What Do Cats See? Do They See In Black And White Or In Color?

If you’re one of those feline furball owners who believe that cats are superior beings, then you’re absolutely right, at least when it comes to a cat’s senses.

Felines are complex (not complicated) creatures that have been blessed with admirably heightened senses. In fact, they are some of nature’s best hunters!

What Do Cats See?

People have an approximate field of view of around 180 degrees. Cats, on the other hand, have a full 200-degree range of vision.

Furthermore, cats see everything around them in a different depth of dimension than we do. A feline’s eyes are always facing forward, which allows for stronger depth perception than the human eye.

Cat eyes are extremely sensitive compared to a human’s eyes. However, unlike people, kitties don’t need to blink to lubricate their sensitive eyes with tears.

How Can Cats See In The Dark?

Cats can see in the dark because they have six to eight times more rod cells in their retinas than humans do. Rod cells allow us to detect light at really low levels. So, in other words, felines are six to eight times more sensitive to light than us.

Not only that, but they are also among the many living creatures which have tapetum lucidum.

Tapetum lucidum is a special extra layer behind the kitty’s retina. This layer reflects the light passing through the retina back towards the eye. As a result, it increases the light levels in the rod cells.

This special extra layer is also the reason why your cat’s eyes appear to be glowing in the dark. What you’re seeing isn’t a glow, but an extra reflection of the already available light.

Apart from cats, a large variety of animals, such as dogs, birds, rodents, raccoons, and deep-sea creatures also have this extra layer.

Can Cats See Colors Or Only In Black And White?

It’s a popular but inaccurate theory that cats are completely color blind and can see the world around them only in black, white, and gray hues.

Yes, cats can see colors.

Kitties have a shorter color specter than us and find it difficult to differentiate hue variations. Nevertheless, they can easily tell the differences between two extremes like red and green.

What Are The Easiest Colors For Cats To See?

The easiest colors for cats to see – that is to say, the colors they see best and most accurately – are blues and violets.

Of course, your cat won’t care about the color of your shirt or the color of its favorite toy. Color perception isn’t as important to your precious pet as it is to you.

Your cat’s degrees of vision range and depth, not the partially color-blind scenery in its surroundings, is what makes a cat’s eyesight so keen.

Why Is A Cat’s Pupil Slit-Like?

Due to being more sensitive to bright light, a feline’s eyes have vertical slit-like pupils. This feature gives a cat better control of the amount of light passing through the retina.

The vertical pupil allows the kitty to reduce or increase the light levels perceived by the eye. This awesome ability comes in handy during nighttime hunts.

Also, your kitty’s slit-like pupils allow it not only to see without the aid of a pair of night-vision goggles but also to control the flow of light during the daytime so that bright lights won’t blind it.

One final tidbit. Not all members of the cat family have slit-like pupils. Big cats such as lions and tigers have round ones like humans.

Emily Parker


Pirate Island

Pirates ahoy! Watch-towers and fortified towns

In order to protect itself from the terrible Islamic, Norman and Greek pirates from the 8th century onwards, or the sporadic conflicts with the Genoese, Catalans, Neapolitans and French, right up to the English and Dutch corsairs in the 1500s, Elba built itself a respectable defensive system, mainly with the help of the Pisans and the Appiani Seigneurs.

This defensive system was not, however, able to adequately protect the island: between 1534 and 1555, in fact, the pirates Barbarossa (Red Beard) and Dragut devastated fortresses and entire villages with their raids. Two important landing beaches, Marina di Campo and Marciana Marina, are guarded by two almost twin-like cylindrical towers: the Torre della Marina (fig. 16), an 11th century tower built by the Pisans, and the Torre Pisana, also known as the Torre Saracena, which probably dates back to the 1400s.  The quadrangular Torre di San Giovanni  has stood behind Marina di Campo, near San Piero, since the 11th century.

This tower was built by the Pisans out of a single mass of granite. It is possible to note that one of the edges rests on the wheel of an ancient millstone.

The hexagonal Torre Medicea  is located in Rio Marina. It was realized by the Appiani family in 1534, and subsequently elevated in the 1800s by a small square tower housing the town clock. The remains of the Pisan Fortezza di Luceri, or Santa Lucia, can be found on the hills overlooking the Gulf of Portoferraio, whereas Monte Giove, near Rio Marina, hosts the ruins of the Castello del Giogo. Both these fortifications were destroyed in 1552 by the pirate Dragut. At the peak of a rocky spur on the north-eastern ridge, is the Castello del Volterraio, the place of vultures. The castle is located on the site of an Etruscan settlement, which was fortified by the Romans, the Pisans and the Spaniards, who also built a small baroque chapel. From the ramparts of the castle it is possible to enjoy a breathtaking view of the island, a large part of the Archipelago, Corsica and the Tuscan coast.

The ancient walls of the city, dating from the Pisan to the Spanish period, have almost completely disappeared: all that remains is the four turreted Pisan fortress in Marciana, restored by the Appiani family, and the fortress of Sant’Ilario in Campo, which was also built by the Appiani. Particularly characteristic are the fortified churches, the final courageous defense against pirates: in addition to San Niccolò of San Piero in Campo, the churches of San Nicola a Poggio and Santi Martiri Giacomo e Quirico, Rio nell’Elba, were fortified with ramparts by the Appiani in the 16th century or the Pisans in the 11th century.


South Africa’s Zuma admitted to hospital from prison

South Africa’s Zuma admitted to hospital from prison

Aug 6, 2021

South Africa’s jailed former president, Jacob Zuma, was admitted to hospital for medical observation on Friday, the government’s Correctional Services department said.

Zuma has been held at Estcourt prison in Kwa-Zulu Natal province since handing himself over on July 7 to serve a 15-month sentence for contempt of court. His jailing led to South Africa’s worst outbreak of violence in years.

Zuma’s foundation, while confirming that he was in hospital, said it was for his annual routine medical check-up.

“No need to be alarmed, yet,” the foundation said in a tweet.

Correctional Services said in a statement earlier that a routine observation at the prison had prompted authorities to take Zuma to an outside hospital for further examination.

“Everyone who is detained, including every sentenced prisoner, has the right to conditions of detention that are consistent with human dignity, including … medical treatment,” the statement said.

It added that, because he was a former president, Zuma’s healthcare needs required the involvement of South African Military Health Services.

Zuma, 79, was jailed for defying a Constitutional Court order to give evidence at an inquiry investigating high-level corruption during his nine years in office until 2018.

When Zuma handed himself in, protests by his supporters escalated into riots involving looting and arson that President Cyril Ramaphosa described as an “insurrection”.

Zuma, who was briefly permitted to leave jail on July 22 to attend the funeral of his younger brother, is due to appear in public again on Tuesday for his arms deal corruption trial.

In this case, he is accused of receiving kickbacks over a $2 billion arms deal from the 1990s. He pleaded not guilty in May to charges including corruption, fraud and money laundering. read more

Efforts to prosecute him are seen as a test of South Africa’s ability to hold powerful politicians to account.


Innovator’s handbook: RFS, FAO, INRAE and local innovators partner to build sustainable food systems

With support from RFS, FAO and INRAE have developed a handbook highlighting best practices and success stories from innovators around the world who are leading initiatives to grow, share, sell and consume more sustainable foods in their local communities.

Global food value chains are complex networks, involving the speedy transportation of food products across regions and continents. An avocado farmed in Kenya may be processed in South Africa and consumed in the United Kingdom. For many consumers, their food’s travel log is viewed as an afterthought or a reasonable price to pay for uninterrupted access to a wide variety of food in and out of season.

Even before the onset of COVID-19, these global food value chains began to face increasing amounts of scrutiny. Were these vast networks contributing or detracting from the attainment of our collective global economic, social and environmental goals? Do global food value chains offer a sustainable, resilient and equitable model for producing and distributing food?

In many ways, the global COVID-19 pandemic intensified this scrutiny and pushed these questions to the fore. Since March 2020, COVID-19 lockdowns and border control measures have had a cascading effect on the flow of food and food products across borders. In Kenya, the RFS country project team reported rotting harvests as farmers could no longer transport their food to market. Across Africa, the closures of borders have resulted in a logistical nightmare as truck drivers transporting food and other goods wait in daylong queues to cross borders. In Eswatini, the country project team reported that processing plant workers were laid off as plants downscaled or shut down completely.

As a result, consumers, producers and researchers have reported an increased reliance on local and sustainable food systems globally. Box-delivery schemes, farmers’ markets, cooperative and solidarity groceries and other forms of short food supply chains have reported increased demand in 2020. These types of local, resilient markets are the result of years of work by innovators who have introduced new ideas and sustainable practices into their food systems.

To capture the experiences and best practices of these innovators, a collaborative team from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), with support from RFS, developed Enabling sustainable food systems: Innovators’ handbook, an interactive handbook that draws from a wealth of experiences from over 20 countries, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The handbook, available in English and French, is built upon the understanding that a food system transformation will require collaborative and systemic thinking around sustainable, resilient and integrated approaches for producing the food we eat. It provides concrete ideas, evidence and advice to support better policy and practice to build local food systems that protect our natural resource base and support local economies.

The development of the handbook began with exploring why and how local actors build local and sustainable food systems. This evolved into a participatory research project formed by a group of three women that documented innovative initiatives and advanced collective knowledge. New collaborators joined every year and the process expanded to include a wide range of geographic, gendered and organisational experiences. The result is the present handbook, which is the third in a series of FAO and INRAE publications related to institutional innovations in domestic and local markets for sustainable agriculture (download the previous publications in the series here and here).

The document is written for “sustainable food systems innovators” by a group of innovators from Asia, Africa, the Americas and Europe who are leading initiatives to grow, share, sell and consume more sustainable foods in their local contexts (e.g., Urgenci, IFOAM, Familia de la Tierra, Rede Ecovida, FreshVeggies, Jaivik Haat, Earth Net Foundation, PELUM Kenya).

The handbook was officially launched 3 December 2020 during a side event of the 3rd Global Conference of the One Planet Network Sustainable Food Systems Programme.

The side event featured an interactive session, which took participants on a journey with the main authors of the handbook to learn more about their approaches for building sustainable local food systems. Participants took part in a role play exercise, inspired by real life experiences, to explore the challenges the authors faced and the innovations they developed to resolve them.

By structuring both the handbook and the side event as a “choose your own adventure” story, each participant was able to develop their own personalised learning experience across four categories of innovations: engaging consumers, producing sustainably, getting products to market and getting organised. The side event was widely successful, reaching more than 600 people, ranging from food system actors and farmers to policymakers.

With this handbook, FAO, INRAE and RFS aim to encourage potential innovators around the world to test new ideas and adapt successful approaches for improving the productivity and sustainably of food systems in their community. At the event, Remi Nono Womdim, Deputy Director of the Plant Production and Protection Division of FAO, expressed his hope that “the advice and tips provided in this handbook inspire a positive attitude regarding the innovative capacity of local actors around the world.”

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COVID-19 Tuition Waiver

SKC is Rising to the Challenge. We know these are trying and uncertain times, and we don't want that to put a hold on your dreams of improving through education. With that in mind, we've instituted a temporary tuition waiver of 50% for all SKC students. We hope our students will be able to use the additional funds to offset any extra costs that might be associated with the pandemic.

There are of course some questions you might have. We'll try and answer them below.

How do I claim my tuition waiver?
It will be automatically calculated when you register. Your Student Account in the Business Office will reflect the waiver.

Who qualifies for a tuition waiver?
All students who enroll for classes.

Is the waiver a refund?
No, the waiver does not provide a refund. The waiver reduces the cost of tuition.

If you can offer a waiver now how come you don’t offer it all the time?
Federal COVID-19 relief funds were provided to institutions of higher education. Salish Kootenai College decided to use some of the funds to support students to be able to continue with their education by providing a tuition waiver of 50%.

Is the tuition waiver for the whole school year?
The tuition waiver is currently planned for the 2022-2023 Academic Year.


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Sustainable approaches are routinely part of the evaluation process whether or not a fund has an ESG mandate, experts say.Kerkez

Sustainability is a buzzword applicable to just about everything these days, from farm-to-fork to how we consume energy.

It’s also a big deal in the investment world.

A study from Deloitte notes that professionally managed assets with an environmental, social and governance (ESG) mandate – foundational aspects of sustainable investing – increased from US$19-trillion in 2014 to an estimated US$46-trillion last year.

That accounted for about one-third of all professionally managed investments globally. ESG-mandated funds could grow to about 60 per cent of all managed assets by 2025, the Deloitte study forecasts.

Ignoring this trend means potentially missing out on better returns, says David Rutherford, vice-president of corporate sustainability at Aviso Wealth in Toronto. “On balance, there are four key reasons for considering sustainable investing: risk mitigation, opportunities for growth, aligning your portfolio with your values, and creating an impact beyond returns.”

Evidence has been mounting for more than a decade regarding sustainable investing’s advantages, and these benefits are becoming increasingly clear. “There is a great math case that if you invested in companies with better ESG performance, over time you would outperform with lower risk,” says Graham Isenegger, a Victoria-based portfolio manager with Blue Heron Advisory Group at CIBC Wood Gundy.

He reports that his team’s managed ESG funds have outperformed their non-ESG benchmark by about four percentage points, on an annualized basis, since their launch more than eight years ago.

Sustainable approaches are routinely part of the evaluation process whether or not a fund has an ESG mandate, says Jeff Bay, a portfolio manager with Cypress Capital Management Ltd. in Vancouver.

“Generally, integrating ESG factors alongside the traditional financial measures has always given a better picture of a company’s overall financial health, even if we didn’t call it sustainable investing,” Mr. Bay says.

ESG practices touch on areas such as greenhouse gas emissions, land protection, water use, diversity in the work force and boardroom, labour standards, ethics and accountability, community relations and human rights. Companies with solid ESG records tend to reduce risks, which can translate into their ability to generate consistent and growing cash flows, Mr. Bay explains.

While better performance with less risk is important, values also matter for an increasing number of investors, Mr. Rutherford says. The Responsible Investment Association’s 2021 investor survey found that more than seven in 10 Canadians expressed interest in more sustainable investing.

But sustainable investing strategies mean different things to different investors. Thematic strategies, for instance, allow people to invest in specific solutions, from wind and solar companies, to sustainable forestry and agriculture.

“Owning only companies involved in renewable energy, for example, involves a thin slice of the overall market and likely isn’t appropriate for most investors,” Mr. Isenegger says.

He adds most Canadians seeking sustainable strategies still require a large part of their portfolio to be diversified across geographies and industries. This is where mandates that involve selecting companies making measurable improvement in ESG areas are likely to prove elemental.

A related strategy is impact investing, where capital is used to generate a positive societal benefit. Heather McLeod, a responsible investment specialist and senior financial consultant with IG Wealth Management in Thunder Bay, Ont., says these funds often invest in specific projects such as a net-zero social housing apartment, or research and development of a new battery technology.

“These days there are impact funds investing in companies trying to address a specific environmental or social concern,” Ms. McLeod says. Given the variety of approaches, “the whole area of sustainable investing can be a lot to parse out for most investors.”

It comes down to positives for people, planet and performance, whether investors are drawn to broad ESG mandates or targeted impact investing.

“It’s not simply about growing wealth,” Mr. Rutherford says. “More Canadians now see sustainable investing as a means of changing the world for the better.”


Zurich snubs plan to let school kids sleep in

Politicians in Zurich have voted against a move that would have seen children start school half an hour later as a way of easing pressure on the city's public transport system in the morning.

Zurich snubs plan to let school kids sleep in
File photo: Dan DeLuca

Supporters of the plan also argued there were clear educational benefits for students if they started the school day later.

But the move, backed by the socialist SP party, was voted down by 107 to 63 votes with opponents lining up to criticize the proposal.

The centre-right FDP party said surveys showed students didn’t want to start school later and argued the proposed move would have cut into after-school sport and leisure activities.

The conservative BDP party also voted against the move, arguing school children need to get used to the sort of hours they will be keeping when they become employees.

The Greens weren’t on board with the plan either, arguing it wouldn’t help ease the squeeze on public transport.

In fact, the move threatened to put more pressure on Zurich’s public transport in the late afternoon, the Greens argued.

The party made the argument despite backers of the plan saying the later start to the school day would be compensated for by a shorter midday break rather than longer hours in the afternoon.

Supporters of the move had hoped to convince opposition parties of the educational benefits for children of starting school half an hour later, with one backer saying it would help “optimize biorhythms”, but the arguments fell on deaf ears.

The decision in Zurich comes in the wake of the failure of a similar initiative in the canton of St Gallen in February. Meanwhile, a survey carried out in Bern in 2015 showed 81 percent of students did not wish to start school later.

By contrast, a high school in Alsdorf in Germany has this year become the first in that country to allow pupils to decide whether to start at 8am or 9am.

The Alsdorf scheme would help combat the problem of “social jet lag” and lead to fewer sleepy students in class, one expert told Swiss daily the Tages Anzeiger.

Why ETH Zurich has been ranked the ‘best university in continental Europe’

A new international survey of universities has ranked Zurich’s Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) the highest in the world outside the US and the UK. How does this school excel?

Why ETH Zurich has been ranked the 'best university in continental Europe'
ETH's main hall. Photo by

The Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2022 have placed ETH in the 15th place (out of 1,600 surveyed worldwide). The school dropped from the 14th-place ranking the previous year.

Universities in the United Kingdom and the United States hold all of the top rankings ahead of ETH Zurich.

But as the top 14 are not in continental Europe, this means ETH has the unofficial title of the of best in Europe.

What is ETH and what does it do?

It is a public research university focusing exclusively on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

It has a “sister” school located in Lausanne, the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), which specialises in natural sciences and engineering.

The EPFL ranked in the 40th place in the survey.

Why has ETH scored so high in the study?

“Our strategy is derived from our federal mandate to conduct fundamental research, train specialists and transfer new knowledge to the economy and society,” said ETH President Joël Mesot.

University ranking methodology is based on scores for high-level indicators relating to teaching, research, international perspective, and collaboration with industry.

“ETH’s overall scores show improvement in teaching, research, and publication citations”, the university’s rankings expert Paul Cross said.

However, it dropped slightly in terms of industry income and international outlook.

“Competition is fierce at the top tier of the rankings”, Cross noted.

Here are some interesting facts about ETH:

  • It was founded in 1855 by the Swiss government to train engineers and scientists.
  • Today 18,000 students from over 100 different countries study at ETZ, 3,800 of whom are doctoral students.
  • So far, 21 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to researchers who have or had a connection with ETH Zurich.
  • While tuition in the top-ranking schools in the UK — Oxford and Cambridge — costs well over 10,000 francs each year, and in the in the US universities, such as Yale, Harvard, Stanford and Caltech, the annual tuition exceeds 50,000 a year, at ETH it is 1,460 francs.

In all, Switzerland is home to seven of the world’s top universities. Aside from ETH and EPFL, they are University of Zurich (75th place), University of Bern (101st), Universities of Basel and Geneva (103rd), University of Lausanne (176th).

Complete ranking can be seen here.

READ MORE: Why Switzerland leads the world in innovation (Partner content)


What is the best time to take pictures? It is the first thing you should ask us to organize our photographic output, since it is not the same take pictures at any time of year and at different times of the day. To do this, we will consider a number of tips for pictures at the best time.

Think about what you can bring each season.

Fall. It’s probably the best time to photograph forests. The leaves turn colors and can create very striking images.

What is the best time to take pictures?

Winter:  The light is more uniform, not much contrast between sun and shade; therefore, it is a good time to take pictures on the street or to capture scenes with soft light.

Spring:  Needless to say that is the best season if you like to photograph flowers. Be also aware when the trees begin to sprout, in the early days the leaves are green gaudy.

Summer:  Surely many think they are the best months to take pictures because good weather. However, the light is very hard and this can play against us. The shadows are very dark and the lights can burn, especially in the middle of the day. But if what we are photos with blue skies, we must seize these summer days.

After deciding what the season is most suited to the images that we create, we will think about what is the best time of day to take pictures. As happens in different months of the year, the light changes a lot throughout the day.

Sunsets and sunrises:  Locates the east and west to anticipate where the sun rises and hides.

Blue hour wait. They are those few minutes from the city lights come on until dusk and are compensated with the sky it darkens slowly with blue hues.

Avoid the hottest hours. Especially when much sun makes the light is very choppy and make very disadvantaged shadows.

Do not forget that one place, it can transmit different sensations depending on the time it has been photographed, so that attempts to return to the sites, at different times, days and seasons to experience the infinite photographic possibilities you can carry out.


Author: Ping Li

Date: 2/6/2002

Journal:Molecular immunology

Receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcgammaR) are expressed as membrane-bound and soluble forms in inflammatory cells. These receptors mediate a variety of immunoregulatory functions. FcgammaR-bearing neutrophils and macrophages play a major role in mediating immune complex induced inflammatory diseases and antibody-mediated tissue injury in autoimmune diseases. To delineate the biological role of the soluble FcgammaR, a recombinant soluble CD16A (CD16A-Ig) was expressed and characterized. CD16A-Ig is secreted as a disulfide-linked homodimer of 70kDa. The purified CD16A-Ig bound to human IgG1 and IgG3 immobilized onto ELISA plates and on IgG1- and IgG3-coated erythrocytes. Saturation binding studies and Scatchard plot analysis showed that immune complex bound to the purified CD16A-Ig with high avidity. Moreover, CD16A-Ig competitively blocked the binding of cell surface-expressed CD16A-CHO cells to IgG-coated plates. The dimeric CD16A-Ig also efficiently cross-blocked the binding of IgG-coated target cells to other FcgammaR expressed on neutrophils and monocytes. These results demonstrate that CD16A-Ig forms a high avidity dimer and is capable of blocking cell-cell interactions mediated by inflammatory cells expressing FcgammaR and IgG-coated target cells. These findings suggest that the dimeric FcgammaR molecules could be used therapeutically for the intervention of immune complex-mediated inflammatory disease.


What should we do with the printed hryvnia?

02 августа, 2022, 12:19 Распечатать

How to compensate for the negative impact of emissions on the economy

The government's recipe is simple - as much funding from abroad as possible. Fortunately, despite the persistent desire to dress Ukraine in the clothes of a beggar, this is not true. We have the potential of local capital for recovery, and we must use it to at least somehow compensate for the negative impact of printed money on the economy. What would be useful to us? To begin with, it would be good to increase the circulation of money in the economy.

Currently, the government solves the problem of money shortage exclusively by printing it and obtaining it from extra-budgetary sources. If no alternatives are found, it will eventually lead to hyperinflation and collapse. Here we would need a significant increase in the circulation capacity of those funds that have already been printed. This is a complex task that goes beyond the stereotyped thinking of officials. Currently, it seems that only the NBU is thinking about its solution, for the rest of the economic block it is not a priority at all, because in fact, so far none of the points of the so-called recovery plan focuses on the intensification of the turnover of monetary funds, on the so-called monetary aggregates.

What it is? When you buy a croissant in the morning, the baker orders the products for its preparation and pays the salary, the supplier buys gasoline with the same funds, the trader orders this fuel from his counterparty, who, for example, pays the bank interest, and the bank also puts into circulation the same funds. And around that there are the rest of the other transactions. As a result, the value of your croissant multiplies, triggering a large number of other economic chains. Under such conditions, even printed money may not harm (or harm less) the economy.

That is why Ukraine is simply obliged to make a leap in the direction of structural reforms that ensure advanced principles and methods of work of markets, collaborations of these markets, creation of new ones.

And here is just one example of how you can combine two non-working markets and launch them with maximum profit.

Gamification of the capital market, that is, the use of game practices in a non-game context, occurred a long time ago. Its virtual prototype — the market of virtual assets — has been based on gamification from the very beginning. However, it suffers from significant volatility, i.e. price fluctuations.

On the other hand, the real estate market, on the contrary, has little volatility and historically in Ukraine always shows growth. This trend is objective. After the crisis, it recovers due to rapid fluctuations around, and especially at a fast pace, exceeding the normal growth of the price.

The solution for the economy arises from combining these two resources used with profit for the economy.

When today we talk about the high volatility of virtual, or intangible, assets, we have to pay attention to two factors: unsecured virtual assets, for example, cryptocurrencies, and secured virtual assets, for example, tied to securities or property. The problems of the virtual asset market as a self-sufficient, developing phenomenon are inevitable. However, there are no alternatives to it. The only problem is understanding and working with the essence of this market. By reducing the share of unsecured and reducing the volatility of instruments.

The real estate market will give virtual assets the credibility of instruments with its material basis. The virtual asset market will add liquidity to the real estate market and can connect with other financial markets.

The crisis in the real estate market, however, just like the crisis in the market of virtual assets, can and should be resolved due to its real transformation from a market for speculators to a market for private investors and developers. Before the war (now - no one), it was the speculators who took all the business, evading, in fact, fair taxation. The end consumer suffered, the small investor was deprived of the opportunity to invest, and developers were dependent on elastic demand.

Thus, the dynamics of the change in the price index for primary market housing in Ukraine, cumulatively, was 149.7% from December 2015 to December 2021. At the same time, last year the cost of housing on the same primary market increased by almost 10% (according to the State Statistics Service) compared to 2020. So, despite this, we will see that growth always happens, because it is a trend. At the same time, for a considerable time during this period, growth occurred below the trend (it is about 8.1%), sometimes it fell altogether, but the value still increased.

Today there are no statistics on this dynamic, because the market has frozen. At the same time, the market built according to the old rules will no longer exist. The old investment tools (derivatives, to be honest, they were more in form, buying large volumes directly from the developer by big money speculators does not work due to changes in taxation, etc.) do not work. There are no new ones. Moreover, there are no tools that could attract not only the final consumer, but also the small investor. And, yes, not only from Ukraine. If we assume that one job in this market correlates to seven jobs in other industries, then we have to conclude that the economy has stopped at a crazy rate. Unblocking this process will not only provide an opportunity to engage the industry, but will also significantly increase turnover in the new market. We have to calculate how exactly the money aggregates will increase in this case, but it will be growth — not borrowing, not printing money.

The idea is great, but why the government doesn’t do it? Especially since the entire Law «On Virtual Assets» has already been adopted. It would seem that there is no problem – just go ahead, work! Tokenization of the economy is happening in the world at a frantic pace. Let's note once again — tokenization, for example, by introducing NFTs into circulation, which are secured assets, is a luxurious instrument: it is impossible to fake, it is difficult to default.

But no. The law was adopted, but it has not came into force. And if it comes into force, it will be a law that will prohibit rather than allow. And in case it allows, then everything will be regulated by the authorized body — the National Securities and Stock Market Commission (NSSMC), which has proven its harm to the economy and its ability to fail everything that was entrusted to this commission over the years.

Nobody is against transparent rules. But just rules, not prohibitions.

The NSSMC is an odious and unconstitutionally created body. A monster who spends money from taxpayers' pockets on idleness, creating the appearance of work (because in fact, it has nothing to regulate, because the "capital pipeline" has never worked). Its head is also appointed by presidential decree contrary to the Constitution. Just don't say you didn't know! The president is not guilty, he acted on the basis of the law, but it turned out that the law contradicts the Constitution. Where does the trust in such a body come from? Especially if it not only in theory, but also in practice demonstrates total incompetence in promoting reforms, and what it does today is generally a secret covered in darkness.

The National Commission is probably the only state body that completely banned access to public information and, it seems, stopped any work at all, except for the business trips of its head to EU countries (shock and trash). In Great Britain during the Second World War, the stock market was closed for only a few days. In Ukraine, obviously, to victory. Well, there is no regulator, maybe there will be other proactive ones? Are we seeking reconstruction, or not?

When the so-called recovery plan was drawn up, I proposed to create a capital market group in it but it was not created. The reason will be quoted: «There is no information for your request.». As a matter of fact, this innocent answer demonstrates the complete absurdity of the institutions responsible for the economy in Ukraine.

But in case the government will still find time and inspiration, because we have proposals on what needs to be done to use internal reserves and at least try to mitigate the devastating impact of the emission.

To compile and provide an algorithm for the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine «On Virtual Assets». To take urgent steps to ensure the functioning of capital markets: align the powers of the market regulator with the Constitution.

Proposal: NSSMC should be completely liquidated, the authority to regulate capital markets and virtual assets should be transferred to the National Bank of Ukraine, where proper departments should be created. By the way, we have an example from the NSSMC. And again, by the way, in Germany and other countries, one regulator regulates a much larger volume of financial markets, and it works. Is Ukraine more specific to complicate things?

To ensure the intensification of the virtual asset market in a new, high-quality format with the participation of the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine. To appoint a person in the government responsible for the project of this reform.

Why is this important? Because currently the government together with the NSSMC have effectively deprived the people of any means and mechanisms of investment, in general, the multiplicity of sources of income. At the same time, it seems that they do not understand that the issue is not about restricting some individual consumers, because, after all, such restrictions affect the economy at the global level. Even having funds here in the country, we cannot use them effectively, which leads to self-limitation of own economy.

Related video

Read this article by Oleksandr Koshoviy in russian and Ukrainian.

Подготовил/ла : Елизавета Чижик
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Maria Clara Barbosa and the cavaquinho
24.jun 2020

Maria Clara Barbosa is a cavaquinista, conductor and arranger, graduated in music from UNIRIO. He participated in several groups as a cavaquinista. She is a teacher in public and private schools and coordinates the Villa-Lobos Project, a social initiative aimed at the professionalization of young musicians. Music Director and producer of several award-winning CDs and DVDs. Since 1988, she has been developing cultural activities at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [Oswaldo Cruz Foundation]. He participated in the creation team of the Museu da Vida [Museum of Life] and for twenty years he coordinates o Coral Fiocruz.

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Survey data revealed that families of patients in a surgical intensive care unit were not satisfied with their participation in decision making or with how well the multidisciplinary team worked together.

To develop and implement an evidence-based communication algorithm and evaluate its effect in improving satisfaction among patients’ families.

A multidisciplinary team developed an algorithm that included bundles of communication interventions at 24, 72, and 96 hours after admission to the unit. The algorithm included clinical triggers, which if present escalated the algorithm. A pre-post design using process improvement methods was used to compare families’ satisfaction scores before and after implementation of the algorithm.

Satisfaction scores for participation in decision making (45% vs 68%; z = −2.62, P = .009) and how well the health care team worked together (64% vs 83%; z = −2.10, P = .04) improved significantly after implementation.

Use of an evidence-based structured communication algorithm may be a way to improve satisfaction of families of intensive care patients with their participation in decision making and their perception of how well the unit’s team works together.

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ALEX Classroom Resource

Is Your Social Status Making You Sick?

  Classroom Resource Information

Is Your Social Status Making You Sick?

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Type: Audio/Video

Financial inequality has been in the news a lot recently. It was the rallying cry for the Occupy Wall Street movement that began back in 2011, and it was at the center of Bernie Sanders’ campaign when he ran for president. This inequality creates what is typically called a social status ladder, with rich people at the top and poorer people toward the bottom. Research shows that your position on the ladder is actually one of the most powerful predictors of health. But it’s so much more than just how much money you have or how fancy your education is. It’s how you feel you compare to other people -- your subjective social status.

Content Standard(s):
Health Education
HE (2019)
Grade: 6
6.1.1) Describe the interrelationship between social and emotional health in adolescence.

a. . Identify how positive relationships can enhance each dimension of health.

b. Explain how stress can affect personal health.

Health Education
HE (2019)
Grade: 9-12
Health Education
HE.1.2) Describe the interrelationships of emotional, mental, physical, social, spiritual, and environmental health.

a. Identify symptoms and methods of treatment of mental health disorders, including depression, and stress.

b. Identify warning signs and prevention strategies for suicide.

Tags: emotional health, inequality
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Author: Michelle Frye


“Janatha Aragalaya”(Peoples Struggle) : The Mass Movement that Wrote the Political Obituary of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa

Meera Srinivasan

The staggering visual of tens of thousands breaching the high, iron gates of Sri Lanka’s heavily guarded Presidential secretariat and residence on July 9, to unseat its most powerful politician, is still playing on loop in everyone’s mind.

It was less than three years ago, in November 2019, that the former soldier rose to Sri Lanka’s highest office. He secured an impressive election win, promising national security, splendour, and prosperity. Last weekend, President Gotabaya Rajapaksa fled his mansion, fearing for his life, and later, desperately sought refuge in two other island countries, before he resigned mid-term.

The tale of his mighty fall, decidedly more pacey and dramatic than his giddy political ascent, had an unlikely protagonist — the ‘Janatha Aragalaya’ (Sinhala term for People’s Struggle).
In deposing the leader, known for his ruthlessness and repressive streak, the Aragalaya did the unthinkable. It wrote his political obituary. Something that the country’s weak political opposition or critical civil society organisations did not dream of.

The citizens’ rebellion against Mr. Gotabaya exposed the entire Rajapaksa clan’s insatiable thirst for power, and apparent disregard for human life and dignity — something the Tamil and Muslim minorities knew for long. The Aragalaya revealed both, the fragility of power, and the power of protest, as citizens underwent the country’s worst economic crisis post-Independence.

The financial crash has radically altered their existential realities, and daily life as they know it. The poor could not afford milk powder for their children. The rich could not find petrol for their cars. They all had to contend with long power cuts. “If we want to cook at home, there is no gas. If we try to get out of the house, there is no petrol. If we just stay at home, there are no lights as well,” as a chant that later evolved in the protest movement put it.

The government cited the pandemic as reason for the country’s economic meltdown. It delivered a severe blow to Sri Lanka’s chief foreign exchange earning sectors — garment and tea exports and tourism. Analysts, on the other hand, pointed to the government’s post-election swingeing tax cuts in 2019, corruption, misgovernance, and the President’s ill-advised ban on chemical fertilizers as main causes for the downturn.

To the average citizen, however, the economic reasons didn’t matter as much as the politicians who presided over it. When their families were going to bed hungry, people had little appetite to dissect which of the government’s policy failures contributed more to their misery.

The Rajapaksas embodied their problems. A solution, therefore, had to begin with removing the ruling family from the ship of state. Seething in anger, they fixed upon their target. Some time in February, they began giving it expression, using social media platforms to communicate and coordinate. Children in tow, and along with neighbours known and unknown, they gathered at street corners, main roads and nearest junctions. They held posters, candles, or simply showed up to stand with others. As people’s distress grew, what began as a weekly protest soon became a daily dose of dissent. Many among them were first-time protesters. Their chants were uncoordinated, and their banner fonts clumsy. But they knew what they wanted. “End family rule,” their posters screamed. “Give our stolen money back,” they said. “Gota go home,” they chanted.
The Janatha Aragalaya was born.

Path of dissent

In an island that has witnessed two armed uprisings and a civil war in the last four decades, the idea of dissent cannot be novel. Sri Lanka’s Independence struggle was hardly assertive, but the country has a long history of public protests since Independence in 1948. For instance, the 1953 Hartal mounted by then powerful Left parties, against the government’s welfare cuts.

Even after the civil war ended in 2009, the Tamil-majority north and east has remained a site of unrelenting struggle — seeking justice for disappeared youth, against military occupation of private land, archaeological takeover of places of worship, and for sheer survival within a long-disadvantaged local economy.

In one of the longest protests in recent times, tea estate workers protested for over three years, asking for fair wages for their extractive labour. In 2018, several thousand Malaiyaha Tamil youth, from the central and southern hill country and capital Colombo, came to the streets and demanded fair wages for estate workers from the community, in a dramatic show of strength at Galle Face, now the emblematic site of the Aragalaya. Early in 2021, Tamils and Muslims held a five-day march, the ‘Pothuvil to Polikandy’ rally or ‘P2P’, from the eastern Ampara district to Jaffna in the Northern Province. It was a rally held by ethnic minorities to assert their rights, while highlighting historic injustices and contemporary threats.

Through 2021, Sri Lanka witnessed a string of protests island wide, as angry farmers vehemently resisted President Gotabaya’s abrupt switch to organic farming, to save dollars spent on fertilizer imports. Garment workers, schoolteachers and university students agitated intermittently, for better salaries, and increased spending on higher education.

Except, these were disparate protests. Tamils demanding justice for the disappeared, workers asking for their rights, and farmers agitating to maintain their production and incomes. Their demands had no meeting point or common ground. Their struggles have had limited resonance with, let alone solidarity from, Sri Lanka’s wider populace. Annoyed by the traffic snarls protests cause, Colombo’s elite and middle classes would often dismiss these groups as a nuisance, or more charitably, “just another protest.” But the Aragalaya proved different.

The most striking feature of the people’s uprising amid Sri Lanka’s economic collapse is that it cannot be neatly fit into a template or category.

It is neither a students’ movement, nor a workers’ mobilisation, but has both groups, especially youth, participating in substantial numbers. Its members are not all Sinhala speakers, but it isn’t comfortably bilingual in English, either. It is centred in the commercial capital of Colombo but also spread across the country. It has Catholic priests and nuns, saffron-robed Buddhist clergy and Muslim leaders who broke Ramzan fast at the protest site. On a crowded protest day at Galle Face, Colombo businessmen, sportspersons, teachers, doctors, nurses, artistes, writers, scores of young professionals, and even pets, could be spotted. You might run into cricketers of yester-year circulating in the crowd one day, and suddenly hear iconic singer Nanda Malini break into one of her famous songs on another.

Over time, however, some groups and individuals began playing a more prominent role in sustaining the momentum of the protests, that could have easily fizzled. Especially when individuals and families were scrambling for essentials, spending long hours in serpentine queues. It is still a headless movement, far from homogenous, and constantly grappling with contradictions within.

Source of resistance

With no clear political backing or organisational anchor, how did the movement come together and emerge as a formidable source of resistance to the rulers?

It was organic and facilitated by the diffusion of smartphones with their social media apps. In its early days, even basic organisational efforts to sustain the protests were chaotic. Participants turned up late to protests, wore the wrong colour, or left behind their posters at home. Volunteers couldn’t always agree on whether they needed more protests at different venues, or more protesters at the same venue. Some opposed using expletives and others could not contain them. Some were more aware of Gotabaya’s past record — of overseeing alleged war crimes against the Tamil civilians and running death squads targeting dissidents — while others faulted him purely as a failed leader. Many virtual meetings and calls via secure platforms later, small groups of people unlikely to have ordinarily met each other found their chemistry.

That trust, along their shared resentment of the President and his government, began cementing what would soon become the Janatha Aragalaya.

All the same, the surge in street protests was not entirely to do with improving organisational capabilities. There were external triggers contributing to its growing momentum.

The economic crisis was rapidly aggravating. Living costs were rocketing, putting basic food items beyond reach for many. Hospitals ran out of medicines. Patients could not get medical help without public transport, which itself was running out of fuel. LPG cooking gas and petrol, that were not available in the market, were being sold at exorbitant rates in the black market. Getting through each day was becoming a challenge for more and more people.

On the night of March 31, hundreds of enraged citizens gathered outside President Gotabaya’s private residence in Mirihana, a Colombo suburb. It was a day the island experienced a 13-hour-long power cut. Authorities deployed riot police and used tear gas and water cannons to disperse the protesters who were passionately chanting “Gota Go Home”.

In what was later revealed to be the handiwork of provocateurs, a police vehicle was set on fire, prompting more police and military aggression. A curfew was imposed, clamping down on people’s movement. A declaration of Emergency rule followed. Issuing a statement, the President called the protesters “extremists” and accused them of plotting an “Arab Spring” in Sri Lanka. Citizens, who were enduring unspeakable hardships, were now told they could not peacefully protest. They were not going to take it. They showed their rage by defying the curfew and turning up on the streets in even larger numbers. The “Gota Go Home” chants got louder and people’s resolve, stronger. A new chant, mocking then Finance Minister Basil Rajapaksa ‘Kaputu kak kak…Basil Basil Basil’ [the sound of a crow], became a rage. Demonstrators called the ruling brothers and their family members “thieves”. At that time, there were five Rajapaksas — brothers Chamal, Mahinda, Basil, Gotabaya, and Mahinda’s son Namal — in the Cabinet.

‘Gota go gama’

A brief history of the Aragalaya could be told in three chapters: April 9, May 9 and July 9 of 2022.

On April 9, Sri Lanka witnessed a marked escalation in protests. Tens of thousands attired in black, thronged Galle Face, Colombo’s iconic seafront, in what was then the largest agitation against the government’s incompetence in the face of the deepening economic crisis. Citizens furiously chanted slogans calling the President “a lunatic”, “a thief”, and calling for him to go to jail.

Overnight and expanding rapidly over the following week, ‘Gota go gama’ [Gota go village] sprang on bare land adjacent to the Presidential Secretariat. Ironically, it was on the very area that had been designated as a “demonstration site” in 2020, when a newly elected Mr. Gotabaya wanted to tell the world that he was not intolerant to dissent. “Occupying” Galle Face, the protesters began camping out there. It began resembling a community with each passing day, becoming a little more liveable as more amenities, including toilets, first aid, legal aid, common kitchen and a library, were added. The barren land on a major thoroughfare connecting Colombo’s harbour, shopping and administrative areas with the newer 5-star hotels lining the seafront was quickly morphing into a mutual aid enclave.

Just outside the Presidential Secretariat, university students erected a dais, blocking entry into the colonial-era building that was the country’s Parliament in its earlier avatar. The Socialist Youth Union (SYU) and the Inter University Students’ Federation [IUSF], loosely affiliated to the leftist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna [JVP] and its breakaway Frontline Socialists’ Party, brought in their own protest credentials. They added more catchy chants, leading huge crowds to repeat in unison and now greater familiarity. “Kagedame balawege, Janatha-ge balawage” [Whose power, people’s power], and “Aragalayata jayawewa” [victory to the struggle], they roared. With the growing energy of the space, more tents began cropping up — housing many more groups, including deaf community activists, disabled ex-soldiers, and IT specialists.

Those who could not reside at ‘Gota go gama’ supported in other ways. They provided meals, medicines, books, umbrellas, water bottles, or whatever they could share. The evening crowds were steady. Family groups of Muslims were visible through their distinctive attire. It seemed that the most-recently persecuted ethnic community was there to protest a series of injustices in the last decade. The targeted attacks against them were orchestrated by racists, who were known to be supporters of the Rajapaksas. It seemed as if they were recalling the Aluthgama riots of 2014, Digana carnage of 2018, the attacks on the community following the 2019 Easter attacks, and the forced burials during the pandemic.

Some individuals turned up every night after work, a few of them resolutely standing alone, carrying their home-made poster. In a sense, no one owned the space. In another, everyone owned it. In parallel, ‘Gota go gamas’ were set up in several other districts. They customised these sites of dissent, from where they chanted slogans, and railed against the widely despised political leadership in capital Colombo. In Matara, for instance, the ‘Gota go gama’ included a coffin for the Rajapaksas.

Gradually, with more diverse voices joining the call for “Gota” to go, the scope of the protest began expanding. More Tamil posters were visible, with some even calling for justice and accountability for war crimes, and the repeal of the country’s draconian terrorism law. Weeks into April, protesters marked the third anniversary of the Easter Day serial bombings, at the protest sites, demanding justice for the nearly 300 victims. Significantly, it was the terrorist attack of April 2019, claimed by Islamist radicals, that propelled Gotabaya’s big win in the polls that year which he fought on a plank of national security. Trade unions marched to the agitation site, bringing their May Day rallies to the country’s most urgent struggle.

While “Gota go home” remained the chief demand of the surging demonstrations, several other demands were now making their way in, such as the abolition of Executive Presidency. Mr. Gotabaya was still the main target but not the only one. The protesters began talking about “system change”, calling for a drastic shake up of the existing political order. In a harsh reality check for the political opposition, they asked all 225 MPs to resign. Parliament did not represent them anymore, they contended. International media that flocked to Sri Lanka zoomed into the protests that were now making global headlines.

By now, protesters also set up another exclusive site, a couple of kilometres south, outside the Prime Minister’s official residence, to step up their resistance to Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa. The Aragalaya had become larger than its members realised, and more powerful than the leaders had expected.

Violent repression

On May 9, following a meeting summoned by the Prime Minister, ruling party activists stormed the protest sites in Colombo, and brutally assaulted peaceful protesters. Police stood and watched. The violence unleashed by Rajapaksa supporters, were on demonstrators who were now heroes to many in the country.

The episode provoked a day of attacks by vigilantes who thrashed ruling party members and torched the homes of several government MPs and Ministers. They burnt down the Rajapaksas’ ancestral home and vandalised their parents’ memorial in their village in the south.

The intensity of the public outrage against the ruling clan, once celebrated for its role in bringing the war against the LTTE to an end, was shocking, even if not inexplicable. It was clear that fear had been displaced by fury.

Mr. Mahinda resigned the very same day, seeing his continuing in office as untenable. If he had heard the protesters, he’d have realised it sooner and avoided the violent attacks. Another round of curfew followed.

The two months since were rather challenging for the Aragalaya. Many were stunned by the events of May 9, days after which Ranil Wickremesinghe was appointed Premier.

While he took a seemingly conciliatory approach to the protests, even inviting protesters for talks, there was no let-up in the drastic deterioration of the economy. The government had already defaulted on its $50 billion foreign debt. The country had now run out of dollars to import fuel, while existing credit lines dried up.

Mr. Wickremesinghe was keen to show the world, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) whose help Colombo is counting on, that protests would subside, making way for economic recovery. His assessment was wrong. Protesters did not take the bait, seeing him as a protector of a discredited regime.

Protests continued, although a bit subdued. On May 18, ‘Gota go gama’ members held a solidarity event at the seafront to mark ‘Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day’ in memory of the scores of Tamil civilians killed in the final phase of the war. Weeks later, Colombo’s first pride rally was held along the stretch. Queer community members and their allies, too, asked for “Gota” to “go home”, even as they demanded equality and respect.

After a few weeks of a lull, perhaps owing to a combination of fear, fatigue, acute fuel shortages that prevented people from turning up for the protests, they planned another big show of strength on July 9. The turnout surpassed their own expectation. Demonstrators walked miles, travelled in extremely crowded buses, or hitchhiked to Colombo from afar to show up. The storming of the sites of power seemed more spontaneous than strategic. At that moment, it was as if citizens’ pent-up rage had found its own course to reach the very seat of power they so detested. Mr. Gotabaya officially resigned on July 14 and Parliament is now trying find a new President through available constitutional provisions.

Far from over

The Aragalaya is unprecedented in Sri Lanka, in its scale, geographic spread, and impact. It brought together Sri Lankans of all ethnic hues and class locations, who were together in their suffering brought upon by the crisis, and in their shared resolve to oust the man who was responsible for it.

But the common ground may be fleeting. The struggle periodically confronts many internal contradictions, such as, who represents it, whose proposals are more valid or inclusive, and how to take the movement forward. While some see value in allowing for a parliamentary resolution to the political crisis that has ensued, others see it as a failed institution, and call for extra-parliamentary methods, including a people’s council.

While some in the Aragalaya are convinced that the IMF can help the country’s economic recovery, others see it as part of the problem. All actors do not necessarily converge in their critique of the military and militarisation, or their sympathy towards Tamils’ call for justice and a political solution to the national question.

They may remain together for the immediate future, as the “Ranil go home” sentiment gains momentum, amid frantic political manoeuvres by presidential aspirants including Mr. Wickremesinghe, the acting President now.

But if it is truly system change that the citizens’ uprising desires, the Janatha Aragalaya may have just begun.

Courtesy:The Hindu


Robi-Airtel merger gets prime minister’s approval in Bangladesh

Approval has been granted for the proposed merger of Bangladeshi operators Robi Axiata and Airtel by the country’s prime minister.

An official from the prime minister’s office stated that “the proposal has been cleared by the PMO”, including both the planned BDT1 billion merger fee as well as the BDT5.07 billion ($63.5 million) charge that Robi must pay to use Airtel’s spectrum.

This fee, which amounts to BDT338 million per megahertz, is intended to balance out the difference in spectrum prices paid by the operators, with Robi’s 2011 spectrum acquisition considerably more expensive than Airtel’s 2005 purchase.

Court approval for the deal is expected this week, according to the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission. The merger was originally announced in January following the commencement of talks between Malaysia’s XL Axiata and India’s Bharti Airtel last September. Once the deal closes, Axiata will hold 68.3% of the combined entity, while Bharti’s stake will be 25%.

With a combined customer base of 37.3 million and a market share of 28.5%, the merged entity will become the second largest player in Bangladesh, after Grameenphone. Currently, second place is held by Banglalink which has a market share of 24%.

Currently, Airtel comes fourth out of Bangladesh’s eight operators, with a market share of less than 7%. The four players smaller than Airtel have a combined market share of less than 5%, while Grameenphone leads the market with 43%.

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Biden proposes 6 trillion budget. President Biden will propose a $6 trillion budget that would give the United States the largest amount of federal spending going back to the second World War. The deficit would be $1.3 trillion in the next decade. President Biden’s budget calls for the government to spend $6 trillion in 2022 and for total spending to rise to $8.2 trillion by 2031. The growth is going to happen by President Biden’s two part agenda to upgrade the nation’s infrastructure and substantially expand the social safety net contained in his American Jobs Plan and American Families Plan, with other planned increases in discretionary spending. The proposal shows the sweep of President Biden’s ambitions to show the government’s power to help more Americans attain the comforts of a middle class life and to lift the U.S. industry to better compete globally in an economy the administration believes will be dominated by a race to reduce energy emissions and combat climate change. Biden proposes 6 trillion budget.

President BIden’s plan to fund his agenda by raising taxes on corporations and high income earners would begin to shrink budget deficits in the 2030s. Administration officials have said the jobs and families plans would be fully offset by tax increases over the course of 15 years, which the budget request backs up. In the meantime, the United States would run significantly higher deficits as it borrows money to finance its plans. Under the President’s proposals, the federal budget deficit would hit $1.8 trillion in 2022 even as the economy rebounds from the pandemic recession to grow at what the administration predicts would be its fastest annual pace since the early 1980’s. It would recede slightly in the following years before growing again to nearly $1.8 trillion by 2031.

The documents suggest President Biden will not propose major additional proposals in the budget, or that his budget will flesh out plans that the administration has thus far declined to detail. The budget is simply a request to Congress.


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Linking Hazards to Chemicals - Hasmate
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Linking Hazards to Chemicals

Linking Hazards to Chemicals

To do this, please click on “Chemicals” in the program menu.

Find the chemical that you want to work with.  Double click on the chemical name or click the “Open” button to the right of the chemical name.

Scroll down until you get to the “Chemical Hazards” section.

Click the “Add Chemical Hazard” button on the right-hand side.

Choose a hazard from the dropdown, and then click the “Save” button.

Repeat to connect the chemical to other hazards.

If you have further questions or require training, please contact Hasmate.


class of games with unique density function solutions

Cover of: class of games with unique density function solutions | Irving Leonard Glicksberg

Published by Rand Corp. in Santa Monica, Calif .

Written in English

Read online

  • Group theory.

Edition Notes

On cover: U.S. Air Force. Project Rand.

Book details

Other titlesGames with unique density function solutions.
Statement[by] I. Glicksberg and O. Gross. 21 November 1950.
SeriesProject Rand research memorandum,, RM-501
ContributionsGross, Oliver Alfred, 1919- joint author., Rand Corporation.
LC ClassificationsQ180.A1 R36 no. 501
The Physical Object
Pagination9 l.
ID Numbers
Open LibraryOL6087838M
LC Control Number51002612

Download class of games with unique density function solutions

Proofs of some theorems about games with positive-density solutions and some examples. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research memorandum series. The Research Memorandum was a product of the RAND Corporation from to that represented working papers meant to report current results of RAND research to appropriate audiences.

Probability Density Functions Recall that a random variable X iscontinuousif 1). possible values of X comprise either a single interval on the number line (for some A.

The Shapley value is a solution concept in cooperative game was named in honor of Lloyd Shapley, who introduced it in and won the Nobel Prize in Economics for it in To each cooperative game it assigns a unique distribution (among the players) of a total surplus generated by the coalition of all players.

The Shapley value is characterized by a collection of desirable. The Gaussian distribution is used frequently enough that it is useful to denote its PDF in a simple way.

We will deﬁne a function G to be the Gaussian density function, i.e., G(x;µ,Σ) ≡ 1 p (2π)D|Σ| exp −(x−µ)TΣ−1(x−µ)/2 (16) When formulating problems and manipulating PDFs this File Size: KB. distribution function. There are many possible answers to this question. One possibility goes as follows.

We know that most Congressional elections are contested by two candidates, and that each candidate typically receives between 30% and 70% of the vote.

For a. We deﬁne this function G as the Green’s function for Ω. That is, the Green’s function for a domain Ω ‰ Rn is the function deﬁned as G(x;y) = Φ(y ¡x)¡hx(y) x;y 2 Ω;x 6= y; where Φ is the fundamental solution of Laplace’s equation and for each x 2 Ω, hx is a solution of ().

Completing and writing rules for function tables; With Math Games, students can work at a suitable level for their individual abilities, in a format that’s simple to use and lots of fun to engage with.

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This proposition gives us a powerful method for constructing probability density functions. Take any non-negative function (non-negative means that for any).If the integral exists and is finite and strictly positive, then define is strictly positive, thus is non-negative and it satisfies property 1.

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The Probability Density Function (PDF) is the probability function which is represented for the density of a continuous random variable lying between a certain range of values. BOOK. Free Class. Density Functional Theory for Beginners Basic Principles and Practical Approaches are tted to a particular system or to a class of materials, with implicit assumptions regarding the type of bonding.

Systems showing a chemical complexity (i.e. crystals with several chemical species, or disordered About this book Although many very good. The distribution function F(x) has the following properties: 1. F(x) is nondecreasing [i.e., F(x) F(y) if x y].

F(x) is continuous from the right [i.e., for all x]. Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables The distribution function for a discrete random variable X can be obtained from its probability function by noting.

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A Markov chain is a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. A countably infinite sequence, in which the chain moves state at discrete time steps, gives a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC).

A continuous-time process is called a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC). distribution function to a sample space and then learn that an event Ehas occurred.

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Extra questions with answers based on Exercise of Real Number are given at the end of all solutions. (a) The collection of good books. (b) The collection of left-handed individuals in Russellville.

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In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), or density of a continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the random variable would equal that sample.

The first few questions are quite straightforward, but the difficulty gradually increases and the later questions will be a challenge, even to the best mathematicians in a class I usually print these questions as an A5 booklet and issue them in class or give them out as a homework.

The median of a probability density function can be understood as the measure of a central tendency of any given set or function.

It divides the frequency distribution of the density function into two halves. It can also be represented by the positional average. probability and statistics. The computer programs, solutions to the odd-numbered exercises, and current errata are also available at this site.

Instructors may obtain all of the solutions by writing to either of the authors, at [email protected] and [email protected] It is our intention to place items related to this book at vii. THE LIKELIHOOD FUNCTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS the probability density function, or pdf, for a random variable, y, conditioned on a set of parameters, U, is denoted f(y˜U).1 this function identifies the data-gener ating process that underlies an observed sample of data and, at the same time, provides a mathematical.

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Access Free Density Of Saturated Kno3 Solution Density Of Saturated Kno3 Solution Using a visual analogue scale with participants acting as their own control, a subjective assessment of pain was measured and compared before and after KNO3 application.

Thirty-six regions involving 98 teeth were assessed. A significant reduction of. Across every business function, creativity is central to solving complex problems, developing new strategies, facilitating innovation, and driving change within the organization.

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The French mathematician Siméon-Denis Poisson developed his function in to describe the number of times a gambler would win a rarely won game of chance in a large number of tries. Letting p represent the probability of a win on any given try, the mean, or average, number of wins (λ) in n tries will be given by λ = the Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli’s binomial.

Information recall - remember the equation to determine density Knowledge application - use what you know to select from a list of objects the one that has the highest volume Additional Learning. Suppose you play a game that you can only either win or lose.

The probability that you win any game is 55%, and the probability that you lose is 45%. Each game you play is independent. If you play the game 20 times, write the function that describes the probability that you win 15 of the 20 times.

Density of inorganic sodium salts in water is plotted as function of wt%, mol/kg water and mol/l solution. Density of aqueous solutions of organic acids - Changes in density of aqueous solutions with changes in concentration at 20°C. Density of acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, D-lactic acid, oxalic acid and trichloroacetic acid in water.

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Probability density function (PDF), in statistics, a function whose integral is calculated to find probabilities associated with a continuous random variable (see continuity; probability theory).Its graph is a curve above the horizontal axis that defines a total area, between itself and the axis, of 1.

So it's important to realize that a probability distribution function, in this case for a discrete random variable, they all have to add up to 1. So plus And in this case the area under the probability density function also has to be equal to 1. Anyway, I'm all the time for now.

Decomposition of a cumulative density function into a discrete and a continous part. 0. Is there a puzzle that is only solvable by assuming there is a unique solution? 90's PC game, similar to "Another World" but in 3D, dark, purple, locked inside a prison.Individual definition is - of, relating to, or distinctively associated with an individual.

How to use individual in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of individual.The Beta Function Euler's first integral or the Beta function: In studying the Gamma function, Euler discovered another function, called the Beta function, which is closely relatedconsider the function It is defined for two variables x and is an improper integral of Type I, where the potential bad points are 0 and 1.

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The Nigeria Labour Congress, NLC, and its allies are currently at the National Assembly Complex, protesting moves by lawmakers to remove minimum wage from Exclusive Legislative List to Concurrent Legislative List.

The union had on Tuesday, mobilised its members across the country to embark on the protest today (Wednesday).

Those residing in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, were asked to converge at the National Assembly complex, while members in the 36 states were also urged to block state assemblies.

In a circular by NLC in Abuja on Tuesday, labour leaders disclosed that the protest would start from the Unity Fountain Abuja at 7:30am, to the National Assembly complex.

The bill to remove the minimum wage from Exclusive List to Concurrent List was sponsored by Garba Datti Mohammed of Sabon Gari Federal Constituency, Kaduna State, and has passed the first and second reading in the House of Representatives.


Pertussis Infection Control Program

The best way to prevent pertussis (whooping cough) among babies, children, teens, and adults is to get vaccinated. Also, keep babies and other people at high risk for pertussis complications away from infected people. In the United States, the recommended pertussis vaccine for babies and children is called DTaP.

This program reviews the identification, reservoir, mode of transmission, incubation period, and period of communicability and control of pertussis.


Wolf Soldier

Series: Lightraider Academy
Publication Date: 30 Oct. 2021
Format: Paperback / softback

ISBN 9781621841982

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    The fate of the Dragon Lands are at play. The knights of the Lightraider Order disappeared nearly two generations past. Now, the Keledan have withdrawn behind their barriers, and the Dragon Lands of bordering Tanelethar are overrun with dark oppression. The people are living in disobedience to the Rescuer who freed them long ago. A shepherd boy, Connor Enarian, and four young initiates rekindle the fires of the Lightraider Order in the hope of striking out across the mountains into Tanelethar to destroy a portal and stop an impending invasion. Once in the Dragon Lands, Connor learns that the key to success lies with a missing Lightraider spy and his lifelong companion, a talking silver wolf. Can Connor and his friends find the spy before the portal grows too large to destroy? Or will a local young woman—or Connor’s own family history—betray them? The dangers and secrets of Tanelethar test both trust and loyalty, and to save his homeland, Connor may have to sacrifice his innermost dreams.

    Book Type: Senior High
    Age Group: 13 years +
    Traffic Lights: Green/Amber
    Class Novel: Yes
    Good Reads Rating: 4.5/5
    Literary Rating: 4.5/5

    It has been two generations since the Knights of the Lightraider Order disappeared. The Keledan live behind a mountainous barrier created by the Rescuer, which protects them from the dark creatures in Tanelethar, also known as the Dragon Lands.

    Connor Enarian, grandson of a Lightraider Knight, lives a quiet life as a shepherd. He receives a letter inviting him to the reopened Lightraider Academy to train as a Knight with twenty other potential initiates. They must pass the entry trial, or the “Intiate’s Quest” to join the Order. Connor is unsure but agrees to seek the lightraiders out when his Mehma (Mother) and Tehpa (Father) are attacked by a fungus-covered Goblin and his Tehpa is injured. The only person who can save him is a lightraider, so he takes Tehpa to find them. But he doesn’t want to become part of the Order.

    He meets Teegan and her twin brother Tiran on the road, who have also been invited to train at the Lightraider Academy. The group are attacked, Connor fights the Goblins and and is injured by an arrow. He is saved by Headmaster Jairun of the Order, who also owns the Inn where they recoup. Only four initiates have come. Connor still refuses to train at the Academy. Jairun tells them to accompany them to the fortress to complete Tehpa’s healing treatment. Connor learns that the Order became mystics who were obsessed with the idea that the Rescuer needed their help against the dragons, leading to their destruction.

    Tepha begs Connor to return home with him, but Connor sees that he must take up the fight against the dark creatures that threaten their land. He realises that a lone shepherd can stand against darkness. He rejoins the other initiates and Master Jairun. Their journey—training, defeating dark foes, living on faith—becomes their Initiate’s Quest, and they welcomed as initiates of the Lightraider Academy. They burn the fires of Ras Telesar to let everyone know that the Lightraider Order is restored.

    The initiates, now “cadets,” are called to cross mountains into Tanelethar and stop the dark invasion. Connor and his friends make it into the Dragon Lands and find a missing Lightraider and a talking silver wolf, Pedrig, that is the key to saving them all. Kara Orso is a seamstress who lives in Tanelethar. Kara, Hal—the lightraider guard—and her brother Liam are attacked by orcs and they tell her to flee. Connor and the other cadets meet Kara, who is now alone. Kara becomes their guide in the Tanelethar.

    It’s revealed that Hal is Faelin Enarian—Connor’s grandfather. They fight against the dragon, and Connor believes the other cadets are dead. Kara and Connor use banishing powder against the dragon and orc army. Faelin and Pedrig sacrifice themselves to take down the dragon, all three vanish into a portal. Another portal opens to take Connor and Kara to the Academy. The epilogue hints that the Keledan people must prepare for an oncoming war against darkness.

    The Lightraider Academy series is based on a tabletop role-playing game with faith themes, originally developed in the 80s; elements of the setting are similar to other popular game such as Dungeons and Dragons. Readers will enjoy the worldbuilding and fast-paced action. This is an engaging allegorical fantasy for fans of J.R.R.Tolkien and C.S.Lewis.

    good vs. evil, power, protection, quests, danger, friendship, suspense, action, spiritual battle, faith, fantasy, sacred text, divine guidance, courage

    Content Notes

    1. The Foreword, by Dick Wulf (creator of the game on which this book is based) speaks openly of his faith in God and belief that the Holy Spirit has protected him in many dangerous circumstances throughout his life. The game was developed from this basis, and can be taken at face value, or explored for deeper meaning. 2. Infrequent mildly graphic fight scenes/violence (not gratuitous). 3. Goblins, orcs, trolls and dragon masters are the representatives of evil within this story. 4. When Master Jairun speaks words over Connor’s wounds, Connor thinks he must be casting a spell. Jairun corrects him – he is speaking a prayer “the very words of the High One spoken back to him in supplication … prayer depends upon the High One’s will and power, not our own” (p37-38). 5. Lightraders are forbidden to kill the Aladoth (humans who have not accepted the gift), as they’re deceived, poisoned against the Maker. To kill them denies them the chance to make a different choice the second time around. 6. Wood trolls (aka mocktrees) “prey on the disaffected, promising power but making them mindless drones.” To spread this mind infection, they use song sorcery as well as filling the air with spores from their rotting innards. 7. Dragons use sorcery (not described) which is clearly depicted as evil.

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Freezing Point And Boiling Point: Detailed Facts

We will be discussing about freezing point and boiling point in this article. Boiling is something which is related to a phase change from liquid to gaseous and freezing is related to a phase change from liquid to solid.

We know the basic information about water that it freezes at zero degrees celsius and boils at 100 degrees celsius at 1 atm pressure. This is the ambient pressure at sea level at normal conditions. We shall read more about freezing point and boiling point in this article.

What is boiling point?

Boiling point comes with a very common misconception that it is dependent on temperature. Whereas it is the pressure which decides the boiling point.

The boiling point can be defined as the value of temperature at which the vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal in magnitude with the pressure of surroundings. The value of boiling point can vary from place to place depending upon the places.

What is freezing point?

The temperature at which the liquid molecules start coming closer to exhibit properties of solid is called as freezing point. When the pressure increases, the freezing point also keeps increasing.

The freezing point is always lesser than boiling point in case of mixtures and organic compounds. Freezing refers to the state of a substance in which its molecules exhibit behaviour of solids. That is the molecules get closer to each other and make a compact and hard substance.

 freezing point and boiling point
Image: Boiling

Image Credits: user:Markus SchweissKochendes wasser02CC BY-SA 3.0

Is freezing point always zero?

The freezing point of different substances is different. For example alcohol freezes at minus temperatures and not at zero degrees.

The zero degrees temperature refers to the freezing point of water at sea level. When the surrounding temperature drops below zero degrees, then the water will start turning to ice. But this is not case everywhere as this happens only at 1 atm pressure. For different pressure values the freezing point value will also be different.

Is boiling point always hundred?

Hundred degrees celsius is the boiling point of liquid water. Other substances will boil at different temperatures. But even liquid water can boil at different temperatures let us find how.

The boiling point is a pressure dependent property. It changes with ambient pressure. So if we consider a sample of liquid water kept in vacuum conditions, the water will start boiling at 15 degrees celsius. The boiling water will not even feel hot due to the less temperature.

How to find freezing point from boiling point?

Molality, a property of solution that brings a relationship between freezing point and boiling point. It can be defined as the measure of number of moles of solute being mixed with a solvent weighing one kilogram.

Note that molarity is not same as molality. To find the freezing point from boiling point, we use the following relations

[latex]\Delta T_{b}=k_{b}.m.i[/latex]

[latex]\Delta T_{f}=k_{f}.m.i[/latex]

kb and kf are boiling point elevation constant and freezing point depression constant respectively.

What is the relationship between freezing point and boiling point?

The relationship between boiling point and freexing point is already discussed in the above section. Although boiling point is related to phase change from liquid to steam and freezing is related to phasr change from liquid to solid but they both are related to each other.

Molality is a common property that draws a line to connect freezing point and boiling point. Note that it is molality and not molarity. We can define molality as the number of moles present in a solvent weighing 1 kilogram. Formulae to calculate freezing point and boiling point using molality are already discussed in the section above. We shall discuss about molality and molarity in detail in the next sections.

What is molality?

We came across a term called as molality in above section where we discussed in brief about the meaning of molality. We will read more about molality in this section.

When we consider a solvent of one kilogram and count the number of moles of solute present in it, we are actually  calculating the molality of the solution. Revising the basics, a solution consists of solute and solvent where solvent is the base substance in which another substance (lesser in amount) called solute is added to it. This makes the solution. Mathematically, molality can be given as-

Molality, m = mol/kg

m is the molality of the solution

Mol is the number of moles of solute

Kg is the weight of solvent present in the solution in kgs

What happens at absolute zero?

Absolute zero is a condition where the system temperature becomes zero kelvin or -273 degrees celsius. Any thermodynamic system will have its lowest energy state at absolute zero.

At this temperature all the movements of the molecules freeze and no kinetic energy takes place. The enthalpy and entropy both have their minimum value at absolute zero temperature. No movement of particles take place. In Fahrenheit -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.

How does freezing take place?

When a liquid starts turning into solid then it can be said that freezing is taking place. This happens when the kinetic energy of molecules become lesser in magnitude.

When the average kinetic energy becomes less, the net heat generated becomes less as a result of which the temeprature of the system goes down. Hence when freezing takes place, the temperature of the substance goes down.

Are melting point and freezing point the same?

Melting can be referred as the phase transformation of solid to liquid. And we already know that freezing refers to turning of liquid to solid.

Both of these things happen at same temperature. When the temperature is increased beyond the melting point, then the substance will change its state to liquid and when the temperature is decreased below the freezing point the substance will turn into solid. Hence we can say that freezing and melting points are equilibrium temperatures at which both solid and liquid properties are exhibited by the substance.

What happens to density of a substance during freezing?

It is a well established fact that liquids have lesser densities than solids and we know that when a substance undergoes freezing it starts turning into solid.

As the substance starts converting from liquid to solid, we can say that the density of the substance increases. The molecules come closer to each other increasing the density of the substance. However due to the chemical composition and orientation of atoms in water, the density of water decreases when it gets converted to ice. This is a notable exception.

Click to read more on Boiling Point And Dipole Moment.

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Judge blocks Biden’s vaccine mandate for 35 Navy SEALs who declined COVID-19 vaccine

Navy SEALs were offered a positive verdict from District Judge Reed O’Connor following a suit about their refusal to get vaccinated on religious grounds.

According to The Washington Examiner a preliminary injunction was put into place by O’Connor on Monday after 35 unnamed Navy SEALs sued the Biden Administration in November.

The group alleged that they received disciplinary measures for attempting to obtain a religious exemption to the COVID-19 vaccination, which has had a negative impact on their careers.

“The Navy service members, in this case, seek to vindicate the very freedoms they have sacrificed so much to protect,” O’Connor wrote in a filing on Monday.

Secretary Lloyd Austin’s vaccination mandate is the issue at the center of the lawsuit with questions swirling as to whether Austin has the authority to give the order for the mandate.

The secretary gave each branch of the military the power to come up with their own vaccine policies, which has been brought into question in recent weeks.

“The SEALs allege that they faced a range of disciplinary measures, including being administratively separated from vaccinated colleagues or dismissed, the initial lawsuit claims,” the Examiner reported.

The military members were opposed to the vaccines that are believed to have aborted fetal cells used for development and cited their belief that “modifying one’s body is an affront to the Creator,” and “direct, divine instruction not to receive the vaccine,” the ruling states.