Bangladesh, Disasters - natural and man-made, Economic, International, Life as it is, Political

IPCC issued a ‘code red’ alert

Human-induced climate change is ravaging our planet and every country, including Bangladesh, is struggling to deal with its impacts

As the world battles record-shattering heat waves, calamitous droughts, deadly floods and landscape-altering wildfires, a roughly 4,000-page report released on August 9, 2021 by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) spells out, in unequivocal terms, how anthropogenic climate change is ravaging our planet. Prepared by IPCC’s Working Group I and described by its authors as a “code red for humanity,” the report warns that global temperatures will likely to rise by 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2040 if warming continues at the current rate. This is the threshold value agreed upon in 2015 at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris.

Key takeaways from the IPCC report
> Climate change is a reality and it is going to get worse
> Humans are responsible for the “widespread, rapid and intensifying” effects of climate change, and some of them are irreversible
> Extreme weather is on the rise and will keep getting worse
> Oceans have warmed, their acidification has increased, and there has been a drop in Arctic sea ice
> Glaciers are melting at an accelerated pace
> Sea-level rise will be worse than once thought
> We must cut greenhouse gas emissions now, before brutal weather becomes more prevalent and more destructive
> Tipping points, or cut-offs—which, when exceeded, will set off self-perpetuating irreversible loops in the natural world—have a “low likelihood,” but they cannot be completely ruled out

After the report was made public, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said, “The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable: greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning and deforestation are choking our planet and putting billions of people at immediate risk.” Many media outlets did not mince words to describe the nightmarish scenario painted in the report about the future of our planet. The frontpage headline in The New York Times read, “A Hotter Future Is Certain, Climate Panel Warns. But How Hot Is Up to Us.” The Atlantic described the crisis with two words: “It’s Grim.” One of the authors of IPCC’s 2001 report told CNN, “Bottom line is that we have zero years left to avoid dangerous climate change, because it’s here.” On the other hand, in an opinion piece in the conservative The Wall Street Journal, a physicist expressed scepticism about coverage by the media. He wrote, “Despite constant warnings of catastrophe, things aren’t anywhere near as dire as the media say.”

Eight years in the making, the report essentially validates the seemingly bleak future that many of us foresaw with trepidation. It also confirms what scientists had predicted even before coal-fired power plants were built. In 1856, American scientist Eunice Foote was the first to describe the extraordinary power of carbon dioxide—the driving force of global warming—to absorb heat. The first quantitative estimate of climate change influenced by carbon dioxide was made in 1895 by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist and Nobel laureate.

For the general public, physicist James Hansen of NASA sounded the alarm about climate change after his testimony to the US Congress in June 1988 on the detrimental effects of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. Yet in 1995, the IPCC is on record stating that the ability to connect climate change to human activities is “currently limited.” This time around, the IPCC admits that they can now link recent natural disasters with climate change in a way that they have not been able to before. What an about-turn!

The latest IPCC report is a stark reminder of what we are experiencing today—scorching summers roasting millions of people worldwide, out-of-control wildfires, protracted droughts, widespread famine, killer storms, torrential rainfall followed by cataclysmic floods, and more. These are among the most visible and damaging signs that the Earth’s climate is changing for the worse as a result of burning fossil fuels. And all these weather-related events are happening because the world warmed by a “mere” 1.1 degrees Celsius since the Industrial Revolution. Clearly, with each passing day, these events will become more intense, turbocharged, amplified, and worse.

Thanks to the report, many Republicans in the US Congress, who for decades disputed the existence of climate change, no longer deny that the Earth is heating up because of greenhouse gas emissions. Or perhaps the statement from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—that July was the world’s hottest month ever recorded—forced them to acknowledge climate change. However, they are still unwilling to abandon fossil fuels.

Since the 1980s, emissions, particularly of carbon dioxide, have ballooned to unprecedented levels despite repeated, and at times frantic, warnings from scientists about “civilisation-shaking” catastrophes. Scientists at the International Energy Agency say that emissions of carbon dioxide “are on course to surge by 1.5 billion tonnes in 2021, the second-largest increase in history, reversing most of last year’s decline caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.”

Climate is controlled by how much of the Sun’s heat arrives at and remains trapped near the Earth’s surface. Because the Sun is expected to shine at the minimum for another five billion years, we can envisage no major changes in the incoming heat for many thousands of years to come. Thus, the changes we will see in climate from now until 2050, a cut-off year determined at COP21 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero, will mostly depend on how much of the arriving heat is retained by the Earth’s surface.

Having said that, even if the goals of COP21 are met, the Earth will still be warmer in the future than it is today and the warming trend will continue because it takes a long time for the Earth’s climate to adjust to the changes in its energy budget, resulting from increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Besides, if emissions of carbon dioxide dropped to zero tomorrow, climate change will continue to play out for centuries because the greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere have lifetimes of hundreds and thousands of years. Given this circumstance, we can still keep warming below catastrophic levels by going carbon negative together with zero emission. Carbon negative means removing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than adding to it.

Climate change and Bangladesh

As for Bangladesh, it is among the countries most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Although the global share of carbon dioxide emissions by Bangladesh is a meagre 0.21 percent, climate change has already been inflicting untold miseries on its people. The government has identified floods, cyclones, droughts, tidal surges, tornadoes, river erosion, water logging, rising sea level and soil salinity as major hazards that are behind a shift in migration and increasing poverty.

Bangladesh has a hot climate, with summer temperatures that can hit 45 degrees Celsius. In a world that is hotter by 1.5 to two degrees Celsius, heat waves will break new records, with more than half of summers being abnormally hot. Northern Bangladesh will enter a new climatic regime, with temperatures above levels not seen in the past 100 years. In light of this fact, the government is rightfully demanding that industrialised nations, who are also the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases, reduce their planet-warming pollution without further delay, compensate poor countries for the damages caused, and fund them so that they can be better prepared for a perilous future.

In the past few years, the Bangladesh government made significant advances in disaster risk reduction. It has constructed a series of multi-purpose buildings that are used as storm shelters during cyclones, significantly reducing mortality. Notwithstanding, the damage and loss of income due to climate change is on the rise. Nevertheless, if Bangladesh wants to become a middle-income country, the government should focus on mitigation along with adaptation, and move away from coal-fired power plants.

On a different note, the amount of methane emitted by Bangladesh is so high that the country is now becoming a significant contributor to environmental degradation. Methane is a greenhouse gas that can cause 28 times as much warming as an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide over a period of 100 years. According to IPCC, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere is higher now than at any time in the last 800,000 years.

Melting of glaciers and ice sheets

A few words about the effects of global warming on one of the primary sources of fresh water are in order here. Out of the 71 percent of water that make up the Earth’s surface, the vast majority, over 96 percent, is non-drinkable saline water in seas and oceans. Just 3.5 percent is fresh water, but a minuscule amount—approximately one percent—are in freshwater lakes, streams and in the atmosphere. The bulk of the fresh water, almost 70 percent, is trapped in ice and glaciers. While most of the ice is in the Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland, some are scattered as glaciers in the mountains around the world.

The glaciers we see today are remnants of the past Ice Age, an alternating period of melting and freezing that lasted about a million years. Yielding only to the warmth of the Sun’s rays, these giant rivers of ice grind their way to the sea, crushing everything in their path, scouring the landscape, shaping mountain peaks and carving broad valleys.

Considered to be the “gold standard for measuring climate change,” glaciers are a natural data bank. In between their thick layers of compacted snow, glaciers hold records of volcanic eruptions, chemicals in the air and changes in the atmosphere. They reflect variations in the pattern of weather and climate over long periods of time.

Glaciers feed many of the world’s important river systems, including the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Indus, and directly or indirectly supply millions of people with food, energy, clean air and incomes. Communities living at the foothills of large mountains use glaciers as a source of water.

Across the high mountain region from the Hindu Kush to the Himalayas, which stretches from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar in the east, air temperatures have risen by nearly two degrees since the start of the 20th century. In response, glaciers are melting and retreating, permafrost is thawing and weather patterns are becoming more erratic, disrupting previously reliable water sources for millions and triggering more natural disasters. Scientists are worried that the impacts will hit not just those living in the mountains, but also millions of people in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan living in the river valleys below.

Melting of glaciers has another effect. More melting means more water pools in lakes on top of the glaciers or at their lower snouts. Since the late 1970s, the number of glacial lakes across the Himalayas in Nepal has more than doubled. These lakes are often growing so fast and hold so much water that they have gushed through the rock piles holding them back, resulting in devastating floods. Additionally, steep slopes that were locked in place by frozen soil have thawed, causing rockfalls, collapsing terrains, avalanches and mud slides.

Because of global warming, ice sheets are melting at breakneck speed and will continue to melt. Indeed, a historic heat wave in July melted ice in Greenland large enough to flood the entire state of Florida with well-nigh two inches of water. At the same time, extreme flooding from higher sea level will continue to get more frequent, and the sea level itself will continue to rise well into the next century, mainly because of thermal expansion due to the amount of heat the oceans have absorbed so far.

Widespread loss of ice sheets will likely alter climate in other complex ways. For example, their white surfaces help to keep our climate relatively mild by reflecting the Sun’s rays. When they melt, darker exposed surfaces will absorb and retain more heat, thereby raising global temperatures.

It is now a truism that global warming begets more warming. Therefore, the effects of climate change will worsen with every fraction of a degree of warming. Even if we limit warming to 1.5 degrees, the kinds of extreme weather events we are experiencing this year, in winter and summer alike, will become more severe and more recurrent. Beyond 1.5 degrees, scientists say the climate system will be unrecognisable. In all likelihood, it will lead to the disappearance of small island nations and low-lying coastal countries, as well as unleash tens of millions of climate refugees upon an unprepared world.

What will be the response of our leaders and policymakers after they read the IPCC report? It will not be an exaggeration to say that world leaders, who are under tremendous pressure to deliver on promises made at COP21, cannot distinguish the divide between rhetoric and reality. Hence, at COP26, to be held in Glasgow, Scotland later this year, we should not expect any firm commitment from them to save the world. Instead, their speeches will be like the ones given at past climate-related summits—”full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.”

Finally, the well-researched and well-intentioned report on climate change and recommendations for mitigation and adaptation contained therein can, metaphorically speaking, be characterised as a “recovery mission” rather than a “rescue mission.”

Sister, my Sister

আমি তোমারি মাটির কন্যা

জননী বসুন্ধরা !!

তবে আমার মানব জন্ম

কেন বঞ্চিত করো ?

Translated in English, it may read like this:

I am the product of your soil, Mother Earth,

then why do you deprive me of my human life?

আমরা এমনি এসে ভেসে যাই

আলোর মতন, হাসির মতন

কুসুমগন্ধ রাশির মতন

হাওয়ার মতন, নেশার মতন

ঢেউয়ের মতন ভেসে যাই

আমরা এমনি এসে ভেসে যাই

Translated in English, it may look like:

“We just come and float away

            like the ray of light, like a smile,

            like the sweet smell of a fragrant flower,

            like a breeze, like an intoxication,

like the crest of a wave,

            We just come and float away.”

Dr A Rahman is an author and a columnist

Bangladesh, Cultural, International, Life as it is, Literary

Mita Haque – the obituary

Mita Haque, the eminent Rabindra Sangeet singer

Mita Haque, one of the foremost Rabindra Sangeet singers not only in Bangladesh but also in West Bengal of India had sadly passed away only at the age of 59 at 6:15 am on 11 April, 2021 in Dhaka. It is a great loss, almost irreparable loss, to the Tagore song lovers all over the world. The inconsolable grief of the people of Bangladesh and of West Bengal at her demise is heart rending to watch.

Mita Haque was born on 6th September, 1962 in Dhaka in a very music-oriented family where songs, music, performing arts etc were parts of life. Her father was an enthusiast musical instrumentalist. But the major influence on her life came from her paternal uncle, Mr Waheedul Haque and his wife, Dr Sanjida Khatun, both of them were stalwarts in vocal music. Waheedul Haque must have sensed her talent at an early age in vocal songs, particularly Tagore songs, and encouraged her to follow it up.

As Mita Haque herself reminisced in her later life that even before she could speak, she used to rhyme. When she was about seven years old, she used to listen to elders singing Tagore songs and she would sing on her own a line and then she might forget the next line, she used to make it up and sing! As a small school girl, she was a regular singer at the annual school cultural activities. When she was eleven, she participated at the International Children’s Festival in Berlin in 1973.

She started taking music lessons seriously at the age of 13 from Mohammad Hossain Khan, who was a leading tabla player at that time. Although as a child she used to listen to and sing all varieties of songs such as Atul Prasad songs, D L Roy songs, Nazrul Geeti, modern songs etc, but she was wedded to Tagore songs right from childhood. She said, all other songs were for her to listen, Tagore songs were for her to sing. She embraced Tagore songs, Tagore poems, Tagore’s myriad of literature etc with all her life. Tagore was with her ‘in dreams as well as in waking hours’ (শয়নে স্বপনে).

Although she showed tremendous promise at an early age, she never went to Santiniketan, the school which Tagore family established and Rabindranath expanded for Bengali arts and culture. She learned everything, her love for Tagore songs and music etc, from Waheedul Haque and Sanjida Khatun. In that sense, she was purely a home grown product in Bangladesh

When Shailaja Ranjan Majumdar, a direct disciple of Rabindranath Tagore who worked on making notations in a number of Tagore songs, came to Dhaka in 1981, she along with other budding Tagore singers met him, sang songs for him. Before he left Dhaka, he said to Mita Haque, “Don’t take pride in your achievements and someday you will be a great singer”.

Indeed, she achieved greatness. She was the highest grade Rabindra Sangeet singer in Bangladesh Radio and Televisions. In her relatively short life, she had 14 solo musical albums released in India and 10 albums released in Bangladesh. She received almost all the awards, accolades that there are to receive. She was awarded Shilpakala Padak for Vocal Music, Rabindra Puraskar (Rabindra Prize) from Bangla Academy in 2017, Ekushe Padak for Arts (Music) in 2020 by the Government of Bangladesh. Nearly 15 years ago, she set up a music school called Surtirtha (translated as Centre of Lyrics) to give music lessons to students. She was also the Head of the Department of Rabindra Sangeet at Chhayanat Music School.

Mita Haque was married to renowned actor-director Khaled Khan who died in 2013. She leaves behind her only daughter, Farhin Khan Joyita, who is an accomplished Rabindra Sangeet singer in her own rights.

Lately, for about four years, she was not well. She had problems with her kidney and she had to have dialysis once a week. Few months ago, kidneys deteriorated further and she had to go through dialysis three times a week. Around two weeks or so before her expiry she was diagnosed with Covid-19; although she received best possible treatment, she succumbed to it. Her body was taken to Chhayanat for homage by colleagues, students and the general public within the prevailing restrictions and then taken to her ancestral home at Keraniganj in Dhaka, where she was buried beside her parents’ graves.

Mita Haque gave enormous pleasure to all Bengali speaking people by her melodious rendition of Tagore songs. People will continue to enjoy her songs and admire her enormously. It is said, “Do take heart that a person is not dead while his or her name is still spoken”.

Mita Haque held Tagore in her heart. Tagore wrote poems, songs, verses on all possible human emotions – love, joy, devotion, birth, death, grief, eternity and so forth. Her sad demise would bring grief to millions of Bengali people all over the world, but we can pay homage to her memory by remembering one of Tagore’s songs, which reads:

 আছে দুঃখ, আছে মৃত্যু,

                           বিরহ দহন লাগে !

  তবু শান্তি, তবু আনন্দ,

                           তবু অনন্ত জাগে !

Translated in English, it may read like this:

                 There is pain, there is death,

                               the grieving soul burns.

                 Yet there is bliss, there is merriment,

                              the eternal life runs.

Dr A Rahman is an author and a columnist

Bangladesh, Cultural, Economic, Human Rights, International, Life as it is, Political, Religious

Enemies of Bangladesh striking from within

More than fifty years ago, Bangladeshi people fought a bloody war against Pakistani brutal oppression. In suppressing the legitimate demands of the people of then East Pakistan, Pakistani military authority had the ready and willing support of armed gang of the 5th columnists – the so-called Islamist thugs trying to save the country for religion.

Bangladesh won the independence after shedding tremendous amount of bloodshed, sacrificing the dignity of tens of thousands of Bengali women, millions of people had to flee their homeland by crossing the borders in all directions to India. After nine months of war, the country achieved independence by beating the Pakistani force.

Now the 5th columnists are attacking the very foundation of Bangladesh from within and to add insults to injury on the day of independence, on the day when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman inspired the Bengali people to rise up and fight for our national dignity, for our national identity. How dare these Hefazat-e-Islam thugs attack Bangladesh’s national emblem as well as national properties when the country was primed to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of its independence.

These Hefazati people are not only the enemy of the State, they are also the vicious people and criminals. They cannot tolerate the celebration of independence of Bangladesh, which broke away from their stark racist religious state of Pakistan. Even after 50 years, they are hankering after their fanatic country Pakistan and scheming to end the secular state of Bangladesh.

Now the question is, who are these Hefazati people and how did they get such a strong foothold in the country which they opposed so violently? To answer this question, one has to look back to the political history of Bangladesh. The killing of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the father of the nation, on 15th August 1975 was the turning point when the country had been wrenched out from secularism towards Islamisation. Ziaur Rahman who took control of the country after the turmoil of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s death started to change Bangladesh Constitution from secularity to Islamic Constitution, putting Bismillaher Rahmanir Rahim in the Preamble of the Constitution and stating Islam as the State religion. He then allowed Rajakars, al-Badr and other blatant religious groups who were violently involved in killing innocent people during the liberation war to come back to Bangladesh.

At the same time, Saudi money started pouring in to open madrasas – Qawmi type which is of the fundamentalist variety – throughout the whole country. In addition, mosques were established in almost every street corner of the capital city and all major cities of the country with Saudi money. Ziaur Rahman surreptitiously encouraged these religious activities and with the explicit and implicit support of these religious bigots, he started a political party called the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). After Ziaur Rahman, Mohammad Ershad continued in the same vane allowing and encouraging clandestine foreign supply of funds for political-religious purposes.

At the moment, there are at least 64,000 Qawmi madrasas in the country and the number of students is assumed to be nearly 10 million (as par Institute of Commonwealth Studies). The exact number of madrasas or madrasa students is not known as these madrasas are not registered and regulated by the Bangladesh Madrasa Education Board, as these madrasas are financed privately. That is where the problem lies and the dark side of madrasa education starts to emerge. It is an open secret that Saudi Arabia as the main sponsor of the Salafist / Wahhabi ideology is the financier of these Qawmi madrasas and mosques, not only in Bangladesh but also in many other Muslim countries. Saudi Arabia also financed the setting up of Ibn Sina banks, Ibn Sina hospitals, universities, primary schools and even bus services and hotels in Bangladesh. The tentacles of Islamic financial activities go far and wide and are deeply rooted. Obviously, with such financial muscle comes the political muscle and any democratic government of a relatively poor country would be hard pressed to confront them.

Hefazat-e-Islam as a political organisation emerged in 2010 when millions Qawmi madrassah people were readily available to populate this blatantly communal organisation. In fact, Hefazat has become the political forum for these Madrasa-trained people who have no vocation or skill to offer, other than simply reciting some verses from Quran without even understanding anything about it. These madrasas only produced millions of morons and enemies of the State. These people are total dead weight to the country.

Over the years, these madrasa-trained people had been piling up and they would now demand employment. That they are not suitable for any productive work is beyond their comprehension. However, the government should have warned them before they were allowed to go down the blind alley and now it falls on the government to train them and move them towards the constructive sector of the economy. These people, as they stand now, are now primed to be radicalised and can very easily be turned into Islamic terrorists.

Demonstrating against foreign leaders or foreign powers, vandalising private and public properties, attacking minorities and their properties etc would seem to be the pastimes for these people. The government must stop them firmly. The whole sector of madrasa education should be closed down without any delay. The problem that the military-people-turned-politician had created in the past to get a foothold in the political field has to be tackled now. The country has to bear the brunt of the thuggery of Hefazati people by deploying the Border Guards to protect foreign leaders and saving government and minority properties, but can this extra vigil continue indefinitely? The root cause, the source of the problem needs to be tackled head on; otherwise, the mayhem caused by these illiterate madrasa-trained people may continue.

Dr A Rahman is an author and a columnist

Bangladesh, Disasters - natural and man-made, Economic, Environmental, Human Rights, Life as it is, Political

COVID-19: Pauperisation of the Poor

South Asian Network on Economic Modelling (SANEM) conducted a survey late last year to appraise the socio-economic condition of families in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings of the survey contain enough negatives to alarm the policymakers and the concerned citizens alike.

According to the survey findings, the proportion of Bangladesh’s total population living below the poverty line has doubled from 21.6 percent in 2018 to 42 percent in late 2020 and the proportion of extreme poor tripled from a mere 9.4 percent to 28.5 percent over the  corresponding period. The pandemic has caused serious economic hardship, especially for the poor, all over the world. But such a mammoth slippage is unfathomable, especially when the country achieved nearly 4 percent growth last year compared to negative growth posted by most South Asian countries.

The findings raise serious questions about the efficacy of the government’s recovery packages in reaching the population in dire need of government assistance. The population living marginally above the poverty line or in poverty are always vulnerable to slip into one level down at the slightest sign of any economic instability.

Our policymakers should keep in mind that no degree of economic growth is fulfilling if its benefits fail to reach the downtrodden masses.  Development, no matter how glittering it appears, carries little value to the poor unless its benefits trickle down to them in some form or other. Else, they feel left behind as then they only see the glitter of development but not its benefits.

Moreover, such a substantial spike in poverty level may derail Bangladesh in its journey to achieve middle income country status. Apart from maintaining the required per capita Gross National Income (GNI) level, which it likely will, the country must also maintain the threshold level in one of the two other criteria, the Human Assets Index (HAI) and Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) criteria, in the next triennial review to be held in 2021. Only then the chances of Bangladesh being recognized by the UN as a middle income country in 2024 will remain alive. Otherwise, there will be, at a minimum, three-year delay in Bangladesh achieving middle income status unless the UN relaxes the conditions due to the pandemic.

As of today, the chances of Bangladesh slipping below the threshold level on both counts appear real, demanding immediate pragmatic measures to counter them.

Now the question arises, what went wrong with the government’s relief packages. Why did they fail to deliver the desired benefit to the population in direst need? Was sufficient resources allocated for the vulnerable population in the relief packages? Did the mechanisms used for the delivering the resources to the target beneficiaries work? Well, the time has come to look seriously into the foregoing questions as a first step to mitigate the suffering of the people living below or hovering around the poverty line.

Understandably, the major goal of the relief packages is to keep the economic wheel rolling at a time of unprecedented difficulties caused by the pandemic. It’s common knowledge that preventing the consumption level from rock bottoming is pivotal to succeed in achieving this goal. The following measures may help the country in improving the poverty situation as well as giving the economy a boost:

1) Delivery of increased food and cash resources to the population in dire need;

2) expansion of agricultural grant or loan, as appropriate, to subsistence farmers; and

3) enhancing employment opportunities via increased assistance to small and cottage industries.

Both cash relief and cash freed through food relief will help increase purchasing power of the target population enabling them to buy more manufactured consumer goods, essential for steady economic recovery.

Much thought should be given on formulating the best possible path of achieving speedy economic recovery. The path on which poverty alleviation and economic recovery walks hand in hand. A path on which each complements the other.

It is heartening that the country has attained the economic capacity to make it happen. What’s needed is due diligence to develop necessary plans and programs and their effective execution.

ASM Jahangir is a former Senior Program Manager of USAID/Bangladesh.


Succession Planning

Succession planning refers to the process by which new leaders are identified and developed within a given organization to ensure a seamless transition when existing leadership leaves the organization. An effective succession plan is often subtle because the change should be seamless; however, an ineffective succession plan can result in visible consequences as the challenges associated with the change become obvious.

For this assignment around succession planning, select a high-profile change in leadership at a public or nonprofit agency. You may choose an agency that you have worked for or have seen in the headlines or research. Analyze the artifacts of communication around how the change was announced and decide whether the transition was seamless from a public perspective.

In a 57 page narrative, address the following:

Provide a brief background on the chosen public or nonprofit agency.
Explain a recent change in leadership that took place in that organization.
Identify the artifacts of communication that were used around the change in leadership.
Analyze the strategies used with those artifacts to communicate the change in leadership.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the execution of the agency’s succession plan.
Submission Requirements
Your assignment should meet the following requirements:

Written communication: Your writing should clearly identify where each grading criterion or part of the assignment is addressed. Your points must be logical, substantive, and relevant based on the evidence presented. The writing must be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
APA guidelines: Resources and citations must be formatted according to current APA style and formatting. Be sure to distinguish an electronic journal article by including the DOI or URL. When appropriate, use APA-formatted headings.
SafeAssign: Submit your paper to SafeAssign as a draft. Review the results and make any needed changes before submitting to your instructor for grading.
Length of paper: 57 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and references.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

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American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Regina Chapter

Alvin Knoll, President

(306) 352-5114

The American Historical Society of Germans from Russia is an international organization dedicated to the discovery, collection, preservation and the dissemination of information related to the history, cultural heritage and genealogy of Germanic settlers in the Russian Empire and their descendants.

The American Historical Society of Germans from Russian was founded in 1968 in Colorado and is now headquartered in Lincoln Nebraska. The Regina Chapter is one of its 50 International chapters.

The Regina Chapter was chartered on July 14th 1980, and incorporated as a non-profit organization. Our banner was designed of brown jute with logos of a wheat sheaf and a spinning wheel. These represent the agricultural background and culture of our ancestors who accepted the invitation and took up the challenge as “ New Canadians.” They had been led to believe that Canada was the land of “Milk and Honey.” A few were disappointed and some returned home to Russia, some to the USA, while others migrated from the USA to Canada.

A number of years later a lapel pin was designed approximately the size of a Canadian five-cent piece, which is proudly worn by our members. In the center is a Canadian maple leaf and around the circumference is script identifying our chapter.

Through the foresight of Ken Engele, the Regina chapter was formed. Meetings took place initially in the Plains Centre at the University of Regina. Later meetings were held at the facilities of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, then at the German Canadian Society Harmonie, then at the Eureka Club and now at the Regina Senior Citizens Centre.

Our ancestors migrated into the various regions of Russia after 1736. Katherine the Great prompted this migration. An earlier migration from Germany into Moscow took place in 1701. These immigrants were responsible for the educating the children of the Moscow elite and Russian military.

Emigration from Russia to Canada started in the late 1800s and settlers came to Winnipeg, later moving into Saskatchewan and Alberta as the West opened. Some discontented newcomers went back to Russia and some moved to the USA. The Canadian-German settlers were the second largest group; the largest group was the Anglo-Saxons.

In 1984 the Regina and District Chapter hosted the International Convention of the A.H.S.G.R. Approximately 700 people from Germany, Spain, the USA and Canada enjoyed what is believed to have been the most successful International A.H.S.G.R. Convention.


It takes only one puff to bring down Brown’s straw man

The big problem with Brown’s persuasive case against total independence is that no-one is actually arguing for total independence. To call this a straw-man argument is to give it far too much weight – a straw structure does at least take a few huffs and puffs to dismantle. This dishonest construction is more like a delicate sculpture made out of dandelion clocks by the fairies who live at the bottom of the garden.

There’s no point attracting tourists if local infrastructure isn’t up to it

Large-scale benefit fraud “crackdowns” are less about clawing back cash and more an attempt to degrade and humiliate anyone and everyone who relies on state support.

Is inheritance really a toxic topic in Scottish politics?

If the transfer of assets from parents to their children is thwarting aspirations of social mobility, why won’t our politicians come out and say so?

Anyone who believes there are no alternative facts needs a lesson in media studies

Donald Trump’s team and clearly telling whoppers, but if we aren’t willing to put in the background reading, do we get the ‘truth’ we deserve?

Cold callers are more than just a nuisance … could we use people power to silence them?

Why should consumers have to take evasive action to avoid unsolicited calls? Perhaps a total boycott of these nuisances is in order.


I don’t know anyone who truly loves getting up in the morning, do you? The alarm clock always seems to ring when you are either having the best dream, or you feel like you have literally just gone to sleep. But it is a well-known fact that the way you start your morning can have an impact on the rest of your day. So it’s important to kick it off in the right way. So I thought I would share with you some top tips on how you can transform the way you start your day.

Don’t snooze the alarm

Are you one of those people who constantly hits the snooze button on your alarm? You are not the only one who does. However, there are some real negative effects to doing this. Sure, you get that extra five minutes in bed, but is it worth it? Every time you hit the snooze button you doze back off into a nice sleep, for what feels like seconds, then you are abruptly woken once more. If you are not a morning person, which many of us aren’t, why would you want to repeat the whole “wake up” process several times in one go? When it goes off, just get up. Simple.

Deal with the morning grogginess

Do you ache in the morning? Then now is the time to take action and get rid of that grogginess for good. Stretching is a great way to start your day. As you start to sit up in bed, stretch your arms and move your head slowly. It is a prompt to your body that you are starting your day. Aches and pains in the morning could be down to other reasons like arthritis. It’s a fact according to The Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network that it is more common in women than men. But thankfully there are a few home remedies online to help relieve the symptoms, which will ultimately help you when you wake up.

Avoid your phone first thing

Our lives are spent online these days, and many of us can feel that urge to check Facebook first thing or read our emails. But this isn’t the most productive way to start your day. Avoiding social media gives you time to come around and focus on your day ahead.

Don’t skip breakfast

We all know that breakfast is the most important meal of the day but yet we still somehow skip it. Try and ensure that you eat something in the morning. It can keep you full throughout the morning and help your concentration levels stay where they should be. Plus it’s great for your metabolism, and even losing weight. Who knew?

Try and exercise

Not all of us have the time to regularly exercise and use this as an excuse, but your mornings are the perfect time to head out for a run or tackle a small workout. It really sets you up for the day.

Be organised

Finally, being organised for the morning ahead can save you precious time during your day. So pack your bags the night before. Prep any lunch you may be taking with you. It can help to transform your morning routine.


Diversity and Inclusion

This, alongside the ageing population, means that businesses need to ensure they are inclusive and supportive of employees with disabilities. This may include making adjustments and being flexible, but more importantly, creating a comfortable and supportive environment.

Many individuals fell into the ‘vulnerable’ category during the Coronavirus pandemic and received additional guidance, some needed to shield. This situation would have caused many individuals to divulge their health condition(s) to their employer for the first time.

According to Public Health England, as many as 1 in 3 employees had not previously disclosed this to their employer.

In September 2020, we collaborated with The Inclusivity Project to share our thoughts and advice on diversity and inclusivity. You can read the article here.


Best answer: Is Veterans of Foreign Wars a good charity?

Does the VFW really help veterans?

Is the charity Paralyzed Veterans of America legitimate?

This organization was given a Gold Star rating by GuideStar. They are a philanthropic non-profit information service that has researched over 2.5 million charities. PVA’s Gold Star rating factored in such information as their mission, financials, and how much difference they actually make in people’s lives.

Is USO a good charity to give to?

Good. This charity’s score is 84.99, earning it a 3-Star rating. Donors can “Give with Confidence” to this charity.

What percentage of donations go to veterans?

How much of my donation goes to help disabled veterans? 85¢ of every dollar spent in 2018 went to program services for disabled veterans and their families.

Is Wounded Warriors a good charity?

Charity Navigator’s Assessment

Based on their assessment of WWP, they have an 86% score. … Beyond being within regulations, the percentage of Wounded Warrior Project money that is donated to their stated cause is 38% of all funds. This, again, is not the best, but it is good.

IT IS IMPORTANT:  Can a public charity give to a private foundation?

Which is better VFW or American Legion?

The VFW has the highest proportion of combat veterans of either American Legion or Amvets. … The American Legion is far larger organization with more members and more resources. There are many more Legions than VFW’s. Many combat veterans join the American Legion too.

Can a Vietnam era veteran join the VFW?

What is the salary of the CEO of Paralyzed Veterans of America?

DAV’s Chief Executive Officer, Arthur Wilson, last year got $287,000 in compensation plus $72,994 in “other” pay from DAV or related organizations; General Counsel Christopher Clay $198,558, plus $144,331; and J. Marc Burgess, the executive director of the national headquarters, $163,483, plus another $122,532.

What is the salary of the CEO of Disabled American Veterans?

34 individuals received more than $100,000 with the 8 most highly compensated individuals listed below: $550,524: J Mark Burgess, National Adjutant/CEO/Secretary. $412,104: Barry A Jesinoski, Executive Director, National Headquarters.

Do a good deed


The Most Unfair Games of 2016 August 29, 2021 August 29, 2021 admin

The World Cup has been an amazing experience for millions of people worldwide, but it’s also had a cost.

The games are played in places like India, South Africa, and Nigeria.

Each time a country wins, the money that’s raised for the host nation ends up benefiting the host country’s economic development and development of the people living there.

And, for that matter, the games themselves have become the main source of income for many host nations.

The most popular video game in India, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, was made by a group of six Indian-based developers.

But in recent years, the World Cup’s popularity has seen a rise in corruption scandals in the host countries.

The corruption has made the game a hot commodity, and as a result, many countries have taken measures to ensure that it doesn’t become a money-making machine for themselves.

In the end, the biggest beneficiary of the World Cups success has been the host nations themselves.

Since 2010, India has hosted more than 70 international soccer matches, and the vast majority of those have come on the back of the country’s hosting rights.

But with the recent FIFA corruption scandal, and recent accusations that the game was tainted by the likes of Salman Khan and Salman Khan-led Indian team, some nations have decided to take the next step.

Some host nations are moving to limit the number of matches they can hold.

But others are opting to hold more, in an attempt to limit corruption and promote tourism and economic growth.

“The tournament is the largest sporting event that’s going to be held on our soil, and we have to look at how we can continue to invest in this,” said India’s Minister of Sports, Tourism, and Culture, Priyanka Chopra.

“There are other countries that have had similar situations with FIFA, but the World Football Association and the FIFA is not involved in the tournament itself.”

The biggest problem with this argument is that hosting the World Championships is one of the most lucrative and lucrative sports in the world.

And that’s not just because of the money.

It’s also because of how it’s played.

For many years, there have been major tournaments like the Olympics, World Cups, and Commonwealth Games, where fans have flocked to the stadiums, and money has flowed into the coffers of host nations, the country hosting the tournament, and also into the pockets of their own fans.

But for the past two decades, it’s been FIFA that’s been getting paid for hosting the games, and in some cases, for being the host of the games.

In 2015, FIFA paid a whopping $10 billion for hosting six tournaments in 2022.

FIFA has even spent more than that on the 2018 World Cup, and has also been heavily invested in the 2022 World Cup.

FIFA is the only sports organization that gets paid for the hosting rights for a single World Cup in any given year, and that money is usually spent on the host teams.

The World Cups have been the world’s largest sporting events ever, but now the games have become a massive money-maker for host nations as well.

For instance, FIFA has invested more than $3.3 billion to host the 2022 Olympics in South Africa.

The cost of hosting a single football tournament is about $2 billion, and FIFA’s World Cup is projected to cost $5 billion to $7 billion.

With the cost of these games set to rise in the future, the host governments have begun to worry that the World Cs could become a cash-flow hog.

And while that’s a concern, it shouldn’t be the only one.

“As a nation, we have a responsibility to invest, invest, reinvest, invest,” said New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, during the announcement of her country’s bid for the 2022 games.

“If you look at what’s happening with the WorldCs, it shows that our governments and the people of New Zealand are investing.”

But some are starting to question whether hosting the 2022 tournament is worth the money it will cost to do so.

While hosting the tournaments themselves is expensive, the financial benefits are also very lucrative.

For example, in 2022, the total value of all the stadiums in India’s cities will be more than five times the amount that the hosting country will pay FIFA for hosting it.

In 2019, FIFA’s financial report for South Africa showed that the country that paid for staging the 2022 event would receive an average of $2.5 million in return.

The total value that the host is expected to receive in 2019 is also over five times what the host will get in 2022 in terms of the stadiums.

For this reason, some countries are considering ways to cut costs by cutting down on the number and amount of stadiums that they’re hosting.

For South Africa’s bid to be successful, it is also expected to be played in the most expensive stadiums in the World, and many host countries are starting by cutting the number to a maximum of two.

And some countries have already announced their intentions to do


What keeps you up at night as a land steward? Help us work better for you.

What are the big issues on your mind? What has you pondering or worrying late into the evening even when you’ve got to start your day before sunrise? We want to know so we can better serve and represent landowners and land stewards in the West.


Steps to Prevent Kitchen Sink Clogs

Essential Steps to Prevent Kitchen Sink Clogs

Unclogging a kitchen sink drain is very simple than the vast majority think. Maintaining a strategic distance from the expense of getting down on a handyman to manage this typical issue is consistently something worth being thankful for as far as I can tell, regardless of whether that implies contributing some time and exertion to fix the difficulty yourself.

Most can be settled by utilizing some generally basic and direct methods and instruments. Whenever you have unclogged the sink, it is then an ideal opportunity to limit the issue’s odds of reoccurring – see the part toward the article’s finish for exhortation on anticipation.

Although plumbing codes, quality channeling materials, and standard home support should downplay stops up, a stopped up a channel can, in any case, occur whenever, particularly since the vast majority don’t consider their pipes upkeep until after an obstruct has happened. Drain stops up can bring about genuine water harm to your home’s construction with duct cleaning San Diego.

They can cause electrical risks if water interacts with your home’s wiring. They can likewise represent a vast wellbeing hazard. Finding a way to maintain a strategic distance from obstructed drains can save you a ton of time and a great deal of cash over the long term.

Check the Garbage Disposal

If your kitchen sink has a garbage disposal, you should check it for stops up at that point. They can, without much of a stretch, get obstructed with pieces of food. To decide the wellspring of the visit up, switch off the disposer first. If you stick anything down the channel, at that point, you will likewise need to turn off the force. You can utilize an electric lamp to peer down the drain and attempt to decide the blockage’s idea: where it is and what is causing it. This will determine your instruments and approach.

Eliminate All Standing Water From the Clogged Kitchen Sink

Standing water happens when water is kept on being pursued into the sink the stop up has occurred. You should put on your elastic gloves and rescue the abundance of water and waste with a container, cup, or another holder, so you have clear admittance to the channel. At that point, you ought to should clear what squander you can in and around the drain by hand. If there is waste disposal, don’t put your hand or fingers close to the cutting edges. Here and there, clearing the loss by hand can be everything necessary to fix the issue, it will make a further move.

Also Read: Which Kitchen Splashback Tile Will Suit My House

Use Boiling Water to Dislodge the Sink Clog

An individual uses bubbling water to unclog a kitchen sink. Carry a half-gallon of water to a turning bubble over high warmth. Eliminate any standing water from the sink. Cautiously eliminate the bubbling water from the oven and empty straightforwardly into the channel in a constant flow.

The water should start to deplete. If it doesn’t, permit the water in the sink to cool totally; at that point, rehash the cycle an extra time.

Break up Clog with a Baking Soda Mixture

An individual uses baking soda to unclog a kitchen sink. A preparing soft drink blend offers an approach to unclog a sink normally, as it demonstrates gentler on your lines contrasted with synthetic channel openers. Dump one cup of fresh baking soda, trailed by one cup of white vinegar. Spot an elastic plug or other sink opening cover over the channel opening. Stand by 15 minutes to permit the vinegar and baking soda to unclog your drain, Then take out the channel cover and run hot faucet water down the channel to clear the stop up.

Utilize an Auger on the Upper Part of the Pipe

An individual uses a drill on the upper piece of a kitchen sink. Feed the link from the routine (additionally called a pipes snake) into the channel opening until you meet opposition. When the link’s finish is contacting the speculated stop up, pull out an extra one foot of connection from the machine end and hold it as slack.

Lock the length of the link, at that point, start turning the wrench on the gadget. The link will drill into the stop up and push forward; pull out more links if necessary. You ought to have the option to feel an adjustment in opposition once the drill has gotten through the obstruct. Withdraw the routine. At that point, flush the line with boiling water from the tap. If you don’t meet any opposition, the block might further the branch channel line.

Take Measures to Prevent Clogs

Water runs from a tap into a kitchen sink. These means can assist you with trying not to fix a stopped up kitchen sink. Try not to over-burden the removal. Crush close to 1 cup of food burn through at a time and do not put any inorganic issue down the channel. Try not to permit oil, oil, or coffee beans to run down the drain or experience the removal.

Gather this loss in expendable compartments or packs and eliminate them to an open-air repository—Spot coffee beans in a fertilizer heap. Freeze a combination of half vinegar and half water into ice blocks. Intermittently drop a couple of these into the waste disposal to keep it new.

The ground ice and slight acridity will likewise help scratch away development inside the removal and the lines. Run high temp water from the tap after every kitchen sink used to help keep the drain cleared.

Use Chemicals

If your sink has a trash disposer, I would genuinely suggest that you don’t utilize a compound cleaner, as they can destroy the edges and splash once again into your sink. I would likewise not recommend using a liquid if you have a total obstruct instead of a moderate depleting blockage.

If synthetic compounds with a complete backup are utilized, synthetic compounds will get sponsored up in the sink, alongside stale water. The sort of cleaner you get can rely upon the kind of issue you suspect might be causing the stop-up. As a rule, obstructs brought about by organic problems require a more acidic cleaner, though oily finishes up are better managed by utilizing essential cleaners.

Also Read: 5 Ways to Extend Life Span of Your Plumbing System

Call a Plumber

If the above strategies neglect to work, or you accept that the issue is just out of your association, at that point, you should call an expert handyman. This is the most un-moderate alternative, yet it can save time and inconvenience when nothing appears to work, and you would prefer not to begin playing with the pipes.

The expense of a handyman can go from $175 to $450 contingent upon the amount of time the work requires to fix, so make sure to attempt different alternatives first if you value delicate. In case you’re not stressed over the expense. Nonetheless, it could be the most un-inconvenient to get another person to fix the issue simply to get another person to fix it.


Celebrating “No”

Just as we all have different ways of saying, “No” we all have different patterns and ways of separating that are habitual.

Much of our pain comes from our lack of balance between “Yes” and “No”. We tend to separate the two cognitively, but we don’t separate them affectively.

If we respect our partners we are able to say, “No” to each other in a way that cements the partnership.

We can think about this in terms of saying, “No” to other people, but we can also think about it in terms of, “How do we say, “No” to ourselves?” How that fits with attachment is that we have to be willing to say, “No” to ourselves in the moment so the other person can get their attachment needs met at this particular time.

Saying, “No” is fundamental and therefore is a principle of attachment. When we are born we say, “Yes” but we also say, “No”. The crux of it starts there.

The growing organism inside the mother is a “No” to her because it will stop being part of her. That is the price of being. Detachment from Mother is both a physical and emotional insult to her. But at birth, back to the paradox, the infant latches on and says, “Yes”. As we follow Nature, we learn that we go away in order to stay.


Home » Permaculture Design Starts With Water

Permaculture Design Starts With Water

By Mary Ann Lieser

Permaculture and water conservation are inseparable. Permaculture design starts with water —with looking at what happens to the precipitation that falls on a piece of land and at how to shape the land so that each drop of rain can bring as much benefit as possible.

Water stewardship is increasing in importance, a trend certain to accelerate in the future. Droughts are more common, current water supplies are less dependable due to depletion or contamination, rainfall patterns are more variable and weather events more extreme. Unless a landscape has been designed to capture and retain as much water as possible, intense storms usually result in more runoff and the erosion of valuable topsoil, without the full benefit of the precipitation infiltrating the soil.

We face a collective future in which widespread water shortages are likely. And agriculture, which accounts for the single biggest use of water on the globe, is already being affected in many places. The underground supply has been depleted and groundwater recharge is not keeping pace. Too often, stormwater flows to rivers and oceans.

But permaculturists have always regarded water as the precious resource that it is, and they have been developing ways to reduce water loss and maximize retention for decades. Permaculture design is always site specific, so they begin by looking at what you have. How much rainfall does your land receive in an average year? What is the highest point on your property, and what are the existing patterns of water flow? Then it’s possible to look at shaping your land to encourage beneficial water flow patterns.

Typically, only a fraction of the rain that falls on a piece of land reaches the roots of the plants growing there. Permaculture aims to slow it down, spread it out, and sink it more deeply.

The soil itself is the easiest place to store water, and the more organic matter in the soil the better it will soak up moisture. Jason Gerhardt has been a permaculture teacher and designer for over fifteen years, with experience in a variety of settings — from desert to temperate forest and urban to rural. He advises farmers to “think about the landscape in terms of a sponge. What can we do to help the soil absorb and hold onto more moisture?” Higher quality topsoil and the judicious use of mulches and groundcovers (which can act as living sponges) reduce runoff and allow more water to reach deeper layers. And increasing organic matter in the soil sets the stage for a virtuous circle: more moisture in the soil results in healthier plants and more soil microbes and will therefore build additional topsoil more quickly.

Beyond soaking in more moisture wherever it falls, permaculture uses design features to shape the land and direct water flow. Keyline design focuses on the existing flow pattern as a guide to placement of trees, irrigation systems and ponds. Swales are broad, shallow trenches dug along the contours of shallow slopes, and can prevent runoff and gulley formation. A keyline system and swales can channel water away from valleys to achieve better distribution, so that rainfall can soak the soil more evenly.

Rainfall can also be directed into ponds for storage or harvested from rooftops to provide water when needed for irrigation, livestock or other agricultural purposes.

Gerhardt, who serves as director of the Permaculture Institute as well as founder of Real Earth Design in St. Louis, often finds inspiration from traditional land-based cultures. “Indigenous people all over the world have developed methods to absorb and retain rainfall, whether it involves diverting streams, flooding paddies or terracing hillsides.”

Todd McCree’s Great Escape Farm in West Virginia includes a nursery focused on the sale of propagated cuttings of edible plants, from familiar fruits like blackberry and raspberry to more unusual ones like aronia (chokeberry) and pawpaw. McCree uses permaculture principles at every level of his operation, including a collection system that harvests rainwater from a 24 by 51 foot metal roof. Two 1,550 gallon containers provide enough water storage for the farm to space out the area’s 37 inches of annual rainfall to supply mist irrigation when needed.

Edible Acres, a plant nursery in the Finger Lakes region, is also based on permaculture principles and also harvests rainwater for agricultural needs. Sean Dembrosky oversees the nursery and the water harvest, which takes place on a combination of many small roofs, ranging in size from two hundred to eight hundred square feet. The water is stored in a collection of 275 gallon IBC totes and some 55-gallon drums placed strategically under downspouts. What began partly as an experiment to see what could be done in an area that receives 34 inches of rain annually, has convinced Dembrosky that “it is 100 percent possible to run a viable nursery business based on collected rainwater and simple hand dug ponds and holding tanks. No well is necessary for full-on farming.”

Gerhardt advises that those who may not be ready for comprehensive farmscale watershed management might start small, taking just a few steps in the direction of water stewardship. “Once they see the impacts, they often want to do more.” And for those ready to dive into learning how to apply permaculture principles to water management on the land they tend, the single best source is Brad Lancaster, who writes and teaches about permaculture design. Lancaster lives in semi-arid Tucson, which receives a mere twelve inches of precipitation a year, yet he manages to harvest 100,000 gallons of rainwater annually for household and garden use. His website (harvstingrainwater.com) and his books Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond, volumes 1 and 2, share what he’s learned in decades of studying and consulting on water harvest in every climate.


Hidden octaves

In part writing, the occurrence of an interval that is not an octave between two voices, which proceeds to the next chord in similar motion, that produces an octave in the next chord between the same two voices. In strict counterpoint, octaves are allowed between any two voices except the outer two.


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Recognising the impact of spinal cord injury complications

Category: Surgery Complications

Last Updated: 14th Nov 2020

About the Author

Medical Negligence Solicitor, Co-founder and Managing Partner - LLB (Hons) University of East Anglia, 1989

Read more about Gillian »

The spinal cord is one of the most vital pillars of the human body. It is responsible for sending messages to and from the brain, and from the brain to everywhere else, making it responsible for movement, reflexes and recognising sensations such as touch, pressure and pain.

Unfortunately, it is also extremely delicate. Spinal cord injury complications can have significant implications for anyone who is inflicted with them, including restriction of movement, chronic pain, problems with bowel and bladder, sexual dysfunction and other long-term consequences.

Research conducted by Spinal Injuries Association, Aspire and Back Up – three of the leading spinal cord injury charities – revealed that an estimated 50,000 people in the UK live with this type of injury, with around 2,500 new cases each year.

In this article, we will provide you with information on various types of spinal injury and what causes them, including the uncommon but potential prospect of these occurring as a result of negligence by a medical professional, along with details of what complications can develop as a result of spinal cord injuries.

What are the different types of spinal injury?

To understand the different types of spinal cord injury, it is important to first know the three different areas of the spine where the cord is located, those being:

  • The cervical region, which covers the neck to the top of the ribs
  • The thoracic region, the longest region and covers the length of the rib cage
  • The lumbar region, which runs from the bottom of the ribs and includes the lower back

The level at which the spinal cord injury occurs dictates which muscles and body parts it has the potential to affect. For instance, an injury to the lumbar region will affect the lower body, which could involve complete or incomplete paralysis of the person’s lower extremities, leading to subsequent conditions like footdrop, as well as sexual dysfunction and bowel or bladder problems.

However, an injury higher up the spinal cord such as a substantial spinal injury to the cervical region can result in loss of function of all limbs, known as quadriplegia. This can cause potential breathing or swallowing difficulties if the injury occurred near the top of the spinal cord.

The complications from a spinal cord injury therefore depend on the location and the severity of the injury. Some of the syndromes which can occur as a result of a spinal cord injury include:

Central Cord Syndrome

An injury to the centre of the spinal cord, which is typically characterised by paralysis to the arms, hands and upper body of the patient, but may also result in impaired lower body function.

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Damage caused to one side of the spinal cord, which leads to both motor loss on the side where the injury occurred and a loss of sensitivity on the opposite side.

Anterior Cord Syndrome

An injury that affects the two-thirds of the top of the spinal cord, typically characterised by complete paralysis with decreased sensitivity to pain below the level of the injury.

Posterior Cord Syndrome

This can occur following an injury to the bottom of the spinal cord, resulting in losing the senses of body position and vibration below the level of the injury.

Conus Medullaris Syndrome

An injury to the lumbar and sacral nerve roots in the spinal canal, leading to numbness, bladder and bowel dysfunction and lower limb weakness.

Cauda Equina Syndrome

This refers to the nerves at the base of the spine that branch out into the lower limbs, which resemble a horse’s tail. While technically not part of the spinal cord, it is classified as among these injuries and if untreated can lead to lower limb numbness/weakness, bladder and bowel problems and sexual dysfunction.

Because of the spinal cord’s vital role in our central nervous system, prompt diagnosis of these conditions and effective treatment, especially when surgery is required, is critical in managing spinal cord injury complications.

What are some of the primary causes of spinal cord injuries?

Spinal cord injuries can be the result of physical damage done to the spinal cord itself, as well as to the vertebrae, ligaments or discs that surround it.

This can be the result of a sudden or traumatic incident, such as a car accident, fall, physical activities/sports or following an act of violence. Alternatively, the injury might be the result of sustained pressure on the spinal cord over a period of days or weeks, which may be due to bleeding, swelling, bruising, inflammation or fluid build-up in these areas.

There are also non-traumatic causes for spinal cord injuries due to a number of conditions or diseases that affect the strength of the spine, including arthritis, cancer, infections or disc degeneration.

What are some of the notable complications after a spinal cord injury?

The presence or experience of a spinal cord injury can make someone more susceptible to further complications, which are sometimes referred to as secondary complications. These can often be chronic or long-term complications, and a medical professional should make a patient aware of these following their treatment or surgery for a spinal injury.

Some of the most common complications following a spinal cord injury include:

  • A greater likelihood of experiencing fractures, often as a result of osteopenia or osteoporosis, which are chronic conditions causing bone mass to weaken and deteriorate
  • Development of Deep Vein Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolisms due to blood clots forming in the legs or other areas of the body
  • Orthostatic hypotension, which is a sudden drop in blood pressure following movement, which may result in fainting, sweating and increased heart rate
  • Autonomic dysreflexia, which is an onset of high blood pressure, leading to headaches, slowed heart rate, blurred vision, anxiety and other symptoms
  • Septicaemia, also known as blood poisoning
  • Pneumonia
  • Bladder and kidney stones

While those who suffer spinal cord injuries may never suffer any of these complications, they have a higher risk.

What spinal injury complications can occur as a result of spinal surgery?

Because of the inherent risks of a spinal cord injury to a person’s movement, mobility and other bodily functions, as well as the secondary complications listed above, surgery to repair spinal nerve damage is almost always performed promptly and with absolute precision to minimise the trauma the injury can cause, even if it is not possible to achieve a complete recovery.

A failure to spot signs of a spinal cord injury, such as the presence of compressed nerves or a loss of bladder, bowel and sexual function, or a mistake during spinal surgery can either lead directly to a spinal cord injury, or increase the risk to the patient.

Throughout our years of supporting clients with surgical complication claims, we have investigated and identified numerous cases of negligence. The cause of the injury may have been direct, such as the pinching of nerves during an operation or an incorrect incision resulting in further nerve damage. These are incredibly rare, but do sadly occur.

During spinal fusion surgery or instances where screws are required in order to repair the damage done to vertebrae in the spine, it is possible that the screw might be incorrectly positioned and enter the spinal cord, causing nerve damage.

An epidural during pregnancy might also cause direct pain or injury to the spinal cord. If the needle used to administer the anaesthetic is improperly positioned and leads to the spinal cord being penetrated, this can cause significant damage.

Finally, if a surgeon or another medical professional does not adequately monitor the patient following surgery, they may miss if any subsequent bleeding or swelling is putting pressure on the spinal cord. As we noted earlier, these injuries can sometimes be the result of sustained pressure over time. Therefore, if bleeding following surgery forms a hematoma or bruise that pushes against the spine, this will need to be drained promptly to prevent further damage being inflicted.

Determining if negligence resulted in a spinal cord injury

We hope you now have a stronger understanding of the different types of spinal cord injury, the complications that can occur as a result of these incidents, and why negligence before, during or after surgery can lead to further harm to a patient.

We want to emphasise here that the majority of spinal surgeries are performed professionally with the complete care of the patient in mind. However, this does not always lead to a successful outcome for those that suffer spinal injuries. In the rare instances where a mistake or inaction directly leads to a patient’s suffering, we are here to help establish what happened and ensure those affected receive the answers and the compensation that they are due.

Our dedicated medical experts at Gadsby Wicks take the time to thoroughly understand your experiences, explore the available evidence and apply their own knowledge and obtain the best expert evidence in order to determine the most likely cause of your injury. If it is determined that any surgical complications were the result of an act of negligence, we will guide you every step of the way towards a fitting settlement for the harm you have suffered and the lifestyle changes you have been forced to undergo.

If you have been affected by spinal cord injury complications and would like to discuss your case, get in touch with our medical negligence specialists today.


"Air Conditioning System" May Make Hot Planets Habitable

ESO/L. Calçada
Jonathan O`Callaghan 15 Sep 2015, 20:52

In the hunt for planets outside the Solar System that could be habitable, astronomers often look for exact Earth clones, which makes sense as we know our planet supports life. But what if some planets deemed inhospitable are actually friendlier than they appear?

That’s what one team of scientists from KU Leuven in Belgium are proposing in a paper published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. They said that some planets with rotations of less than 12 days may have unique climate systems that funnel heat around the planet, providing unexpectedly habitable environments.

In the research, the team ran 165 climate simulations for planets that were tidally locked to red dwarf stars – meaning one of their hemispheres always faces the star. This means the length of the year matches the length of a day, so one hemisphere is in perpetual sunlight, and the other endless darkness.

Until 1997, astronomers thought that tidally locked planets would be inhospitable, as the temperatures on the day side would be scorching hot, although this was later shown to be wrong. In this study, the astronomers expanded upon previous work and identified a climate system akin to an “air conditioning system,” where heat from the day side is channelled to the night side, keeping surface temperatures in the habitable range.

They identified three climate models for exoplanets with orbital periods less than 12 days. The first describes an eastward equatorial wind jet known as a superrotation, which interferes with atmospheric circulation and stops heat from spreading. In the other two climate models, though, for planets approaching Earth in size and orbiting between six and 10 days, the superrotation can be weakened by westward-moving wind jets at higher altitudes. “The day side [of these planets] would be… a good place for life as we know it,” lead author Ludmila Carone told IFLScience.

The two climate systems modeled center and right are thought to be habitable. KU Leuven/Ludmila Carone.

He said that some climates on these planets could bring temperatures on the day side down to about 340 Kelvin (70°C, 150°F), which crucially is below the boiling point of water. If the orbital period is too fast, or too slow, temperatures can exceed 380K (105°C, 225°F), which would not permit liquid water on the surface. But with the right orbital period and planet size, the air conditioning system could take effect.

“I think we should definitely consider planets with tight orbits with orbital periods of 10 days and maybe down to six days [to be habitable],” Carone said. “My work also appears to suggest that smaller planets are more habitable than bigger ones.”

As is always the case with these sorts of studies, four words are key: More research is needed. But upcoming telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), due to launch in 2018, could help reclassify planets that were previously thought to be uninhabitable, by studying their atmospheres.

“I'm definitely excited, because we learn so much, just by ‘playing’ around and going to extreme scenarios,” said Carone.

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MUJI Moisturizing Milk Review

(Disclaimer: This is not a paid/sponsored review. I bought this product using my own money. And, every skin is different. What works for me, might not work for you. This is just my personal experience)

I have reviewed about the toner, here: MUJI LIGHT TONING WATER REVIEW

So today, I am going to review the moisturizing milk!

Product Name: Moisturizing Milk (High Moisture)
Product Brand: MUJI Sensitive Skin Series
Product Type: Moisturizer
Size: 200 mL
Price: RM 32.90

How to use?
Use after cleanser. (And after toner, essence, serum, if you have)

The packaging:
The product comes in a 200ml transparent plastic bottle with a metal twist cap. All the words are in Japan so I could not understand a thing.

The colour/consistency/texture:
It's white-milky colour with a lotion-like texture.

The scent:
The product claim that it is fragrance-free, hence tak ada distinct smell, bau wangi ke floral ke fruity ke. This product has no scent at all.

How I feel:
Masa beli ni, the cashier did warned me, she said that this product is for extremely dry skin, yang musim winter tu. I know. I have really dry skin. That is why I bought it haha. So, I have used this product for more than 6 weeks consistently. I never skip moisturizer. Wajib.

So far, my skin is good, no extreme dry patches, my skin feels really moisturizing although I need to wait a little bit longer before the product absorbs. Nothing fancy, just moisturizes my skin. Does exactly what I needed. I think I'm gonna miss this thing kalau tak pakai. WAJIB PAKAI. BEST.

And, it's suitable for sensitive skin, tak ada bau pelik pelik macam sapu lotion wangi kat muka, doesn't irritates my skin, and feels smooth. Overall, best! If you have oily skin, you can try the light version. For normal or combination skin, you can try the moisture version. Mine is High Moisture.

The price for other sizes/series
Moisturizing Milk (Light) - 200ml - RM24.90
Moisturizing Milk (Light) - 400ml - RM55.90
Moisturizing Milk (Light) - 50ml - RM11.90

Moisturizing Milk(Moisture) - 200ml - RM24.90
Moisturizing Milk (Moisture) - 400ml - RM55.90
Moisturizing Milk (Moisture) - 50ml - RM11.90

Moisturizing Milk (High Moisture) - 200ml - RM32.90
Moisturizing Milk (High Moisture) - 400ml - RM55.90
Moisturizing Milk (High Moisture) - 50ml - RM14.90


UC Berkeley Library

Using the Library during COVID-19

Most of UC Berkeley’s library buildings are open. To stay up to date on the Library’s policies and services during the pandemic, visit the Library’s COVID-19 webpage.

Reproductive Rights & Parenting

12th & Delaware

The seemingly sleepy intersection of Delaware Ave. and 12th St. in Fort Pierce, Fla. is ground zero for the ferocious abortion rights battle raging in America. On one corner stands the abortion clinic A Woman's World; across the street is the Pregnancy Care Center, an ambiguously named pro-life outpost dedicated to heading off abortion seekers at the pass. Directed by Rachel Grady and Heidi Ewing. 2010. 80 min.

A Healthy Baby Girl

Reviews and articles:

Abortion and the Law

This 1965 television documentary investigates the controversy surrounding abortion before it was legalized in the United States, focusing on the moral, social, legal and psychological aspects of abortion. Presents interviews with clergymen, lawyers, and physicians who hold diametrically opposed views and tells of specific cases of abortion. Videodisc release of an episode of the television program CBS reports, originally broadcast on April 5, 1965. Reporters: Walter Cronkite; Eric Sevareid. 57 min.

Abortion Issue, When Does Human Life Begin?: May 20, 1981 (Nightline)

Program follows the history of family planning, abortion, infanticide, including global religious and legal viewpoints. 33 min.

Abortions - Stories from North and South.

Program follows the history of family planning, abortion, infanticide, including global religious and legal viewpoints. 1984. 54 min.

Access Denied

Addresses cutbacks in women's reproductive freedom and civil rights against the backdrop of Operation Rescue's religious anti-abortion ferver. Produced by ReproVision, the media collective of WHAM (Women's Health Action Mobilization). 1991. 28 min.

And Baby Makes Two.

Interviews five adult mothers who tell why they chose to have their unanticipated baby or actually planned to become single parents. They discuss the reactions of society and their families, meeting financial and emotional demands, male role models, etc. 1983. 30 min.

Birth Control and the Law

Until the Griswold case, which neutralized the Comstock Law and reinforced the right to privacy, the vast majority of Americans had little access to birth control. This television news program investigates urban overpopulation and the struggle to provide family planning counseling and contraceptives to those wanting them. Includes interviews with Margaret Sanger, Estelle Griswold, various religious and health officials and discusses the differences in moral attitudes towards birth control of Catholics and non-Catholics.

Birth of Perception: the American Story on RU-486

Explores the heated controversy in America surrounding the struggle to get the French abortion pill RU-486 (mifepristone) approved for use in the United States. Directed & written by Kristine Clark. c1997. 45 min.

Born to be Sold: Martha Rosler Reads the Strange Case of Baby M.

Martha Rosler discusses the social and economic implications of surrogate motherhood, using excerpts and quotations from media reports and court records of the Mary Beth Whitehead/Baby M case. c1988. 35 min.


Emma Grace Marryat

(Emma Grace Caird)

1849 - 1927

Philanthropist. Born in Dundee, Caird was the youngest daughter of jute baron Edward Caird (1806-89), by his second wife. She married Herbert Charles Marryat (1844 - 1917), who was a colonel in the 96th Regiment of Foot (Manchester Regiment).

Mrs Marryat is best known for continuing the philanthropy of her half-brother Sir James Key Caird (1837 - 1916), allowing the completion of the Caird Hall in Dundee and funding the adjacent Marryat Hall. She also endowed the Sir James Caird Traveling Scholarships Trust, leaving the immense sum of £200,000 for that purpose.

Marryat died at her home, Finnart House on Loch Long, and lies buried next to her husband in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh.

If you have found this information useful please consider making


EMMANUEL Macron issued a calm speech slating Boris Johnson's twisting of the truth on the Northern Ireland Protocol as the French president left the G7 summit yesterday.

Macron and other senior EU figures had been accused of speaking about Northern Ireland “as if it was some kind of different country to the UK” by Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab.

Raab described this as “offensive” and called on the EU to show “respect”.

At a closing news conference of the 47th G7 summit that was held in Cornwall last week, Macron described the "incoherence" in the UK's approach to Northern Ireland.

The National:

In a translated version of his speech, the French president said: "France has never for a single moment disputed UK sovereignty or its territorial integrity or the respect for that.

"Brexit is the child of this very UK sovereignty and took up thousands of hours of EU leaders' time. We Europeans know all about UK sovereignty. No other EU country has made the others spend so much time on its sovereignty. We respect it."

He said that Brexit meant that new rules and a future trade deal were put in place over several years and that all EU leaders want is for this to be respected "seriously, calmly, professionally".

When Johnson became Prime Minister in 2019 he tore up the "Irish backstop" that his predecessor Theresa May had wanted.

The Irish backstop was a policy within the draft withdrawal agreement between Theresa May's government and the EU. It was meant to ensure that the Irish border remains open.

The backstop reconciled issues such as UK sovereignty, the Good Friday Agreement and the Single Market.

READ MORE: Boris Johnson tells G7 summit UK is ‘indivisible’ amid NI Protocol row

Macron said Johnson "knew very well" at the time that there would have to be checks on goods entering Northern Ireland when he signed the protocol.

Macron continued: "Full respect of sovereignty in Northern Ireland cannot mean not respecting the sovereignty of 27 member states [of the EU] who have created a single market with free movement but outside border controls.

"You cannot blame the EU for your own incoherence."

Saying that everyone should "calm down" Macron said he wants to move on with the agreement that was decided a few months ago and leaders should stop "looking for arguments each morning".

The speech was shared by SNP MP Pete Wishart who slammed Johnson's recent behaviour.

Wishart tweeted: "This is spot on. Johnson rubbished and tore up Teresa [sic] May’s backstop to win a UK election based on populism. But seemingly the protocol that he designed is all the fault of the French because he didn’t know what he was signing!"


Lustrous and silky hair from within

Lustrous and silky hair is a pleasure to behold. Your hair not only says a lot about your personality, it also reflects your state of health. Healthy hair indicates your body is well-nourished while dry and dull hair, hair thinning, hair loss problems may be the signs of lack of proper nutrition.

Understanding your hair

On average, the human scalp has 100,000 hairs. Hair is the fastest growing tissue in the body, second only to bone marrow. At any given time, approximately 90% of the hair is growing, while the other 10% is resting. After a few months of rest, the hair naturally falls out to make room for new hair. When new growth begins, healthy hair will grow about half an inch per month. But it is important to know that everyone’s hair is different and factors such as genes, hair care practices and diet play a part in your hair growth process.

At some stage in our lives, both men and women will experience the onset of grey hair. As you age, the production of colour pigment slows down and grey hair begins to appear. Hair greying can occur as young as in our teens and range into our late 50’s and even older. What is it that makes your hair go grey before your time? The reasons for this phenomenon range from heredity to environmental causes of nutrient deficiency. It has been said that stress can hasten the greying process, or even cause hair loss!

Follow a healthy hair diet

Unlike the skin, hair cannot repair itself, but damaged hair can be replaced with new hair.  That is why getting the right balance of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytonutrients is vital to revive your hair’s natural health and shine. Hair and scalp require continuous nourishment to maintain healthy growth and replenishment.

Consume a balanced amount of protein every day to improve hair growth. Hair is largely composed of keratin, a protein made up of amino acids cysteine and methionine. To grow new hair, your body must produce more amino acids, which it can only do from consuming protein.

Get enough vitamins to spur hair growth and slow down hair greying. B vitamins, including B6, folic acid, biotin and inositol are instrumental in boosting hair health and spurring hair growth. Vitamin A, C and E are important antioxidants that help counteract free radicals, thereby “freeing up” the resources to feed your hair the nutrients it needs.

Vitamin A assists the production of healthy sebum in the scalp while vitamin E increases oxygen uptake which improves circulation to the scalp. Para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), one of the lesser-known members of the B complex family, has been shown to be an anti-grey hair vitamin.

Be sure to eat sufficient amounts of minerals in your diet. While our bodies need a variety of vitamins and minerals to support certain functions, there are specific ones that help promote healthy hair. Zinc, iodine, iron and manganese are imperative when it comes to combating hair loss. Adequate levels of silica help strengthen the hair and prevent split ends.


How much land does a man need theme essay?

How much land does a man need theme essay?

The main themes of How Much Land Does a Man Need? are the corrupting power of greed and susceptibility to temptation. The corrupting power of greed: Pahom, the story’s protagonist, finds that his desire to own land grows as he acquires more land.

How much land does a man needs summary?

Tolstoy’s “How Much Land Does a Man Need?” tells the story of a peasant named Pahom. Pahom states that if he had enough land, he wouldn’t fear the Devil. The Devil overhears this and decides to test him.

How much land does a man need alive?

How much land does a man need symbolism?

Pakhom’s spade symbolizes his greed in How Much Land Does a Man Need? A common tool, the elder Bashkir insists that Pakhom take the spade to mark his progress throughout his walk of the Bashkirs’ landessential mapping out the extent of his greed.

How much land does a man need Pahom character?

The main characters of “How Much Land Does a Man Need?” are the two sisters, Pahom, and the Devil. Pahom, the story’s protagonist, is married to the younger of the two sisters. He is not content with the land he has, and in his quest to gain more, he succumbs to greed and ultimately dies as a result.

How much land does a man need irony?

Situational Irony – Pahom is expected to receive a great amount of land for an extremely low price once he reaches the starting (and finishing) point in the land of the Bashkirs. Instead, Pahom collapses and dies, getting only six feet of land for his grave.

How much land does a man need conflict?

The conflict in the story is that Pahom would not stop buying land, he was never happy with any amount he obtained. It was a man vs. man conflict because he was never happy with his accomplishments. The peasant Pahom yearns for more land and becomes immersed in greed.

How did Pahom die?

Having been in the hot sun all day, Pahom dies from exhaustion. In the end, it is shown that all the land a man needs is enough to bury him in. Leo Tolstoy really shows that when a person allows greed to overtake them, then we all fall prey to the devil.

What was ironic in the story the three questions?

What was ironic in the story? The king saved the life of the man who wanted to kill him. The king found out the answers to this three questions.

What were three questions?

These three things were: What is the right time to begin something? Which people should he listen to? What is the most important thing for him to do? The king, therefore, sent messengers throughout his kingdom, promising a large sum of money to anyone who would answer these three questions.

What was the reward for answering the three question?

Answer: The reward for answering the three questions was a large sum of money .

Why must a king have a court Std 7?

Answer: Explanation: A king needs a court for conducting meetings and solving his subject’s problems and also receiving advices.

Why must a king have a court answer?

EXPLANATION: A king must have a court where he would have his ministers, secretaries, barons, lords etc around him. The king seeks advice from the wise men of his court and act accordingly. As being a king Is a complex job, it is always necessary for a king to have his court to get counsels and rule the country.

What are the qualities of a king?

What qualities are necessary in the King Why?

Answer: a king should be humble, knowledgeable,kind,polite,non biased, good decision makeretc.

What makes a good queen?

Characteristics of a good King or Queen can all be defined as the following truthfulness, compassion, determination, and regulating. King Louis IVX and Queen Elizabeth I showed these characteristics throughout their reign. King Louis IVX is an absolute monarchy because he was the only child ascended to the throne.

Related Post


The Custodian of Looks + Feels shares two of his passions

by | May 23, 2017 | Brand Design, Interview, Member

Over the next series of Clubhouse updates, Bunn Aldrin will explore mind-expanding topics with members from the collective. From designing with pop stars in mind to picking the ultimate household item, join us in getting to know what makes our designers tick. First up, the Custodian of Looks + Feels.

BA: How many marshmallows can you fit into your mouth?

CLF: 11 or 415

BA: Please explain the composition you designed.

CLF: I love typography and I love food. True, this is a very common creative combination, but I cannot fight what I love: stimulating neurons and taste buds at the same time!

On a deeper level, typography is the foundation of visual communication. For example, the word “eleven” means the number 11, yet the 1s that appear in the composition are used as directional tools. While there is one simple answer to the question, with a slight shift in thought and perspective, the answer has new meaning.

So, is it 11 or 415 marshmallows (used in the composition) that I can fit in my mouth? Next time I am visiting family in San Francisco I will try to fit 415. 415, serendipitously, is the area code for the City by the Bay.


Ischia is the largest island in the bay of Naples and while not as famous as Capri, is considered by many to be the most beautiful. Due to its volcanic nature, the island of Ischia boasts a large number of hot springs known for promoting health and well being. A hot destination for yacht charters!

Cranchi Cranchi Mediterranee 50
MotoryachtCranchi Cranchi Mediterranee 50
Ferretti Yacht 800
MotoryachtFerretti Yacht 800
Lagoon Catamaran Lagoon 500
Lagoon 500
CatamaranLagoon Catamaran
Privilege Catamaran  Privilege  585
CatamaranPrivilege Catamaran Privilege 585
Turkish Gulet - 24M
Sailing yachtTurkish Gulet - 24M
Neel Trimarans Neel 51
CatamaranNeel Trimarans Neel 51
Turkish Gulet - RSI 24M
Rex Siciliae
Sailing yachtTurkish Gulet - RSI 24M
Lagoon Catamaran Lagoon 500
CatamaranLagoon Catamaran Lagoon 500