Huntington’s disease

Huntington’s disease

Huntington's disease is an inherited condition that damages certain nerve cells in the brain.

Huntington's disease was originally called Huntington's chorea ("chorea" is the Greek word for dancing). This is because the involuntary movements associated with the condition can look like jerky dancing. However, "disease" is now the preferred term, because the condition involves a lot more than just abnormal movements.

Huntington's disease is caused by an inherited faulty gene. However, in around 3% of cases, there's no family history of the condition, normally because the parents died at a young age.

Diagnosing Huntington's disease

If you have symptoms of Huntington's disease, your GP will refer you to a specialist clinician (usually a neurologist) if they feel your symptoms need further investigation.

The specialist will ask about your symptoms to assess how likely it is that you have Huntington's disease and to rule out similar conditions.

They may also test a number of physical functions, such as your eye movements, balance, control, movement and walking. Your speech and cognition may also be tested. All of these can be affected by Huntington's disease.

Genetic testing can be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treating Huntington's disease

There's no cure for Huntington's disease and its progress can't be reversed or slowed down.

As the condition progresses, it may put a strain on family and relationships. Treatments for Huntington's disease aim to improve any mood disturbance; this is done to maintain skills used in daily living that can deteriorate over time.

Medication can help manage some of the symptoms, such as irritability or excessive movement. Therapies such as speech and language therapy and occupational therapy can help with communication and day-to-day living.

Support is also available for the family of a person with Huntington's disease. This includes, for example, testing family members who don't have any of the condition's features (manifest) to see whether they carry the gene, or help with choosing a suitable care home in advanced cases.

Huntington's disease usually progresses and gets worse over a 10-25 year period from when it first appears, before the person eventually dies from it. During the condition's later stages, the person will be totally dependent and need full nursing care.

Death is usually from a secondary cause, such as heart failure, pneumonia or another infection.

Who's affected by Huntington's disease?

Both men and women with a family history of Huntington's disease can inherit the condition. Symptoms usually start to appear during adulthood.

Juvenile (children's) Huntington's disease develops before the age of 20. Only 5-10% of people with Huntington's disease develop it at a very young age, and the pattern of features may be different.

It was previously thought that 4-6 people in a population of 100,000 were affected by Huntington's disease. However, UK research carried out in 2012 found the actual figure for those affected by the condition to be about 12 people per 100,000.

It's thought that the number of people who have the Huntington's gene and are not yet affected is about twice that of those who have symptoms.

Current research

Research is underway to find disease-modifying medication and new treatments for the features of Huntington's disease.

Exciting progress has been made in identifying potential ways of slowing down or halting the condition by "switching off" the faulty gene that causes Huntington's disease.

See our page on clinical trials for Huntington's disease for details of theclinical trials that are currently running. You can find out more by visiting the European Huntington's Disease Network.

Features of Huntington's disease

Behavioural changes

difficulty concentrating on more than one task and handling complex situations

irritability and impulsiveness

Psychiatric problems

Many people with Huntington's disease have depression. This occurs as part of the condition, not just as a response to the diagnosis.Symptoms of depression include continuous low mood, low self-esteem, a lack of motivation or interest in things, and feelings of hopelessness.

Movement problems

Feeding problems

Communication problems

Sexual problems

End of life

Juvenile Huntington's disease

a rapid decline in school performance

changes in handwriting

seizures (fits)

The cause of Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease is caused by a faulty gene that runs in families.

Genes and chromosomes

Genes are the instructions for making all parts of the human body and brain. They're made up of DNA and packaged onto strands called chromosomes. We have two copies of all our genes, so our chromosomes are in pairs.

Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). The faulty gene that causes Huntington's disease is found on chromosome number four.

The normal copy of the gene produces a protein called huntingtin, but the faulty gene contains an abnormal region of what are called CAG repeats. This area is larger than normal and produces a mutant form of huntingtin.

Cells in parts of the brain – specifically, the basal ganglia and parts of the cortex – are very sensitive to the effects of the abnormal huntingtin. This makes them function poorly and eventually die.

The brain normally sends messages through the basal ganglia and cortex to control movement and thinking, as well as motivation. If this part of the brain is damaged, it causes problems with control of movement, behaviour and thinking.

It's still unclear exactly how abnormal huntingtin affects the brain cells and why some are more sensitive than others.

Inheriting Huntington's disease

A parent with the Huntington's disease gene has one good copy of the gene and one faulty copy. Their child will inherit one of these genes. Therefore, there's a 50:50 chance that the child will get the faulty gene and develop Huntington's disease.

However, it's very difficult to predict how old the child will be when they develop the condition if they inherit the abnormal gene, unless it contains a very long CAG repeat (>55).

There's also a 50:50 chance that the child with Huntington's disease will pass the faulty gene on to a child they may have in the future. This pattern of inheritance is called "autosomal dominant".

In around 3% of cases of Huntington's disease, there's no obvious family history of the condition. This could be due to adoption or because relatives with the condition died early from other causes. In rare cases, it's due to a new expansion in the gene.

Treating Huntington's disease

There's no cure for Huntington's disease. Its progress can't be reversed or slowed down, although this is the goal of many research projects.

Some of the features of Huntington's disease can be managed with medication and therapies, which may be coordinated by specialist teams.

Therapies, such as speech and language therapy and occupational therapy, can help with communication and day-to-day living.

Regular exercise is also very important. People who are active tend to feel much better physically and mentally than those who don't exercise. Someone with Huntington's disease may have poor coordination, but walking independently, with the use of walking aids if necessary, can make all the difference.

Medication for Huntington's disease

Medicines for Huntington's disease, which can be taken in liquid form in many cases if needed, are described below.

Most of these medications have side effects, such as extreme tiredness. However, it may sometimes be difficult to tell whether these are symptoms of the condition or a result of the medication.

Antidepressants to treat depression

Antidepressants can help improve mood swings and treat depression. They include:

SSRI antidepressants – such as fluoxetine, citalopram and paroxetine

tricyclic antidepressants – such as amitriptyline

other types of antidepressants – including mirtazapine, duloxetine and venlafaxine

Side effects of antidepressants may include:

shaking or trembling

difficulty sleeping (insomnia)

Mood stabilisers to treat irritability or mood swings

Medication to suppress involuntary movements

The medications listed below suppress the involuntary movements – or chorea – seen in Huntington's disease. In the UK, antipsychotic medicines are usually preferred.

antipsychotic medication – such as olanzapine, sulpiride, risperidone and quetiapine

tetrabenazine – reduces the amount of dopamine reaching some of the nerve cells in the brain

benzodiazepines – such as clonazepam and diazepam

Antipsychotic medication may also help control delusions and violent outbursts. However, they may have severe side effects, such as:

stiffness and rigidity

tremor (shaking)

moving slowly

Due to the possibility of experiencing these side effects, the lowest possible dose of antipsychotics are normally prescribed in the first instance.

Help and support

If you want to talk to someone about Huntington's disease, theHuntington's Disease Association has a team of advisers who can help. You can call their helpline on 0151 331 5444, or their email address is info@hda.org.uk.

Living with Huntington's disease

Help is available to assist people with Huntington's disease in their day-to-day living. This might include physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy.

Huntington's disease puts a great deal of strain on relationships, and is very stressful and upsetting for the family. It's distressing to see a family member's state of mind deteriorate so much that they may not be like their former self at all.

Daily routines such as getting dressed and eating meals can be frustrating and exhausting. The types of help outlined below aim to ease the strain of the condition by improving skills that may deteriorate.

Help with communication

Speech and language therapy can improve communication skills, memory and teach alternative ways of communicating. It can also help with swallowing problems.

Communication aidscan sometimes be helpful, as they allow communication without the need for talking. For example, you can point to symbols on a chart to indicate your mood or whether you're hungry.

The family of someone with Huntington's disease will need to be patient and supportive. They can try alternative ways of communicating if speech is a problem.

Help with mealtimes

People with Huntington's disease need to have a high-calorie diet. A dietitian can help you work out an appropriate diet plan.

To help with eating and drinking, food should be easy to chew, swallow and digest. It can be cut into small pieces or puréed to prevent choking. Feeding equipment is also available, such as special straws and non-slip mats.

At some point, it may be necessary to use a feeding tube that goes directly into the stomach. If a person with Huntington's disease doesn't want to be artificially fed during the later stages of the condition, they should make their wishes known to their family and doctor. They may want to consider making an advance decision (a living will) or a statement of wishes and preferences.

The Huntington's Disease Association has more information about eating and swallowing (PDF, 320kb). You can also email theRoyal Hospital for Neuro-disability for further information and advice about swallowing difficulties and artificial nutrition. Their telephone number is 020 8780 4500, or you can email them on info@rhn.org.uk.

Occupational therapy

An occupational therapist (OT) can help with day-to-day activities. Your home can be adapted by social services to make life easier for a person with Huntington's disease, as they may be at risk of injury from a fall or accidentally starting a fire.

Your shower, bath, chairs and bed may need to be adapted. You may also need to think about wheelchair access.

A physiotherapist can help with mobility and balance by using a range of treatments, including manipulation, massage, exercise, electrotherapy and hydrotherapy. You may be referred to a physiotherapist through your GP or social services.

Electronic assistive technology

The Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability provides an electronic assistive technology (EAT) service. It's made up of a team of healthcare professionals who provide EAT equipment for patients and residents within the hospital, as well as for people with disabilities living in the community or at other hospitals or units.

Equipment includes:

communication aids

computers and software

switches and other access devices

powered wheelchair controls

environmental controls

Information about Huntington's disease

The Huntington's Disease Association has a number of useful factsheets that provide advice about a range of topics, including:

behavioural problems

communication skills

sexual problems

diet, eating and swallowing

driving (see below)

seating, equipment and adaptations

information for teenagers

The charity can also help you explore the housing options available when full-time care is needed.

It's also worth finding out what benefits you may be entitled to if you have Huntington’s disease, or if you're looking after someone with it.

You can do this through the Huntington's Disease Association or by contacting the Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB).

A person diagnosed with Huntington's disease who's started to experience clinical features should inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) because it will affect their ability to drive.

The DVLA will write to your doctor, with your permission, to ask for their opinion about your condition. Based on that information, a decision will be made about whether you can still drive and for how long before another assessment is needed.

There's no need to tell the DVLA if you're carrying the faulty gene but haven't yet developed the features of the condition.

Huntington's disease


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"The Italian Job" limited edition print


Planning for the future

End-of-life planning can be hard to do. When you are healthy and well, it can seem like something that can wait. When you are ill, considering death can make it feel more immediate, and day-to-day life can take all of your energy and time.

But life can be unpredictable, and having a plan in place means your values, choices and preferences are documented. This alleviates some of the pressure on loved-ones who act as substitute decision makers if you are unable to communicate your wishes. It can also help the person making the plan clarify their feelings about what kind of medical care they want to receive, what kind of questions they want to ask their physicians and health care team, and how to discuss their wishes with family and loved ones.

There are several tools available to help you consider the issues and personal choices that surround the end of life. In BC, we have the My Voice workbook, which acts as both a tool for making decisions and a way of recording them. It is available in English, Punjabi and Simplified Chinese, and can be downloaded or a hard copy ordered through the link above.

Another tool for use in BC is Nidus Personal Planning Resource and Registry. This service offers both planning tools and online storage for your documents; if you select it as an option, the website allows your health authority and hospital access to your recorded wishes and plans. You can now also allow your GP, financial advisor or attorney access to your stored health directive documents. This helps to ensure that if you were not able to consent or refuse medical care, your beliefs and values would still be reflected in the care you received.

Finally, a third option, based in the U.S. but recommended by the palliative care physicians at the BC Cancer Agency, is PREPARE. Using a step-by-step approach and videos as well as checklists, it walks you through the process of considering who and how to designate a medical decision maker, how to communicate with your health care team, and decide what is important to you.

We all have our own vision of how the end of our lives will play out. Some of us want every possible treatment and intervention and some of us want avoid medical procedures at any cost. If your wishes and values are not recorded and you are not able to communicate, it will be up to your family or physicians to make those choices for you, and their choices may not be in line with what you actually wanted. Being proactive in addressing these issues with family and loved ones also gives you a chance to discuss questions or concerns they may have, and help them feel more confident they are making decisions you would have agreed with if the time comes for them to act as your substitute decision maker.


ResearchPad - Medical Laboratory Technology Default RSS Feed en-us © 2020 Newgen KnowledgeWorks <![CDATA[A small protein probe for correlated microscopy of endogenous proteins]]>

Probes are essential to visualize proteins in their cellular environment, both using light microscopy as well as electron microscopy (EM). Correlated light microscopy and electron microscopy (CLEM) requires probes that can be imaged simultaneously by both optical and electron-dense signals. Existing combinatorial probes often have impaired efficiency, need ectopic expression as a fusion protein, or do not target endogenous proteins. Here, we present FLIPPER-bodies to label endogenous proteins for CLEM. Fluorescent Indicator and Peroxidase for Precipitation with EM Resolution (FLIPPER), the combination of a fluorescent protein and a peroxidase, is fused to a nanobody against a target of interest. The modular nature of these probes allows an easy exchange of components to change its target or color. A general FLIPPER-body targeting GFP highlights histone2B-GFP both in fluorescence and in EM. Similarly, endogenous EGF receptors and HER2 are visualized at nm-scale resolution in ultrastructural context. The small and flexible FLIPPER-body outperforms IgG-based immuno-labeling, likely by better reaching the epitopes. Given the modular domains and possibilities of nanobody generation for other targets, FLIPPER-bodies have high potential to become a universal tool to identify proteins in immuno-CLEM with increased sensitivity compared to current approaches.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00418-018-1632-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

<![CDATA[Anti-Insulin Antibodies and Adverse Events with Biosimilar Insulin Lispro Compared with Humalog Insulin Lispro in People with Diabetes]]>

Background: SAR342434 (SAR-Lis) is a biosimilar (follow-on) of insulin lispro (Humalog®; Ly-Lis). Two randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 studies were conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of SAR-Lis and Ly-Lis, both in combination with insulin glargine (Lantus®). SORELLA 1 was a 12-month study in 507 people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM); SORELLA 2 was a 6-month study in 505 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, the impact of anti-insulin antibodies (AIA) to SAR-Lis and Ly-Lis on safety and glycemic control is reported.

Methods: AIA were measured regularly throughout both studies at a centralized laboratory blinded to treatment groups using a drug-specific AIA assay. The AIA status (positive or negative), AIA titers, and cross-reactivity to human insulin, insulin glargine, and insulin glargine metabolite M1 were analyzed. The potential effect of AIA on safety, particularly as related to hypersensitivity reactions, hypoglycemia, and treatment-emergent adverse events, as well as on glycemic control (HbA1c, insulin dose), was evaluated.

Results: AIA positive status at baseline was similar for the two insulins, but higher in T1DM than in T2DM. In both studies, the percentage of people newly developing AIA in the two treatment groups, or having a ≥4-fold increase in AIA titers, did not differ. No relationship was observed between maximum individual AIA titers and change in HbA1c or insulin dose, hypoglycemia, or hypersensitivity reactions or between efficacy/safety measures and subgroups by presence or absence of treatment-emergent AIA. Hypersensitivity events and events adjudicated as allergic reactions were few and did not differ between the two groups.

Conclusion: Insulin lispro SAR342434 and the originator insulin lispro had a similar immunogenicity profile in people with T1DM or T2DM.

<![CDATA[Image-guided Coring for Large-scale Studies in Molecular Pathology]]> <![CDATA[Decline in Antigenicity of Tumor Markers by Storage Time Using Pathology Sections Cut From Tissue Microarrays]]>

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

<![CDATA[Does Electroencephalography Contribute to Examining Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?]]> ]]> <![CDATA[New Spectrophotometric Method for Determining Nitrogen Dioxide in Air Using 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline)-6-Sulfonic Acid-Diammonium Salt and Passive Sampling]]>

A new simple and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining nitrogen dioxide in air was developed. The method is based on converting atmospheric nitrogen dioxide to nitrite ions within the IVL passive samplers used for samples collection. Acidifying nitrite ions with concentrated HCl produced the peroxynitrous acid oxidizing agent which was measured using 2, 2-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid-diammonium salt (ABTS) as reducing coloring agent. A parallel series of collected samples were measured for its nitrite content using a validated ion chromatographic method.

The results obtained using both methods were compared in terms of their sensitivity and accuracy. Developed spectrophotometric method was shown to be one order of magnitude higher in sensitivity compared to the ion chromatographic method. Quantitation limits of 0.05 ppm and 0.55 μg/m3 were obtained for nitrite ion and nitrogen dioxid, respectively. Standard deviations in the ranges of 0.05–0.59 and 0.63–7.92 with averages of 0.27 and 3.11 were obtained for determining nitrite and nitrogen dioxide, respectively.

Student-t test revealed t-values less than 6.93 and 4.40 for nitrite ions and nitrogen dioxide, respectively. These values indicated insignificant difference between the averages of the newly developed method and the values obtained by ion chromatography at 95% confidence level.

Compared to continuous monitoring techniques, the newly developed method has shown simple, accurate, sensitive, inexpensive and reliable for long term monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air.


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Chris Clearfield

Society is only getting more complex, and leading to major disasters—for every industry.

Co-Author of Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It

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Chris Clearfield | Co-Author of Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It
Lavin Exclusive Speaker

We’re at a breaking point—today’s systems are so complex that major crises are not only imminent, but more common than ever. And that goes for every industry, regardless of size or scope. Enter Chris Clearfield. In the National Business Book Award-winning Meltdown, he offers a groundbreaking investigation into how complexity causes failure in systems—and how we can prevent meltdowns, in both business and life.

“As technology advances, it brings an explosion of complexity and interdependence that can threaten our most critical systems and organizations in unforeseen ways. Meltdown is essential reading for anyone who seeks to understand these dangers and what can be done to address them.”

Martin Ford, Author of Rise of the Robots

Chris Clearfield is co-author of Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It—a frank, convincing guidebook to understanding how modern systems are vulnerable to collapse, and how we can learn to avoid disasters before they happen. The book explains the central paradox of progress: that as our systems become more capable, they also become increasingly complex—and much less forgiving. Today, as actors within a web of dizzyingly complex networks—healthcare to travel, high finance to geopolitics, social media to our personal, domestic troubles—we are more likely to make errors. But these errors can, and will, lead to tremendous disasters, from bankruptcy and economic collapse to loss of life. Meltdown, written with András Tilcsik, shows us why our systems fail, explains the shared DNA connecting them all, and with great clarity, outlines solutions we can use to prevent failures from occurring. Meltdown won the McKinsey Bracken Bower Prize for best business proposal by an author or authors under 35, and after publication, was named a Best Book of the Year by the Financial Times. Called one “one of the stand-out business books of the decade” by Thinkers50 founders Stuart Crainer and Des Dearlove—who awarded Clearfield and Tilscik the prestigious Thinkers50 Strategy Award—Meltdown also took home the National Business Book Award.

Clearfield began his career as a derivatives trader at Jane Street, a New York-based quantitative trading firm, where he managed the risks that arise when people try to use extremely fast computers to make money. During the 2007–2008 financial crisis, he watched from his trading desk as Lehman Brothers collapsed and stock markets around the world unraveled. At the same time, he began to train as a pilot—and developed a very personal interest in avoiding catastrophic mistakesHe is the founder of System Logic, a research and consulting firm that helps organizations manage the risk of catastrophic failure. He also worked in Tokyo and Hong Kong, where he developed an appreciation for cultural influences on decision making. He has written about catastrophic failure, technology, and finance for The Guardian, Forbes, Project Syndicate, the Harvard Kennedy School Review, the popular science magazine Nautilus, the Harvard Business Review blog, and in a memo to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Clearfield is a licensed commercial pilot and a graduate of Harvard University, where he studied physics and biology. Before that, he spent two years at the North Carolina School of Science and Math, where he and two classmates, working with their physics teacher, discovered a long-searched-for pulsar in the remnants of an exploded star.

Speech Topics

Change Management
The Simplicity of Complexity How Great Organizations Pivot, Disrupt, and Win

How many things need to go right for your project to succeed? As soon as that question needs asking, you’ve got a complex system on your hands, says Meltdown co-author Chris Clearfield. In this gripping talk drawn from his National Business Book Award-winning title, Clearfield shows that as our technology, organizations, and ambitions have grown, there is more potential for catastrophic failure. Practical and proactive, Clearfield initiates audiences into the pivotal principles of transparency and simplicity—and how you can endow your professional systems with them. Keeping it simple (but not stupid) means finding ways to make your complex system more legible and accessible. Keeping it transparent is up to leaders, managers, and organizers: to leave a clear path to open conversation, and highlight future failures before they arise. You will leave this talk with a set of logical and surmountable principles, pivoting you safely towards success.

What Thanksgiving Dinners, Dumb Business Decisions, and Everest Climbers Teach Us About How to Avoid Distraction, Increase Productivity, and Win Big
In today’s distraction-filled world, it seems impossible to get anything done. E-mails and texts constantly interrupt us, minor crises spring up out of nowhere, and we spend most of our days at work fighting fires. But in this groundbreaking talk, Chris Clearfield and András Tilcsik share insights from years of research on why some teams succeed despite these challenges while others fail in embarrassing ways. This talk will provide you with practical tools and approaches drawn from a variety of examples, from drama-free Thanksgiving dinners and successful business initiatives to the small changes that made climbing Mount Everest safer than ever before.


NO. 6

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Asks US, Japanese and German Governments to Use Stocks toArabia Offset Any Disruption of Saudi Production

According to a report broadcast by National Public Radio in the US, the SaudiGovernment has asked the US Government to allow it to borrow crude from the USStrategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) in the event that Saudi production isdisrupted as a result of a Gulf war. Under the Saudi proposal, the US wouldpermit Saudi Arabia to use SPR...


Business Analysis

Marketing Product Journal

In this assignment, I was asked to conduct market research on an established product/company and identify key characteristics about the product that would separate itself from the competition. Each week we would provide feedback in the areas of market segmentation, competitive advantages, SWOT analyses, etc. I chose to analyze Tesla and its new line of vehicles. I was able to learn about the specific marketing tactics a company can use to help bring attention to a new product or how they build upon an existing product.

This assignment gave me an opportunity to assume responsibility for attracting new customers to Tesla through the creation of an ad campaign, providing a historical context of where the company has started and its current status quo. Upon capitalizing on various trends and key market research (i.e. demographics and specialization tactics), this information would help customers better understand what Tesla is all about. The project allowed me to see how important an organization’s social media presence can be if it is utilized to bring awareness to the brand and allows customers to see how innovative their products can be.


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(2012). Here are 5 of our most favourite Maharashtrian desserts that you should definitely try. boom of the 1990s and later. After the Kanyadan ceremony, there is an exchange of garlands between the bride and the groom. Majority of Marathi Hindu belong either to the cultivator class (Maratha-Kunbi) or one of the former village servant (Bara Balutedar) castes which include Lohar (Iron-smith), Suthar (carpenters), Mali (florists and or gardeners), Gurav, Kumbhar (potters), Sonar (Goldsmith), Teli (oil pressers), Chambhar, Matang (rope makers), Koli (fishermen or water carriers) and Nabhik (barbers). In present times, the naivedya is offered by families only on days of special religious significance. [207] This is followed by granthibandhan in which the end of the bride's sādi/sāri is tied to the end of the groom's dhoti, and a feast is arranged at the groom's place. [52][53] The most prominent personalities of Indian Nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, on opposite sides of the political spectrum, were both Marathi.Tilak was instrumental in using Shivaji and Ganesh worship in forging a collective Maharashtrian identity for the Marathi people. [65] The main product was cotton and the bulk of the workforce in these mills was of Marathi origin[66] from Western Maharashtra, but more specifically from the coastal Konkan region. [20], The early period of Islamic rule saw atrocities such as the imposition of a Jaziya tax on non-Muslims, temple destruction and forcible conversions. Amchi Mumbai has so many things to offer. Chattai Vaki is yet another part of Maharashtrian jewellery list. ', Elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony include seemant poojan on the wedding eve. Several sister organizations of the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal have also been formed outside India. Intra-marriage within gotras (Sagotra Vivaha) was uncommon until recently, being discouraged as it was likened to incest. It includes breakfast, main course, snacks and sweets recipes. The traditional staple food on Desh (the Deccan plateau) is usually bhakri, spiced cooked vegetables, dal and rice. This diversity extends to the family level because each family uses its own unique combination of spices. Even today, girls are married off in their late teens by rural and orthodox educated people. Village society in Marathi areas included the Patil or the head of the village, collector of revenue, and Kulkarni, the village record keeper. There are influences from the Goan, Saraswat, Gaud and Malvani areas of Konkan from the coastal area. [citation needed] It was the 13th-century saint, Dnyaneshwar who produced the first treatise in Marathi on the Geeta. But what can’t be missed out is the jewellery worn by the gorgeous Maharashtrian brides. [102], In the early 1800s, a large number of Indian people were taken to Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa, Eastern Africa, the Malay Peninsula, and the Caribbean as indentured laborers to work on sugarcane plantations. 5. [59] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1889 - 1966), a Maharashtrian from Nashik district,[60] an Indian independence activist, who advocated violence to overthrow British rule in his youth, later formulated the Hindu nationalist philosophy of Hindutva. Hitotsubashi journal of economics, 12(2), pp.14-40. The Maharashtrian cuisine covers a range from mild to very spicy dishes. [124] The deceased's son carries the corpse to the cremation ground atop a bier. At its peak under Maratha Koli[37] Admiral Kanhoji Angre, the naval force dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from Mumbai to Sawantwadi. [Also Read: Nose Rings: Nose Rings You Will Love]. They classify themselves as gotras, named after the ancestor rishi. [182], Marathi, also known as Seuna at that time, was the court language during the reign of the Yadava Kings. 66–75. In urban areas, the five-yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as weddings and religious ceremonies. Rassa is a popular type of curry prepared in Maharashtra and originated from the … Jerusalem Letter, 101. They can also be golden in order to further beautify the ears. [104][105], Since the state of Israel was established in 1948, around 25,000-30,000 Jews have emigrated there, of which around 20,000 were from the Marathi speaking Bene Israel community of Konkan.[106]. Composition of noted works of scholars like Hemadri are also found. A beautiful rendition of Maharashtrian jewellery names is Kolhapuri Saaj. In the morning and evening, the head of the family ritually worships either the goddess Durga, Lakshmi or Saraswati. Sugandhe, Anand, and Vinod Sen. "SCHEDULED CASTES IN MAHARASHTRA: STRUGGLE AND HURDLES IN THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." These are, however, celebrated with certain Maharashtrian regional variations. Early campaigns by Shiv Sena advocated for more opportunities for Marathi people in government jobs. This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor. Distinctly Maharashtrian dishes include ukdiche modak , aluchi patal bhaji, Kande pohe and Thalipeeth . In coastal Konkan area, the festival of Shimga is celebrated which not only incorporates Holi but also involves other rituals and celebrations which precede Holi and extends for a few days more. All watandar considered their watan a source of economic power and pride and were reluctant to part with it. Then there is Misal with Pav with some Chai . [108] A small number of Marathi people also settled in British East Africa during the colonial era. In metropolitan areas including Mumbai and Pune, the pace of life makes fast food very popular. Summer-friendly Styles Of B-town Celebs Exuded Cool Vibes! The Marathi people form an ethnolinguistic group that is distinct from others in terms of its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art. [90] The Marathas were 32% in Western Maharashtra and the Kunbis were 7%, whereas the Other Backward Class population (other than the Kunbi) was 27%. Most of the Marathi Bhakti poet saints, who worshipped Vitthal, belong to the period between late Yadava to late Islamic era.These include Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath, Bahinabai and Tukaram. Chansarkar, B.A. If you like to eat spicy food, you should try Maharashtrian food. The British colonial period saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey.Carey also published the first dictionary of Marathi in Devanagari script. Lokmanya Tilak's newspaper Kesari in Marathi was a strong voice in promoting Ganeshotsav or Shivaji festival. All these popular Marathi recipes, collected here, are extremely easy.. When the child is 11 months old, they get their first hair-cut. More traditional dishes are sabudana khichdi, pohe, upma, sheera and panipuri. Horoscopes are matched. [67] Must try dishes, the ultimate bucket list for vegetarian dish … 3 typical traditional Indian national and local potato dishes, original recipes, pairing tips, and the most popular, famous and iconic authentic restaurants with Indian cuisine in Maharashtra. Chhatrapati Shahu, the ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur, "Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011",, "Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data", "Why create problems when we live in peace: Marathi-speaking community from Karachi to Shiv Sena", "Marathi People- People of Maharashtra- About Maharashtrians", "Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Bahamani Sultanate", "The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)", Andaman & Nicobar Origin | Andaman & Nicobar Island History, "Full text of "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada, "As NDA cadet, I was witness to Vice Admiral Awati's kindness", "The Mahar Watan: A Historical Perspective",, "Chapter 7 Maharashtra or Maratha Rashtra", "Dalit Literature, Language and Identity", "Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy", "India programming | Bruhan Maharashtra Mandal of North America", "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India", "1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda", "Marathi Sydney, MASI, Maharastrians in Sydney, Marathi Mandal « Marathi Association Sydney Inc (MASI)", "What is the significance of 'durva' in Ganesh Poojan ? People here give their own spin to the delicious classic recipes. Katju, Manjari (2013). [71], The small community of Marathi Jews (Bene Israel - Sons of Insrael) started emigrating to the newly created country of Israel in the late 1940s and early 1950s. [Also Read: Blouse Designs For Silk Sarees]. A unisex ornament, Mundavlya is worn by Marathi bride and groom across their forehead. [123], While arranging a marriage, gana, gotra, pravara, devak are all kept in mind. Anandam P. Kavoori, Aswin Punathambekar, 2008. Thus they are reassuring you a real Maharashtrian homeliness while serving some lip-smacking dishes. Wouldn’t it be irresistible wearing 23-carat kadas, handmade gold of 250-300 gms each? [208][209][205][202][210] The term has been reclaimed by some well known Marathi people such as writer Shobha De or celebrity nutritionist, Rujuta Diwekar when describing themselves as Maharashtrians.[211][212]. Studies show that most Indians' traditional views on caste, religion, and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage,[121] that is, people marry within their own castes,[122] and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub-caste. A number of mainly Pune-based leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. in the 8th century. The many communities in Marathi society result in a diverse cuisine. 19 Maharashtrian Dishes You Must Try Out Once In Your Lifetime. Maharashtrian Dishes are not just tempting but lip smacking & delicious too. A jodvi or silver toe ring is given to the bride by the mother-in-law and symbolises the bride’s entry into a new household. The Kulkarni was usually from Marathi Brahmin or CKP caste. Per Kulkarni, for the elites of the era using Persian words was a status symbol. [28]) The Marathas are credited to a large extent with ending Mughal rule in India. The dish gets its name from Maharashtra’s old Portuguese connection. [55] Jyotirao Phule was a pioneer in opening schools for girls and Marathi dalits castes. Looking at the weight, these heavy bangles almost take a month to be ready. In the 18th century, writers like Vaman Pandit, Raghunath Pandit, Shridhar Pandit, Mahipati,[185] and Moropant produced some well-known works. Until about 300 BC, Hindu men were about 24 years of age when they got married and the girl was always post-pubescent. Inscriptions recording these donations are found written in Marathi on stone slabs in the temple at Kolhapur in Maharashtra. A statue of the goddess Mahalakshmi, with the face of a rice mask, is prepared and worshiped by newly married girls. Representations of migrant and nation in selected works of Rohinton Mistry and Salman Rushdie (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds) Page 2. If puran poli is the quintessential Maharashtrian sweet dish, ukdiche modak are synonymous with the 11-day Ganpati festival, which starts with Ganesh Chaturthi and ends with visarjan. Peshwa, Holkars, Scindia, and Gaekwad dynastic leaders took with them a considerable population of priests, clerks, army men, businessmen, and workers when they established new seats of power. This necklace is inspired by the bel leaves that are thought to be sacred and offered to Lord Shiva. Now that you know the Traditional Maharashtrian jewellery names at the back of your hand, make the most of it while shopping for the bridal jewellery. [11][12][13], During the ancient period, around 230 BC, Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty which ruled the region for 400 years. They dominate the cooperative institutions and with the resultant economic power, control politics from the village level up to the Assembly and Lok Sabha seats. What adds colour to this nose pin are rubies and green emeralds that have been famous since the Peshwa rule. The watandars were the first to oppose Shivaji because it hurt their economic interests. [124] Ghosal describes the marriage ceremony as, 'The groom, along with the bride's party goes to the bride's house. The decline of Islamic rule in Deccan started when Shivaji (1630-1680) founded the Maratha Empire by annexing a portion of the Bijapur Sultanate. There are different motifs in this traditional Maharashtrian jewellery but the most popular one is the sunflower with jowar beads. The second wave of immigration took place during the I.T. [109] After the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika gained independence from Britain, most of the South Asian population residing there, including Marathi people, migrated to the United Kingdom,[110][111][112] or India. Malvani dishes use more wet coconut and coconut milk in their preparation. Puran Poli. Fukazawa, H., 1972. Try Utilizing Humor In Your Name. The guests include a married Woman (Marathi:सवाष्ण ), a Brahmin and, a Virgin (Marathi:कुमारिका). [26] Other important religious figures of this era were Narsimha Saraswati, and Mahanubhava sect founder, Chakradhar Swami All of them used Marathi language rather than Sanskrit for their devotional and philosophical compositions. Śrāddha becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered. Accessed 15 June 2020. Most of the Marathi immigrants who came after 1965 were professionals such as doctors, engineers or scientists. For example, it is customary to associate the father's name with the given name. These are some popular food for those who travel by train or go on picnics. They could be characters from Hindu mythological epics such as the Ramayana or Mahabharat, names of holy rivers such as Yamuna and Godavari, Hindu historical characters from Maratha or Indian history such as Shivaji and Ashoka, Marathi varkari saints such as Tukaram, Dnyaneshwar, Janabai, popular characters from modern Marathi literature, names of fragrant flowers for girls (e.g. This dish makes for a great breakfast or snack item. [57] Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party and changed that party from an upper-caste dominated body to a more broadly based but also Maratha-dominated party. Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception. [7] Among the various stone inscriptions are those found at Akshi in the Kolaba district, which are the first known stone inscriptions in Marathi. While the ruby depicts the sun, the red colour as always, is seen auspicious for Hindu brides. Maharashtra has a rich cuisine, with each region having its own unique dishes -- both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. [201], Ghati people, literally means the people of hills or ghats, is an exonym used especially for marathi people from the villages in Western Ghats (Sahyadri range) on western coast of Maharashtra. Like in other parts of India, Christmas is celebrated with zeal by the indigenous Marathi Catholics such as the East Indians.[158]. It is made of Misal which is a spicy curry made of moth beans and Pav which is an Indian bread roll. The work called Dnyaneshwari is considered a masterpiece. Later, Konkani was made the official language of Goa, but Marathi is also allowed in any government correspondence. From 1954 to 1955, Marathi people strongly protested against the bilingual Bombay state, and the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was formed to agitate for a Marathi speaking state. [83] Since the 1980s,[84] this group has also been active in setting up private educational institutions. Notable civil society bodies founded by Marathi leaders during the 19th century include the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Prarthana Samaj, the Arya Mahila Samaj, and the Satya Shodhak Samaj. Every year more than million Buddhist people especially After partition of India, many Marathi Hindus came to India. The die which is used to make this hair bun ornament is almost 150 years old. [195] The Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. Amit after Amitabh Bachchan) or sportsmen, and after virtues (e.g.,Vinay for modesty). An aromatic variety of ambemohar rice is more popular amongst Marathi people than the internationally known basmati rice. Bhakri is an unleavened bread made using Indian millet (jowar), bajra or bajri. The two prominent rulers were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the north Indian Emperor Harsh, and Vikramaditya II, who defeated Arab invaders[who?] Economic and Political Weekly, pp.749-759. Some people (who are not from Maharashtra) find Maharashtrian food a little hot and spicy, but still can’t keep away. However, in Marathi Hindu families, the name that the child inevitably uses in secular functions is the one decided by their parents. It published writings which were non-conformist, radical, and experimental. by Storypickers. Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering. Shivaji's son Sambhaji, and successor as Chhatrapati, led the Maratha Empire valiantly against the much stronger Mughal opponent, but in 1689, after being betrayed, he was captured, tortured and killed by Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb. Hemadri was also responsible for introducing a style of architecture called Hemadpanth. A number of families such as Bhosale, Shirke, Ghorpade, Jadhav, More, Mahadik, Ghatge, and Nimbalkar loyally served different sultans at different periods in time. Kasar- Artisan caste who traditionally worked with brass. [181], It has been noted by scholars that there is Dravidian influence in the development of the Marathi language. [120], Marathi Hindu people are historically endogamous within their caste but exogamous with their clan. While red is the core colour worn by brides of other Indian communities, the Paithani saree worn by a Marathi lass comes in typical golden yellow, leaf green or aubergine. The majority of Maharashtrians do eat meat and eggs, but the Brahmin community is mostly lacto-vegetarian. The non-Brahmin Hindu castes started organizing at the beginning of the 20th century with the blessing of Chhatrapati Shahu, the ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur. [165] In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.[169]. Some even have Chai and Chapatti . Mass protests, 105 deaths, and heavy losses in the Marathi speaking areas by the ruling Congress Party in the 1957 election, led the government under Prime Minister Nehru to change its policy and agree to the protesters' demands. These people have also settled in almost all parts of the country. They are worn in odd numbers in both the hands. Maharashtrian food offers something for everyone. In 1707, upon the death of Aurangzeb, the War of 27 years between the much weakened Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire came to an end. Areas that correspond to present day Maharashtra were under direct or indirect British rule, first under the East India Trading Company, and then under the British Raj from 1858. [32] The war against the Mughals was then led by the Sambhaji's younger brother and successor Rajaram I. For example, in many Brahmin families, celebrations include offering lunch for nine days to a specially invited a group of guests. As the name itself suggest, bharli ( stuffed) and Vangi ( brinjals) , is basically an eggplant curry dish in which baby eggplants are stuffed with a spicy filling of onions, peanut powder , ginger - garlic and coconut paste and powdered spices. Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Maharashtrian cuisine has variety of flavours, right from simple dishes like varan bhat, potato bhaji to spicy add-ons like mirchi thecha to the sweet and simple shrikand and the elaborate to make yet tasty puran poli.Maharashtrian dishes boast an extensive use of onion, garlic, roasted peanuts and coconut and their special trademark black masala known as Goda masala. [119], In Brahman, CKP and Gaud Saraswat Brahman communities when a male child[citation needed] reaches his eighth birthday, he undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja (in reference to the Munja grass that is of official ritual specification), Vratabandha, or Upanayanam. The simplest way to remember this Traditional Maharashtrian jewellery names is its rhyming with the word ‘khushi’. Whether you try vada pav, ussal, or ragda – … Woven with pearls, a nath has pink or white stone in the middle. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the dhoti and pheta on cultural occasions. Maharashtrian cuisine can be broadly classified into two styles- Konkan and Varadi. [89], The traditional caste hierarchy was headed by the Brahmin castes-the Saraswats, Deshasthas, Chitpavans, Karhades , and the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus. This 'Khirapat' is a special dish, or dishes, often made laboriously by the mother of the host girl. Taylor Sen, Colleen (2014). Desserts are an important part of Marathi food and include puran poli, shrikhand, basundi, kheer, gulab jamun, and modak. Marathi Hindu people dispose their dead by cremation.

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来源： 译言我们知道有些人真的聪明,而另外一些人真的很努力,但是可能背后最为重要的是一种信念,让坚持不再成为坚持,而变成习惯.和伊隆·马斯克一起工作是什么样的感觉？What is it like to work with Elon Musk?译者：starshack 原文作者：Dolly Singh After working for Elon for over 5 years at SpaceX as the Head of Talent Acquisition, there are many potential answers to this question. Any answer I might give will be completely colored by my own experiences, so full disclaimer this is not an unbiased piece free of personal narrative. 我在SpaceX作为人事部招聘主管为伊隆工作了5年,对这个问题有太多可以谈的了.不过事先申明,这里写的完全是我个人的看法,不是不带个人观点的客观报道.It is said that you cannot dream yourself a character; you must hammer and forge one yourself. If any leader and any company has done that, and continues to do that it is SpaceX. To try and capture in words what working with Elon is like, I’d like to share some specific memories, particularly of one really rough day and its epic aftermath. 人们说,个性不是想象出来的,是通过磨练形成的.如果说有任何公司成功的塑造出了企业的个性,而且坚持不懈,那SpaceX得算个中翘楚.让我来分享一些特殊的记忆,看能不能用文字形容和伊隆·马斯克工作的体验.那是特别艰难的一天,以及其后的可以记入史诗的余波. On Aug 2 2008, 8 months after I joined the company, SpaceX launched its third flight of the Falcon 1 launch vehicle. Falcon 1 was the predecessor to the Falcon 9 launch vehicles that the company flies today. 2008年8月2日,那是我加入公司8个月后,SpaceX第三次试射猎鹰1号运载火箭.猎鹰1号是现在的猎鹰9号的前身.It was a defining moment for the company. Elon had a couple years prior stated in the press that his $100M personal investment in the company would get us up to 3 tries and if we couldn’t be successful by the third flight we may have to admit defeat. In addition to the pressure created by this narrative in the press, the lobbyist armies of our competitors (largest, most powerful defense contractors in the world) had been in overdrive in DC trying to undermine SpaceX and damage our credibility by painting us as too risky and inexperienced in order to protect their multi-billion dollar interests in the space launch business. 对于公司这是个决定性的时刻.伊隆几年前就对媒体说过,他个人的1亿美元投资可以支付三次试射,如果第三次还不成功,就只能认输了.压力不仅仅来自这样的背景,我们的竞争者（最大、最有势力的国防供应商）也派出大量说客,试图影响华盛顿,阻挠我们的进程,破坏SpaceX的声誉,以保全他们在火箭发射这个产业里数十亿的生意.他们说我们所做的事情风险太高,我们太缺乏经验.SpaceX executed a picture perfect flight of the first stage (portion of the flight that gets the vehicle away from Earth’s gravity and where the vehicle experiences max Q/maximum dynamic pressure, or basically where the conditions on the vehicle are physically the harshest) clearing some of the highest risk points of mission. 第一节发射（第一节推进让火箭脱离地球引力,火箭在这一节推进中要承受最大的动态压力,所以是对火箭结构和材料上最有挑战的一节）堪称完美,很多最大的风险点都在这一节.However, shortly after the first stage flight, immediately following stage separation (when the first stage of the vehicle detaches and falls away from the 2nd stage of the vehicle which continues its journey to space) we lost the vehicle and mission. 但是在紧接着的分离环节（火箭第一节和第二节分离,第一节坠落,第二节继续向太空航行),我们失去了火箭,发射失败了. 汤姆·穆勒SpaceX, VP of Propulsion Tom Mueller, the modern day godfather of rocket science and one of the most brilliant scientific minds on the planet, and his team had done such a great job redesigning the vehicles engines systems that they were even more efficient and powerful than in some ways projected. SpaceX负责推进动力部的副总裁汤姆·穆勒,当代火箭科学之父、地球上最聪明的科学家之一,带领他的团队重新设计了火箭发动机,使它比当初预计的有更大推力,也更有效率.We turned off the first stage engine, and then proceeded to separate the vehicle stages; however when the stages uncoupled there was still a little leftover ‘kick’ or thrust in the first stage engine- so our first stage literally rear ended our second stage immediately after we had tried to separate the two sections of the vehicle. It was a devastating emotional experience.我们关掉第一节的发动机,然后开始分离.但是分离后第一节还有一些残余推动力,导致它在分离后“追尾”了第二节.这是令人承受难受的灾难性时刻.I stood around with the then 350 or so employees, and we cheered the vehicle on as it took off, and as we were watching the mission clock and knew that the stages were about to separate - the video feed was cut. The company is on a 20 second viewing delay from the mission control team as we are being projected the external press feed which is delayed in case of major mission anomalies. So when we lost video, we knew something had gone wrong in a big way. 我和350多个员工站在一起,我们在起飞时欢呼,我们盯着时钟知道第一节分离的时间要到了,这时候视频断了.我们看的是和提供给外界媒体一样的视频,这个视频比控制小组看到的延时20秒,好让控制小组有时间对重大变故做出反应.所以视频中断的时候,我们就知道大事不妙了.Elon and about 7-8 of the most senior technical people at SpaceX were commanding the mission from a trailer in the back of the Hawthorne factory; and we all waited anxiously for the trailer door to open and for someone to tell us something. The mood in the building hung thick with despair; you have to keep in mind that by this point SpaceX was 6 years old, and many people have been working 70-80+ hours a week, swimming against extremely powerful currents, like difficult barriers in technology, institution, politics, and finance- by sheer force of their blood and sweat.伊隆和七八个SpaceX的顶尖技术人员在停在霍桑市厂房后面的拖车里指挥这次发射.我们都焦急的等待着拖车门打开,好有人出来告诉我们究竟发生了什么事.空气里都是凝重而绝望的气息.要知道这时候SpaceX六岁了,很多员工一直以来一周工作70到80多个小时,挥洒血汗克服技术、机构、政治、财务等等邻域的各种困难,在极端艰难的情况下逆流而上.They had all given so much, were mentally and physically exhausted, and really needed a win in order to replenish their spiritual wells and give them the faith to keep following this man up a treacherous mountain that had depleted the hopes and resources of the many others who had come to conquer it. 他们都付出了那么多,身心俱疲.这座高峰曾磨尽了很多人的希望与资源,他们非常须要一次成功来坚定他们跟着这个人继续攀登险峰的信念. This night would forever impact the future of the company, it had the potential to send the company into a downward spiral, from which we may not have ever recovered. A failure in leadership would have destroyed us not only from the eyes of the press or potential consumers but it would have destroyed us internally. 这个夜晚将会影响公司的未来,我们有可能从此走下坡路,再也无法翻身.如果这时候领导不当,我们不仅在媒体和潜在顾客眼中毁了,内部也会土崩瓦解.When Elon came out he walked past the press and first addressed the company. Although his exact words escape me in how he started off, the essence of his comments were that:伊隆出来之后,他走过了媒体,先对公司员工发表了讲话.我都不记得他怎么开的头,但是他的讲话大意如此：We knew this was going to be hard, it is after all rocket science; then listed the half dozen or so countries who had failed to even successfully execute a first stage flight and get to outer space, a feat we had accomplished successfully that day. 我们知道这会很艰难,不然这也不叫火箭科学了（注：英文火箭科学也用来通指艰深复杂的东西）.然后他列举了六七个第一节试射都没能成功的国家,而我们那天已经做到了.Elon has (in his infinite wisdom) prepared for the possibility of an issue with the flight by taking on a significant investment (from Draper Fisher Jurvetson if I recall correctly) providing SpaceX with ample financial resources to attempt 2 more launches; giving us security until at least flight 5 if needed. 伊隆（以他无尚的智慧）已经对可能出现的试射失败做了准备,(从DFJ创投公司）取得了一笔可观的投资,足以支持SpaceX再做两轮试射,这样如果需要的话我们一共有五次机会.And that we need to pick ourselves up, and dust ourselves off, because we have a lot of work to do. Then he said, with as much fortitude and ferocity as he could muster after having been awake for like 20+ hours by this point that, “"For my part, I will never give up and I mean never,” and that if we stick with him, we will win. 我们得振作起来,拍拍身上的尘土往前走,前面还有好多事要做.他这时候已经20多个小时没睡了,但他带着坚韧和激情的语气说,“从我个人来说,我绝不会放弃,永远不会.”他说如果我们和他一起,会取得最终的胜利.I think most of us would have followed him into the gates of hell carrying suntan oil after that. It was the most impressive display of leadership that I have ever witnessed. Within moments the energy of the building went from despair and defeat to a massive buzz of determination as people began to focus on moving forward instead of looking back. This shift happened collectively, across all 300+ people in a matter of not more than 5 seconds. I wish I had video footage as I would love to analyze the shifts in body language that occurred over those 5 seconds. It was an unbelievably powerful experience. 我觉得这之后,大多数人即使是走向地狱之门也会拿上防晒霜跟随他.这是让我最印象深刻的领导力的展现.大楼内的情绪一下子从绝望变成了众志成城的决心,人们不再困于过去,开始向前看.三百多人的情绪在不到5秒的时间里变化了.真希望能有当时的录像,我就可以好好研究一下人们在这5秒钟里的肢体语言.那是一个强大得叫人难以置信的体验. What happened in the days and weeks following that night is nothing short of a series of miracles:之后几周的事情简直是一系列的奇迹.Within a matter of hours the SpaceX team identified the likely cause of the launch failure. Typically turnaround time from others in the launch business can range from weeks to months for failure investigations. Our team combed through every ounce of data to make sure we understood exactly what went wrong as quickly as possible.SpaceX的团队事发几小时内就发现了造成发射失败的潜在原因.在火箭发射这个行业里,这种调查一般要花几周至几个月.我们的团队研究了所有相关数据以确保我们尽快而且准确的知道出错的地方.By Aug 6th we announced the results of our investigation and came 100% clean with our supporters and customer community in order to make sure we could retain their trust in this difficult time. 我们在8月6日公布了调查结果,对我们的支持者和客户毫无隐瞒,这让我们不会在这样艰难的时刻失去他们的信任.In 7 weeks, we had another rocket fully manufactured, integrated and on location ready to fly again. No one else could have done this in less than 6 months with unlimited human and financial resources; SpaceX did it in 6 weeks, with less than 400 people and on a restricted financial diet. 我们在7周之内建造并组装好了另一只火箭,并准备好再次试射.即使不受资金和人力所限,这项没有其他人能在6个月之内做到的事情,SpaceX的400名员工用了6周并且是在资金有限的情况下做到了.On Sept 28 2008, SpaceX flew its Falcon 1 launch vehicle from Kwajalein Atoll in the south pacific and executed its first 100% successful launch becoming the world’s first privately built rocket to achieve earth orbit. An accomplishment of truly epic portions and a task previously completed by only 6 mightiest nations in the history of the world. A much needed and much deserved victory for the entire SpaceX team and as it hopefully will turn out the future of humanity overall. 2008年9月28日,SpaceX在南太平洋马绍尔群岛瓜加林环礁成功发射了猎鹰1号.这是SpaceX第一次100%成功的发射,并且是第一次有私营企业制造的火箭在地球轨道运行.这是一次划时代的成功,在此之前只有世界上最强大的六个国家能做到.这是所有SpaceX团队期盼已久的成功,这是推动整个人类未来的成功.So for those who ask the question, this is in my opinion the true character of Elon Musk. Undeterred in the face of all odds, undaunted by the fear of failure, and forged in the battlefields of some of the most terrifyingly technical, and capital intensive challenges that any human being could choose to take on. Somehow he comes out alive, every time - with the other guy's head on a platter. 所以你问和伊隆工作是什么样的,我觉得这些代表了他的真实品质.他的不畏艰难,无惧失败,是在人类所能面对的在资金和技术上最有挑战性的战场上磨练出来的品质.而且他每次都能击败所有的对手.Working with him isn’t a comfortable experience, he is never satisfied with himself so he is never really satisfied with anyone around him. He pushes himself harder and harder and he pushes others around him the exact same way. The challenge is that he is a machine and the rest of us aren’t. So if you work for Elon you have to accept the discomfort. But in that discomfort is the kind of growth you can’t get anywhere else, and worth every ounce of blood and sweat.和伊隆工作并不让人舒服,他对自己从不满足,对身边的人也是如此.他总是不断挑战自己的极限,也要求他周围的人也这样做.他工作起来像个机器,而我们只是凡人.所以如果你准备为他工作就要做好心理准备.但是在他的严苛之下,你会得到在别处无法达到的成长,这让每一滴血汗都有价值.版权声明：本译文仅用于学习和交流目的.非商业转载请注明译者、出处,并保留文章在译言的完整链接.商业合作请联系 editor@yeeyan.com 参考原文地址：https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-work-with-Elon-Musk


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Inside the magnetic ignition switch there is an area with a tin cap that houses the ignition magnet immersed in a special grease. This will eliminate  any form of condensation that can, over time, oxidate the magnet making it impossible for the light to work correctly.

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Students as an important part of American Society

Students form a substantial portion of the American population, and their roles have far reaching implications. They form the most socially, physically, and intellectually active segment of the population.  Their roles are important due to the interrelations that exist among the various elements of the society. The participation of students in the society is influenced by many factors. It is, therefore, imperative to view students as elements in the society that are affected by many forces. Such a perspective supports the visualization of the roles played by students in the society and how their engagement in social activities impacts other parts of the society.  Students are influenced by administration systems in schools, aspects of industrial economies, and dynamics in the social environment. Their importance in the society should be viewed in the perspective of the forces that shape their engagements in the social environment. Institutions of learning establish administration procedures aimed at controlling the activities of students in the school environment. These procedures influence social participation while other factors within and outside the school environment affect the student’s compliance with the set policies and procedures.  In past two centuries, America has evolved from an industrial society to a knowledge-based society.  A knowledge-based society is an outcome of an industrial-based economy where an emphasis is put on applying knowledge in businesses.  Students are exposed to the education system to enhance their participation in the economy. Stakeholders in the society seek to ensure students acquire the necessary characteristics to enable them to make positive contributions to the society. It is essential to examine the participation of students in schools as well as their roles in the society.

Students’ participation in schools has been a major concern. Stakeholders in the education sector seek to exploit different approaches of enhancing student participation. Academic goals can only be realized when student participation in the school environment is not disrupted. A lot of research has been directed to the promotion of student participation. As a result, a variety of factors that influence student participation has been brought to light. Diversity is one of the main factors that have been put into consideration.  Dimensions of diversity in the American population include race, religion, gender, age, and economic status. The identified factors are common in the American society, and efforts have been made to identify whether some of them influence student participation. In their study, Denson et al. investigated the role of racial diversity in student participation. America is diverse regarding race, a feature that is also reflected in student population. The American law prohibits discrimination in the education sector that leads diversity in schools. School population diversity has negative and positive impacts on student participation. The impact is determined by the nature of the population and the measures implemented by school administrators to address discrimination. Student participation is enhanced by the absence of discrimination at school. The nature of the population   directly influences the risk of discrimination. Some schools have dominant races that put the minority races at the risk of discrimination. Minority races such as African Americans and Hispanic Americans are vulnerable to discrimination. A population characterized by under representation of the two races exposes the concerned students to racial discrimination. Some schools implement reliable measures for preventing discrimination. The absence of such interventions expose the minority students to racial discrimination that compromise participation. A diversity that is characterized by an absence of discrimination promotes student participation. Evidence shows that student participation in a diverse population that is discrimination free is higher than in a homogenous population (Denson et al. 351). Stakeholders in the education sector can enhance student participation by encouraging diversity in schools and also implementing measures to control different forms of discrimination.

Extracurricular activities are engagement in the school environment not aimed at making a direct contribution to academic performance (Massoni 84). These activities vary from one school to the other. Most of them are not compulsory giving the students a chance to engage or concentrate on other activities. Examples of extracurricular activities include clubs, drama, school publications, sports, debates, and student councils. These activities play a crucial role in student development.  The purpose of enrolling students in schools is not only to equip them with academic skills but also to create an environment that supports the acquisition of social skills. Participation in extracurricular activities fosters holistic development of the students to responsible and productive members of the society.  Interpersonal skills are essential in the work environment that makes it necessary for schools to foster the acquisition of these skills. Evidence shows that students who engage in extracurricular activities develop outstanding interpersonal skills (Massoni 86). These skills support productive interactions in the work environment. Leaders and subordinates use interpersonal skills to foster cooperation with other members in the work context. Teamwork in organizations is important since the ability of an organization to realize goals is pegged on the extent to which internal stakeholders can work in a cooperative manner. The absence of teamwork compromises the organization’s ability to create synergy in operations. Some extracurricular activities promote communication skills that are essential in businesses and social engagements. For instance, engagement debates and engagements in clubs improve the ability of the participants to express themselves. Students are trained to enable them to occupy positions requiring disseminate information to others.  It is, therefore, important to ensure they have advanced communication skills through participation in extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities enable students to meet social needs (Massoni 85). People are social beings making them have social needs. It is the responsibility of the key stakeholders in the education sector to create an environment that enables the students to meet social needs. Extracurricular activities provide conditions that support social interactions that in turn satisfy the student’s social needs.  Socially satisfied students are more productive in academic engagements. In other words, participating in extracurricular activities fosters good academic performance in the long run.

Entrepreneurship is a key driving force to economic development. Schools teach entrepreneurship to empower students with skills aimed at increasing their participation in economic activities (Stamboulis, Yeoryios, and Achilleas 370). Incorporating the principles of entrepreneurship in academic programs enables students to understand what needs to be done to make them successful entrepreneurs. Students have diverse ideas that can be translated into businesses. Some of America’s leading technology firms such as Google Inc., and Facebook, were founded by students. These successes compel the stakeholders in the education sector to make arrangements to improve the students’ entrepreneurship skills. Some schools have entrepreneurship subjects that enable students to have a broad perspective of entrepreneurship. These studies emphasize on the basics of entrepreneurship as well as identifying the problems that confront business persons.  Evidence show that students who undergo entrepreneurship training become better entrepreneurs than those not exposed to a similar training (Stamboulis, Yeoryios, and Achilleas 365-367). Such students can diagnose entrepreneurship problems, therefore, coming up with ways of addressing them.

Cyber crime is a major problem in the contemporary society. Developments in information technology have led to the establishment of large networks where people who are physically away interact through ICT platforms (Yu 38).  The internet is a crucial proponent of information technology that has far reaching impacts on the society. It has both negative and positive impacts that make it necessary for stakeholders to focus on maximizing the benefits as well as preventing the negative impacts. Cyber crime is one of the main negative impacts of the internet. Students are key stakeholders in the cybercrime as victims as well as perpetrators.    Most students have access to the internet and possess reliable ICT skills making them potential perpetrators of cyber crime.  The participation of students in cyber crime is hindered by their fear of the crime. Engagement in cybercrime has negative ramifications to the perpetrators.  Evidence shows that the fear of cyber crimes vary from one crime to the other considering that there are different types of cyber crimes. Common cyber crimes include cyber fraud, cyber bullying, and cyber terrorism. Research shows that a relationship exists between cyber crime and the level of internet use. Frequent users of the internet fear cyber crimes less than individuals with limited access to the internet (Yu 37)

In conclusion, students are an important part of the society. Their role in the society is influenced by many factors. Diversity in the school environment has negative and positive impacts on the participation of students in the society. Extracurricular activities help students to acquire communication and interpersonal skills. Teaching entrepreneurship in schools makes them successful entrepreneurs. Cyber crime is a major problem facing today’s society, and students are the main stakeholders as perpetrators and victims

Work Cited

Nida,  Denson, and Chang, Mitchell J. “Racial Diversity Matters: The Impact of Diversity-Related Student Engagement and Institutional Context.” Source American Educational Research Journal 46.2 (2009): 322-353. Print.

Massoni, Erin. “Positive Effects of Extra Curricular Activities on Students.” ESSAI (The Berkeley Electronic Press) 9. Article 7 (2011): 84-87. Print.

Stamboulis, Yeoryios, and Achilleas Barlas. “Entrepreneurship education impact on student attitudes.” The International Journal of Management Education 12.3 (2014): 365-373. Print.

Yu, Szde. “Fear of cyber crime among college students in the United States: An exploratory study.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 8.1 (2014): 36-46. Print.

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Taking a Stand

#ChangeRapeCulture began with students who published limited amounts of flyers and distributed physical copies of them in specific locations (restrooms) across campus. Their text was printed on one standard 8 ½ by 11 paper, with student contributions. This mode of distribution was essential in progressive rhetoric that captivates media attention.


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Tag Archives: office trends

The Employee is Always Right! Why Your Workplace Has More in Common With Malls Than You Think.

Whether it’s a 20-person start-up or a solo-preneur, Gather Art’s District provides tenants the flexibility to grow and scale within the same four walls.

How many times have you heard that “the mall is dead”? One quick Google search using this phrase churns out several hundred haunting visualizations of abandoned storefronts, eerily vacant food courts, and pastel wallpaper curling off the walls.

Recent conjecture about the demise of the office triggers a similar sense of dread among commercial real estate brokers and tenants as they envision a post-pandemic future. In reality, retail—just like any other industry succumbing to the wiles of the virtual landscape—isn’t going anywhere. It’s merely evolving, and the office is no different.

Office design has matured since the turn of the twentieth century, taking on various models like Taylorism circa 1904 and Cube Farm in the seventies and eighties with the dawn of the cubicle. The most popular and commonly used today is known as the Networking model. Often referred to as the flexible or open office, Networking has flourished in the past decade with movable furniture, semi-divided workstations, and seating arrangements designed to address the need for collaboration, privacy, and overall efficiency of space.

Flexibility has taken on new meaning since the start of the pandemic as employees working at home appreciate new-found independence in the way they work, when they choose to do it, and where. Likewise, employers have witnessed how efficient and productive remote work can be. Still, only 24% of professionals have said they want to work remotely full-time, though they don’t want to give up the flexible work option that technology has granted them at home. We surveyed our own staff and found only 5% would want to telework full-time if the option was available but none expressed an interest in returning to the office full-time either. It seems the most preferred option is somewhere in between, with the vast majority (85%) hoping to spend 1-3 days working remotely in the future.

“We have to give people a reason to come back to work,” says Patrick Gegen, Senior Designer at Hickok Cole. “When retail first saw a shift in sales coming from online channels, some brick and mortar sites shut down as a result, but eventually the industry learned to appreciate the value-add of in-store services and pivoted towards offering customers curated, branded experiences that made it worth their in-person visit.”

In-store activations and events like Instagram pop-ups or massive dance classes caused a resurgence in brick-and-mortar. So much so that even direct-to-consumer brands (those who sell their products online) like Warby Parker and Rothy’s have launched physical storefronts of their own. So, what’s the office equivalent?

“People want a personal touch, they crave human interaction,” explains Patrick. “We’ve all proven that we can work from home and we enjoy it to a certain degree, but we’ve erased the impromptu catch-ups and run-ins, both of which stimulate and contribute to the creative process. Video calls and virtual conferences can’t replace the social experience we derive from the workplace.”

Bully Pulpit Interactive offers a variety of workstations that cater to the individual needs of each employee.

Company culture, networking, and social interactions with co-workers may be enough to drive workers back into the office building. But, according to Patrick, that shouldn’t mean employees return to the same space. Instead, he envisions a future landscape catering to employees who have the option to work remotely but who typically choose not to. That means the new office will be designed with fewer designated desks and more public spaces that facilitate connection while serving a breadth of functions: fewer private offices and more divisible space; multi-purpose rooms that break down for additional, smaller conference spaces or semi-private workstations instead of just hosting large group meetings; and amenity spaces equipped with charging stations and enough table space for several workers to set-up as needed. With the ability to work from home for heads down or quiet work, more centralized workstations will allow employees to congregate and collaborate easily while private spaces will serve those looking to retreat from distractions at home or who feel more productive in the work environment.

“One thing that’s likely to affect how we interact with the office is our sense of balance and well-being,” said Melissa Brewer, Co-Director of Interior Design and a Senior Associate at Hickok Cole. “We’ve clearly grown accustomed to the flexibility in our schedules and the extra hours we’ve gotten back without our commutes. So how can we replicate this level of convenience in the office?”

A study conducted by FlexJobs identified work-life balance as the top consideration for professionals evaluating new job prospects, even outweighing factors like vacation days and salary requirements. The same study found that Gen X (40%) and pet-owners (28%) represented the top tiers of workers who wanted flexible work options – and that was before the pandemic. It’s clear that flexibility and convenience are top priorities for the next generation of workers and driving factors behind why employees today prefer working from home.

Melissa argues that convenience is the holy grail of office amenities and suggests office owners and employers take that into consideration when designing a new space or re-integrating their workforce post-pandemic. Offering services that benefit employees by allowing them to optimize their time at home makes them feel valued while allowing them to focus on work when in office. In fact, one survey found that providing employees with onsite clinics not only reduces medical care costs but the time they spend away from work traveling to and from their physician. Likewise, offering in-house services like onsite daycare and dry-cleaning contribute to greater productivity and comfort.

Discovery, Inc. offers employees on-site access to medical clinics helping to improve productivity and job satisfaction.

“Employers that are ahead of the curve were already providing the things in life that help employees save time and feel appreciated–either directly in their building or adjacent neighborhood–before the pandemic,” Melissa continued. “Now that employees feel like they’ve achieved higher levels of work-life balance during quarantine, they’re going to want to preserve that when it comes time to return to the workplace. And I think employers understand that. They have lives too.”

Offering benefits that go above and beyond the standard packages will help entice new talent and a younger generation post-quarantine, as well as help retain current employees by demonstrating they care. Employers and office space will adapt to emphasize convenience and service so people can maximize their time spent at home as well as their time spent at work.

The pandemic has taught us that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to our work week anymore–and maybe there never was. Our internal survey shows that parents desire increased flexibility in order to devote more quality time to their families, while staff who live alone prioritize connection to their team members and the social side of work. Retail has adapted into a highly personalized experience and so too should our workplace. Each individual’s needs, tasks, and life circumstances vary greatly, and our new challenge is to design a space that allows each employee the flexibility to make it their own.

The French novelist, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr said it best, “The more things change, the more they stay the same.” In short, like retail, the office isn’t going anywhere, it’s simply evolving.


National Security Act withdrawn against Bhim Army founder Chandrshekhar

A day before the hearing of the case in Supreme Court, the Uttar Pradesh government on Thursday withdrew the National Security Act (NSA) against Bheem Army founder Chandrashekhar, who was in jail under NSA since 2nd November 2017 for his alleged role in clashes between Thakurs and Dalits in Saharanpur. The Bhim Army is a Bahujan-rights organisation and was founded in 2014 by Chandrashekhar and Vinay Ratan Singh (also national president Bhim Army) for the development of Dalits, and other marginalized sections of society. His detention order was challenged after an Habeas Corpus writ petition was filled in the Allahabad High Court. However, the Allahabad High Court dismissed the petition on grounds that his detention is valid. Human Rights Law Network (HRLN) had challenged the Allahabad High Court order in Supreme Court through a Special Leave Petition (SLP). Subsequently, the matter was listed before the bench of Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra on 10th August, 2018. Earlier, Chandrashekhar's counsel advocate Shreeji Bhavsar had said, "NSA is a draconian law. It is a weapon in the hand of the state and the Centre, which is being used as tool for political persecution rather than controlling law and order situation. The detention of Chandrashekher is an example of how the NSA is being misused by the state and the Union. While highlighting the unaccountable power under NSA Act, advocate Bhavsar said, "Under the Act, a District Magisrate — who is responsible for the law and order situation — can pass an detention order under an apprehension, stating that if a particular individual is not detained then there might be a law and order situation in the area. [embed][/embed]


Results for keyword: page rank links

Top keyword related from Google/Bing/Yahoo of page rank links

page rankings

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Top URL related to page rank links

1. Text link: PageRank - Wikipedia

Domain: en.wikipedia.org

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank

Description: PageRank (PR) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages in their search engine results. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google: PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is.

2. Text link: Pagerank Explained. Google's Page Rank and how to make the ...

Domain: webworkshop.net

Link: https://webworkshop.net/pagerank/

3. Text link: Page Rank Algorithm and Implementation - GeeksforGeeks

Domain: www.geeksforgeeks.org

Link: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/page-rank-algorithm-implementation/

Description: The PageRank transferred from a given page to the targets of its outbound links upon the next iteration is divided equally among all outbound links. If the only links in the system were from pages B, C, and D to A, each link would transfer 0.25 PageRank to A upon the next iteration, for a total of 0.75.

4. Text link: Check Page Rank - Check Your PageRank Free!

Domain: checkpagerank.net

Link: https://checkpagerank.net/

5. Text link: PageRank: Why Links Are So Important - Mediavine

Domain: www.mediavine.com

Link: https://www.mediavine.com/pagerank-why-links-are-so-important/

Description: PageRank is the original Google Search algorithm, written by Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin while at Stanford. To oversimplify its concept, PageRank uses links to evaluate the importance of pages and determine their ordering in search results.

6. Text link: Google PageRank - Outbound Links - eFactory

Domain: pr.efactory.de

Link: http://pr.efactory.de/e-outbound-links.shtml

Description: Solving the equations gives us the following PageRank values for the first site: PR(A) = 14/23 PR(B) = 11/23. We therefore get an accumulated PageRank of 25/23 for the first site. The PageRank values of the second site are given by. PR(C) = 35/23 PR(D) = 32/23. So, the accumulated PageRank of the second site is 67/23.

7. Text link: Google PageRank 10 Sites - PageRank 10 Websites Update ...

Domain: www.searchenginegenie.com

Link: https://www.searchenginegenie.com/pagerank-10-sites.htm

Description: A PageRank 10 website has the top most importance according to Google's system and every webmaster struggles to get backlink from these sites. Searchenginegenie strive to offer you the most updated information on PageRank sites, we monitor all the changes done by Google on regular basis.

8. Text link: How To Calculate PageRank And What To Do With It

Domain: www.shoutmeloud.com

Link: https://www.shoutmeloud.com/how-to-calculate-pagerank-google-seo.html

Description: The PageRank of D equals the sum of the PR of the linking website(s) divided by their outgoing links. From this example, you see that links from pages with a high PR and less outgoing links are worth more than many links from low PR pages with thousands of outgoing links.

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What are Muscle Knots?

We often hear people saying they have a ‘knot’ in their muscle, but what is a  “knot” exactly? How do we get them and how do we get rid of them?

Muscle “knots” are hard, sensitive areas of muscles that tighten and contract. They’re technical term is “A Trigger Point”. Some research suggests that these knots in the muscles may be patches of tissue polluted by metabolic waste. These tense muscle fibers are painful to touch and are mostly just annoying. However serious trigger points can transfer pain and strange sensations to other areas of the body. We call this “Myofascial Pain Syndrome”.

Muscle knots can be caused by:

  • A sedentary lifestyle
  • Overusing or injuring your muscles
  • Poor posture
  • Dehydration
  • Unhealthy eating habits
  • Stress and anxiety

Muscle knots can occur anywhere in the body, but they’re usually found in your back, shoulders, and neck. They often show up in your gluteal muscles, too.

Muscle knots can cause aching sensations and pain in your muscles and joints. When you touch a muscle knot, it may feel swollen, tense, or bumpy. It could also feel tight and contracted, even when you’re trying to relax, and they’re often sensitive to the touch. The affected area may even become inflamed or swollen.

Muscle knots can cause symptoms in areas outside of the muscles, including:

  • Headaches
  • Toothaches
  • Earaches
  • Pins and Needles

You may also experience stress, anxiety, and depression, and have difficulty sleeping.

Treating muscle knots can take time. To get rid of the knots, you’ll need to break up the knotted tissue and calm inflamed nerves. The following are some things you can do to help release the knots and find relief.

Rest: Allow your body to rest if you have muscle knots. Take a break from any activities that are causing the knots, or that increase your pain or discomfort. Dedicate as much time as possible to relaxation. This may include sleeping longer than usual or lying in a comfortable position using pillows to support your body.

Stretch:  GENTLE stretching that elongates your muscles can help you to release tension in your body. Be gentle with yourself while stretching. Don’t force yourself into any positions or do anything that causes pain. For best results, hold stretches for at least 30 seconds, and release the stretch slowly to reduce your risk for injury

Exercise: Aerobic exercise may help to relieve muscle knots. If the knots are in your shoulders or neck, do arm swings, swimming and any other arm movements that work the muscles in your shoulders and neck. This stretches the muscles and increases their blood supply. Increased blood supply helps filters out toxins.

Hot and cold therapy: Using a combination of heat and cold can help to relieve pain and inflammation due to muscle knots. Cold helps to constrict the blood vessel, which reduces swelling. To apply cold, use a cold compress for 10 minutes, and then remove it for at least 15 minutes. You can repeat this until you begin to find relief. Heat relaxes and loosens stiff muscles, and relieves pain. Heat may increase blood flow, which promotes healing. To apply heat, use a heat pad or take a hot bath. Alternate between cold and heat treatment, or use the one that works best for you. Hot and cold therapy should be used in conjunction with other therapies such as remedial massage and trigger-point therapy.

Use a muscle rub: Muscle rubs help to soften and relax muscle knots. You can massage a muscle rub onto the affected area twice a day for cooling relief. You may need someone to help you apply to it difficult-to-reach areas. Find a formula that contains menthol, capsaicin, or camphor. Before using a rub for the first time, do a patch test. To do a patch test, apply a small amount of the ointment onto the inside of your forearm. Wait 24 hours to make sure there’s no reaction. If there’s no reaction, you should be fine applying it to other parts of your body.

Trigger Point Pressure Release: This therapy works by applying pressure to your trigger points. A skilled practitioner will put pressure on the muscle knot until it softens and releases. After a treatment session, you’ll have a set of movements to complete at home. This will help to retrain your muscles.

Remedial Massage Therapy: In more persistent cases, remedial massage therapy is recommended. An experienced Remedial Massage Therapist or Myotherapist can help you identify the underlying causes of your muscle knots. They will treat your pain using treatments appropriate to your case. You will be taught techniques that will reduce pain and prevent it from recurring.

Referral to a Physiotherapist: If your Remedial Therapist suspects a deeper underlying driver as the cause for your persistent muscle knots, they will consult our Physiotherapists at Inline Physio and derive the right course of management for you.

Peter Thompson

SLM Myotherapist and Remedial Massage Therapist

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