Quick Answer: What Is Minimum Connecting Time?

How do you find the minimum connection time?

The most straightforward way to check the Minimum Connecting Time of flight connections is to retrieve it from an Availability/Schedule or PNR display.

These displays can be neutral or biased..

Is 45 minutes enough for a connecting flight?

As a rule of thumb, on domestic routes, you need a minimum of 45 minutes between flights. That’s because you don’t have to go through security, customs, and immigration.

Is 40 minutes enough time for a layover in Atlanta?

Generally, 50 minutes in ATL is plenty for a domestic/domestic connection. I’d leave a little more margin for error (~70 minutes) if you’re arriving in ATL between about 4-8 PM on a weekday though. Once you’re in the terminal, you can be gate-to-gate in 10-15 minutes.

What should I do if I missed my flight?

What is a minimum connection time?

A Minimum Connection Time (MCT) is defined as the shortest time interval required in order to transfer a passenger and their luggage from one flight to a connecting flight.

Is 1 hour connection time enough?

The recommended layover time for domestic flights is normally one hour. However, as previously stated, you may require longer if your flights are booked with two different airlines, if you are traveling to a very busy airport or if you require special assistance.

What happens if you miss your connecting flight?

If the missed connection is the airline’s fault (a delayed initial flight due to mechanical problems, for example), the airline should rebook you on the next available flight. If the next outbound flight is the following morning, the airline should either book you on another airline or provide accommodations and meals.

What happens if you miss your connecting flight American Airlines?

If your flight is canceled or a delay causes you to miss your connection, we’ll rebook you on the next flight with available seats. We will reroute your bags automatically when you check in for your new flights. There are 3 ways to view your new trip or to choose a different flight: … View or change your trip on aa.com.

Is 45 minutes enough time for a connecting flight in Atlanta?

“If they say 45 minutes, 45 minutes is not an issue, because we have the intelligence,” says Steve Mayars, director of customer experience at Hartsfield-Jackson. Mayers says that Delta has the data to see how many people have missed connecting flights and have calculated departure times accordingly.

Can you make a 35 minute layover?

A 35-minute layover may sound like you have time to use the bathroom and grab a quick bite, but it’s probably barely enough time to make it to your next plane. Most people will tell you to give yourself at least an hour layover time for domestic flights, and two hours for international flights.

Will airlines wait for connecting passengers?

2. Re: Will airlines wait for transferring passengers? Not usually because it cause passengers on that plane to miss their connections, as well as making the flight late. If you’ve booked both flights on the one ticket then the airline will put on the next flight with available seats.

Do you have to clear immigration on a connecting flight?

Most (but again, not all) airports connect international terminals airside. When you’re connecting from an international flight to a domestic one, you’ll always have to exit and reenter security as you’ll need to go through customs and immigration (unless you have gone through preclearance aboard, which is rare).

How much time should I allow between connecting flights?

Consider allowing at least 60 to 90 minutes for a U.S. domestic connection, and at least two hours for an international connection. Airlines usually allow you four hours or more maximum connecting time.

Is 45 minutes enough time for a connecting flight in Doha?

1 hour to 45 minutes is very common as transit time. No problem. Anything less than 30 minutes is tight. So you are fine.

Can I get compensation for missed connection?

Compensation for missed connecting flights. If passengers arrive at their destination over three hours late due to a missed connecting flight, you have the right to compensation as well as some additional benefits at the airport.


Simulations of Strain on Nanomaterials

Principle Investigator: Dr. Charles Cornwell
HPC System: Spirit, Garnet

Visualization Details:

The visualization of this project begins with analyzing the LAMMPS simulation results. The dump files contains a list of all of the atoms in the simulation. The first thing that is extracted from the data is the 3D position and the energy value of each atom. To represent each atom on a rendered image, a sphere was generated in VTK using the 3D position as the center point of the sphere.

To create the appearace of a mesh, the atoms needed to be connected by tubes. Atoms that are within a certain distance of each other are connected. This is accomplished by a version of the k-nearest neightbor algorithm. The atoms are sorted into buckets which prevent a polynomial runtime complexity. Next, the straight line distance for each atom in the bucket is calculated. The distances within the desired range are converted into a tube that connects those two spheres inside VTK.

Colors are applied to the spheres and tubes based on the energy values collected from the dump files and saved into a PLY format. The PLY files were rendered using 3D Studio Max.


Question: Which Country Has Most Satellites In Space?

Which country reached space first?

the Soviet Union’sYuri Gagarin was the first person to fly in space.

Following the flight, Gagarin became a cultural hero in the Soviet Union..

Does Australia own any satellites?

In 1967, Australia became the third nation to design and launch a satellite to orbit the earth. … It was launched at Woomera on 29 November 1967, making Australia only the third country in the world to build and launch its own satellite, behind Russia and the United States.

Is NASA better than ISRO?

NASA is a space administration agency whereas ISRO is a research agency. … NASA is mostly based on research-oriented missions whereas ISRO is mostly based on development-oriented like communication, weather forecasting satellites etc. NASA’s technologies are highly advanced when compared to the technology used by ISRO.

What is the rank of ISRO in world?

5th inRanked 5th in the World. With a budget of more than 1.5 billion dollars and record of launching the most satellites in a single mission, India’s leading space agency, the ISRO ranks at no. 5 in the world. Only space agencies of USA, China, Europe and Russia rank better in the list.

Which country is the best in space technology?

The USThe US is currently leading the chart of the top 10 countries in space technology, accounting for over 30% of the operational spacecraft currently in orbit around Earth.

How many satellites are in space?

Have you ever wondered how many satellites orbit the Earth? According to the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), which maintains a database of active satellites in orbit, as of April 1, 2020, there were a total of 2,666 satellites in Space, of which 1,918 were in low Earth orbit (LEO).

How many countries have their own satellites in space?

This is a timeline of first orbital launches by country. While a number of countries have built satellites, as of 2019, eleven countries have had the capability to send objects into orbit using their own launch vehicles.

What is China doing in space?

A Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft has safely landed after two days in orbit, according to state media, and may have deployed a satellite during its mysterious, brief journey in space.

Has Pakistan reached moon?

Namira Salim, the first Pakistani set to travel to space, has congratulated the Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) on the Chandrayaan-2 mission and its historic attempt to make a landing on the Moon. … Namira Salim is also first Pakistani to have ever traveled to the North and South poles of our planet.

Which countries have satellites in space?

In terms of countries with the most satellites the USA significantly leads the way with 859 satellites, China is second with 250, and Russia third with 146. These are then followed by Japan (72), India (55) and the UK (52). A few large space stations have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.

Which country reached Mars first?

Does Pakistan have a satellite?

The Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite (PRSS), commercially known as Remote Sensing Satellite System (RSSS), is a dual-purpose Earth observational and optical satellite. Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite-1 (PRSS-1) was launched from China’s Jiuquan Satellite Centre on 9 July 2018.


본문 내용으로 건더뛰기

모바일 대메뉴명

KDI 경제정보센터

KDI 경제정보센터의 다양한
경제정책정보를 만나 보세요.

Aid for health, economic growth, and the emigration of medical workers
IFW 2021.01.08 원문보기
Debates on the extent to which developing countries suffer from a brain drain often focus on the emigration of locally scarce health personnel. In this paper, we empirically examine how two potential determinants -aid for health and local income levels -affect the emigration rates of doctors and nurses from developing countries. Employing a standard gravity model of international migration, we show that aid for health has a negative effect on the emigration of both nurses and doctors. The quantitative impact is moderate but non-negligible: doubling the amount of foreign assistance received by developing countries in the health sector lowers the emigration rates of health personnel by around 10%. Our findings suggest that donors influence the emigration decisions of doctors and nurses through improvements in health infrastructure and health care services. Higher income per capita is also associated with lower emigration from developing countries for doctors and nurses alike. Given that nurses typically belong to the poorer segments of populations in the countries of origin, we can conclude that even at low initial income levels, on balance, economic growth provides an incentive to stay rather than enabling would-be migrants to finance migration costs and encouraging them to leave.
KDI 경제정보센터


UK in 12-year wage dive

UK employees will have to wait another nine years to get back to the level of income they enjoyed in 2009, during which time they will have lost an average of £8,500 in real-term wage losses, according to research by the Trades Union Congress (TUC).

The research, which tracked wage and inflation data between 2009 and 2012, as well as forecasts from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), found that workers are just a quarter of the way through the UK’s 12-year wage dive.

Brendan Barber, general secretary at TUC, said: “The dire state of the economy has pushed down wages. Workers today are on average nearly £1,600 poorer than they were three years ago.

“Even when wages start to pick up again, it will take years to undo the damage wreaked by austerity and high inflation. Unless things change, the UK’s 12-year wage dive will continue until 2021 and cost the average worker around £8,500.”


Energy Central Power Perspectives: GIS System Integration for Multiple Utility Business Processes: Exclusive Interview with Kjetil Nymoen of Hafslund Nett

image credit: Kjetil Nymoen

Today’s utilities find the data that comes from GIS, or geographic information systems, to be more and more critical for optimizing business functions. The application of GIS into the utility sector spans many potential applications, from enhancing reliability through ease of maintenance, identifying opportunity for increased distributed energy resources, training purposes, and much more. Given the wide applicability of GIS technology and the data it generates, making sure GIS is efficiently and holistically integrated across different businesses is critical to proper implementation.

Kjetil Nymoen is a Solutions Architect working on accomplishing just that at Hafslund Nett. He will also be sharing his knowledge on this exciting and emerging topic at the upcoming GIS4SmartGrid 2019 conference from SmartGrid Forums. In advance of his presentation, entitled ‘GIS System Integration – connecting a number of new and legacy systems to provide geospatial data and context to multiple utility business processes,’ Kjetil was gracious enough to share insights into his work and this upcoming presentation with Energy Central:

Matt Chester: To start off, can you provide some information about your background and how you first got involved in the intersection of GIS and utilities? Why is this an area that attracted you and what makes it so important?

Kjetil Nymoen: I have been working in the utility business since 1995. I started my career at a small electric utility here in Norway, where I worked as a power engineer. I was lucky to be a part of a project there where we went from paper maps to digital information. It was the early days of digital transformation with very simple desktop applications. But I was hooked on the use of IT solutions. It opened a new world for me, and I decided to move into the IT business.

In 2000, I started to work with ArcGIS in a private IT company called Geodata. They had signed a big contract with some electric utilities, and I remember hard work for a long, long time. Data migration, functional testing, development, a lot of discussion, trying and failing. But it was fun, and I did learn the power of GIS and location. It was learning by doing.

So, now I can look back and realize that I have been working with GIS for utilities for 19 years and have been part of the huge transformation from desktop to servers to web services to the cloud. It’s been a fun journey, and the journey for me now continues at the biggest electric utility here in Norway.

MC: Many people in the industry are talking about how the advent of new big data sources is a driver of change in utilities, but your talk is also going to touch upon how that data is more accessible than ever, on any device and anywhere. How does this ease of access to data affect what’s possible in the utility space? Does it also present some new challenges to overcome?

KN: Easy access to data is fundamental for decision-making and to get people to interact in a much better way. Earlier people in the office had to go through several systems to get the information they needed. Today, they just open one web application and they get what they need. The field crews now have all the data they need on the smartphone, and a lot of that data is updated in real-time. I do have a statement from one of the field crews, so you should join the conference to hear what he has to say!

Just the fact that people now can get access to data on any device and anywhere is a huge step for our business. Faster and more accurate decisions, saving money, and more happy customers. There are some challenges you must be aware of. IT security is one of them, and also remembering the people. New tools and apps do not always solve everything, but as long as you involve and talk to people and support them, you will get positive and creative feedback.

Data quality is also something to pay attention to. The users must trust the data, so we do have a huge focus on data quality.

MC: Another key point you’re going to talk about at the GIS4SmartGrid 2019 conference is the importance of location. Can you give a preview of what you mean by that and how utility leaders can and should embrace that idea?

KN: Everything happens somewhere, right?

By using the location, you can derive new information products and see patterns you did not even know where there. That is the actual power of GIS analytics. All of us need to be much better in using those capabilities from GIS. By running more analytics on our data and overlying that with other data, we will gain new insights. Insights that we can use to better plan and design, improve maintenance, improve outage handling, improve customer service. But you need the location to be able to do that.

I will show some examples in my presentation about what we are doing and what kind of questions we are now able to answer. We are not perfect, but we have started and will continue to explore the capabilities of GIS.

MC: If the goal is to be able to use data to predict what’s going to happen in the coming days, months, and years, what’s going to be the impact of utilities that are not fully embracing these data analytics and GIS integrations today?

KN: It’s not easy to answer that question, but I can share a few thoughts.

There will be more use of sensors that measure temperature, movement, light, water, humidity, proximity, etc. These are cheap sensors that you can place anywhere, and they are already available on the market. The data from these sensors is stored in big data shares and fed into machine learning routines that tell us when we need to perform maintenance or it’s time to replace an asset, or even prevent a failure.

When an outage occurs, the analytics are done automatically based on historical outage data, SCADA data, sensor data, weather data, lightning data, etc. The real-time data combined with historical data makes it possible for us to be very close to the self-healing grid. The data from the AMI meters help us to have a complete overview of the entire network, including the low voltage network. Fault location detection occurs by itself, and complete control of earth faults. Of course, the use of drones during a big outage situation with real-time image data processing and machine learning routines is also important. To be able to do all of this, you first need to run a lot of analytics on your data to be able to create learning models for machine learning. Understanding your data and the patterns is going to be crucial, so I think the utilities really need to hire data scientists as well.

I strongly believe that utilities need to embrace the data analytics and the possibilities with new technology. The technology and methods are available today, so we should turn data into advanced decision-making.

MC: As with many IT solutions that are emerging across various industries today, you stress the importance of open-standard interfaces for these utility solutions. Can you talk about why that’s so important?

KN: Data is important and cannot be locked into a single system with a complex data model. We need systems with open-standard interfaces so we can decide how and where to make use of these data. If the data are easily available to us, we can then, for example, develop our own function and make that data and functionality available for many people. That is often a much better approach than having the vendor develop a new tool in their system.

With standard interfaces, you can set up an integration very fast without a project that will take you thousands of hours and a lot of money.

We have very good experiences with new vendors that create new solutions with open-standard interfaces. It is a new world, and really it is the way it should be.

My talk at the conference will be about how we use our data-driven architecture to give people easy access to data from multiple systems. I will focus on our IT architecture where we have a new data-driven platform managed by a ‘DataHub’ running in the cloud. So, I encourage you to join the conference and then you will understand the importance of standard interfaces.

MC: To finish, you’ll be at the GIS4SmartGrid 2019 conference not only as a presenter but also as an attendee. What are you excited to learn more about while surrounded by utility experts in GIS?

KN: First of all, attending a conference like this is about listening and learning from others, and also to meet people and create new contacts. You will always get new ideas and get inspired to go home and implement them. The hard work begins when you are back home, and you start to sell that idea internally. I am really looking forward to this conference.

If you're interested in learning more about how utilities can integrate GIS across varying business processes, be sure to check out Kjetil Nymoen's presentation this topic at the GIS4SmartGrid conference this upcoming September in Berlin, Germany. You can learn more about the agenda and register for the conference here.

No discussions yet. Start a discussion below.

Get Published - Build a Following

                 Learn more about posting on Energy Central »


About Shawn Mendes

Shawn Peter Raul Mendes (; born August 8, 1998) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. He gained a following in 2013, posting song covers on the video-sharing application Vine. The following year, he caught the attention of artist manager Andrew Gertler and Island Records A&R Ziggy Chareton, which led to him signing a deal with the record label. Mendes's self-titled debut EP was released in 2014, followed by his debut studio album Handwritten in 2015. Handwritten debuted atop the US Billboard 200, making Mendes one of five artists ever to debut at number one before the age of 18. The single "Stitches" reached number one in the UK and the top 10 in the US and Canada.

His second studio album Illuminate (2016) also debuted at number one in the US, with its singles "Treat You Better" and "There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back" reaching the top 10 in several countries. His self-titled third studio album …Read more on Wikipedia


If you’re looking for support, after-hours services or trustworthy information, we recommend the following organisations, services and resources:

Third-party Links

Some links within this website may lead to other websites, including those operated and maintained by third parties. Healthy Thinking Psychology (HTP) is not responsible for examining or evaluating the content or accuracy of these third-parties’ websites nor does it offer any warranties in relation thereof. You agree that HTP will not have any liability or responsibility for any third-party materials or websites, or for any other materials, products, or services of third-parties. Michelle McQuaid and its directors, employees, agents or affiliates are not liable for any harm or damages related to the purchase or use of goods, services, resources, content, or any other transactions made in connection with any third-party websites. Please review carefully the third-party’s policies and practices and make sure you understand them before you engage in any transaction. Complaints, claims, concerns, or questions regarding third-party products should be directed to the third-party.

HTP includes these links solely as a convenience to you, and the presence of such a link does not imply any responsibility for the linked site or an endorsement of the linked site, its operator, or its contents.

Evidence-based psychological care delivered by a dedicated, nurturing and empathic team.


Use your brain for what it's good at

Moça com livro by Almeida Júnior

Humans are good at thinking; computers are good at computing.

Computing is not an analog for thinking. Computing is the process of calculation to determine the solution to a problem. It employs specific mathematical processes. To think, in contrast, is to wonder, to ponder, and to conceive. It is a more general phenomenon than computing that requires a human-like consciousness. Humans can use thinking for mechanical and repetitive tasks in computing, mathematics and other domains, but we gravitate toward the kind of thinking that is characterized by making non-linear connections, pattern recognition, and creative insight.


Phytoplankton factory in the Argentine Sea

Phytoplankton Factory in the Argentine Sea
January 5, 2021. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory

The Goldilocks zone typically refers to the habitable area around a star where conditions are right for the existence of liquid water and possibly life. But on Earth, the South Atlantic Ocean has its own kind of Goldilocks zone. In spring and summer, conditions in the Argentine Sea off Patagonia often become just right for phytoplankton, and populations of the plant-like organisms explode into enormous blooms.

In late 2020, started to show the colorful signature of off the coast of Argentina and around the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Vivid greens and blues still swirled in the sea on January 5, 2021, when the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite acquired this natural-color image (above).

The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired the image below on January 2, 2021. It shows a detailed view of phytoplankton in Grande Bay, off of Argentina's Santa Cruz province. Part of the Santa Cruz River is visible at the top-left.

Rivers like the Santa Cruz carry nutrients from the land and deliver them to the ocean, promoting phytoplankton growth. (Suspended sediment could be contributing some of the color visible in these images.) Another source of nutrients is dust from Patagonia, which strong westerly winds can carry offshore and drop on the ocean surface.

But phytoplankton blooms are also stimulated by the ocean's complex circulation patterns and abundant fronts—where separate water masses (with distinct temperatures, saltiness, and nutrients) meet. At the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, for example, warm, saltier tropical waters flow south and meet the cooler, fresher waters flowing north from the Southern Ocean. Along a front, the rising of a less-dense mass can carry nutrients up to the surface, where phytoplankton also have ample sunlight to fuel their growth.

Phytoplankton Factory in the Argentine Sea
January 2, 2021. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory

Without a physical sample, it's not possible to say for sure which type of phytoplankton are present in these images. Scientists found dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum minimum) while collecting samples during an intense bloom in spring 2005; diatoms (Chaetocceros debilis) dominated a bloom in early summer 2003. Both groups tend to appear various shades of green in satellite images. In December 2008, scientists also found a dense of coccolithophores (Emiliania huxleyi), which tend to turn the ocean a chalky green-blue.

Notice the color gradients across the images. Bright green areas could be a mix of dinoflagellates, diatoms, and coccolithophores; in the bluer areas, coccolithophores likely dominate. Coccolithophores can continue to grow in waters where iron has been depleted, whereas diatoms need both silicate and iron.

Whichever species were blooming, their abundance indicates the biological richness along Patagonia's continental shelf, which is the site of some of the world's richest fisheries.

Explore further

Image: Spring color in the North Sea

More information: Gastón O. Almandoz et al. The genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in continental shelf waters of Argentina (Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, 38–55°S), Harmful Algae (2006). DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2006.07.003

William M. Balch et al. Coccolithophore distributions of the North and South Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2019.06.012

W. M. Balch et al. Surface biological, chemical, and optical properties of the Patagonian Shelf coccolithophore bloom, the brightest waters of the Great Calcite Belt, Limnology and Oceanography (2014). DOI: 10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1715

José I. Carreto et al. Mycosporine-like amino acids and xanthophyll-cycle pigments favour a massive spring bloom development of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in Grande Bay (Argentina), an ozone hole affected area, Journal of Marine Systems (2017). DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.10.004

Vivian A. Lutz et al. Primary production in the Argentine Sea during spring estimated by field and satellite models, Journal of Plankton Research (2009). DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbp117

Alberto R. Piola et al. Physical Oceanography of the SW Atlantic Shelf: A Review, Plankton Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic (2018). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77869-3_2

Provided by NASA Earth Observatory
Citation: Phytoplankton factory in the Argentine Sea (2021, January 15) retrieved 28 February 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2021-01-phytoplankton-factory-argentine-sea.html

Feedback to editors

User comments


Question: What Is The Biggest Negative Number?

What’s the closest number to zero?

1If you mean integer then 1 (or -1) is the closest integer to zero..

Is zero less than or equal to zero?

4 Answers. No zero is not less then zero, i <= 0 becomes 1 because zero is less than or equal to zero. The <= ("less than or equal") operator returns true if the left hand side is less than or equal to the right hand side.

Is 0 an even or odd number?

The use of the phrase “even number, or the number zero” implies that zero is not even. On the other hand, the mayor is lumping zero together with the even numbers, so he certainly doesn’t think it’s odd. So what is it – odd, even or neither? For mathematicians the answer is easy: zero is an even number.

How do you know which negative number is greater?

On the number line the negative numbers are to the left of zero. –5 is less than 4, because –5 lies to the left of 4 on the number line. –1 is greater than –3, because –1 lies to the right of –3 on the number line.

Is negative number bigger than 0?

What is Coprime number?

In number theory, two integers a and b are relatively prime, mutually prime, or coprime if the only positive integer that evenly divides (is a divisor of) both of them is 1. One says also a is prime to b or a is coprime with b.

Is there a negative zero?

An integer is a whole number that can be either greater than 0, called positive, or less than 0, called negative. Zero is neither positive nor negative. … Zero is called the origin, and it’s neither negative nor positive. For every positive integer, there’s a negative integer an equal distance from the origin.

Is 0.5 and 0.05 the same?

0.5 is greater then 0.05. As, 0.5=5/10 but 0.05=5/100.

What is the opposite of 0?

negativeThe opposite of a positive number is negative, and the opposite of a negative number is positive. Since the opposite of 0 is 0 (which is neither positive nor negative), then 0 = 0. The number 0 is the only number that is its own opposite. Whole numbers and the opposites of those numbers are all integers.

What is the lowest number ever?

If we only have three digits to spare, the smallest possible number is 0.01. With four digits, it’s 0.001. You’ll notice a pattern here: the significand is always the same, only the exponent changes. What we need is a significand of 1 , because that’s the smallest one after 0 .

What is bigger positive or negative?

Positive numbers are bigger, greater, or higher than zero. They are on the opposite side of zero from the negative numbers. … Negative numbers get smaller and smaller the farther they are from zero. This can get confusing because you may think that –400 is bigger than –12.

What is the largest even negative number?

The least prime number is 2, and the greatest negative even integer is −2, so the answer is 0.

Can natural numbers be negative?

): The counting numbers {1, 2, 3, …} are commonly called natural numbers; however, other definitions include 0, so that the non-negative integers {0, 1, 2, 3, …} are also called natural numbers. Natural numbers including 0 are also called whole numbers. … They can be positive, negative, or zero.

Why is 11 not a prime number?

For 11, the answer is: yes, 11 is a prime number because it has only two distinct divisors: 1 and itself (11). As a consequence, 11 is only a multiple of 1 and 11.

Is 2 not a prime number?

The first five prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. A prime number is an integer, or whole number, that has only two factors — 1 and itself. Put another way, a prime number can be divided evenly only by 1 and by itself. Prime numbers also must be greater than 1.

Is a negative number smaller than zero?

How do you read a negative number?

Is Infinity odd or even?

There are no numbers bigger than infinity, but that does not mean that infinity is the biggest number, because it’s not a number at all. For the same reason, infinity is neither even nor odd. The symbol for infinity looks like a number 8 lying on its side: .

What is the smallest negative number?

There are an infinite number of negative integers as they approach negative infinity. So there is no smallest negative integer. the set of negative integers is {-1, -2, -3, …}. The greatest negative integer is -1.

Is negative 2 an odd number?

Originally Answered: Can negative numbers be odd or even ? An integer that is not an odd number is an even number. … Since odd andeven numbers are division for only natural numbers, negative integers (-2, -1) are neither odd nor even.


Quick Answer: Who Developed The Scapegoat Theory?

How do I stop being a scapegoat?

Refrain from arguing.

Lean on your circle of support.

Remember compassion..

What is another word for scapegoat?

In this page you can discover 10 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for scapegoat, like: substitute, sacrifice, dupe, victim, butt, fall guy, whipping boy, goat, patsy and praise.

What was the scapegoat in the Bible?

The scapegoat was a goat that was designated (Hebrew: לַעֲזָאזֵֽל) la-‘aza’zeyl; “for absolute removal” (for symbolic removal of the people’s sins with the literal removal of the goat), and outcast in the desert as part of the ceremonies of the Day of Atonement, that began during the Exodus with the original …

What does Azazel mean in Hebrew?

scapegoatAccording to The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Azazel is the Hebrew word for scapegoat. This is the only place that the Hebrew word is found in the whole Hebrew Old Testament.

What is a scapegoat child?

Scapegoating always includes verbal abuse, including generalizing about a child’s character or personality. Needless to say, in the absence of other voices imparting positive messages about who she is, the daughter internalizes what’s said to her as essential “truths” about herself.

What scapegoat means?

noun. a person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place. Chiefly Biblical. a goat let loose in the wilderness on Yom Kippur after the high priest symbolically laid the sins of the people on its head.

What is the opposite of scapegoat?

What is the opposite of scapegoat?antagonizeragitatortormenterbullyintimidatorannoyerdaunterpestererpersecutortease2 more rows

How is the scapegoat chosen?

The scapegoat feels the acute injustice of his/her role. … But family scapegoats also have both innate and learned power. They are not chosen at random. Rather, they are typically targeted because of their strengths.

Is Jesus a scapegoat?

‘ (15.13-14), thus allowing Jesus to be designated as the immolated goat and Barabbas as the scapegoat (15.15).

How do I stop being a scapegoat at work?

If you want to stay clear of team nastiness, work alone. Otherwise, learn the dos and don’ts to stop the deadly sport of scapegoating.Let’s zero in on scapegoating.* Don’t suffer in silence.* Do build alliances.* Don’t fall into the trap and blame others.* Do learn to be self aware.* Don’t focus on the negative.More items…•

Who came up with the scapegoat theory?

The term ‘scapegoat’ actually has its origin in the Old Testament, more specifically, in Chapter 16 of the Book of Leviticus, according to which God instructed Moses and Aaron to sacrifice two goats every year.

What is the origin of scapegoat?

Did you know the word ‘scapegoat’ is a word coined in the 16th century to describe the ritual animals that the Jewish community placed their sins onto in preparation for Yom Kippur? The other goat, the one for the Lord, would be slaughtered as part of the general Yom Kippur rituals. …

What is the scapegoat theory in psychology?

What is the purpose of a scapegoat?

The scapegoat was sent into the wilderness for Azazel, possibly for the purpose of placating that evil spirit, while a separate goat was slain as an offering to God. By extension, a scapegoat has come to mean any group or individual that innocently bears the blame of others.


Project Description

How to Teach Abstract Concrete Nouns

In grade 3, kids start learning to identify concrete and abstract nouns. Students can easily get confused about whether it is a concrete or abstract noun.

Moreover, it is not enough to be able to identify the type of noun. Students are expected to tell the differences between concrete and abstract nouns. As well, properly use them while building sentences.

how to teach abstract and concrete nouns

Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns identify ideas, concepts, qualities, experience, and feelings. Abstract nouns are intangible.

Examples of abstract nouns:

Anger, awe, bravery, brilliance, calm, childhood, compassion, courage, deceit, delight, despair, faith, freedom, friendship, hate, honesty, hope, integrity, joy, justice, kindness, knowledge, liberty, love, loyalty, misery, patriotism, peace, pleasure, pride, reality, trust, truth, wisdom.

Concrete Nouns

Objects and things that can be experienced through the five senses (feel, touch, smell, hear, and see) are concrete nouns. The majority of nouns are concrete. Concrete nouns can be people, places, animals, vegetables, food and more.

Examples of concrete nouns:

People: actor, boy, brother, doctor, firefighter, man, mother, queen. Fruits/Vegetables/Food: butter, cake, cherry, fruits, grain, pancake, pear, popcorn. Animals: chicken, goose, horse, jellyfish, kitten, ladybug, rabbit, robin. Places: hill, house, island, mountain, river, shop, street, wood. Things: brick, cent, drum, gate, glue, mailbox, scarecrow, scarf.

Teaching Tips

  • Tip #1. Use visuals. Put wall cards for the references in an easy and reachable place where every student can see them. Pass small cards with definitions (one for each table should be enough).

  • Tip #2. Practice makes perfect. Students will start with a reading. They will read the noun and decide whether it is concrete or abstract. Direct them to color the crab with the right type of noun. When they decide whether it is abstract or concrete, ask them to write the definition and justify their answer. In the beginning, they can refer to the wall cards, but going further, they should be able to write the definition easily and without any reference. Completing more worksheets and writing down the definition will give them the ability to remember the concept better.

  • Tip #3. Organize thoughts before writing. In this section, have your students draw this word. This activity is significant as it gives the advantage to visualize and organize their thought and prepare for the next activity.

    Now, students are ready to write the explanatory sentence. It will be easy to complete, as they already draw the picture, all they need to turn this picture into a beautiful sentence.

  • Tip#4. Use adjectives to describe the noun. While writing explanatory sentences, it is a good idea to pass the list with useful adjectives. Students can go through the list and pick one or more to write the sentence.

  • Tip #5. The theory is good, but practical use is also important. Now, it is time to see if your students can use this noun in sentences. Please direct them to write two sentences with this noun.

  • Tip #6. Brainstorm for words. To ensure that students understand concrete and abstract nouns, ask them to write three more similar nouns at the back of the worksheet.

  • Tip #7. Explore the five senses (extended practice for concrete nouns). For concrete nouns, direct your students to color one or more jellyfishes when they experience this object with their five senses. This activity will give them the ability to explore and communicate with the world around them.

  • Tip#8. Get them to focus on one task at a time. As you can see, the worksheets created in landscape orientation and should be folded in the middle. This way, students will be concentrating on one task at a time. Complete the task – turn the page and continue without confusion.


How Long Does A Bad Check Stay On Your Record?

How long does early warning Stay on record?

five yearsReported information is usually removed from your Early Warning Services file after five years, although the Fair Credit Reporting Act allows for the blemish to remain for 7 years.

Until then, you might be able to open a second chance checking account..

Can a warrant be issued for a bad check?

What is the penalty for a bounced check?

The jail term can be between 1-3 months – up to 3 years, or/and a fine that usually varies from AED 1,000 to AED 30,000 based on the amount of the bounced cheque. One must understand that a criminal case is purely a punishment for a criminal act, i.e., issuing a cheque without sufficient balance.

What happens if you write a bad check that is over $500?

Under criminal penalties, you can be prosecuted and even arrested for writing a bad check. … This can be seen as a felony in many states, especially when the checks are for more than $500. It’s important to note that provision is made for accidents, because bookkeeping mistakes do happen.

Will a fake check clear?

How do you get a bad check off your record?

Contact the bank that placed the negative information on your report. If the information is true, it isn’t obligated to change or remove the information. You can, however, write a short explanation of the circumstances surrounding the bad check for inclusion in your report.

What can I do if my employer gives me a bad check?

What to Do When Your Paycheck BouncesRemain calm. Your first reaction in this situation is likely panic, which is understandable, but a prolonged bout of anxiety isn’t going to be helpful. … Call your employer. … Call your financial institution. … Tap into Emergency funds. … Call your coworkers. … Talk to a lawyer. … Talk to your creditors. … File a complaint.More items…•

Can a check bounce after it has been cashed?

1 The results can be a costly lesson in the risks of accepting payment by check. The process takes time, and a check still can bounce after you deposit it—even if your bank allows you to withdraw cash from that deposit.

Is there a statute of limitations on writing a bad check?

If a debt collector failed to inform you of your rights, is attempting to collect the wrong amount or is inappropriately accusing you of check fraud, you can: Check Your State’s Statute Of Limitations On Bad Checks: States typically have a two- to three-year statute of limitations (SOL) on bad checks.

Writing a bad check is considered a wobbler crime in California, meaning it can be charged as either a misdemeanor or felony depending on circumstances of the crime. If the value of the check was under $450, the offense is generally charged as a misdemeanor. If the amount is over $450, you can be charged with a felony.

Can you get in trouble for depositing a bad check?

Anybody can accidentally cash a bad check, and it won’t result in a crime or any punishment, although you will incur a fee to your bank. But if you knowingly cash a bad check, you may be charged with a misdemeanor or a felony, and you could face jail time.

Can you go to jail for cashing a check twice?

Knowingly cashing or depositing a check twice on purpose is check fraud and can lead to federal indictments. State penalties for check fraud vary, but depending on the amount of the check in question, check fraud may come with a misdemeanor or felony charge, a fine, and/or jail time.

Is it a criminal Offence to write a bad check?

You may be charged with an offence under the Criminal Code of Canada if you write a cheque when you know that there is not enough money in the account to cover the cheque. You may be prosecuted by summary conviction or by indictable conviction. … The criminal offence is the obtaining of credit by false pretense.

How do I report someone for writing a bad check?

When businesses do receive a bad check, there are a number of reporting options they can use.Contact Your Customer. The first step to take in reporting a bad check is to contact your customer by phone or by mail. … Contact the Bank. … Notify Credit Reporting Services. … Contact the Better Business Bureau. … Contact the Police.


Which Of These Stars Has The Largest Radius?

Which star has the largest radius?

Which of the following layers in the sun is the coolest?

While the center of the Sun’s core can get as hot as 30 million degrees F, its outer layers cool down. The photosphere, which is outside the core, is the coolest layer.

Why does a sunspot appear dark brown or black compared to the photosphere?

All in all, the sunspots appear dark because the are darker than the surrounding surface. They’re darker because they are cooler, and they’re cooler because of the intense magnetic fields in them.

Which of these layers of the sun is coolest a core B radiation zone C photosphere?

The inner layers are the Core, Radiative Zone and Convection Zone. The outer layers are the Photosphere, the Chromosphere, the Transition Region and the Corona. Photosphere – The photosphere is the deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly.

READ  Quick Answer: What Is The Oldest Market In London?

Which star has the smallest radius?

The smallest known star right now is OGLE-TR-122b, a red dwarf star that’s part of a binary stellar system. This red dwarf the smallest star to ever have its radius accurately measured; 0.12 solar radii. This works out to be 167,000 km.

How big is the biggest star compared to Earth?

The video “Star Size Comparison” (duration: 2:34) nicely visualizes how tiny Earth (diameter 12756 km) is compared to the Sun (diameter 1,392,000 km, 109.1 times Earth’s). And how tiny the Sun is compared to other stars. Factoid from the video: VY Canis Majoris (a red hypergiant) is the largest known star.

Which layer of the sun is the thickest?

At the very center is the dense, hot core. Around the core lie two layers: a thick layer called the radiative zone and a thinner, cooler layer called the convective zone. Surrounding all of them is the sun’s surface layer, known as the photosphere.

Which of the following parts of the sun is the hottest?

And the hottest part of the Sun is its core. The surface of the Sun is a mere 5,800 Kelvin, while the center of the Sun is around 15 million Kelvin. That’s hot. Although the surface of the Sun is relatively cool, the corona can get much hotter.

How many Earths can fit in the sun?

READ  Which State Has Highest Population Nigeria?

How long can sunspots last?

The duration of the sunspot cycle is, on average, around eleven years. However, the length of the cycle does vary. Between 1700 and the present, the sunspot cycle (from one solar min to the next solar min) has varied in length from as short as nine years to as long as fourteen years.

What causes sunspot?

Sunspots are caused by the Sun’s magnetic field welling up to the photosphere, the Sun’s visible “surface”. The powerful magnetic fields around sunspots produce active regions on the Sun, which often lead to solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Our Sun isn’t the only star with spots.

Are sunspots hotter or cooler?

Sunspots are darker, cooler areas on the surface of the sun in a region called the photosphere. The photosphere has a temperature of 5,800 degrees Kelvin. Sunspots have temperatures of about 3,800 degrees K. They look dark only in comparison with the brighter and hotter regions of the photosphere around them.

How much hotter is the core of the sun than its surface?

How much hotter is the core of the sun than its surface? The solar core from where the Sun’s energy is made is very much hotter than the surface of the Sun. The surface of the Sun has the temperature over 5500 degrees Celsius (10,000 degrees Fahrenheit) .

Which layer of the sun do we normally see?

The photosphere is the lowest layer of the solar atmosphere. It is essentially the solar “surface” that we see when we look at the Sun in “white” (i.e. regular, or visible) light. When we observe sunspots and faculae (bright little cloud-like features) we are observing them in the photosphere.

READ  Question: What Is The Biggest Mahi Mahi Ever Caught?

What does the corona do?

A corona (Latin, ‘crown’) is an aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other stars. The Sun’s corona extends millions of kilometres into outer space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph.

Photo in the article by “Penmon” http://www.penmon.org/page50.htm

Like this post? Please share to your friends:


Everything you need to know about education loans

Everything you need to know about education loans

Everything you need to know about education loans

PUBLISH DATE 26th March 2018

What we become tomorrow depends on the kind of education we receive today, this is especially true if we wish to be the fastest growing economy in the world.

While the enrolment into higher education has only increased over the years, so has the cost of education especially in the premier institutions like IITs and IIMs from where the future of our country is expected to graduate. Faced with the increase in education fees and not willing to compromise on their dreams, parents and students are increasingly turning to education loans.

If you are new to credit and want to know all about education loans, here’s a lowdown.

What does an education loan cover?

Almost all leading banks in the country offer an education loan. The loan amount sanctioned can cover fees and expenses that are mandatory to complete the course. Generally, a complete education loan covers all expenses including your tuition fees, hostel stay, library fees, books and courseware, and other miscellaneous expenses. Some banks also provide additional covers such as vehicle purchase for up to a certain amount, insurance protection, free credit cards, etc.

Types of courses covered

Education loans are granted for graduation, post-graduation, professional, vocational and technical courses conducted by colleges and universities affiliated or accredited to UGC, AICTE, IMC, AIBMS, etc. Professional courses like management and engineering (MBA and MS) in foreign countries are also covered by education loans. For studies abroad, you must have secured an admission before applying for the loan and see to that the institution is listed by the bank.

Getting an education loan for a technical course could be easier than for a non-technical course such as photography, art, filmmaking etc. as the lenders consider the risk of defaults and job security.

Loan amount

The loan amount could vary across banks, but the usual range is up to Rs 15 lakh for studies in India and Rs 20 lakh or more for studies abroad. Sanctioning the loan amount is at the discretion of the bank and also depends on the internal policies of the bank.

The banks do not ask you to pay a margin or demand a third-party guarantor for loan amount up to Rs 4 lakh. For any education loan more than Rs 7.5 lakh, lenders would look for a collateral to approve your loan, this, however, depends on the institution in which you have secured admission.

The interest rate on an education loan generally ranges between 12% to 16% and the basic lending rate starts from 9.15% onwards. The borrowers can either choose floating type of interest rate or fixed interest rate. Students can also benefit from the subsidies provided by the government of India and claim tax benefits on the interest paid. Do note it is best to check with the lenders on the latest interest rates.

Eligibility criteria

Any Indian student, who has secured an admission in any of the approved colleges, is eligible for an education loan.

As most students embarking on courses may not have a credit history or a source of income, the banks demand a co-borrower typically parents, family members or a guardian with sufficient financial means. The co-applicant would be required to have a good credit history and collateral for a higher loan amount.

The tenure of the education loan usually ranges between five to 15 years and it can vary depending on the bank’s policies. Since the repayment is a huge responsibility for a first-time borrower and it depends on factors such as the type of employment that the student would get after the period of education. Hence, the lenders give an extension period after the course completion which is known as moratorium period ranging from six months to one year.

Parting notes

For many students, education loan would be the first exposure to the world of credit. Apart from giving the experience of borrowing and repaying a loan, education loans also provide an opportunity to build a healthy credit profile through consistent repayment and gets you to a good credit score. It also infuses a sense of credit discipline into the young minds which will be a stepping stone to secure big loans such as home loans in the future.

(Punja is the chief executive and co-founder of CreditMantri.com. Views expressed here are personal.)

Click here Details of All  : Entrance Exams 2018


Complex Systems Winter School 2015-Faculty

From Santa Fe Institute Events Wiki

Complex Systems Winter School 2015

Program Director

Somdatta Sinha, Program Director

Lecturers and Faculty

Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Theories and Treatment of Infectious Disease

Liz Bradley, Nonlinear Dynamics

This short course is a wide survey of the field of nonlinear dynamics.

Anirban Chakraborti, Econophysics

Title : Econophysics I - Kinetic exchange models in complex socio-economic systems
Abstract: In this talk, I will review pedagogically the kinetic exchange models whose outcome is the prediction of the wealth distribution in the society. Comparison with empirical data, and the analytical fitting forms for such wealth distributions will be discussed. The micro-economic formulation of such models will be also mentioned, which establishes the link between the principles of maximum entropy in physics and utility maximization in economics. Then I will also briefly review a minimal multi-agent model for the collective dynamics of opinion formation (based on the similar kinetic exchange dynamics studied in the context of wealth distribution), and its simple variants and extensions that have been proposed recently by others.
Title: Econophysics II - Statistical mechanics of competitive resource allocation: El Farol Bar to Kolkata Paise Restaurant
Abstract: Demand outstrips available resources in most situations, which gives rise to competition, interaction and learning. In this talk, I will review a broad spectrum of multi-agent models of competition (El Farol Bar problem, Minority Game, Kolkata Paise Restaurant problem, and others) from the perspective of statistical physicists.

Arkadev Chattopadhyay , Computational Complexity

How much time or space is needed to solve a computational problem? But this should depend on what machine/platform/technology is used to solve it! Computational complexity theory provides elegant notion of efficient computation that are independent of the computer hardware technology. Further, these notions give rise to deep philosophical questions, such as the following: "Can creativity be automated?"
In these lectures, I plan to cover a few key developments in the field that should be of importance and interest to all scientific disciplines.

Aaron Clauset, Four Lectures on Network Science

Network science is a thriving cross-disciplinary domain focused on the representation, analysis and modeling of complex social, biological and technological systems as networks or graphs. These four lectures will provide a compact introduction to the modern study of network science. We will examine techniques for analyzing and modeling the structure and dynamics of complex networks, and we will cover a broad selection of the core concepts in the field. Some emphasis will be placed on statistical algorithms and methods, and on model interpretation and real data. Applications will be drawn from computational biology and computational social science.

Simon DeDeo, Cognitive Science and Social Minds

Lectures One and Two: Information Flows

When did the French Revolution become revolutionary? How did pre-20th Century London manage violence? How did Charles Darwin synthesize Victorian science to write the Origin of the Species? Information theory not only plays a central role in physics and engineering. It can also be used to quantify critical features of the human mind and the societies it creates. In these first two lectures, I’ll introduce the core mathematics of information theory, and build intuition about what they mean. Drawing on recent collaborative research with scientists and scholars in the humanities—I’ll present the three case studies described above. I’ll show how information theory in the big data era allows us to get a new picture of the development of human society and, often, a glimpse of the minds—elite and non-elite—of the past and the future. And I’ll show how fundamental mathematical laws of coarse-graining and lossy compression place new constraints on the nature of evolution.

Lectures Three and Four: Social Feedback

From the emergence of the first strands of RNA to the invention of multicellularity, the evolution of life is marked by major transitions. No less so the evolution of our social and cognitive worlds, as they develop from the animal societies we see in television documentaries to the world- and soloar-system-spanning civilizations of the 21st Century. From the first awareness and use of group-level social facts to the emergence of norms and their self-assembly into normative bundles, each transition represents a new relationship between the individual and the group. At the center of this relationship is the use of coarse-grained information gained via lossy compression. I’ll provide key examples of these different stages using high-resolution data on two model systems: the highly-social monk parakeets, and the global community of Wikipedia editors. I’ll present new mathematical tools that you can use to analyse the social world, and connect them to some of the core traditions in the study of complex systems.

Laurent Hebert-Dufresne, Statistical Physics and Complex Networks

We will discuss the increasingly central role of statistical physics in network theory. This will involve going over some standard tools of statistical physics applied to network problems --- for instance the description of growing social networks and the spread of infectious diseases --- and we will see how this different modelling philosophy often provides a unique perspective. In so doing, we will compare the statistical physics approach to the mathematical and computer science approaches to classical graph theory.

Eric Libby Microbial Ecology

My lectures will be an overview of microbial ecology with the intent to generally educate and highlight open areas of research.

Ole Peters, Ergodicity Economics

1 Basic concepts
1.1. Tossing a coin
We start by introducing a simple coin tossing game to illustrate the meaning of the expectation value. The coin tossing game is the multiplicative binomial process, studied e.g. by Redner (1990). A coin is tossed, and on heads the wager increases by 50%, on tails 40% of the wager is lost. The interesting property is that the expectation value of the wager grows exponentially under multiplicative repetition, whereas in the long run wealth shrinks exponentially with probability 1. This is to motivate the importance of using the appropriate tools – sometimes the expectation value may be meaningful, but in many important situations in economics it is irrelevant and misleading.

1.2 Brownian motion (BM) and Geometric Brownian motion (GBM)
This sets out the basic mathematical model for what follows. Although BM itself is not ergodic, rates of change (over finite time) are ergodic. GBM is not ergodic, nor are rates of change under GBM, exponential growth rates (over finite time) are ergodic. GBM is a natural null model for many economic processes: self-reproducing quantities, such as money, are multiplicative, and an analogue to the additive Gaussian central limit theorem leads to many multiplicative random models converging to GBM. The expectation value is an ensemble average. Because of the way ergodicity is broken in GBM, the ensemble average has one meaning and the time average has another. Observing a single realization for a long time reveals a time-average growth rate, whereas observing the average over a large ensemble reveals the growth rate of the expectation value. The precise meaning of the two growth rates will be discussed.

2 Individuals
2.1 Decision theory
Decision theory is re-developed. How should an individual decide whether to take some gamble (the usual way of phrasing decision problems in economics)? We solve typical decision problems (gamble evaluation) by considering the time-average growth rate (or the [time- and ensemble-] average of the ergodic growth rate) under multiplicative dynamics. The construction of an ergodic observable motivates the introduction of a non-linear function that encodes the dynamics. This function is historically called the “utility function”.

2.2 The St Petersburg paradox
The classic St Petersburg paradox, in which people are observed to decline a gamble with a diverging expected value, is resolved using time averages. The expectation value is irrelevant for an individual making decisions. Assuming multiplicative repetitions, the relevant (ergodic) observable is the exponential growth rate. This behaves fundamentally differently from the expectation value and does not diverge for the St Petersburg game.

2.3 Insurance
The insurance problem is resolved. In classical economics insurance poses a puzzle: the insurer has to charge at least as much as the expected loss for an insurance contract, whereas the insurance buyer shouldn’t pay more than the expected loss. Hence there is no price at which both parties should sign. Classical economics resolves the problem by introducing psychological arguments of risk aversion, encoded in utility functions. Insurer and insurance buyer are treated separately. We resolve the problem by computing time average growth rates for both parties. A range of prices for the contract is identified that increases the time average growth rates of both parties – under the far-from equilibrium model of GBM a win-win situation exists for a range of mutually beneficial prices.

3 Populations
3.1 Every man for himself
Individual wealth dynamics are modeled as GBM. This implies dynamics for the distribution of wealth. Without interaction between individuals, the distribution of relative wealth (proportions of total wealth) broadens indefinitely, with wealth condensing into the hands of a small minority.

3.2 Cooperation
Interaction between individuals can be beneficial. This was anticipated in the insurance problem: if the wealths of two individuals follow GBM, the individuals can both do better by pooling and sharing resources periodically. Both individuals will experience larger (time-average) growth rates because of a reduction of the noise amplitude that tends to diminish wealth under GBM. In this sense, cooperation is beneficial (again, this is unclear from the perspective of current mainstream economic theory).

3.3 Taxation
A centrally organized form of cooperation as defined above (the periodic pooling and sharing of resources) is taxation. Simple stochastic models of a population that pools and redistributes a proportion of wealth or income reveal the following deep insight: a critical taxation rate exists. Below the critical level inequality increases indefinitely (wealth condensation). Above the critical taxation rate the wealth distribution stabilizes in the long-time limit. This is demonstrated by solving for the moments of SDEs similar to GBM.

4 Markets
4.1 Optimal leverage for stock market investments
GBM is a popular model for stock price dynamics. The following question arises: if an investor can choose how much of his (risk-free) money to invest in a GBM process, what is the optimum proportion? Considering expectation values there is no optimum – the investor should borrow as much as he can and invest everything in the stock market. This inevitably leads to bankruptcy as fluctuations diverge. Considering the time average growth rate, an optimum exists. Fitting the GBM model to real stock market data, the optimal leverage is found to be close to 1.

4.2 Stochastic market efficiency
A stability argument suggests that optimal leverage close to 1 is no coincidence. If it were larger, it would be optimal – for any investor – to borrow and leverage up. But this cannot be done by all investors because someone has to provide the funds. A market environment with optimal leverage greater than 1 is identified as unstable, a bubble in the making. The converse is true for optimal leverage below zero. Good economic policy and other dynamical factors would lead to optimal leverage being 1. This is akin to all resources being productively deployed.

4.3 Solving the equity premium puzzle
A persistent problem in economics is determining the equity premium. This is the difference in the drift term of a risky asset (e.g. the stock market) and the drift term of a risk-free asset (e.g. government bonds). It is known that such a difference exists, but no reasonable theory exists for determining its magnitude. The problem was first pointed out by Mehra and (economics Nobel Laureate) Prescott in 1985. It stands as one of the most significant unresolved puzzles in asset pricing and modern economics. Assuming Stochastic Market Efficiency, the solution of the puzzle is simple. An expression for optimal leverage was derived in 4.1. Setting this expression equal to 1, in accordance with 4.2, produces a simple expression for the equity premium in terms of market volatility.

Eleanor Power Social theory, social complexity, and social networks

What happens when our complex systems involve actors that are not cellular automatons or microbes, but conscious, reflective humans? when they have some awareness of what the outcomes of their actions might be, a sense of their position relative to others, and a representation of the larger social entities of which they are a part? In order to understand human social complexity, we need to understand something about how humans operate. To that end, we will first go over some of the fundamentals of social theory, looking at how various theorists have understood how individual action both shapes, and is shaped by, social structure. Having understood some of the critical dynamics of social interaction, in lecture two we will grapple with perhaps a more fundamental topic: the emergence of human social complexity. How can we explain the origins of sedentism? the domestication of plants and animals? the development of social and political institutions (marriage, kinship, religion, property rights)? the advent of state society? This will have us turn to the archaeological record to study some of the crucial transitions in human history. In the final lecture, we will discuss some of the contemporary approaches to these questions of social complexity. We will focus in particular on one of the most promising methodological tools being used today: social network analysis. Focusing on some examples of current scholarship, we will see how some of these fundamental questions of human sociality and complexity are shaped into meaningful, and feasible, research questions.

Rajiv Sethi, Agent-Based Computational Economics

These lectures will provide an introduction to agent-based computational modeling, drawing on applications in economics and finance. The first lecture will focus on the manner in which decentralized, uncoordinated choices can give rise to emergent properties such as residential segregation. The second and third lectures will examine financial markets, with a focus on how asset price dynamics depend on the composition of trading strategies, and how the composition of strategies itself evolves under pressure of differential profitability.

L S Shashidhara, Development of body plan

During development, relatively simple single-cellular embryo grows into a complex multicellular organism. The emergence of complexity is the result of a series of hierarchical events. I will discuss few simple rules that set developmental patterns during animal development. Built on these foundations, are the changes that have lead to the evolution of multiple forms.
Sitabhra Sinha, Complexity in physiological systems

Patterns of life and death: Complex spatio-temporal dynamics in nonlinear biological systems

Sitabhra Sinha
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai
600113, India
E-mail: sitabhra@imsc.res.in
URL: http://www.imsc.res.in/~sitabhra/

Spatially coherent waves of activity are critical for the proper functioning of different biological organs, in particular, the heart and the pregnant uterus. In the uterine system, physiological changes that are not yet well-understood take place through the course of pregnancy that eventually lead initially transient excitations to give way to system-wide macroscopic contractions immediately preceding birth. Using models that include excitable and passive cells, we are trying to understand the mechanism that results in these dynamical transitions.

R. Singh, J. Xu, N. G. Garnier, A. Pumir and S. Sinha, "Self-organized
transition to coherent activity in disordered media", Phys. Rev. Lett.
108 (2012) 068102.

Physics of the Heart: Controlling nonlinear waves during cardiac arrhythmia

Sitabhra Sinha
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai
600113, India
E-mail: sitabhra@imsc.res.in
URL: http://www.imsc.res.in/~sitabhra/

The heart, one of the most vital organs of the human body, has to have regular contractions under normal circumstances - any disruption of the natural rhythm can lead to one of several types of arrhythmia, some of which can be potentially fatal. Spiral waves and their subsequent breakup into spatiotemporal chaos have been associated with certain life-threatening arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Currently most effective therapies for such cardiac disorders involve applying large electrical shocks that have damaging side-effects. We are trying to develop more efficient chaos-control based strategies for terminating arrhythmia by studying the role of sub-threshold stimulation and tissue heterogeneities (such as inexcitable obstacles and excitability gradients) on the dynamics of spiral waves and spiral chaos states.

S. Sridhar et al, "Suppression of cardiac alternans by alternating-period-
feedback stimulations", Phys Rev E 87 (2013) 042712.

S. Sridhar and S. Sinha, "Response to sub-threshold stimulus is
enhanced by spatially heterogeneous activity", Europhys. Lett. 92
(2010) 60006.

S. Sridhar and S. Sinha, "Controlling spatiotemporal chaos in excitable
media using an array of control points", Europhys. Lett. 81 (2008) 50002

S. Sinha, A. Pande and R. Pandit, "Defibrillation via the elimination of spiral
turbulence in a model for ventricular fibrillation", Phys. Rev. Lett.
86 (2001) 3678

Andreas Wagner, Evolution and genotype networks

After a brief survey of important milestones in the history of evolutionary biology, these lectures will turn to the most fundamental problem of the field, namely how evolution creates new and beneficial features of organisms. This “innovation problem” has recently been tackled in different classes of complex molecular systems, including chemical reaction networks in metabolism, regulatory gene circuits, as well as protein and RNA macromolecules. I will discuss these efforts, the progress that has been made, and introduce the important role genotype networks play for innovation in all these systems. I will also touch upon other important tensions in modern evolutionary biology that relate to the innovation question, such as that between neutral and selected change, as well as that between a system’s robustness and its innovation ability. Time permitting, I will also discuss how recent insights into the innovation problem in biology could apply to technological evolution.

Juniper Lovato, Director of Education, Santa Fe Institute


December 16, 2015

Just Launched! — Better Feature Prioritization Using the Fibonacci Sequence

by Keith Brown

Managing the backlog and prioritizing features are among the most important jobs of a product manager. By prioritizing the right features, you can ensure that your team will focus on what matters most for achieving your overall vision and goals.

But keeping your team focused on what matters most is difficult. That’s why we created the Aha! Scorecard to help.

Scorecards allow you to create simple or advanced equations which map back to your strategic initiatives, allowing you to rank the importance of each feature.

And today’s launch will empower your team to more effectively manage your backlog and prioritize your features. We have done this by introducing additional scales and metrics for all scorecards — including the Fibonacci Sequence which many of you have requested.

Note that you need to be an Aha! admin to create and update Scorecards. Here’s how the new scoring options work:

Align prioritization with product strategy
Your scorecard contains key metrics which can help you align your work back to your overall product strategy and goals. You could already fully customize scorecards under Account Settings including: metrics, scale, weighting, and complexity used to add quantification to your features. And today we have added even more options.

Aha! now supports the Fibonacci Sequence. The name may sound complex, it is a powerful way to score ideas and features because value and effort is rarely ever linear. The Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the previous two (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144…).

By using this scale, your scorecards become even better at helping you prioritize what matters. As the score grows, the numbers become further and further apart. That means you have easier decisions when scoring features on your scale with scores of 13 vs. 21. It’s much easier than deciding between scores of 13 vs. 14, right?

Aha! also now supports scorecards using Powers of 2 (shown below). This sequence type is another exponential series of numbers where each number is two times greater than the previous (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128…).

Using Powers of 2 provides a similar benefit as the Fibonacci Sequence. It helps teams to recognize the higher value and uncertainty that comes with more complex requirements, and reduces confusion when prioritizing features.

Have a prioritization system unique to your business? Aha! can also be customized with scales and equations beyond even these two scales. In addition to the Fibonacci Sequence and Powers of 2 methods, you can create your own custom scale for scoring features.

Note that if you change your existing Scorecards to use the new scoring methods, your existing features that have already been scored will keep their existing values until you adjust their scores.

Effectively manage the product backlog
Using your new custom scorecards, you can score ideas and features on the key criteria to empower you to rank the overall importance and relative effort for each feature.

As you score each of the features, you can use the Features board to effectively manage your backlog of potential features and prioritize them against one another. The Features board is the perfect place to drag, drop, and order these features based on priorities.

Each product can have a unique scorecard comprised of metrics that reflect your strategy, but make sense at a feature level.

Analyze scores across multiple features
Once scores are set, you can report on your priorities across a list of ideas or features. This is done by building a report using Aha! with detailed views into the breakdown of feature scores. In the list view below you can see each feature, its overall score, and each metric that makes up that score.

Feature prioritization is a key job for product managers. Efficient requirements management takes skill even in single product /single target market companies. But in more complex organizations, it takes real expertise.

Introducing the Fibonacci Sequence (and additional best practice scoring methodologies) allows product managers to more effectively score and prioritize features.

Ultimately, this allows you to better manage your backlog.

Signup for a free Aha! trial — be happy
Better backlog management and feature prioritization is available for all Aha! customers. If you are not already an Aha! customer, you may want to sign up for a free 30 day trial of Aha! now to see why over 30,000 users trust Aha! to set product strategy, create visual roadmaps, prioritize features, and capture ideas.

Keith Brown

Follow Keith

Follow Aha!

Related articles

Start your free 30-day trial

© 2021 Aha! Labs Inc.All rights reserved


I paint representations of disembodied heads of people in my social circle and sometimes scrawl text directly over their likenesses. That text is often tinged with dry humor, at times it is politically incorrect, and is regularly derived from the spoken vernacular of the communities I have lived in. My overarching goal is to share with diverse audiences what I see as worthwhile subject matter. That might include religious symbolism or popular slang. I make pictures to document select parts of my life.

Many of us have immediate psychological connections to representations of the human face. We look for similarities between ourselves and those represented; note key differences between “us” and “them.” “He looks like so-and-so.” “She reminds me of whatshername.” Assumptions or questions about the subject’s state of mind usually follow. If the expression that the subject wears is ambiguous enough, we might begin to project our own emotions onto them to interpret the painting’s message.

I choose specific models as a way of recognizing their significance in my life’s path. I relish being able to honor everyday people through making images. We regularly celebrate women and men of prominence in mass media, so I take advantage of the opportunity to highlight the people that impact me on a more direct level than any untouchable celebrity or distant historical figure could. I integrate text and other symbols into the portrait work to narrow the subject matter to a certain degree and complicate the viewer’s understanding of the portrait subject’s identity. The work begins as an intimate acknowledgement of an individual and is subsequently transformed into a set of symbols poised for the viewer’s investigation.

William Paul Thomas is a visual artist based in Durham, North Carolina.  His work is centered on making images to record his life experiences and observations, with an approach that defies standard documentary practices. For over 10 years he has created intimate painted portraits of everyday people that he chooses as a way of recognizing their significance in his life’s path. In addition to painting and drawing, he also experiments with video and photography to capture idiosyncratic, abstracted depictions of love, joy and adversity.  He earned a BFA in Studio Art from the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and an MFA from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.


Public Release:

Found in translation

USC scientists find there is something universal about what occurs in the brain when it processes stories, regardless of a person's origin or language

University of Southern California

IMAGE: English, Farsi and Mandarin readers use the same parts of the brain to decode the deeper meaning of what they're reading view more

Credit: Morteza Dehghani, et al.

And in what appears to be a first for neuroscience, USC researchers have found patterns of brain activation when people find meaning in stories, regardless of their language. Using functional MRI, the scientists mapped brain responses to narratives in three different languages -- English, Farsi and Mandarin Chinese.

"Even given these fundamental differences in language, which can be read in a different direction or contain a completely different alphabet altogether, there is something universal about what occurs in the brain at the point when we are processing narratives," said Morteza Dehghani, the study's lead author and a researcher at the Brain and Creativity Institute at USC.

Making sense of 20 million personal anecdotes

Using state-of-the-art machine learning and text-analysis techniques, and an analysis involving over 44 billion classifications, the researchers were able to "reverse engineer" the data from these brain scans to determine the story the reader was processing in each of the three languages. In effect, the neuroscientists were able to read the participants' minds as they were reading.

The brain is not resting

In the case of each language, reading each story resulted in unique patterns of activations in the "default mode network" of the brain. This network engages interconnected brain regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the inferior parietal lobe, the lateral temporal cortex and hippocampal formation.

"One of the biggest mysteries of neuroscience is how we create meaning out of the world. Stories are deep-rooted in the core of our nature and help us create this meaning," said Jonas Kaplan, corresponding author at the Brain and Creativity Institute and an assistant professor of psychology at USC Dornsife.

Study co-authors include corresponding author Antonio Damasio, co-director of the Brain and Creativity Institute; Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, Reihane Borgati and Kingson Man, all from the Brain and Creativity Institute. Other co-authors were Andrew Gordon of the USC Institute for Creative Technologies and Ashish Vaswani of Google Brain.

The research is supported by the Institute for New Economic Thinking and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (grant number D12AP00069).


Home / Channel / Science / Scientists claim time travel is impossible: but is it?

Scientists claim time travel is impossible: but is it?

Science Fiction fans will be saddened to hear that we won’t be traveling through time, well at least not according to a group of Hong Kong scientists, who claim that their research proves it is impossible.

The team, which is based at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology have said that it is just impossible for single photons to travel faster than the speed of light inside a vacuum. They will obey the laws of physics.

No, its not the new Nintendo video console controller

Professor Shengwang Du said in a statement “The results add to our understanding of how a single photon moves. They also confirm the upper bound on how fast information travels with light. By showing that single photons cannot travel faster than the speed of light, our results bring a closure to the debate on the true speed of information carried by a single photon. Our findings will also likely have potential applications by giving scientists a better picture on the transmission of quantum information.”

This dismisses the discovery of “superluminal propagation of optical pulses” which claimed that a group of optical pulses could move faster than the speed of light. Du’s group of scientists measured the maximum speed of a single photon and it obeyed the speed limit laid out in the laws of physics. He said it “confirms Einstein’s causality; that is, an effect cannot occur before its cause.”

Publication SALON have a different take on the topic however and they claim that it may still be possible thanks to a phenomenon known as ‘time dilation’.

“Your velocity in space and time are inversely related, as dictated by Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Columbia physicist Brian Greene explains this weird feature of “space-time” in his seminal book, “The Elegant Universe”:

When an object moves [faster] through space relative to us, its clock runs slow compared to ours. That is, the speed of it’s motion through time slows down.”

They continue, saying “Time isn’t an absolute; it’s relative (hence “special relativity”). Your travel through time is malleable and manipulatable. And you can change how you experience it — albeit, ever so slightly — just by walking at a brisk pace.”

If you are starting to get lost, then they have published a theoretical example

“Let’s say you board a spaceship equipped with a rocket engine so powerful that you can travel at nearly the speed of light. And, let’s say you keep up this velocity, traveling away from Earth for what feels like six months; and then you turn around and head back toward Earth, which takes another six months. When you arrive back on our home planet, what you’ll find is that eons have passed. And who knows what you’ll find. Maybe everyone’s eating food in capsule form. Or maybe people are gone entirely, the whole of human history exhausted. While you’ve barely aged at all, the world as you knew it has changed quite a bit. Thus, time travel.”

Kitguru says: Time Travel is an unknown factor but we have always been interested in teleportation. Imagine being able to travel thousands of miles in an instant, without having to sit beside some sweaty overweight dude on a plane for 12 hours!

Become a Patron!

Check Also

James Mods: Electroplating At Home (How To Guide!)


patellar subluxation

patellar dislocation

Causes of patellofemoral instability

The patella may be unstable for a number of reasons. There may be local reasons related to the patella, such as patella alta, or related to the trochlear groove, such as trochlear dysplasia. There may also be remote causes in the hip or the foot - such as rotational deformities.

patellar instability
kneecap instability

The unstable patella

Editor's interpretation of a paper published in the medical literature.

Patellar instability and dislocation


James Gang

James Gang were a rock band formed in Cleveland, Ohio in 1966. Though the band was not a huge commercial success, except in the Northeast Ohio area, the fame garnered by guitarist Joe Walsh has since made the group more notable.


INFORMATION GATHERED BY www.mahmoodandsons.com. This is www.mahmoodandsons.com’s (“www.mahmoodandsons.com”) online privacy policy (“Policy”). This policy applies only to activities www.mahmoodandsons.com engages in on its website and does not apply to www.mahmoodandsons.com’s activities that are “offline” or unrelated to the website.

www.mahmoodandsons.com collects certain anonymous data regarding the usage of the website. This information does not personally identify users, by itself or in combination with other information, and is gathered to improve the performance of the website. The anonymous data collected by the www.mahmoodandsons.com website can include information such as the type of browser you are using, and the length of the visit to the website. You may also be asked to provide personally identifiable information on the www.mahmoodandsons.com website, which may include your name, address, telephone number and e-mail address. This information can be gathered when feedback or e-mails are sent to www.mahmoodandsons.com, when you register for services, or make purchases via the website. In all such cases you have the option of providing us with personally identifiable information.

COOKIES. Cookies are small bits of data cached in a user’s browser. www.mahmoodandsons.com utilizes cookies to determine whether or not you have visited the home page in the past. However, no other user information is gathered.

www.mahmoodandsons.com may use non-personal “aggregated data” to enhance the operation of our website, or analyze interest in the areas of our website. Additionally, if you provide www.mahmoodandsons.com with content for publishing or feedback, we may publish your user name or other identifying data with your permission.

www.mahmoodandsons.com may also disclose personally identifiable information in order to respond to a subpoena, court order or other such request. www.mahmoodandsons.com may also provide such personally identifiable information in response to a law enforcement agencies request or as otherwise required by law. Your personally identifiable information may be provided to a party if www.mahmoodandsons.com files for bankruptcy, or there is a transfer of the assets or ownership of www.mahmoodandsons.com in connection with proposed or consummated corporate reorganizations, such as mergers or acquisitions.

  1. SECURITY. www.mahmoodandsons.com takes appropriate steps to ensure data privacy and security including through various hardware and software methodologies. However, www.mahmoodandsons.com cannot guarantee the security of any information that is disclosed online.

MINORS. www.mahmoodandsons.com does not knowingly collect personal information from minors under the age of 18. Minors are not permitted to use the www.mahmoodandsons.com website or services, and www.mahmoodandsons.com requests that minors under the age of 18 not submit any personal information to the website. Since information regarding minors under the age of 18 is not collected, www.mahmoodandsons.com does not knowingly distribute personal information regarding minors under the age of 18.

CORRECTIONS AND UPDATES. If you wish to modify or update any information www.mahmoodandsons.com has received, please contact info@mahmoodsons.com.

Back to Top


Office Decor Ideas
How to Make the Office Great Again

How to Make the Office Great Again

An office is not just a location, it’s a place to go to get your work done. The space has to overcome several obstacles and tick the boxes on an extensive list of necessary components which vary depending on the type and style of business it caters for.

The company’s vision and culture should determine the office layout and specific features. Unfortunately, in a finite world of budgetary and spatial restrictions, a company may be limited in its ability to achieve maximum results. It’s not just about scope for imagination. The real world has limitations, but making smart choices and implementing innovative designs within the workplace will transform the office into a versatile hub of productivity.

Now, how do you make the office great again?

What you think you need

You could build a feature wall and add a bold mural of Donald Trump, but, seriously, don’t do that. Plus, he is so yesterday’s news and since Andy Warhol is dead Trump’s probably not popular artistic material to plaster on that wall. Although tempting as an interesting social experiment, he won’t inspire productivity.

And you might be tempted to redesign the office space concept from scratch, but in so doing, you are wasting time and resources which a sound business model should always avoid. Why not learn from others’ attempts to create the best office environment?

Dissecting the ‘office of yesterday’ prototype

You can learn from history, and by rebuilding the office place from scratch, you are dismissing historical prototypes completely. Yes, there are flaws in that traditional model, but there are good points to take away from it as well. Even the failures have helpful take-away points to learn from. So keep in mind what you like from past prototypes and what you don’t like.

The 1950-60s. Open-plan factory floors with desks placed nearby each other during the 50s, and in the 60s, cramped, three-sided cubicles in a large, open room with the warmth and personality of a warehouse, the smell of stale smoke and cinders of the staple ashtray on every desk.

The 1980-90s. Flash forward to the 80s when the office décor moved to cool neutral tones of grey concrete and stark white walls and ceilings, where the idea of green in the office meant a splash of colour from a fake pot-plant or a woman’s rayon blouse. If the movie Die Hard is a realistic representation of the 80s office, which I like to think that it is, then the 80s office was party central and the open spaces were great to host departmental shindigs.

If you were somebody in the hierarchy, you got your own office of some description. Maybe you had a window looking out onto the world if only the adjacent parking lot; or, if Office Space is a true indication of the 90s, and it is, maybe the only window you had was the Microsoft Windows logo on your computer or the internal glass window making your office space transparent to your underling colleagues.

Every decade seems to have their own versions of the open-plan office focusing on different aspects, such as keeping an eye on employees, boosting productivity, or inter-office collaboration. But do you need Big Brother looking over you, micro-managing your every move? No. Bringing back the open-plan space needs to have a vital impact that fits into your decade for your generation.

Envisioning the ‘office of the future’ prototype

What will open-plan mean for the future workplace? You could let your imagination go wild here. There are many popular media sources to draw fantastical conclusions on life in the future, such as The Jetsons, with flying cars and robot servants, Star Trek with the office-life taking place in a spaceship, to Minority Report with tech bugs infiltrating buildings to scan vital statistics, to The Matrix and crazy-real, virtual reality.

Even Google’s 2000-something campuses, with celebrity speakers, endless daily perks, such as free meals and the complete village of professional health and wellness services boggle the mind’s crazy concept of the future’s corporate office space. But in-house cafés, on-campus doctor’s offices and shuttle services are out of reach for anyone but the elite few powerhouse giants.

Consider your workforce

What works for some people doesn’t work for others. This has to be one of the top considerations for any forward-thinking office redesign plan. Considering the people who work for you is central to your design concepts. Get their opinions. Ask them directly, ‘What do you need? How do you work best?’

Finding out from your particular workforce the features and creature comforts that bring out the best in them has to be your starting point. Ask them to envision the perfect workplace, their optimum workspace, and what they like most about their home environment.

Recreating the ‘home office’ prototype

Where do they spend their free time at home? When they have to work from home, an ever-increasing change in the normal lifestyle, where do they go to be most comfortable and most productive? Do they sit in the open-plan kitchen-dining-living space, the heart of the home? Or, do they retreat to the quiet, enclosed study for some creative respite?

People are a company’s most valuable and versatile asset. It makes great sense to model your office plan after them and what they need to achieve optimum productivity. Keeping your workforce happy and healthy is crucial to your company’s happiness and wellbeing.

Creating the ‘evolving office’ prototype

What this looks like might surprise you because it is a hybrid model that adopts aspects from all of the above prototypes. Versatility is key. If you can harness this elusive concept, you will have the ideal workspace that aligns with budgetary and spatial restrictions that are almost certainly factors at play.

Quiet, enclosed office spaces. Your new office space should incorporate small, closed office spaces with hot desks, even work pods, that provide quiet reflection for concentration, much like a University’s library’s study rooms, or the home office.

Also having quiet rooms available and able to function as quiet places where you can have private conversations, phone or video chats with clients is a handy resource.

Team meeting spaces. Larger rooms that can be closed off or enlarged for team projects, big enough to house whiteboards and other project tools, like UHD display screens.

Open-plan hub. You need to have an open plan area where everyone comes together to brainstorm, collaborate, hang out and eat, and can also be utilised as a meet-and-greet, mixer space for the company. This is likely the most versatile space and will take up the majority of your office floor plan. This space is the heart of the office like the open-plan kitchen/dining/living is the heart of the home.

Workstation areas. Provide a collective space for team workstations. This might be an open-plan space for each team, department, or the entire company, depending on its size and needs.

stand-up desks

Features of the ‘versatile office’ space

Moveable, sliding walls to alter workroom sizes can make even enclosed areas adjustable. Promote wellness with features such as stand-up desks to promote better personal health and fitness, a light workout room for some yoga, meditation, stationary cycling, and stretching, or a gym if you’re able. Supplying shower rooms for those who work out at lunch or cycle to work show that you put your stamp of approval on fitness.

Mix up the café space with a combination of tall bar leans and sit-down tables. Provide an entertainment space with couches and comfy chairs to hang out on break, packed with some fun features like video gaming, foosball or table tennis, or even a couple of board or card games, tactile puzzles, and such.

In conclusion

Making the office environment a great place to work again as an innovative, creative, productive, and healthy workplace means blending the old with the new. Retrofit by taking a little from column A and a little from column B. Determine what your company’s needs are by asking the people who work there what their needs are. You’ll end up with a versatile office space that meets the needs of now and grows with you into the future.

How to Make the Office Great Again was last modified: by


For Rachael

For Rachael was years in production, and Colby didn’t even know it. In the summer of 2012, Colby worked as a pedi caber. Simultaneously, he started dating someone, Rachael. While biking people around Newport, RI, he filmed customers and asked them all the same question - “what’s your definition of love?”

Over the years, Colby and Rachael’s relationship grew, and that pedicab footage (which was collecting dust for awhile) started to take on new meaning. For Rachael, is Colby’s realization of the answer to that question and the story of his proposal in a beautiful sunflower field.