Calories When Sick (How many do you burn and what to eat)

Being sick isn’t fun. It makes you feel weak, fragile, and vulnerable. In this article, I will explain does your body burns more calories when sick, and help to clarify nutrition and calorie requirements.

As a general rule, you do burn more calories when sick because during the period of sickness or infection the body increases resting metabolic rate and raises oxygen consumption. It also increases the use of proteins as an energy source and elevates heat production, which all comes with higher calorie burn.

Keep reading to learn how much energy you need, what to eat, and how many calories you burn.

Calories When Sick

Overall, calories do matter when you’re sick because the body has to use more calories to be able to combat the sickness and recover faster. Having enough energy increases the chances of fighting off the virus.

On the other hand, not enough calories may cause a lack of energy and extends the sick time.

But before I answer should you eat more calories when sick, first I want to show you a fascinating study done by Dr. Leah MacDonald from La Trobe University in Melbourne Australia.

She documented that 25-50 percent calorie restriction was able to suppress sickness (MacDonald et al. 2011). Calorie restriction was documented in the past to alter cytokine levels, but this was the first time to show that calorie intake also matters in sickness.

Does being sick burn calories? As a whole, being sick burns calories because during sickness the viruses and bacterias dramatically modify cellular metabolism. This starts a cascade of metabolic processes, increases metabolic rate, and elevates core body temperature to fight against the viruses.

Do you need more calories when sick? Overall, your body does not need more calories when sick. In fact, studies have shown that eating just below calorie maintenance was associated with better outcomes, including shorter hospital stay, ventilator dependence, use of antibiotics, and even mortality.

However, there is a fine line between less and too little because inadequate calorie and protein intake during sickness often leads to poor recovery (Yamamoto et al. 2020).

How Many Calories Do You Lose When Sick?

On average, you can lose 100 to 200 calories for every 0.5°C increase in core body temperature when sick. During sickness, the body elevates its basal metabolic rate by around 7% for every half-degree Celcius. The estimate will be influenced by total body temperature and calorie intake.

Another thing that influences calorie expenditure will be body weight and lean body weight as heavier people need more energy to increase core body temperature (Heyland et al. 2011).

How many calories do you need when sick? On average, you should be getting around 2000 to 3000 calories when sick, depending on your age, gender, and current body weight. It also depends on things like your physical activity, lean body mass, and the type of food you eat.

In other words, it depends.

Being sick is a perfect time to focus on a healthy diet. Adding protein, fresh fruits, and vegetables maybe won’t significantly shorten your sickness, but at least make you feel better.

Should you count calories when sick? In general, if you’re used to counting calories, you should continue doing it when you’re sick. This can help to control calorie intake, especially if you want to reach your desired weight goal. However, people who never count calories and don’t have any weight goals in mind should avoid calorie counting.

Should you restrict calories when sick? In general, you should only restrict your calories when sick when you have a weight loss goal or bodybuilding competition that you train for.

Calories and Fever

Fever is a symptom of having a higher than normal body temperature, which can be caused by several factors.

Does having fever burn calories? As a whole, you do burn more calories when you have a fever because fever triggers the thermoregulatory part of the hypothalamus to increase the core body temperature above 36.6°C. This process increases resting metabolic rate and as a result, the body burns more calories.

Of course, apart from body temperature, there are other physiological changes going on like:

  • Metabolic adaptations
  • Sleep/wake cycle changes
  • Hormonal changes

And all of them play a role in your appetite and how the body will use energy.

How many calories does having a fever burn? Overall, the fever can burn around 20% more calories comparing to a homeostatic state because during fever the body increases basal heat production by 20 to even 50 percent. Also, During fever, the body switches energy sources from using glucose to using protein and fat.

Glucose is a great medium for bacterial growth, therefore, the body halts utilizing it.

Infection and Calories

Infection can happen for a variety of reasons. It usually happens because of the bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms spread in the body.

Do you burn more calories when you have an infection? In general, you do burn more calories when you have an infection. During the response to illness and infection, the body elevates metabolism and initiates the number of metabolic changes that contribute to the maintenance of body homeostasis.

Does fighting infection burn calories? As a whole, fighting infection does burn calories because more energy is needed to combat germs and bacterias. Studies have shown that infection without sufficient calorie intake often leads to weight loss and often malnutrition.

What To Eat When You Are Sick

As a whole, infection and sickness increase the need for nutrients in the body like proteins, vitamins, and electrolytes.

What’s the best thing to eat when sick? Overall, the best thing to eat when sick are foods that are high in protein and anti-inflammatory compounds like ginger, curcumin, and garlic. Also, drinking plenty of water and soups that are high in electrolytes helps to stay hydrated.

What’s the worst thing to eat when sick? As a whole, the worst thing to eat when sick are foods high in fat because excess fat consumption during the infection time can trigger the immune response and be perceived as foreign objects.

Here is the list of things you should pay attention to when sick:

  • Proteins

During inflammation time, glucose isn’t used for energy, therefore, the number of amino acids from dietary proteins needs to be higher than usual.

This means, with each meal you should include large amounts of proteins. For men that should be two palms of high-protein dense foods, and for women one palm.

  • Water with electrolytes

High body temperature can quickly dehydrate the body, which will make it harder to move pathogens out of the body.

  • Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins and minerals play a critical role in the strength of the immune system. Making sure your diet is rich in vitamins A, C, D, E, B12, B6, and B9 can prevent depressing the immune system.

From minerals, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron also strengthen your immune system.

So limiting fat intake during the illness, and increasing protein can balance and speed up recovery.

Appetite When Sick

Overall, being sick affect your appetite because of many changes in the body. Depending on the sickness, some people may notice an increase in appetite, where other may feel like they appetite has lowered.

Does your appetite increase when sick? In general, your appetite can increase when you’re sick because during sickness the bacterial infections increase the pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase metabolic rate. However, the most common is suppression of appetite during sickness.

Upper respiratory infections, diarrhea, and fevers can suppress appetite and food intake by 15-20%. Some of the illnesses like measles, mumps, or rubella can suppress appetite even more (source).

When I was younger I remember joking that when I was sick, I always lost weight. This was true because when you’re sick, not only you don’t wanna eat, but your metabolism is higher so you burn extra calories.

But that’s not the smartest way to lose weight.

Why does your appetite decrease when you are sick? As a whole, your appetite does decreases when you’re sick because during the inflammatory response of fever, headache, myalgia, and malaise, the TNF cytokine starts long-term immune reactions that create changes in appetite and energy intake.

The immune system takes up a lot of energy to combat infectious diseases. So halting digestion, suppressing appetite, and moving all the resources to the battle seems like a logical move.

Nevertheless, eating nutritious food during times of sickness can add many benefits and speed up the recovery process (source).

But how you can eat if you don’t feel like eating?

Here are some tips to eat more while being sick

How To Eat When You Are Sick And Have No Appetite?

There are 4 ways to eat when you are sick and have no appetite:

  • Choose foods that you like

Start by choosing your favorite meals. This is not the time to diet or being in a calorie deficit. Also, tell people around what you like.

  • Eat small and often

Small and often means you want to graze throughout the day. If a cooked meal seems like a challenge, have yogurt or cereals.

  • Eat snacks

Snacking during the day may be helpful. A nice variety of snacks can improve your sensory-specific satiety. This means the more variety we have, the more appetite we get.

  • Try smoothies

Having a smoothie is a great choice because it can be delicious, nutritious, and easy to eat. Being creative and adding some fruits, milk, dark chocolate, and nuts can make your meal a really exciting part of the day. Try to avoid ready-to-eat smoothies with plenty of simple sugars.

Calorie Deficit While Sick

Calorie deficit while being sick can slow down the recovery process. Lack of appetite during sickness, poor absorption, loss of water, increased metabolic rate, and increased body temperature increases the demand for nutrients.

Can calorie deficit make you sick? Overall, the calorie deficit can make you sick, especially if you’re doing it for too long and with unhealthy foods. Not eating enough calories triggers a lot of metabolic adaptations, and without sufficient nutrients, the body can get sick.

During sickness the body experience lack there is a high demand for nutrients due to elevated metabolism, loss of water and low calorie

Some studies show that “calorie restriction” while being sick alter cytokine levels and enhance anti-inflammatory pathways. This however doesn’t modify sickness behavior.

Which means it is not recommended to diet while being sick (source).

During low-calorie intake:

  • Immune system defence mechanisms are lower
  • Defence against pathogens is compromised

However, reducing carbohydrates can help.

A high carb diet and high glycemic foods alter the white blood cells’ function and reduce their anti-inflammatory functions.

This means reducing foods that have a lot of simple and processed sugar and increasing foods that are high in proteins.

Calorie Deficit and Immune System

A strong immune system needs a sufficient amount of calories to work in its optimal way. A calorie deficit is great for fat loss, but over time it can start to affect other important departments in the body.

Does calorie deficit weaken the immune system? In general, calorie deficit does weaken the immune system because long-term calorie restriction creates several physiological changes that affect metabolism. Plus, long-term calorie restriction also increases susceptibility to a variety of parasites and infections.

The main caveat of scientific papers about calorie restriction, immunity, and infections is that majority of research is done on rodents in a laboratory setting (source).

So again, it depends.

Is dieting bad for your immune system? Overall, dieting isn’t bad for the immune system, as long as it’s done correctly. Reducing too many calories and not having enough essential micro and macronutrients can lead to malnutrition and can compromise immune system function.

Being sick is not fun. And depending on what you have, your body will burn slightly more calories at rest, comparing to the normal state.

But this shouldn’t be the motivating factor to lose weight. When sick, you should focus on improving your strength by adding plenty of protein-rich foods, whole foods, and even some supplements, if necessary.

Michal Sieroslawski

Recent Posts


By Gabi Lubon

I travel down, far down that even the light may never find me. I take a pickaxe to stone and hit time and time again until rock breaks to reveal gems. I hit until a light pokes through, so far down where light does not exist but simply is.
The light is a being this far down, no longer defined by the universe. Soon the light ignites to make fire. A fire so hot it burns through rock and gems. A fire so bright it could have been created by the divine. This fire roars like it has the face of a lion but like the light, it is nonexistent. The fire is, it is a being unto itself.
I hold my hand out to the fire as it beckons me. I cup my fingers and drink the heavenly fire.
Soon I as well no longer exist, I am only but a thought, a beam of light cast from above. I do not breathe anymore, for I am everywhere and nowhere at the same moment.


January Is Glaucoma Awareness Month

Glaucoma is one of most misunderstood eye diseases that eye doctors treat. Most people have heard of glaucoma and know they don’t want to have it, but I’ve found that most of my patients aren’t really sure how it damages vision or how it gets treated. 2.7 million people in the United States have glaucoma and it is the second leading cause of blindness.

Certain types of glaucoma are painless, which gives the disease the dubious distinction of being called “the sneak thief of vision”. It is a disease that damages the optic nerve in the eye causing progressive loss of peripheral vision, and by the time someone notices that they have lost portions of their visual field it is too late, and that visual loss is irreversible. One of the variables that causes the optic nerve to sustain damage is elevated intraocular pressure. If the pressure in the eye is extremely high, the eye will be painful, but the majority of patients only have moderately elevated pressure and will not know it is high until it is detected on a routine eye exam. Factors that increase the risk of developing glaucoma include being African American, having a family history, hypothyroidism, being over 60, and previous eye trauma. Typically, the initial treatment modality is using eye drops that lower the intraocular pressure,  but more advanced or complicated cases may need laser or surgery.

A disease such as glaucoma is a perfect example of why everyone needs routine eye care, even if they have 20/20 vision, since evaluation of the optic nerve, peripheral vision, and eye pressure measurements in the office are key to preventing devastating and permanent vision loss.

How To Combat M.A.D.E. (Mask Associated Dry Eye)

Aside from staying home with minimal to no contact with the outside world, face masks, hand washing, and social distancing remain the key ways to slow and prevent the transmission of COVID-19. The most common complaint I hear from my patients relating to their eyes and the usage of masks has been foggy glasses, but an interesting study recently published by C.O.R.E. (Center For Ocular Research and Education) found an increase in dry eye and ocular irritation in people who wear masks for long periods of time. The reason for this has to do with the mechanics of mask wearing. When a mask is worn, especially when it is worn loosely, air flow from our breath is directed upwards towards our eyes and has the potential to cause the tear film to evaporate and cause dry eyes. This upwards flow of exhaled air  is also what causes glasses to fog.

So what do we do? The first thing is to make sure your mask fits really well over your nose. Patients have asked me how I function wearing a mask all day vis-a-vis the fogging and I show them that when I have my mask on I wear it high on my nose with the wire on top sealed in such a way that air is not constantly escaping from the top. Other ways to seal the mask are by using a cool adhesive called Nerdwax or actually taping the mask on top. If your eyes feel dry, use a high quality artificial tear 3-4 times a day and make sure you remember to blink!  Lastly, the use of digital devices also contributes to dry eyes so make sure you are taking breaks during the workday.

New Contact Lenses Prevent Sight From Worsening!

asphalt road between trees

When I was eight, my eye doctor prescribed glasses for me to see the blackboard. The truth was, my vision was so bad I should have worn glasses all the time, but my mother told me that wearing glasses would make my vision worse so I walked around in a blurry haze for ten years until I got my first pair of contact lenses. When my own daughter needed glasses at the age of six (bad genetics from her dad) I made sure she wore them all the time so she would not miss out on seeing the beautiful details in the world around her the way I did (love you mom). One thing that concerned me however was how quickly her prescription changed, sometimes every six months. Back then the idea of slowing the progression of nearsightedness was not even in its infancy and according to the conventional wisdom of the time I had her wear bifocals. Fast forward almost twenty years and controlling the progression of nearsightedness is now a reality.

There are a couple of options out there such as Ortho K (wearing hard lenses overnight to reshape the cornea), atropine eye drops, and soft multifocal lenses with specific parameters to help blur certain parts of the vision and attenuate others. Although these modalities are FDA approved, they are not necessary FDA approved for myopia (nearsightedness) control. A few days ago CooperVision announced that they came out with a daily disposable soft multifocal lens called MiSight  which is specifically approved by the FDA for myopia control. This is a very exciting addition to our arsenal of myopia control tactics and one that I believe will be embraced by both parents and eye care professionals alike due to its ease of use and availability. As soon as I get more information on the accessibility of the lens I will post a little more on how the technology works and who would be a good candidate for this treatment.

Don’t Blame The French Fries!

bowl of french fries

June = Cataract Awareness Month

pexels-photo-902194.jpegContrary to popular belief, a cataract is not an eye disease, rather it is a natural age related change to the lens of the eye which causes it to become opaque and difficult to see through. Generally cataracts are very slow growing and most commonly develop in people over the age of 55. Signs and symptoms can be subtle at first, ranging from blurry vision, glare from headlights, difficulty driving at night and frequent eyeglass prescription changes. Most people come into the office complaining that their glasses are not working when in reality they are experiencing blurred vision from cataracts.

So what exactly is a cataract? There is a part of the eye called the lens which is located behind the iris, the colored part of the eye and it functions to focus light on the retina. When we are young the lens is clear and flexible but as we age the lens becomes opaque or cloudy and consequently images on the retina become blurred. Cataracts can also form in patients with diabetes, smokers, and those on certain medications like steroids. There is no proven way to prevent cataracts but UV protection, smoking cessation and a healthy diet that includes antioxidants can help prevent their premature development.

pexels-photo-690887.jpegHow do we treat cataracts? When cataracts start to interfere with quality of life and ability to function, surgical removal of the cataract is indicated. The lens of the eye is removed and replaced with an artificial lens which greatly improves vision. The most common comment I get on the first day after the operation is how bright and beautiful colors look. As with any surgery there are risks, but we co-manage surgery with the best cataract surgeons in order to ensure the best possible outcomes.


fd2d_predator_prey, a MATLAB code which uses the finite difference method (FDM) to simulate a predator-prey system in two space dimensions and time, by Marcus Garvie.

The MATLAB code is mostly self explanatory, with the names of variables and parameters corresponding to the symbols used in the finite difference methods described in the paper.

The code employs the sparse matrix facilities of MATLAB when solving the linear systems, which provides advantages in both matrix storage and computation time. The code is vectorized to minimize the number of "for-loops" and conditional "if-then-else" statements, which again helps speed up the computations.

The linear systems are solved using MATLAB's built in function gmres(). The gmres() algorithm in MATLAB requires a number of input arguments. For our simulations we found it acceptable to use the default settings, e.g., no "restarts" of the iterative method or use of preconditioners, and a tolerance for the relative error of 1E-6. In practise, the user will need to experiment with the restart value, tolerance, and "maxit" (maximum number of outer iterations) in order to achieve satisfactory rates of convergence of the gmres.m function. For definitions of these input arguments (and others) see the description in MATLAB's Help pages. We remark that a pure C or FORTRAN code is likely to be faster than our codes, but with the disadvantage of much greater complexity and length.

The user is prompted for all the necessary parameters, time and space-steps, and initial data. Due to a limitation in MATLAB, vector indices cannot be equal to zero; thus the nodal indices 0,...,J are shifted up one unit to give 1,...,(J+1) so xi=(i-1)*h + a.

It is easy to have MATLAB draw a contour plot of either the predator or prey density at any time. By making a plot at every timestep, an animation can be constructed, which gives an intriguing experience of how the dynamics of the system can support stable spiral patterns which eventually dissolve into a sort of chaos.

The initial data is again entered by the user as a string, but now the functions depend on a grid of x and y values denoted by X and Y (as a common MATLAB convention, a variable name using capital letters indicates that the variable is a matrix). Functions are entered using the same element-by-element rules for the arithmetic operation as in the 1-D code.

An example with an acceptable format is the following:

        >> Enter initial prey function U0(X,Y)  0.2*exp(-(X.^2+Y.^2))
        >> Enter initial predator function V0(X,Y)  1.0
We can also define functions in a piecewise fashion. For example, with Omega=[-500,500]2, in order to choose an initial prey density of 0.2 within the circle with radius 10 and center (-50,200), and a density of 0.01 elsewhere on Omega we input the following:
        >> Enter initial predator function V0(X,Y)

fd2d_predator_prey is available in a FORTRAN90 version and a MATLAB version.

Related Data and codes:

fd_predator_prey, a MATLAB code which solves a pair of predator prey ODE's using a finite difference approximation.

fd1d_predator_prey, a MATLAB code which uses finite differences to solve a 1D predator prey problem.

Marcus Garvie

  1. Marcus Garvie,
    Finite-Difference Schemes for Reaction-Diffusion Equations Modeling Predator-Prey Interactions in MATLAB,
    Bulletin of Mathematical Biology,
    Volume 69, Number 3, 2007, pages 931-956.

Source Code:

Last revised on 16 January 2019.


LEMMING, Germany — A new trailer for “Lemming 2” has opened the doors to the United States, United Kingdom and France, as well as the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain and Brazil, the film’s producers announced.

Lemms are an alien race who live in a small cave on an alien planet called Lemma.

It was released in May, with an animated trailer following in July.

The movie, which stars Amy Poehler as Lemmings, has been praised for its science-fiction elements, and is set in the future when Lemming 2 is a leader in the search for aliens.


What time is golden hour in Singapore?

Time: Duration:
Golden Hour 18:47 – 19:14 27 min.
Sunset 19:14
Civil twilight 19:14 – 19:35 21 min.
Nautical twilight 19:35 – 20:00 24 min.

What time is golden hour?

What is the best time for golden hour?

The short window of time for the golden hour begins one hour after sunrise and before sunset (twice a day). The magic hour is the perfect combination of warm colors, softer light and lower angle of the sun.

What time is golden hour Gold Coast?

Gold Coast, Australia – Position of the sun in the sky on August 10, 2021

Time: Duration:
Sunrise 06:20
Golden Hour 06:20 – 06:52 31 min.
Zenith 11:51
Golden Hour 16:50 – 17:22 31 min.

How do you fake the golden hour?

The following are more detailed tips for your fake golden hour shoot.

  1. Choose whether you’ll shoot indoor or outdoor. You can shoot either inside or outside your house. …
  2. Use several flashes and gels. …
  3. Define the foreground using a weaker flash. …
  4. Make use of the window. …
  5. Use the right camera settings. …
  6. Use Adobe Lightroom.
FASCINATINGLY:  What is the black population in Vietnam?

How long after sunset can you take photos?

Here are some additional tips about this near-dark sort of photography: 1 Exposures will get long. Exposures of four to 10 seconds are common as you start shooting in these conditions and go up from there, so you need a sturdy tripod. Most digital cameras allow you to set an exposure of at least 15 to 30 seconds.

What is the best time to take pictures in the morning?

Photograph During Morning Golden Hour (aka Magic Hour)

The golden hour period is approximately between one half hour before sunrise, and one hour after sunrise. Golden hour is so named because early morning light is soft, and of course, golden!

What is the glowing hour?

It is that time of day when the sun is near the horizon, glowing, and just about to set. It is the hour as the sun rises and the hour as the sun sets. Before the sun rises/sets, it emits this hazy light that makes everything gorgeous. Most photographers agree that this time of day is THE best time to photograph.

Keep Calm and Travel


This Note focuses on the validity and wisdom of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s approach: the September 2014 Rule and accompanying Generic Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS), as well as their combined potential to significantly alter the trajectory of spent fuel storage and disposal in the United States. Part I will explain the relevant history helpful to understand the political battles and legal issues surrounding spent fuel disposal and the Yucca Mountain project. Parts II and III will analyze the implications of the new Continued Storage Rule and why it likely satisfies all applicable statutory requirements and judicial orders. Part IV will review industry and public reception of the new Rule and analyze the wisdom of its inception from a policy standpoint. Finally, Part V will conclude with suggestions about the trajectory of our nation’s long-term spent nuclear fuel storage and permanent disposal.

you may Download the file to your hard drive.


Rad Rides Podcast
Episode 20

TJ Hannah - Noticeably Unnoticed - 2000 Civic Si

Jason Zollars published on

Back in the 1950’s people predicted we would have fly cars in the year 2000, instead we got some of the best cars to come out of Japan that became instant classics. Atomic flying cars predicted are replaced with vehicles like the R34 Skyline, Lancer Evolution, RX-7 and Silvia S15. Honda in the mean time was releasing performance versions of their lineup for every budget. This was the first year of the S2000, the last year for the JDM Civic EK9 Type R, the “luxury” Integra Type R and the 2nd year for the USDM Honda Civic Si.


Soul Manifestation

Coast Guard Island

What Does it Really Mean to Embrace Your Yin and Yang?

Can we agree on a couple of things?

Putting your feet on the ground can connect you back to Environment as well as aid facility you. Once again, a truth.

Dark delicious chocolate is superior to milk delicious chocolate. Ehh … this could not be a truth depending upon your tastebuds, however we would certainly love to assume that it holds true considering all the health advantages.

This reality can be verified with anything.

Consider exactly how a plant grows: there’s the gorgeous growth that we see over ground, yet also delicately linked origins that expand underneath the ground.

Consider the sunlight and the moon: one burns vibrantly in the day time skies while the other illuminates our evening time.

There are both logical and psychological elements of your nature. You have actually left and appropriate sides of your brain. And also everyone has both manly and feminine powers.

Did you recognize that you also have a sunlight indication as well as a moon sign astrologically?

Getting to know both sides of yourself from a sensible and psychological perspective can aid you to understand just how to manifest the life that you really intend to live.

Take Advantage Of Logic Making Use Of Ancient Scientific Devices Like Astrology

This is a lot so that a selection of old cultures have actually used it’s logical reasoning to really calculate calendars, dictate substantial decisions when it involved battle technique, as well as also intended their crops around astrological days.

Not just do astrologists formulate graphes (similar to mathematical graphs), they likewise study particular elements and also transits that integrate degrees (these can resemble geometric angles that you might have examined in math course).

To become a skilled astrologer, you have to dedicate to both making use of scientific research as well as mathematics, yet likewise tap into your intuition!
Incorporating Psychological Knowledge To Unlock Your Spirit Path

That’s just not real.

Every person can get in touch with their intuition and should!

The emotions are indispensable to being familiar with on your own on a deeper, spiritual level. Actually, we would certainly presume as to claim that feelings are exactly how your heart speaks with you, however you have to train on your own to listen.

The emotions that most of us have accessibility to is really a guidance system. So it is very important to actually experience each feeling so that you can be directed to where you’re actually meant to be.

This is just how you use your instinct.

Yes, it’s great to really feel angry occasionally. Yes, it’s great to feel let down often. Yes, it’s great to feel unfortunate in some cases. Yes, it’s incredible to feel passionate, as well!

These are all legitimate feelings that provide proof and advice as to where your heart would certainly like you to go as well as where your spirit would certainly not like you to go.

When something makes you worried, that is your soul talking with you, warning you that perhaps that isn’t the course for you. While when something makes you thrilled and also full of energy, your heart is saying loudly, “YES!” as well as urging you to move forward.

Recognizing the feelings is a key enter entering your spiritual power and illuminating your soul path.
Exactly how To Utilize Both Reasoning as well as Feeling to Manifest the Life Your Heart Absolutely Desires

Astrology is one the earliest, most relied on devices that mankind has actually had the ability to use to recognize the spirit’s function by first assessing the Sunlight indication. The sunlight indicator is your personal zodiac sign that in fact describes your distinct characteristics and also also highlights your emotional triggers as well as exclamations.

Not only can you make use of a scientific tool that’s filled with logic, yet while exploring your individual astrology, you can additionally practice using your emotions.

How does the details offered to you make you really feel?

The answer is usually comforted and reenergized to manifest the life that your spirit is yearning for.

You’ll be surprised at what you can accomplish when you identify and recognize your complicated, twin nature.

The moment is currently!

Services in Coast Guard Island

Soul Manifestation


LifestyleRisk of death from heart attack even if the lungs are normal

Risk of death from heart attack even if the lungs are normal

1 of 1

London. According to a research presented at the European Respiratory Society International Congress, people who have normal lungs are also more likely to have sudden cardiac death (SCD). SCD is an unexpected death that occurs as a result of a sudden failure in the heart. Many people with SCD have no early warning signs. The researchers hope that their findings may help people at risk for SCD and prevent future deaths.

The team from Lund University in Sweden studied a group of 28,584 middle-aged people with no heart problems living in Malmö, Sweden, and followed them for 40 years.

They found that middle-aged people had, on average, lower lung function from suffering SCD (a 23 percent increase in risk) than a non-fatal coronary event (an 8 percent increase in risk) later in life. was more strongly related.

“Although sudden cardiac death is common, we don’t know enough about who is at risk in the general population,” said researcher Dr Sunila Jgham from the Department of Clinical Sciences at Lund University in Sweden. There are links between lung and heart health, so we wanted to investigate whether measurable differences in lung function could provide clues about risk.

“Our findings suggest that testing the lungs of people who are middle-aged and healthy may help detect those who are at higher risk of sudden cardiac death,” said Jegham. This allows people to take steps to reduce the risk of this catastrophic event.

Jigham said smoking is also known to affect both lung and heart health, although the pattern of risk persists even among people who have never smoked.

This study suggests a link between lung health and sudden cardiac death. It also shows a higher risk of fatal than non-fatal coronary events in people whose lung function is moderately low but still within normal limits.

That said, this is something we can measure fairly easily, which means lung function can be used as part of a screening tool.

The News Glory


ESB Professional/Shutterstock
CNN —

Several studies have already debunked the myth that boys are innately better at math than girls, but those are largely based on analysis of test scores.

Now, researchers also have brain imaging that proves young children use the same mechanisms and networks in the brain to solve math problems no matter their gender. The study was published Friday in the journal Science of Learning.

“We’d studied the behavior of young girls and boys on mathematics tests, and we’d observed that their performance was statistically equivalent; they were indistinguishable. They’d developed the same abilities at the same rates in early childhood,” says Jessica Cantlon, a professor of developmental neuroscience at Carnegie Mellon University and the study’s senior author. “But there was this lingering question of what’s going on under the hood? Is it the same neural mechanism that allows them to accomplish this equivalent behavior?”

To answer this question, Cantlon and her team got 104 kids between the ages of 3 and 10 to perform cognitive tests and watch videos of engaging math lessons while in an MRI scanner. It’s the first study to use neuroimaging to evaluate biological gender differences in the math aptitude of young children.

“When we do that in little girls, we see a particular network of the brain (respond), and when we do that same analysis in boys we see the exact same regions. You can overlay the network from girls on top of the network from boys and they are identical,” she added.

What Cantlon’s study doesn’t answer is why the belief that boys are stronger in STEM subjects than girls still persists. The stereotype is so pervasive that one research team even issued a consensus statement clarifying that “no single factor,” including biology, “has been shown to determine sex differences in science and math.”

Cantlon said she thinks society and culture are likely steering girls and young women away from math and STEM fields.

Previous studies show that families spend more time with young boys in play that involves spatial cognition, while teachers also preferentially spend more time with boys during math class, she said. Also, children often pick up on cues from their parent’s expectations for math abilities.


Secure your spot while tickets last!

Kanye West has reportedly put one of his Wyoming ranch properties on the market as it appears the rapper might be relocating elsewhere.

According to TMZWest’s ranch, located just outside of Cody, Wyoming, recently appeared on the property market listed at $11 million. West initially purchased the property, known as Monster Lake, for around $8 million before buying a second plot of land in the state for $14.5 million, according to the New York Post. The 4,500-acre Monster Lake property comes equipped with eight lodging units, two freshwater lakes, a restaurant, an event center, meeting facilities, and barns. The ranch is most notably known for being the birthplace of Kanye’s 2018 album Ye, and where he invited several artists, influencers, and members of the press to listen to the project for the first time.

The Wyoming property was also reportedly a topic of contention between West and estranged wife Kim Kardashian, who filed for a divorce with the rapper in February. West also recently spent $57.3 million on a 4,000-square-foot beach house in Malibu, California at the end of September.

Dirt reported that Kanye’s $57.3 million purchase was actually a steal because the house was first listed for $75 million last year. The rapper’s purchase is the second-highest number paid for a home in Malibu this year, following a $87 million transaction recorded in February. The house is also located about 30 minutes from West and Kardashian’s Hidden Hills compound, which the couple bought in 2014 for $20 million.


3 Effective Powerpoint Design Ideas

There are millions of jobs all over the world that require expertise in Powerpoint. However, learning how to design and deliver a high-quality presentation can be tricky, especially if you’ve never worked extensively with the software before. Not all high schools, colleges, or graduate schools appropriately emphasize the importance of hands-on skills with presentation programs, even amongst those focused on business.

If you find yourself falling behind or with a big presentation coming up that you’re not sure how to prepare for, it’s worth catching up on any skills you may have missed insofar as they relate to Powerpoint slides. Keep reading for a primer on three effective ideas for Powerpoint design that you can use in your next meeting.

1. Stick to the rule of three.

One of the most simple and effective PowerPoint design ideas is to stick to what’s known as the “rule of three”. You may have heard of it before, as it is applied to every industry from comedy to television writing to the business world. In essence, pairing things in groups of three has been shown to increase memorability and engagement with audiences. Even most movies utilize some version of the three-act structure.

In the context of a Powerpoint presentation, this can look like including three images per slide, highlighting three facts on an infographic, or simply dividing the design of a slide or image into even thirds. The “rule of three” is used widely in marketing, and there is even a scientific basis for its effectiveness, so it’s a good place to find inspiration if you have a presentation to build.

2. Put images on the left and text on the right.

If you haven’t heard of it before, it’s a good idea to research the picture superiority effect. The idea behind this theory is that photos are more memorable than words, so they should be prioritized when designing things like slides or infographics. It’s a good idea to ensure that any Powerpoint presentations you give offer more visuals than text, on balance. More visual images make it more likely that your audience will recall what you talked about in detail and that your message will be easily remembered.

Within Powerpoint, this can be achieved in a variety of ways. Sparse text with strong visual elements is a good idea for any slide. Slides that require more text can benefit from having an image present on the left of the slide and the text on the right, to allow most people to process the image first.

3. Avoid too much white space.

While it’s a good idea to make sure your presentation doesn’t look too busy, an abundance of white space can be equally distracting. Some people default to leaving a large amount of white space because of the belief that as a design choice it looks minimalist or clean. It’s important to balance avoiding clutter with presenting unique slides that offer visual interest to your audience. If your goal is to focus on content with a minimal amount of design, try to manage the amount of white space in your designs to avoid it being the dominant visual element.

Powerpoint can be easy to overlook, but mastering Powerpoint presentation design can be a useful skill to have on your résumé, no matter what position you’re interested in. Learning how to best present data via infographics in an engaging way is essential if your job involves education or business. Even for simple projects like communicating office policies or explaining a style guide, Powerpoint presentations can be the best and most efficient way to deliver your message.

Given the wide variety of applications that the software has and the difference that skill can make in your final product, it’s worthwhile to pay attention to Powerpoint. Investing time into learning top-tier slide design and presentation skills is likely to pay dividends both in your current job and in your future career.


Opening at Qualcomm

The candidate needs to be proficient in mix signal & power fundamentals

Skills needed:

·  Emulation environments for development and debug

·  Debugging low-level software and hardware issues

·  Implementing drivers and test content

·  Debug tools including JTAG and kernel debuggers

·  CPU and SoC architectures

·  Basic understanding of power and performance

·  Experience programming in C

·  Experience with post-silicon enabling and bring-up

·  Understanding of coherency and concurrency in modern SoC architectures

·  Validation and debug of mixed analog and digital circuits

·  Experience with at least one of Perl, Python, TCL, C++, or Java

Please forward your resume to  with the title of the position and all the classes related to the position.


News and Updates

Sankat Mochan Hanuman Ashtak Listen Daily

A Brief History of Modern India

This book brings together various aspects of the turbulent period (from arrival of the Europeans on Indian soil and the establishment of British rule in India to the day India won independence and the early years of freedom) in a systematic and succinct manner: major and important details and milestones are effectively discussed while several relevant but little known details are also highlighted.It is not just the mainstream freedom struggle that has been considered; the disparate efforts—small but significant— of several groups have also been discussed. The political and socio-economic developments that have influenced the growth of modern India have been dealt with in independent chapters.


Austen, Jane (1775–1817)

views updated

Austen, Jane (1775–1817)

British novelist whose domestic satires of 19th-century British gentry with their witty and astute depictions of human nature are literary classics, which continue in print and in film, enthralling modern readers. Name variations: Jennie. Pronunciation: AWsten. Born Jane Austen on December 16, 1775, in the village of Steventon, England; died on July 18, 1817, in Winchester, England, probably of Addison's disease; daughter of George Austen (a cleric) and Cassandra (Leigh) Austen; attended boarding school for girls in Oxford, then Southampton, run by Ann Cooper Cawley , 1783, and the Abbey School in Reading, 1784–1786; never married; no children.

Lived with her family in Steventon (1775–1801), Bath (1801–06), Southampton (1801–09), Chawton (1809–1817); shortly before her death moved to Winchester for medical care; published her first novel (1811).

Selected writings:

Sense and Sensibility (1811); Pride and Prejudice (1813); Mansfield Park (1814); Emma (1815); Northanger Abbey and Persuasion (1818); Lady Susan and the Watsons (1882); Love & Freindship [sic] and other Early Works (1922); Fragment of a Novel Written by Jane Austen January-March 1817 (Sanditon, 1925); Plan of a Novel according to Hints from Various Quarters (1926); Volume the First (juvenilia, 1933); Volume the Third (juvenilia, 1951); Volume the Second (juvenilia, 1963).

On Thursday morning, July 24, 1817, Jane Austen was buried in the center of the north aisle of her beloved Winchester Cathedral in a private ceremony held early to avoid disrupting the 10 o'clock services. As custom dictated, only men were in attendance—three brothers and a nephew. Jane's sister and lifelong companion Cassandra remained behind in the lodging they had shared. Earlier she had watched the mournful procession from an upper-story window, "I watched … the length of the street; and when it turned from my sight … I had lost her for ever." Jane Austen was 41.

The words that the Austen family caused to be inscribed on the tomb's black marble slab paid tribute to the "benevolence of her heart" and "the sweetness of her temper." Ignored were her authorship and her caustic wit. The novels were published anonymously during Jane's life-time—the frontispieces bore the coy attribution "By a Lady." And yet, the steady growth of Jane Austen's fame, the continued reissue of her novels to this day, and the durable appeal of her understated humor and her light satire of the 19th-century English gentry attest to the wisdom in Edmund Wilson's remark that only Shake-speare's and Jane Austen's reputations prove impervious to changes in taste and literary fashion.

Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775, in the village of Steventon, Hampshire. The seventh of eight children, the younger of two daughters, she grew up among the parsons and squires, naval and army officers, Oxford and Cambridge fellows whom she would later satirize with gentle humor in her novels. Her father, George Austen, a conventional 18th-century cleric-scholar, had attended St. Johns, Oxford, where he later became a fellow. In 1764, he married Cassandra Leigh , the youngest daughter of Rev. Thomas Leigh, Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. His bride boasted aristocratic relatives in the Leighs of Stoneleigh Abbey, Warwickshire; she was also the niece of Theophilius Leigh, master of Balliol for more than a half-century. By the time of their marriage George Austen was himself comfortably situated, thanks to the generosity of two kinsmen. He was given the living of Steventon (the revenue from the church) by Thomas Knight, a wealthy landowner whose son would later adopt George Austen's third son, Edward, as his heir; his uncle, Francis Austen, a wealthy solicitor who had provided for George Austen after he was orphaned at age nine, had given him the living of Deane. These revenues combined with the monies from farming some of his land and tutoring private pupils resulted in a respectable annual income of £600.

The Steventon rectory would be Jane's home for the next 25 years. During her childhood, the seven-bedroom parsonage was home for the seven children—the second son, George, suffered from some sort of handicap and lived elsewhere—and her father's private pupils. Of necessity, Jane shared a bedroom with her sister Cassandra, a practice they continued for most of their lives. And room was always found for visiting relatives—among them the family of Mrs.

Austen's sister, the Coopers, and George Austen's sister, Philadelphia Hancock , and her daughter Eliza . Eliza had grown up in French society and married a French noble in 1781 when Jane was six. In 1794 during the French Revolution, he was guillotined; Eliza would later (in 1797) marry Jane's brother Henry. She must have fascinated a young Jane growing up in a small English village.

Jane Austen's formal education was brief, desultory, and, at one point, almost fatal. In 1783, Jane, her sister Cassandra, and their cousin, another Jane (Cooper) , were sent to a girls' boarding school in Oxford run by Mrs. Cawley, a family connection. Although Jane was rather young to be sent away to school—she was only seven—her emotional ties to Cassandra were so strong that Mrs. Austen decided not to separate them. She once remarked that if Cassandra were going to have her head cut off, Jane would insist on sharing her fate. Shortly after the girls were enrolled, the school was moved to Southampton; there all three girls came down with "putrid fever" (probably either diphtheria or typhoid). For some reason, Cawley neglected to inform the girls' parents; however, after an already homesick Jane Cooper managed to get a letter to her mother, Mrs. Austen's sister, the two women descended on the school and removed their daughters. Jane Austen was very ill and almost died; her aunt, Mrs. Cooper, caught the infection from her daughter and died of it.

Next—1785—Jane and Cassandra were sent to a girls' boarding school in Reading called the Abbey because it was built on the ruins of a medieval monastery. While less dangerous to the girls' health, it was educationally ineffectual. Mrs. Latournelle , who ran the school, was memorable mostly for her cork leg. Supervision was lax and lessons were casual. The girls spent much of their time gossiping in the gardens. In 1787, George Austen decided to bring his daughters home. By then, his son James was at Oxford and Frank was at the Naval Academy in Portsmouth; Edward, already adopted by the Knights, was on the Grand Tour. Only two boys, Henry and Charles, continued to live at home. (Henry would soon join James at Oxford; in about four years Charles would leave for the Naval Academy.) Jane and Cassandra continued to share a bedroom but were now given an adjacent room as a combination sitting and dressing room. Here Jane wrote her first short pieces of fiction.

Though what passed for Jane's formal education was over by the time she was 11 years old, her intellectual horizon was considerably broader than that of most women of her social class. The usual emphasis was on acquiring the traditional female accomplishments of drawing, music, and needlework—with perhaps smatterings of foreign languages. Jane knew French along with some Italian. She enjoyed the piano and played it throughout her life, but shared neither Cassandra's passion for, nor ability in, drawing and watercolor. (The only authenticated portrait we have of Jane is a sketch by Cassandra.) But her education, which was completed at home, went beyond the norm. Following her brothers' reading suggestions, she read widely in history and in both classical and contemporary literature in her father's library, which contained 500 volumes in 1801. Perhaps more important for her subsequent development as a novelist, the Austens also subscribed to local circulating libraries, from which they frequently obtained the most recent novels. They obviously did not share the contemporary notion that novels would exert undesirable influences on the imaginations of susceptible young ladies. According to Jane, the Austens were "great novel readers, and not ashamed of being so." Indeed, the Austens often read aloud to each other; George Austen was supposed to have had an especially pleasing voice. They also staged their own amateur theatricals in a barn during the summer, moving into the dining room during the winter months.

The Austens were of consequence in local society, not only because George Austen was the parson, but also because he was regarded as the social representative of his kinsman Thomas Knight, who, though the chief landowner of the district, lived elsewhere. After Jane's coming out when she turned 16, she attended the usual social events—dinners, dances, musical evenings. During the winter, formal dances were held once each month at the Basingstoke Assembly Rooms; informal dances were often held at friends' homes with the music provided by one of their number playing the piano. She often visited friends and relatives in London, Bath, and Southampton, where she attended plays and dinners. As her brothers married and had children, she enjoyed the company of a growing number of nieces and nephews during her visits.

That neither Jane nor Cassandra married was in part the result of circumstance. Thomas Craven Fowle, to whom Cassandra was engaged in 1795, died of yellow fever in 1797 while serving as a military chaplain in the West Indies. He left his bereaved fiancée a legacy of £1,000. Jane had several suitors, including a flirtation in 1796 with Tom Lefroy, a future chief justice of Ireland, who recalled in his old age his "boyish love" for Jane. Their flirtation ended when his aunt and Jane's good friend, Mrs. Anna Lefroy , recognized that her impoverished nephew was in no financial position to marry and cut his visit short in order to prevent any more "mischief" between the two.

It was during Jane's late teenage years that the fiction writing in which she had been indulging in her sitting room began to show signs of her later remarkable talent. By 1793 or 1794, the short stories and comedies that she wrote for the family's amusement had evolved into a short epistolary novel called Lady Susan. Early versions of her later novels followed—Eleanor and Marianne (later Sense and Sensibility) and First Impressions (later Pride and Prejudice). We may assume that George Austen was not unaware of his daughter's talent; in November 1797, he offered First Impressions to the publisher Cadell, who rejected the manuscript without having read it. By then Jane was at work on Susan (Northanger Abbey), which she completed no later than 1799.

In 1800, Jane returned from a stay with friends in Ibthrop to learn from her mother that George Austen, who was almost 70 years old, had decided to retire to Bath and turn over the Steventon rectory to his eldest son, James. That Jane responded to the news by fainting suggests that neither she nor Cassandra, the only children still living at home, had been told that their father was contemplating uprooting them from the only world either of the young women had ever known. Naturally, as dependent daughters, they had no choice in the matter. Jane's initial dislike of Bath only increased following the family's relocation. Even so, she cannot be said to have led a solitary life. She took part in Bath society and continued her occasional visits to relatives and friends. During a family seaside holiday in either 1801 or 1802, Jane met a somewhat mysterious suitor, who, according to stories passed down in the family, fell in love with Jane and promised to visit the family in Bath. The attraction seems to have been mutual, and even Cassandra appears to have approved. But instead of the stranger's visit, Jane soon received word of his death. Around that same time, on an evening in 1802, Jane received and accepted a marriage proposal from Harry Biggs Withers, whose sisters were friends of Jane and Cassandra. Biggs Withers was his family's heir and was about to become a cleric. Although at 21 he was six years younger than Jane, she accepted his proposal. The next morning, however, she announced that she had changed her mind. The two Austen sisters prevailed upon their brother James to escort them back to Bath immediately, thus escaping a socially embarrassing situation.

The abortive sale of Susan (later Northanger Abbey) in 1803 to the publisher Richard Crosby for the sum of £10—he advertised the novel but then did not publish it—and Jane's inability to complete The Watsons, which she began in 1804 and abandoned in 1805, marked the end of Jane Austen's early productive phase and the onset of an extended period of literary inactivity. She was entering a difficult time in her life. Condemned to live in a town she increasingly disliked, surely disillusioned at being deprived of the satisfaction of her novel's publication, she was soon rocked by tragedy among her friends and family. In December 1804, she learned that her dear friend, Anna Lefroy, had died as the result of a fall from a horse. A month later, in January 1805, her father died. The emotional blow of George Austen's death was compounded by the severe financial hardship that it brought in its wake. Deprived of his income, Mrs. Austen and her daughters had only the £210 deriving from Mrs. Austen's annuity and the interest on Cassandra's legacy from Tom Fowle to support them. Severely straitened circumstances were avoided only because Jane's brothers agreed to contribute specific yearly amounts and thus raise Mrs. Austen's annual income to roughly £450. In April, Martha Lloyd , an old friend of the family and their brother James' sister-in-law, moved in with them. She brought her own small income. Even so, in 1806, the women moved to Southampton in order to share first lodgings and then a house with Jane's brother Frank and his new bride. Although Jane considered the move from Bath a "happy escape," as she later wrote Cassandra, they still lacked a permanent home. That source of insecurity ended only in 1809, when Jane's brother Edward offered them a six-bedroom "cottage," in the village of Chawton in Hampshire, which was only about a mile from Edward's Hampshire estate and near Steventon, where brother James now served as the local rector.

She sat musing on the difference of woman's destiny.

—From Jane Austen's Emma

Jane Austen had written nothing since putting aside The Watsons in 1805, but now, with the return to familiar surroundings and the small country society of family and friends, she picked up her pen again. In the general sitting room, where, according to her nephew, a creaking door warned her of imminent intrusion, she began revising manuscripts that she had laid aside a decade before. Of Eleanor and Marianne she made Sense and Sensibility; First Impressions became Pride and Prejudice. Sense and Sensibility, which she published anonymously at her own expense in November 1811, was an immediate success. After completing the revision of Pride and Prejudice, Jane began working on

Mansfield Park in 1812. Pride and Prejudice appeared in January 1813, and second printings of both Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice were issued later in that same year. She received, however, no additional income from the second edition of Pride and Prejudice—she had sold it outright for £110. Mansfield Park, which appeared in 1814, sold out in six months. By then Jane was already at work on Emma, which came out in December 1815.

Despite the success of her novels (only the second edition of Mansfield Park in 1816 showed disappointing sales), Jane Austen receive little money and less fame as a result of her fiction. She made £150 from Sense and Sensibility in 1811; from her later novels, she realized a total of £700. As for her anonymity, the customs of the time, to which Jane Austen firmly adhered, prescribed that ladies of good breeding shun the limelight. It was not until 1813 that word of her authorship spread beyond the family circle, and even then only a few knew to whom the attribution "By a Lady" actually referred. One, interestingly enough, was an ardent fan: the prince regent, later George IV, kept a set of her novels at each of his houses. At his request—in regal terms, he granted her permission—Emma was dedicated to him. The larger reading public would only come to know the author's name after her death, when her brother Henry, who supervised the posthumous publication of Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, appended a biographical note identifying Jane Austen as the author of these and previous novels.

By 1816, Jane was seriously ill. Even so, in August she managed to finish Persuasion, which she had begun a year earlier. In that same year, through the emissary of her brother Henry, she bought back the rights to Susan and revised it under a new title, Northanger Abbey. In January 1817, she began Sanditon but abandoned it in March; she grew increasingly weak as her health declined. Diagnosed as suffering from "bile," she probably had Addison's disease, which, at that time, was fatal. In May 1817, at the suggestion of her doctor, she moved to Winchester to be near a surgeon named Lyford who enjoyed considerable reputation. There, in lodgings in College Street,

nursed by her sister Cassandra and attended by her brothers, James and Henry, she died on July 18, 1817, at age 41. Six days later, she was interred in her beloved Winchester Cathedral.

Austen, Jane. Jane Austen's Letters to her sister Cassandra and Others. Collected and edited by R.W. Chapman. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.

Austen-Leigh, James Edward. Memoir of Jane Austen. Introduction, Notes, & Index by R.W. Chapman. 1870 (available in many editions).

Cecil, David. A Portrait of Jane Austen. NY: Hill and Wang, 1978.

Halperin, John. The Life of Jane Austen. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.

Laski, Marghanita. Jane Austen and her World. NY: The Viking Press, 1969.

suggested reading:

Austen, Jane. My Dear Cassandra: The Letters of Jane Austen. Edited by Penelope Hughes-Hallett. NY: Clarkson Potter, 1991.

Nokes, David. Jane Austen: A Life. NY: Farrar, Straus, 1997.

Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. NY: Knopf, 1997.

Tucker, George Holbert. Jane Austen, the Woman. Some Biographical Insights. NY: St. Martin's Press, c. 1994.

related media—a selection:

"Emma" (sound recording; 205 min), performed by Anna Massey , abridged by Ursula Wood , Norton, distributed by Audio-Forum, 1979.

Clueless, starring Alicia Silverstone , a movie freely adapted from Emma, 1995.

Emma, starring Gwyneth Paltrow , by writer-director Douglas McGrath, 1996.

"Mansfield Park" (VHS; 261 min), BBC Video, 1987.

"Persuasion" (sound recording; 260 min), performed by Alison Fiske, abridged by Donald Bancroft, Norton, distributed by Audio-Forum, 1979.

Persuasion, movie starring Amanda Root and Susan Fleetwood, directed by Roger Michell, 1995.

Pride and Prejudice, starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier, screenplay by Aldous Huxley, directed by Robert Z. Leonard, Loew's, 1940.

"Pride and Prejudice" (sound recording; 57 min), read by Claire Bloom, 1958.

"Pride and Prejudice, or, First Impressions" (VHS; 226 min), BBC production, starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul, directed by Cyril Coke, 1985.

"Pride and Prejudice" (6 hour) BBC production, starring Jennifer Ehle ; adapted by Andrew Davies and directed by Simon Langton, 1996.

"Sense and Sensibility" (VHS; close captioned; 174 min), starring Irene Richard and Tracey Childs, BBC Video, CBS/Fox Video, 1987.

"Sense and Sensibility" (sound recording; 56 min); read by Claire Bloom, 1979.

Sense and Sensibility, movie starring and adapted by Emma Thompson , Alan Rickman, and Kate Winslet, directed by Ang Lee, produced by Columbia Pictures, 1995.

Early editions, miscellaneous and collateral materials including translations, critical studies, works by Jane Austen's contemporaries, background literature about her life and times, and audiovisual representations located in the Henry and Alberta Hirshheimer Burke Collection, Goucher College, Baltimore, Maryland.

Letters and manuscripts, Pierpoint Morgan Library, New York.

Carole Shelton , Adjunct Professor of History, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee

About this article

Austen, Jane (1775–1817)

Updated About content Print Article


isc cissp

Share ISC CISSP exam questions and answers from Lead4Pass latest updated CISSP dumps free of charge.
Get the latest uploaded CISSP dumps pdf from google driver online. To get the full ISC CISSP dumps PDF or dumps
VCE visit: (Q&As: 1092). all ISC CISSP exam questions have been updated, the answer has been corrected! Make sure your exam questions are real and effective to help you pass your first exam!

Table Of Content:

  1. ISC CISSP Dumps Pdf
  2. ISC CISSP Exam Questions
  3. ISC Discount Code 2021

[ISC CISSP Dumps pdf] Latest ISC CISSP Dumps PDF collected by Lead4pass Google Drive:

Latest Updated ISC CISSP Exam Questions and Answers Online Test

Mandatory Access Controls (MAC) are based on:
A. security classification and security clearance
B. data segmentation and data classification
C. data labels and user access permissions
D. user roles and data encryption
Correct Answer: A

Which of the following BEST describles a protection profile (PP)?
A. A document that expresses an implementation independent set of security requirements for an Information
Technology (IT) product that meets specific consumer needs.
B. A document that expresses an implementation dependent set of security retirements which contains only the security
functional requirements.
C. A document that represents evaluated products where there is a one-to-one correspondence between a PP and a
Security Target (ST).
D. A document that is used to develop an Information Technology (IT) security product from Its security requirements
Correct Answer: A

Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)?
A. The likelihood and impact of a vulnerability
B. Application interface entry and endpoints
C. Countermeasures and mitigations for vulnerabilities
Correct Answer: D

Functional security testing is MOST critical during which phese of the system development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
A. Acquisition / Development
B. Operations / Maintenance
C. Implementation
D. Initiation
Correct Answer: C

Which of the following attributes could be used to describe a protection mechanism of an open design methodology?
A. lt must be tamperproof to protect it from malicious attacks.
B. It can facilitate independent confirmation of the design security.
C. It can facilitate black box penetration testing.
D. It exposes the design to vulnerabilities and malicious attacks.
Correct Answer: A

What is the MOST important step during forensic analysis when trying to learn the purpose of an unknown application?
A. Disable all unnecessary services
B. Ensure chain of custody
C. Prepare another backup of the system
D. Isolate the system from the network
Correct Answer: D

An organization has discovered that users are visiting unauthorized websites using anonymous proxies.
Which of the following is the BEST way to prevent future occurrences?
A. Remove the anonymity from the proxy
B. Analyze Internet Protocol (IP) traffic for proxy requests
C. Disable the proxy server on the firewall
D. Block the Internet Protocol (IP) address of known anonymous proxies
Correct Answer: C

Which of the following processes is used to align security controls with business functions?
A. Data mapping
B. Standards selection
C. Scoping
D. Tailoring
Correct Answer: B

Functional security testing is MOST critical during which phase of the system development life cycle (SDLC)?
A. Operations / Maintenance
B. Implementation
C. Acquisition / Development
D. Initiation
Correct Answer: B

Network-based logging has which advantage over host-based logging when reviewing malicious activity about a victim
A. Addresses and protocols of network-based logs are analyzed.
B. Host-based system logging has files stored in multiple locations.
C. Properly handled network-based logs may be more reliable and valid.
D. Network-based systems cannot capture users logging into the console.
Correct Answer: A

In Disaster Recovery (DR) and Business Continuity (DC) training, which BEST describes a functional drill?
A. a functional evacuation of personnel
B. a specific test by response teams of individual emergency response functions
C. an activation of the backup site
D. a full-scale simulation of an emergency and the subsequent response functions.
Correct Answer: D

Which of the following steps should be performed FIRST when purchasing Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS)
A. undergo a security assessment as part of authorization process
B. establish a risk management strategy
C. harden the hosting server, and perform hosting and application vulnerability scans
D. establish policies and procedures on system and services acquisition
Correct Answer: D

Which of the following operates at the Network Layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model?
A. Packet filtering
B. Port services filtering
C. Content filtering
D. Application access control
Correct Answer: A

Lead4Pass ISC Discount Code 2021

The latest ISC exam discount code for 2021. lead4pass is valid throughout the year.
Select the purchased test questions and enter the discount code in the “Promotion Code:” input box to enjoy a 15% discount!

isc discount code

For the full ISC CISSP exam dumps from Lead4pass CISSP Dumps pdf or Dumps VCE visit: (Q&As: 1092 dumps)

Get free ISC CISSP dumps PDF online:


More From Forbes

Edit Story

How CMOs Can Gain Command Of The Customer Experience

Forbes Communications Council

Celia Fleischaker is CMO at Verint, overseeing the company’s global marketing, customer experience program and sales enablement.

While pandemic disruption continues to present a myriad of challenges, there are also many opportunities — including the opportunity to become laser-focused on improving the customer experience to leapfrog over competitors. Though dramatic swings in customer behaviors and trends can make it difficult for companies to determine what will stick moving forward, the increased use of digital channels is bound to continue.

The chief marketing officer (CMO) helps drive the customer experience, and much like shifting customer dynamics and journeys, the role of the CMO is also undergoing a transformation given the customer engagement imperative.

In the 2021 CMO Survey, which surveyed nearly 3,000 top U.S. marketers, 72.2% said that the role of marketing (which is fundamental to managing customers, among other business growth ventures) increased in importance during the last year. Likewise, marketers in the survey reported that customer experience (in addition to product quality and a trusting relationship) was most important to their customers; over one-third of marketers rated it as their customers’ key priority.

However, company resources aren’t necessarily changing to meet these new imperatives. Digital channels remain the primary touchpoints for many customers, which means CMOs should stay committed to making critical moves to optimize digital experiences. My company’s 2021 Engagement Capacity Gap Study — which surveyed 2,281 business leaders from around the world in 2020 — found that although interactions and channel growth are way up, so too are customer expectations — and there is an engagement capacity gap that puts pressure on customer experience, particularly in the digital realm.

It’s important for today’s CMO to champion the critical role digital experience plays in a company’s overall customer experience strategy. When it comes to shaping the future of customer experience, CMOs should adopt a “boundless” approach to understanding and improving experiences across the entire enterprise — including the digital realm — so companies can thrive in the engagement economy.

As the CMO of a company that offers a customer engagement platform that leverages AI and analytics, here are four tactics boundless CMOs can use to gain more command of customer experience initiatives.

Leveraging Digital Behavior Analytics

The pandemic redirected consumers online like never before. Still, I’ve found that many want to continue their online conversation with a customer service rep on the phone or in-store. However, as more customers use digital channels, CMOs have a tremendous opportunity to learn from behavioral data to improve the digital experience.

At a basic level, you can learn a lot from website visitor analytics. Where are they coming from? What pages are they visiting, and how long are they staying? CMOs should go beyond traditional metrics to understand specific consumer behavior and retrace their steps for maximum marketing effectiveness and success. The same applies to content consumption and performance metrics. What content is most viewed and downloaded, and what content drives more leads and conversions? In addition, the boundless CMO can use data like this to pinpoint where the customer is struggling and make immediate changes to improve the customer experience.

Breaking Down Data Silos

In our study, an overwhelming majority (79%) of business leaders said that having a single view of customer engagement activities and overcoming data silos is a top concern. Today, many organizations have invested in analytics, but if data silos still exist, analytics efforts could be hampered. By aggregating customer experience data across the enterprise, the boundless CMO can quickly isolate where customers are experiencing challenges, drill down to understand customer feedback, listen to customer interactions for more profound context and respond to customer feedback in real time.

Establishing a matrixed CX team with the right mix of different organizational functions to share data and findings is a significant first step toward breaking down data silos. For example, CMOs can use a phased approach that starts with sales and marketing collaboration and later adds customer service. It’s also ideal to choose a single customer engagement platform for collaboration or ensure the platforms you use include strong integrations so you can leverage unified data from all areas of the business that engage with customers.

Adopting Best Practices And Benchmarking

It’s important to listen deeply to customers to inform action and drive strategic improvements based on trends in industries and amongst peers. Gather customer, industry and peer leadership insights to help you understand overall trends and prioritize strategic actions that will drive maximum positive impact on the bottom line.

Championing The Use Of AI

When we asked business leaders to gauge their level of preparedness to support customer engagement priorities in the future, 94% reported understanding and acting on rapidly changing customer behaviors as a top concern. Inadequate preparedness and a lack of resources can overwhelm many enterprise leaders, which means that many have high hopes for AI. AI can enable companies to deliver differentiated experiences and optimize the human touch at scale. However, it’s important to keep in mind that AI is most impactful when you have large amounts of data available for generating insights and actions. CMOs can use AI to map the customer journey in order to determine their current state and desired future state. As part of that customer mapping, CMOs should work to understand where knowledge gaps exist and where AI and automation can best help improve and shape the customer journey so they can apply it to the right use cases.

Boundless Customer Engagement

A gap exists between what organizations know they need to do and the resources they have to work with to meet rising customer expectations. Today, CMOs are expected to “see” across the entire enterprise to understand and improve the customer experience beyond the digital realm. The boundless CMO is strategic and looks at experiences holistically. By taking the steps above, the boundless CMO can take the opportunity to optimize customer engagement, improve customer experience and close the engagement gap.

Follow me on Twitter or LinkedInCheck out my website

Celia Fleischaker is CMO at Verint, overseeing the company's global marketing, customer experience program and sales enablement. Read Celia Fleischaker's full executive


Why fixed deposits are likely to give better returns after RBI’s rate hike

The recent hike in the repo rate by the RBI has given a good reason to smile to the people who invest in fixed deposits. The central bank increased the repo rate by 0.25% from 6% to 6.25% in its second bi-monthly meet of the Monetary Policy Committee on June 6. This move comes after a gap of more than 4 years when the central bank last raised the repo rate. Many banks of late have raised their deposit rates. With the RBI’s hike, the trend of rising interest rate has been formally established. More banks are likely to follow suit and hike their FD rates further.

The yield of 10-year bond, a good indicator of the direction of long-term interest rate in the economy, went up from 7.834% on June 5 to 7.917% on June 6 after the RBI announcement. It continued its upward movement on Thursday and is standing around 7.975% at the time of reporting. However, there was a contrary movement on short-term interest rates as it faced a marginal decline. The weighted average call money rate, which is a good indicator of short-term liquidity and interest rate in the economy, came down to 5.88% on June 6 from 5.89% recorded on the previous day.

This hike is unlikely to push the short-term interest rate. A greater impact will be on long term interest rates. “Besides increasing the repo rate the RBI also relaxed the LCR (Liquidity Coverage Ratio) for the banks. The central bank has now allowed 2% additional securities of the banks to be counted as SLR. This means that banks will now have extra liquidity to lend to the customers. Therefore, while the long term rates have gone up the short term rates have actually eased after the policy.” says Mahendra Jajoo, Head-Fixed Income, Mirae Asset Global Investments (India).

However, if the global economic condition remains somewhat similar and if the crude oil price does not cool down significantly in the near future, the FD rates in India may rise marginally. “Lending is not happening for the banks at great pace as they are dealing with NPA issues. So, the banks will not be in a huge rush to increase the fixed deposit rates. As the RBI stance has also been neutral so I think the banks will increase the FD rate maximum by 25 basis points in next 3 months.” adds Jajoo.

At present the highest interest rates on FDs of 5-years tenure offered by banks in India have been in the range of 7% – 7.35%. Whenever the central bank raises the rates there is higher level of transmission of the hike in overall banking system as banks raise their interest rates both for lending and deposits, while the contrary may not be always true when the RBI cuts the rates. Hence, we may see higher transmission in the current scenario and interest rate of FDs with long term tenure may reach in the range of 7.25%-7.5% within next 3-6 months.

This would bring cheer to senior citizens who primarily depend on fixed deposits to meet their regular income requirements. Since many banks offer a 0.25-0.5% higher interest rate to senior citizens so they can expect the FD interest rate to touch the 8% level after a long gap.

There are many factors including higher crude oil prices, higher interest rate in US, rising domestic inflation which have led to the RBI decision. With primary objective of keeping retail inflation around 4% the RBI has increased the repo rate for sucking some liquidity from the system and cooling down the retail inflation. Going forward if the crude oil price cools down significantly and monsoon goes normal as predicted by Meteorological Department (IMD) we may see a stagnation of the interest rate or even a minor reversal.

Source: BT

You might also like


How Multi-Factor Authentication Increases Your Defense Against Cyber Crime

If you’ve found yourself prompted for a second form of authentication when you log into a website or an app, you’ve experienced the wonders of multi-factor authentication (MFA). Adding it to your arsenal of cybersecurity protections can vastly improve your chances of keeping cybercriminals from accessing personal data or taking control of your Chicagoland company’s systems.

What’s Your Cybersecurity Insurance Credit Score?

Insurance underwriters, as well as banking and financial institutions, extensively use credit ratings to estimate and manage risks. The higher your credit score, the lower your insurance and loan interest rates. With cybersecurity breaches and hacks at an all-time high, it is no surprise that insurance companies are now creating assessments to help them analyze the cyber risks of potential clients.


2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11

In this post, I’m elaborating on a useful metaphor I used in my last post. Simply put, it’s this: “Practicing is Editing”

FIlm editors, as far as I can surmise, put a lot of careful work and thought into transitions and connections. Every moment needs to connect flawlessly and effectively to the next.

On the classical guitar, you need to spend a lot of time connecting the parts of your piece together. This is a very specific mode of practicing that you need to enter quite often: I like to call it “working on connections,” or just “connecting.”

As you are playing through your rough draft, start out with getting smaller snippets–musical phrases—into focus. Then work to connect the smaller phrases into larger sections. Look, listen, and feel for places that don’t sound like you want them to sound—glitches, slips, mistakes. The ones you notice are the connections that you need to fix.

Don’t just go back and play them once or twice and convince yourself that you’ve dealt with them.  In this mode of practicing, you are not allowed to gloss over something if you notice it.

Here’s a key piece about how to effectively fix these mistakes and turn them into solid connections:

Be sure you go back far enough.

Mistakes have their seeds before they actually fully blossom. Your brain is always looking a bit ahead of itself, aiming forward, as it were, when you play. If you miss a shift, or play a wrong note or go to the wrong chord, there will inevitably be a place somewhere before that..a few notes earlier, a measure earlier, or so….where your brain starts to trun in the wrong direction. Often there will be a fingering, or a thought, or a fear, that is preparing the way for the mistake, and “causing” it.

  • Helpful Hint: for a lot of mistakes, you’ll notice that as your body anticipates a difficulty it starts to tighten up in fear.  You might get a feeling in your gut or your chest, a sort of “oh no, hear it comes.” Where does this happen in the piece? That’s a good place to look for the seed of the mistake, and ultimately, you’ll find that fear point relaxing itself and you’ll know you’ve got this one handled.

So every time you want to fix a mistake you need to go back far enough to really fix it, usually a bit further than you think you need to go back, and make sure the seed of the mistake has been dealt with as well.

To Summarize:

  1. “Working on Connections” is an important practicing mode
  2. When you’re in this mode, stop soon after you notice a mistake that you want to fix
  3. Go back a few seconds and find where the “seed” of the mistake is
  4. Figure out what to do to fix it by playing through it several times: Ask questions like: “how does this feel?” ” “what’s going on here?” “what’s causing this?”
  5. Plant a new seed: change the fingering,  change your intent, play it slowly enough that the mistake doesn’t happen, relax from your fear or tension
  6. Repeat this new connection until somehting “clicks.” Until you feel a little “aha,” a surge of “that’s it!” energy. Then repeat it again if this feels right.
  7. Don’t overdo it. Trust your brain’s ability to create these kinds of connections. It gets pleasure out of overcoming difficulties, solving puzzles, and that pleasure is a sign that it’s learning to do something in a new way. Relax and move on to the next splice.

Do you have any questions about playing classical guitar that you’d like answered?


chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbɚ/ noun
plural chambers
plural chambers
Learner's definition of CHAMBER
: a small space inside something (such as a machine or your body)
: a group of people who form part of a government
see also chamber of commerce
: a room where a judge goes to do official business or to discuss cases with lawyers outside of the courtroom usually plural
formal + old-fashioned : a person's bedroom or other private room
: a room used for a special purpose
see also gas chamber

— chambered

/ˈtʃeɪmbɚd/ adjective


Definition of a good knife

「Sharpness” × “Permanent cutting” × “Durable”」

It is hard and cuts well, but it is hard to break and the blade does not spill. A kitchen knife that meets these conflicting requirements at a high level is called a “good knife”.

The first and most important function for kitchen knives is sharpness.

A knife that can be cut well is easier to handle, and the taste of the ingredients can be fully utilized in cooking.

Sashimi is a good example, but if you cut the sashimi with a knife that is not sharp, the tissue of the sashimi's cross section will be crushed and the fishy odor will stand out, resulting in a very bad taste. In addition, it can be said that it is safe because it uses less power than a knife that cuts well.

The next important condition is "permanent cutting", that is, good sharpness will last forever.

No matter how well you can cut a knife, the blade edge will decrease and you will not be able to cut it.

A kitchen knife that can be cut in the same way even if used 100 times is said to be a “good knife” rather than a knife that cannot be cut once.

Lastly, the important condition is "durable".

A hard knife may be used to maintain good sharpness and sharpness, but "hard" means that it is easy to "break" or "spill".

Santoku Series [Multi-Purpose]

Gyuto Series [Chef's Knife]

The Gyuto is the Japanese version of the classic Western Chef’s knife. It is a true multi-purpose knife that can perform wide range of tasks, can be used with a variety of different cutting techniques and is suitable for cutting the vast majority of meats, fishes, vegetables and fruits.

The pointed blade tip of the Gyuto is good for precision cuts or working in tight spaces. The relatively flat heel section of the blade is excellent for ‘rock chopping’ (A technique where the food is cut, chopped, or minced, by rocking the knife edge from tip to heel during the cut). and it is also tall enough to provide good surface contact with the knuckles when ‘tap chopping’ with the middle or tip of the blade. Finally, virtually any portion of the blade can be utilized to either ‘push cut’, or ‘pull cut’.

The blade of the Japanese Gyuto is typically thinner and lighter than that of a Western ‘chef’s knife', and the balance point of the Gyuto tends to be a little further forward towards the tip. The combination of these characteristics make the Gyuto feel extremely agile and precise in use.

Petty Series [Paring/Utility Knife]

Funayuki Series [Multi-Purpose]

Sashimi Knife Series [Slicer]

Traditional Japanese knife with a long and thin blade, which was originally used for cutting thin slices of raw fish - yes, sushi! Nowadays it can also be used for cutting large pieces of meat (especially for steaks) due to its long, thin blade. Typical Sashimi Bocho knives are between 240-360mm long and, according to some chefs, can be used for different kitchen tasks which require precision. Some of the distinguishing features of Sashimi Bocho knives are a Japanese handle and a chisel ground blade with an extremely small angle. Most famous Sashimi Bocho named Yanagiba. The expression “yanagiba” in Japan means “a willow”, as the blade of the knife resembles a willow leaf

Kiritsuke Bunka Series [Chef's Knife]

Bunka is a general purpose kitchen knife as Santoku and it used to be just as popular as the Santoku, but has become less commonplace in recent years. With its wider blade, the Bunka knife is suitable for cutting vegetables, while the triangle-shaped tip area is particularly useful when cutting fish and meats.

The main difference between the Santoku and the Bunka Bocho lies in the shape of the blade tip, with the Bunka Bocho having a ‘reverse tanto’ tip / ‘clip point’, rather than a curved Kamagata (“Sickle-shaped”) tip. Apart from this minor difference, the Bunka Hōchō shares the same advantages and disadvantages as the Sanatoku, which were discussed above.

Bunka 165mm and 180mm lengths are being particularly popular.

Deba Series [Fish]


Slavery in America: Why Myths and Misconceptions Persist

A portrait of Civil War "contrabands," fugitive slaves who were emancipated upon reaching the North, sitting outside a house possibly in Freedman's Village in Arlington, Virginia, in the mid-1860s. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Four myths about slavery

Myth Two: Slavery lasted for 400 years.

Then the Lord said to him, "Know for certain that for four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own and that they will be enslaved and mistreated there."

Listen to Lupe Fiasco—just one hip-hop artist to refer to the 400 years—in his 2011 imagining of America without slavery, "All Black Everything":

You would never know
If you could ever be
If you never try
You would never see
Stayed in Africa
We ain't never leave
So there were no slaves in our history
Were no slave ships, were no misery, call me crazy, or isn't he

[Verse 1] Uh, and we ain't get exploited White man ain't feared so he did not destroy it We ain't work for free, see they had to employ it Built it up together so we equally appointed First 400 years, see we actually enjoyed it

How, then, do we calculate the timeline of slavery in America? Most historians use 1619 as a starting point: 20 Africans referred to as "servants" arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, on a Dutch ship. It's important to note, however, that they were not the first Africans on American soil. Africans first arrived in America in the late 16th century not as slaves but as explorers, together with Spanish and Portuguese explorers.

One of the best known of these African "conquistadors" was Estevancio, who traveled throughout the southeast from present-day Florida to Texas. As for the institution of chattel slavery—the treatment of slaves as property—in the United States, if we use 1619 as the beginning and the 1865 13th Amendment as its end, then it lasted 246 years, not 400.

Myth Three: All Southerners owned slaves.

Truth: Roughly 25 percent of all Southerners owned slaves. The fact that one-quarter of the Southern population were slaveholders is still shocking to many. This truth brings historical insight to modern conversations about inequality and reparations.

Take the case of Texas.

Myth Four: Slavery was a long time ago.

The value of slaves

For example, Guy and Andrew, two prime males sold at the largest auction in U.S. history in 1859, commanded different prices. Although similar in "all marketable points in size, age and skill," Guy was $1,280, while Andrew sold for $1,040 because "he had lost his right eye." A reporter from the New-York Tribune noted "that the market value of the right eye in the Southern country is $240." Enslaved bodies were reduced to monetary values assessed from year to year and sometimes from month to month for their entire life span and beyond. By today's standards, Andrew and Guy would be worth about $33,000-$40,000.

Slavery was an extremely diverse economic institution, one that extracted unpaid labor out of people in a variety of settings—from small single-crop farms and plantations to urban universities. This diversity was also reflected in their prices. And enslaved people understood they were treated as commodities.

"I was sold away from Mammy at 3 years old," recalled Harriett Hill of Georgia. "I remembers it! It lack selling a calf from the cow," she shared in a 1930s interview with the Works Progress Administration. "We are human beings," she told her interviewer. Those in bondage understood their status. Even though Harriet Hill was too little to remember her price when she was 3, she recalled being sold for $1,400 at age 9 or 10: "I never could forget it."

Slavery in popular culture

Today, from grassroots initiatives such as the interactive Slave Dwelling Project, where school-aged children spend the night in slave cabins, to comic skits on Saturday Night Live, slavery is front and center. In 2016 A&E and History released the reimagined miniseries Roots: The Saga of an American Family, which reflected four decades of new scholarship. Steve McQueen's 12 Years a Slave was a box office success in 2013; actress Azia Mira Dungey made headlines with the popular web series "Ask a Slave"; and The Underground—a series about runaway slaves and abolitionists—was a hit for its network WGN America. With less than one year of operation, the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History, which devotes several galleries to the history of slavery, has had more than one million visitors.

Daina Ramey Berry is associate professor of history and African and African diaspora studies at University of Texas at Austin.

The Conversation


Technological developments have followed one another at a rapid pace in recent years. We all sometimes feel that we can no longer keep up. Or even worse: that we are overtaken by technology, that we develop self-learning systems that become so smart that they surpass us. Is it time we reclaimed control of our own lives?

No, the fear of technology is unnecessary. It presupposes a boundary between man and technology, between natural and unnatural, that is not there at all. We cannot escape technology. Man has always been a technical being.

The primitive man already used techniques to function better. When people started making spears, they were better able to catch prey. People were not the fastest, but those who are not strong must be smart. Because man started making weapons, it could handle animals that were much stronger than himself. From the moment that man started practicing agriculture, he could stay in one place. This allowed him to engage in other things than pure survival. Because we have developed and used techniques, we have influenced the direction of our own evolution.

Modern technology may have a different shape than the techniques we used in prehistoric times. However, its function is unchanged. Take Siri, for example. We shouldn't see this smart chatbot from Apple as an enemy. On the other hand, we can better consider it as an extension of our bodies. Because we let Siri look up information for us, have routes mapped out and have e-mails answered, we ourselves have time to deal with more complicated tasks. The chatbot takes over the simple tasks from us, which gives us extra space to further develop ourselves.

In fact, we never act completely autonomously. We have never been and will never be fully autonomous. What we do is always partly determined by external factors. For example, we do not control the death of our loved ones, even though it does have a major impact on our lives. When we're in mourning, we probably don't feel like partying. We are not in the mood.

We must properly relate to these external factors. Technology can help us with this. Due to the development of medical technology, we have been able to keep people alive for much longer and we can better predict when someone will die. This makes it easier for the next of kin to deal with such a major event.

In short, techniques do not alienate us from who we are. They enable us to become human. The technique allows us to do inhuman things, but only humans can do inhuman things. Techniques help us to adapt to external circumstances. That works evolutionarily to our advantage. It makes us flexible. It leads to us not just dying out at the first best big change but easily adapting.

We need to see technology as part of ourselves, an extension. Technology is no less natural than we are. Technology makes us who we are. So, robots will indeed be in charge in the future - but we are those robots ourselves.
Also Read:

Author's Bio: