The US election: forecasting the environmental agenda under the Biden Administration

The Biden Administration will likely bring major changes to EHS regulation. From an increased focus on climate and chemicals to a renewed emphasis on workplace safety, here’s our prediction on the next four years.

TM Photo

by Taylor Murphy

Environmental, Health & Safety (EHS) policy in the United States is a constantly shifting reality as new administrations enter the White House. The contrast between the Trump policies on EHS and Biden’s anticipated approach to policy could not be more stark.

The Biden administration will likely result in sweeping impacts on several areas of environmental regulation, including climate change, chemical management, and enforcement. In addition, the emphasis on health and safety regulations may change and there will be new leadership in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Given these dramatic changes – which will be rolled out in early 2021 – companies around the globe must be prepared for new regulatory developments and challenges. Below, we break down what we anticipate will be the most pressing issues facing industry stakeholders during the course of the new administration.

The Biden Administration’s approach to the environment

Biden made it clear in his campaign that he will focus on eliminating Greenhouse gases (GHGs) as part of the effort to address climate change. First, Biden said that his administration’s “Day 1” task would be to reenter the Paris Climate Agreement. The United States officially dropped out of the Agreement on 4 November 2020. The Agreement aims at protecting the planet from the worsening impacts of the climate crisis shaped around voluntary commitments reviewed and reassessed every 5 years.

Second, President-elect Biden’s climate plan, which is not as aggressive as some proposed plans (e.g., the Green New Deal), is still the most progressive climate strategy in US history. For example, Biden’s plan proposes to:

  • make US electricity production carbon-free by 2035;
  • achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 (net-zero requires that any carbon emissions are balanced by absorbing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere);
  • upgrade 4 million buildings to make them more energy efficient; and

Biden also committed to requiring publicly traded companies to disclose climate risks and the GHG emissions in their operations and supply chains. Biden would likely accomplish this by directing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to mandate public corporate climate disclosures.

Further, it is expected that Biden will attempt to reverse the actions of President Trump that overturned or nullified several Obama-era regulations such as the Clean Power Plan, which aimed to reduce GHG emissions from the power sector. Other possible topics of climate interest to the new Administration may include vehicle GHG emission and fuel economy standards and restrictions on methane emissions from the oil and gas sector. A Biden Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) would likely work toward returning closer to Obama-era regulations.

Notably, Biden’s impact will likely be limited to actions that the executive branch can take alone, including rulemaking and executive orders. Regardless of which major party controls the Senate, passing significant legislation requires bipartisan support, which is increasingly challenging. It is important to note that some states, like California, are already more aggressively regulating GHGs than the current EPA. Those states, and possibly more, will likely continue to do so in the future, even if the federal regulations do not.

The Biden Administration and chemical management

Under the Trump Administration, there has been an increase in chemical regulations and enforcement. Under President-elect Biden, an increase in chemical regulation will likely not only continue, but possibly ramp up.

First, a Biden-EPA will likely take a stricter approach to implementing the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). For example, there could be:

  • expanded data submission requirements for industry;
  • reevaluation of Trump-era reviews with an expanded evaluation scope beyond just “intended use”;
  • reprioritization of the most controversial chemicals; and possibly
  • increased alignment between a Biden-EPA and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and its Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation.

Second, President Trump amended the Risk Management Plan (RMP) to remove some of the Obama-era regulations that imposed more requirements on industry. Because the rule has been updated twice in the past 3 years, it may or may not be amended again soon. But, it is important to note that the RMP regulations could be subject to change under the new administration, possibly reestablishing more of the Obama-era 2017 protections and requirements.

Finally, with a stricter TSCA, industry will likely see an increase in enforcement of chemical management requirements. For example, the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) data was reported to EPA by companies in November 2020. So, it is likely that a Biden-EPA will use that new data to increase enforcement on companies.

Will the Biden Administration revoke Trump regulations?

Just like we saw when President Trump took office, it is likely that a Biden Administration will repeal and replace, revoke, or modify several of the environmental regulations that were passed under the Trump Administration. Depending on the leadership at EPA, the likely areas of focus include:

  • the oil and gas industry;
  • refineries; and
  • chemical manufacturers.

The Biden Administration will likely work to unwind Trump’s actions that weakened nearly 100 environmental regulations. The Department of Justice (DOJ) could change its position in ongoing litigation and ask the courts to remand the rules to the relevant agencies. However, the administration would generally need to initiate new notice and comment rulemakings to reverse the Trump Administration’s rollbacks. Importantly, once finalized, rulemakings will likely be challenged in court, and the new 6-3 conservative majority on the US Supreme Court may impede the ability to issue aggressive regulations in the short term.

Alternatively, Congress can utilize the Congressional Review Act to repeal rules issued within the last 60 legislative days, such as the reversal of the “Once In, Always In” rule that was issued on 19 November 2020 and is effective on 19 January 2021-the day before Biden’s inauguration. Other likely targets for repeal from a Biden administration include, among other things:

  • Trump Administration’s EPA methane rule;
  • the National Environmental Policy Act regulations; and
  • the Navigable Waters Protection Rule.

The Biden Administration: increased OSHA enforcement

During his campaign, Biden called for doubling the number of OSHA investigators to provide for more enforcement of existing laws, standards and guidelines. Biden likely will increase the number of investigators in both OSHA and the Mine Safety Health and Administration.

Further, the Biden Administration likely will begin enforcing the 2016 OSHA Anti-Retaliation Rule. The 2016 amendment prohibits employers from retaliating against employees that report work-related injuries or illnesses. The 2016 rule indicated that automatic post-incident drug testing policies could discourage employees from properly reporting injuries. Thus, companies may want to assess any blanket post-accident drug testing policies they may have and consider a drug testing policy that tests for drugs when employee drug use “could have contributed to the injury or illness (and therefore the result of the drug test could provide insight into why the injury or illness occurred)” among other factors, which would more closely resemble a reasonable-suspicion-based standard [see: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Interpretation of 1904.35(b)(1)(i) and (iv), Oct. 19, 2016].

The Biden Administration: nationwide management of COVID-19

In his campaign, Biden outlined a plan for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. First, Biden called for a decisive public health response that ensures:

  • the wide availability of free testing;
  • the elimination of all cost barriers to preventive care and treatment for COVID-19;
  • the development of a vaccine; and
  • the full deployment and operation of necessary supplies, personnel and facilities.

Biden will likely want OSHA to develop an emergency standard related to COVID-19 safety in the workplace. First, Biden will probably fill the vacant OSHA deputy assistant secretary position; a deputy can get a temporary emergency standard enacted. An emergency rule would not require a public comment period, so it would more quickly impact companies. Once an emergency standard is in place, OSHA will likely start working on a permanent rule.

Under Biden, the OSHA rule could be similar to the proposed infectious disease standard that the Obama Administration worked on during the H1N1 pandemic, which was never adopted. That rule would have required certain high-exposure workplaces to implement infection control programs to protect their workers permanently. The plan that Biden laid out seems to focus on requiring health care facilities to implement comprehensive infectious disease exposure control plans; however, it is likely that a permanent bill would also regulate other high-risk industries.

What does this mean for companies?

In general, a Biden Presidency will likely mean that there will be more regulations for industry. A Biden Administration will likely increase climate change-related regulation, with a focus on mobile sources of emissions. There may be increased regulation in the chemical management area as well. Regulated industry can also anticipate more enforcement of environmental laws, including more federal enforcement in state-delegated programs. Companies should consider taking proactive measures to ensure compliance with future regulations, including assessing current environmental compliance and participating in the regulatory process by commenting on any proposed regulations that would impact their operations. Likewise, workplace safety enforcement will most likely be more aggressive under a Biden-OSHA. Finally, under Biden, companies will probably see more regulation related to pandemics at the federal level.

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ECBA Live Seminar: Making Sense of Medicare

ECBA Seminars
Wednesday, February 24, 2021
10:30 am - 12:00 pm

Registration: 10:15 a.m.
Seminar: 10:30 a.m. - Noon

$70.00 (ECBA Members and their Non-attorney Staff)
$90.00 (Non-members)

This course has been approved for 1.5 hours Substantive CLE credit

This presentation is an overview of the Medicare system. The goal is to provide a basic understanding of how Medicare functions and how it can be effectively used to obtain affordable quality health services. We will examine the purpose and design of Medicare; Medicare’s eligibility and enrollment criteria; and the various components that comprise the Medicare system — how they function and interact with each other and coordinate with non-Medicare health care coverage.

  1. Recognize the basic function and utilization of the Medicare System.
  2. Identify the multiple components of the Medicare System and their specific characteristics.
  3. Recognize the decisions that individuals eligible for Medicare need to make, and be able to evaluate which options are most effective for an individual’s specific needs.
  4. Identify other programs that provide assistance for health care costs and recognize how Medicare coordinates and integrates with these other health care benefit programs.

William McKendree, JD, MPA, is Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Healthcare Benefit Support Program, a non-profit agency helping people access affordable healthcare services through counseling, education and advocacy. In addition to his work at PHBSP, Mr. McKendree teaches at the University of Pittsburgh’s School of Law and School of Pharmacy, and is Preceptor for the School of Pharmacy’s Experiential Learning Program at the Birmingham Free Health Clinic (on Pittsburgh’s South Side).

Due to Gov. Tom Wolf’s COVID-19 facility restrictions, the ECBA will hold programs live when possible, via Zoom or a combination of both. The Will J. Schaaf & Mary B. Schaaf Education Center can ONLY seat 16 people. Once that limit has been reached, the remaining registrants can participate in the CLE via Zoom.

Reservations due to the ECBA office by Wednesday, February 17, 2021.

Registration Cost: See registration form for details


Influence of calcium and boron on fluorescence parameters in domestic plums

I. Grāvīte, E. Kaufmane
Climate change and the meteorological conditions during the winter have severely negative impact on the quality of the plum orchards. It is necessary to increase the winter hardiness of plum trees and buds as influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Balanced composition of nutrients is important. High fluctuations of temperatures occur in winter during recent years, resulting in bud damage and even tree losses. Calcium (Ca) and boron (B) can have a significant impact on both plant vegetative growth and generative development. The aim of the study was to determine influence of the foliar sprays of Ca and B on plant photochemical activity, reducing the stress caused by environmental factors. In order to determine the changes caused by fertilizers, the following were determined: chlorophyll content index (CCI) and parameters of fluorescence: Fv/Fm (the ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) to maximum fluorescence value (Fm)); plant performance index (PI) and density of active reaction centres as ratio RC/ABS which characterizes the number of active photochemical performance of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centres in respect to the quantity of light absorbed. The investigation was done at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit Growing with the Latvian plum cultivars 'Sonora' and 'Lase', and as a control, 'Duke of Edinburgh' (syn. 'Prince of Wales') was used. Boron and calcium foliar sprays were used in the period from 2011 to 2013. High variation was found for fluorescence parameters between foliar sprays. There were statistically significant differences of mean values of Fv/Fm, RC/ABS and PI. Evaluation of the plant photosynthesis processes (chlorophyll a concentration index and fluorescence indices) showed that plants treated by boron foliar sprays had better regeneration after the stresses caused by agro-climatic factors, their intensity of vegetative growth was lower after the beginning of fruit production in comparison with other variants.
Grāvīte, I. and Kaufmane, E. (2016). Influence of calcium and boron on fluorescence parameters in domestic plums. Acta Hortic. 1130, 511-518
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1130.77
Prunus domestica L., abiotic stress, chlorophyll content index, chlorophyll a fluorescence, performance index, RC/ABS index

Acta Horticulturae


Ursula Coope is Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the Faculty of Philosophy and a Professorial Fellow of Keble College.

She studied at Oxford, UC Berkeley and Princeton. She was a Jacobsen Fellow at UCL and then a lecturer at Birkbeck before moving to Oxford in 2006 to take up a Tutorial Fellowship at Corpus Christi. She has held visiting positions at Princeton and NYU and has had periods of research funded by the AHRC, by a Philip Leverhulme Prize and by a mid-career fellowship from the British Academy. She joined Keble in 2017.

Her research focuses on two related areas: Aristotle (especially philosophy of nature and action), and Neoplatonist philosophy (especially questions about freedom and responsibility).

Her first book, Time for Aristotle: Physics IV 10-14, examined Aristotle’s account of time, an account that raises questions about temporal order, the role of the present, and the relation between time and the mind. She has also worked on Aristotle’s views on change, agency and the infinite. Her interest in Aristotle’s philosophy of action is partly in metaphysical questions (in particular, how the views he adopts in the Physics affect his account of action), but also in questions of psychology. (What is the relation between desiring something and thinking it good? What is distinctive about human, as opposed to animal, action? What is the nature of technical expertise and how does it differ from theoretical knowledge?)

Her forthcoming book, Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought, discusses Neoplatonist accounts of freedom and responsibility. The Neoplatonists think that to become free is to become perfect. This book asks about the notion of freedom that underlies this claim. (Why do the Neoplatonists think that only something nonbodily can be free? How is freedom related to self-causation?) The book also takes up questions about responsibility. (If those who act badly fail to achieve freedom, then how it be right to blame them for acting badly? What justifies the claim that human beings are responsible for what they do in a way that animals are not?)


Intermittent Fasting and Keto: The Pros and Cons

Last Updated on October 2, 2019 by Michael Joseph

Intermittent fasting (IF) and ketogenic diets are all the rage now. They both promote fat burning.

But how well do these two approaches combine?

A Clock Showing An 8-Hour Feeding Time (Representing Intermittent Fasting).

Ketogenic diets promote fat burning by restricting carbs, which forces you to rely more on dietary fat.

IF restricts all calories for a large part of the day, usually 16 hours or more. Due to your body’s oxidative priority, stored carbs (glycogen) are burned off first. This triggers conditions granting you greater access to burn stored body fat.

Overall fat burning increases in both the proportion as well as the total amount.

Truth be told, ‘fat burning’ is a bit of a marketing term. It’s used in the diet industry to purposely mislead people into thinking that fat burning equals fat loss.

Despite this, it’s also true that fat burning is a very important metabolic state for humans to be in. Modern science is starting to (re)appreciate this fact.

There are different kinds of ketogenic diet, as well as ways to fast intermittently. Before diving into the pros and cons of combining a ketogenic diet and IF, we’ll define both of these briefly.

Intermittent Fasting

To IF, simply do not eat for 16 hours during your day (or have caloric drinks). 16 hours of fasting is a loose rule based on subjective expert consensus. Up to a full 24 hours of fasting can still be considered IF.

If you want to IF at a certain time of day like early in the morning, for example, that’s called early time-restricted feeding (eTRF). This means having no more than an 8-hour feeding window. For example, an 8 am breakfast and a late lunch at 4 pm.

eTRF is based on the idea that eating early in the morning, when you’re generally more insulin sensitive, is better than in the evening when you’re less so (1).

Circadian rhythms science tells us that in addition to what and how much we eat when you eat or don’t also matters to your health. Our body operates using a variety of biological clocks affecting many things, like for example our ability to handle food depending on the time of day (2).

Alternate-day fasting (ADF), where you eat a normal amount of calories one day and only 0 to 25% the next, is a popular form of IF. It lends itself to those who notice for themselves that with food ‘total abstinence is easier than perfect moderation’.

Eating about a quarter of your usual calories on some days is also called a fat fast if about 80% come from fat and very few from carbs. It’s used by clinicians who can’t get patients to fully fast right away and so ease them into it this way.

Ketogenic diet

A ketogenic diet is technically any way of eating that produces an agreed-upon amount of blood ketones, like 0.2, 0.5 or >1.0 mmol/L blood beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Typically this is done by eating very few carbs (e.g. 20 g of net or total carbs) and a high proportion of calories from fat (e.g. ~ 80%).

Ketogenic diets cause people to secrete less of the hormone insulin compared to people on standard western diets. By not secreting more insulin from your pancreas a so-called low insulin environment can take hold. This physiological environment also accounts for much of the renowned benefits of fasting (3, 4).

What are the pros and cons of combining this fat burning diet (keto) with a fat burning pattern of eating (intermittent fasting)?

Cons of IF and keto

The cons of IF whilst on a ketogenic diet are minimal and basically come down to a few examples of particular contexts where other dietary patterns are optimal.

Too Satiating

Benefits of IF and well-formulated ketogenic diets include filling up quickly (satiation) and staying full for long (satiety).

When might that work against you?

A professional bodybuilder taking full advantage of their regimen will struggle to reach their calorie goal while staying within a restricted feeding window for weeks at a time. It would be much easier for them to eat more often throughout the day and stimulate their appetite with some carbs.

Crossfitters, and in particular swimmers who lose a lot of calories to their liquid environment, may also find it hard to eat enough food for proper recovery within a restricted feeding window.

Social pressure

Skipping a meal when you’re in a social setting simply because you’re not hungry can be a difficult situation to navigate. The social expectation to eat 3 meals a day and snack is pervasive and ingrained.

Social pressure commonly leads people to drop their ketogenic diet or IF pattern. Keto friendly meals and foods are much less available compared to vegetarian options, for instance.

Adherence to ketogenic diets would likely be higher were more options widely available.

Recovering from sarcopenia or cachexia

People with cachexia or sarcopenia must regain precious muscle mass that is hard to come by. Making that a priority means not limiting how often they can eat in a day or the size of their eating window.

In this context, the metabolic benefits of not eating for two-thirds of the day are either overshadowed or even counterproductive.

This doesn’t mean intermittent fasting on a ketogenic diet is bad for maintaining or putting on muscle mass. The ketogenic diet is adequate on both accounts as is intermittent fasting provided enough protein and calories are eaten (5, 6).

Too little for too long

People who cannot go for more than a handful of hours without snacking are unfortunately addicted to food or are most commonly deeply diabetic. Either way, both problems may take considerable time and effort to overcome.

Some can jump straight into intermittent fasting while others can’t without ending up bingeing. Those same people may find more success by first swapping out unhealthy snacks (e.g., potato chips) for healthier ones (e.g. macadamia nuts) before comfortably doing IF.

These strategic questions are important for people to ask themselves and seek answers from health professionals. This is particularly true if you’re on medications as the dosage may need to be adjusted.

False positive blood tests!

You could get a blood test back saying your fasting triglycerides are in the unhealthy elevated range, when in fact they’re not. Why is that?

If you IF while on a ketogenic diet, your body will be relying on lots of fat to power itself. Therefore, lots of fat is transported through your blood, especially right after a high-fat meal.

If you finish a high-fat dinner at 9 pm, make sure you wait until at least until 9 am or 11 am the next day before drawing blood. This will give your triglycerides enough time to return to their baseline, fasting levels. You’ll have avoided what engineer and low-carb expert Dave Feldman coined as the carry-over effect.

In a different context such as a typical higher carb diet, triglycerides will return to fasting levels faster (about 10 hours).

Diagram Showing How To Combine a Ketogenic Diet With Intermittent Fasting.

There are many reasons to combine ketogenic diets with IF (or the other way round).

Less insulin, less fuss?

Whole-body insulin sensitivity varies throughout the day, starting out higher in the morning and then lower in the evening (7).

Compared to low-carb or ketogenic diets, higher carb diets are more insulinogenic. Given the comparatively larger metabolic response of higher carb diets, the more insulinogenic your diet, the more careful you’ll want to be about when you eat.

The rule of thumb suggests having your largest and most carb-rich (insulinogenic) meal in the morning, when you’re most insulin sensitive (8). But what if you don’t have any carbs for breakfast and have a steak with fried eggs instead?

This ketogenic meal carries a low insulin burden. This is easier for your metabolism to handle. Thus maybe when you eat it (breakfast vs dinner) matters a little less.

IF is well-timed timed calorie restriction that lowers insulin levels, and ketogenic diets minimize the most insulinogenic macronutrient, namely carbohydrate. This double-hit can powerfully normalize insulin signaling, which is central to enhancing lifespan and healthspan (9, 10, 11).

Circadian friendly, ancestral eating patterns

IF and ketogenic diets are an interesting combination that together drive down insulin and establish an ancestral eating pattern. The latter better aligns with our biological clocks (circadian rhythm) (12).

Circadian rhythm entrainment is a fancy term describing the orchestration of your cells processes. They’re cued to your internal (e.g. suprachiasmatic nucleus) and external (e.g. sunlight) clocks. For instance, proper circadian entrainment is crucial to blood sugar regulation or effective muscle growth and repair (13, 14).

People losing fat on a ketogenic diet may experience a keto plateau, where progress slows or even reverses. This can be remedied by implementing IF in addition to the ketogenic diet, thus leveraging both food quality (keto) and timing (IF) for fat-loss.

Timing is a big deal in nutrition; what you eat, when you eat and even the order in which you eat specific macronutrients all matter (15, 16, 17).

Does this mean IF should only be done with breakfast and no dinner? No, humans adapt well to a range of meal times. A 6-week study where people skipped breakfast but still ate the same amount of calories showed neutral results in terms of short-term metabolic responses (18).

Fat-loss and body composition

IF and its variations are effective and sustainable fat-loss strategies. Let’s look at them separately first.

1 to 3 months of Alternate-Day Fasting, a type of IF, can decrease body weight by 3% – 7% and fat mass by a respectable 3 – 5 kg. Repeatedly fasting for 24 hours for two months can help you drop 5% of your fat mass. Over 3 to 6 months, it can decrease your body weight by 3% – 9% (19, 20).

Lower carbohydrate diets (including ketogenic ones) are better for fat-loss than higher carb alternatives (21). For every 10% of calories from carbs removed from your diet, you gain a daily 52 kcal advantage in terms of energy balance (22, 23).

52 calories is about 15 pistachios.

Beyond the ‘metabolic advantage’ of lower carbohydrate diets, there seems to be an appetite advantage too (24). Doctors, patients and the clinical literature consistently report more satiation (the desire to stop eating) and satiety (not wanting to start eating again) on ketogenic diets (25). Ketogenic diets can even blunt the powerful rebound hunger that occurs when drastically and chronically restricting calories (26).

Furthermore, applying calorie restriction intermittently, like with IF, may preserve muscle mass better than chronic caloric restriction does (27).

Health benefits independent from fat-loss

Active and Healthy Older Adults Running.

The biggest criticism of IF (and even ketogenic diets) is that they’re merely calorie restriction by another name. And since calorie restriction is what’s really responsible for observed health benefits, they’re not all that exciting (28, 29).

However, pre-diabetics doing eTRF on a diet of 50% carbs, 35% fat and 15% protein do better than those eating on a normal schedule – even when matched for weight and caloric intake (30). The eTRF group lowered their blood pressure, oxidative stress and satiety, while also increasing their insulin sensitivity and β-cell responsiveness.

The extent and frequency of calorie restriction matter too, not just the total caloric load. A near 40% decrease in the satiety hormone PYY occurs after a 2 – 3 day fast (31). This fact may explain why going through daily or periodic fasting may be easier than chronically restricting calories.

Indeed, simply consuming all your calories in 1 meal instead of 3 will most likely lead to improvements in body composition – even when fat-loss isn’t the goal! After six months eating one meal a day, subjects lost 3.5 kg of weight of which 60% (2.1 kg) was from fat. The 3-meal a day group lost no weight (32).

When you eat is shown to matter in animal studies too. Mice put on a fast-mimicking diet (FMD) with the same amount of calories used to maintain their body weight, lost weight as well as visceral fat mass but not lean mass (33).

Inflammation, longevity, healthspan

Food timing is not only important for body composition but also for healthspan, longevity and markers of inflammation.

Research in mice suggests they can live 13.6 % longer on a ketogenic diet as well as see significant improvement in healthspan metrics (34). Given how much better humans are adapted to nutritional ketosis than mice, this is quite promising.

It can’t be said enough, food timing, not only food quality matters. Indeed, an ADF schedule can improve markers of inflammation and oxidative stress even when using nutritionally poor meal-replacement shakes (35). It seems that the better formulated the diet used with IF, the more impressive the improvements in biomarkers are (36).

Studies in mice have even shown how fasting can promote stem cells to switch to ‘regenerative’ mode (37). These results are encouraging, especially since they’re consistent with improvements in human inflammatory profiles: improvement in 8-isoprostane, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, 4-HNE adducts, TNFɑ and BDNF (38).

More free time

The obvious but easily forgotten fact about eating a ketogenic diet alongside IF is the time it saves people. Those who IF usually eat two rather than three meals a day, saving themselves considerable amounts of time.

Poor time management is a major stressor nowadays, so any strategy that frees up time has a considerable selling point going for it. IF provides that free time.

Ketogenic diets, since they can normalize appetite, tend to provide more stable energy levels (e.g. no hypoglycemia) and less intrusive food thoughts. Improvements in both these factors constitute potentially massive improvements in quality of life.

Final Thoughts

Sustainability is the missing quality in many dietary interventions. Combining intermittent fasting with ketogenic diets can solve the two major pain points that people report for why they couldn’t stick to their diet or fat-loss goal.

The first is that people can’t reach satiation and satiety, leaving them ravenous and prone to making bad food choices. The fat burning aspects of a well-formulated high-fat diet and going without food for a while address this exceptionally well.

The other pain point is people are short on time, simply too busy to shop, cook and clean up as necessary. Intermittent fasting can free up a considerable amount of time, thus providing additional mental space for making better food choices.

A well-formulated ketogenic diet eaten within a restricted feeding window is a powerful tool that can both improve your health and lighten your schedule.

Lastly, for those who are curious to know their precise ketone levels, here is a guide to ketone measuring strips.

Written By Raphael Sirtoli

Raphi Sirt, Founder of the Nutrita App.This article is written by Raphael Sirtoli who has an MSc in Molecular Biology. He’s currently doing a PhD in Health Sciences where he conducts neuroscience research on mental health. He is the co-founder of Nutrita, a company helping people follow a low-carb ketogenic diet to reach their health and performance goals. Nutrita created the first-ever ‘Keto score’, the most accurate Insulin index to date, and an advanced ‘Nutrient density score’.

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Dr sunil modi
Dr sunil modi
1 year ago

Good article.

audrey boyle
audrey boyle
1 year ago

How does a skinny person use IF safely? Or not at all?! I am naturally thin and active but am losing weight despite eating plenty. Am concerned about muscle loss

Dr John Stewart
1 year ago

good article. well done


February 9, 2016

CPN-Pottawatomie County Sheriff partnership benefits area residents

August 28, 2019

Census 2020: Why and how to be counted as a Native American

The government determines how to distribute millions of federal dollars to programs, grants and Native American tribes using census data. Filling out the form truthfully and accurately remains one of the best ways to ensure CPN remains a vibrant and essential part of the broader community.


Introduction to module 12 and 13

data-editing Data editing is the process through which one examines data to detect omissions and errors to rectify the. Through this process one ensures that their information is complete, legible, accurate and consistent. A response that can be applied in Jemma’s case is by finding errors in formulation of the questionnaire. The first step to take is evaluating whether the questionnaire respondent was consistent with the questions the answered. Editing of the questionnaire can be done through field editing and central editing. Through field editing Jenna may review the reporting for foot translating or completing. Central editing is carried out to correct obvious errors and inappropriate replies. Through coding, one assigns alphabetical orders or numbers to answers options so that the responses are collected in limited categories (Stuckey, 2015). Proper coding ensures that classes are relevant to the research question being studied. This process is very significant in effective data analysis. Making effective coding decisions during the design stage, simplifies the process of tabulation. Through exploratory data analysis is data is analyzed through visual methods to explore and summarize its main characteristics. Graphical techniques used in process the method mainly include histograms, run charts, scatter plots and odds ratio. With this information as the background information, this assignment attempts to discuss statistical questions based on a management case study of an arts festival marketing (Sall, 2017).

Assignment Questions

Jemma should have noticed some obvious problems in with how the questions had been coded. Some issues with the how questions were coded are lack prerecords of data in the first question, respondents answering to more than one question in question five and six, there existed no code for ‘none’ in the seventh question and question eight could be interpreted as two questions in one. In question nine one cannot tell the events being referred to by the respondents, the data in question ten was also not prerecorded and question three was unclear on which circle a respondent on the range age of 31-34 could have responded to.

In the survey design stage, these problems could be overcome in several ways. In question one, prerecording or listing events for the respondent would rectify the error. Question three could be reworded for easier understanding. Question five and six needed to be clarified further through a brief explanation. The code for ‘none’ was needed for question seven while question eight could have been made to be two separate questions. Question nine needed to be event specific hence rewording would be recommended (Quinlan, 2019). Question ten problem could be overcome by creating a hierarchal coding scheme and adding “leave blank for coding” space.

Jemma’s’ research had questions that had a very high likelihood of being asked. Determining the important questions could be done in through the 3 aspects she is most interested in. The three important aspects include the socio- economic state of the attendees, the level to which sponsors associate with the audience as well as the role played by media in determining the events. As per the three categories, it is clear that the sixth question could have been useful in evaluating association of sponsors and audiences while the fifth question could have been useful in evaluating the socio economic status of those in attendance. There existed no questions that fit to evaluate the third aspect.

Jenna could have minimized the impact in coding of her questions through a variety of strategies. For instance, she could have used multiple response method or multiple dichotomy method to code responses to problems associated with the fifth and sixth question. In either of the queries, it would have been important to recode where possible to existing variables and codes. New codes and variables would have to be generated if the “other” large number was apparent. Multiple response method would have worked much better if there were a significant number variables and new codes.

Despite there being only two questions that are relevant to the introduction case that has 3 aspects, there are other questions that might be useful. Generally, the ninth and eighth questions are very limited and unsuitable to use. Pie chart mode could be recommended for use in the third question to indicate the common age band and the proportions per age band. Bar and table charts could be used in the fifth question to indicate the percentages or number of people through classifications per economic activity. Bar and table charts could also indicate the percentage or people that associate to certain organizations to the festival. Additionally, chi square tests and cross tabulations would be possible foot the third and fifth questions against the sixth and seventh question. Cross tabulations and Chi squares would be great measure of important differences.

The scatter plot interprets the relationship between the ease of booking a ticket to the age. There exist two observation points on each coordinate in the graph. The X coordinate and the Y coordinate. The intersection of the two coordinates forms observation points in form of dots. This is also called a correlation, which is visual representation of the relationship between the two variables (Chambers, 2017). The graphical presentation has two properties which are direction and strength. This graph has a positive correlation that has determined its direction. Both variables in this graph seemingly move in similar direction. This means that if one variable decreases the other one decrease as well and if a variable increases, the other does the same. There are strong variations that show a lot of strength intersection points as well as weak intersection points showing weaker strength.
From observation of the scatter graph, the ease of booking at ticket is at a younger age is very high and lowers at an older age. The younger the age, the higher the ease of booking a ticket while the older the age, the lower the ease of booking a ticket. A great example is the highest point in the graph that indicates easiness to book a ticket which is between ages of 18 and 19. The lowest point to easiness of buying a book is indicated to be over the age of 60. Points of intersection also heavily concentrated at the ages of 19 to 45. The points of intersections show that that people in this age group were highest in the study compared to people aged below 19 years or above 60 years.

This statistical research answers important questions on processes Jemma should take in the process of Coding. Some issues that she should notice in the questionnaires are lack of prerecords and lack of clarity in the questions. Some questions in the research also have more significance than others. The pie chart mode and tables were the most suitable for the third and fifth question. An analysis of the scatter plot also gives a deeper understanding of the data presented.

Chambers, J. M. (2017). Graphical methods for data analysis: 0. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Quinlan, C., Babin, B., Carr, J., & Griffin, M. (2019). Business research methods. South Western Cengage.
Sall, J., Stephens, M. L., Lehman, A., & Loring, S. (2017). JMP start statistics: a guide to statistics and data analysis using JMP. Sas Institute.
Stuckey, H. L. (2015). The second step in data analysis: Coding qualitative research data. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 3(01), 007-010.

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The vision of Rome in late Renaissance France View larger
McGowan (Margaret M.), born 1931

The vision of Rome in late Renaissance France

London, Yale University Press, 2001
(25.5 cm), xiii, 461 pp., 113 illustrations (12 in colour). Publisher’s boards, pictorial dust jacket. - The book is divided into two parts: the first focusing on how information on ancient Rome, its architecture, art and culture was acquired and transmitted to France by writers and artists (e.g. guidebooks, catalogues of antiquities, the writings of Sebastiano Serlio, Gabriel Simeoni, Blaise de Vigenère, and Justus Lipsius); the second examining the various ways in which this material was perceived, interpreted, and exploited by French artists and writers such as Antoine Caron, Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, Étienne Dupérac, Jean du Bellay and Montaigne. ¶ Fine, unmarked copy.

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Archaeology, Greek & Roman
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McGowan, Margaret M., born 1931


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Friday’s business headlines

INDIANAPOLIS (WISH) – Here’s a look at Friday’s business headlines.

Instagram may have leaked email and phone numbers for months.

Researchers say a flaw made the information easy to scrape and turn it into a database.

A report on CNet says a marketing company in India obtained the data.

Trending Headlines

FDA expiration dates

The FDA has told the food industry to change how it uses expiration dates.

This is an effort to reduce food waste.

The agency issued a letter to the food industry at large, throwing its support behind a “best if used by” date label on products.

It’s also reminding the public that most foods can still be perfectly safe to eat if they’re past the marked date, even if they’re not necessarily quite as tasty anymore.

Retirement savings

Americans could be about to see the most significant changes in more than a decade to their retirement plans.

The House bill makes it easier for companies to offer retirement plans.

It would also repeal the age limit to contributing to an IRA, which is now 70 and a half.

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines will allow passengers who want to change planes if they are flying on the Boeing 737 Max to switch planes for free.

Southwest flew more 737 Maxes than any other airline.

Meanwhile, the FAA says the Boeing 737 Max will return to flight but gave no timetable for that to happen.


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Hpv cervical cancer, Implicarea genomului papiloma virusului uman (hpv) în oncogeneza cancerului cervical

Translation of

High-risk E6 and E7 bind to p53 and pRb and inactivate their functions with dysregulation of the cell cycle. Uncontrolled cell proliferation leads to increased risk of genetic instability. Usually, it takes decades for cancer to develop.

This review presents the main mechanisms of HPV hpv cervical cancer in the carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix. Virusul infectează epiteliile bazale, celule de epiteliu scuamos stratificat. Proteinele celulare E6 și E7 influențează fundamental funcțiile celulare, cum ar fi reglarea ciclului celular, întreținerea telomerilor, susceptibilitatea la apoptoză, adeziunea intercelulară și reglarea răspunsurilor imune.

hpv cervical cancer cancerul endometrial este curabil

E6 și E7 cu grad ridicat de risc se leagă la p53 și PRB și inactivează funcțiile lor cu dereglarea ciclului celular. Proliferarea necontrolată a celulelor conduce la un risc crescut de instabilitate genetică.

De obicei, este nevoie de zeci de ani pentru a dezvolta un cancer. Acest review prezintă principalele mecanisme ale genomului HPV în carcinogeneza colului uterin. The most important risk factor in the ethiology of cervical cancer is the persistent infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus. Materials and hpv cervical cancer This general review was conducted based on the AngloSaxone literature from PubMed and Medline to identify the role of HPV genome in the development of cervical cancer.

Discussions Genital human papillomavirus HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Although the majority of hpv cervical cancer cause no symptoms and are self-limited, persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer precursors and invasive cervical cancer.

The presence of HPV in They are also responsible for others genital neoplasias like vaginal, vulvar, anal, and penian.

Alte traduceri Fortunately, cervical cancer among women can now be prevented with a vaccine HPV. Din fericire, cancerul de col uterin în rândul femeilor poate fi acum prevenit printr-un vaccin HPV.

HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus from the family of Papillomaviridae, with an 8 kb circular genome composed of six early ORFs open reading frames with role in viral transcription and replication E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7two late ORFs L1,2-capsid proteins and a non-coding long controlled region LCR that contains a variety of cis elements, which regulate viral replication and gene expression.

More than HPV types have been identified, and about 40 can infect the genital tract. Based on their association with hpv cervical cancer cancer and precursor lesions, HPVs are grouped to high-risk 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82 and low-risk HPV types parazit kod psa, 11, 42, 43,  44, 54, 61, 70, 72, Natural history Most genital HPV infections are benign, subclinical, and self-limited, and a high proportion of infections associated with low-grade cervical dysplasias also regress spontaneously 1.

By contrast, persistent hpv cervical cancer infection infection detected more than once in an interval of 6 months or longer with an oncogenic HPV type, especially HPV 16 and HPV 18, is the most important risk factor for progression to high-grade dysplasia, a precancerous lesion that should be treated to prevent the development of invasive cancer 2.

HPV is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the development of cervical cancer. Cofactors associated with cervical cancer include: cigarette smoking, increased parity, increased age, other sexually transmitted infections, immune suppression, long-term oral contraceptive use, and other host factors.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of hpv cervical cancer HPV double-stranded circular Hpv cervical cancer genome Journal of Virology Nov HPV integration into the host genome and Papillomavirus life cycle To establish infection, the virus must infect hpv cervical cancer epithelial cells of stratified squamous epithelium, that are long hpv cervical cancer or have stem cell-like properties. Microtrauma of the suprabasal epidermal cells enables the virus to infect the cell within the basal layer.

Once inside the host cell, HPV DNA replicates as the basal cells differentiate and progress to the surface of the epithelium. The viral genome maintains itself hpv cervical cancer an episome in basal cells, where the viral genes are poorly expressed.

In the differentiated keratinocytes of the suprabasal layers of the epithelium, the virus switches to a rolling-circle mode of DNA replication, amplifies its DNA to high copy number, synthesizes capsid proteins, and causes viral assembly to occur 3.

HPV needs hpv conjunctival papilloma cell factors to regulate viral transcription and replication. Their function is to subvert the cell growth-regulatory pathways by binding and inactivating tumor suppressor proteins, cell cyclins, and hpv cervical cancer kinases and modify the cellular environment in order to facilitate viral replication in a cell that is terminally differentiated and has exited the cell cycle 4.

Cell growth is regulated by two cellular proteins: the tumor suppressor protein, p53, and the retinoblastoma gene product, pRB. Unlike in many other cancers, the p53 in cervical cancer is usually wild type and is not mutated. E6  binds to hpv cervical cancer via a cellular ubiquitin ligase named E6AP, so that it becomes ubiquitinated, leading to degradation and down-regulation of pathways involved in cycle arrest  and apoptosis.

This degradation has the same effect as an inactivating mutation.

  • cancerului de col uterin - Translation into English - examples Romanian | Reverso Context
  • Момент, которого ждал Элвин, наступил.

  • Когда в прошлом производились какие-то модификации, ячейки памяти не просто освобождались.

  • Изображение тускнело, но он все еще слышал повелительный голос, громом врывающийся в его сознание: Вы больше не боитесь, Джизирак.

  • Hpv throat cancer base of tongue
  • Verrue papillomavirus contagieux
  • Мы сделали свое дело -- для хорошего ли, для дурного ли, и с этим -- .

It is likely that ubiquitin ligase E6AP is a key player not only in the degradation of p53 but also in the hpv cervical cancer of telomerase and cell transformation by E6 5. The E7 binds to retinoblastoma RBphosphorylating and therefore inactivating it 4.

Also it binds to other hpv cervical cancer interactive hpv cervical cancer proteins such as cyclin E. Rb prevents inhibiting progression from the gap phase to the synthesis phase of the G1 mytotic cycle. When E7 binds to and degrades Rb protein, it is no longer functional and cell proliferation is left unchecked.

The outcome is stimulation of cellular DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. The net result of both viral products, E6 and E7, is dysregulation of the cell cycle, allowing cells with genomic defects to enter the S-phase DNA replication phase. These oncoproteins have also been shown to promote chromosomal instability as well as to induce cell growth and immortalize cells.

Next, the E5 gene product induces an increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, thereby enhancing cellular responses to growth and differentiation factors. This results in continuous proliferation and delayed differentiation of the host cell.

The changing epidemiology of HPV and cervical cancer

The E1 and E2 gene products are synthesized next, with important role in the genomic replication. Through its interaction with E2, E1 is recruited to the replication origin oriwhich is essential for the initiation of viral DNA replication.

E2 also contributes to the segregation of viral DNA in the cell division process by tethering the viral DNA to the host chromosome through interaction with Brd4. Hpv cervical cancer of the viral genome is essential to maintain the HPV infection in the basal hpv cervical cancer, in which the copy number of the viral genome is very low.

Then, a putative late promoter activates the capsid genes, L1 and L2 6. Viral particles are assembled in the nucleus, and complete virions are released as the cornified layers of the epithelium. The E4 viral protein may contribute directly to virus egress in the upper epithelial layer by disturbing keratin integrity.

In the replication process, viral DNA becomes established throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium but intact virions are found only in the upper layers of the tissue. This leads to acanthosis, parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and deepening of rete ridges, creating the typical papillomatous cytoarchitecture seen histologically. Oncogenesis of HPV Infection with high-risk HPV types interferes with the function of cell proteins and also with the expression of cellular gene products.

Microarray analysis of cells infected with El virus del papiloma humano caracteristicas has shown that cellular genes are up-regulated and cellular genes are down-regulated by HPV 7. There are two main outcomes from the integration of viral DNA into the host genome that can eventually lead to tumour formation: blocking the cells apoptotic pathway and blocking synthesis regulatory proteins, leading to uncontrolled mitosis.

High risk HPVs have some specific strategies that contribute to their oncogenic potential. First, HPVs encode functions that make possible the replication in infected differentiated keratinocytes. Production of viral genomes is critically dependent on the host cellular DNA synthesis machinery.

HPVs are replicated in differentiated squamous epithelial cells that are growth arrested and thus incompetent to support genome synthesis. An additional important aspect of the papillomavirus life cycle is the long-term viral persistence in squamous epithelia, where cells constantly undergo differentiation and differentiated cells are shed.

Binding disrupts their functions, and alter cell cycle regulatory pathways, leading to cellular transformation. As a consequence, the host cell accumulates more and more damaged DNA that cannot be repaired 9. The essential condition hpv cervical cancer the virus to determine a malign transformation is to persist in the tissue. In the outer layers of the epithelium, viral DNA is packaged into capsids and progeny virions are released to re-initiate infection.

Traducere "cervical cancer" în română

Because the highly immunogenic virions are synthesized at the upper layers of stratified squamous epithelia they undergo only relatively limited surveillance by cells of the immune hpv cervical cancer. These oncoproteins have also been shown to promote chromosomal instability as well as to induce cell growth and immortalize keratinocytes.

Activitățile derulate în întreaga lume cu ocazia acestei zile au drept obiectiv încurajarea autorităților să ia măsuri în vederea reducerii numărului de cazuri de cancer cauzate de HPV, atât în cazul femeilor, cât și în cazul bărbaților, prin facilitarea accesului acestora la strategii de prevenire a infecției cu HPV - vaccinarea anti-HPV sau programe de screening.

E6-induced degradation of these proteins potentially causes loss of cell-cell contacts mediated by tight junctions and thus contributes to the loss of cell polarity seen in HPV-associated cervical cancers In addition to the effects of activated oncogenes and chromosome instability, potential mechanisms contributing to transformation include methylation of viral and cellular DNA, telomerase activation, and hormonal and immunogenetic factors.

Progression to cancer generally takes place over a period of 10 to 20 years.

Involvement of Human Papillomavirus genome in oncogenesis of cervical cancer

Figure 2. Cervical carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process involving genetic, environmental, hormonal and immunological factors in addition to persistent HPV infection.

It's what causes cervical cancer. În tratamentul cancerului de col uterin, Hycamtin este asociat cu un alt medicament, denumit cisplatină. When treating cervical cancerHycamtin is combined with another medicine, called cisplatin. Cauza cancerului de col uterin este de papilomavirus uman HPV. The cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus HPV.

Three steps are necessary for development of cervical cancer: infection with a kigh-risk HPV type, progression to a premalignant lesion and invasion. High-risk HPV-DNA integrate into the host genome and can lead to tumour formation by blocking the cells apoptotic pathway and blocking synthesis regulatory proteins leading to uncontrolled mitosis.

Progression to cancer takes place over a very long period of time decadesso the most important way to prevent its development diffuse intraductal papillomatosis an efficient screening program of all women hpv cervical cancer Pap smears and gynecologic visits.

Baseman, J. The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections. Khan, M. The elevated year parazitii degeneratia urmatoare remix of cervical precancer and cancer in women with human papillomavirus HPV type 16 or 18 and the possible utility of type-specific HPV testing in clinical practice.

Cancer Inst. Flores, E. Allen-Hoffman, D. Lee, C. Sattler, and P. Establishment of the human papillomavirus type 16 HPV life cycle in an immortalized human foreskin keratinocyte cell line.

papilloma on vocal folds helminth infections and cardiovascular diseases toxocara species is contributing to the disease

Virology Syrjänen, S. New concepts on the role of human papillomavirus in cell cycle regulation. Thomas, M. Pim, and L. The role of the E6-p53 interaction in the molecular pathogenesis of HPV. Oncogene McBride A. Partitioning hpv cervical cancer genomes in mitosis: same idea, different targets.

papillomas clear discharge papilloma natural cure

Cell Cycle 5, — Dietrich-Goetz W. A cellular kDa protein recognizes the negative regulatory element of human papillomavirus hpv cervical cancer mRNA. Yoshinouchi, M. Hongo, K. Nakamura, J. Kodama, S. Itoh, H. Sakai, and T. Halbert, C. Demers, and D.

hpv cervical cancer

The E7 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 is sufficient for immortalization of human epithelial cells. Human papillomavirus 16, E6 oncoprotein binds to interferon regulatory factor-3 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Genes Dev ; — Nakagawa S, Huibregtse JM. Human scribble Vartul is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the high-risk papillomavirus E6 proteins and the E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase.

Mol Cell Biol ; —


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Health and Spirituality Department

Please remember, this column is designed to help the consumer seeking behavioral-health information, and not intended to be any form of psychotherapy or a replacement for professional, individualized services. Opinions expressed in the column are those of the columnist and do not represent the position of other SelfhelpMagazine.com staff.

I am finding myself torn up with anger toward my ex-spouse. Whenever I have to see him, my stomach churns. He hurt me a great deal. Can you help?

As far as current dealings with your ex-spouse, try to decide how you want to deal with him, e.g., assertive, detached, etc., then, as they say, "fake it 'till you make it." In other words, try to act in accord with how you want to feel.

At another level, we need to discuss the idea of forgiveness. Keep in mind that forgiveness is not the same as condoning. The things that were done to you will never be OK and forgiveness will not make them so. When we resent someone, that person still has some power in our lives. When we forgive them, it is as if we unplug them so that they no longer drain our power. Pursuing forgiveness toward someone who still has the potential to hurt us is intended to benefit the forgiver.

The first and most important step is to decide if you are willing to forgive. This involves deciding to rid yourself of resentments which may feel like protection to you. They're not. Resentments only harm the person holding onto them. The other steps are discussed in my book Encounters with Angels. Give some time and thought to the specific hurts you've experienced and the specific needs that went unmet. Then find some ritual to symbolize letting go.

Forgiveness is easier said than done and is a process that takes time. Just keep in mind that you're worth the time and energy!

Richard B. Patterson is a clinical psychologist in private practice in El Paso, TX. He is the author of three books on psychology and spirituality.

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The Spanish shawl nudibranch (Flabellina iodinea) feeds on a species of hydroid called Eudendrium ramosum, which possesses a pigment called astaxanthin that gives the nudibranch its brilliant purple, orange, and red coloration. Nudibranchs (Opisthobranchs) (Oregon to Southeast Alaska) Click on the name of the Order to view the species within that category. Some species have direct development, and the shell is shed before the animal emerges from the egg mass.[14]. Favorinus)[34] or, on some occasions, are cannibals and prey on members of their own species. The species is colorful and get these colors through food. More than 4600 nudibranch papers were perused in an effort to find as much of the published food data as possible. "Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) more than just slimy slugs. Jennifer Kennedy, M.S., is an environmental educator specializing in marine life. There are more than 3000 known species. Gastropods also have a foot and all young gastropods undergo a process called torsion in their larval stage. Some species will even prey on sea slugs and their eggs. [3] They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to match, such as "clown," "marigold," "splendid," "dancer," "dragon,"[4] or "sea rabbit." Many also have a simple gut and a mouth with a radula. [10], Nudibranchs are benthic animals, found crawling over the substrate. Like some others of its kind, Glaucus does not digest the nematocysts; instead, it uses them to defend itself by passing them from its gut to the surface of its skin. With their limited vision, their sense of the world is obtained through their rhinophores (on top of the head) and oral tentacles (near the mouth). [31] After hatching, the infants look almost identical to their adult counterparts, albeit smaller. Some of their prey such as Portuguese man-of-wars have a specialized cell in their tentacles called nematocysts that contain a barbed or venomous coiled thread. [29] Mating usually takes a few minutes, and involves a dance-like courtship. If it finds a small victim, Glaucus simply envelops it with its capacious mouth, but if the prey is a larger siphonophore, the mollusc nibbles off its fishing tentacles, the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts. Aeolid nudibranchs can use their cerata for defense. Aeolid nudibranchs instead breathe with organs called cerata covering their backs. All taxa in this guide 180 taxa matching current filters They come in an astonishingly wide variety of colors and shapes—many have brightly colored stripes or spots and flamboyant appendages on their head and back. The sea slugs can see light and dark, but not their own brilliant coloration, so the colors are not intended to attract mates. The orange spotted nudibranch (Triopha catalinae). Many gastropods have a shell. The related group of sacoglossan sea slugs feed on algae and retain just the chloroplasts for their own photosynthetic use, a process known as kleptoplasty. Despite the unsavory or toxic taste they can present to their non-human predators, most nudibranchs are harmless to humans, except those like Glaucus atlanticus which consumes nematocytes and so may consider you a predator and sting. Taxa to include. [23] Some sponge-eating nudibranchs concentrate the chemical defences from their prey sponge in their bodies, rendering themselves distasteful to predators. A nudibranch is a mollusk (soft-bodied invertebrates) without a shell (when adult). They are carnivorous, so that prey includes sponges, coral, anemones, hydroids, barnacles, fish eggs, sea slugs, and other nudibranchs. [15] The eyes are set into the body, are about a quarter of a millimeter in diameter, and consist of a lens and five photoreceptors.[16]. [41] Since 2010, Opisthobranchia has been recognised as not a valid clade (it is paraphyletic) and instead Nudipleura has been placed as the first offshoot of Euthyneura (which is the dominant clade of gastropods). While most predators avoid this nudibranch based on its secretions, the kelp crab (Pugettia producta) is a rare exception. Author: (Rudman, 1986) Order: Nudibranchia Family: Chromodorididae Maximum Size: 90 mm Sightings: Sunshine Coast Ardeadoris rubroannulata (Rudman, 1986) A large nudibranch (up to 90 mm) of the Chromodorididae family, Ardeadoris rubroannulata is another species that seems to have a limited Coral Sea distribution only, being reported from New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and the east coast Nudibranchs are often casually called sea slugs, as they are a family of opistobranchs (sea slugs), within the phylum Mollusca (molluscs), but many sea slugs belong to several taxonomic groups which are not closely related to nudibranchs. Chromodoris westraliensis (3-5CM) With its orange pair of tentacles and a tuft of feathery gills, this species is easily recognisable and is endemic to Western Australia. All known nudibranchs are carnivorous. This survey started March 29 2003. They have rare or novel chemical compounds which possess anti-microbial and anti-parasitic traits which may aid in the fight against cancer. species. Nudibranchs are mollusks in the class Gastropoda, which includes snails, slugs, limpets, and sea hairs. Because the rhinophores stick out and can be a target for hungry fish, most nudibranchs have the ability to withdraw the rhinophores and hide them in a pocket in their skin if the nudibranch senses danger. Nudibranchs that feed on hydrozoids can store the hydrozoids' nematocysts (stinging cells) in the dorsal body wall, the cerata. The adult form is without a shell or operculum (in shelled gastropods, the operculum is a bony or horny plate that can cover the opening of the shell when the body is withdrawn). Because they can't move too far, too fast and are solitary in nature, it's important for them to be able to reproduce if the situation presents itself. 5 = encountered on almost every occasion, very common 4 = encountered frequently (over 50 … ; Nudibranch means naked gill, from the Latin words nudus and branchia. [46] They were thus divided into two major clades: However, according to the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), currently the most up-to-date system of classifying the gastropods, the Nudibranchia are a subclade within the clade of the Nudipleura. While this hooded nudibranch is the only Melibe in the Pacific Northwest, worldwide the genus is composed of more than a dozen accepted species. Nudibranchs are picky eaters—individual species or families of nudibranchs may eat only one kind of prey. Using citizen science to create a more specific, comprehensive Nudibranch species list for all the diving locations/sites around Australia Abstract. Nudibranchs are found in all the world's oceans, from cold water to warm water. [13], The body forms of nudibranchs vary a great deal, but because they are opisthobranchs, unlike most other gastropods, they are apparently bilaterally symmetrical externally (but not internally) because they have undergone secondary detorsion. [42], This classification was based on the work of Johannes Thiele (1931),[43] who built on the concepts of Henri Milne-Edwards (1848).[44]. Studies of nudibranch DNA also offer assistance in tracking ocean conditions relative to climate change. In the course of their evolution, nudibranchs have lost their shells, while developing alternative defence mechanisms. The Professor has kept these Tritonia alive in his room for a month, and during the whole period of their confinement they have continued to produce the sounds with very little diminution of their original intensity. Divers willing to investigate nooks and crannies can often spot species that have not yet been scientifically described. [9], Nudibranchs live at virtually all depths, from the intertidal zone to depths well over 700 m (2,300 ft). Nudibranchs lay masses of spiral-shaped or coiled eggs, which are for the most part left on their own. Dexiarchia nom. The cerata can be a variety of shapes—thread-like, club-shaped, clustered, or branched. Other nudibranchs, as seen especially well on chromodorids, have an intensely bright and contrasting colour pattern that makes them especially conspicuous in their surroundings. Another method of protection is the release of an acid from the skin. A representative sampling of species for each family are shown to give an example of the characteristics exhibited by that group. The following list of fact sheets contains information on hundreds of species of sea slugs from around the world. [37], Nudibranchs are commonly divided into two main kinds, dorid and aeolid (also spelled eolid) nudibranchs:[38][39], The exact systematics of nudibranchs are a topic of recent revision. The probable cause for this is the influence from the Furthermore, nudibranchs contain a mixture of sponge chemicals when they are in the presence of multiple food sources, as well as change defence chemicals with a concurrent change in diet. Nudibranchs have a shell in their larval stage, but it disappears in the adult form. [6][7][8] They are almost entirely restricted to salt water, although a few species are known to inhabit lower salinities in brackish water. This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 08:05. The closest known species to this one is Moridilla brockii, but Moridilla sp. [5] Currently, about 3,000 valid species of nudibranchs are known.[6]. Some species are transparent and/or bio-luminescent, like the Phylliroe. In this process, the entire top of their body twists 180 degrees on their foot. Onchidoris bilamellata),[36] and anemones (e.g. There are more than 3000 known species.. Nudibranchs are one of the groups which are informally known as sea slugs.This is a term which includes other Gastropod groups which look similar to nudibranchs. 111 likes. The unattractively named sea slug comes in a fantastic array of shapes and neon-bright colors that they themselves cannot see.
2020 nudibranch species list


Question: How Did Seat Belts Become Mandatory?

When did 3 point seat belts become mandatory?

1968The first three-point seatbelt was sold in a Volvo PV544 in Sweden on August 13, 1959.

It took several years after that for the feature to catch on with automakers and the public, and the first U.S.

federal law mandating seatbelts wasn’t till 1968..

Are seat belt laws unconstitutional?

The courts have consistently upheld the laws as constitutional, including the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 2001 sided with police who arrested a Texas woman in 1997 because she and her two children were not wearing seat belts. … Only New Hampshire does not require people older than 17 to wear seat belts.

Why did they stop automatic seat belts?

As McKinney said, airbags got in the way. Way back in the late 80’s / early 90’s, the government told auto manufacturers to either install side airbags, or auto seatbelts in their cars. Going the cheap route, they rolled out auto seatbelts. When side airbags became mandatory years later, they ditched the seatbelts.

Can a passenger get a ticket for no seatbelt?

The same penalties apply to a passenger 16-years or older who fails to wear a seatbelt properly adjusted and fastened in a moving or stationary but not parked motor vehicle. The passenger will not incur demerit points but will face the same on-the-spot fine. (rule 265(2)(c) Road Rules 2014 (NSW)).

Do seat belts really save lives?

Among drivers and front-seat passengers, seat belts reduce the risk of death by 45%, and cut the risk of serious injury by 50%. Seat belts prevent drivers and passengers from being ejected during a crash. … Seat belts save thousands of lives each year, and increasing use would save thousands more.

Why are seat belts required by law?

Seat belt use reduces serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half, and seat belt laws and enforcement strategies have been proven to increase seat belt use. … Primary enforcement seat belt laws allow law enforcement officers to stop vehicles if a driver or passenger is not wearing a seat belt.

Who made seat belts mandatory?

Come 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signed two bills requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles.

What year did cars come out with seat belts?

1964Automotive safety reached a turning point in the 1964 model year. That was the year front-seat lap belts became standard equipment in passenger cars. Automakers had seen the writing on the wall – or, rather, on the books.

How can cops tell if you’re wearing a seatbelt?

Wear that seatbelt “Cops can tell if you’re not wearing your seat belt,” Hamburger says. “If they don’t see the strap above your left shoulder, you’re just asking to be pulled over. … One for speeding, and one for failing to wear a seat belt. In fact, don’t drive without a seat belt at all.

What states have no seatbelt laws?

New Hampshire is the only state that has no enforceable laws for the wearing of seat belts in a vehicle.

Can wearing a seatbelt kill you?

When used correctly, wearing a seat belt reduces the risk of fatal injury to front seat passenger car occupants by 45%, and risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50%. For those riding in the rear of vans and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) during a car crash, rear seat belts are 73% better at preventing fatalities.

What is the fine for not wearing a seatbelt in Michigan?

$65Tickets for not wearing a seat belt in Michigan cost $65, but no points are assessed on a driver’s license. Michigan law requires drivers, front seat passengers and passengers 15 and younger in any seating position to be buckled up.

When did seatbelts become mandatory in the US?

1968It wasn’t until the late 1950s that an engineer at Volvo devised the three-point seat belt most of us are familiar with today. This new model secured the chest and hips with a single belt. These seatbelts became mandatory in all new United States vehicles in 1968.

Do police wear seatbelts?

What year car doesn’t need seat belts?

1966Until 1966, cars were often made without seat belts. Many manufacturers offered seat belts as extras to the car. Therefore, if you own a classic car and no seat belts are fitted as standard, you have no legal obligation to have them fitted.

Are seat belts mandatory in us?

In the United States, seat belt legislation varies by state. … In the front seat, the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt, one person per belt. In some states, such as New York, New Hampshire, and Michigan, belts in the rear seats are not mandatory for people over the age of 16.

Do cops have to buckle you up?

It is not illegal but it is against most police departments’ policies and procedures.

How much is a seatbelt ticket in NC?

Violators of North Carolina’s seat belt law are fined $179 (or $263 if a passenger under age 15 is not properly restrained). That doesn’t include the potential cost of a lost life.

Do all 50 states require seat belts?

With the exception of New Hampshire, all states and the District of Columbia require adult front-seat occupants to use seat belts. Adult rear-seat passengers also are covered by the laws in 31 states and the District of Columbia. … Thirty-four states and the District of Columbia have primary enforcement.

What is the law on seat belts?

Although it has been compulsory to wear seatbelts in New South Wales since 1971, each year on average there are about 30 drivers and passengers killed and 220 injured who were not wearing available seatbelts. Many of these deaths and injuries could have been prevented if seatbelts had been used.

Who is exempt from wearing seat belts?

There is no legal requirement to wear a seat belt if you’re: a driver who is reversing, or supervising a learner driver who is reversing. driving a goods vehicle, on deliveries, that is travelling no more than 50 metres between stops. a licensed taxi driver who is ‘plying for hire’ or carrying passengers.


Philippine history with politics and governance in africa

History philippine africa

Add: ysocewo99 - Date: 2020-12-29 08:38:23 - Views: 7764 - Clicks: 8443

1st expedition after Magellan&39;s: 59. early method in preparing fish: 65. Politics and Governance in the Philippines 1.

Nelson said the country has fallen far behind other countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia in terms of economic development because of rampant corruption and political instability. One key difference between the Philippine and U. The politics of the Philippines take place in an organized framework of a presidential, representative, and democratic republic whereby the president is both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multi-party system. Chapter 4 starts the presentation of the governments of the Philippines during the Spanish colonization. Although we cannot discount all the good things the Americans did to improve the country’s system of education, the Spanish do deserve credit for their own contributions.

1898 Establishment of Philippine Republic Independence declared J Dictatorial replaced by Revolutionary Government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo (J) Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American war The Philippines was under US sovereignty until. To evaluate how they know and understand the topic. Politics - denotes a social activity - is the creation,maintenance and amendment of social norms or rules. - First automated national elections in the Philippines. Thomasite teacher with Filipino students. 1902 - Philippine-American War formally ends as philippine history with politics and governance in africa US civil government replaces military rule. Philippine Politics and Governance: Challenges to Democratization and Development, 303 pages, both published in Quezon City, Philippines by the Department of Political Science, University of the. Philippine Politics and Governance Curriculum Guide introduces the students to the basic concepts and vital elements of politics and governance from a historical-institutional perspective.

To read about the background to these events, see History of the Philippines. GOVERNMENT • instrument for the purpose of governance • groups of people with authority to govern a country or state GOVERNANCE • exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage nation’s affairs • process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented 24. US Military Government US Insular Government Commonwealth of the Philippines Second Philippine Republic Third Republic of the Philippines Fourth Republic of the Philippines Fifth Republic of the Philippines; Established 900: Ap: Aug: Ma: Novem: J Janu: May philippine history with politics and governance in africa 6. Comparisons with the politics and governance of other Southeast Asian states will also be discussed. Objectives: 1.

1990: The presidential election of May 1992, in which Aquino was not a candidate, was a seven-way race in which the winner, Fidel Ramos, received less than 24 percent of the overall vote. The role of the Philippine president in relation to his/her powers; The Legislative. Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction Teresa S. The evolution of Philippine politics, government, and governance; The Executive. Many of these customs and traditions, government and way of life, have come down to the present day, despite the changes brought about by westernization and modernization. Historical Background of Philippine Democratic Politics. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index.

You and 14 other people drifted ashore to a small secluded island. To understand the basic concept of Political Science 2. All the governments, irrespective of political setup will likely to seize endangering crisis pass draconian laws, executive orders like curbing freedoms, partial/ total suspension of economic activities for limited periods. It has a total land area of 300,000. POLITICS, GOVERNANCE AND THE NEW PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION POLITICS & POLITICAL SCIENCE The use of “politics” and “political science” is interchangeable in common instances, but it seems, both terms are distinct from each. - Is an art and science of the government. While corruption continues to pervade in several Asian countries, the situation in the Philippines remains unique. 3 of the Philippine Constitution requires all educational institution to include the study of the constitution as part of the curicula in order to inculcate in every Filipino patriotism and nationalism and to teach rights and duties of citizenship among others.

Governance is essentially related to politics, in that politics is often defined as the art of governance. Chapter 2 discusses the geographic location of the Philippines. paid in cash or in kind: 67. Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of their own. - Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, philippine history with politics and governance in africa the first ever in the history of the Philippines. It is very easy to point to the politicians as the biggest problem. Man is by nature a political animal-Aristotle, Politics.

Ramos was a former army chief of staff and defense minister under Aquino; he was unpopular in some quarters because he had headed the agency charged with. Demonstrate a basic grasp of the issues of Philippine. Courts actively seek cases where the judges can and should creatively re-interpret the texts of the constitution and the laws in order to serve the judges&39; own considered estimates of the vital needs of contemporary society when the elected political branches of the federal government and/or the various state governments seem to be failing to meet these needs.

Politics and Governance with Philippine Constitution BSIT II. Morada Department of Political Science, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, - Democracy - 588 pages. Expected learning outcomes At the end of the course, students will be able to: Knowledge a. Politics and Governance with Philippine Constitution BSIT II. Philippines - Philippines - Local government: Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, most people lived in small independent villages called barangays, each ruled by a local paramount ruler called a datu. It&39;s worthwhile to understand a little more about the.

philippine history with politics and governance in africa Chapter 3 chronicles the coming of the famous explorer, Ferdinand Magellan. The barangay was the Filipino&39;s earliest form of government. Chapter 1 delves with the concepts of history and political science. POLITICS GOVERNANCE PHILIPPINES BASIC POLITICAL CONCEPTS Public Administration and Social Communication Reported by: Ryan C. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Overview: In February 1987, the Philippines adopted a new constitution that instituted the presidential-style republican form of democracy, which resembles the U.

Some independence forces fight on until defeat of Moro resistance in south in 1913. To develop a critical way of thinking in interpretimg Politics and Government 3. 07 Philippine History with Politics, Date 07 Feb. Philippines - Philippines - The Philippines since c. model much more than the European parliamentary system. with philippine constitution Prepared by: Jo-an C. People in a democratic governance feel more annoyed than in military regimes, autocratic rulers. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the.

Governance and Constitution Lesson Title The State as a political entity Lesson Target Identify important concepts in the creation of a state References Title Textbook on the New Philippine Constitution Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative introduction to Political Science Author De Leon, H. In particular, it attempts to explain how the important features of our country’s political structures/institutions, processes, and relationships developed. The Philippines is a country made up of over 7,000 islands in Southeast Asia, whose politics have their own unique features and characteristics. systems is that the Philippines is a unitary. During a horrific storm, the ship sank.

POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE WITH PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND PHILIPPINE HISTORY NOTES Nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. In particular, it attempts to explain how the important features of our country&39;s political structures/institutions, processes, and relationships developed across. 1 Lesson No. We Already Had An Excellent Public School System africa Before The Americans Came. official organ of the Katipunan: 63.

This is a timeline of Philippine history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Philippines and their predecessor states. Ineptitude, corruption, graft, nepotism, just to name a few of the qualities associated with politics in the Philippines. The role and. In the case of the Filipino people, they went through a lot of stages, both forceful and peaceful, in their quest for political maturity and independence. The Spanish later founded many small towns, which they called poblaciones, and from those centres roads or trails were built in four to six directions, like the spokes of a.

The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives; The Judiciary. Perhaps, politics is better understood as the “actual. This civilization partly came from the Malay settlers and partly from their response to the new environment.

How does politics differ from governance? The Philippine political system has been so designed that government officials are rewarded through the corrupt practices of bureaucrat capitalism for preserving and promoting the dominance for foreign monopoly capitalism and the exploiting classes and for betraying national sovereignty, auctioning off the national patrimony and for making. Article I - National Territory SECTION 1. 1 Philippine Geography, History, and Economy The Philippine archipelago is composed of about 7,100 islands and lies strategically within the arc of nations that sweeps southeastward from mainland Asia to philippine history with politics and governance in africa Australia.

Just as politics talks about governments, institutions, power, order, and the ideals of justice, governance also deals with the public sector, power structures, equity, and ideals of public administration. Cite a specific example in the Philippine setting. introduced Christianity in the Philippines: 61. Analyze this: You went for a cruise on a ship one summer with philippine history with politics and governance in africa other students from different schools. Foreword-- Introduction by philippine history with politics and governance in africa Malaya C Ronas-- 1 Nation-State Formation in the Philippines by Raymund Jose G Quilop-- 2 Public Opinion and Democratic Governance by Felipe B Miranda-- 3 Electoral and Party Politics in Prewar Philippines by Jorge V Tigno-- 4 Electoral and Party Politics in the Postwar Period by Jorge V Tigno-- 5. governance, as well as the spaces for citizen participation such as elections and local governance.

Article XIV Sec. In his journal article, economist Robert H. - Benigno "Noynoy" Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III wins the Presidential elections and sworn in at Manila&39;s Rizal Park on J. Philippine Politics and Governance This course introduces the students to the basic concepts and vital elements of politics and governance from a historical-institutional perspective. Encarnacion Tadem, Noel M. the financial program of the national government for the designated calendar year: 68. study of significant events: 60.

Philippine National Hero: 58. None of the teachers or ship&39;s crew. The pre-colonial government of the Filipinos It is said that people deserve the kind of government they have.

Philippine history with politics and governance in africa

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Attack when I am offline

Last night I was visited. Very strange, I have a tall building, opened from the top. Let’s presume the player entered from the opened top. Stole some items from a room, full of fighting thralls. The only question, how could he/she do that? No damage on my building, so I am sure the player managed somehow. Any idea?

Without knowing the exact layout of the room and the locations of all the items and guards, I can only hazard a guess that he cheezed the AI by standing on something or clinging to a wall where they couldn’t get to him, but was still just close enough to access your stash.

Furthermore, one of my thrall is missing, and the event log does not mark.

All right, met the burglar. He said that the thralls didn’t attack him, because he came after raid time. Is it true? Thralls dont attack enemy players after/before raid time?

Correct, thralls only assist players during raid times.