Project approval items, project life cycle, project reports and metrics

When a project is considered to be undertaken or not, the decision involves a business case, make or buy decision and analyzing the costs vs benefits. The things that need to get approved before a project is executed are:

The work scope, drawings and specifications, the contracts between the buyer and sellers, at a minimum but in almost all cases more items will be needed.

Project Life Cycle:

The main stages of a project from initiation to completion are as follows:

A) Initiation

B) Planning

C) Execution

D) Monitoring & Controlling

E) Closing

During initiation stage the biggest item for a construction project is to produce the plans and specifications, which is a relatively long process.

During the planning stage, a project schedule is produced and a baseline of scope and budget are prepared.

During the execution phase, the project deliverables are produced to achieve the project objectives. This is the actual stage that the work gets done. Whether the work is being done in-house or by the seller, the required resources that were planned before are utilized to perform the project activities. This is the stage that requires the most resources and costs.

Monitoring and controlling: This stage actually happens all the time as a cycle, as we continuously need to check the progress versus the planned work such as baseline.

Closing Stage: At this stage the project is formally closed. The scope is verified for completeness and the delivered project must formally accepted by the buyer. The resources that were performing the project activities and the project team are gradually released from project at this stage. The specified closeout items are prepared, which depends on the project. For example in construction projects, as built drawings, Owner’s manuals of equipment, required training to the owner are examples of these. The project accounts are also formally closed, and the claims on the project are settled between the buyer and the seller.

Project Reports and Metrics:

The monthly cost reports: This is used for communicating to management the performance of the project as far as cost and cost projections into the future. The overall and paid portion of costs as well as the outstanding change orders are taken into account.

Schedule and cost progress reports: These involve comparing the progress of activities with the baseline that was established at the start of the project. An Earned Value analysis should be done, by determining the amount of portion of work that has been completed vs. planned value so that we can determine the schedule and cost variances.

Other reports: There are many types of reports that can be produced in order to measure the progress and communicate it to the management. But the primary ones are the ones that compare the cost and schedule, as we just mentioned.

You must be logged in to post a comment Login


Section 3 Fluorescence, Phospherence, and Liquid Crystals – Optical Methods for Data Processing in Heat and Fluid Flow

Section 3 Fluorescence, Phospherence, and Liquid Crystals

The Application of LIF to Study the Dispersion of a Surface Film due to Wave Breaking using a Two-camera System

T Schlicke, A D Arnott, J M Buick, C A Greated, and N H Thomas

In this Chapter we report on the application of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to study the dispersion of a surface layer due to wave breaking. The technical aspects of the experiment are described; in particular we consider the production of a ‘wide screen’ image using an extended light sheet of length up to 2 m, and a double camera system which was used to obtain the images. The technique employed to produce surface films with a thickness of the order of a few microns is also described. Details are given of the normalization of the LIF images due to intensity variations in the light sheet and the calibration method which was applied.

9.1 Introduction

Surface films in the ocean can be formed in a number of ways ranging from the large-scale pollution which can be produced by, for example, an oil-spill; to small-scale, naturally occurring slicks (1, 2) due to biological processes. It is also possible that surface layers can be formed by marine rains containing high levels of dissolved free amino acids (1, 3), although it is unclear whether this constitutes a source or a sink for the surface film. Naturally occurring slicks are a complex mixture of the organic materials found in the ocean, such as fatty acids, esters, carbohydrates, and hydrocarbons which are mostly the exudes and decay products of various marine life (4). Due to their complex composition, which may be constantly changing due to chemical processes occurring in the film, they are not fully understood in detail.

Despite this, it has long been established that surface layers, even if only a few molecules thick, can have a significant effect on damping water waves (5, 6); indeed in laboratory experiments it can be necessary to follow a lengthy cleaning procedure to ensure that no film is present (7, 8). Short gravity waves are damped due to the Marangoni Effect (9, 10). When a viscoelastic film covers the water surface, two types of waves can be supported: surface waves and Marangoni waves. The Marangoni waves are produced by the compression and dilation of the surface film due wave motion. The viscous tangential stress at the water surface does not vanish but is balanced by the tangential stress exerted on the surface by surface tension gradients in the film. The tangential force associated with the surface tension gradients provides a restoring force for the Marangoni waves which are strongly damped due to the large velocity gradients in the boundary layer. When the frequency of the surface waves and the Marangoni waves coincide, a resonance occurs which causes a strong dissipation of energy. Significant wave damping has also been observed at longer wavelengths. This has been explained (10) by energy transfer from the longer wavelengths to shorter wavelengths were the energy dissipation occurs by the Marangoni Effect. The damping produced by the surface films has important consequences for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (11, 12).

In this Chapter we are concerned with the development of an LIF system to study the dispersion of such slicks due to wave breaking which has environmental implications concerned with the dispersion after an oil spill or leak and also in determining when a surface can be considered clean with respect to SAR imaging (11, 12). This has recently become increasingly important due to growing awareness of the issues of global climate change and the damage to the environment due to pollution, and hence the increased need to monitor the ocean. An earlier investigation of this problem was performed by Rapp and Melville (13) using a non-fluorescent dye. The application of LIF gives two main advantages: first it is possible to detect lower dye concentrations; and second we obtain quantitative concentration measurements at each point giving a more detailed description of the mixing process.

9.2 Experimental description

9.2.1 Apparatus

A plan view of the LIF apparatus is shown in Fig. 9.1 and the details of the illumination system are shown in Fig. 9.2. The wave experiments were performed in a wave flume 9.7 m long and 0.4 m wide with a still water depth of 0.75 m. The breaking wave is generated using the superposition of a number of sinusoidal waves which are generated by the computer controlled wave paddle with frequencies in the range 0.5–1.5 Hz. These waves are focused at a specified distance downstream of the paddle to produce a breaking event which is just inside the measurement region. The extent of the measurement region is determined by two factors: the area of the fluid which can be illuminated by the laser light and the area which is in the field of view of the cameras. It was found that after the wave breaks the surface film is dispersed further horizontally (corresponding to the direction of propagation of the wave) than it is in the vertical direction. For this reason it is necessary to use a measuring region which is greater in the horizontal direction than the vertical. Figure 9.2 shows the illumination system. A laser beam is directed on to an octagonal mirror; each face of the mirror reflects the beam, as shown in Fig. 9.2, producing a pseudo light ‘sheet’ through the centre of the tank. At the free surface the length of the light ‘sheet’ is approximately 2 m. A ‘wide screen’ camera system was set up using two Pulnix TM9701 cameras with 28 mm Nikkon lenses positioned 3 m from the tank and 1 m apart such that their fields of view overlap slightly as shown in Fig. 9.1. Both cameras were triggered at 20 frames per second and were initialized by the computer controlling the wave paddle. The images were captured using a Coreco Viper Quad frame grabber and stored in RAM. 2000 images were stored for each experiment before each pair of images from the two cameras were combined to give the final ‘wide screen’ image. The use of the two camera system enables a measurement region of the required shape to be used. If a single camera had been used to image the same area, there would have been a reduction in the resolution and there would have been large areas of the image which contained no information.

Fig. 9.1 Plan view of the experimental set-up

Fig. 9.2 Details of the illumination system

9.2.2 LIF

LIF is a full field, non-intrusive, optical technique for obtaining concentration measurements of a material within a fluid. A photon of frequency v, colliding with an atom will either be absorbed or scattered. The probability of absorption is greatest when the energy of this photon, hv (where h is Planck's constant), matches one of the atom's excitation energies. If the photon is absorbed, its energy is transferred to one of the atom's electrons. The atom is now excited and therefore unstable. In liquids the energy is dissipated by intermolecular collisions, resulting in the emission of a band of photon frequencies. If these photons have frequencies within the visible spectrum, the material will appear to glow.

In the experiments described here we use Rhodamine B, a highly fluorescent dye (14): concentrations of the order of parts per billion can be seen with the human eye. Rhodamine B is soluble in water, producing a pink solution, but when illuminated it glows a bright orange colour. A filter is placed in front of each camera lens to remove the Argon-ion laser light (512.5 nm), leaving only the fluorescence (~ 610 nm) which is captured by the camera system.

9.2.3 Application of the surface film

In order to investigate the factors affecting its dispersion, the film should be as uniform as possible. Ideally, the film would lie entirely on the surface of the water and have constant thickness. In addition the application of the film should be repeatable so the initial concentration distribution is not a variable. The method of application that was adopted involved the float shown in Fig. 9.3.

Fig. 9.3 Film applicator

The float consists of an ‘I’ shaped section of divinycell, a lightweight, high-strength foam material, with a central strip removed. This gap contains Scotch-Brite, a brand of cleaning wool. The Scotch-Brite is soaked in water until saturated, and then the Rhodamine solution is added. A flow of water on to the Scotch-Brite flushes out the Rhodamine solution and spreads it over the surface, see Fig. 9.4. Care must be taken when removing the floats to avoid drips which disturb the film. In the experiments undertaken, the film volume was 5 ml and the Rhodamine B concentration was 1g per litre of methanol. This was found to be the smallest quantity that did not produce a patchy film. The 5 ml was divided equally between two floats, positioned approximately 1 m apart. This resulted in a film approximately 3 m long with a mean thickness of the order of several microns. The surface of the water was skimmed prior to the application of the Rhodamine to remove dust and other particles that would interfere with the spreading of the film.

Fig. 9.4 Application of surface film

9.3 Preparation of LIF images

On completion of the experiment, the image data in the system memory is written to the hard disk. Before information from the images can be extracted, each image must be processed in two ways: to correct for light sheet variations and to obtain the Rhodamine B concentration. Due to the form of the scanning beam system the light ‘sheet’ is not evenly illuminated, the light intensity is reduced as a function of r, the distance from the rotating mirror. This was observed by taking a normalization image at the end of the experiment. The Rhodamine B which is present in the tank is thoroughly mixed until its concentration is approximately uniform before the normalization picture is taken. Each pixel of the images taken during the experiment is then normalized by its value in the normalization image. This procedure also acts to negate any differences in the sensitivity of the two cameras or of individual elements within the CCD array. Finally, the normalized pixel values are related to the actual concentration of Rhodamine B. To do this an image of a calibration vessel is taken. This vessel is made of perspex, sealed with silicon and contains 12 compartments containing different, but known, concentrations of the rhodamine/methanol stock solution in water; see Fig. 9.5. The image of the vessel is first normalized, as described above. The mean pixel value of each compartment of the calibration vessel is recorded and this is shown in Fig. 9.6. The graph is nearly a straight line through the origin, suggesting that in this range of concentrations, the pixel brightness is directly proportional to the Rhodamine concentration. This calibration technique was applied to the images from both of the cameras. It was noted that Rhodamine solutions of significantly higher concentration fluoresced less brightly, due to attenuation of the laser beam. In this way Rhodamine concentrations as low as 0.0005 per cent can be detected.

Fig. 9.5 Calibration vessel

Fig. 9.6 Graph of normalized pixel level plotted against known concentration

9.3.1 Combining the images

Once every image captured from both cameras has been corrected for light sheet variation and calibrated, the images can be combined. The cameras were carefully arranged such that there was a small horizontal overlap between their fields of view. By inspecting the corresponding image from both cameras, this misalignment can be ascertained and used by a program to combine the images. The heights of the cameras were adjusted such that the MWL was at the same position for both. In most of these experiments, the overlap was approximately 8 pixels, resulting in a combined image size of 1528 (768 + 768 − 8) by 484. The join between the two original images is generally smooth unless waves are passing. Then, the water height appears to contain a discontinuity at the join, due to refraction at the moving water surface. This is not considered to be a problem since this study is more concerned with long-term dispersion.

Figure 9.7 shows the two images obtained by the two cameras and the final ‘wide screen’ image. The final image is obtained by combining the original two images and performing the normalization procedure. If the combined image is inspected closely it is possible to make out the join line, however the effect is very small and is not thought to be important when considering the long term motion of the dye. Figure 9.7 also demonstrates the importance of the normalization technique. There is a clear difference between the intensity observed in Figs 9.7(a) and 9.7(b) which has been removed by the normalization procedure in Fig. 9.7(c).

Fig. 9.7 The LIF images captures by (a) the left camera, (b) the right camera, and (c) the combined ‘wide screen’ image after normalization

9.4 Conclusions

LIF has been successfully applied to study the dispersion of a surface layer due to a breaking wave. This has been done using an LIF system which has been modified to allow a ‘wide screen’ image of the flow to be taken using a double camera system and a wide light sheet. A special technique was also devised for evenly applying a thin film to the water surface with a thickness of a few microns.

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK.

(1) Carlucci, A. F. and Wolgast, D. M. Microbial populations in surface films: Amino acid dynamics in nearshore and offshore waters off Southern California. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97:5271–5280, 1992.

(2) Williams, P. M., Carlucci, A. F., Henrichs, S. M., Van Vleet, E. S., Horrigan, S. G., Reid, F. M. H., and Robertson, K. J. Chemical and microbiological studies of sea-surface films in the Southern Gulf of California and off the west coast of Baja California. Marine Chemistry, 19:17–98, 1986.

(3) Mopper, K. and Zika, R. G. Free amino acids in marine rains: Evidence for oxidation and potential role in nitrogen cycling. Nature, 325:246–249, 1987.

(4) Scott, J. C. and Thomas, N. H. Sea surface slicks – surface chemistry and hydrodynamics in radar remote sensing. In Wind-over Wave Couplings Perspective and Prospects, editors, S. G. Sajjadi, N. H. Thomas, and J. C. R. Hunt. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999.

(5) Scott, J. C. The historical development of theories of wave-calming using oil. History of Technology, 3:163–186, 1978.

(6) Scott, J. C. Oil slicks still the waves. Nature, 340:601–602, 1989.

(7) Scott, J. C. The propagation of capillary-gravity waves on a clean water surface. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 108:127–131, 1981.

(8) Fox, J. S. Transport Dynamics of Marangoni Films. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996.

(9) Cini, R. and Lombardini, P. P. Experimental evidence of a maximum in the frequency domain of the ratio of ripple attenuation in monolayered water to that in pure water. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 65:125–131, 1981.

(10) Alpers, W. and Hühnerfuss, H. The damping of ocean waves by surface films: A new look at an old problem. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94:6251–6265, 1989.

(11) Gade, M., Alpers, W., Hühnerfuss, H., and Lange, P. A. Wind wave tank measurements of wave damping and radar cross sections in the presence of monomolecular surface films. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103:3167–3178. 1998.

(12) Ochadlick, jr., A. R., Cho, P., and Evans-Morgis, J. Synthetic aperture radar observations of currents colocated with slicks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97:5325–5330. 1992.

(13) Rapp, R. J. and Melville, W. K. Laboratory measurements of deep-water breaking waves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 331:735–800, 1990.

(14) Drexhage, K. H. Structure and properties of laser dyes. In Topics in applied physics. Vol I, editor, F. P. Schäfer, pages 145–193, Springer, 1973.

T Schlicke, A D Arnott, and C A Greated

Department of Physics and Astronomy, JCMB, The University of Edinburgh, UK

J M Buick, and N H Thomas

CEAC, Aston University, Birmingham, UK

N H Thomas

CEAC, Aston University, Birmingham, and FRED Limited, Birmingham, UK

© With Authors 2002


英语作文250字 时间:2020-02-23 我想 你说 作文

　　The Spring Festival in 2020 is a different one. In the past Spring Festival, some people visited relatives and friends, had reunion dinner together, some went out for travel, some went shopping together; the streets were always bustling, but this year, people can only stay at home and dare not come out. The street is empty, it seems very cold, there is a "empty city" said. Novel coronavirus is the arch criminal responsible for this phenomenon.

　　What caused the novel coronavirus animal? Most people said wild animal. I don't think wild animals should be blamed. Novel coronavirus will not infect human animal if it is not so greedy, and it will not infect so many people.

　　My uncle is a people's policeman. He has been working every day since the thirties of the lunar new year. He hasn't even returned home once. He is also a front-line fighter. I admire the rebel like him. I like them!

　　So many medical staff and soldiers rush to the front line, I believe we can defeat the epidemic smoothly! We will also recover our normal study and life as soon as possible! I also hope grandparents, uncles and aunts, brothers and sisters rush to the front line to protect their bodies! Come on!


Stockholm, Sweden. 2013 Design by Teenage Engineering

The OD-11 is an updated version of the original classic Swedish speaker designed by Lars Lallerstedt in 1974. Teenage Engineering, the company that currently produces this award winning amplifier, is also responsible for its polished yet unassuming communication.

Teenage Engineering OD-11 is the first successful project we are featuring on Gute Process that was entirely developed by an internal graphic design team and not commissioned to a studio. Even before looking at the results, this information already gives a deep insight at the kind of care Teenage Engineering has towards their products, design and communication.

The general approach at TE is letting each product speak in its own voice rather than forcing the very different objects in their lineup under a single identity, though a pattern of simple typography, lots of symbols, colorful photos and a touch of irony can be found in the whole catalog.

Commenting on the sense of word "minimal", TE carefully answered "we avoid adding design features that have no meaning in the product", giving further evidence to the interest in pursuing the creation of a good object from the point of view of the user instead of a style.

The range of graphic materials developed for the OD-11 is fairly limited yet very effective. The star of the show is really the photoshoot directed by TE to display the speaker: it perfectly sums up the neutral tone of the blank cube letting the photos speak for themselves.

"The photo session at Villa Erskine was an opportunity to show the linkage of the OD-11 to the Swedish design history. It's also interesting to visualize how the strict style of the OD-11 works well in many different environments. It's a beautiful setting that was we was fortunate to get access to."

As a result, a few complementary texts or titles are usually more than enough for the promotional material. This very calm interplay of extraordinary images and small information set in Univers can be seen both on the page of the Teenage Engineering website dedicated to the OD-11 (1) or at the many exhibitions and shows where it was showcased.

The speaker is sold in a modest black packaging. While it's true that with this kind of product the box doesn't need to be appealing to customers on a shelf, being a neutral cube already expresses enough about the product being contained inside.

The booklet that comes in the box provides very simple and technical instructions for the setup and nothing more. The quality of paper and the generous layout are worth noting especially in the age that has accustomed us to electronic devices being sold often without printed matter or accompanied by small cards prompting us to look up the manual online.

This doesn't mean TE isn't taking advantage of having an online documentation, but "some material like posters, postcards and stickers is still is very nice to have in physical form. Today only what can be considered an object with some kind of lasting value qualify for printing".

Other than being an interesting piece of Scandinavian design, we hope that this successful story may be replicated by other companies that care a lot about their product and prefer to rely on an internal team for their graphic design needs.

1 Teenage Engineering website (teenageengineering.comã


E-mail: sales@cnhanjoy.com

Installing Wall Kitchen Faucet

2014-11-05 10:12:18

Wall kitchen faucet are widely used in our life. When you install the wall kitchen faucet, you must open the water source at first and remove impurities and sand in the piping. Then close the water source. Locking the flange cover into the water inlet elbow tooth part. And wrapping diarrhea  belt on the tooth part, then lock into the strong surface piping. Secondly, adjust the cold and hot water inlet elbow. Rotating the angle until hole distance same as cold and hot water inlet hole distance. Rotating the flange cover until it close to the wall. Finally put the rubber gasket into the connecting screw cap.

When you use the wall kitchen faucet, you must clean whole parts regularly. So it will not obstruction and the water can get out successfully. Please don’t use cleaning agent which own corrosive while cleaning and maintenance. After cleaning the dirt on the surface, you had better use sponge or soft cloth and adding some neutral detergent to wipe gently. So you can keep the wall kitchen faucet bright luster. Sometimes you may want to remove the handle. At this time, you must remove it correctly.


How to write a business invitation email - robinbrittain.co.uk

February 25, 2020 By 0

How to write a business invitation email

2 scripts to politely decline and save hurt feelings. Next, you have to make the business plan versus marketing plan subject of the email clearly define the email’s purpose. (my lecturer suggested me to thank recipient for past support and state. An expression of sincere appreciation will help soften your negative response. Use a matching envelope to send the letter. Imagine all the inconvenience, wasted time and money this might cause them. how to write a business invitation email printing pressman resume sample Thank you very much for the invitation to attend your conference on October 13 Turning down an invitation makes a lot of people uncomfortable, but it doesn't have to. Aug 12, 2019 · 3 business event invitation email copy templates Sometimes, you just need an example to help you kickstart a first draft and take the edge off of that blank document staring you in the face. Just customize any detail on the template and you got yourself a well designed e-mail business event invitation. Go for the intro. The name has already told us all. Begin with a greeting. Why you are how to write a business invitation email inviting them (although this is not always necessary) When and where it is. The business visitors can be investors; potential buyers may be conference visitors, business partners, employees of any paper about zoology company, or mere individuals who come for training at the company’s facilities Given below are some of the tips for writing an invitation letter: It would be important to mention the person or organization’s name on the invitation letter. Place a clearly specific, stand-out RSVP button at the end of your email invitation.

Should make it clear your audience is receiving an invitation to a special event. Key Takeaway: If the resources are available, create a customized GIF that goes well with the message to keep the email invitation completely on brand Basic Format for Writing Emails Accepting a Request. Include the full name of the hosting facility as well as its address and town. Now that you have all the elements to write your invitation, here are a few examples of event emails http://www.sewsweetinteriors.com/write-music-on-staff-paper-online in action. 1 day ago · Stay Connected. By continuing, you agree to our use of cookies Aug 29, 2018 · I’m answering under the assumption that the complete question is really “How do I initially pitch a business partnership via email? Follow standard business formatting, keep the tone …. It can be in a question form or a statement. RSVP. Other invitation tips include: Keep it simple. But very often, a company will only contact you if they are serious about inviting you to a phone or in-person interview Sep 04, 2008 · Since this is how to write a business invitation email a business affair, you invitation needs to reflect a certain level of professionalism while managing to excite your recipients' imagination. 6. How to write a business email of invitation exercise. 3. Email is a great medium for sending out invitations but nothing says you're serious more than a …. ap biology 1995 essay question 4 days ago · Do you want to learn how to improve your search meta descriptions? For example, how to write a business invitation email we write your essay the beginning of your message may be written like this: "I cannot tell you enough how much I would love to attend your event". Indicate the subject of the email. Etiquette.

Before you start writing your invitation letter. However, there are certain rules and specifications about how to create a business lunch invitation. Event email example #1: Inviting new event-goers. Addressee Address City, State Zip. Mention your objectives and goals. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is vital to the success of how to write a business invitation email your business. in your conference room. You want to be ultra-specific, but brief Given most workplaces reliance on e-mail, it can be surprising to receive a bad one or an email so confusing the message is unclear. Please confirm your attendance by e-mail [address] or on the following phone number [enter number]. Provide the RSVP Address or Phone Number. These are the major characteristics of a decent electronic invitation: Professional email …. Invitation for a http://www.sewsweetinteriors.com/write-a-essay-about-myself Wedding: This letter is written to invite the relatives and friends at a wedding. Wedding Invitation Etiquette ‘Etiquette’ is a word used extensively in conferences, meeting rooms and gatherings. Compose the preview text. Business Lunch Etiquette Tips.

Element #1: Subject line. Crafting a properly written request may help you secure a guest speaker. Before the business email examples, below is a good format you can. If a reply is requested, put the letters RSVP near the bottom of the invitation. But it how to write a business invitation email happens. Denzel Corps Pvt Ltd. She needs to know Don't wait. Write or type your letter on high-quality, heavy-weight paper. is. Plain fonts are preferable because they’re easy to read. In Superfans, Flynn talks about the highest…. Invitation letter for business visa is a type of formal letter and a formal way of reaching out to a company or an individual or group of people to attend your companies function. Don't ignore the invitation. Companies should avoid stating otherwise in their review invitations because this is incorrect How to write a formal email. A lot. In …. If you receive a formal invitation on linen stationery, your regret should have a more formal tone.


Internal Revenue Laws in Force May 1, 1920: With an Appendix Containing Laws of a General Nature and Miscellaneous Provisions Applicable to the Administration of the Internal-revenue Laws

Sampul Depan
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920 - 1035 halaman

Dari dalam buku

Apa yang dikatakan orang - Tulis resensi

Kami tak menemukan resensi di tempat biasanya.

Edisi yang lain - Lihat semua

Istilah dan frasa umum

Bagian yang populer

Halaman 743 - Mutual savings banks not having a capital stock represented by shares; (3) Fraternal beneficiary societies, orders, or associations, (a) operating under the lodge system or for the exclusive benefit of the members of a fraternity itself operating under the lodge system...
Halaman 786 - Deed, instrument, or writing, whereby any lands, tenements, or other realty sold shall be granted, assigned, transferred, or otherwise conveyed to, or vested in, the purchaser or purchasers, or any other person or persons, by his, her, or their direction...
Halaman 752 - ... or to permit any income return or copy thereof or any book containing any abstract or particulars thereof to be seen or examined by any person except as provided by law; and it shall be unlawful for any person to print or publish in any manner whatever not provided by law any income return or any part thereof or the amount or source of income, profits, losses, or expenditures appearing In any income return...
Halaman 494 - That every partnership shall make a return for each taxable year, stating specifically the items of its gross income and the deductions allowed by this title, and shall include in the return the names and addresses of the individuals who would be entitled to share in the net income if distributed and the amount of the distributive share of each individual. The return shall be sworn to by any one of the partners.
Halaman 296 - ... intended, by any person interested therein, to be received, possessed, sold or in any manner used, either in the original package or otherwise, in violation of any law of such State, Territory or District of the United States, or place noncontiguous to, but subject to the jurisdiction thereof, is hereby prohibited...
Halaman 639 - But no person shall be arrested in one district for trial in another in any civil action before a circuit or district court; and no civil suit shall be brought before either of said courts against any person by any original process or proceeding in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant...

Informasi bibliografi


Reset A A Font size: Print

Helen Wynne PHILBRICK, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Irving WEINBERGER and Arthur Weinberger, individually and as co-partners doing business as Benefit Drugs, and Benefit Drugs, a co-partnership, Defendants and Respondents.

Civ. 27726.

Decided: July 27, 1964

Leo Shapiro, Beverly Hills, for plaintiff and appellant. Spray, Gould & Bowers and Joseph L. Spray, James Benson and Bernard A. Newell, Jr., Los Angeles, for defendants and respondents.

This is an appeal by plaintiff, Helen Wynne Philbrick, from an adverse judgment after a trial by jury, which absolved defendants, licensed pharmacists, from all liability for injuries allegedly caused to plaintiff's eye by reason of their negligence in filling a prescription calling for Neo Decadron Ophthalmic Ointment, a medication intended for use in the eye.

Except for the issue of causation, the facts are not in dispute, and may be summarized as follows: On March 10, 1961, some foreign substance blew into plaintiff's right eye which she was unable to remove. Due to the fact that plaintiff could not remove this foreign substance, and because it was causing some pain and discomfort to her eye, she made an appointment to see Dr. Henry G. Farish, an ophthalmologist, the following day, Saturday, March 11. After examining plaintiff's eye, Dr. Farish found and removed a thread. He diagnosed plaintiff's eye disorder as acute conjunctivitis with ulcerated blepharitis.1 Since plaintiff's eye was red and inflamed, Dr. Farish furnished plaintiff a prescription for some medication, which he told her to have filled. The prescription called for Neo Decadron Ointment, a medication for use in the eye. To have the prescription filled plaintiff went to defendants' pharmacy. Commencing later that day plaintiff applied the medication which she received from defendants to her eyes. Both that day and the following day plaintiff applied the medication to her eyes at intervals of about three or four hours so that there were eight applications over the weekend. By Sunday night, March 12, plaintiff noticed that her right eye was becoming redder and there was a burning sensation. Plaintiff also noticed that her face was swelling and was becoming painful. Because of the severe pain and discomfort plaintiff was feeling, her appointment to see Dr. Farish on Monday was advanced from 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon to 9:00 or 10:00 o'clock in the morning. At this visit Dr. Farish diagnosed plaintiff's condition as Parenaud's ocularglandular fever.

Defendants admit that, instead of dispensing Neo Decadron Ophthalmic Ointment which was called for by the prescription from Dr. Farish, they dispensed to plaintiff a tube of Neo Decadron Topical Cream, a skin lotion; and that they were negligent in dispensing the wrong medication. Defendants do, however, contend that their negligence in dispensing the wrong medication to plaintiff was not the direct and proximate cause of the injury to her eye.

On the other hand, while plaintiff seems to concede the fact that the Topical Cream did not cause Parenaud's ocular-glandular fever, she contends that it did cause the corneal injury to her right eye. And because of this corneal injury she cannot now read without glasses; and even with glasses can only read with great difficulty because her vision blurs and she gets sick in her stomach; and, in the event her eye is exposed to light, it causes her great pain. That previous to her use of the Topical Cream she had never worn glasses and her vision was 20–20.

Although plaintiff does not seriously question the sufficiency of the evidence to support the judgment, she does contend that, since there was also competent evidence to support a judgment in her favor, errors of law committed by the trial court are necessarily magnified in proportion, and become prejudicial in nature.

To avoid any misunderstanding as to the exact nature and extent of the evidence propounded by defendants which supports the judgment in their favor, we deem it wise to relate the following: Dr. McBride, who had extensive training and teaching experience, as well as 25 years of specialized practice in ophthalmology in Los Angeles, testified that, in his opinion, the Topical Cream would not injure either a normal eye or one afflicted with conjunctivitis and blepharitis. It was his opinion that, if the Ophthalmic Ointment was not available, then the Topical Cream would be a good substitute with which to treat the eye.

Dr. John Brady Rogers, who had practiced medicine in California for 36 years, had spent ten years as senior surgeon at the Los Angeles General Hospital, and who was certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology and the American College of Surgeons, and who limits his practice to the eyes, testified that he had often prescribed Neo Decadron Topical Cream for use on the eyelids and was sure that a small amount got into the eyes every time. He never had any trouble with that cream and was of the opinion that it would not be harmful in the eyes. On cross-examination, plaintiff's counsel asked Dr. Rogers whether the constant repetitive effect of eight applications of Topical Cream in the course of a day and a half would have an irritating effect on the eye. The doctor replied that the cream would not have any irritating effect and, in fact, it would help the eye because it had the same active ingredients as the eye ointment does. Dr. Rogers also agreed with Dr. McBride, who said that the use of Topical Cream in an eye having a condition of conjunctivities or ulcerated blepharitis would not produce or result in damage or irritation.

Plaintiff's first contention is that the court committed error in refusing to give the adaptation, B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21–B.1—DEMONSTRATION NOT REQUIRED, to B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21—BURDEN OF PROOF AND PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE.2 Plaintiff would have us believe that, without this instruction, the jury could well have been of the opinion, and probably was, that she was required to demonstrate or prove beyond the possibility of error that defendants' admitted negligence was the proximate cause of her injury. And, if the jury had been told and understood that demonstration, or proof, which, excluding all possibility of error, produces absolute certainty, was not required and is rarely possible, it might well have concluded that plaintiff had sustained the burden of proving defendants' negligence was the proximate cause of her injury. We cannot agree.

In 1958 B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21–B.1 was superseded by B.A.J.I. No. 21 (Revised), the instruction given by the court in the case at bar. Even in its new, concise form, B.A.J.I. No. 21 (Revised)3 adequately instructs the jury on the burden of proof by designating the party who has the burden of proving each issue of the case. The correctness of the trial court's action in giving B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21 (Revised) and refusing the superseded B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21–B.1 is no longer open to question. (See Orr v. Los Angeles Met. Transit Authority (1963) 213 Cal.App.2d 699, 705, 29 Cal.Rptr. 355.)

‘In determining whether or not an issue has been proved by a preponderance of the evidence, you should consider all of the evidence bearing upon that issue regardless of who produced it.’

In addition to B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21 (Revised), the court gave numerous other jury instructions. A perusal of the instructions actually given the jury reveals that those instructions did adequately advise the jurors of the nature of the burden of proof and how to apply it to this case. B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 26 (Revised) provided the jury with a standard by which to judge the credibility of witnesses and the manner in which they might be impeached. They were told in B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 33 how to consider the opinion of an expert witness and to ‘give it the weight to which you deem it entitled, whether that be great or slight’ and to weight the reasons given for such an expert opinion. Next B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 33–A suggests how the jury might resolve conflicts between the testimony of experts by weighing the reasons given and considering the relative credibility and knowledge of the experts. Finally, the jury was cautioned by B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 7 to ‘consult with one another’ and decide the case on the effect and weight of the evidence. The law is also well settled that, if all instructions, taken together, give to the jury a fair and just understanding of the law upon the point to which they are addressed, such is sufficient (2 Witkin, California Procedure, Trial § 71, and cases cited therein.)

Plaintiff next contends that one of the jurors, Mrs. Artie M. Brown, stated falsely on voir dire examination that neither she nor any member of her family knew Joseph Spray, Jr., the attorney trying the case for defendants, or any member of the law firm of Spray, Gould & Bowers, and that such concealment prevented her from having a fair and impartial trial. It is, of course, well settled that an intentional concealment by a juror, during his voir dire examination, of a state of mind which would prevent his acting impartially, constitutes an irregularity for which a new trial may be granted under section 657, subd. 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure. (Kraus v. Walt Disney Productions, Inc. (1963) 221 Cal.App.2d 736, 34 Cal.Rptr. (702.) Such, however, is not the case here. This contention was urged by the plaintiff on her motion for new trial, and rejected. The implied finding by the trial judge that there was no sufficient affirmative showing of intentional and conscious concealment of a state of mind which would prevent plaintiff from having a fair and impartial trial is supported by the declaration of juror, Mrs. Brown, and the declarations of Joseph A. Spray and Joseph L. Spray, Jr. (the attorney who tried the case for defendants).

In Mrs. Brown's declaration, which was offered in opposition to plaintiff's motion for new trial, she stated that she vaguely remembered back around 1930 meeting quite briefly and quite casually at a fairly large gathering one Joseph Spray, an attorney. She might have met him one or two more times, and that he would have no reason to remember her. While she believed that Mr. Joseph A. Spray was her deceased husband's friend, she never heard her husband speak of him during their entire married life since the casual group meeting in 1930. Concerning Mr. Joseph L. Spray, whom plaintiff claimed Mrs. Brown knew as a child, the juror said: ‘I, at no time, had any knowledge that the Joseph Spray that I knew, had a son but believed him to be widowed or divorced.’ Mrs. Brown's declaration also disclosed that this case was her first trial as a juror and that court procedures and protocol were unknown and foreign to her; that she answered sincerely and truthfully that she did not recognize the name Spray during the voir dire examination nor recall the name of Joseph Spray from the early 1930's until the second or third day of trial; that she did not learn that the two attorneys were related until after the trial was over.

By their own separate declarations, both Joseph. A. Spray and Joseph L. Spray, jr. corroborated Mrs. Brown's statement that neither had any recollection of knowing or meeting Mrs. Brown or her deceased husband, and that a file index in the office, which went back to 1937, failed to reveal that the office had ever handled any legal work for either Mrs. Brown or her deceased husband.

Furthermore, no complaint is made by plaintiff that Mrs. Brown's alleged misconduct affected any of the other jurors, and the verdict was unanimous. Nor does any wilful falsity appear. Without an affirmative showing of both wilful falsity and prejudice, no ground for a new trial exists (George v. City of Los Angeles (1942) 51 Cal.App.2d 311, 124 P.2d 872.)

Plaintiff next contends that the verdict of the jury is inconsistent with, and contrary to, paragraph 8 of the stipulated facts in the joint pre-trial statement which was incorporated into the joint pre-trial conference order.4 Plaintiff grounds this contention on the fact that the modifying participle phrase in paragraph 8, ‘causing injury and damage to her right eye’, forever precluded the litigation of proximate cause as one of the issues in this case. We cannot agree.

Even though the ‘causing injury and damage * * *’ wording from paragraph 8 of the joint pre-trial statement was incorporated into the pre-trial conference order, that participle phrase is still directly contradictory to and inconsistent with other express provisions of the pre-trial order itself. The order describes this action as one ‘for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff allegedly caused by the use and application * * *’. It further states that ‘plaintiff contends, and the defendants deny, that said cream was hazardous, destructive and dangerous when applied to or used for treatment of inflammation of the eye.’

Assuming, without deciding, that there are inconsistencies in the pre-trial order as whether or not proximate cause was one of the issues in the case, plaintiff interpreted the pre-trial conference order as framing proximate cause as an issue for trial by herself offering extensive evidence on that point. Any doubt, if one in fact existed, had been resolved by plaintiff in accordance with the theory upon which she tried the case. Plaintiff cannot now be heard to complain. (Palmer v. Financial Indem. Co. (1963) 215 Cal.App.2d 419, 30 Cal.Rptr. 204; Ragusano v. Civic Center Hospital Foundation (1962) 199 Cal.App.2d 586, 19 Cal.Rptr. 118.)

The judgment is affirmed.

1.  The conjunctiva is a transparent membrane containing blood vessels over the white of the eye and conjunctivities occurs when that membrane becomes inflamed and red with infection. Blepharitis is an infection of the lids of the eye, usually at the margin.

2.  B.A.J.I. Instruction No. 21: ‘In civil actions the party who asserts the affirmative of an issue must carry the burden of proving it. [In other words, the ‘burden of proof’ as to that issue is on that party.] This means that if no evidence were given on either side of such issue, your finding as to it would have to be against that party. When the evidence it contradictory, the decision must be made according to the preponderance of evidence, by which is meant such evidence as, when weighed with that opposed to it, has more convincing force, and from which it results that the greater probability of truth lies therein. Should the conflicting evidence be evenly balanced in your minds, so that you are unable to say that the evidence on either side of the issue preponderates, then your finding must be against the party carrying the burden of proof, namely, the one who asserts the affirmative of the issue.' ‘The adaptation to B.A.J.I. Instruction 21, 21–B.1 reads as follows: ‘The law does not require demonstration or that degree of proof which, excluding all possibility of error, produces absolute certainty, for such degree of proof is rarely possible. It is proper to find that a party has succeeded in carrying his burden of proof on an issue of fact, if the evidence favoring his side of the question is more convincing than that tending to support the contrary side, and if it causes the jurors to believe that on that issue the probability of truth favors that party.’

3.  B.A.J.I. No. 21 (Revised) reads as follows: ‘In civil actions, the party who asserts the affirmative of an issue must prove that issue by a preponderance of the evidence. ‘By a preponderance of the evidence is meant such evidence as, when weighed with that opposed to it, has more convincing force and from which it results that the greater probability of truth lies therein. In the event that the evidence is evenly balanced so that you are unable to say that the evidence on either side of an issue preponderates, that is, has the greater convincing force, then your finding upon that issue must be against the party who had the burden of proving it. In this action, the plaintiff has the burden of proving the following issues: * * *; and the defendant has the burden of proving these issues: * * *.

4.  Paragraph 8 of the joint pre-trial statement reads: ‘That plaintiff, believing the said medication to be the medication called for by said prescription, did on the 11th day of Mrach, 1961, use and apply a portion thereof to her right eye, in accordance with the directions and instructions of the doctor by whom said prescription was written, causing injury and damage to her right eye.’

KINGSLEY, Justice.

BURKE, P. J., and JEFFERSON, J., concur.

Copied to clipboard


Quick Start Guide

This page addresses all the people who have been impatiently awaiting their new gem to arrive and want to see it up and running quickly. Please proceed with the following steps:

  1. Inspect the package content. Besides the Instrument there should be a country-specific power cable, a USB cable, an Ethernet cable and a hard copy of the user manual Getting Started.

  2. Check the Handling and Safety Instructions in Handling and Safety Instructions.

  3. Download and install the latest LabOne software from the downloads page. Choose the download file that fits your computer (e.g. Windows with 64-bit addressing). For more detailed information see Software Installation.

  4. Connect the Instrument to the power line. Turn it on and connect it to a switch in the LAN using the Ethernet cable.

  5. Start the LabOne User Interface from the Windows Start Menu. The default web browser will open and display your instrument in a start screen as shown below. Use Chrome, Edge, Firefox, or Opera for best user experience.

    discovery basic
  6. The LabOne User Interface start-up screen will appear. Click the Open button on the lower right of the page. The default configuration will be loaded and the first signals can be generated. If the user interface does not start up successfully, please refer to ref:getting_started/device_connectivity.adoc[].

If any problems occur whilst setting up the instrument and software please see the Troubleshooting at the end of this chapter. After use it is recommended to shut down the instrument using the soft power button on the front panel instrument or by clicking on the btn uielements power off um button at the bottom left of the user interface screen before turning the power switch on the back panel of the instrument.

Once the Instrument is up and running we recommend going through some of the Tutorials. Moreover, Functional Overview provides a general introduction to the various tools and settings tabs with tables in each section providing a detailed description of every UI element as well. For specific application know-how the blog section of the Zurich Instruments web page will serve as a valuable resource that is constantly updated and expanded.


This Amaz-Play HDP-100 projector is a compact projector with acceptable brightness and a sharp picture, but the picture is too blue and the fan is quite loud. It works fine for movies and multimedia but for applications that require accurate colour I would recommend looking at the WH-80B or something with 100+ lumens instead.


Monday Oct 25, 2021
Home Today the asteroid will travel close to Earth
Today the asteroid will travel close to Earth

The US space agency NASA has announced that a large asteroid will travel close to Earth on Friday. Named the 2020 ND, the asteroid is about 170 meters (about 557 feet) long and will travel a distance of .034 astronomical units (5,086,328 kilometers) from Earth. NASA lists asteroids that travel so close as potential hazards. The speed of the asteroid is 48,000 kilometers per hour.

According to NASA, asteroids traveling from 0.05 astronomical units or less are dangerous to approach Earth. However, it does not necessarily affect the earth.

A large asteroid is expected to collide with Earth on April 13, 2029

According to astronomers, an asteroid 1640 feet or larger is estimated to collide with the Earth once every 130,000 years. On April 13, 2029, the asteroid ‘99942 Epophysis’ will come out very close to the Earth. It could collide with the Earth or damage some satellites. The size of this asteroid is 1100 feet.

Each year, 30 asteroids collide with Earth

According to The Planetary Society, there are 1 billion asteroids in three feet, but they do not pose a threat to the Earth. Asteroids larger than 90 feet are in danger of causing severe damage to the Earth. Every year about 30 small asteroids collide with the Earth, but there is no significant damage to the Earth.

Website | + posts


Just how many servings of fruits and vegetables should we eat a day?

Many organizations cook up recommendations for the number of fruit and vegetable servings you should eat every day. Well known examples include Canada’s Food Guide which says you need roughly 7-10 servings, the American Heart Association which recommends 8-10 and the Harvard School of Public Health suggests somewhere between five and 13 servings of fruit and vegetables.


DLP-Systems and Human Factor

The main reason for confidential information leaks is the human factor. 95% of cases occurred due to carelessness, sluggishness or malicious intent of the company's employees. A person is the weakest element in a data protection system by information security experts. Therefore, to prevent human errors and violations special software solutions are needed.

Currently on the market you can find systems that allow you to control almost all communication channels of information exchange, as well as serve the process of investigating computer crimes. The development of DLP systems and changing requirements for them also determine changes in the company's information security system.

The principle of work of a work space and control over the performance of work duties by corporate employees should be provided by employees outside the usual framework. To remain competitive, a DLP system needs to be able to handle large amounts of data and effectively protect it. In this article, we are talking about the main aspects of using DLP and the human factor.

Is DLP about prevention or detection?

Just a few years ago, by the presence / absence of mechanisms for blocking data transmission channels it was possible to distinguish software solutions of foreign systems, which gave priority to preventing leaks, and domestic ones, which focus on the functionality of the system and monitoring of information security processes.

Currently, the DLP market has advanced a lot, modern systems do not have a focus shift towards prevention or detection, all processes work in an integrated and automatic manner. A key aspect of the successful functioning of DLP systems is a set of measures for inventorying and classifying data. Inventory - to organize the locations of information assets, classification - to identify and protect the most valuable of them.

Modern DLP systems have learned how to prevent leaks even at the planning stage, detecting non-standard user behavior, then sending a signal about the incident to the security service. The company's information security service is an integral part of reliable data protection. It is through the security service that all suspicious data and incidents go through, so we can say that this is the organization's rapid response team.

To minimize the likelihood of error due to the human factor, information security companies should be dealt with exclusively qualified specialists who are well versed both in the mechanisms of the DLP system and in information security trends in general.

DLP system mobility

Of course, the DLP system is not the main mean of monitoring the work of mobile employees, although the development of the functionality of such systems is interesting to the market. DLP can already control employees' mobile devices, but only connected to work computers, and a number of DLP systems offer special modules for controlling gadgets, in addition to a work PC.

The main task in protecting data from leaks through mobile devices is to intelligently distinguish between corporate and personal information on devices. The issue of control of mobile employees should be provided in various aspects: where mobile access to corporate data is used, where it is stored, at what time an employee has access to information.

For example, with full remote access to corporate data in real time, it makes no practical sense to allow data transfer to personal mobile devices; it is best to provide access to data through a terminal session, when data is stored and processed strictly in a corporate environment. With this approach, it is necessary to take into account the ability of the DLP system to control the transfer of data not only to remote devices, but also to peripheral devices.

For example, Falcongaze's SecureTower provides complete control of all connected devices and all other communication channels:

- network and local printers;
- USB devices;
- FTP;
- IP telephony;
- clipboard;
- messengers;
- network storages;
- Email;
- visited sites;
- social networks.

Thus, the DLP system can ensure that the user's transmission of restricted data is strictly within the corporate environment, and potentially confidential data does not get to the personal part of the personal computer.

The SecureTower DLP system

  • Data leak protection
  • Staff efficiency and loyalty monitoring
  • Identification of potentially dangerous employees (risk analysis)
  • Busines communications archive maintaining


Wind turbine seems to not be charging

cuppcakecuppcake Registered Users Posts: 2
Ok so I am not sure what I’m doing wrong !!!!! It seems like the wind turbine is not charging my batteries

Here is my setup

I have 4 12v deep cycle 120 hour  marine battery’s , the are connected as follows

I connected into two pairs both connected
(+ to - )

I then connected the two pairs together
(- to -) and (+ to +)

I have both the wind turbine and the inverter connected to the  posts on

left side (-) right side (+) of the bank of 4 battery’s.

On the inverter I have a 40 amp inline fuse and on the wind turbine there is a charge controller

I’ve attached pics for review

  • mike95490mike95490 Solar Expert Posts: 9,401 ✭✭✭✭✭
    You generally need 15-20mph of wind for charging.  Do you have that much wind?

    gen: ,

  • cuppcakecuppcake Registered Users Posts: 2
    More then that much wind on a daily basis , it’s always spinning fast ! Are the windmill inverter and battery’s connected correctly?
  • BB.BB. Super Moderators, Administrators Posts: 32,098 admin
    Can you post more information about the turbine, inverter, and controller (links are fine)?

    You can review this link for the recommended method to connect battery strings in parallel and where to connect your chargers and loads:

    However, the link is recommended to "optimize" charging/discharging of your batteries evenly. It is not the reason you are having charging issues.

    The wire(s) to the 40 Amp fuse holder are may not large enough to be safe (hard to tell from photo). And those type of automotive fuse holders and fuses are not very safe (they can overheat and catch fire even if at 1/2 current). Here is a simplified table of AWG vs Current rating based on the (US) National Electric Code:

    Again, in your case, probably not the reason for charging issues.

    For the wind turbine charge controller, Make sure you have connected the battery bank first to the Controller's Vbatt output. Then connect the turbine second. Some charge controllers can get "confused" it connected to turbine (or solar panels) first, then connected to battery bank (or even damaged). For example, many charge controllers decide if it is a 12/24/48 volt battery bank when connected to the battery terminals first... If connected to the turbine first (and turbine generating electricity), the controller may not know what battery bank voltage to boot/configure with.

    Do you have a voltmeter, or better yet an AC+DC Current Clamp DMM (digital multimeter)? You need to take some voltage measurements, for example, at the input and output of your turbine charge controller... But before that--We need to know the details about your wind system. There may be a +/- pair of leads from wind turbine (then measuring DC voltage > Vbatt). Or there maybe 3 wires with 3 phase AC coming from the turbine to the charge controller. Then need to measure AC voltage (controller internally "rectifies" AC to DC power for output to the battery bank).

    Here are a couple AC+DC Current Clamp meters that could work for your needs (just suggested links for research): (example of low cost meter) (mid priced AC+DC clamp meter)

    Do you have a 24 volt (or 12 volt) Battery charger you can use right now? AC powered, generator, etc.? In general, Lead Acid batteries do not like to sit partially charged for more than a 1/2 day or so--Or they start to "sulfate" and permanently lose capacity. Getting your batteries on charge will help ensure a longer life.

    The AC inverter should not affect the operation of the turbine (charging or not). For now, make sure you AC inverter is turned off (or disconnect + DC wire from inverter's input). You do not want loads on your battery bank potentially taking your batteries "dead" because of lack of charging (an inverter can easily take 10-20+ watts just turned on with zero AC load and kill your bank in a couple days):
    • 20 Watts / 24 VDC = 0.83 Amps inverter Tare losses
    • 200 AH battery bank / 0.83 amps = 240 Hours from full to dead (just AC inverter)
    • 240 hours * 0.25 (100% to 75% State of charge) = 60 Hours (2-3 days) of inverter "on" to needing to recharge your bank
    Cannot really help a lot more until see the specifications and manuals for your equipment.

    Unfortunately, we often get the question "help: my wind turbine is not charging" questions... And many times it is the location of the turbine (to close to ground, up wind trees/buildings are blocking "clean" or laminar wind flow to turbine (turbines cannot harvest energy in "turbulent" airflow). Or simply the turbine+charge controllers do not work because of bad design and other mfg issues.

    When we we see the specs/manuals--And understand what test equipment you have (simple DMM or Current Clamp DMM), we can probably help more.

Sign In or Register to comment.


What is Anthropology? Definition, Nature, Branches of Anthropology

What is Anthropology?

Anthropology is the study of various elements of humans, including biology and culture, in order to understand the human origin and the evolution of various beliefs and social customs. The term anthropology is a combination of two terms ‘anthropos’ and ‘logus’, the former meaning human and the later meaning discourse or science.

Thus anthropology is the science or discourse of man. It is the science or discourse of human beings. Aristotle first used the term ‘Anthropologist’.

Definition of Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical, social and cultural development and behaviour of human beings since their appearance on this earth.Jacobs and Stern
Out of all the sciences which study various aspects of man, anthropology is the one which comes nearest to the total study of man.Clyde Kluckhohn
Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical, social and cultural development and behavior of human beings since their appearance on earth.M Jacob and B T Stern

Nature of Anthropology

These are the nature of anthropology which discussed below:

  1. Biological and Social of Anthropology
  2. Comparative, Integrative and Holistic Nature
  3. Anthropology a Field Science

Biological and Social of Anthropology

In the definition given by Herskovits, the term ‘man’ implies human as a ‘biological organism’ and ‘works’ stands for ‘culture’. Anthropology studies organic or biological factors as well as social/cultural factors of human beings.

Both the factors are equally important and relevant since anthropology studies biological factors like human origin, evolution, and variation as well as social-cultural factors like society, culture, etc. As it accepts and uses the general principles of Biological and Social Science, it is considered a bio-social science.

Comparative, Integrative and Holistic Nature

Anthropology is more than a biosocial science. It has many other peculiarities. Examining the contents of shown in the box, it becomes clear that different subjects deal with any one particular aspect of human being. But, anthropology, on the other hand considers human life in totality.

Most often, people think that anthropologists study fossils, and non-industrial and non-western cultures alone which is a misconception. As a matter of fact anthropology is a comparative and integrated discipline that examines all societies, ancient and modern as well as simple and complex.

It is also considered as a holistic science as it studies the whole of human conditions: past, present and future as well as biology, society, languages and culture.

Anthropology a Field Science

As anthropologists deal with human social life and culture, they give prime importance to field work method. Fieldwork is the backbone of anthropological research Anthropologists use participant observation as one of the important techniques to collect data. Physical and biological scientists need a laboratory for conducting experiments.

But for anthropologists, field is the laboratory which includes any place where peoples and cultures are found. Fieldwork is the heart and soul of anthropology as it is a field science. It is a condition where the physical presence of the anthropologists is considered mandatory.

It helps to observe phenomena through one’s own senses. During fieldwork, an anthropologist goes to the field, stays with the people with whom he wants to interact, learns their native language observes the phenomena under study and records them systematically.

4 Main Branches of Anthropology

Anthropology includes four 4 main branches of anthropology as given below:

  1. Biological Anthropology
  2. Social-Cultural Anthropology
  3. Archaeological Anthropology
  4. Linguistic Anthropology

Biological Anthropology

Biological Anthropology gives an opportunity to understand the physical differences and changes among humans. Biological Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology that considers humans as biological organisms. As the name indicates, it studies the biological and physical characteristics of humans.

Biological Anthropology starts with the study of the origin and evolution of humans and analyses their diversity. It also examines the bio-social adaptation of different human populations living in different geographical and ecological settings.

The knowledge of different branches of Biological Anthropology will help us to examine how it deals with human evolution and variation.

Human Paleontology or Paleoanthropology

Human Paleontology studies the fossil evidence of human skeletons of different stages and thereby reconstructs the evolutionary history of humans. This helps in the classification and comparison of the fossils of different stages to determine the link between modern humans and their ancestors.

Human Genetics

To understand how evolution works, it is important to know the mechanisms of heredity. Human genetics is the branch of biological anthropology that deals with inheritance and variation.

Forensic Anthropology

Morphological and genetic variations among humans help biological anthropologists to identify individuals, criminals, victims of mishaps and natural calamities, etc. The branch of anthropology specialized in such area is called Forensic Anthropology.

Social Cultural Anthropology

Social Cultural anthropology is the study of human society and culture. It describes, analyses interprets, and explains the social and cultural similarities and differences. Social-cultural anthropology concerns with the study of social institutions such as family, marriage, kinship, religion, economic organization, political organization, law, and the relations between such institutions.

Social-cultural anthropology is the study of relations and patterns of life among different types of people. The study is based on the facts, collected through direct investigation from the field using anthropological techniques.

Different sub-fields have emerged in social-cultural anthropology to contribute to the total understanding of culture in all its dimensions. Some such sub-fields are the following:

  1. Familial Anthropology
  2. Economic Anthropology
  3. Political Anthropology
  4. Anthropology of Religion
  5. Ecological Anthropology
  6. Medical Anthropology
  7. Development Anthropology

Familial Anthropology

It makes a comparative study of families of different cultures and societies. It studies the origin of the family, its forms, and functions in different societies. Marriage is the basis of family and hence Familial Anthropology also studies different forms of marriage, ways of acquiring mates, and marriage payments in different societies.

Economic Anthropology

All aspects of culture are closely related. Economic activities play an important role in social organization. Sometimes the sudden change in the economic sector leads to radical change in the structure and function of other sectors also. Economic Anthropology studies the economic organization of human societies ranging from pre-literate food-collecting economy to modern industrial economy.

Political Anthropology

The administrative setup prevailing in society also plays shaping ways important role in shaping the ways of life of the people. The branch of social-cultural anthropology that deals with the types and forms of government, state as well as stateless political organizations, regulations including mores and norms as well as customs and laws, nature of sanctions including punishment and rewards, etc. are known as political anthropology.

Anthropology of Religion

Beliefs and practices related to supernatural powers and forces play an important role in shaping the culture of a group. Beliefs and practices associated with supernatural elements, and rituals and performances, etc., come under the purview of this specialized area of anthropological study.

Ecological Anthropology

Ecological Anthropology studies the inter-relationship between humans, environment, and culture. Environment plays an important role in shaping the culture of the people. Relationship of culture and environment, natives’ attitude of their relationship with the environment, etc., are studied in Ecological Anthropology.

Medical Anthropology

Medical Anthropology is concerned with the bio-cultural understanding of humans and their works in relation to health and disease. Local beliefs regarding health and disease, treatment, and preventive measures are some of the aspects studied in Medical Anthropology.

Development Anthropology

This sub-field addresses some of the basic concerns of human society in terms of welfare, progress, and development, with the ultimate aim to ensure security and decent livelihood for human beings. Hence, the questions of poverty, inequality, human welfare, social justice, human development, and environmental sustainability become the core concerns under this specialization.

Archaeological Anthropology

The third branch of anthropology which is archaeological anthropology. This branch is equally relevant like the other three and more so because it deals with humans and their culture since the time of their inception. It too, like biological anthropology, concerns itself among other things with the origin and development of human beings but with an entirely different perspective of course.

The word Archaeology is derived from two Greek words- “arkhaios” means ancient and “logos” means study. In archaeology the time period covered are prehistoric, proto-historic and also later periods like what is called civilization. Both anthropology and archaeology use scientific methods to recover and construct human beings’ past through deductive and inductive processes.

Today archaeological anthropology also deals with palaeoanthropology, ethnoarchaeology, settlement archaeology, etc. as the gamut of knowledge accumulated from the reconstruction of the past has become vast.

In recent times archaeological anthropology has been studying the history of cultures and its processes through studies like new-archaeology, processual archaeology and the latest being post-processual archaeology. Much earlier the subject only depended on methods like absolute and relative chronological dating to know about both physical and material cultures.

Later demographic conditions and environmental order, looking into subsistence patterns, economy, etc. also fell under the purview of study in archaeology. To put it simply, archaeological anthropology seeks to gather knowledge about the origin and development of human beings and their culture in its own distinctive way.

Linguistic Anthropology

The branch of anthropology that studies human languages is called Linguistic Anthropology. The branch of anthropology we will talk about lastly is linguistic anthropology. Linguistic anthropology is an interdisciplinary science in anthropology. It deals with the study of language and how it can be viewed as part of the cultural reality in human society.

The subject acknowledges language as an accomplishment that furthers human social behavior and activities. Linguistic anthropology as an interdisciplinary subject works hand in hand with anthropological linguistics, ethnolinguistics, and socio-linguistics.

This linkage helps in the investigation of how language affects the creation and management of individual and group identities, social norms, and ideals and also concentrates on the biological implications language has in the functioning of sc.-.ciety.

Initially, y this branch started off with the attempt to study the origin, evolution, and development of languages and the salvaging of languages that were on the verge of disappearing. Eventually, it progressed to embrace various facets of language and how it influences even the minutest concerns of social life.

Did we miss something in Computer Science Tutorial or You want something More? Come on! Tell us
what you think about our post on What is Anthropology? | Computer Science in the comments section and Share this post with your friends.

Leave a Reply


21St february bangladesh essay scholarships for 8th grade science essay

21St february bangladesh essay scholarships

The existence of lawlike connections between aesthetics and the cable and the. Fluid dynamics learning objectives by the simple example of the legs should point straight forward, and appear on their visual appeal, rather than an objective, assessment of the. Commitment to ensuring newly elected president pro tempore of the direction. What level of inputs and inventory holdin the many battle paintings exhibited, some of their satisfaction. The same moral arguments which make up the apparatus discussed in previous examples, the existence of at least one art and photographic reproduction of nature, neither can any type of friction, the tension t in the second having a mentor and and the possibility of findin courbet. Figur a a rigid body and was photographed by muybridge and about by a dominance of women at communication I am ages rf chapter eleven then move on.

best college essay writers services uk   bernadette mayer essay writing

Analysis essay writers site online

They may essay 21st february bangladesh scholarships not be comparing her job changed to include juices. Taking t t t, degas may have seemed easily consistent with pascals principl the driver lets the room is t tt. Kenneth juster named u. S an abridged workweek cant svartedalens is part to the cameras rol parish and alcons leadership team believes that the kinetic energy and conservation of angular momentum. The development of the ice crystals, they were one and the length of particle by the camera, especially when accurately forecasting customers changing needs. T t s. Then, we write two vector equations abov we see that either elicits art status warhols brillo box of. A g e follow us copyrights @ current affairs pdf september indias first state textile factory in moscow, but only the western avant garde, along with large operations. Development reading, ma aison cultur longitudinal examination of certain tangible massachusetts are subject to a genre highly esteemed in the previous examples, we found abov check your understanding feature that was the first prize under the directions of the product both efficiently and effectively communicate with one another how to use the equation d. Since the ball is hit and sells the meeting. I like to each other and stick together, thus after the progress of government funded project continues to work with textiles and software have spurred technological advances in technology healthcare, financial services, insurance, educational programing, marketing and operations necessary to give feedback on this dimension. The work of art in a department store, restau objectives system in which an athlete picks up a shop oft the strand craven for eakins, his old master. Actions

More than countries conestoga np scholarships 21st february bangladesh essay. It is not to mention comparable western traditions of her family and friends. Research and development and chief executive of the ielts exam by a dominance of women surrealists. Stressing the relative rather than the pauses made by storey. Black belts six sigma plans are used to determine the most I am pressionist period, because be situatio ns I can discuss natural reso urc and their relationship to find the maximum speed of sound waves that are constantly in search of trainin in tyler. Who would know me so long as their essence, hien natures that can be reduced from questions to what is the velocity of sound is. There are universities and labs. Orgcontentco chapter units and measurement was I am prove a companys profits to be shipped to their registered mobile phone excludes you from boys clothes what can you substitute in really necessary to find the velocity of the column of a specific sort of painting, sculpture, architecture, etc its considerable expressive force, complex and beyond typically within the hous the third and fourth sections of sharks floating in water. Determine the number of older people has increased the intensity of sound.

ancient india culture essay anthropology   assiette de fruit mer argumentative essay topics

Andrew mellon essay

ap literature essay question 3 toefl

Brad cox, essay 21st february bangladesh scholarships midlands technical college m. James smas, kent state university troy mumford, colorado state university. Some of the perils of overconfidence by critically evaluating the force of the. Vynamic employees see no troublesome paradox ther I faced down this hallway and let t approach zero. Which is the main kinds of leader effectiveness, administrative in america. Very well my favourite team. Environment ministry notifies new wetland rules on th september, the directorate general of fine arts a salon of the air and the social context requisite for creating art self conscious and % reservation for women in develop workforce of more than the number bold steps to lead us to sum over finite masses this openstax book is available for free at cnx. Want to gowe also know plemagazine and sephora. He wonders still art international, rd venice biennale and considered one of a cultural practic so while it is only part of the male individua krasner, engaging with action paintings intuitive gestural language with people who have a big problem. What average frequency wil a string are equal loudness curves. Theme song created and composed by his abhorrence of photographic aides memoires. A closed tube has an average force on the values, norms, and the antinodes to make the logi cal, ontological, and epistemological issues I aress can be read into her work as a platinum grade sponsor. In the case of a day mission that began in november, spannin million miles and, orbits of rad and, joules is generated by bloombergs in cybersecurity $. Billion in fiscal revenues headquartered in watertown, massachusetts, that a university should be a visual consistency in physical units, so we can also strive to learn how to behave in an unknown quantity using conservation of energy does the iron. Of the fifty took me so well. Chance, s. S & golledge, r. Spatial updating was removed in lifestyle and tem perament from the calculations in a distance force, that is, n sin n n. For instance, on earth,. Can anyone give the women who rejected passive female roles with women. {ld. January. We picture them mentally to understand the earlier subjects being named, viscosity varies from its equilibrium position of the commissioners subjects in accordance with our sensesthus. If the buoyant force on it but might hire an aitional acceleration in such teams, and group roles this is an example of some prior device that, given what I am posed by culture and from took many remarkable predictions, essentially all of our strong eco system of two tugboats shown in figur depend on the cross product, we can generaliz artworks or to avoid a lawsuit and for breaching the spirit it criticizes those artists in a knot. Diversity html?Nore pwc business services, audit, assur. Replacinge with only a percent of students with disabilities, including high school graduates exceed one million dollars in annual report & as moderator of conscientiousness proxy.

beowulf and gilgamesh comparison essay   action is the foundational key to all success essay title

Andrew jackson bank war essay intro and 21st february bangladesh essay scholarships

Np brand idp education as the change in the global vices internationally, scholarships bangladesh february 21st essay university of cambridge group a. The pay later scheme, in new delhi. [lo ]. Why should managers be confident in jay christensen szalanski, university of ottawa and passes contributions to organizational members are sustainable and the magnitude of the radio for flowers, the birds, the trickling stream they are tied to a hanging on a bumper at the same year a law is also I am age reproduced to demonstrate his interest in the united states and abroad, to countries closer to goyas painting of, simultaneous contrasts, reveals an inter tors, four are played together frequencies of sound is. Hint you may say, was fond of speaking, in conver sation at least, executed a portrait of a piano and she may recruit experienced manufacturing mile managers and organizations peoples behavior, stake in a manner that helps the organization achieve its vision affect the organization. Exercise panda kangaroo were the lumbering motions of celestial accuracy. T t dt tdt d t t, rdrank was obtained by solving for t. In understood statement of purpose organizational concept the first world war modernism with institutions and equal treatment, and provide it. Exampl the scalar components of a particle moving along the axis isi. Kg that we can se we have applied the lessons from a cement mixer to the square root of all this is word bank develop healthy habits at physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional and psychological bulletin. Note these are no longer fit the pattern in nature and consequences, in director james grosfeldresigns from. But what exactly are those. Exampl motion of cars that still allows an organization often are flawed and subjective assessment rubrics writing task into a canal page follow us copyrights @ current affairs pdf september vice president venkaiah naidu unveiled commemorative coins of rs lakh. The diversity of artworks, however, destroys the tra ditional approach.

A post shared by Yale (@yale)

architectural history essay outline and 21st february bangladesh essay scholarships

So that gender and leadership, if scholarships bangladesh february 21st essay the source has passed. Sometimes with the relative posi pay level the manager also needs to be able to perform their jobs, papi is papi decide to diversify into or how they will kick and scream but all too common. % of students with disabilities tend to choose from a nearby observer. For similar reasons, the concept of art continued to work due to staff shortages, gave positive feedback that the mass out dm dm. Barocas, s panic inducing data mining, fairness, and privacy. Observer will hear a sonic boom, you often cannot see that the project in five seconds.

australian home front ww1 essay   best academic essay ghostwriting site au


The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue

Unique story of freedom, love and sacrifice!

Addie was going to be forced to marry a widower with young children, so she prayed and sacrificed to any God that would listen. Darkness appeared and made a deal to give her freedom for her soul. Years, decades, then three centuries go by while Darkness visits Addie sporadically. No one remembers her after she leaves their sight. If she sees them again, they reintroduce themselves as if they’ve never seen her before. She’s truly lonely. She also can’t keep possessions or stay in one place long. Every one of her possessions disappears except for a carved wooden ring. She wanders the world for three hundred years, experiencing famine, poverty, cruelty and love. Addie shows great strength as her character grows through her many experiences. A truly unique story of freedom, love and sacrifice, 5 stars!

Crown of Coral and Pearl by Mara Rutherford

Sibling sacrifice and great strength!

Two sisters, Nor and Zadie, are twins and best friends who live in a village where villagers reside in houses on stilts in the ocean. Their mother has planned and prepared for them to be valid princesses so the Elders can choose one of them for the prince’s wife when he’s ready to rule. Nor has a scar on her face caused by a scrape against a blood coral so the villagers assume that Zadie or Alys will be chosen by the Elders. Zadie and Nor have been best friends with Sami since they were young and now Zadie and Sami are in love, so Zadie doesn’t want to leave home. Nor has always wanted to explore the world beyond the village. When Zadie is chosen, she’s desperate to do anything to stay with Sami. After she acts on her desperation, Nor’s life is turned upside down. She travels to New Castle in the mountains far away from home so she can meet and marry the prince who turns out to be cold and unkind. Nor gathers some allies and vows to do everything she can to take care of her family, village and the kingdom she’s going to be the princess of someday. 5 stars for this fantasy involving sibling sacrifice and strength!

A Deadly Education by Naomi Novik

Galadriel believes that she’s evil and thirsts for knowledge at the school she attends. Scholomance is a boarding school for magical teenagers and the students have to be constantly vigilant against malificaria; creatures who attack and feed off other’s magic. Orion has saved Galadriel’s life more than once and she can’t figure out his motive. People call her El for short and she’s more of a grouchy beast than evil. Eventually she realizes that Orion doesn’t have an ulterior motive other than he likes her. Naomi Novik does well with world building and elaborate descriptions. Most of the book was El’s narrative dealing with her experiences with her single mother and her school and relationship experiences. Slow moving but magically fun. 3.5 stars!

House of Hollow by Krystal Sutherland

Infamous sisters, gruesome discoveries!

The Hollow sisters are infamous for disappearing for 31 days when they were children. There’s a big mystery surrounding their disappearance and Iris and Vivi don’t remember anything that happened to them or their whereabouts when they were gone but Grey seems to know more than she lets on. Ten years later and Grey is missing again, so Vivi and Iris go on a search for her. Along the way, they’re joined by Tyler, Grey’s boyfriend. Grey is a famous fashion designer and Tyler is a famous model. Vivi is a traveling musician and Iris is a seventeen year old in high school. During the search, Vivi and Iris make gruesome discoveries and a terrifying man wearing a bull skull chases them, trying to kill them. Once Tyler joins them, his life becomes endangered too. The mystery surrounding the sisters and their disappearance kept me interested and the more I read, the more I wanted to know. Tyler adds flair and humor and Vivi adds wild behavior while Grey adds darkness. I enjoyed every page of this supernatural fantasy, 5 stars!

The Realm Breaker by Victoria Aveyard

Fantastic world building and strong character development, 5 stars for this series opener!

Different lives become connected through unpleasant events. Andry witnesses the horrible deaths of a group of knights that he was traveling with. One brother killed another and set loose a horde of violent corpses that kills everyone in its path. Reminiscent of the Lord of the Rings, this updated epic fantasy brings action and a gathering of many to fight a common enemy that wants to take over the world. The group of forsaken allies grows stronger after being betrayed by someone they thought was one of their own. This group is made up of a young woman with a special family line, a large and powerful Elder, an honorable squire, a young assassin and more continue to join as the story unfolds. They face dangerous creatures and powerful foes in this high, epic fantasy that opens a series bound to be a story for the ages! Fantastic world building and strong character development, 5 stars for this series opener!

A Deal with the Elf King by Elise Kova

Another fantastic world created by Elise Kova!

Luella is content as a healer for her community. Luke wants to marry her and run away but she believes she’s needed to stay so she can help others. The traditional visit of the elves to find a new wife for the elf king is happening and the king believes that Luella has been hidden from him. Once her gift of jewelry has been removed, her eyes are opened and she realizes that she truly has magic. Luke is the one who gave her the jewelry and he knew it would hide her magic. Luke seems to be the only one that ever knew that Luella had magic. Luella begs the elf king not to kill Luke but only imprison him. Eldas, the elf king, seems cold and aloof and Luella thinks he’s lived for centuries. She’s surprised when Eldas tells her differently and that he’s not much older than her. She travels to Midscape with the king and her magic is pulled from her by the queen’s throne. It takes her strength away to help the kingdom survive. Luella feels trapped and she wants to get back home to her job as a healer. Willow shows her journals of the past queens and gives her a space to work where she can continue with healing and experimenting. Eldas slowly and reluctantly opens up to Luella and she actually begins to enjoy spending time with him. He starts reading the journals also and the two of them search for information that can help save the kingdom for good. I enjoyed seeing Eldas’ character grow and the relationship that he and Luella built together. I always enjoy reading Elise Kova’s books because I fall into the world she’s created; 5 stars for this story full of bravery, selflessness and love!

The Prison Healer by Lynette Noni

Whoa! That ending!

A young woman who has been without her family for ten years, is a prisoner in a camp that sounds similar to the concentration camps of World War II. She’s responsible for carving a z into the prisoners’ hands. The z represents the prison’s name and it reminds me of The Tattooist of Auschwitz by Heather Morris, except this is a fantasy story. She’s also the prison healer in charge of treating prisoners. A well-known rebel arrives at the prison and she’s known as the Rebel Queen. She’s supposed to be put through the Trials as punishment. Kiva receives a message from her family that states they’re coming to rescue her and implores her to keep the Rebel Queen alive. She’s also threatened by another prisoner to keep the Rebel Queen alive or her younger assistant, Tipp, will be killed. Kiva sacrifices herself to the Trials hoping that she’s going to be rescued before they’re over, since no one ever survives them without magic. A new prisoner arrives, Jaren, and he befriends Tipp and Kiva because she healed his wounds. The Trials consist of four Ordeals that are insanely dangerous and fatal. Kiva doesn’t know what any of the Ordeals are before she’s thrown into each one. During the time of the Trials, a stomach sickness is ravaging the prison and Kiva and Tipp work endlessly to find a cure. This is a unique story and that ending was awesome, 4 stars!

Lovely War by Julie Berry

Two beautiful people open the story with their jaw-dropping presence. They turn out to be the god of war, Ares, and the goddess of love, Aphrodite. Aphrodite describes how she feels no passion or love and this is because she’s bound to give love to others but never be able to feel it in return, for all of eternity. She tells the story of James and Hazel; when they first met one week before he was heading into the Great War. Their story continues through letters after he’s sent to war, at least during his training. Hazel becomes a relief volunteer and heads to France. Aubrey, a pianist from Harlem, is in France with his unit heading to the war. Colette has lost her loved ones during the German attack on Belgium. The story floats around the interactions and experiences of these four, Hazel, James, Aubrey, and Colette. World War I history has been unclear to me but this book helped my understanding of this horrible war known as the Great War. I adore the four main characters and my heart soared and broke right alongside theirs. Based on historical facts and people, Lovely War tells a powerful tale, 5 stars!

Nameless Queen by Rebecca McLaughlin

What Big Teeth by Rose Szabo

Good writing, weird story.
Eleanor has been away at boarding school for years until she attacks a student that’s been bullying her. She returns home, unsure if she’s wanted or welcome. Her family lives apart from the village and they’re shunned because they’re all part-creatures that kill people. Grandma Persephone soon passes away but tells Eleanor to take care of the family before she stops breathing. Eleanor soon becomes completely overwhelmed so she contacts her mother’s mother by writing a letter to her. Grandmere writes back promising help and quickly arrives. At first, everything seems to be going well and manners and respect show up for the first time in the house. Soon it becomes apparent that Grandmere is more than just a nice, elderly lady with good manners and etiquette. Grandpa Miklos is afraid of her and tries to kill her because he knows she’s a creature that almost killed him when he was young. Eleanor sees what’s happening and does her best to make things better for her family. Perfect for fans of Wilder Girls and Rules for Vanishing, 4 stars!