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The Role of Digital Footprint and its Potential Hazard

By: Rahmat Adrian (rahmat.adrian@launcher.id) and Rahel Manurung

Nowadays, there are more than 150 million internet users in Indonesia, who in average spend 8 hours and 36 minutes online every day. Visiting one website to another one, using the internet to show the direction to a destination, and creating a new account to enjoy facilities offered by an online platform. Moreover, during this time of the pandemic, people rely more on the internet to connect them with other people, to conduct online meetings and e-learning, as well as to buy their daily needs. This leads to the increased use of the internet in daily life as one of the Indonesian internet providers reported 16 percent increase in its broadband traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic. Each time the internet users conduct online activities, they leave behind their digital footprint.

What is a digital footprint?

International Data Corp defines a digital footprint as a capsule that holds all information on the activity of internet users. The information includes the internet users’ personal data, which is defined by the Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions (“GR 71/2019”) as all data related to an identified and/or identifiable person which can be identified separately or combined with other information, directly or indirectly through electronic and non-electronic systems.

It is not exaggeratedly claimed that data is the new oil of the world. Data is deemed to be highly valuable commodity these days, therefore it is necessary to learn the roles and also anticipate the potential hazard that might emerge from having a digital footprint.

The Role of Digital Footprint

As internet users, a digital footprint is deemed to be very helpful in many parts of their life. For example, it helps you to find the history of websites that you have visited previously, it personalizes an advertisement so it will be easier for you to find the things that suit your interests, and it also helps you remember your data without having to retyping it all over again. All these things can efficiently help you save some of your valuable time.

A digital footprint can say a lot about one person, including its credibility. Since the digital footprint is freely and easily accessible, nowadays, many companies that want to hire employees are likely to explore the candidate’s digital footprint, to ensure that they are not hiring the problematic candidate. And vice versa, each individual can look into a company’s digital footprint to make sure they are not applying to the “shady” company. A digital footprint can prevent you from buying things from the non-credible online stores. And also, can help any online store to build up its credibility from the ground. Thus, it is important to maintain your digital footprint, the way you expect others to determine your personal image.

The Potential Hazard of Digital Footprint

As mentioned above, a digital footprint contains internet users’ personal data. The digital footprint is formed in a small form, therefore most of the time the internet users don’t see it as a problem. However, if digital footprints are accumulated into one, these become patterns. These patterns of online habit could be used as the source to identify the digital behavior of a person. What does the user do for a living? Where does he go to work? What time does he usually go back from office? are personal data that the users, by their own will, casually post and share on their social media account. However, these activities are prone to the probability of cybercrimes to occur, such as scams and hacking.

Moreover, pursuant to GR 71/2019 and Minister of Communication and Information Technology Regulation Number 20 of 2016 on the Protection of Personal Data (“MOCI Reg. 20/2016”), an internet platform or a company that collects personal data through the internet is obligated to protect the personal data. However, there is still a high probability for any internet platform or a company to experience a data breach. And if this happens, it will harm the personal data owner. For example, if a data breach occurs and the personal data becomes accessible to an unauthorized party, such party can log in to the data owner’s online bank account, track down the personal data owner’s home address, blackmail the personal data owners for the sake of money, power, and many more.

How the Prevailing Regulations Can Reduce the Potential Hazard

The prevailing regulations in Indonesia recognise several rights that can help to reduce the potential hazard of digital footprint.

According to the Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transaction, as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 (“EIT Law”), personal data is recognised as part of privacy rights. EIT Law stipulates that the use of any information through electronic media that involves personal data of a person, must be made with the consent of the person himself. And any person whose right is infringed has the right to file a claim for damages incurred. This provision gives the personal data owner the right to be “in control” of its own personal data.

Other than that, GR 71/2019 and MOCI Reg. 20/2016 acknowledge the right to erasure, which is equivalent to the right to be forgotten based on General Data Protection Regulation. This right allows the personal data owner to request the erasure of their personal data. Exercising the right to erasure can help reducing the potential hazard that might emerge from a digital footprint.

How the Upcoming Personal Data Protection Regulation Can Reduce the Potential Hazard

On 24 January 2020, the Indonesian Government has submitted the final draft of Personal Data Protection Bill (“PDP Bill Draft”) to the Indonesian House of Representatives.

The PDP Bill Draft regulates new rights of personal data owners that are deemed to protect personal data owners and to reduce the potential hazard of digital footprint. One of which is the right to decide on the processing of personal data using a pseudonym mechanism. PDP Bill Draft defines a pseudonym mechanism as a processing of personal data in which the personal data can no longer be associated with its personal data owner without using an additional information provided, to ensure those personal data cannot be associated with the identified owner or identifiable personal data.

By exercising this right, the personal data owner can give their personal data without worrying to be identified. Therefore, this should be lower the risk of potential data breach and safeguard personal data.

All content presented herein is for informational purposes only. Nothing should be construed as legal advice. Transmission and receipt of this information is not intended to create and does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship with PT Sinergi Konsultasi Indonesia. There is no expectation of attorney-client privilege or confidentiality of anything you may communicate to us in this forum. Do not act upon any information presented without seeking professional counsel.

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Resources | LpR Article | Quality | Perception | Sep 25, 2017

Lighting to Achieve Optimal Appearance

Visual appearance of an object or space depends on the characteristics of the lighting applied. The objective definition of light quality often doesn’t tell the whole story. Light intensity, its spectral composition and distribution in space, as well as individual preference, must be considered. Nevertheless, aiming for the absolute optimum is only recommended when private rooms are concerned. As visual appearance is key in driving consumer demand, it is important to tune the light to maximize effectiveness and visual pleasure for most consumers. Markus Reisinger, owner and CEO of the Lighting Research Studio, discusses this complex situation with examples.

Visual appearance of an object or a space depends on the characteristics of the lighting applied. Among the parameters that influence appearance are light intensity, its spectral composition and the distribution in space. If all parameters are well chosen a consumer will experience the setting as a visually orchestrated scene. If parameters need to be tuned for optimal appearance, then individual preference must be taken into account. It is likely that solutions for different people show similarities, but at the same time it is very unlikely that one setting is optimal for a group of people. This is because different personal experiences do influence expectations. Also different sensory and cognitive capabilities do impact what is perceived. Thus aiming for the absolute optimum is only to recommend when private rooms are concerned. For other spatial situations the immediate goal is to reach conditions that are acceptable for all. In an additional step, the group can aim to find conditions that are close to optimal. As already mentioned optimal appearance depends on the perceiving subject, but it also depends on the context. A person that likes one light setting in an office will characterize the same setting as boring when present in a hotel lobby. For many spaces, objects, surfaces and products, their visual appearance is key in driving consumer demand. Therefore it is important to tune the light to maximize effectiveness and visual pleasure.

Consumer Response and Model

The behavior of consumers is a result of their intentions and how they evaluate cognitively and affectively the situation. The following scheme visualizes how lighting design can influence consumer behavior. By setting relevant goals and following them up in the design, spatial settings are produced that evoke intended pictures and behaviors in the consumer.

The model points out that individual preference and situational factors are moderating perceptual processes and responses. For example, individual preferences for colors depend a lot on a person’s scope of experiences. What one person likes or dislikes will also depend on the personality and the socio-cultural context that shaped their opinions. Among the situational factors there are sequence effects, social setting, location and time specific features that impact decisions. Good lighting has a positive impact on the experience of a place. Successful lighting concepts take context specific requirements into account. Results from empirical studies are excellent opportunities to ensure that a lighting solution is adequate for given context. Research studies are often executed in idealized conditions, therefore it is important to check that settings are comparable and thus allow transfer of the results. As an example of a preference study, the results of visual appearance under warm (3000 K) and cool (4000 K) LED lighting are provided [1]. The mentioned paper additionally includes a section that shows the usage of semantic space to categorize perceptions along the axes warm-cool and hard-soft.

Figure 2: Preferences for appearance of color and wood samples in cool or warm light

The results confirm that LED lighting with a correlated color temperature of 3000 K is generally preferred for reddish hues. Cooler light is generally preferred for bluish hues. Preferences for other hues including the pastel samples were not fully conclusive. The wood samples show by tendency, that cooler light suit wood surfaces as robinia better. This cannot be explained by the spectral reflection characteristics. Therefore it can be assumed that the appearance of wood surfaces is influenced by grain, texture pattern and gloss. Focusing on the appearance of materials, one may structure specific characteristics along three modes of appearance. Green-Armytage and Caivano describe that matt, glossy, textured and metallic aspects of appearance are characteristics of the surface mode of appearance. The volume mode can vary between clear (transparent) and cloudy (translucent). In the illuminant mode light sources may appear in varying degrees of brightness with a maximum that can be described as glare [2]. It requires a deep understanding of the effects of light and constraints to master light and therewith optimize appearance. Dependent on the spatial distribution of light surfaces appear uniformly lit or not. The main direction the light comes from articulates itself in the shadowing pattern. Software packages for lighting simulation are today, the most common tools to plan the luminous environment. Rendered pictures simulate distributions of light and the appearance of objects. In the future, descriptions of the light field could become an alternative tool to predict appearance. Also, in the domain of color appearance there are more and more tools available to anticipate the impact that different spectral power distributions of light have. One example is provided by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES). The technical memorandum TM-30-15 defines a method to characterize color rendering properties [3]. The role of these tools is to link measurable physical quantities to perceptual correlates. Lighting variables that influence visual appearance can be categorized according to their spatial, spectral or temporal characteristics. Technical tools that deal with the spatial and the spectral dimension are mentioned in table 1; Professional tools that cover the temporal dimension are not yet available.

Table 1: Technical tools to predict appearance

Nowadays, there are an increasing number of software packages for optic simulation and lighting simulation that work with spectral data sets. Most probably not very far in the future, simulations of spatial and spectral domains will merge. Multispectral images are other examples where spectral and spatial data is collected. One bottleneck for these approaches is that there are no displays that are able to represent resulting images.

Case Examples

Shopping at the market or in the grocery store? There are certainly many reasons why you should buy groceries either at the market or in a shop. To focus on the impact of lighting, only reasons that impact visual appearance are considered. The lighting design for the grocery store was executed under the premises to achieve a natural appearance. Hence, the chosen light equipment mimics daylight and provides light with a correlated color temperature of 6000 K. The light level is within the range that is typical for shop applications. This case is meant to map challenges that are associated with achieving optimal appearance.

Figure 3: The grocery shopping case

What the two female customers observe in the shop is indeed, in respect to color, a very natural appearance of fruit, vegetables, meat and fish. On the other hand both costumers have extensive experience from other shops and have in mind that food is often illuminated with light that corresponds to a CCT of 3500 K or 4000 K. Lighting specialists know from a study with multispectral images that an average CCT of 4500 K was preferred for all four food categories [4]. The impression of the customers is that the groceries in the shop don’t look convincing enough. What they implicitly do is to link a not fully satisfying appearance to the quality of the goods and not the light condition in the shop. This behavior is typical. Only when there are very obvious indicators for failures in shop design or maintenance customers start to consider the role of lighting. For the two customers the conclusion is clear, the food in the shop does not look attractive enough so they will not buy here. A short while later the two reach the market. Temperature outdoors is comfortable; the sky has a few clouds. The light level outdoors is somewhat higher than in the shop but the appearance of fruits, vegetables, meat and fish is very similar to the appearance in the grocery store. Despite that, interpretations are quite different. Indeed everything looks natural.

As they are now outdoors, this look is also the preferred one. If color temperature is measured it would prove that it corresponds exactly to the situation inside the shop. In the end, the two customers buy their food here. Unconsciously they also check preference patterns as they look some meters ahead. One person forgot to switch off the halogen floodlight he has used in the morning. The goods shown in a mixture of electric light and daylight do appear in this situation not as natural as the other. They simply look less attractive and are less preferred by consumers at the market.

The grocery shopping case can illustrate several important perceptual aspects. A consumer’s decision is strongly influenced by processes that happen unconsciously. Right at the beginning when a person starts to observe a scene, the human visual system extracts the gist of it [5]. All following perceptions are guided by this first impression. Visual and spatial references also influence what consumers expect and what finally perceive. The case demonstrates how important it is that lighting appears adequate for the given context. It is not that the color temperature per se defines what is preferred. It is the achieved fit with the temporal and spatial context. Being with two persons might also influence awareness about specific details or cause requests to align visual impressions with each other. Through an active exchange, it might occur that perceiving subjects pull aspects of color quality, contrast, and modeling or brightness distribution out of the unconscious state.

For some specific applications there is a strong interest to study visual appearance and preference. One of the fields that are well examined is materials used for car dashboards. But also in such privileged context it is a challenge to understand interactions between color, gloss and texture. Even more complex is the situation when metallic and translucent materials are included. That interaction effects can have a dominant presence and can be easily demonstrated with a material sample that has a directional tread. When the material thread is aligned with the light direction, then the resulting visual pattern is very calm. If lighting direction and thread direction are perpendicular, than the visual pattern is so different to the first case, that the observers do not believe that they are looking at the same material [6].

Summary and Conclusions

Throughout the last few years, enormous progress has been made to differentiate responses to visual stimuli. Today much is known about affective responses, interest, surprise and liking. Also, considerable advances were made in understanding symbolic meaning, semantic interpretation and aesthetic impressions. Models about aesthetic experience suggest that cognitive processing of context and content take place parallel to each other in independent channels [7]. At the same time all approaches to study visual perceptions without considerations of other senses have limits. The framework of total appearance might point out a future direction. It was developed for application in the food sector and integrated nonvisual aspects of appearance such as smell, taste (flavor) and also texture as felt in the mouth, in addition to visual texture [8]. Application domains as shops and museums are recognized for their high demands in respect to lighting quality. Among all solutions that are good enough to be accepted, there are some that are more preferred than others. What science cannot provide are recipes for optimal lighting. But from studies, traits can be extracted that guide design.

[1] Reisinger, Markus. 2015. Preferred LED lighting for wood surfaces and colored surfaces. In AIC 2015 Proceedings, Color and Image, 326-331. Tokyo: The Color Science Association of Japan

[2] Caivano, Jose Luis, and Paul Green-Armytage. 2015. Appearance. In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, ed. Ronnier Luo, 1-9. Springer Berlin Heidelberg

[3] Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. 2015. IES method for evaluating light source color rendition: IES TM-30-15.

[4] Masuda, Osamu, and Sérgio M. C. Nascimento. 2013. Best lighting for naturalness and preference. Journal of Vision 13

[5] Tatler, B. W., I. D. Gilchrist, and J. Rusted. 2003. The time course of abstract visual representation. Perception 32: 579-592

[6] Reisinger, Markus. 2017. Identifying preferred surface, colour and lighting characteristics. Journal of the International Colour Association: 69-76

[7] Redies, Christoph. 2015. Combining universal beauty and cultural context in a unifying model of visual aesthetic experience. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9

[8] Hutchings, J. B. 1977. The importance of visual appearance of foods to the food processor and the consumer. Journal of Food Quality 1: 267-278

(c) Luger Research e.U. - 2017

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Majority of Britons believe climate-change could end human race: poll

LONDON (Reuters) - A majority of Britons believe that climate-change could end the human race, a poll showed on Wednesday after days of high-profile protests by activists thrust global warming onto the political agenda.

Slideshow ( 2 images )

Extinction Rebellion disrupted London with 11 days of protests that it cast as the biggest act of civil disobedience in recent British history.

The group set up camps which blocked off major roads in the capital, disrupted transport and targeted major institutions such as Goldman Sachs and Shell.

Following the protests, 54 percent of adults agreed that climate-change threatens our extinction as a species, a poll by Comres found, compared to just a quarter who disagreed.

However, only 22 percent of the 2,037 people surveyed said they supported the aims and tactics of Extinction Rebellion, with 32 percent in disagreement.

“While most of the public are agreed on the problem and its cause, the poll finds the public less enthusiastic about how Extinction Rebellion is bringing its message to the country,” ComRes Chairman Andrew Hawkins said.

“Its aims and tactics are far more likely to appeal to people under 25, so it is little surprise that the Group’s warning message of human extinction has less resonance with older age groups.”

Extinction Rebellion wants non-violent civil disobedience to force governments to cut carbon emissions and avert a climate crisis it says will bring starvation and social collapse.

The group has demanded the government declare a climate emergency and to allocate resources to tackling the issue.

A majority of those surveyed said that they would forego at least one overseas trip a year for the sake of the climate, while fewer people agreed that they would be more willing to protest about higher fuel prices than climate-change.

ComRes conducted the survey between April 26-28.

Reporting by Alistair Smout; editing by Guy Faulconbridge


Anton Lyzin

Anton is a skilled software development engineer with over 10 years of commercial development experience for healthcare and e-commerce solutions.

In 2013 served as a Solution Architect in the Russian System Integrator company, he has built multiple solutions for different industries, including several Russian Top-100 companies.

In 2016 served as principal Solution Architect for a large e-commerce company. Anton built a robust solution for processing thousands of orders per day, and managing a 1 million items  catalog. His responsibilities included oversight of  the tech team, development, and system improvements.

Anton Lyzin

Engineer, ITMO State University


Decembrists in Zabaikalye

Sometimes the authorities made them do senseless work. A small bridge near the Puppet Theatre in Chita has a gloomy

Decembrists in Zabaikalye

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Decembrists in Zabaikalye

The history of our town is inseparable from the uprising on Senate Square in St. Petersburg of December 14, 1825.

The participants of the uprising, who could not reconcile themselves to the existing order, denounced it and challenged the Tsar in an armed revolt. This event vent down in history as the Decembrists Uprising and became a landmark in the history of the country. The Decembrists' Uprising failed. More than a hundred officers were sentenced to different terms of exile. Many of the Decembrists were exiled to Chita. The first group of twelve convicts arrived in Chita in June 1827. The life of the Decembrists in Chita was hard.

Sometimes the authorities made them do senseless work. A small bridge near the Puppet Theatre in Chita has a gloomy history. The Decembrists lived in Chita for only three years, but they made a great contribution to the cultural development of the region in 1827, only 300 people inhabited Chita; there streets, three churches, two shops, five inns, a candle factory and a few coal mines. The Decembrists were the first to construct roads and erect two-storeyed houses in Chita. They distributed newspapers and magazines which were sent to them from St. Petersburg. The inhabitants of Chita were not used to growing vegetables.

Kyuchelbecker and Bobritschev-Pushkin took to growing vegetables, and their efforts were rewarded; the harvests were rich enough to supply both the Decembrists and the native population with potatoes, cucumbers, onions and tomatoes. It is essential to mention that there was not a single school in Chita at that time. Dmitry Zavalishin appealed to the authorities for permission to teach. Children were taught in them, irrespective of their nationality and sex. Corporal punishment was prohibited. The curriculum included handicrafts.

The Decembrists themselves supplied their pupils with books and pencils. These schools provided both primary and secondary education establishments in Central Russia. Such were the Decembrists, whose love for their suffering country was a lodestar during their penal servitude in Siberia.

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Grand Sumo Kyushu Place Yokozuna Shirakaba wins 14 wins and 1 loss Hana Nov 24 18:32

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Winning or losing after entering the middle.

▽ Nishimiki is close to Omami of the Twelve Cars.

▽ Ishiura throws badly at Ishiura.

▽ Shimano Sea is close to Shimano Sea.

▽ Chiyo Dairyu withdraws Chiyo Dairyu to Chiyo Dairyu.

▽ Kagayaki is the 10th victory for Mt.

▽ Koto Emitsu was taken over by Daisho Maru.

▽ Takesho won the sword sho with a sword sho.

▽ The koto scholar chrysanthemum dropped into the mountain.

▽ The onions of Sada's sea are overtaken by extrusions. Sada's sea has been defeated.

▽ Akio throws up the treasure Fuji, and Takao Fuji throws out.

▽ Ayaki Saki won over by pushing out Myogi Ryu. Abu Saki is overcoming.

▽ Takashi wins the Oki sea, but Takashi wins.

▽ Flame won over Sakae Daisuke by scooping the flame. Daiei Sho, who won the white birch, won the first special medal.

▽ Asanoyama won the third struggle award for Masayo in the early days. Asanoyama, who has won 11 wins, is the first skill award.

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The Connected Care Initiative team is top row (left to right): Henry Le, Dr. Nahreen Ahmed, Ananya Dewan. Bottom row (from left to right): Laura Allen, Dr. Jesse Raiten, Suvas Kota. (Photo from Henry Le)

Two Penn sophomores have launched a telehealth program in a Bangladeshi refugee camp in collaboration with Penn Medicine.

College and Wharton sophomores Henry Le and Ananya Dewan started the Connected Care Initiative (CCI), which aims to bring medical care to vulnerable refugee populations through telehealth. The initiative is currently focusing on recruiting physician volunteers, providing telecommunications and diagnostic technologies, and creating telehealth infrastructures to benefit the medical care of refugees.

Telehealth is a budding medical practice defined by the use of communications technology to conduct remote medical care, often to patients who don’t have access to specialty physicians.

The CCI is currently in its pilot phase, providing technology and remote access to specialists to a Bangladeshi clinic located inside the Kutupalong refugee camp. Kutupalong is the largest refugee camp in the world and is mainly populated by the Rohingya people.

The Rohingya people are a Muslim minority from the country of Myanmar. In Buddhist-majority Myanmar, they have seen discrimination and threats of genocide, leading them to seek refuge in Bangladesh.

The project is currently increasing the availability of telecommunications technology and diagnostic equipment available on the ground at refugee clinics. By providing equipment, such as laptops and WiFi access, and creating proper telehealth infrastructures, the project can help maximize the amount of patient information available to physicians, Le said. Physicians and workers on the ground at these clinics can send this information to specialists operating remotely, giving the refugees access to proper care.

Both Le and Dewan said that the project is driven by their passion for using medicine to protect vulnerable populations.

“Working to improve the access to health care as well as the quality of care delivery is something I’m really passionate about, especially when it comes to these places like Kutupalong,” Dewan said.

Le said the project was catalyzed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the summer, the pandemic forced many into remote work, which contributed to the rise of telemedicine.

“We saw borders and barriers being broken down, and wanted to introduce telemedicine to these vulnerable populations,” Le said.

Dewan and Le both emphasized that CCI is a group effort. They work closely with two other students: Engineering sophomore Suvas Kota works on the technological front developing telehealth software, while Laura Allen, a junior at George Washington University, aids the initiative’s sustainability.

Le and Dewan created CCI under the mentorship of Penn Medicine faculty members and doctors Jesse Raiten and Nahreen Ahmed.

Raiten, who has a background in global health, helped the students connect and recruit physicians and assisted in navigating the project through the "red tape," or the political or bureaucratic hurdles, of working with refugee camps.

“Anytime you involve other countries, particularly countries that aren’t politically stable or where there is a lot of poverty, a lot of volatility is injected into the situation. That leads to red tape when you’re trying to do a project from abroad,” Raiten said.

Ahmed, CCI’s other mentor, who has worked closely with the medical clinic in the camp, helped get the students the connections with the clinic necessary to launch the program.

Though the program is in its pilot phase, Le and Dewan hope to see it expand in the future.

“The core goal of our initiative is to find a way to standardize telemedicine for many of the clinics and refugee camps around the world and fill the inadequacies present in each and every refugee camp. I think we’re united by the mission to make health care truly universal,” Le said.


Teaching writing starting in kindergarten: Effects of a tier 2 intervention

Teaching writing starting in kindergarten: Effects of a tier 2 intervention

First Author: Meaghan McKenna -- University of South Florida
Additional authors/chairs:
Howard Goldstein; Xigrid Soto
Keywords: Informational and Opinion Writing Genres, Writing Instruction, At Risk Students, Early Literacy, Kindergarten
Abstract / Summary:

Purpose- Writing is an essential tool for communicating and learning that is linked to the future success of students educationally and professionally. The objective of this project was to assess if a Tier 2 intervention targeting informational and opinion writing resulted in growth in writing skills of kindergartners identified as poor writers by addressing the following questions: (1) To what extent does a comprehensive writing intervention across three units of instruction improve the writing of kindergartners experiencing delayed writing skills? (2) To what extent do teachers observe improvements and generalization in classroom writing activities?

Method- The Tier 2 intervention provided systematic and explicit instruction on informational and opinion writing. Lessons provided students with guidance (e.g., goal setting, writing checklist) and practice opportunities. A multiple baseline design across three units of instruction: 1) organization and remaining on topic; 2) capitalization, punctuation, sentence structure, and vocabulary; and 3) handwriting and spelling was used to evaluate intervention effects. Seven kindergarten students participated in two 25-minute intervention sessions and one independent writing session each week. They received a score ranging from 0 to 5 for each skill.

Results- The results of the visual analysis, non-overlap statistics, and multilevel modeling indicate that with the initiation of each phase of intervention, all of the participants made gains in targeted behaviors. Social validity data collected from the students illustrate changes in attitudes towards writing. Students' families provided favorable input and noted improvements in their reading and writing and teachers noted generalization of writing skills to the classroom.

Conclusions- These findings demonstrate that when writing intervention is designed around standards, evidence-based practices, and implemented with fidelity, students significantly improve.


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Studio Luthier-Vandermeersch

The studio builds new instruments, completely hand made. Katrien Vandermeersch specializes in the  making of the violoncello and the bassviolin (bas de violon). Also the tenoralto has been the subject of some projects. The alto and the violin can be built upon request. The inspiration for the construction of these strings comes not only from ancient Italian masters, but from Flemish violin makers from the 17th and 18th century and modern musicians as well. Besides, the interaction between builder and musician greatly influence the chosen model and the specific demands for the instrument.
Katrien Vandermeersch does not only create new instruments, but does all reparations and restorations as well.
Because the studio is such a small enterprise, the quality is high and customers are guaranteed of a personal approach.

Katrien Vandermeersch

Katrien Vandermeersch (°1956 in Sarnia, Canada) started her professional carreer in the graphic area, which explains her eye for detail.
In her craft she is not only fascinated by the sound and the esthetic look of an instrument, but by acoustic research and baroque instruments as well. This is why her baroque instruments have both a warm and a powerful sound to them.


The Mathematics Of Losses

Will a 30% advance after a 30% decline in a portfolio, return the account to the same market value?

The answer is no. It will actually take a gain of 42.9% to recover the lost capital.

As an investment loss increases in size, the gain that is required to restore the loss begins to increase at a faster rate. Individual investors have two distinct time horizons that occur over their investment lives:

– An accumulation phase: where the focus is on saving
– A withdrawal phase: where the focus is on spending

We all have a finite time horizon to build wealth that is determined by our own mortality. Even if we are diligent savers, we will likely only have 40 years as an accumulation phase before retiring from the work-force and starting some type of a withdrawal phase.

What happens if you experience a 30% portfolio loss and are then only able to receive 7.4% annual returns?

Loss                1 Year               2 Years            3 Years                   4 Years                     5 Years

30%                 42.9%                19.5%             12.6%                          9.3%                            7.4%

You would need five years of 7.4% annual gains to recover the loss, but those five years also represent 12% of the your wealth accumulation years. Those five years have been removed from your accumulation phase and will never return.

Recovery times for losses matter greatly. In fact, they matter even more when an accumulation phase is ending and a transition to a withdrawal phase is beginning.

What happens if an 8% withdrawal phase begins immediately after a 30% loss?

Loss                1 Year                 2 Years                3 Years                    4 Years                     5 Years

30%                 61.8%                  31.3%                    22.6%                       18.5%                       16.2%

You would now need five year annual gains of 16.2% to recover the lost value and cover the required withdrawals. If your portfolio fails to generate these required annual rates of return, then the capital value of the portfolio will erode further.

You should be concerned not only about the size of investment losses, but also about the amount of time required to recover a loss. The amount of time required to recover can be just as significant to your financial success as the size of the loss.

Ignoring the consequences of financial market uncertainty can be hazardous. Trying to reduce exposure to uncertainty in the midst of financial market turbulence is similar to trying to buy insurance once a house catches fire.

To truly evaluate financial market uncertainty, you must consider both the magnitude and the likelihood of all possible outcomes. This includes not just the good ones, but also the very bad


The Department of Natural Resources and local law enforcement agencies patrol Georgia’s public lakes and waterways to ensure that everyone on the water is adhering to safety rules, including state rules regarding Boating Under the Influence (BUI). It is not illegal in Georgia to have alcohol in an open container on any boat or personal watercraft (PWC) or for the person operating the boat or PWC to have a drink. However, according to The Georgia Boat Safety Act it is unlawful to operate a boat or PWC if you have a blood alcohol level of 0.02 or more and are under 21 years old, a blood alcohol level of 0.08 or more if you are 21 years of age or older, or if drugs are detected. It is also unlawful for the owner of a boat or PWC to allow anyone else to operate their boat or PWC while that person is under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Implied Consent

While reasonable suspicion is needed to pull over any Georgia driver, law enforcement does not need probable cause to stop a person’s vessel to perform a safety check. Under Georgia’s BUI Implied Consent Law, anyone boating or operating a PWC on the state’s lakes and waterways has consented to a chemical test of his or her blood, breath, or urine to determine the presence of alcohol or drugs if requested by a law enforcement official. If the tests confirm a blood alcohol level over the limit for your age group or the presence of any illegal drug, the results will be used against you at trial. If you refuse to be tested, your privilege to operate a boat or PWC may be suspended for a minimum period of one year and your refusal will be offered into evidence against you at a trial. (A BUI will suspend your boating privileges but will not have any effect on your driving privileges.) It is extremely common for a routine safety inspection to turn into a BUI arrest, so always keep your vessel in compliance with all applicable ordinances, including properly working and positioned lights, the correct number of life jackets, and having a pressurized fire extinguisher. If you are flagged for a safety check, be polite and cooperative, yet do not volunteer too much information. Let the officers do their job and move on to the next vessel without being compelled to administer any sobriety tests.

Penalties and Consequences

A BUI is a misdemeanor crime in Georgia, unless you accumulate four BUIs, at which point they will then turn into felonies. The consequences of a BUI charge is virtually the same as a DUI charge. The maximum penalty for a BUI is 12 months in jail and a $1,000 fine and the minimum penalties are 24 hours in jail, 12 months probation, a $300 fine, 40 hours of community service, and completion of a DUI Alcohol or Drug Use Risk Reduction Course. In total, a BUI conviction can easily cost over $2,500 and will remain forever on your Georgia and National criminal record. All future employers, creditors, law enforcement officials, and government agencies will be able to see the record of your arrest, which can affect your ability to gain future employment, enroll in school, and receive financial aid.


A hypothetical example based on a complicated sequence of sampling events at a given sampling location. In the example the bold rectangles are sampling events, the dashed rectangles measurements or facts, the grey rectangles are occurrences. The arrows between the rectangles illustrate the (hierarchical) relations between the different sampling events and between events and their associated occurrences and measurements. The example shows data sampled using a Van Veen grab, a beam trawl, and a multi-corer. The macrobenthos analysis was based on the complete Van Veen grab sample, while the meiofauna analysis was based on subsamples. The multicore sample was divided into different depth slices. Likewise, an abiotic measurement can refer to the entire sample or to a subsample.

  Part of: De Pooter D, Appeltans W, Bailly N, Bristol S, Deneudt K, Eliezer M, Fujioka E, Giorgetti A, Goldstein P, Lewis M, Lipizer M, Mackay K, Marin M, Moncoiffé G, Nikolopoulou S, Provoost P, Rauch S, Roubicek A, Torres C, van de Putte A, Vandepitte L, Vanhoorne B, Vinci M, Wambiji N, Watts D, Klein Salas E, Hernandez F (2017) Toward a new data standard for combined marine biological and environmental datasets - expanding OBIS beyond species occurrences. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e10989. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10989


What Is A Narcissistic Psychopath?

Are psychopaths insane?

3) Psychopaths aren’t crazy.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder, not a mental disorder.

Hallucinations and other signs of mental illness usually portrayed as part of psychopathy are actually severe psychosis, or a loss of one’s sense of reality..

What is the difference between psychopath and narcissist?

Like persons with APD, narcissists generally lack empathy and tend to have unrealistically high opinions of themselves, and, like psychopaths, narcissists tend to form shallow relationships, to exploit and manipulate others, and to be glib and superficially charming.

Are psychopaths evil?

What does a narcissist hate?

You hate having to feel emotions That’s why narcissists abhor them. Feeling an emotion “challenges their sense of perfect autonomy,” he continues. “To admit to a feeling of any kind suggests they can be affected by someone or something outside of them.”

Are Narcissists generous?

What’s worse a sociopath or a psychopath?

Can a psychopath love?

What does a psychopath want in a relationship?

Self-confident people are naturally attractive, and psychopaths know that they are found attractive because of this trait. So they will try to seduce the victim through their self-confident and daring behavior. They might also fascinate the victim by their lifestyle which is usually extreme or dangerous in some way.

What are the 10 traits of a narcissist?

10 Signs That You’re in a Relationship with a NarcissistConversation Hoarder. The narcissist loves to talk about him or herself, and doesn’t give you a chance to take part in a two-way conversation. … Conversation Interrupter. … Rule Breaker. … Boundary Violator. … False Image Projection. … Entitlement. … Charmer. … Grandiose Personality.More items…•

Do narcissists lack confidence?

What happens when you stand up to a narcissist?

Do narcissists get jealous?

Can someone be a narcissist and a psychopath?

Do narcissists have a conscience?

They truly have no conscience, as Robert Hare pointed out so well in his book Without Conscience. They do as they please, and they rationalize everything they do. In most cases, they will not change, and they don’t respond well to therapy.

What are psychopathic tendencies?

Common signs of psychopathy disregarding or violating the rights of others. inability to distinguish between right and wrong. difficulty with showing remorse or empathy. tendency to lie often. manipulating and hurting others.

Can a psychopath have a normal life?

What turns a narcissist on sexually?

Do narcissists dislike themselves deep down inside?

These results suggest that narcissists do not uniformly dislike themselves ”deep down inside. ” Rather, narcissists report high explicit and implicit self-views on measures of agency, and neutral self-views on measures of communion.


GDPR Drives Debate Over Prescriptive Versus Outcomes-Based Compliance

With GDPR now in full effect, many companies are scrambling to navigate issues the regulations have created for them, and one question is now being more pointedly discussed by many globally: is prescriptive or performance-based regulation better, specifically where personal data is concerned? The Prescriptive Approach The US and Australia both have a more prescriptive…

How Effective Compliance Management Can Avoid Supply Chain Disaster


How a volcano helped defeat Napoleon at Waterloo

By Caroline Brogan/Imperial College London

Now, Matthew Genge, from Imperial College London, discovered that electrified volcanic ash from eruptions can “short-circuit” the electrical current of the ionosphere – the upper level of the atmosphere that is responsible for cloud formation.

The findings, published August 21, 2018, in the peer-reviewed journal Geology, could confirm the suggested link between the eruption and Napoleon’s defeat.

Image via Imperial College London.

Genge, from Imperial’s Department of Earth Science and Engineering, suggests that the Tambora eruption short-circuited the ionosphere, ultimately leading to a pulse of cloud formation. This, he said, brought heavy rain across Europe that contributed to Napoleon Bonaparte’s defeat.

The paper suggests that eruptions can hurl ash much higher than previously thought into the atmosphere – up to 62 miles (100 km) above ground.

Genge said:

Levitating volcanic ash

The experimental results are consistent with historical records from other eruptions.

Weather records are sparse for 1815, so to test his theory, Genge examined weather records following the 1883 eruption of another Indonesian volcano, Krakatau.

Ionosphere disturbances and rare clouds

In addition, a special cloud type appeared more frequently than usual following the Krakatau eruption. Noctilucent clouds are rare and luminous, and form in the ionosphere. Genge suggests these clouds therefore provide evidence for the electrostatic levitation of ash from large volcanic eruptions.

Genge said:

Bottom line: Electrically charged volcanic ash short-circuited Earth’s atmosphere in 1815, causing global poor weather and Napoleon’s defeat, says new research.

EarthSky Voices


Shrimp Recipes

With over 40 recipes in the Shrimp Collection, there are so many options for ways to prepare shrimp! Cold Peanut Soba Noodles with Grilled Shrimp, Baked Shrimp Taquitos, and Quick and Easy Shrimp Linguine are few examples of the variety. Grilled, baked, simmered, and pan-fried shrimp are the top cooking methods creating a quick meal for weeknights or weekends.


Quick Answer: How Old Is Oldest Human Remains?

When was Adam and Eve born?

Is Lucy the oldest human fossil?

Lucy, a 3.2 million-year old fossil skeleton of a human ancestor, was discovered in 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia. The fossil locality at Hadar where the pieces of Lucy’s skeleton were discovered is known to scientists as Afar Locality 288 (A.L. 288).

Who was the first human?

Where is the first human found?

Can humans be Fossilised?

The male analog to the “Mitochondrial Eve” is the “Y-chromosomal Adam” (or Y-MRCA), the individual from whom all living humans are patrilineally descended. As the identity of both matrilineal and patrilineal MRCAs is dependent on genealogical history (pedigree collapse), they need not have lived at the same time.

When did humans first appear on Earth?

What is the oldest skeleton in the world?

Lucy (Australopithecus)Catalog no.AL 288-1Common nameLucySpeciesAustralopithecus afarensisAge3.2 million yearsPlace discoveredAfar Depression, Ethiopia3 more rows

How did Lucy actually die?

Scientists Divided Over How Lucy Died : The Two-Way A new study suggests the 3.2 million-year-old hominin died when she fell from a tree and fractured her bones.

What animal did humans evolve from?

Will humans go extinct?

Who created earth?

What are the 3 human races?

Are we all from Africa?

How many human races are there?

How did life start on earth?

The earliest known life-forms are putative fossilized microorganisms, found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, that may have lived as early as 4.28 Gya (billion years ago), relatively soon after the oceans formed 4.41 Gya, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 Gya.

How old is the oldest known human fossil?

2 million yearsThe oldest reliably classified fossils belonging to the genus Homo date back to a little over 2 million years ago. They belong to H. habilis, a type of ancient hominin that scientists classify as the first of our genus, and which may have led to H. erectus, one of our direct ancestors.

What color was the first human?

Where is the first human from?

What is the oldest race in the world?


quote by Albert Einstein

— Albert Einstein

Uplifting harry truman quotes that are about atomic habits

Atomic quote The universe is not made of atoms, but of stories.

The universe is not made of atoms, but of stories.

The body is a fortuitous concourse of atoms.

Atomic quote We forget we're mostly water till the rain falls and every atom in our body star

We are the gods of the atoms that make up ourselves but we are also the atoms of the gods that make up the universe.

My dream is to drop three atomic bombs on New York City.

The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem.

Emancipate yourself from mental slavery.

In films, we are trained by the American way of moviemaking to think we must understand and 'get' everything right away. But this is not possible. When you eat a potato, you don't understand each atom of the potato!

Wars cannot be won by destroying women and children

All the atoms of our bodies will be blown into space in the disintegration of the solar system, to live on forever as mass or energy. That's what we should be teaching our children, not fairy tales about angels and seeing grandma in Heaven.

The molecules that comprise our body are traceable to the crucibles of the centers of stars.These atoms and molecules are in us because, in fact, the universe is in us. And, we are not only figuratively, but literally, stardust.

If my comrades are not destined to rule the world, then away with it! A shower of atom bombs upon it and in place of its meaningsless chatter about 'love' and 'peace' the voice of the howling wind over its ruins.

Atomic mass - The atomic mass (ma or m) is the mass of an atom. Although the SI unit of mass is kilogram (symbol: kg), the atomic mass is often expressed in the non-SI

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces

Atomic Kitten - Atomic Kitten are a British pop girl group formed in Liverpool in 1998 whose current members are Natasha Hamilton and Liz McClarnon. The group was founded

Chemical element - having the same number of protons in its atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z). For example, the atomic number of oxygen is 8, so the element

Atomic clock - An atomic clock is a clock device that uses a hyperfine transition frequency in the microwave, or electron transition frequency in the optical or ultraviolet

But so far, you know who's been violating the nuclear nonproliferation pact day and night? Those who signed it. Iran, Iraq, Libya and Iran violates it while calling for Israel's destruction and racing to develop atomic weapons to that end.

Atom bombs, something's wrong. D.E.A sent to Guam. Acid Trips, big fat chics. Purple Finstone Vitamins.All the needy rich are greedy. I find out you don't need me. Berlin wall starts to fall. I trip out to the wall. Hooray Horrah

The present reeks of mediocrity and the atom bomb.

The weapons of war must be abolished before they abolish us.

famous quotes


quote by Immanuel Kant

— Immanuel Kant

Most Powerful Constraining quotations

Were I to personify Justice, instead of presenting her blind, I would denominate her the goddess of fire. . . Of unbending integrity Justice should feel, hear and see; but truth alone should be the polar star by which she should shape her movements, and equity only should constrain her determinations.

Men's consciences ought in no sort to be violated, urged, or constrained.

Masculine anger is always because you are feeling constrained, trapped by life.

Feminine anger is always because you are feeling unloved.

Before the day begins, you are not yet engaged in any physical activities.

The thing about lucid dreams is that it's not like the real world where you are constrained by all sorts of things, including the laws of physics - you can do magic.

I feel sometimes constrained by the expectation that the work should be solely political. I try to create a type of work that is at the service of my own set of criteria, which have to do with beauty and a type of utopia that in some ways speaks to the culture I'm located in.

If the authorities constrain banks and are aware of the activities of fringe banks and other financial institutions, they are in a better position to attenuate the disruptive expansionary tendencies of our economy.

The state is concerned with the promotion of outward righteousness arising from the individual being constrained to keep the law. The Gospel alters human nature, whereas the state merely restrains human greed and evil, having no positive power to alter human motivation.

Love will not be constrain'd by mastery.

Wave after wave of trial rolled over us;

but at the end of the year some of us were constrained to confess, that we had learned more of the loving-kindness of the Lord than in any previous year of our lives.

Kindly politeness is the slow fruit of advanced reflection;

it is a sort of humanity and kindliness applied to small acts and every day discourse: it bids man soften towards others, and forget himself for the sake of others: it constrains genuine nature, which is selfish and gross.

If I am to constrain you by any law, it must be one by which I am also bound.

The requirement of conspicuous wastefulness is.

My friend Phil has a theory that the Lord, having made teenagers, felt constrained to make amends and so created the golden retriever.

I believe it is urgent to begin now, before we are constrained by a totally controlled society monitoring limited resources on the planet. Now is the time to establish our extraterrestrial base in freedom; later it may be under the coercion of necessity.

Horses are creatures who worship the earth as they gallop on feet of ivory.

Constrained by the wonder of dying and birth, the horses still run, they are free.

I mean, I absolutely call myself a feminist.

famous quotes


Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Childrens Needs And Violence Against Children

Childrens Needs And Violence Against Children Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾I do not believe in a child worldÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I believe that child should be taught from the very first that the whole world is his world, that adult and child should share one worldÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pearl S. Buck The aim of the following thesis is to present the image of a child in Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist. On the strength of this novel, the author will attempt to discuss the importance of a childs psychological, physiological and emotional needs, and ways of their fulfilment in the process of a childs development. Children are innocent and defenceless human beings and to ensure their safe and proper growth, they need to be provided with an environment conducive to their healthy development. Adults often overlook the importance of their childs needs, they are simply unaware of their existence, and in consequence, children mature into troubled and unstable individuals. The lack of parental support, which often results in neglect, abuse and childs humiliation, may in fact seriously injure the childs psyche. Most Charles Dickens novels feature an image of a child Pip, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield; in his portrayals Dickens argues that children and adults perceive the world differently. In spite of their limited knowledge and experience children are acute and sensitive observers. In his novels, Dickens shows children, who struggle with the adversities of adult life, children who have no childhood and must survive against the hostile society of the Victorian England caught in the frenzy of the Industrial Revolution. The author relies often on his own experiences, his childhood was disturbed by the tragedies in his own family, which gives his novels a sense of authenticity. Charles Dickens was born on 7th February 1812 in Portsmouth in England as a son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. His fathers irresponsibility and lack of ambitions were the reasons why his family situation was often uncertain. He was always in debt and, as a consequence, in 1824, when Charles was only twelve years old, his father was imprisoned, together with his family. However, through his uncles instigation, young Charles found employment at a newly opened blacking factory and was spared from the prisons sentence. Michael Slater, Dickenss biographer, shows how this experience influenced small Dickens: Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Dickens leaves no doubt as to the degree of the psychological and emotional earthquake suffered by his twelve-year-old self: It is wonderful to me how I could have been so easily cast away at such an ageÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ No advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no support, from any one [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] I might easily have been, for any care that was taken of me, a little robber or a little vagabond.Ã‚  [1]Ã‚   Dickens is an expert at childrens feelings and emotions, and through his works, he urges adults to be sensitive towards their fragile personalities. His novels, and his child characters, witness the abuse of children in the Victorian Period. His works were to give voice to children who desperately needed help and who rarely were able to communicate their needs and even more seldom obtained the help they needed. The first chapter of the following thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part, the author will describe the importance of childrens psychological needs necessary to their proper growth. The emphasis will be placed upon the needs fulfilment methods and the consequences of not fulfilling them: a lack of a childs psychic stability, problems in adolescence, etc. In the second part of Chapter One, the author will discuss violence against children in the Victorian Period and its consequences. On this occasion, the ideas of a Polish psychologist, Aleksandra Sobkowska will be presented in the context of the recent findings of New Psychology. Still in Chapter One, I will introduce Abraham Maslows psychological theory of the hierarchy of human needs. At the end of the same chapter, the author of the thesis will present the figure of Charles Dickens as a victim of the Victorian epochs Industrial Revolution, a victim of social injustice and economic deprivation, a victim of childhood i nterrupted. The Second Chapter will focus on the characterization of and the role of children in the Victorian society in the period of the Industrial Revolution. On that occasion, Oliver Twist, Dickenss portrayal of children in the historical and socio-economic context, will be discussed in detail and placed in the context of the Maslowian theory of the hierarchy of needs. In this chapter, the author will also ponder on Dickens involvement in the struggle against a childs exploitation; it is not clear whether in his books, the author aimed at evoking sympathy for the children and their plight, and thus he wrote mainly for the adult readership; or attempted to elucidate children on the causes of their unjust and despicable conditions. Chapter One Childrens needs and violence against children. The aim of the following chapter is to present the importance of needs in childrens psychological growth. In the course of Chapter One, the author of the thesis will refer to the foundations of Abraham Maslows theory of the hierarchy of needs. The author will also discuss different types of violence against children as the most detrimental element in a childs psychological development. Finally, Charles Dickens life will be placed in the context of the Victorian period. Childrens psychological needs Psychological needs of a human being are of great importance first and foremost for children, however, adults very often forget about it. Satisfying a childs material needs such as clothing, feeding, etc, they are convinced that they adequately fulfil their parental responsibility. In the light of modern psychology such an attitude is viewed critically. Though easily convinced that material goods are all they need, children become increasingly dissatisfied. Disturbing signals in our daily life children committing serious crimes, children becoming addicted to alcohol and drugs, adolescents dropping out of school; are all but proof of the existence of an area in a childs psyche that remains overlooked and neglected. Children differ significantly from one another; therefore, each child has to be treated separately whether it is by its parents or educators. Adults usually realize far too late how important they are for their childrens development, generally when their children start misbehaving and cause problems.Ã‚  [2]Ã‚  In order to prevent such a situation, it is necessary to study the mechanism of the needs formation; then consciously new and positive needs a need to discover, to know, to feel good about oneself can be created. As far as the mechanism of creating new needs is concerned, they are formed first through satisfying the needs that already exist. It is very important to offer children the opportunity to develop new and valuable needs, and rewarding responses of the environment have a great influence on childrens psychic growth. One of the main needs that are worth mentioning here is the need of emotional contact between a mother and a child. At the beginning, this contact has a more physical character, but in time, the character of this contact changes. It has a more psychological sense and needs another form of fulfilment.Ã‚  [3]Ã‚  Parents are able to create proper conditions to form a childs personality; to achieve this aim, parents must continuously observe and recognize their childs needs and try to understand them. Many factors have an influence on a harmonious course of a childs development, including all psychophysical processes, and affect the childs future stance point of view, and the way she or he is perceived by the society.Ã‚  [4]Ã‚   Human needs are divided into: material, biological, organic and psychological ones. Generally, psychological needs are additionally divided into: A need of safety shaped in ontogenesis A cognitive need An activity need A need of independence and personal development An emotional and social interaction need A sense of belonging and acceptance need A possession need b. Violence against children as the negation of proper development A child who is harmed is the one who is suffering due to improper behaviour of other people, mainly parents and guardians, and who experiences injustice and a sense of powerlessness. This process, whether intentional or unintentional, and resulting from adults actions, may have a negative influence on a childs physical or psychological development.Ã‚  [5]Ã‚   Dickens stories abound in episodes involving both psychological and physical abuse among children. Children rob one another of dignity and belongings. They accumulate anger and frustration in themselves. They are weak and dominated by adults and find abusing their equals or weaker ones as the only possible way of venting their anger. Violence against children leads unavoidably to violence in children. This too is a result of a childhood interrupted, of a thwarted development. Violence against children is the most perverted form of violence; children are defenceless and innocent human beings at a formative stage, who are susceptible to a physical and to psychological injury. Though violence may reside in children themselves, for example, in unwanted, problematic, chronically ill or disabled children; in the majority of cases, children are victims of violence perpetrated by adults. Violence occurs in many different circumstances, and may have different forms, but generally three groups of reasons for its occurrence may be distinguished: violence in children directed against others (children as well as adults) is a result of the childrens frustration with their own health (disabled and chronically ill children), with their social and indirectly economic status (orphaned children, children of alcoholics, etc.) and, importantly, often is a consequence of war; violence in parents directed at children which often is a result of social pathologies dysfunctional families; violence being a result of a familys social isolation owed to their religion, ethnicity, social or economic status, etc. According to Aleksandra Sobkowska, a Polish psychologist, there is a conventional division of violence against children based on its type: physical, psychological and sexual abuse. Negligence of children is sometimes considered to be the mildest form of violence, however, it is most common, and it is extremely harmful and just like any other form of psychical abuse beatings, torture, etc. extends its effects into the sphere of a childs psyche. Therefore, the distinction between physical and psychological abuse, at least in terms of their lasting effects psychical and psychological scars overlap and blur. In Sobkowskas view, psychical abuse of children has cognitive, emotional and behavioural consequences a childs abuse syndrome may be manifested by: a lack of a sense of security a lack of a sense of belonging to the closest people a lack of or low self-esteem spiritual loneliness a feeling of being harmed a feeling and consciousness of guilt and shame difficulty in forming relationships. In Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist, there are many examples of child abuse and violence ranging from the very basic lack of alimentation: Unfortunately for the experimental philosophy of the female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist was delivered over, a similar result usually attended the operation of her system; for at the very moment when a child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and half cases out of ten, either that it sickened from want and cold, or fell into another world, and there gathered to the fathers which it had never known in this.Ã‚  [6]Ã‚   through terrible living conditions; An unfinished coffin on black tressels, which stood in the middle of the shop, looked so gloomy and death-like that a cold tremble came over him, every time his eyes wandered in the direction of the dismal object: from which he almost expected to see some frightful form slowly rear its head, to drive him mad with terror. The recess beneath the counter in which his flock mattress was thrust, looked like a grave.Ã‚  [7]Ã‚   resulting in a sense of fear and spiritual loneliness: He was alone in a strange place; and we all know how chilled and desolate the best of us will sometimes feel in such a situation. The boy had no friends to care for, or to care for him. The regret of no recent separation was fresh in his mind; the absence of no loved and well-remembered face sank heavily into his heart.Ã‚  [8]Ã‚   Psychological violence is a conscious destruction or significant limitation on a childs possibility of proper development. Ranging from insults, as can be seen in the following episode from Oliver Twist: Get downstairs, little bag o bones. With this the undertakers wife opened a side door, and pushed Oliver down a steep flight of stairs into a stone cell, damp and dark, forming the ante-room to the coal-cellar, and denominated the kitchen.Ã‚  [9]Ã‚   It is hard to draw any conclusive ideas as to what future awaited Oliver, and whether his childhood filled with pain brought to bear on his life as an adult. There is a note to the preface of Charles Dickens Oliver Twist which say: It tells the story of an unfortunate orphan boy from his early years in the harsh environment of the workhouse, to his struggle for survival in the dangerous world outside its gates.Ã‚  [10]Ã‚   A parallel between the story of Oliver Twist, Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a boy who dares to ask for moreÃ‚  [11]Ã‚  and the life of Charles Dickens is evident. As a young boy, Dickens was forced to work in one of Britains infamous sweatshops, or as they were often referred to, children factories. His fathers debts put the whole family in prison; only young Charles was spared his freedom, however, in exchange for hard labour in a blacking workshop. In a way similar to most children from poor neighbourhoods of London, Dickens suffered pains of poverty hunger and all things most children his age would take for granted. Hunger haunted little Charles, something that is echoed in the story of Oliver Twist, but what pained him more was his hopelessness against the odds set by the cruel society of the 19th century Britain. Britain was undergoing a period of transformation; the Industrial Revolution was at its peak; many people fled the impoverished countryside and settled in big cities. There, they we re exploited by the capitalist industrialists. Slavery was by then outlawed in Britains overseas colonies, importing cheap labour was out of the question, yet the growing economy needed hands, many hands, inexpensive hands. In such circumstances, children became a commodity cheap and easy to manage. Factories soon filled with little children whose parents, all the while working themselves to near death, still failed to make ends meet. This is an era of Britains great economic expansion; this is an era that witnessed the birth of communism. Britain was getting rich, or at least the rich were getting richer; for the rest the society was falling apart. Many children faced a very bleak future; orphaned (mostly through abandonment); deprived of any possibility for social advancement, just like Oliver Twist, veered onto the dangerous path of crime. Dickens resisted the temptations of becoming a criminal; perhaps, in that sense, he was lucky; his contacts with Londons underworld remained luckily within the confines of his fantasy. I might easily have been, for any care that was taken of me, a little robber or a little vagabondÃ‚  [12]Ã‚  Dickens, a literary giant of the Victorian England, was first and foremost, its victim. As a child, he suffered all the deprivations shared by most of his books characters Nicholas Nickleby, Oliver Twist, Pip and David Copperfield; whose lives stories became a great testimony of Britains shameful past a past tainted by abuse against the innocent and the weakest children. c. Maslows hierarchy of needs This part of the thesis is based on the psychological theory authored by Abraham Maslow. Among other things, he wrote about human nature being good or at least neutral. It cannot be assumed that a child is born with a bad nature.Ã‚  [13]Ã‚  Because of its pessimistic, negative and restricted conception of human nature, Maslow became very critical of psychology. Unlike other scientists, he conducted his tests on healthy people, people without, for example, brain injuries; and he reached a number of new and innovative conclusions concerning personality. He claimed that psychology is much more occupied with peoples weaknesses rather than strengths; that the main focus of psychological studies is sin, and virtue tends to be omitted.Ã‚  [14]Ã‚   Maslows hierarchy of needs is represented by the following diagram: Maslow recognises, and illustrates his notion by means of a pyramid, that human needs can be divided into five levels, four of which represent deficiency needs (referred to also as basic needs) and are associated with human physiology. Only when those needs are satisfied, a human develops a need of self-actualization (referred to also as growth needs). d. Society in the Victorian Age Dickens hero, Oliver Twist, lived in a difficult time characterised by changes and the resulting serious crisis in the politics, economy and religious life. Victorians expected progress, rapid changes that were to improve their daily lives; apart from the elite, life in the nineteenth century was very hard for most of simple citizens, especially for children. Many peasants, driven away from the countryside by the prospects of better lives in the cities, fell victim of industrial exploitation and the capitalist system of economy. Cities grew in population too rapidly, forcing many to live in squalid neighbourhoods filled with filth and crime. Urbanization meant more places of work, but the cost of living in big cities often exceeded an average familys means. Families were large or too large; people lived in overcrowded houses in hand-to-mouth conditions. Industrial production was carried on at great risks and causing suffering of men, women and children. Britains status as the worksho p of the world was achieved at a great human costÃ‚  [15]Ã‚  . People including small children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in, most of the time, unbearable conditions. The majority of people the so-called working class, which ironically included the unemployed, lived in the scruffiest of households. The industrialists treated the less fortunate, especially children, simply, and only, like objects, manpower. Children were exploited more than adults, because they never dared to ask for more. What is more, parents willingly agreed to this exploitation, even of very small children (often younger than six years of age), because they, too, could earn a few pennies. This extra income for starving families was at times a matter of life and death. Children employed in industry, suffered and often fell ill, at times irreversibly. Their childhood was taken away from them, but what is more, the precarious working and employment conditions, often forced them into the streets where they begged or stole to survive. Most children were denied the stability of having a home, being abandoned by their parents. Sometimes they were subjected to violence or solitude, being under-nourished or even starving, covered with rags, sleeping in empty cellars. Deprived of love and support from adults, they were neglected and lonely among others. The working class children had no rights and their hardship earned them no respect. People in Victorian England believed they were doing what was best for their children. But they were gripped by an idea which was widespread at that time that children were empty vessels, containing nothing worthwhile until filled with what adults judged best.Ã‚  [16]Ã‚   Dickens in his novels depicted the Victorian societys major problems. The writer portrayed the society in all its variety, touching all their problems but the theme to which he always returned, was the family, childhood, injustice, inequality, crime, corruption, scandals, poverty, as well as the suffering of children. Whatever he wrote was written with passion, because he experienced seeing life, from the point of view of the poor people and abused children. In his time, few people understood children as well as Dickens did, and he was the first writer who described childrens thoughts and feelings capturing the way they spoke, behaved, and suffered. Chapter two Childrens needs and violence against children based on Dickens novel Oliver Twist. The aim of the following chapter is to present the connection between a childs needs and life in the Victorian Age on the basis of Dickens novel Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is the first novel in which Dickens speaks out against social injustice and an inadequate economic system that condoned the plight of the poorest, yet the largest, segment of British society. His, is not a portrait of a happy and harmonious family, but a debt-ridden, broken family where children, unless employed in Britains worst workshops, are viewed as a burden. The author tries to show terrible conditions in workhouses where poor people were forced to live and work if they could not pay their debts. In his novel Oliver Twist, Dickens also draws a critical picture of charitable foundations and their involvement in childrens orphanages. Additionally, Dickens sheds light on Londons dangerous criminal underworld. The main character of the novel, Oliver, is a neglected, illegitimate child. He does not know his father and his mother died at his birth. He is brought up as an orphan in cruel conditions in an orphanage typical of the Victorian Age. This small and lonely child is drawn into the world of brutality and violence. The fact that he does not have parents increased his loneliness and difficulties in life because he is deprived of their support which is very important, especially at the beginning of everyones life. Having a normal life is important for a child, but for Oliver that proved an unattainable dream. Oliver spends the first nine years of his life in a badly run home for young orphans and later he is transferred to a workhouse for adults. There, not only does he lack means to secure himself a decent upbringing, but is constantly short of the essentials such as sufficient amount of food, a room to sleep or clean clothes. When he is nine, he is still a child and he does not understa nd the world around him, especially his own status. Once, he asks an adult what it means to be an orphan: Boy, said the gentleman in the high chair, listen to me. You know you are an orphan, I suppose? Whats that, sir? inquired poor Oliver. The boy is a fool I thought he was, said the gentleman in a white waistcoat.Ã‚  [17]Ã‚   Oliver is afraid of adults; he does not understand why strangers decide about his future and his life, and in their presence he often trembles and cries. One of the most important and memorable images in the novel is the moment when Oliver feels extreme hunger and asks for something more to eat: Please, sir. I want some more.Ã‚  [18]Ã‚  This famous scene is symbolic in that sense that it expresses Olivers revolt against his situation. He does not understand that such behaviour is unacceptable in the workhouse and he is beaten as a result and then put up for sale, like an object, not a human being. Oliver acts against the rules because the situation in the workhouse is abnormal; his basic needs are not satisfied. The living conditions in the workhouses of the 19th century Britain were very severe and often these harbingers of modern day sweatshops resembled more prisons than houses. The treatment of children was terribly bad, some of them even starved to death. The sufferings of children in the Victorian Age indicate that their basic needs were not satisfied. The fundamental, basic needs which are essential for our survival, such as proper nourishment, a place to sleep, warmth were not met then. According to Maslow, food occupies the lowest level of the pyramid in the hierarchy of needs, and belongs to the very primitive group of needs, which are essential for survival; refusing proper nourishment to hungry people, especially children is the negation of humanity. What is more, Oliver Twist is denied safety and stability; he is an unloved and lonely child thrown into unsympathetic adult world, where he lacks parental love, affection and protection. In Maslowian theory, Oliver is denied access to the second developmental level and his need to feel safe remains unfulfilled. At the beginning, Oliver is not aware of his situation; gradually, however, he comes to realize his standing: I am a very little boy, sir; and it is so- so Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ So what? inquired Mr Bumble in amazement. So lonely, sir! So very lonely! Cried the child [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦].Ã‚  [19]Ã‚   This small boy feels he should have some rights as a human being and he seeks love. It is only natural for a boy like Oliver to look for love and a sense of belonging, a feeling that gives people a sense of stability. Again, the fundamental need, the third level of the Maslowian pyramid representing the hierarchy of needs necessary for a childs proper physiological and psychological development remains unfulfilled. Although he leaves the workhouse, his circumstances never improve; he moves in with Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker. Subjected to moral and physical oppression, Oliver continues to feel lonely, cold and abandoned; in his new home he has no place to sleep: Then come with me, said Mrs Sowerberry, taking up a dim dirty lamp, and leading the way upstairs; your beds under the counter. You dont mind sleeping among the coffins, I suppose? But it doesnt much matter whether you do or dont, for you cant sleep anywhere else.Ã‚  [20]Ã‚   Another boy, named Noah Claypole, who too is a worker at Sowerberrys workshop, constantly abuses Oliver, but the main character endures his fate without a word of complaint. One day however, acting on an impulse, Oliver fights off Noahs attacks. He fights in defence of his mothers name but despite his innocence, Oliver is severely punished. This situation illustrates the Maslows notion of violence being a result of a thwarted development in an environment where a childs basic needs remain unfulfilled; violence and other forms of anti-social behaviour are a consequence. In other words, a child who is deprived of an opportunity to fulfil his needs uses aggression, turns to aggression; he/she does not act like a normal child. This moment in the novel marks another important transition; Oliver demands to be respected he reacts with violence against the insults used with regard to his mother an action that points to the fourth level of the Maslowian pyramid, the need of esteem. Oliver decides to escape because he refuses to endure his treatment. He chooses London hoping to change his life for better. In spite of being exhausted and hungry; he does not give up and is still full of hope and determined. He meets Dodger, who offers him a helping hand. Unaware, Oliver joins a gang of juvenile pick-pockets, run by a Jewish emigrant named Fagin. Dodger and other young boys, and now Oliver, roam the streets of London stealing, when they can, hanging out, laughing. Fagins gang creates an authentic society and provides these unwanted boys with security and a sense of belonging. Oliver has never known this kind of life; he is drawn to it to gain respect amongst peers, but also to feel accepted, relied on, and needed. At the beginning, Oliver does not realise that he has joined a criminal group. He does not understand the whole situation but tries to be a quick learner and to acquire new skills, i.e. pick pocketing. However, because he has little experience, or simply because he still is a naÃƒÆ'Ã‚ ¯ve little boy, he gets caught and arrested. Fortunately for Oliver, Mr. Brownlow, one of the gangs victims, recognizes the boys innocence, exonerates the boy during the investigation and takes him into his custody. Oliver leads now a better life, at last, but he is not sure if his benefactor will not one day send him back into the streets of London. He asks Mr. Brownlow: Oh, dont tell me you are going to send me away, sir, pray! [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Dont turn me out of doors to wander in the streets again. Let me stay here and be a servant. Dont send me back to the wretched place I came from. Have a mercy upon a poor boy, sir!Ã‚  [21]Ã‚   Mr. Brownlow, however, reassures the boy of his true devotion to his upbringing: My dear child, said the old gentleman, moved by the warmth of Olivers sudden appeal, you need not be afraid of my deserting you, Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [22

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Question: What Is The Role Of Mitochondria In ATP Generation?

What is the role of mitochondria in generating ATP?

In ATP the energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds..

What is ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

Most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesized during glucose metabolism is produced in the mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation. This is a complex reaction powered by the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is generated by mitochondrial respiration.

What foods increase mitochondria?

What is the cristae in the mitochondria?

Mitochondrial cristae are the folds within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These folds allow for increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place.

What vitamins help mitochondria?

B vitamins and lipoic acid are essential in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while selenium, α-tocopherol, Coenzyme Q10, caffeine, and melatonin are suggested to boost the electron transfer system function. Carnitine is essential for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Selenium is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.

How can I heal my mitochondria?

What are the two functions of mitochondria?

What are the three functions of the mitochondria?

What is the ATP cycle?

The energy-carrying part of an ATP molecule is the triphosphate “tail”. … In this way, ATP and ADP are constantly being recycled. Figure legend: The ATP-ADP Cycle. Energy is needed for the formation of ATP and is released as the ATP is converted back to ADP and phosphate.

How is ATP produced in a cell?

What is the main source of ATP used for activating luciferin?

Luciferin is activated by luciferase in an ATP-dependent step to form a luciferin-adenylyl intermediate; when oxygen is present this intermediate is rapidly converted to a peroxyluciferin product that decays to oxyluciferin with the emission of photons.

Does photosynthesis produce ATP?

The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis. Light is absorbed and the energy is used to drive electrons from water to generate NADPH and to drive protons across a membrane. These protons return through ATP synthase to make ATP.

How is ATP generated in mitochondria?

At the same time, the electron transport chain produces ATP. … At the inner mitochondrial membrane, a high energy electron is passed along an electron transport chain. The energy released pumps hydrogen out of the matrix space. The gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase.

What are the steps of ATP synthesis?

In general, the main energy source for cellular metabolism is glucose, which is catabolized in the three subsequent processes—glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle), and finally oxidative phosphorylation—to produce ATP.

How do you heal mitochondria naturally?

What is mitochondria in simple words?

How does ATP synthase work?

In plants, energy acquired from photons is transferred through photosynthetic electron transport chain (ETC), which induces an electrochemical gradient to build up across the membrane. ATP synthase uses energy conferred by this electrochemical gradient for phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP [7].

How many ATP synthases are in mitochondria?

There are 10 to 20 mitochondria in a cell; one ATP synthase complex generates 100 to 150 ATP molecules each second.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

What is needed for ATP synthesis?

ATP synthesis involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. … The combination of the two components provides sufficient energy for ATP to be made by the multienzyme Complex V of the mitochondrion, more generally known as ATP synthase.

Where does synthesis of ATP in mitochondria takes place?

The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation. The same process takes place in the mitochondria, where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F1-part projects into the mitochondrial matrix.

What are the two mechanisms of ATP synthesis?

The binding change mechanism and the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis are two mechanisms that have been proposed in the literature.

What is the movement of mitochondria in cell called?

Motor-Based Mitochondrial Movement. Mitochondria primarily move by the action of molecular motors along cytoskeletal elements (Figure 2 and Table 1).

How is ADP converted to ATP?

When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). … AMP can then be recycled into ADP or ATP by forming new phosphoanhydride bonds to store energy once again.


The U S Created Medicaid A Publically Funded Healthcare Program To Assist People

The U.S. created Medicaid, a publically funded healthcare program, to assist people in obtaining healthcare services. In this week, explore Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).
Answer the following questions:

Explain the legislation that introduced Medicaid. Your explanation should include a description of the funding sources for the program.
Describe some of the changes, including CHIP, that have occurred to the Medicaid program since its inception.
Explain the demographics of the majority of people covered by Medicaid and identify how many people in the U.S. are covered by Medicaid.
Describe the changes that will occur in Medicaid with the ACA.

From the Internet, review the following:

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid. (2017, September 14). CMS program history. Retrieved from
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid. (n.d.). Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from

Submission Details:

Present your response in a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document formatted in APA style.
On a separate page, cite all sources using APA format.

What Students Are Saying About Us


Beauty Store

Hema Beauty Store

“What defines modern beauty?” was the starting point of a design investigation by selected design house Tjep., resulting in a unique cosmetics retail experience delivered through an inspirational in-store environment. Reviewing the new store in Amsterdam, Vogue stated “Don’t miss it, the very stylish HEMA Beauty, an experience as found at high-end international luxury brands.” and Red wrote “It’s like being in a luxury beauty shop, but then with extremely convenient and very affordable beauty products.”

What defines modern beauty?

Color and fashion are the foundation elements that tie the whole concept together visually and then a tremendous amount of effort went into creating the most optimal product browsing, categorization and information approach in close collaboration with the HEMA retail team. For HEMA, research had identified an increasing need for high quality makeup and skincare products, but at a more accessible price and provided in an inspiring environment. Creating this Tjep. focused on a strong expression of colors. We created a chromatic display, but played with the progression of the color spectrum – creating a space where it looks harmonious but is actually quite dynamic. Color defines beauty.

Colour defines beauty.

Next Do break


Feng shui home analysis

What is this all about?

Feng shui is a method of arrangement that originated in China, dating back centuries.  The basis was the study of Qi or energy and how it moved or was affected the landscape. By understanding this, the most auspicious sites could be determined. There was a deep understanding of the importance of working with the natural order of things.

Back then, this system was mainly for the elite, to ensure they were well protected and in position of power whereas now, we can apply this system in our every day lives and it is accessible to all.  Instead of studying surrounding mountains and water ways, we look to surrounding buildings and roads which create the modern day landscape.  In addition to the study of what surrounds a home, we can also assess how energy circulates within the home.  What is the quality of the energy and how do you interact or feel with it.  You often hear the expression "good" or "bad" feng shui.  While there may be some truth to that, essentially feng shui is all about the relationship between us and the things we surround ourselves in.

There is a common translation of Feng Shui that is Wind and Water.

You could say that the wind represents your mind, your thoughts, your psychology.

Water could be said to represent your body, your physical being, your energy.

If we look at it that way, it becomes a very logical system!  How does your mind perceive the space, and what impact does that have on your body?  What signals are being sent to your nervous system?  This will create a somatic experience.

Now, don't get me wrong, Feng Shui is also a complex art, with many layers, but in essence, this is why it is of interest and how making adjustments can create change.  The first form of communication is non verbal, or energetic, so we want to set an environment that interacts with us in supportive ways.

Wind and Water is also a representation of the concept of Yin and Yang, which plays a role in achieving balance in a space, as well as the five elements theory.  They both speak of the importance of transformation, or continual free flowing movement of energy.  When energy gets stuck, stagnation occurs. We can see this in a home as clutter for example, or in the body as pain, inflammation or illness.

The ways in which this impacts the space will all be clearly explained in the report along with the recommendations, with the goal of restoring balance, functionality and clarity.

How do I prepare?

Before our first meeting, I will be sending you some homework!   This questionnaire is kept confidential, and helps to fill in the picture as to what you have experienced while living in the space, and which areas you hope to experience a change.

At our first meeting, I will need to collect some information in order to complete my study, in addition to the measurements and observations I will be making.  Below is a list of some of the things you can expect.

  • An accurate floor plan.  This can be either the building plans or hand drawn, as long as it is to scale. Graph paper helps or online programs can be useful as well!

  • How long you have lived in the home

  • The birth dates of the people living there

  • Any major renovations and when?

  • Has anyone moved out since you are living there?

  • Any significant life events or changes?

  • Any challenges that you would like to discuss?

  • Any health concerns?

  • What your expectations or hopes are with this consultation.

Member of the International Feng Shui Guild
Member of l'association Canadienne des therapeutes en medecines douces