Macron warns of 'difficult' weeks ahead but encourages 'optimism' in New Year's speech

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French President Emmanuel Macron on Friday said the next few weeks would be difficult as the country headed into subdued New Year celebrations after registering 232,200 new Covid-19 cases over the last 24 hours, its highest-ever recorded total.

"The weeks to come will be difficult, we all know that," Macron said in a broadcasted New Year's Eve address.

New Covid infections over the last 24 hours were above 200,000 for the third day running, making France one of the epicentres as a wave linked to the Omicron variant sweeps Europe.

Infections in France, one of the countries carrying out widespread testing, stood well above the tally recorded in Italy and Britain, which also reported new records on Friday, with 144,243 and 106,122 cases respectively.

In Paris, the traditional New Year’s Eve fireworks display centred on the Arc de Triomphe and the Champs-Elysées has been cancelled because city authorities said they feared it would lead to large crowds of people unable to observe social distancing. Dancing at hospitality venues and nightclubs has also been forbidden.

Nonetheless, President Macron said that he remained “optimistic” for the future.

“Despite the challenges we have faced, France is stronger now than two years ago,” he said, citing measures the government has introduced during the crisis including unemployment reforms and various initiatives to protect spending power.

He reiterated his call for mass vaccination, calling the jabs France's "sure shot" solution to overcome the current wave of Covid-19 and “maintain economic activity” while “avoid taking measures that weigh down on our freedoms”.

“2022 could be the year that we exit the pandemic. I want to believe that,” he said.

Macron did not mention a need for more restrictive health measures than those already announced, adding that the government should refrain from further limiting people's individual freedoms.

He also refused to confirm in his address whether he would run for a second presidential term in 2022, as is widely expected. He will continue to continue to serve France "whatever my role" after the election in April, he said.


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Publication - Progress report

Wildlife Crime Penalties Review Group: report

Published: 19 Nov 2015
Environment and Forestry Directorate
Part of:
Environment and climate change

Report from the review group commissioned by Scottish Government to examine whether the penalties for wildlife crimes were adequate and a deterrent.

Wildlife Crime Penalties Review Group: report
10. Conclusions

10. Conclusions

149. Reducing wildlife crime is not simply a question of raising penalty levels. While this is part of the package needed, the key issue has to be that the type and level of penalty has to be appropriate. We have noted that wildlife crimes vary considerably and the types of perpetrators and their motives also vary. Some involve commercial offending and some do not. This means that penalties that may act as a deterrent for some types of crime may not work in others. Take, for example, crimes related to badger baiting. While tough financial penalties or custodial sentences might appear appropriate and desirable, it appears clear from our work that in fact forfeiture of dogs and a ban on keeping dogs are likely to be the most appropriate penalties. However, higher financial penalties might serve as a deterrent for those engaging in otherwise lawful commercial forestry and agricultural operations which cause the destruction of badger setts. Higher financial penalties may be appropriate in some cases where there is significant economic gain from the crime such as destruction (deliberate or otherwise) of bat roosts to enable development or redevelopment. Custodial sentences may serve as a greater deterrent where perpetrators are otherwise law-abiding and the wider consequences of conviction and imprisonment even for a short time may be very significant.

150. We note that in general, penalties for wildlife crimes have not been raised for many years, except in the case of new offences or legislation. This stands in contrast to other areas of environmental law such as pollution control where penalties have been raised regularly and largely harmonised across different legislation as a result of (1) increasing public concern reflected in the actions of the UK and Scottish Parliaments; (2) the impact of inflation; and (3) a clear desire to harmonise the legislation as much as possible. Yet wildlife law remains much less coherent and penalties vary widely and it is not always clear that there are good reasons for this. Since 1991 the maximum fine on summary conviction for the principal environmental pollution offences has been raised twenty-fold from £2,000 to £40,000 while at the same time maximum fine on summary conviction for the principal WCA offences has remained unchanged at £5,000. Even in relation to inflation we noted above that a penalty of £5,000 in 1981 would equate to over £17,100 today. We consider that this situation needs to be addressed.

151. We recognise that maximum penalties will not necessarily often be imposed because of the need to take into account the circumstances of the offender and other mitigating or aggravating factors but the evidence from the significantly rising average fines imposed for environmental pollution offences shows that sheriffs in Scotland and magistrates in England and Wales have responded to increased maxima by imposing heavier penalties on average. It has also given judges in those cases a much wider range of potential penalties to reflect offences of differing seriousness and whether commercial activity is involved. This strongly suggests to us that a similar approach in the area of wildlife crime is desirable.

152. Above all we consider that an appropriate range of penalties should be available to the courts to ensure maximum deterrent impact to deal with the range of offenders from corporate entities to individuals with few or no resources. This means having both a broader scale of penalties but also a wider range of types of penalties available. Part of the exercise we consider is required is to extend provisions such as forfeiture across the full range of wildlife crimes and to ensure that in all crimes involving firearms there are penalty provisions enabling the court to cancel the relevant certificates and order forfeiture of the weapons. However, we do also consider that there is a case for a wider scale of financial and custodial sentences, essentially in line with the increases which have occurred in other areas of environmental law such as pollution control. We consider that it is appropriate that courts have a wider scale of penalties at their disposal in order that where a defendant is capable of paying a higher fine in an appropriately serious case that penalty can be imposed and that where there is an serious case where a fine is not an appropriate penalty, then a custodial sentence of up to a year on summary conviction can be imposed. We also consider that there is an argument for extending the possibility of conviction on indictment to a wider range of wildlife crimes - again in line with other areas of environmental law - in appropriately serious offences. We consider that it is appropriate to match the maximum penalties available in other areas of environmental law as certain wildlife crimes are as significant in conservation or animal welfare terms as the environmental impact of a water, air or waste pollution offence. However, we must stress that in doing this we are not suggesting in any way that maximum penalties should be imposed on a regular basis - we are seeking to ensure that appropriate penalties are imposed taking account of the nature of the offence and the circumstances of the offender. At present we consider that the courts do not have the power to impose appropriate penalties in all cases and we consider that that needs to be rectified.

153. We also consider that the establishment of the Scottish Sentencing Council will provide an opportunity to develop sentencing guidelines to enhance the consistency and transparency of sentencing in this field.

154. In supporting such an approach, we also consider that there should be a more systematic approach to the provision of impact statements in relation to the conservation/ecological impact and/or welfare impact of an offence and that ultimately, this needs to be underpinned by legislation. This is the case for victim statements in other areas of criminal law. We consider that SNH is best placed to provide conservation statements and vets in relation to statements on welfare.


World Environment Day: Biodiversity

Beginning in 1974, the world has celebrated World Environment Day and that tradition continues in 2020. This year’s theme is biodiversity and the urgent action we must take to protect it. However, this time around, it needs to be celebrated online due to the COVID-19 lockdown.

Biodiversity is the variety of life that lives on Earth and it includes all 8 million species and the ecosystems they live in. It is thanks to this diversity that humans are able to live healthy lives with a diverse diet.

However, due to the growing demands and destructive habits of humans, it is at risk.

In fact, if humans continue on their current pace, It would take 1.6 Earths to meet the demands that humans make on nature each year.

How the Environment Helps Humanity

The environment gives us what we need and even tries to correct our mistakes. It provides us with oxygen, removes carbon from the atmosphere, purifies the water we drink, keeps farmland fertile, and provides us a rich and nutritious diet.

Plants also play a vital role in medication. In fact, in just the United States, out of the top 150 prescription drugs, 118 of them are plant-based. And there is plenty of promising research being done that could raise this number even higher.

And of course, the environment plays a huge role in the global economy. Agriculture and Fishing play a key role in providing food to the world. The wide array of food allows us to survive and stay healthy.

In honor of this, we celebrate World Environment Day each year because without a healthy environment, there is no healthy humanity.

Humanity is Not Helping the Environment

With all of the help and wonders nature provides us with, you would think we are doing everything we can to keep it safe. But, that is not the case. In reality, it’s much closer to the opposite.

We are polluting the air, land, and ocean, and releasing huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere each year. This, in turn, is raising the overall temperature and making it harder or in some cases, impossible for some species to live.

We are constantly clearing land to create more farmland, cities, and other structures. This even goes so far as to intentionally light fires to clear the land for human use. And as a result, we are pushing many species towards non-existence. There are currently 1 million species that are facing extinction.

That is one-eighth of all species on the planet!

The Demand Is Increasing Too Fast

Population Growth

What is truly the tipping point for the environment is how large the human population has gotten. In just the last 50 years, the size of humanity has doubled. And there is no sign the population will be decreasing anytime soon.

This has put a tremendous strain on the environment, and nations around the world are not taking the proper steps to adopt environmental policies to support this large of a population. As a result, our world is not on track with the Paris Agreement to fight climate change.

Instead, the thirst for natural resources will end up destroying the planet.

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What is Noise in Photography? | Definition, Tips, & Examples

This is a guide covering noise in photography.

We’ll be covering the following topics (click on a bullet point to jump to that section):

Let’s dive in!

noise photography

Have you ever tried to take a photograph at night and noticed an unwanted grainy effect ruining your picture? If yes, you have experienced the frustrating problem of noise in photography.

It is one of the most common issues photographers face who are trying to shoot in low light.

But the Noise is not inevitable— meaning, you can avoid it. There are ways to reduce noise in photography (though a number of photographers actually prefer the ‘Noisy’ style for some photographs), and this article will tell you everything you need to know about Noise.

What is Noise in Photography?

In simple terms, noise is a type of visual distortion that affects how pixels look in a digital photograph. It can happen regardless of the type of camera you are using— from mid-range smartphones to expensive DSLRs.

Usually, noise makes your photograph appear grainy instead of flat and sharp. Think of an old photograph taken with a film camera.

Usually, these older photos would have lots of grain and noise on them. In the worst cases, noise can really ruin a good picture by adding splotches of discoloration.

Noise is what happens to your photos when you are shooting in low light, when there is a low signal-to-noise ratio.
noise in photography

This ratio is measured in decibels, and the standard for professional photos is a minimum of a 30dB signal-to-noise ratio.

However, some photographers have different standards when it comes to noise, and what may be “too noisy” to a photographer may be perfectly fine to others.

We will be discussing more in detail about signal-to-noise ratio in the upcoming sections.

The thing is it is technically impossible to produce a photograph without any noise. A small amount of noise would always be present.

So, the key is not to get rid of all the noise, but to try and reduce the noise as much as you can so that the image becomes usable.

Generally speaking, a good photo is one with as little noise as possible. These sharp images can be enlarged, manipulated, and used for different purposes without losing their integrity.

When a photograph has too much noise, smaller details will appear unclear and the image would be considered unusable for many purposes, like large-scale printing.

This video (2 minutes) by Mike Smith does a great job at explaining it as well:

What is noise in photography?

What Causes Noise in a Photo?

Again: All pictures, no matter how crisp, technically has some noise in them. Noise is like the “background” of all pictures, and the only way to minimize noise is by overpowering it with the scene you are trying to capture by photographing more light.

When there is a lot of noise in your photo, it generally means that you did not capture enough light.

But noise can also be caused by other factors. Let’s discuss the three main causes, starting with the most common issue: light.

1. Too Little Light

Noise happens when you are taking photos in a dark environment, like at night.

All digital cameras have an electronic sensor — which is responsible for measuring the light in each pixel from the scene you are trying to shoot.

Interestingly, the sensor is also made up from a lot of tiny pixels. This causes the “background noise” that we were talking about earlier.

When you are taking night photos, the sensor will measure a low amount of light from each pixel.

When the light measured is too low, it becomes too close to the background noise that the sensor naturally carries, and manifests as the grainy dots we call “noise” all over your pictures.

This is why when you shoot in low light, your image will come out with a lot of noise.

noise in photography

2. High ISO Settings: Trying to “Fix” Little Light

In an attempt to reduce noise and compensate for low light, some photographers may opt for higher ISO settings.

But setting a higher ISO does not automatically mean noise is reduced.

In fact, it can create even more noise— a high ISO is the number one contributor to noise.

3. Slow Shutter Speed: Too Much Light

A camera’s shutter speed indicates the duration of time that the camera shutter (light sensor) opens for.

When the shutter setting in your camera is not appropriate to what you are trying to shoot, noise will inevitably appear.

If your shutter speed is too slow, your light sensor “collects” more light than it needs too, and the sensor will then measure the accumulated light in each pixel.

Since the sensor is also made up from a lot of pixels, this combination of high pixels will result in noise.

This time, noise is created from having too much light, instead of too little.

slow shutter speed too much noise

What’s An Acceptable Amount of Noise?

Since it is impossible to get rid of all the noise, most people consider photos with a minimum of 30dB signal-to-noise ratio “acceptable”.

But, then again, there is no cookie-cutter definition of an acceptable noise amount. It really depends on what you are trying to achieve as a photographer.

If you want to use your photograph for commercial or exhibition purposes, for example, you might want to aim for as little noise as possible.

When enlarged, a photo with too much noise will simply look blurry and distorted.

In some special situations, having a higher-than-usual noise is also accepted professionally, like when sports journalists are trying to capture a match at nighttime.

In this case, there is nothing really the photographer can do (capturing high speed action in low light is very difficult), so some amount of noise is acceptable.

But let’s say that you are trying to photograph an ancient artefact with intricate details for a museum publication.

In this case, detail and color fidelity are of paramount importance— if your photograph has too much noise, it is simply unusable.

When in doubt, try to imagine how your image would look after it is printed. How big do you want your print to be?

How would your photo “react” when enlarged/ shrunk to the dimensions?

Would it be too noisy, or would it maintain its integrity? Use your gut feelings.

noise in photography

Is Photo Noise Bad?

The conventional answer is: Yes, photo noise is bad.

Photo noise is bad because noise distorts light, color, details, and the overall fidelity of a photograph.

If you are trying to produce an image that represents a scene as accurately as possible, then noise is definitely bad.

A picture with too much noise will also look bad when you try to enlarge it for printing purposes. The noise, or distorted pixels, will look even more deformed.

But photography is an art, and rules bend all the time when it comes to artistic pursuits. The other, non-conventional answer to this question is then: No, noise is not always bad.

When Noise Is Good

Some photographers actually prefer noise in some of their photographs. Just take a look at some of the most popular editing applications on your smartphone.

Some applications, like VSCO (a photography editing application with 40 million users per month), actually allows you to add noise, or grain, to a perfectly sharp photograph.

Why would anyone want noise in a perfectly fine photograph?

Well, for one, having noise in your photograph can actually add character and mood depending on what you are trying to shoot.

Usually, this mood is nostalgic, or vintage, reminiscent of old film photos.

Because images with noise appear “rougher”, it is sometimes the perfect technique when trying to photograph the more “gritty” side of life, such as when taking pictures of war.

Having noise, or an extra layer of somewhat uncomfortable texture, evokes emotions in the human eye and mind that a “smooth” picture cannot.

Noise can also be good for taking very realistic portraits. This is almost like the opposite of smoothing over the skin using Photoshop— instead of trying to hide imperfections, noise will amplify those textures.

Noise is the distortion of pixels. It is “bad”, but if you can take control of the distortion and play around with it, noise can actually add depth to your photo.

mood noise in photography

Types of Noise in Photography

Generally speaking, there are two main categories of noise in photography: shot noise, and digital noise.

While these two types of noises are caused by entirely different problems, they may visually manifest in a similar way. Let’s discuss these two types of noises briefly.

1. Digital Noise

This type of noise is also called the “electronic noise”. It is the result of randomness caused by the internal workings/ electronics of your camera.

Noise caused by a small light sensor in your camera is also categorized as digital noise.

2. Shot Noise

Shot noise, on the other hand, is noise caused by the inconsistent number of photons of the object you are capturing. Photography is an art of capturing reflected light, and many times, these lights are random and not fixed.

Imagine a scene with a mountain, some trees, and an ocean. In this case, all three objects are reflecting different amounts of lights in an unfixed pattern.

The result of this is the shot noise. Shot noises usually will appear more strongly in your photos compared to digital noise.
shot noise in photography

What is Noise Reduction in Photography?

As the name suggests, noise reduction is the process of reducing the appearance of noise in photographs.

Some cameras are manufactured with built-in noise reduction features, while other cameras would require extra work to reduce noise.

If your camera does not come with a built-in noise reduction feature, you can quite easily edit the photos afterwards using popular photo editing programs to reduce noise.

The ‘luminance’ slider in Lightroom’s Develop Module allows you to reduce noise as much as you would like. Drag the slider to the right to reduce noise.

Be careful to not overdo it, though, since too much noise reduction will result in a plastic-like texture.

Allow your photograph to maintain a certain low level of noise.

How Can I Reduce Noise in Photography?

Noise reduction is not a complicated process to perform on your computer if you have noisy pictures, but if you can practice shooting with less noise, this skill will definitely take you further as a photographer.

There are a few things that you can do in order to reduce noise. Use this list as a non-exhaustive general guideline or indicator for experimenting with different settings.

Also, check out this in-depth video by Peter Forsgard:

High ISO - 5 tips to REDUCE NOISE in camera.

You may have to practice a few times before getting comfortable with these settings.

1. Experiment With Lower ISO

Since one of the main causes of noise in photos is high ISO, it is only logical to experiment with lower ISO settings. Try to shoot at the lowest ISO possible.

Depending on the size of the camera’s light sensor, some DSLRs are able to capture at higher ISO without risking noise in the picture.

But if you are unsure about your DSLR, you can try shooting with a wide aperture setting or use a tripod in low light— this way, you do not have to increase your ISO and risk having noise in your photos.

iso noise in photography

2. Experiment With Higher Exposure

Another way to reduce noise while taking photos is by experimenting with higher exposure settings (such as aperture (f-stops) and shutter speed) instead of increasing ISO for brightness.

Unlike ISO settings, increasing exposure on your camera will not increase noise.

Be careful to not overexpose, though.

While it will not cause noise, smaller details in your photo might be lost in the light.

3. Using Adobe Lightroom

It is not difficult to reduce noise in post-production if you are using the correct programs.

Adobe Lightroom, one of the most popular editing programs for professional photographers, has a noise reduction slider that you can use to, well, reduce noise.

You can check out this step-by-step guide on how to reduce noise on Lightroom.

lightroom noise in photography

Final Remarks

Noise is a visual distortion of pixels that often appears in photographs when a picture is taken with insufficient light.

Noise is generally not very good on photos, though some photographers use it intentionally to achieve emotional effects.

To reduce noise, photographers can either experiment with their camera settings or edit it afterwards using editing applications.

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All That You Should Know About Descriptive Writing

All That You Should Know About Descriptive Writing

Descriptive writing can be in the form of an essay, letter, thesis, or any other. For a better note, let's say you are asked to write a descriptive essay; now, what should you write? In the imagination of the reader, an excellent descriptive essay paints a clear picture of the issue. You might be required to write a descriptive essay for a class assignment, or you might want to write one just for pleasure. Begin by generating essay topic ideas. Then, utilizing vivid sensory elements and strong description, outline and compose the essay. Always polish and edit your essay to ensure that it is at its best.

How to write Descriptive Writing

Motive Behind Teaching Descriptive Writing

  • It will assist you in producing more intriguing and detailed writing.
  • It allows you to utilise new words in your
  • It can assist you in clarifying their grasp of new content.

What are the Characteristics of Descriptive Writing?

  • When appropriate, strong descriptive writing includes several vivid sensory details that help the reader visualise the scene and connect to all of their senses of hearing, sight, touch, smell, and taste. Descriptive writing can also conjure up images of the writer's feelings in reaction to the people, place, or thing he or she is writing about.
  • The terminology in effective descriptive writing is precise. In good descriptive writing, general adjectives, passive verbs, and nouns have no place. To bring the picture you're creating in the reader's mind to life, use descriptive adjectives and nouns, as well as strong action verbs.
  • Figurative language, like similes, analogies, and metaphors, are frequently used in good descriptive writing to help paint a picture in the reader's mind.
  • Well-organised descriptive writing. The following are some examples of how to organise descriptive writing: chronological (time), spatial (place), and important order. When describing someone, you might start with a physical description and then move on to how they think, feel, and act.

How Can You Write any Descriptive Piece of Writing?

The finest descriptive piece of writing is well-structured, rich in detail and sensory language, and more fact-based than opinion-based. The writing guidelines provided here might serve as a step-by-step guide to producing descriptive writing, including essays.

  1. Make a decision on a specific topic. Descriptive essays that are well-written stay focused at all times. Before you start planning or writing, decide on the essay's aim. A thesis statement may be useful for summarising your major point. A strong thesis statement in these types of essays is less about your personal perspective and more about pointing to the facts that should leave the most lasting effect on your reader.
  2. Gather information. Names, physical traits, background information, dates, and sensory information are all used in the best descriptive essays to help your reader remember your primary ideas. Collect these details, then categorise them into specific types of information on note cards that you can access as needed.

    Describe Descriptive Writing

  3. Make a rough sketch. Your descriptive writing should be well-structured. Individual body paragraphs, each of which should be a subsection of your essay's main topic, should be used to organise your main points.
  4. Write the first paragraph of your essay. A strong introduction paragraph might serve as a blueprint for the rest of your essay. A hook, such as a rhetorical question or a forceful statement, is the greatest way to start an introduction. After your hook, present some background information and a list of questions that your essay will attempt to answer. The conclusion of the introduction should include your thesis statement.
  5. Body paragraphs should be written. Each body paragraph must begin with a topic sentence that draws the reader's attention to the paragraph and informs them of what to expect. In each body paragraph, separate the details. Provide as much detail as possible without overloading your reader. Generalizations always leave a stronger impact than specific examples.
  6. In the final paragraph, summarise the essay. The button on the entire essay is your conclusion. It's a good place to restate the main points from the opening paragraph and bring up information from the body paragraphs. This paragraph should not be used to present new ideas for the first time. Create a new body paragraph if you discover you still have significant things to cover.
  7. Look for methods to make your language more lively. Before you consider your essay finished, go over it again and seek spots where vivid sensory elements could help you describe something better. Instead of reciting lists, look for opportunities to tell a storey. Your essay will stay in your reader's memory long after they've finished reading it, thanks to descriptive language and literary devices.

Can You Show Some Descriptive Writing Examples?

Descriptive writing can be seen in a variety of genres. It does, however, fit some types of writing better than others. If you're not sure where to employ descriptive writing, here's a list of descriptive writing examples:

  • Writing a journal or recount - Whether you're writing a personal account for yourself or for the entertainment of others, it's critical to record events exactly as they occurred.
  • Travel writing - The goal of travel writing is to give the reader a sense of what it's like to visit a specific country or location, so it's critical to provide a full account.
  • Poetry - It's much more crucial to be exact with your descriptions while exploring shorter kinds of writing. The best poetry uses as few words as possible to convey comprehensive descriptions.
  • Nature writing - When writing about nature, the reader typically wants to feel as if they're experiencing a place or situation firsthand, just like when writing about travel.
  • Essay writing - While the descriptive approach isn't always the best fit, it's occasionally necessary to provide the essay reader with a clearer understanding of what you're writing about. If you're trying to persuade someone, you can use descriptions to make emotional arguments.

The Bottom Line

Do you find it easy to write descriptively, or do you find it difficult? Do you spend a lot of time thinking about how you write descriptions? What sorts of descriptive writing have you attempted: descriptive essays, blocks of description inside bigger pieces, or narrative descriptions? Contact our descriptive writing mentors for Essay Writing help techniques through guided sessions and keep writing! Mentors at India Assignment Help are always online. Please tell us your queries, and we’ll be happy to assist you. Fill the form now.

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D.C. Essays

  • Washington Dc History

    1341 Words  | 6 Pages

    WASHINGTON, D.C. The capital city of the United States of America, known as Washington, D.C., contains the grounds on which local, national, or international affairs take place. It houses thousands of Americans and provides them with jobs. The city also attracts many tourists who wish to learn more about the nation’s past. The economic differences suggest that D.C., for some, is not the most ideal place to live. As one of the most unique cities in America, the history contributes to making Washington

  • Washington Dc Narrative

    707 Words  | 3 Pages

    Washington, D.C., or The District of Columbia, is the capital of the United States of America. In the summer of 2011, I traveled there for the first time because my dad would be working there the whole summer, so my family decided we were going to stay there for two months. That summer was filled with exploring the interesting museums and iconic monuments of Washington, D.C. We even took a train to New York and stayed there for a couple of days. We’ve been to Washington D.C. twice since. First

  • Heller Gun Control

    732 Words  | 3 Pages

    stop Gura from pursuing the case, however Gura was determined to convince the court. At first the NRA tried to hijack his case and replace him with their own lawyer, which failed leading the NRA to lobby congress to pass a law which would overturn the D.C. gun laws rendering Gura’s case moot. The NRA knew that if Gura were to lose and the court made the decision that the second amendment didn’t protect individual’s rights to bear arms they would lose legal ground which they had fought so hard over. During

  • Martin Luther King Jr Accomplishments

    1050 Words  | 5 Pages

    for the betterment of the civil rights movement until his last breath. In 1968, Martin Luther had his life taken from him by gunshot and was assassinated. He was protesting with sanitation workers that day as the movement marched towards Washington D.C. He was survived by his wife and four children (Kirk, par.

  • Maria Gay Aspiration

    1194 Words  | 5 Pages

    As a child, everyone has inspirations to become a professional athlete or a celebrity. As I began to mature, I aspired to become an entrepreneur. Throughout the pass year, I have attended many business camps. These camps helped me understand that the life of an entrepreneur isn 't easy. It takes hard work and dedication to become successful. This is just one of my aspirations. My other aspiration is to work with technology. I love exploring the capacities of computers and cell phone and using them

  • Night And Killing Lincoln Literary Analysis

    887 Words  | 4 Pages

    they have different ways of doing things. Meaning if they wanted to commit an illegal act someone could. Furthermore the setting is different. One way the setting is different is that in Killing Lincoln was in Washington D.C. O’reilly states“ Saturday, March 4, 1865, Washington D.C. ( O’reilly dugard 3) setting the scene in Washington. As you can see the location is different. This is important because Washington is full of political views. Meaning when the president was assinated, the White House

  • Shelby County V. Holder Case Analysis

    1234 Words  | 5 Pages

    Shelby County V. Holder: A critical analysis Introduction Along the time human beings have been able to evolve and modify its surroundings despite the environmental challenges. As a result, society has been creating laws in order to regulate different aspects of life. Shelby County V. Holder has a variety of components that made this case relevant. Despite the seniority of article 4 and 5 of the voting rights act of 1965. Shelby County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census

  • Injustice In Martin Luther King

    825 Words  | 4 Pages

    children.” Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a social activist and a widely known leader during the civil rights movement in the 1960s. He is most famous for his iconic I Have a Dream speech which was given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. King expressed the many ways that African Americans have experienced racial discrimination and ends his speech talking about his dream for equality of all races. One of the themes that had the most impact on everyone was justice

  • Why Is Martin Luther King A Hero

    968 Words  | 4 Pages

    an American Hero? He decided to speak up when no one else did. Christopher Zarr says, “On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech to a group of civil rights marchers that had gathered around the Lincoln Memorial located in Washington D.C.” (archives.gov). King’s speech was about how he had a dream, a dream to change America forever. So who was Martin Luther King Jr.? “Martin Luther King Jr. was a social activist and Baptist minister who had played a key role in the American civil rights

  • Effects Of Mass Democracy

    815 Words  | 4 Pages

    Social Changes That Gave Rise to Mass Democracy The social changes that occurred during 1830 and 1840 gave rise to notable processes, such as mass democracy. Mass democracy can be defined as society taking control of voting and choosing presidents to their liking; instead of having the legislature vote based on their own interests, voting was based on the people’s benefits. This process was significantly influenced by the males in power. These social changes that occurred during the period of

  • Martin Luther King's Impact On Justice In Society

    794 Words  | 4 Pages

    Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a social activist and a widely known leader during the civil rights movement in the 1960s. He is most famous for his iconic I Have a Dream speech which was given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. Dr. King expressed the many ways that African Americans have experienced racial discrimination and afterwards, ends his speech talking about his dream of equality with all races. One of the themes that has the greatest impact on everyone

  • Why We Can T Wait Rhetorical Speech

    812 Words  | 4 Pages

    Martin Luther King lays down example after example: “the first American to shed blood in” (paragraph 4) the revolutionary war was “a black seaman named Crispus Attucks” (paragraph 4), “one of the team who designed the capital of their nation, Washington D.C., was a Negro, Benjamin Banneker” (paragraph 4), and black slaves “built the homes, made cotton king and helped, on whip-lashed backs, to lift this nation from colonial obscurity to commanding influence in domestic commerce and world trade” (paragraph

  • I Have A Dream Speech Thesis

    968 Words  | 4 Pages

    On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his infamous “I Have a Dream” speech to thousands of people in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. It was during this time that segregation existed in the South between people of color and whites. In an effort to give justice to minorities, the American Civil Rights Movement was created. Due to his beliefs in nonviolent protest, Martin Luther King, Jr. became one of the most influential leaders of the movement. With the help of other

  • Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay

    914 Words  | 4 Pages

    appeal as well. It defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance as he writes his letter to his fellow clergymen. Dr.Martin Luther King’s “I have a Dream” speech was given during a march for jobs and freedom at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. His audience consisted of people who

  • Analysis Of Dr. Martin King's I Have A Dream Speech

    756 Words  | 4 Pages

    The date August 28, 1963 is a famed day in American history. Thousands of men, women, and children, black and white, came to Washington, D.C. that day but, this was not a normal occasion. These thousands of people marched with the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement to the Lincoln Memorial to hear different speeches from different people. Many people think of the famous I Have A Dream speech by Dr. Martin King Jr when they hear the March on Washington. That was not the only speech spoken on that

  • Pros And Cons Of President Barack Obama

    801 Words  | 4 Pages

    If Trump wins the elections, it is unlikely he will be able to effectively bring his anti-immigrant plans to life. According to the American Action Forum, a right-wing institute based in Washington D.C., if the current immigration laws is modified in the way Trump proposes, it will cost the United States government up to $600 billion, and reduce the GDP by $1.6 trillion. Besides, in this case, the number of workers (many of them being immigrants)

  • Mlk Vs Abraham Lincoln Essay

    813 Words  | 4 Pages

    Over the course of history, many people have fought for equality between African-American and whites. They fought very well to bring us to this day and age. Some important people that have done so are Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, and Abraham Lincoln. All of which had hope for a brighter future but they had different means of getting it. Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln both inspired people to quit segregation with the speeches that they gave in front of large crowds of people. Knowing this

  • Chuck Brown's Influence On Go-Go Music

    836 Words  | 4 Pages

    Go-go music is a specific type of music that was first started in Washington D.C. go-go music was developed around the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. However, if you are from the DMV area we all know the God father of go-go music was Chuck Brown and the Soul Searchers. Go-go music is unique because it has a variety of different sounds. Old school hip-hop, funk, and blues are all factors that play into creating go-go music. A live music scene called Chocolate city in the early 1970s had competitive

  • Washington Football Team Controversy

    440 Words  | 2 Pages

    The Washington D.C football team has started a controversy with many people that are from the American Indian background. The “indian” sports mascot, logos, or symbols show an image of the Native American people that is not true. To some this may concerning, but to others this is no big deal. I think that this is something that people and teams should care or think about. Not only is what they 're doing offensive it’s also disrespecting to the history of Native Americans. They have been suppressed

  • March To Conquer Cancer Speech Analysis

    705 Words  | 3 Pages

    In March to Conquer Cancer, the speaker Vice President Gore gives a speech on September 26, 1998 in Washington D.C. at the Washington Monument. His speech is on why it is important to find the cure for cancer. Throughout his speech he uses pathos, analogies, and truth surrogates to emphasize the importance of the cure for cancer. Vice President Gore speaks with an emotional tone to get the audiences full attention. He uses a rhetorical appeal known as pathos or emotional persuasion to persuade


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Hindered Refolding as Mechanism for Urea Induced Denaturation of the Cold Shock protein

Financial Support: Volkswagen Foundation.

Figure 1: The solvent accessible hydrophobic surface (SAS) of the protein during the high temperature simulation and the six simulated starting-structures of the Cold Shock protein. From left to right: the natively folded structure, four partially unfolded structures, and a completely unfolded structure.

Some proteins such as the Cold Shock protein Bc-CsP are not strongly affected by the presence of urea in molecular dynamics simulations within reachable simulation times. To tackle this problem and study urea-induced unfolding for the Cold Shock protein, we generate partially unfolded states by high-temperature unfolding and simulate these structures at physiological temperature in aqueous urea solution as well as in pure water. While the partially unfolded proteins remain stable or undergo further unfolding steps in aqueous urea solution, the simulations in water exhibit a step-by-step reduction of the proteins’ solvent accessible hydrophobic surface, indicating first minor refolding events in the form of hydrophobic collapses. These results suggest that urea interacts predominantly with the less charged residues of the (partially) unfolded state and thereby prevents hydrophobic collapse of these residues, and hence refolding. In this model, urea unfolds the Cold Shock protein not primarily by attacking the native state. Instead, the by thermal fluctuations partially unfolded proteins are stabilized and hindered from refolding. This leads to a shift of the equilibrium towards the unfolded state.

Urea is known to be a strong protein denaturant. Although it is widely used to unfold and study proteins in the lab, the molecular mechanism of urea-induced protein unfolding still remains unidentified. No significant effect of urea on the folded protein was observed in simulations of up to 400 ns at physiological temperatures. To study the effect of urea on partially unfolded proteins, high temperature was used to obtain partial unfolding of the Cold Shock protein.

Figure 2: SAS of one partially unfolded structure in the simulation with water (blue) and with urea (green).

The protein unfolded very quickly in the high temperature (700 K) simulation and the solvent accessible hydrophobic surface (SAS), as a measure for unfolding, reached a maximum level in the completely unfolded state. Four partially unfolded structure and one completely unfolded structure were extracted and used as starting structures in simulations at physiological temperatures with pure water on the one hand, where partial refolding might be expected, and with 8M urea solution on the other hand, where further unfolding might be expedted.

Figure 2 shows the SAS of two representative simulations of partially unfolded structure number 4. In the simulations with the partially unfolded structures, a profound effect on urea was evident. The protein collapsed to a more compact form in the simulations with water, as indicated by the decrease of SAS (blue line in Fig. 2). This reduction of SAS stems from local hydrophobic collapse events and is the first step of refolding into the native structure. In the simulations with urea, however, the SAS stays constant or even increases (green line in Fig. 2), indicating further unfolding.

Figure 3: Interaction coefficients for each single amino acid of the protein. High numbers indicate preferential interaction with urea, low numbers preferential interaction with water. Red: GLY, yellow: ALA, blue: ASP, green: GLU.

To quantify interactions of urea and water with the protein on the molecular level, an interaction coefficient was defined by the number of atomics contacts with urea divided by the number of atomic contacts with water. This was calculated for every single amino acid in an 200 ns simulation of the unfolded state. The urea-like residues GLY and ALA (coded red and yellow, respectively, in Fig. 3) exhibited strong tendency to interact with urea. In contrast, the charged residues ASP and GLU (coded blue and green, respectively) showed strong tendency to interact with water and rather avoid contact with water. Furthermore, the protein backbone showed a significantly higher preference to interact with urea than the sidechains, on average.

Implications for the molecular mechanism of urea-induced protein denaturation: Urea prevents hydrophobic collapse events of the unfolded protein and thus its refolding. This shifts the equilibrium between folded and unfolded towards the unfolded state. On the molecular level, the unfolded state is stabilized by favorable interactions between urea and the (urea-like) peptide backbone or less polar sidechains.

Stumpe, M.; Grubmueller, H.: Interaction of urea with amino acids: Implications for urea-induced protein denaturation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 (51), pp. 16126 - 16131 (2007)
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B/ Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. While I (to come) to school this morning, I (meet)my uncle.
2. As soon as we (to finish) our essays yesterday, we (to give) them to the teacher.
3. “Oh, look It (to rain) again.”
4. I've lost my pen. I wish I (can) remember where I put it.
5. It's my birthday next week. I (to be) eighteen.
6. We (not / to see) our aunt since 1982.
7. If he had looked where he was going, he (not / to crash) into the wall.
8. The lesson (already / to begin) when I arrived.
9. I wish my parents (to let) me go to the picnic next week.
10. This is the most difficult exercise that I (ever / to do).
11. If you come to the cinema with me tomorrow, I (to buy) you an ice-cream.
12. The man was lying on the ground. A car (to knock) him down a few seconds before.
13. Her father said that he (not / to be) back until the following week.
14. He (to die) if the if the ambulance hadn't arrived quickly.
15.We were very tired when we arrived as we (to walk) since seven o'clock.
16.He doesn't know how to swim. He wishes he (to learn) when he was a child.
17. She (to wake) up an hour ago.
18. It was the first time that I (to eat) Italian food.
19. I'll give this letter to the manager when he (to get) here.
20. It's time they (to answer) my letter


What is MS?

All you need to know about Multiple Sclerosis

Author: Dr. Thomas Hemmen

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Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). It is thought to be due to an autoimmune attack against the nervous system that can start at any age but is more common in young to middle aged women. MS frequently is progressive but can undergo periods of recovery (remission). In each individual it is difficult to predict if the period of recovery lasts a long time or not. Finding the best tests and learning on how to make the best treatment decision can be challenging. Modern therapies are available to reduce the amount of autoimmune attacks and lengthen the periods of remission, ideally causing permanent remission

What is MS?

MS is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). It can affect people at any time in their life but is most common in women between 20-50 years. The autoimmune condition affects the insulating sheaths around the brain and spinal cord cells. These sheets are made out of myelin and the underlying mechanism of MS is that the immune response strips the nerve cell of their myelin (demyelination).  Without the myelin the cells cannot transmit information effectively and reduce the connectivity that is so essential in the central nervous system as if controls and relays thought and intent to the rest of the body.

MS Symptoms

The autoimmune disorder affecting the brain and spinal cord (Central Nervous System, or CNS) can afflict any part or portion of CNS and create different symptoms that can be very specific to each individual patient. The most common symptoms at the beginning are visual change in one eye, double vision, changes in movements or feeling and changes in walking or balance. It is important to learn about MS as many of these symptoms are not specific to MS. This means that many diseases and conditions can lead to these physical manifestations. This makes the diagnosis often difficult.

MS Disease

The disease is caused by an immune response to one's own Central Nervous System (CNS). This autoimmune response, in particular, attacks the myelin sheath around brain cells. Once stripped of their myelin the cell undergoes reduced function and connectivity leading to a myriad of symptoms that patients with MS can experience. The disease has various forms but the most common is the relapsing and remitting form. In this case patients experience attacks against the myelin followed by periods of improvement. It is often difficult to predict the duration and magnitude of improvement, but therapies to reduce autoimmune response the CNS can improve the chances for a longer period of remission. The second major form of MS is the primary progressive. In this rarer form, patients have a progressive decline in function with little or no intervening periods of recovery.

MS Diagnosis

MS affects different areas of the CNS (Central Nervous System) in many patients. This leads to such different symptoms that include vision changes, changes in sensation, movement or balance changes. The correct diagnosis is difficult and often delayed. It is best to see a medical provider with expertise in brain and spinal cord function and assess the CNS with a scan of the brain and/or spinal cord (MRI). While no single test is always confirmatory, the combination of symptoms (often multiple issues at the same time), recurrence (relapsing) and MRI findings can lead to the correct identification of MS. The diagnosis is important, because treatments to reduce the disease progression cannot be started without the proper identification of patients with MS.

Types of MS

MS affects all in different ways, but is grouped into two major types:

Relapsing and remitting is the type that often starts with an attack (vision change etc) and then improves (remits) for a while until reoccurring. The periods between attacks can last years and the improvement (remission) can be near complete of only partial.

Primary progressive is a form that has very little of no periods of recovery (remission) and often affects the spinal cord.

MS Treatment

Multiple Sclerosis is a complex condition that often requires treatment with focus on the underlying autoimmune process and also the symptoms that the person affected is experiencing. Currently no specific intervention leads to a permanent cure of MS, but many treatments exist to reduce the immune activity (inflammation) and brain and spinal cord (CNS)damage over time. It is important to be identified as suffering from MS early so that these treatment that can affect the overall disease progress (disease modifying) therapies are implemented to avoid CNS injury. Often treatment also focuses on the symptoms and need to be targeted towards each person's needs. These often are related to functions of the body and the mind. It is important to identify all aspects of life that are affected, such as balance, eyesight, mood, memory and other aspects of mind and body function. Multidisciplinary teams are best equipped in addressing these issues and help each person with MS reach their best potential while also fighting the underlying process with disease modifying therapies.

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Wednesday, Oct. 27, 2021

Investigators said Wednesday that there was "some complacency" in how weapons were handled on the movie set where Alec Baldwin accidentally shot and killed a cinematographer and wounded another person, but it's too soon to determine whether charges will be filed.

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Bogong Moths Use Magnetic Fields to Navigate

Bogong Moths Use Magnetic Fields to Navigate

Bogong Moths Use Magnetic Fields to Navigate

Bogong Moths Use Magnetic Fields to Navigate

Bogong Moth. Credit Eric Warrant
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Each spring, millions of nocturnal Bogong moths hatch across breeding grounds throughout southeastern Australia before flying over 1,000 kilometers through the dark night to reach a limited number of high alpine caves in the Australian Alps. After a few months of summer dormancy in those cool mountain caves, the moths fly right back to the breeding grounds where they were born. Now, researchers reporting in Current Biology on June 21 have found that the moths, like migratory birds, depend on the Earth's magnetic field to guide them on their way.

Bogong Moth aestivation site. Credit: Eric Warrant

The discovery offers the first reliable evidence that nocturnal insects can use the Earth's magnetic field to steer flight during migration, the researchers say.

"When we began this study, we were convinced that the Bogong moth would exclusively use celestial cues in the sky, such as the stars and the moon, for navigation during migration," says Eric Warrant of the University of Lund, Sweden. "This, it turned out, was not the case. We were very surprised when we discovered that these moths could sense the earth's magnetic field just like night-migratory birds-and probably for the same reason."

Bogong moths and monarch butterflies are the only known insects to migrate over such long distances, and along such a specific route, to a distinct and geographically restricted destination visited by thousands of previous generations. In the new study, Warrant, David Dreyer, and colleagues set out to explore how such a small animal, with its tiny brain and nervous system, could travel so precisely and so far, having never been to their destination before. How could the same individuals then find their way back again after months in the mountains?

The researchers tethered migrating moths in an outdoor flight simulator. They found that the moths' flight direction turned predictably when dominant visual landmarks and a natural Earth-strength magnetic field were turned together. When those two cues were turned in conflicting ways, the moths became disoriented within minutes. The findings led the researchers to conclude that Bogong moths rely on a magnetic sense.

The findings suggest that nocturnally migrating insects might use the Earth's magnetic field as a compass during migration just as nocturnally migrating birds do. The researchers suspect the moths use a magnetic compass to determine their migratory direction and then align this direction with a celestial or terrestrial landmark in the same or a similar direction, which they then use as a visual beacon.

"This is essentially the same strategy we use when hiking in wilderness terrain: we determine our direction with a compass and then look for some distant landmark in roughly the same direction-for instance a mountaintop or a distant tree-and then head for this as we walk," Dreyer said. "When this landmark is no longer reliable, we again check our direction with the compass and choose a new landmark to orient towards."

The researchers say they would now like to dissect in more detail how and which visual and magnetic cues the moths use and how they are integrated in the brain. Due to the moth's relatively simple nervous system, they also hope to learn how the insects detect magnetic information, something that hasn't yet been achieved in any animal.

"The discovery of the magnetic sensor is one of the Holy Grails of sensory physiology," Warrant says.

Dreyer et al.: "The Earth's Magnetic Field and Visual Landmarks Steer Migratory Flight Behavior in the Nocturnal Australian Bogong Moth" Current Biology  10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.030


Top 10 Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI in India

FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is the investment made by an investor or a company of a foreign country in the business or a company in another country. FDI comes in different forms such as a total buyout of a company in a country by merger or acquisition, acquiring the shares in a company, setting up new enterprises in the country and expanding the sphere of operations of an existing company.

The economic liberalization initiated by the Indian government in the year 1991 opened the Indian economy to foreign investments. Foreign cash inflow into the Indian economy gained momentum after the decision but bureaucratic red tape and lack of political will posed a major impediment in attracting foreign investments into the country. India was 15th in the world in terms of FDI inflow in the year 2013 which rose to the 9th position in the year 2014.

The current Indian government which took office on May 2014 has laid great emphasis on FDI with the launching of some ambitious schemes such as the Make in India initiative which aims to improve the manufacturing sector on the country. The government’s efforts met with success as India became the top FDI destination in the world in 2015 overtaking China and USA.

FDI In India

FDI has always been a controversial economic subject in India with strong voices of both support and opposition assiduously defending their respective cases. FDI is a double edged sword with both merits and demerits. Let’s have a look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of FDI.

  • Employment generation- Unemployment continues to plague the Indian youth and is one of the major issues facing India. FDI creates new jobs in the target country due to the setting up of new companies. In India, it is generally agreed that an increase in the manufacturing sector can generate new jobs because the government jobs are limited and cannot provide employment to the millions of educated youths of the country.
  • Quality of products and flow of technology- The quality of products manufactured by the company increase greatly due to the increased competition in the market. Modern technologies brought by the foreign companies into India will give the much needed boost to the Indian industries and make them more competitive in the world. Consumers would also be greatly benefited due to the decreased prices of the products manufactured in their own country. It has been estimated that consumer savings would increase by 5-10% due to FDI.
  • Improvement of agricultural sector- The Indian farmers are in a pitiable state. Every year thousands of farmers are committing suicide all over the country due to the lesser returns generated by their agricultural produce. FDI will bring about a significant change in the lives of the farmers as they would earn 10-30% more income for their products.
  • Increase in government revenue- The revenue earned by the government is estimated to be increased by about 25-30 million dollars. This increased revenue would be highly beneficial for the development of India. The Indian economy would receive a huge boost and would greatly contribute to the country’s quest to become an economic powerhouse.

  • Bad deal for the small entrepreneurs- The small businessmen and the cottage industry would face extinction from the market because they would not be in a position to compete with the big multinational giants with their immense resources and formidable marketing methods. The Indian consumers would be more inclined towards the products manufactured by the big companies.
  • Trade Deficit- Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights and Trade Related Investment Measures restrict the production of certain products in other countries. These measures force the countries like India to manufacture certain products at a higher cost through FDI.
  • Inflation- The critics of FDI argue that the presence of foreign companies in India would result in inflation in the economy. It is argued that the foreign companies tend to spend a lot of money on advertisements to attract customers. This huge amount of money spent on advertisements is compensated by increasing the prices of the goods. Therefore, the consumer is forced to spend a lot more than required. The companies gradually gain control of the market and exploit the consumers.
  • Limited employment generation- It has also been argued that FDI would not result in job creation for illiterate and semi literate people. The number of such people in India is high which gives credence to such arguments. It is also pointed out that the big retail companies like Walmart are only going to move the jobs from the unorganized to the organized sector without any significant enhancement in the number of jobs.
  • Impact on Farmers- Many critics of the FDI have dismissed the possible benefits that FDI is likely to have on farmers. They have argued that the entry of big foreign companies in India would place the farmers completely under their control. FDI would prove to be extremely detrimental to the farmer’s interests.
  • Corruption- Political and bureaucratic corruption is rampant in India. The foreign companies go to the extent of bribing government officials and ministers in their quest to grab a large chunk of government’s favours and the market. The nexus between the businessmen, politicians and the bureaucrats along with past precedents of big ticket corruption in the country does create doubts in the minds of many about the benefits of FDI in India.


NYON: The European Club Association believes the 2022 World Cup should be staged in May and June so as not to adversely affect the schedules of all major European Leagues whose seasons run from August to May.

The ECA comprises more than 200 top clubs in Europe with founding memebers such as Manchester United, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona and Bayern Munich. Liverpool, Arsenal, Manchester City and PSG are also members and each of the 53 countries in UEFA are represented by at least one club.

Last month, FIFA had announced that the tournament would likely be held in January-February or November-December in 2022, the primary reason being the soaring temperatures in the Middle East between the months of May and September.

But according to the proposal by the ECA and the European Professional Football Leagues (EPFL), the World Cup could be played safely during the onset of summer in May-June. The proposal outlines how they can conduct the tournament in those months while ensuring there is no risk to players, fans and officials with the help of cooling systems in the stadium.

They claim that this would have minimal impact on the 2021-22 or 2022-23 seasons. As it stands, both seasons would see a revised calendar if FIFA accept this proposal. This proposal would also not have any impact on the Club World Cup or the Confederations Cup.

They also pointed out this would not clash with the 2022 Winter Olympics or coincide with the holy month of Ramadan which ends on 2 May.


On in under

On in under what fuctioning

A cancer that has spread from one organ undsr another. Pancreas cancer most frequently metastasizes to the liver. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy that is given to patients before surgery. Some centers feel that the use of neoadjuvant therapy improves local and Galafold (Migalastat Capsules)- FDA control of disease and that it may make more patients surgical candidates.

A cancer that has in potential of invading nearby tissues, spreading to other organs (metastasizing) and possibly leading to the patient's on in under. Normal, round, raisin pn grape-sized shipping of lymphocytes (white blood cells) found throughout the body.

Lymph nodes are connected to each other by lymphatic vessels. They normally help fight infection, but also are unfer of the first sites to which cancers spread. In general, the spread of cancer ij lymph nodes portends a worse prognosis for the patient. There are exceptions to this. A painless method for visualizing internal organs. A tube-like machine with a powerful magnet generates images of the inside of the body.

It does not ni the use of Xrays. The largest organ in the body, located in the right upper part of the abdomen. The liver detoxifies on in under blood of drugs, alcohol and other harmful chemicals. It processes nutrients absorbed by the intestine and stores essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals.

Bilirubin is a chemical produced when old or damaged blood cells breakdown. The liver chemically process the bilirubin so on in under it on in under dissolve in water and be excreted through the urine. When this process is disrupted, jaundice can develop. Lumdetr 2018 tissues include some lymph nodes and parts of the duodenum and stomach that are routinely removed in some surgical treatments for on in under cancer.

Yellowing of the skin or yellowing of the whites of the dry eye syndrome caused ln the accumulation of bile pigments (usually due to an obstruction of the bile ducts). A technique that surgeons can Elosulfase Alfa Injection for Intravenous Use (Vimizim)- FDA to visualize and even biopsy (take tissue samples of) organs inside of the abdomen without making large incisions.

Very small incisions are made in the belly and lauren johnson tubes (called trocars) are then inserted.

Gas is pumped in on in under one of the tubes to create enough space to work in. The surgeon inserts a small camera through one of the tubes and examines the lining and on in under of the abdominal cavity by looking at the projected image on the television on in under. With specially on in under laparascopic instruments, biopsies and on in under samples can be on in under for examination.

Some surgeons feel that this technique can help "stage" a patient on in under invasively than with open surgery. A term used to indicate that cancerous cells are present in the duct but have not yet invaded deeper tissues. A hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas. Insulin acts to lower blood sugar levels. The widest part of the pancreas. It is iin in uner right part of abdomen, nestled in the curve of on in under duodenum, which forms an impression in the side of the pancreas.

A hormone produced by the endocrine (islets of Langerhans) cells of the pancreas. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon acts to raise blood sugar levels. A green pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen just under the liver. The gallbladder is essentially a reservoir for holding bile.

Gemzar is the trade name for the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. It is bus embarrassing thing used to treat pancreatic cancer. It has been shown, in controlled clinical trials, to improve quality of life. The exocrine cells (acinar cells) of the pancreas produce and transport chemicals that will exit the body through the digestive system.

The chemicals that the exocrine cells produce are called enzymes. They are secreted in the duodenum where they assist in the digestion of oon. A chemical that causes a reaction in other substances, in this case as a undfr of the digestive process.

A test used to what to main and examine the pancreas and bile ducts. A tube is inserted through a patient's nose (or throat), down through the esophagus and stomach then into the small intestine (duodenum).

On in under, a small probe is inserted into the ampulla of Ni. A dye is injected through the probe and into the pancreatic on in under bile ducts. X-rays are then taken to visualize the pancreatic and bile ducts. Surgical removal of a undsr or part of a structure. For example, in is on in under surgical removal undeg the pancreas (or a portion of it). These are specialized cells that produce rough throat released into the bloodstream.

For example, the islets of Langerhans are endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin. This hormone helps control blood sugar(glucose) levels. Some rare tumors of the pancreas, the endocrine (Islet Cell) tumors, can produce these same hormones. It is very important that these rare tumors be properly diagnosed because it will determine the treatment and prognosis. The first portion of the hnder intestine.

It is about 1 foot long. It is the part of the intestinal track that comes after the stomach. A dome shaped muscle that separates the lungs and heart on in under the abdomen. This muscle assists in ujder.

18.08.2019 in 04:22 Tataur:
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19.08.2019 in 06:28 Vogor:
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24.08.2019 in 07:51 Disho: