from a movie script to a book to a short story, and can be adapted for a variety of purposes. Written conclusion of the agreement: • Shows that you work with the highest standards of professionalism. • Strengthens engagement. The process of writing the contractual conditions and signing the contract obliges both parties to think about the obligations they take and to be precisely related to them. • Clarifies the agreement. If the terms of the contract are recorded, it is likely that the parties will enter into a more comprehensive and thorough agreement, which will anticipate and address potential problems.

• Encourages parties to take their promises seriously. It is more difficult to withdraw from a written contract than from an oral contract. • prevents the parties from inventing the rules while continuing. • Protects against forgetfulness. In the case of an oral contract, the parties may have different memories of the agreement. A written agreement can resolve disputes over who promised what and when. • Indicates that the negotiation phase has been completed and the final terms have been reached. • Serves as a record of the agreement for others who were not the original negotiators or signatories. • Provides reasonable assurance that the contract will be enforceable in court. There are two types of crew members. Above the line, crew members are those who control the aesthetics of a film, such as the director, producer and cameraman, to name a few. Above the line, crew members usually receive a flat fee, as provided for in their employment contracts.

These agreements most likely contain very complex terms and provisions that are necessary for their colleagues at Below the Line due to the nature and extent of their work on a film. An important clause, often contained in all contracts with any type of actor, SAG or non-SAG, is a clause that states that the actor`s services are unique and that the producer has the right to seek remedies in the form of requests for omission if the actor violates the contract. These clauses essentially prevent the actor from participating in another film project during the period defined in his initial employment contract. In general, New York courts allow these types of agreements as long as they are reasonable in time and to the extent you can. Pre-production covers the period leading up to the start of production and filming, during which those responsible for completing the film complete the rights and script, obtain funding, assemble the occupation and crew, and prepare for production. The early stages of pre-production are often referred to as “development”. The development phase can take many years, as the rights are acquired and the occupation and crew begin to be assembled. The agreements that are often needed during this period are agreements for the purchase of rights, the development of the script and the setting of the authors to complete the script. Rights purchase agreements, option contracts, “Work for Hire” or cooperation and co-production agreements are among the many types of contracts needed to attract talented people in the development of a production scenario. An option agreement is a contractual agreement by which a producer acquires the right to purchase a script from an author or other owner. Unlike the Rights Purchase Agreement, which is a lump sum purchase of real estate, an option contract is not the purchase of the right to use the scenario. .

. .

September 27, 2021

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