Can You Be A Quality Engineer Without A Degree?

Do you need a degree to be a quality engineer?

Quality engineers need a bachelor’s degree in an engineering field, plus experience.

Professional certifications may be required.

Quality Engineers work with manufacturers, developers, project managers and many others within each sector of the wind industry..

Is it possible to be an engineer without a degree?

The quick answer is that you could become a mechanical engineer without a degree in that field, but again, a degree in something technical is usually required. … If you wanted to get into mechanical engineering without any college education you would need to demonstrate years of proficiency and skill in the field.

Which engineering has highest salary?

What skills do you need to be a manufacturing engineer?

Key skills for manufacturing engineerscommercial awareness.the ability to work well under pressure.problem-solving skills.teamworking skills.relevant technical knowledge.good leadership skills.IT skills.communication skills.More items…

What engineering is the easiest?

What does a manufacturing engineer do on a daily basis?

On a daily basis, Manufacturing Engineers communicate manufacturing capabilities, production schedules, or other information to facilitate production processes. They apply continuous improvement methods such as lean manufacturing to enhance manufacturing quality, reliability, or cost-effectiveness.

What degree does a manufacturing engineer need?

A bachelor’s degree in manufacturing engineering is usually a minimum requirement for those seeking to enter this field. Undergraduate degrees in mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and process engineering are other acceptable fields of study.

Is quality engineer a good job?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the industrial engineering field is expected to grow by 10% between 2016 and 2026. This projection is a slightly higher rate of growth than the average for all careers over this same decade, meaning quality engineer is a career with great long-term potential.

How do you become a certified quality engineer?

Can you be an engineer without being good at math?

How much does a certified quality engineer make?

Quality Validation Engineer Asq Cqe Certified Salaries in the United StatesPopular JobsAverage SalarySenior Quality Engineer 1,136 salaries reported Senior Quality Engineer Jobs$95,882 / yearQuality Engineer 4,145 salaries reported Quality Engineer Jobs$76,970 / year1 more row•6 days ago

What is quality engineer job description?

A quality engineer is responsible for the generation of a strategic plan to improve the business processes and increase production output. Duties include creating the company’s quality standards and testing systems to reflect efficiency, reliability and performance.

What engineering major is the hardest?

Hardest Engineering MajorsElectrical Engineers are primarily focused on the physics and mathematics of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. … Students consider electrical engineering to be the toughest major mostly because of the abstract thinking involved.More items…•

What should a manufacturing engineer know?

Manufacturing Engineers focus on the design and operation of integrated systems for the production of high-quality, economically competitive products. These systems may include computer networks, robots, machine tools, and materials-handling equipment.


Will We Need Oil In The Future?

What will replace oil in the future?

The many oil alternatives are ballooning as more research and development occurs in this space, and as supply and demand laws of economics eventually push down prices to be competitive with traditional fossil fuels..

How much oil is left in the world?

Is there oil on Mars?

Will oil prices ever go back up?

Oil demand will rebound sharply in 2021, surpassing pre-virus levels, OPEC says. Demand for OPEC-sourced crude oil will recover 25% in 2021 and surpass levels seen in 2019, the global coalition of producers said in a Tuesday report.

Will electric cars kill the oil industry?

Electric vehicles will kill global oil industry by 2030, says Stanford economist Tony Seba.

What would happen if there was no oil left in the world?

Cars might run on electricity, or even water. We might rely more heavily on public transportation, like trains and buses. Cities will look different, too. Without oil, cars may become a relic of the past.

Will we ever run out of oil?

What is the lowest oil price ever?

Oil hit $0.01 a barrel before falling to as low as negative $40 and eventually settling at negative $37.63, the lowest level recorded since the New York Mercantile Exchange began trading oil futures in 1983.

Is the oilfield crashing 2020?

Lower oil prices will push the global service market into a recession in 2020 after three successive years of growth, according to Rystad Energy. In 2020 this number will fall to $621 billion with an oil price of $60 per barrel (Brent). …

What is the future of oil industry?

S&P Global Platts Analytics has further downgraded its demand outlook by 200,000 b/d and now expects global oil demand to contract by 8.5 million b/d in 2020. China is the only country in the world expected to see year-on-year growth in oil demand in 2020 –- a marginal 0.3% to 14.8 million b/d.

What is the dirtiest oil?

What will happen to oil in 2020?

The EIA forecast that oil prices will average $40/b through the end of 2020 and $47/b in 2021. Oil prices started strong this year at $64/b in January. Prices plummeted in the second quarter, with one day in April even closing at -$37/b. The demand for oil has dropped because of the coronavirus pandemic.

Is oil a dying industry?

The oil industry may be dying, but it will still pollute us for decades after its death. … Oil is in deep trouble, too. On Monday, the global giant, BP, conceded in its Annual Energy outlook that within its “base-case scenario,” oil consumption has peaked for good in 2019.

Why we will never run out of oil?

Just like pistachios, as we deplete easily-drilled oil reserves oil gets harder and harder to extract. As it does, market prices rise to reflect this. These rising oil prices encourage people to 1) conserve oil, and 2) find cheaper substitutes, like wind, solar or other renewable energy sources.

Why is oil so cheap now?

1 According to 2018 statistics, OPEC controls almost 80% of the world’s supply of oil reserves. … 3 OPEC was the major cause of cheap oil, as it refused to cut oil production, leading to the tumble in prices. In the Spring of 2020, oil prices collapsed amid the COVID-19 pandemic and economic slowdown.


Volcanic Chill

In Reykjavik in the 1960s, Hekla, named for a volcano, is driven to write. But she hasn’t told her lover the poet that she writes and so she can’t get up from his bed to record the sentences that come to her in the night.

I try to fix my gaze on the moon through the skylight, I ask the sentences to leave, I ask them to stay, I need to get up to write, so they won’t vanish.

Hekla is a chilly presence on the page, almost affectless in the way she declares and describes. Very occasionally, she laughs, or another character reports that she was seen laughing. I felt as I read that her sentences were clipped but now, flipping back through the pages, I see that the point isn’t that they’re short sentences but rather that they’re wonders of pruning. Miss Iceland is fiction by a poet and it shows, in the best way.

There’s much to wonder at: dialogue, characters (few, odd, perfect), the landscape and weather, her chapter headings, the letters by other people that carry Hekla and the story. Exhilaratingly for writers and readers, historical fiction can be this way. Whoever guided me towards this novel, thank you.

#thebookonmytable Brief book reviews, notes to self and others, tendency to enthuse.


Research papers for psychology

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X Termite Nation
Published 5 years ago
The second Game of a Mexican Studio
Artist’s exporting tips
We learned a lot from exporting to Unity so we would like to share what we learned here in what we consider the most important aspects:
Scaling: We know that a Unity’s unit equals a meter in Maya but we recommend creating your own scaling reference to work faster.
Collapsed models: It took 2 to 3 weeks to understand why our models were collapsing inside Unity, we tried a lot of different export settings but it all finally worked out when the rigging department found the solution in a special attribute inside our character’s joints , this attribute is called Segment scale compensate and you don’t need to have it ticked in every joint but the root.
Main controller: It’s important not to set a key on your character’s main controller, it may sound obvious but it accidentally happened to us sometimes and developers had problems with it as it kept the position of the character not allowing them to control it freely.
Resource optimization: We suggest creating an atlas with your textures and interface elements, using a power of two resolution. You need to find the correct balance between quality and the application total size.
From mobile to VR
One of the main challenges we had to overcome was porting the mobile version to VR which was not initially planned. We started fixing and redesigning how user interaction worked, both artists and developers had to almost start over because images required a better resolution now.
User inputs: Changing touch inputs into a raycasting and collision system to detect interaction was difficult due to the lack of information and examples to follow. But these links helped a lot:
3rd person characters: we had to create a correct way to handle physics and collisions for the character to move smoothly but audio synching is still something we need to polish in spite of working a lot on it.
Progress reports and storing user data: There is no such thing as an infrastructure capable of storing lots of data and user information here, so we used tools inside cloud services to help us send data that would allow users to keep their progress no matter in which OS they’re playing.
desarrollo vgim


Quick Answer: What Was The Social Impact Of The Renaissance?

How did the social structure of society shifted during the Renaissance period?

social structure: king, higher clergy, nobles, lesser nobles-knights-lower clergy,and the serfs-peasants.

During the Renaissance the demands of society shifted and became based on money instead of allegiances.

The church had a difficult time adjusting to this new way of thinking..

How did the Renaissance have a positive impact on society?

The Renaissance had a positive impact on society because people began to study art and literature. … The Renaissance includes innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures. The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its version of humanism.

What are the 3 major periods of the Renaissance?

In the next post will be address in more detail the three fundamental periods of the Renaissance in Art:Early Renaissance.High Renaissance.Late Renaissance.

How is the social structure during the Renaissance different from the social structure of the Middle Ages?

During Renaissance, the social structure was composed of four social classes. The nobles were treated well. … The middle class of Florence was composed of shopkeepers and professionals. At the lowest level were the workers, who did not have job protection and were very dependent on their employers.

What economic social and political factors gave rise to the Renaissance?

These social factors included ‘new rulers’, social mobility, trade and a society that was not bound by traditional values. Above all the increasing secularism of the times allowed people in Renaissance to conceive of a new way of living and even a new world.

How does Renaissance affect us today?

The Renaissance had a profound influence on the course of the development of modern American society, culture, and, since it is a natural extension of both, artistic expression. … By introducing a new realism, they allowed the common person to enjoy tales and this tradition has continued in today’s society.

What were the four social classes of the Renaissance?

The people of Renaissance Florence, like most city–states of the era, were composed of four social classes: the nobles, the merchants, the tradesmen and the unskilled workers. The nobles lived on large estates outside the city walls.

How was a typical Renaissance family structured?

Overview. The family in the Renaissance was somewhat like the modern family in that it consisted of the parents and children, but it was in many ways different. The Renaissance family could also consist of grandparents, widowed mothers, and, in some cases, unmarried sisters.

How did the ideas of the Renaissance continue to spread and grow?

The invention and use of the printing press in Europe was important for the Renaissance because it allowed new ideas and worldviews to spread across the continent more easily. … Therefore, the invention of the printing press allowed these new ideas to spread and further enhance the overall Renaissance.

What were the social changes during the Renaissance?

The most prevalent societal change during the Renaissance was the fall of feudalism and the rise of a capitalist market economy, said Abernethy. Increased trade and the labor shortage caused by the Black Death gave rise to something of a middle class.

What were the social and economic developments of the Renaissance?

During the Renaissance, the European economy grew dramatically, particularly in the area of trade. Developments such as population growth, improvements in banking, expanding trade routes, and new manufacturing systems led to an overall increase in commercial activity.

How did the Renaissance affect European social and political life?

Governments in the Renaissance focused on reducing the impact religion had on the economy and politics of their society. Wealth began to impact politics more, such as the Medecci family, who accumulated huge profits and which were used to finance cultural and political activities.

How did the Renaissance affect people’s lives?

How was the Renaissance a turning point in history?

The Renaissance was a turning point in history, where everything improved and people’s opinion and ideas change. … The Renaissance was a time period of trade and intellectual curiosity unparalleled in Europe. It was a rebirth of everything because the Dark Ages destroyed everything.

What social economic and cultural changes took place in the Middle Ages?

Fairs brought economic changes in the Middle Ages by bringing people from all over to buy and sell, promoting good business and money in the country and people. … With the revival of trade, more and more people needed somewhere to borrow and lend money. To end, investing of capital had to do with the revival of trade.

What was an impact of the Renaissance?

The Renaissance changed the world in just about every way one could think of. It had a kind of snowball effect: each new intellectual advance paved the way for further advancements. Italy in the 14th century was fertile ground for a cultural revolution.

What was the effect of the renaissance on social life of Europe?

What was the most important city state of the Renaissance?

Florence, Venice, Genoa, Milan, and Rome were some of the most important cities of the Renaissance. These Italian city-states had one ruler, and the city-state that had the largest territory was the kingdom of the two Sicilies. City-states had one ruler that controlled them.

What were the causes and effects of the Renaissance?

What were the political changes during the Renaissance?

The end of feudalism was a major political change during the Renaissance. The three main causes for the end of the feudal system are the black plague, the 100 years war, and various political reforms in England.

How did Italy get its wealth during the Renaissance?

Their wealth and influence initially derived from the textile trade guided by the guild of the Arte della Lana. Like other signore families, they dominated their city’s government, they were able to bring Florence under their family’s power, and they created an environment where art and Humanism could flourish.


How Much Should you Save for Retirement?

October 8, 2020

You’ll need at least $1 million saved for retirement, give or take. It’s the give or take that really throws people for a loop. $1 million isn’t enough for some people and is too much for others. So how do you know how much to save for retirement?

Ask yourself the following questions.

What are your Future Expenses?

It may seem hard to think of what expenses you’ll have 20 or 30 years from now, but it’s important.

Make a list of your expenses now and think about which expenses you’ll still have in retirement. For example, think about your mortgage. What’s the term? Will you retire while you still have it or will it be paid off before you retire?

Think of other large expenses, like car payments and credit card debt. Will you still have children living at home? Will you be living in the same home? Write down the taxes and insurance, because you’ll always have those costs.

Use this number to figure out how much money you should save for retirement.

What Other Income Sources will you Have?

You shouldn’t rely on one income source for retirement. Think about where else you’ll get money.

Do you have any of the following:

  • Pension income

  • Social Security income

  • Other retirement savings

Once you know the total of your other income sources, you have a better idea of what you need to save. For example, if you estimate your expenses to be $3,000 and you’ll bring in $1,500 from your other sources, you’ll need $1,500 per month from your retirement savings.

Put it all Together

Once you have your numbers, put it all together. Compare your annual expenses to what you’ll bring in from other sources.

Then think about how much you need. A great general rule of thumb is to calculate 80% of your current annual income and multiply it by the number of years in retirement. The later you retire, the fewer years you must cover.

It’s not a perfect science and it requires some tweaking. If 80% of your annual income seems like too much or too little, adjust. If the number you come up with after looking at your expenses seems to low, adjust.

Revisit your Numbers Often

The key is to continually revisit your numbers. Life changes quickly – so what may be right this year may be completely different next year. Maybe you’ll have more or less expenses, maybe you changed your mind on how and where you want to retire.

Figure out How Much to Save for Retirement

It’s a slippery slope, but if you keep at it, you’ll have enough money for retirement – just don’t give up. Make adjustments as needed, put as much away as you can, and always make sure you meet your employer’s match on your 401K because otherwise it’s like giving away free money. Let the earnings compound and the money grow as you get closer to retirement.

Rahul Iyer


How Does AI Influences Social Media Advertisements?

The advertising industry has seen a massive transformation with the advent of more data. It is fair to say that all accurate user data is excellent for any company looking to succeed. Despite all the recent developments that have proved to be quite a hindrance, marketers have been able to thrive in such a volatile environment.

Advertising has always been the most excellent tool that businesses possess, like an ace up their sleeve. When advertising is done right and executed to perfection, your products or services that you offer as a business will directly reach out to the right target audience.

A target audience is simply a person who has the most affinity towards the product or service that your business is offering, and will be the most likely to buy it from you. Thus, in advertising and marketing, it is crucial to always reach out to your target audience, as they are the most likely to convert from potential leads to loyal customers.

Adobe Advertising Cloud is the definitive solutions and services provider that is immensely powerful and utilizes. Artificial Intelligence is a technology, unlike any other, that can transform and slowly merge with various types of technology to produce the best output possible.

The application of AI in Digital Marketing and Social Media Advertising

The entire digital marketing industry has become entirely dependent on accurate data that is used primarily to create and measure the effectiveness of modern advertising. Pippa Malmgren, an expert in robotics, machine learning, and technology, argues that “Artificial Intelligence technology is the ultimate transformative type of technology to successfully deliver on all the core promises of digital advertising.”

AI remains transformative leverageable technology that delivers the promise of providing the supreme quality digital marketing solutions for your business. “Machine learning marketers are capable of delivering results based on the promise of the user data and the ability to personalize your advertising.”

Now is one of the best times to be in the digital advertising and marketing departments. Technology, especially with social media, has empowered people to personalize everything that you have advertised your products for quickly!

Thought Leaders take on AI Integration in the Social Media Advertising

Pippa Malmgren is one of the trustworthy and reliable sources for insights into the marketing and advertising industry. She was also featured as a guest speaker at LEAD 2019, which ended in a resounding success at the main event. As she stated in her speech before, the biggest issue isn’t the lack of data, but making complete sense of them!

Artificial Intelligence is a multifaceted form of technology that includes different music or other types of content. Famous researchers, Malmgren and Lewis, have conducted studies with Salesforce, involving more than 3,500+ marketing leaders.

The study results proved that high-performing brand leaders are more likely to employ artificial intelligence to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. It is estimated that the implementation of artificial intelligence in day-to-day operations is set to grow with an upward trajectory of 50% for the next two years.

Top marketing leads across the world believe that implementing and deploying Artificial Intelligence in their day-to-day operation, has led to improved performance from individuals, teams, and even corporations as a whole!

Ultimately the goal of marketing teams should be to deliver and execute campaigns targeted directly at their ideal audience. Apart from this, freedom for personalization and more significant ROI is golden metrics that you can use to measure, evaluate, and improve your marketing campaigns, as a whole!

How AI enables Small companies to compete against MNCs?

The most important thing to remember is not to get discouraged while competing with the top multinational corporate organizations and private businesses.

Like any other viral trend, a vast majority of companies are failing to offer an artificial-intelligence-based marketing platform as a service! However, there is a unanimous decision that the positive aspects of AI for advertising outweigh the business’s negative aspects.

The founder of the biggest e-commerce platform in the world, Jeff Bezos, believes that there isn’t a single industry or institution that cannot be improved by the power of Machine learning. No matter how ultra-modern artificial intelligence may become in the future, it will always just be a tool!

Without creative and talented people utilizing the tool, to create stellar marketing strategies and execute advertising campaigns for your business. Artificial Intelligence tools have become common and have established themselves as the definitive norm for news agencies such as Washington Post and Reuters.

Final Thoughts

Having AI at your disposal will not give you the results that you’re looking for but can help you run extremely powerful and creative marketing campaigns and successful advertising strategies.

However, you can smoothly run and execute successful marketing campaigns to achieve higher human creativity. Human creativity and gut feeling are the best combinations to deliver campaigns on behalf of emotionally appealing brands.

Enjoy this blog? Please spread the word :)

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System and Application Software to Run Your Business

At Oryx IT Solutions we provide clients with system and application base software to help you communicate and conduct business effectively. We have partnered with the world's leading software providers to offer a full stack of services to compliment your business.

Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft. Each version of Windows includes a graphic desktop interface that allows users to view files and folders and connect to other computers on a network. For the past two decades, Windows has been the most widely used operating system for personal computers PCs.

As of 14 January 2020, any computer running Windows 7 will still function but Microsoft will no longer provide technical support for any issues, software updates and security updates or fixes. This could cause major security vulnerabilities and performance issues. If your computer is still running Windows 7, please call us today to discuss how we can help you upgrade to Windows 10.

Microsoft 365 is the productivity cloud that brings together best-in-class Office apps with powerful cloud services, device management, and advanced security. We can provide you with individual business licensing or volume licensing for small business and large enterprises with hundreds of employees.

ESET stands for Essential Security against Evolving Threats and they provide World Class Antivirus software for businesses of all sizes to secure servers, computers and other devices. Their solutions are flexible and easy to implement.

Malwarebytes is an industry software provider that provides solutions to guard against ransomware and other malware.

VMware develops virtualization software. Virtualization software is software that allows a single physical server to be divided into multiple virtual computers, commonly called virtual machines (VMs).


What Is The Process Of The Lytic Cycle?

What is difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles?

The difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles is that, in lysogenic cycles, the spread of the viral DNA occurs through the usual prokaryotic reproduction, whereas a lytic cycle is more immediate in that it results in many copies of the virus being created very quickly and the cell is destroyed..

How many stages are there in Lysogenic cycle?

The lysogenic cycle can be divided into three stages, as shown in Figure above: i. Fusion of Genetic Material.

What are the 5 steps of the viral lifecycle?

The life cycle of virus. The virus life cycle could be divided into six steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression and replication, assembly, and release.

What are the steps of the lytic cycle quizlet?

Terms in this set (5)Attachment. Phage attaches to host cell.Penetration. Phage penetrates host cell and injects its DNA.Biosynthesis. Phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell.Maturation. Viral components are assembled into virions.Release. Host cell lyses, and new virions are released.

Does the lytic cycle kill the host?

In the lytic cycle, a phage acts like a typical virus: it hijacks its host cell and uses the cell’s resources to make lots of new phages, causing the cell to lyse (burst) and die in the process.

What is the advantage of the lytic life cycle?

What is the advantage of lytic life cycle? What are the advantages to a virus of the lysogenic cycle? The virus is able to survive when host cells are incapable of reproducing.

What happens during a lytic infection?

During lytic infection, a virus enters the host cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst, or lyse. In the video Virus Lytic Cycle, a bacteriophage, which is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium, attaches itself and infects the host cell.

Which is included in a lysogenic cycle?

It begins with the attachment of the virus to a host cell. The DNA or RNA of the virus enters the cell and integrates with the DNA of the host cell, and a provirus is formed. The provirus replicates with the host cell. There are no symptoms until the virus enters the lytic cycle.

What are the steps of the lytic cycle?

The lytic cycle, which is also referred to as the “reproductive cycle” of the bacteriaphage, is a six-stage cycle. The six stages are: attachment, penetration, transcription, biosynthesis, maturation, and lysis.

What are the 4 steps of the lysogenic cycle?

Is lytic or lysogenic faster?

The lytic cycle is a faster process for viral replication than the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle begins immediately upon a virus’s invasion of a cell. The virus begins to replicate copies of itself until it causes the host cell to lyse, meaning it bursts open and releases the new viral particles.

What viruses use the lytic cycle?

Bacteriophages have a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle leads to the death of the host, whereas the lysogenic cycle leads to integration of phage into the host genome. Bacteriophages inject DNA into the host cell, whereas animal viruses enter by endocytosis or membrane fusion.

Why is phage therapy not used?

Phage therapy disadvantages Additionally, it’s not known if phage therapy may trigger bacteria to become stronger than the bacteriophage, resulting in phage resistance. Cons of phage therapy include the following: Phages are currently difficult to prepare for use in people and animals.

How does the lytic cycle end?

Whilst the ultimate outcome of the lytic cycle is production of new phage progeny and death of the host bacterial cell, this is a multistep process involving precise coordination of gene transcription and physical processes.

What triggers lytic cycle?

In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, where it is passed on to subsequent generations. Environmental stressors such as starvation or exposure to toxic chemicals may cause the prophage to excise and enter the lytic cycle.


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Global Challenges: Diversity

Admission requirements

Human variation is fascinating: we have infinite ways to imagine, organize, and express ourselves. Given this multiplicity, how do we begin to understand diversity? We might say it includes how we know and understand the world, and the way we interact and make claims in that world. Diversity includes how societies divide themselves and relate to others. It concerns the scientific rationales, political logics, legal frameworks, and moral implications entailed in grouping together and asserting boundaries. And it involves the practices and spaces where difference matters. This course is a holistic introduction to how the humanities and social sciences have approached such topics. It examines the experiential, epistemological, institutional, and ethical aspects of human difference.

How do societies manifest divergence and distinction in opportunity? What is the relationship between individual experience, cultural expression, political economy, and institutional structure? How are disparities constructed, negotiated, and contested? When, historically and politically, do dissimilarities become visible and similarities become invisible?

To address such questions, we organize our inquiry comparatively across time and space. And we use an interpretive approach, emphasizing how we see and narrate our world, its meaning and significance. Course readings demonstrate the concepts and methods of anthropology, history, literature, sociology, and journalism. We assess their contribution towards understanding the overarching theme of social variation.

Course Objectives

Students undertaking this course will enhance their skills and knowledge. In terms of skills, they will gain proficiency in general humanistic and social science analysis. They will learn the vocabulary, methods, and styles of fields including anthropology, sociology, history, literature, and journalism. An emphasis on debate and discussion will improve confidence in verbal argumentation, and the capacity to assess what is convincing and coherent in intellectual dialogue. Throughout the course, students will write weekly reflections, as part of a course portfolio, to hone their reading comprehension and interpretation skills. A midterm will foster the capacity to apply conceptual theories to the contemporary world. A final paper will improve interdisciplinary synthesis and non-instrumental analysis.

In terms of knowledge, this course gives students a comparative and interdisciplinary introduction to the experiential, epistemological, institutional, and ethical patterning of social difference. Students will understand how the convergence of political conceptions, historical patterns, representational forms, and cultural logics bears on social variation.

Mode of instruction

This course has two interrelated components in each of its seven weeks. First, due to the corona restrictions in place, for the first session of the week, students shall privately study the course readings, a plenary podcast, and set of thematic questions. Second, instructors will, depending on health and regulatory conditions, facilitate either a live or online interactive seminar. The plenary podcast is comprised of: a lecture by the course convener that explores the weekly theme through an analysis of assigned readings, supplemented by an intervention by one of the course instructors. This podcast provides context, highlights key concepts, shows different disciplinary approaches, and applies textual ideas to our world. Listening to the podcast, reflecting on the thematic questions, and conducting the weekly readings is critical to students writing a weekly reflection, due 24 hours before the second session of the week.

The seminars are where student groups will meet either in person or virtually with a course instructor. These sessions are devoted to deeper analysis of the assigned weekly texts. A novel by Jenny Erpenbeck will be read continuously from Weeks 1-6, and we will discuss this work in relationship to other readings. Each of the assigned texts introduces students to the power of analysis and argumentation in understanding humans in their moral, social, and political aspects.

Assessment Method

Students are assessed on three parameters that correspond to discrete learning aims (there is no participation grade).

First, the learning aim of critical understanding and conceptual application will be assessed through a portfolio of weekly reflections from Weeks 1-7. Along with a 750-word summary statement, this portfolio of reflections is due in its entirety by the final seminar in Week 7. This portfolio is worth 40% of the overall grade. Each 500-word reflection will be on (at least one of) the week’s texts. They are to be submitted 24 hours before the second session of the week. These reflections have two components: first, a close reading of one or more of the weekly readings, which shows awareness of the author’s argument and reasoning, and second, your own analysis of their claims, and capacity to apply their ideas to contemporary events and processes.

Second, for the purpose of deepening reading comprehension, students will submit a midterm paper in Week 4. Students will choose one of a set of pre-circulated questions. This paper will use the Week 1-4 course readings to analyse an aspect of societal and political responses to the coronavirus outbreak. This paper is worth 25% of the overall grade, and evaluates your processing of course texts up to and including the 4th week.

Third, a final essay judges analytical and interpretive capacities. It will respond to set questions on the course themes and is due in Reading Week. This is worth 35% of the overall grade. Students will formulate an argument, and empirically substantiate their position, using only course materials. Non-course texts and external references are not permitted in this final essay.

Reading list

There is one mandatory course text for students to purchase. It is a novel by the German writer Jenny Erpenbeck, titled, in its English version, Go, Went, Gone (New York: New Directions, 2017. Susan Bernofsky, translator. ISBN: 978-0-8112-2594-6). It describes an intensifying set of encounters between Richard, a retired classics professor, and African refugees in Berlin. Instructors and students will collectively read this novel as the course progresses, and weave our reading of it into the analysis of other course texts.

Dr Ajay Gandhi (convener),


File:Charlie the robot.jpg

Foul Play In Funland

Charlie is a robot that is in "Foul Play in Funland", an episode from Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! In the end of the episode, Charlie reforms and pets Scooby gently.

Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed

He makes a cameo as a neon face in the Faux ghost in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed.

Scooby-Doo Mystery Incorporated

He is one of the costumes seen in the Crystal Cove Spook Museum.


1.1. Am I am eligible CarWerkz member?
Answer: If you have already purchased from our official website, Singapore Dollar of $60 and above, you will be automatically be eligible to be our member to enjoy discount.

1.2 What do CarWerkz member get?
Answer: CarWerkz member gets to enjoy exclusive deal and attractive discount for selected products.

1.3. I login to my CarWerkz account but discounted price is not shown, how?
Answer: That means you have not purchased more than the qualifying amount from our official website If you have already purchased for more than Singapore Dollar $60 and above from our official website, please write to us with your registered email and previous order number from us, we are more than happy to assist you.

2.1. I am from Singapore, how long is the delivery time?
Answer: Please click HERE for answer.

2.2. For international Shipping, where do you ship?
Answer: Please click HERE for answer.

2.3. Which country do you ship to?
Answer: We ship to most part of the world, please click HERE for the country list.

3.1.1. We are Resellers/ Car Authorised Agent/ Car Parallel Importers/ Car Sales Executive/ Car Workshops, how can we get stocks from CarWerkz?
Answer: Yes, CarWerkz is currently working with many well-known Resellers and Workshops. We welcome and support resellers of any kind, write to us using the “Contact Us” to enquire, please state the following:
- Your company or workshop name;
- Your company or workshop address;
- Your name;
- Your contact number;
- The items you are interested to resell.

3.2.1. I am from one of the Facebook Car Group Club member, can I organise Group Buy for my members?
Answer: CarWerkz has done many Group Buy for various Car Club groups, we offer the most hassle free shopping process, and of course, we welcome all car groups to organise group buy to enjoy the attractive discount. Just write to us using the “Contact Us” to enquire.

3.2.2. When can I pick up my group buy order?

Answer: It depends on the stocks availability in our warehouse, we will allocate the stocks accordingly. In the event, not enough stocks to cater, the group buy stocks will be delivered on later date upon new stocks arrival. At times, new stocks shipment may be delayed due to unforeseen circumstances, this is unavoidable.

3.2.3. One of my member wants to cancel his/ her order from the group buy, can I cancel his/ her order?

Answer: Once Group Buy deal is confirm, regardless the reason, we do not cancel, refund nor exchange to another product.

3.2.4. Can we add you into our chat group?

Answer: Most of our products are plug and play, easy installation and most information stated on our website, product page and installation instruction page. Thus, we do not join any chat group. However, individual can message us about the product details through our official website Please take note we will only answer certain information to the group buy coordinator/ admin.

4.1. How do we communicate with you?
Answer: We have various mode of communication, the fastest way to communicate with us is private messaging through the “Message Us” from our official website, however, our main communication is via email through “Contact Us” from our official website. Alternatively, for quicker response, you may also private message us through our website

5.0.1. I don't know what is my car model, year made, code, chassis. How?
If you are interested in purchasing our products and you do not know your car model, year made, code or chassis. You may refer to your car log card or car manual. In order to double make sure our products fit your car, we welcome you to check with us via email or chat with us via "Message Us" button on our website prior to making the purchase.

5.0.2. Your products are interesting, but I do not know how exactly to install. How?
Answer: We have installation videos for some products, they can be found on our installation guide on our official website homepage. After seeing the installation videos, and you have further questions, please message us through the "Message Us" button to check with us prior to your purchase.

5.0.3. If I purchase your products, can you install for me?
Answer: Most of our products are easy to install and use, which the installation instruction videos are on our official website Of course, we provide installation for certain car models and certain products. However, most car models and products installation is chargeable, cause most of our products are easy installation with installation guide provided. You may wish to check with us for more details via "Message Us" on our official website.

5.0.4. One side of my sunshade/ rain visor flew off/ dropped off while driving. Can I ask for replacement/ exchange/ refund?

Answer: We do not replace/ exchange/ refund for any losses of any of our products.

5.1 How good is your Magnetic Sunshades?
Answer: Our products and long established reputation speaks for itself, instead of words, We let our product do the talking. Please see our product video to find out! Click HERE.

5.2 I heard that you guys customise the magnetic sunshades, can you customise for me?
Answer: Yes, we are the customiser. We can consider customising for you, please write in to us, and we will consider customising, and follow us on our Facebook CARWERKZSG for update. Click HERE for more.

5.3 I have bought your Magnetic Sunshades, but cannot fit my car. How?
Firstly, check your order if you have purchase the correct car model;

Second, check out our respective installation instruction video from homepage > Installation Guide.

Third, drive your car to us, together with the magnetic sunshades purchase with receipt, we will rectify the issue for you.

IMPORTANT: Please make sure you keep your magnetic sunshades in proper condition without any damage or bend. We DO NOT provide exchange nor refund for damage or bended item.

5.4 Do you provide installation for your Magnetic Sunshades?
As most of our Magnetic Sunshades are improved design and easily install as video installation guided, we generally do not provide installation. Installation will be charged at minimum of Singapore Dollar $5.00 per car, please check with us prior letting us install for you.

Only selected car models with more complex car window structure will be installed free:
a. BMW X1 (E84)
b. BMW X1 (F48)
c. Volvo XC90

- All installations can only be done at our office during our operating hours, with receipt.
- Installation is applicable to all items, installation charge of a minimum of Singapore Dollar $5.00 applies, please check with us prior to letting us install for you.

5.5 How do I maintain the Magnetic Sunshades purchased from you?
Our Magnetic Sunshades uses quality material, they typically do not need much maintenance. However, if you wish to clean them, we suggest using only damp cloth to wipe gently. Please DO NOT use excessive and physical strength to wipe or brush the sunshades, as it may distort the fabric.

5.6 Can the Magnetic Sunshades be folded?
Answer: Yes, you may, however, we strongly recommend only the bigger piece such as the passenger row sunshades. This is because we use strong processed metal for shaping, therefore, it requires some practices in folding. However, if it is not neccessary, we recommend to keep the sunshades unfolded, as original as they are.

5.7 My car are plastic window frame, uses the metal clips. The metal clips keep dropping after a while. How?
Answer: Our metal clips use VHB (Very High Bond) double sided tapes, which meant to be used for car interior. Before sticking the metal clips, we strongly suggest customer to use alcohol swabs to clean up and wipe off the oil residue on the surface of the sticking area, after they are clean and dry, then proceed with the sticking of the metal clips.

If your country is hot and humid country, like Singapore, with the correct installation as stated above, the VHB tape may occasionally melt and drop off after a while of usage or park under extreme hot sun.

If that is so, you may change to a strong double sided tape to your preference, however, we WILL NOT be responsible for any damage done to car.

6.1 What is customised TPO Boot Tray?
Answer: Customised TPO Boot Trays are made to be fitted onto the respective car. it covers almost 99% of the surface area.

6.2 The Boot Tray received has some minor fold lines. How?
Answer: All our Boot Tray are made of quality material. The fold line will be gone through time. Alternatively, the boot tray can be flatten by placing under the sun for one to two hours, the fold line will be reduced.

6.3 How do I maintain the Boot Tray?
Answer: Our quality boot tray needs no maintenance, however, it gets dirty, bring the boot tray out, rinse with water and wipe dry will do. If you wish to kill some germs, simply place the boot tray under the sun for one to two hours before placing the boot tray back to your car trunk.

7.1 Do you provide installation for Rain Visor?
Answer: No, we do not provide installation for Rain Visor.

7.2 Is it easy to install Visor Pro Rain Visor?
Answer: Yes, most of our Visor Pro Rain Visors are using stick on method. Click HERE for the installation method.

7.3 I was try to stick the rain visor, but it does not stick on well/ or keep dropping off, how?

Answer: Before sticking on the rain visors, you need to ensure your car is clean and free from any car care, especially the area where rain visor is to be sticked on.

We strongly advice to stick on the visor, and leave the car parked for a day to ensure maximum sticking strength of the adhesive tape to your car.

8.1 How do I know my car wiper length or size?
Answer: Please refer to the chart provided. Click HERE.

8.2 How to change my wiper blade?
Answer: Changing wiper blade is fairly simple. Please find our wiper blade installation guide video on how to change your car wiper blade.

8.3 Do you help to install Wiper Blade?
Answer: No, we do not provide installing of wiper blade. However, we have the wiper blade changing guide video on our homepage, it is fairly simple!


Addressing mental health and stigma in Neglected Tropical Diseases

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of mainly infectious diseases that affect people in many of the poorest parts of the world. They include onchocerciasis (river blindness), schistosomiasis (bilharzia), trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), trachoma, worms, and many others. Between them, they are the cause of a huge amount of disability, but have historically been sidelined. CBM has worked for many decades to reduce their prevalence and their negative impacts, particularly those that cause blindness.

Despite their collective name, in recent years, they have started to receive increased attention. The London Declaration on NTDs in 2012 lays out an ambitious agenda to eradicate many of these conditions, which has led to a great deal of collaboration and coordinated action by a consortium of actors.

The major focus of the London Declaration is the reduction of prevalence, and in many cases, eradication, of many of these diseases.  Its regularly updated dashboard shows that in the last 2 years 1 billion people have received treatment, and in 24 countries, at least one NTD has been eradicated.

While the attention and allocation of resources to combat these debilitating diseases is welcome, unfortunately, less attention has been paid to addressing the needs of the people already affected by these conditions. In addition to the physical suffering and disability associated with NTDs, affected people often face social exclusion and have high rates of mental ill health.

How are NTDs, stigma and mental health connected?

There are several links between NTDs and poor mental health:

Mental illness and stigma sets in train a process leading to disadvantages in many aspects of life, reducing social participation and treatment benefit, and increasing disability.

What can we do to combat mental health problems?

Recognising the links between NTDs and mental health is important, to ensure that health programmes adequately meet the needs of those affected, to improve outcomes for beneficiaries and programmes, and to ensure that mental health services receive the resources they deserve for comprehensive approaches to be delivered. It has been shown that if depressive illness is taken into account, the amount of measured disability associated with lymphatic filariasis doubles.
Available evidence suggests that the most effective way to combat stigma are interventions which empower people affected to take a key role in engaging with communities to change attitudes.   Evidence-based strategies for promotion of mental health, and stigma reduction include:

  1. Governments: improve access to mental health care in mainstream health services; link NTD and mental health services

New manual for mental health implementation

Since 2017, a consortium of organisations working in this area has formed a Task Group on Mental Wellbeing and Stigma, under the umbrella of the NTD NGO Network (NNN).  Several key pieces of research have been published based on work in CBM partner programmes. In 2018, a group led by CBM, Lepra and Brighton and Sussex Medical School, started working with the World Health Organisation to develop a manual for implementers and governments to carry out effective mental health work as an integral part of their NTD programmes. This is expected to be ready by the end of 2019, and to guide practical support for people doubly disabled by both NTDs and negative mental health impacts.

More reading

Know more about NTDs and how CBM combats them.
Have a look at our NTD Report 2017.
Read more about combating stigma and mental health in NTDs.


Zero Login Technologies: Is Biometrics Safer Than Passwords?

Marcell GoganSecurity Specialist at Ekran System

Wednesday, November 7, 2018

The need for more secure accounts is on the rise. Could zero login technologies be the answer? Take a look at the pros and cons of biometrics versus passwords and other multi-factor authentication methods.

Article 7 Minutes
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  • Zero Login Technologies: Is Biometrics Safer Than Passwords?

In the last three years, the world saw numerous data breaches resulting in millions of compromised accounts: Equifax, Yahoo, MyFitnessPal. Traditional passwords aren’t safe enough and their use isn’t that comfortable for users.

Understanding the lack of security behind traditional passwords, people started to look for an alternative solution. One of these solutions is an innovative approach to the authentication process – zero login.

But what are zero login techniques, how are they used these days, and what are their main pros and cons versus traditional methods of authorization?

What is zero login authentication?

Zero login is a common term for innovative authentication techniques allowing for a fast, easy, and highly secure method of user identification. This term refers to the idea of our devices and applications being smart enough to ‘recognize’ a particular user without requiring any passwords or codes.

Traditional passwords are most commonly used as part of the so-called knowledge-based authentication process. The main idea behind this process is that a particular user possesses very particular knowledge. It may be a password, a Social Security number, or your mother’s maiden name. Unfortunately, knowledge-based authentication methods aren’t safe enough.

The more popular and safe authentication approach used these days is multi-factor authentication (MFA) which relies on two out of three factors: knowledge of some secret information (password), possession of a unique feature (a device), or a user’s biometrics (fingerprints). MFA is widely deployed across different areas: from large enterprises to small businesses, from regular websites to the newest smart devices.

Biometric authentication is one of the most commonly used MFA factors. Some smartphones and tablets, for instance, allow authentication via biometrics by using fingerprints to identify the device owner. Enterprise security systems can use a combination of several biometric identifiers such as fingerprints, retina scans, or voice recognition to identify employees and grant privileged access to critical data.

Instead of traditional passwords and MFA, zero login technologies pay attention not only to the fact of who you are, they also pay attention to what are you trying to do. These technologies build a complex user profile based on two categories of authentication data:

  • Biometrics – This category includes factors that determine who you are on a biological level: fingerprints, facial recognition, voice recognition, heartbeat recognition, retina scans, and so on.
  • Behavior patterns – This category includes factors that identify you based on your actions, such as your walk, typing speed, usual hours for accessing particular accounts and devices, geographical location, and so on.

A device that uses zero login technologies collects enough data to be able to ‘recognize’ normal, ordinary behavior or a particular user and effectively distinguish them from what may look like an attacker’s behavior.

Zero login technologies in use

When talking about biometric versus password security, the former looks quite promising. And even though the zero login approach to authentication is quite new, there are several companies that are already moving towards either eradicating passwords completely or at least changing their role in user authentication.

For instance, a startup called TypingDNA offers what they call Keystroke dynamics as a service. They claim to be able to confirm the identity of a user by analyzing their typing speed. TypingDNA developers created an authenticator Chrome extension that analyzes two main factors: how fast you type and how hard you press the keys on your keyboard or device screen. The basic principle remains the same: in order to verify your identity, secure login with username and password for a particular account is required. But next, instead of asking you to enter a security code sent to your phone or perform any other action usually required for verifying your identity in MFA, TypingDNA determines where you are a legitimate user by analyzing your typing manner.

This new authentication method acts as an alternative to the traditional two-factor authentication where you need to first enter a password and then prove the fact of possessing a particular device remembered by the system. With technologies similar to the one invented by TypingDNA, you are no longer dependent on particular devices for verifying your identity – your unique behavior patterns will do the job.

Another innovative solution meant to make the authorization process easier and more secure is the new technology standard announced by the FIDO Alliance and W3C in April 2018. Their new solution will use two types of authenticators for logging into online accounts:

  • Internal authentication tools built into PCs, laptops, and mobile devices. This category mostly relies on biometrics such as fingerprints or facial recognition.
  • External authenticators such as mobile devices or security keys. These authenticators will be used for a device-to-device authentication.

With these additional authenticators, FIDO and W3C hope to create a phishing-resistant authentication solution that will allow users to log into their accounts across different browsers, websites, and devices in a faster and safer manner.

The pros of zero logins

So what are the main advantages of biometrics over passwords? Does the zero login approach have any drawbacks? Let’s look closer at some characteristics.

The main goal of zero login technologies is to ensure a higher level of authorization security by using biometric identification factors that are harder to compromise or steal. Pretty similar to MFA, the zero login approach to user identity verification uses a set of authentication methods and techniques. Of course, hackers can fool some of these technologies by stealing the scans of your fingerprints or recording your voice. Fooling several biometrics, and behavior-based authentication technologies, however, is challenging task.

Easy for users

Zero login technologies are meant to make it much easier for users to log into any account. Unique personal biometrics and certain behavior patterns act as an alternative to complex passwords that are difficult to remember. Plus, certain authentication methods may eliminate the need to verify a user’s identity when logging in from a new device.

The cons of zero logins

At the same time, the zero login approach has several significant issues and concerns to consider:

Privacy issues

One of the main concerns regarding this new technology is the thin line between collecting one’s data to ensure the safety of their personal accounts and violating that person’s privacy. For instance, geolocation is widely used to distinguish normal authorization sessions from abnormal ones. However, there are people who feel very uncomfortable knowing their location is constantly tracked by someone.

Personal data protection

In order to be able to build that complex profile of a particular user, zero login technologies would need to collect tons of sensitive personal information. All that information needs to be stored and processed in a safe manner so that attackers won’t be able to get access to it. There is an opinion that it’s much safer to store personal biometric information such as fingerprints locally on a user’s device. Storing this kind of data in the cloud increases the risk of data breach.

Lack of standardization

The development of new rules and standards can help partially solve the two first issues. Each step of the process must be well-thought-through and strictly regulated. But since the zero login approach is quite new, there are no common rules developed specifically for this technology.

As you can see, zero login technologies are not a silver bullet to the authentication problem and there are still a lot of challenging tasks to accomplish. However, the combination of biometrics and behavioral analysis does offer an exciting way of improving personal security in the digital era.

At the same time, let’s not forget that many modern MFA solutions already use biometrics as one of the identification features. Plus, you can always look for an efficient identity and access management solution to make sure you have zero identity management issues to worry about and get full visibility on who accesses what in your company.

In conclusion

Zero login technologies offer an innovative approach to identifying users of devices, applications, websites, or local networks with the help of two main factors: biometric data and behavior patterns. The use of biometric versus passwords has a lot of potential: the authentication features used in zero login are much harder to steal or compromise than traditional passwords and security codes. However, there are a lot of concerns regarding the safety and protection of the personal data required by this approach. Therefore, quality MFA tools appear to be a much safer alternative to zero login technologies so far.

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Marcell Gogan

Security Specialist at Ekran System

Marcell Gogan is a specialist within digital security solutions, business design and development, virtualization and cloud computing, R&D projects, establishment and management of software research direction – working with Ekran System. He also loves writing about data management and cybersecurity.

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234 people could avoid prosecution after Gardaí lose DNA samples

234 people could avoid prosecution after Gardaí lose DNA samples

HUNDREDS OF people could avoid prosecution if they commit a crime after a large number of DNA samples were lost while under Garda care.

Garda Commissioner Drew Harris has told the Policing Authority that there is a "small risk" that 234 people may avoid prosecution for other crimes they may commit in the future as the Gardaí have lost their DNA samples.

According to The Journal, a Garda investigation into almost 4,500 DNA samples related to major crimes were "lost" by the force between 2015 and 2019, but all but 489 samples have now been recovered.

There is a "small risk", Commissioner Harris said, that 234 individuals whose samples have been lost could have gone on to commit more crimes but could not be prosecuted due to a lack of DNA evidence.

"In effect you’re talking about 234 individuals that we don’t hold samples on," he told the Policing Authority.

"If they have not become a suspect in an investigation in some other manner, through other evidence or intelligence, then there is a risk that those 234 may have engaged in crimes for which we have an unidentified DNA sample within the forensic science laboratories.

"That is a risk," he said, adding "I think it’s a small risk, given that the DNA is very rarely the sole method of detection.

An internal investigation was launched after hundreds of DNA samples were found not to have been notified to Forensic Science Ireland

"There’s all the other means of detection of offences are open to it. Whilst the risk does exist, it’s very hard to quantify.

"He reiterated that "in a database of over 46,000 samples in this period, it is a small risk."

Commissioner Harris added that Gardaí were using a paper-based system at the time, which may have led to the loss of DNA samples through human error.

The Irish police force are in the process of moving to an IT system which "should resolve a lot of these matters", he added.

He accepted that the loss of DNA samples "shouldn't have happened", and the paper-based model "was always at risk".

Assistant Commissioner John O'Driscoll, in charge of the investigation, told the Police Authority that the investigation into the missing DNA samples is continuing.