More Dogs Going to Heaven Than Ever Before

A new study of pet cemeteries reveals shifts in human-animal relationships.

Posted Oct 29, 2020

Stephen King has established the pet cemetery (or ‘semetary’) in our collective imagination as a spooky place befitting of Halloween. But I don’t find pet cemeteries the least bit scary. To my mind, they offer a beautiful testament to the human-animal bond and the power of loss and mourning. They are also a goldmine for scholars studying human-animal relationships.

 Leonard Bentley, Creative Commons
The Dog Cemetery at Hyde Park London.
Source: Leonard Bentley, Creative Commons

A recent example of “pet cemetery studies” is a study by historical archaeologist Eric Tourigny published in the journal Antiquity. Tourigny uses the pet cemetery to explore shifting patterns of human-animal relationship through the lens of mourning practices. Specifically, Tourigny uses gravestone markers at British cemeteries to delve into shifts in the way people think about animals and the afterlife from the Victorian period to the present (roughly from 1890 to 1980). These memorials, he writes, suggest that people struggle to define their relationships with pets and that feelings of love and attachment are often in tension with culturally accepted practices. Are deceased animals just pets, however beloved? Or are they family? Increasingly, he says, animals were viewed as something more than just pets, but something less than full-fledged members of the family. His findings also indicate increasing acceptance of the belief that animals have souls and that they go to heaven, where they will be reunited with their human loved ones.

Tourigny looked at gravestones in four cemeteries in the UK, looking for shifts in how graves are marked (e.g., with headstone and footstone) and what is engraved on the markers. The vocabulary used on gravestones, he says, is typically quite simple: it includes the name of the animal and perhaps the date of death and sometimes a few details about the relationship: loyal friend or beloved pet. Many include the name of the person erecting the memorial, although by mid-century proper nouns are often replaced with pronouns such as ‘Mummy,’ ‘Dad,’ or ‘Nan.’ References to animals as family members increase after the Second World War and pet gravestones begin to feature the family surname. Sometimes the surnames are put into quotation marks, “as if to acknowledge they are not full members of the family” (p. 6). This, alongside the practice of having separate cemeteries for humans and pets, emphasizes “how people struggled to identify and label their relationships.” (p. 7) Animals are both family and not-family. (See my post Are Pets Really Family?)

In addition to showing increased references to animals as family, Tourigny’s analysis also indicates an increasing openness to the idea that animals have a soul and that human and animal companions may be reunited in the afterlife. Some gravestones reference Biblical scriptures that might be interpreted as suggesting that a deceased animal has a soul. For example, several feature Luke 12:6 (‘Not one of them is forgotten before God’) or Psalms 50:10 (‘Every beast in the forest is mine, saith the Lord’). Christian symbolism also becomes more prominent on animal gravestones toward the middle of the twentieth century.

 Andrew Stawarz/Flickr
Jet, Corrie, & Folly. Fine Dogs.
Source: Andrew Stawarz/Flickr

The creation of cemeteries dedicated to the burial of pets in itself is evidence of shifting attitudes and tensions between conflicting cultural threads. For example, an increasing desire for public expressions of grief following the loss of a companion animal pulled against the disapproval of open grieving for “mere animals.” Pet cemeteries were separate from human cemeteries; deceased animals could be buried and marked but could not be buried on consecrated ground. Animals were not treated the same as humans.

One additional finding that I find quite interesting is that most gravestones in Tourigny’s study period were for dogs. As we progress through the 20th century, though, an increasing proportion of cats are represented. Cats, it seems, were finally getting their due.

“Pet cemetery studies” can take us well beyond Tourigny’s research focus of 1890-1980 Britain and into the 21st century. In the past several decades, more and more human cemeteries in the UK, US, and elsewhere are welcoming animals and allowing humans to rest in peace alongside their animal companions. Gravestones are more likely to describe a deceased animal as really, truly part of the family, without the scare quotes and hedging. There has been growing attention to natural or “green” burial options for animals as well as people. And the number of people choosing cremation—including the environmentally-friendly option of water-based cremation—instead of burial has increased.

Perhaps the most important shift, and one that I have not seen addressed in the research literature, is the increasing secularization and popularization of overtly religious language and imagery in the realm of pet loss and bereavement. Veterinarians as well as pet owners—including those with no religious affiliation--will often refer to “heaven” (e.g., Home to Heaven In-Home Euthanasia service; “Fluffy is in heaven now,” “Kitty has gone to a better place.”) and angel wings (e.g., a euthanasia vet may say, at the moment of an animal’s death, “Bingo has his wings”). The popular Rainbow Bridge imagery also explicitly refers to animals entering heaven—although animals have to wait patiently on the “wrong” side of the bridge until their human owner dies and they can be reunited and cross to heaven together.  (I wrote about animal heaven a few years ago.)

Pet cemeteries are fascinating expressions of how we humans react to the death of our animal companions and are rich resources for scholarly study and individual reflection. What I would really like to know, this Halloween, is whether dogs and cats become ghosts.

Eric Tourigny. “Do all dogs go to heaven? Tracking human-animal relationships through the archaeological survey of pet cemeteries,” Antiquity 2020.


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China has always counseled Nepal to maintain a healthy relation with our southern neighbour India, despite the unconcealed reality that New Delhi wants to thwart every move made by Kathmandu to creep closer to Beijing. It is actually quite a mystery among Nepalis why China provides such counsel. One can surmise that China does not want to jeopardize its relations with India over Nepal. Equally, such a stance also impacts global perception, which itself occupies an important place in international relations. But how does China actually perceive Nepal-India relations? Everyone knows that Beijing reckons that Nepal-India relations are rooted in cultural and civilizational ties, which are undergirded by people-to-people relations. This contrasts with the Nepal-China relationship, which is for the most part informed by the interests of Nepal and China.

For the Nepali public, it’s not difficult to infer India’s intentions. One merely has to observe the latter’s behaviour. But historically, the Nepali public has had very few opportunities to get acquainted with the Chinese mind. Thus, up until now, we have been able to observe only the overt behaviours of the Chinese. We have not been able to deeply understand how China actually thinks when it comes to Nepal, and especially, how it views Nepal-India relations.

How does China Think?

India claims South Asia as its traditional sphere of influence. However, with the alarming growth of China’s presence in South Asia, through Chinese investment and aid, India’s claim over its traditional sphere of influence has definitely shrunk. But such aid and investments by China make for merely the discernible aspects of China’s diplomacy. What motives trigger such actions? China’s intent is probably not only limited to checking Indian influence in the region, because there have been some rare occasions when both nuclear powers didn’t contest certain contentious claims–indeed, when they actually resorted to collaborating together to resolve issues. India’s recent announcement of the pilgrimage route to Kailash Mansarovar via Lipulekh Pass, in Nepal, seems to have resulted from that same kind of India-China quid-pro-quo thinking.

In 2015, when Nepal was focused on dealing with post-earthquake relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, India and China, without Nepal’s consent, decided to use Nepal’s Lipulekh as a trading point. That agreement between India and China not only stirred controversy in Nepal, but also raised questions about the intent of Nepal’s two immediate neighbours. Besides dwelling on anti-India sentiments, the public in Nepal often wonders why Beijing agreed that New Delhi could use this route, given that Nepalis have always regarded China as a friendly and welcoming neighbour. And this despite some of us knowing that Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian President Narendra Modi agreed on the Lipulekh corridor without Nepal’s consent. The 41-point agreement, signed on May 15, 2015 between China and India, called for, among other things, “enhancing border-area cooperation through border trade, pilgrimage…and to expand border trade at Nathu La and Qiangla/Lipu-Lekh Pass and Shipka La”.

Understanding India’s motives and intent behind their interventions in Lipulekh is not difficult. What’s startling is that amidst the current pandemic–when Nepal has closed its borders with India and China–New Delhi chose to inaugurate a new Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage route via Lipulekh Pass. What makes the move strategic is that its inauguration wasn’t done by the Ministry of Road Transportation and Highways, but by the defense minister himself. India’s strategic interest in Nepal dates back to the 1950s, when the Indian leadership recognized the Himalayas as a defensive bulwark. On December 6, 1950 Prime Minister Nehru stated in the Indian Parliament that “from time immemorial, the Himalayas have provided us with a magnificent frontier…we cannot allow that barrier to be penetrated because it is also the principal barrier to India”.

The construction of the Indian road linking Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh with Kailash Mansarovar via the Lipulekh corridor probably stems from India’s security interests regarding Nepal, though the route is ostensibly identified by India as a pilgrimage route. In fact, it has been named “Kailash Mansarovar Yatra”. And it is not mere coincidence that India decided to announce the opening of the new route in the middle of the lockdown, when no pilgrim will be able to travel to Kailash Mansarovar, at least in the foreseeable future. But the route leads to Kailash Mansarovar, which lies in China’s Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).

Read also: Govt’s objection to Lipulekh road: strong in tone, weak in effect

When the Araniko Highway, meant to link Nepal’s capital to the Chinese border, was being built, Chairman Mao had said that “once these roads are opened, India may be a bit more respectful of you”. Today, China’s acceptance of India’s new route to Kailash Mansarovar through Lipulekh not only weakens Nepal’s claim over Lipulekh, but also starkly exposes the limitations of small states like Nepal.

The Sino-Indian relation

In recent years, the trade volume between India and China has increased significantly, and both nations are eyeing an all-weather trading route to further expand bilateral trade over land routes. Although the two countries share a 3,488km land border, the Nathula Pass is the only functioning trade route between them. And the Nathula Pass is not a route that remains open year-round. In fact, the pass was closed after the 1962 India-China War, reopening only in 2006. Hence, Lipulekh presents the best alternative to the Nathula Pass for increasing India-China trade and connectivity via land.

It’s also notable that the year 2015 wasn’t the first time that both these Asian giants agreed upon the Lipulekh route. In this regard, Nepal’s ‘historical amnesia’ needs to be condemned. In 1954, India and China agreed to permit India’s Mansarovar-bound pilgrims to use Lipulekh Pass for the first time. Further, in 1999, during Indian External Affairs Minister Jaswant Singh’s visit to Beijing; in 2005, when Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited New Delhi; and in 2014, when Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India, both countries discussed the issue of using the Lipulekh route for trade and pilgrimage. These meetings clearly indicate that India and China do not have divergent views on Nepal’s claim to Lipulekh. But that makes the Nepali public wonder why China is planning to extend the Qinghai-Tibet railway to Nepal’s border with India–when New Delhi and Beijing have already jointly decided to use Lipulekh Pass as a trade corridor.

Read also: The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani

While Nepal was waiting for the Chinese response to India’s constructing a road inside Nepal’s territory, we learned that Indian and Chinese soldiers were injured in a cross-border clash during a face-off at a remote crossing point near Tibet. Once again, the Nepali public puzzled over the contours of the Sino-Indian relation, and struggled to delineate the nuances of how the two nations view their relation through their prism of conflict, cooperation, and competition. Although the Xi-Modi Wuhan meeting of 2018 aimed to stabilize their bilateral relation, the relation is still plagued by border problems, struggles pertaining to global governance, and their contest for regional supremacy. All these issues have actually made for a major 21st century rivalry. Nonetheless, whenever China and India cooperate on some issues pertaining to the TAR, while confronting each other on other TAR issues, Nepalis can’t fathom what is actually happening.

Inferring motives

Kathmandu has always looked to Beijing whenever Delhi attempts to dilute Nepal’s sovereign right as a modern state. When Nepal promulgated its new constitution in 2015, China welcomed it unconditionally, whereas India greeted the statute with a blockade that eventually obliged Nepal to sign the Transit and Transportation agreement with Beijing in 2016, which provided Kathmandu access to the Chinese port of Tianjin. Today, Nepal has access to seven Chinese sea and dry ports, and Beijing has become a significant player in Nepal’s politics and economy. And yet, Nepal isn’t sure whether China will respect its territorial integrity or not, even as Kathmandu awaits Beijing’s response to India’s announcement of the Lipulekh route. Nepal’s lack of confidence in its relationship with China has been undeniably undercut by its recurring failures in understanding China’s motives.

Nepal could have better understood China’s motives in 2015, when China paid no heed to Nepal’s calling out its neighbors over Lipulekh. Also, Nepal could have diplomatically lobbied its cause after 2015, despite its small-state syndrome, and asked Beijing not to ink further agreements over Lipulekh. For now, instead of merely hoping that we will someday figure out Beijing’s stance on Lipulekh, it would be better if Nepal could realize that without understanding Beijing’s motives, Nepal’s hopes and aspirations about working with the northern neighbor, mainly on matters related to growth-oriented prosperity and infrastructure-propelled development, cannot be materialized. More importantly, that understanding needs to percolate down to the public as well.


A medical doctor aide in the United States, Canada and numerous various other countries decide on places of research study at area universities or even trade schools. The training generally takes 3 to four years. A handful of years of college as well as the finalization of a Doctoral Level training course will suffice for these trainees to come to be eligible for employment as an in some of these clinical specialties. Numerous workplaces provide task placement solutions after trainees have actually passed the accreditation observation through passing the panel exam.

In overall, there are actually two types of medical professional assistants in strategy. These are actually case supervisors and specialist associates.

Training is actually demanded for this profession. A training course on anatomy, anatomy and case history is provided just before the beginning of the doctoral course. The subjects consisted of in these programs are actually based on professional adventures in a true medical center. In the course of the training time period, the pupils are actually instructed about document maintaining, invoicing, insurance policy proof, lab treatment, pharmacology, statistics as well as managerial tasks. The medical professional aide additionally receives significant technical instruction in computer system software application, diagnostic devices as well as evaluation devices.

The tasks of a consist of assisting medical doctors in checking out patients, always keeping individual medical histories, ordering research laboratory exams, and also recording these exam results. They additionally assist the medical professional in making clinical documents such as prescriptions and also case histories. Besides these tasks, the associates help the doctor in patient care through addressing phone calls, providing clinical suggestions and teaching the people regarding health care problems. The aides are frequently the very first people to communicate along with clients concerning health care worries.

A doctor aide is actually needed to have a higher college degree or the equivalent to acquire this career began. Once the pupil passes the qualification test, he or even she will be a licensed assistant.

There are many places of the health care area where medical professional associates are going to be demanded. Other locations of the medical doctor assistant occupation consist of pediatrics, nursing, transmittable diseases, neurology, pulmonology, as well as ladies’s reproductive health and wellness.

The needs for many medical professional associate jobs are schooling, certification, as well as on-the-job training. Pupils curious about entering this field must contact a neighboring college to figure out what the needs are actually. Those that are approved medical professionals assistants will require to accomplish a Medical professional Assistant Plan. This course lasts coming from a couple of years. Students in the course need to discover just how to detect a patient and also take thorough notes in the clinical workplace. A few of the syllabus might likewise feature knowing physiology, health care language, record keeping, physiology, pharmacology, as well as radiology.

Aides are actually able to conduct numerous tasks in the clinical atmosphere including addressing phone telephone calls, filing paperwork, and dealing with economic matters. Health care assistants are called for to comply with specific criteria prior to being worked with.

To get work as a medical assistant, pupils need to acquire certain skills. Clinical associates should be actually prepared to accept any kind of tasks that are actually handed to all of them. In addition to taking and passing a health care assistant instruction program, students are going to need to effectively total condition and also nationwide accreditation panels.

A physician associate in the UNITED STATE, Canada as well as lots of other western side nations or physician colleague in the U.K. Obligations of a Doctor Aide (PA) are actually commonly defined as medical medical diagnosis, healing care, preventative treatment and related roles. The range of benefit a PA varies depending on to the region, sort of organization as well as hours functioned. Commonly, a PA is required to accomplish a total training program in a wellness treatment academic facility as well as get a degree or degree in a related medical specialty.

There are actually a number of responsibilities that medical doctor associates may perform. Doctor assistants may additionally perform a variety of health care procedures, such as suturing, drain, banding and opening, skin layer grafting, chest surgical treatment, anesthesia management, removal of the spleen, belly and bowel, gastric operative treatments, joint substitute, lumbar or pelvic surgeries as well as consultation solutions.

There are many articles of medical professional aides in various medical centers, nursing homes, rehab clinics and also doctor centers spread all over the country. To obtain nationwide accreditation as a doctor aide, prospects should pass the PA test as well as possess at minimum 6 years of adventure as a PA. Karl Anthony Simon

As a component of becoming an accredited PA, it is crucial to accomplish an internship in a medical care setup. Teaching fellowships give applicants a chance to acquire hands on adventure with a and receive a chance to trail a practicing medical professional. It is actually additionally good for develop a customer foundation as a physician assistant. Usually, the moment a trainee has the capacity to obtain qualification, they are going to have the ability to look for work in an assortment of medical care setups featuring medical facilities, nursing properties, physician workplaces and also additional.


Chapter 15
homeostasis in the blood (Chapter 16) and is also the process
by which some cholesterol-lowering drugs work. Dietary ﬁ ber
also sequesters bile and thereby lowers plasma cholesterol.
Cholesterol is insoluble in water, and its solubility in bile is
achieved by its incorporation into micelles (whereas in blood,
cholesterol is incorporated into lipoproteins). Gallstones, con-
sisting of precipitated cholesterol, will be discussed at the end
of this chapter.
Bile pigments
are substances formed from the heme
portion of hemoglobin when old or damaged erythrocytes
are digested in the spleen and liver. The predominant bile pig-
ment is
which is extracted from the blood by liver
cells and actively secreted into the bile. Bilirubin is yellow and
contributes to the color of bile. During their passage through
the intestinal tract, some of the bile pigments are absorbed
into the blood and are eventually excreted in the urine, giving
urine its yellow color. After entering the intestinal tract, some
bilirubin is modiﬁ ed by bacterial enzymes to form the brown
pigments that give feces their characteristic color.
The components of bile are secreted by two different cell
types. The bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, and bile pigments
are secreted by hepatocytes, whereas most of the bicarbonate-
rich salt solution is secreted by the epithelial cells lining the
bile ducts. Secretion of the salt solution by the bile ducts, just
like the secretion by the pancreas, is stimulated by secretin in
response to the presence of acid in the duodenum.
Bile salt secretion is controlled by the concentration of
bile salts in the blood, unlike the pancreas, whose secretions
are controlled by intestinal hormones. The greater the plasma
concentration of bile salts, the greater their secretion into
the bile canaliculi. Absorption of bile salts from the intes-
tine during the digestion of a meal leads to their increased
plasma concentration and thus to an increased rate of bile salt
secretion by the liver. Although bile secretion is greatest dur-
ing and just after a meal, the liver is always secreting some
bile. Surrounding the common bile duct at the point where it
enters the duodenum is a ring of smooth muscle known as the
sphincter of Oddi.
When this sphincter is closed, the dilute
bile secreted by the liver is shunted into the gallbladder. Here,
the organic components of bile become concentrated as NaCl
and water are absorbed into the blood.
Shortly after the beginning of a fatty meal, the sphincter
of Oddi relaxes and the gallbladder contracts, discharging con-
centrated bile into the duodenum. The signal for gallbladder
contraction and sphincter relaxation is the intestinal hormone
CCK—appropriately so, because as we have seen, the presence
of fat in the duodenum is a major stimulus for this hormone’s
release. It is from this ability to cause contraction of the gall-
bladder that cholecystokinin received its name:
to move.
Figure 15–31
summarizes the factors
controlling the entry of bile into the small intestine.
Small Intestine
Approximately 1500 ml of ﬂ uid is secreted by the walls of the
small intestine from the blood into the lumen each day. One
of the causes of water movement (secretion) into the lumen is
Bile salts
Bile salts
bile duct
Synthesis 5%
portal vein
5% lost
in feces
Small intestine
Figure 15–30
Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Bile salts are secreted into
bile (green) and enter the duodenum through the common bile
duct. Bile salts are reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into hepatic
portal blood (red arrows). The liver (hepatocytes) reclaims bile salts
from hepatic portal blood.
Figure 15–30
In addition to the hepatic portal vein, can you name another
portal vein system and explain the meaning of the term “portal”?
Answer can be found at end of chapter.
Sphincter of Oddi
Plasma CCK
Fatty acids
CCK secretion
Bile flow
into duodenum
Bile flow into
common bile duct
Figure 15–31
Regulation of bile entry into the small intestine.
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Trump’s assets evaporated by 2 billion

According to the Russian satellite news agency reported on the 16th, in 2016, the billionaire trump was elected president of the United States, but in his four-year term, he fell 183 to 339 on the Forbes 400 list.
Trump’s net assets are expected to plummet from $4.5 billion in 2016 to $3.5 billion in 2016. In 2016 alone, he spent about $66 million in personal funds to support his presidential campaign and raised a total of $368 million.
However, it may not be because of the presidency that the billionaire’s fortune has shrunk, because many of the things trump has done in the past four years have been paid for by American taxpayers. For example, transportation costs are about $350 million a year, and it is estimated that an additional $41 million will be needed to maintain adequate security in the White House and Trump’s private residences (such as sea lake manor).
According to Forbes magazine, Trump’s wealth shrank the most in 2017 and 2020. While the fortune of the billionaire in New York City fell from $3.7 billion to $3.7 billion at the end of 2016, and pointed out that trump owned a large amount of wealth in the two areas from the end of 2016 to the end of 2016.
Trump’s wealth fell sharply for the second time in 2020, to $2.5 billion today. But unlike in 2016, trump did not use any personal savings in his 2020 campaign, but raised $557 million. The magazine points out that the new coronavirus pandemic is the main reason for Trump’s wealth to shrink in 2020. Trump’s main source of wealth is his many hotels, office buildings and golf courses, which have suffered huge losses with the implementation of the epidemic blockade, people working at home and some enterprises closing under the pressure of the epidemic.
According to Forbes, the only asset trump will appreciate in 2020 is the trump world building. His other assets are deficits of varying degrees, leading to a sharp decline in the president’s wealth, which is also reported to be carrying millions of dollars in debt. Earlier, several U.S. media reported that trump had accumulated $400 million to $1 billion in overseas debt in recent years. Trump himself refuted the reports, calling them “false news.”.

Two yuan for thousands of face photos

“Brush face” payment when shopping, unlock “brush face” when using mobile phone, and “brush face” open door when entering the community Nowadays, more and more things can be “washed” and solved by face recognition technology.
According to a report released recently, more than 90% of the respondents have used face recognition, but 60% of the respondents think that face recognition technology is likely to be abused. Another 30% of the respondents said that they have suffered privacy or property loss due to the leakage and abuse of face information. So, is our face information safe in the “face brushing” era?
What are the risks of face recognition?
For face recognition, most people love and hate it. What they love is that it is convenient and fast, and what they hate is security risks.
Suspect “Ai face changing” deceives face recognition to commit crime
In the two cases of police embezzlement of citizens’ personal information this year, it is worth noting that the suspects used the “AI face changing technology” to illegally obtain citizens’ photos for preprocessing, and then generated dynamic video through “photo activation” software, deceived the mechanism of face verification, so that they could commit crimes.
Can masks replace faces to unlock mobile phones?
In the test, researchers put a mask on the opposite side of the mobile phone and then adjusted the light, color temperature and angle. After several comparisons, the phone was successfully unlocked.
Experts say the cost of making this mask is not high, and 3D printing technology can produce face masks or headgear with acceptable accuracy. As long as it is not in a very dark or bright background, the success rate of face recognition by mask or headgear is as high as 30%.
How to enhance the security of face recognition?
Experts say that the simplest face recognition at present only needs to collect and extract six or eight feature points on the face. For complex face recognition, it needs to collect and extract dozens or even hundreds of feature points on the face. Compared with unlocking the mobile phone, “face brushing” payment and “face brushing” into the community, the collected face feature points are more, and the security is naturally higher.
In addition, we have developed a biometric based in vivo detection technology, which can effectively identify the vital signs of the scanned object, and greatly reduce the risk of the recognition system using photos or masks as faces.
2 yuan can buy thousands of photos, how is the face information leaked?
According to the survey, on some online trading platforms, thousands of face photos can be bought for only 2 yuan, while the price of more than 5000 face photos is less than 10 yuan.
The store’s material library is full of personal privacy, such as real life photos and self photos. When the reporter asked the customer service whether the pictures involved copyright, the customer service denied it, but could not provide any material to prove the copyright of the photos.
If these face photos containing personal information fall into the hands of criminals, the photo owners may not only encounter accurate fraud and suffer property losses, but also be involved in criminal proceedings because their face information is used for money laundering and other illegal and criminal activities.
In the opinion of experts, the risk point of face recognition technology is more concentrated in the storage link. Due to the diversity of face recognition applications and the lack of a unified industry standard, a large number of face data are stored in the centralized database of application operators or technology providers.
Whether the data is desensitized, whether the security is in place, what is used for algorithm training, and which will be shared by partners is unknown to the outside world. Moreover, once the server is intruded, the highly sensitive face data will face the risk of leakage.
The draft of personal information law is issued, and the protection of face information is more standardized
In order to plug this loophole, experts put forward a variety of technical improvements, and further pointed out that face data storage should establish more stringent standards and norms, technology developers and app operators should collect, use and store data under more stringent supervision, laws and industry standards.
In view of the phenomenon that face information is abused, embezzled and collected at will, legal experts point out that the network security law explicitly includes personal biometric identification information into the scope of personal information. China’s “Civil Code” stipulates that the collection and processing of personal information of a natural person should follow the principles of legality, legitimacy and necessity, and obtain the consent of the natural person or his guardian, and the consent of the adoptee can also be withdrawn.
At present, the personal information protection law of the people’s Republic of China (Draft) is open to the public for comments. The draft proposes that the installation of image acquisition and personal identification equipment in public places should be necessary for the maintenance of public security, comply with the relevant national regulations, and set up prominent prompt signs. The collected personal images and personal identity information can only be used for the purpose of maintaining public security, and shall not be made public or provided to others, except with the individual’s individual consent or otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations.

Fake advertisement of news app

CCTV exposes fake advertisement on news app


What is the long-term effect of Ritalin on the brain ?

Source: American College Of Neuropsychopharmacology
Date: 29 December 2004

“Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can be a serious medical problem for children and their parents,” says lead researcher William Carlezon, Ph.D., director of McLean Hospital’s Behavioral Genetics Laboratory and associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. “While Ritalin is an effective medication that improves the quality of life for many children with ADHD, accurately diagnosing and identifying the correct treatment regimen for the disorder is essential, especially when considering health effects that can last through adulthood.”

Because most children show some of these behaviors of inattention and hyperactivity at times, the diagnosis of ADHD is a complex process that should involve specialists. It is critical to determine whether a child’s behavior is simply immature or exuberant, related to another issue such as a vision problem or learning disability, or is characteristic of a disorder such as ADHD.

In the work funded by the NIH, Dr. Carlezon and his chief collaborator, Dr. Susan Andersen, examined the effects of exposing rats to Ritalin during early development on behaviors later in life. They exposed normal rats to twice-daily doses of Ritalin during a period that is equivalent to approximately 4-12 years of age in humans. Examining the behavior during adulthood, Carlezon and Andersen conducted several types of tests that all showed that the animals had a reduced ability to experience pleasure and reward, particularly when it was measured by sensitivity to cocaine. In addition, they found that the animals exposed to Ritalin during pre-adolescence were more prone to express despair-like behaviors in stressful situations (such as swim tests) as adults. Overall, the animals showed more evidence of dysfunctional brain reward systems and depressive-like behaviors in adulthood.

These findings are critical because they suggest that Ritalin can have long-term consequences on normal-functioning brains. The study is particularly relevant when considering the difficulty in correctly diagnosing children with ADHD. In 1999, approximately 90 percent of children diagnosed with the disorder were taking Ritalin, with children beginning drug therapy at younger ages today, even during preschool in some instances. There is increasing evidence to suggest that correct diagnosis of ADHD is of the highest importance children who are misidentified as having ADHD and subsequently placed on prescription drug therapy could face possible impaired brain performance as adults.

“Ritalin can be highly effective in the treatment of ADHD, but our work highlights the importance of getting a proper diagnosis”, states Carlezon. “Although individuals such as teachers and coaches can assist in identifying children with the disorder, an experienced health care professional is best-trained to make the final assessment and recommend avenues of treatment.”


China threatens 'counterstrike' over US contact with Taiwan

·2-min read
China has threatened a 'resolute counterstrike' after US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo lifted restrictions on official contacts with Taiwan

China on Monday threatened a "counterstrike" against a move by the United States to lift restrictions on official contacts with Taiwan as military tensions grow between Beijing and the self-ruled island.

US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said Saturday Washington would lift "complex internal restrictions" on contacts with Taipei by diplomats, after a year of mounting US-Chinese friction on topics including human rights, trade and the origins of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said Beijing "strongly condemns" the move and accused the United States of violating the terms of Washington's diplomatic relations with Beijing.

"Any action that harms China's core interests will receive a resolute counterstrike from China," Zhao warned, urging Pompeo to retract the decision or face "severe punishment".

But Washington remains a staunch ally of Taipei and is bound by Congress to sell it weapons for self-defence. It opposes any move to change Taiwan's current status by force.

Military tensions between mainland China and Taiwan have grown sharper in the past year -- reaching their worst since the mid-1990s, some analysts say.

Chinese jets made a record 380 incursions into Taiwan's defence zone last year, a military official said Tuesday.

Beijing's animosity has increased dramatically since Tsai Ing-wen won election as Taiwan's president in 2016 -- she rejects Beijing's insistence that the island is part of "one China".


SeeYouDoc, a telemedicine platform, was named as one of ten winners of QBO Innovation Hub’s “RESQUE: Startups vs COVID-19” competition. The nationwide contest aims to recognize the 10 startups with the most compelling COVID-19 related innovations and pivot strategies to ensure business sustainability by addressing the new challenges faced by Filipinos in the new normal.

The competition was organized by startup incubator QBO Innovation Hub, in partnership with Youth Business International (YBI) and Google’s philanthropic arm,

Chosen from a wide range of industries such as education, medical care, technology, agriculture, and finance, each winner will receive PHP 100,000 cash prize to help boost the development of better products and services as well as to expand reach to allow more people to access them.

SeeYouDoc Founder and CEO Noel Del Castillo presenting at QBO's "Virtual Demo Day"

The selection process was very competitive. We received an overwhelming response of over 100 entries in a few weeks, but in the end, we’re extremely proud of the startups making it through. I hope Demo Day brought a glimmer of optimism and hope in these challenging times,” said Katrina Rausa Chan, Director of QBO.

The winning startups will undergo 2 months of support programs such as business consultations with industry leaders aimed at providing technical and business know-how to better equip them as they navigate the business landscape amid the COVID-19 crisis.

This is a huge win for us. Our efforts in building a telemedicine platform for patients and doctors have been validated. The guidance and support that this program offers will help us grow and continue our mission in improving our healthcare industry,said  Noel Del Castillo, Founder and CEO of SeeYouDoc.

Here are the 10 winning startups of QBO’s ‘RESQUE: Startups vs. COVID-19’ competition:

Agro-DigitalPH (Agriculture)

A startup that provides an e-commerce portal for cooperatives and small farmer organizations to consolidate their assets and capabilities to match produce with demand from both retail and institutional consumers for a more sustainable business.

Eskwelabs (EdTech)

An online learning platform geared towards building skills for individuals and teams to succeed in an increasingly data-driven world. Eskwelabs provides free online courses, self-paced lessons, as well as flexible ‘pay-what-you-can’ tuition models to cater specifically to learners who might be affected by the COVID-19 situation.

Filipina Homebased Moms (Education and Job Matching)

A support group for mothers transitioning to freelance jobs and entrepreneurship. The group provides training, e-commerce tools, and job-matching to enable mothers to achieve the lifestyle they envision for them and their family.

Futuristic Aviation and Maritime Enterprise, Inc. (Tech)

Provides reliable, secure, easily deployable and affordable solutions to connect devices for real-time intelligent monitoring and management of resources.  In response to the COVID-19 crisis, the company helped develop Ruwah 2.0 Oxygen concentrator, a temporary respirator a patient can use until a ventilator becomes available.

NextPay (Finance)

A one-stop payment platform specifically catering to MSMEs and entrepreneurs. NextPay allows business owners to easily manage their finances such as payroll and supplier payments without the costly requirements and limitations common to traditional bank services

Rumarocket (Recruitment and Tech)

Provides an AI tool that helps companies identify, optimize, and retain the right talent for the right positions to meet the right needs of companies at the right time. Recognizing the importance of mental health during the COVID-19 crisis, Rumarocket developed an AI model that can look at benchmarked depression and anxiety scores to provide free assessment and results to individuals.

SeeYouDoc (Health and Medical Care)

A telemedicine app that allows users to receive health care services online anywhere anytime. With the coronavirus, patients are recognizing both the convenience and the safety of telemedicine as an alternative for in-person clinic visits in addressing minor health care needs such as consultations and doctor prescriptions.

SukiPlus (Finance and Lending)

A platform that connects unbanked micro-entrepreneurs to mainstream financial institutions, using alternative data and retail solutions to help them get access to working capital loans at more reasonable rates.

Twala (Tech)

An e-signature platform that uses advanced Ethereum blockchain for a secure, private, and legally binding digital signature. The technology allows the signing of any digitized document using any device, thus reducing contract cycle time from weeks to just minutes.

Zagana (e-Commerce and Agriculture)

Zagana is an online platform for fresh fruits and vegetables. It is a social enterprise that aims to uplift the lives of our Filipino farmers by allowing consumers to purchase safe and healthy produce directly from local farmers to your kitchen.


Meet Ethan Schubert, Your Theology and Worldview Editor

Meet Ethan Schubert, your Theology and Worldview Editor! Ethan is a 17-year old El Paso born Texan who moved to Bandung, Indonesia (Western Java) just before his second birthday. One year later, he and his family moved to Batam, Indonesia, a tiny island just south of Singapore. And one year after that move, his family moved to a different house on the same island. He is the oldest of four children, and some of his hobbies include reading, playing pickup sports or board games, and learning languages. His favorite board/card game is Dominion, but do not try to challenge his interpretation of the rules. He convinces his opponents of his ways in the end, but “it wastes 5-10 minutes trying to prove our reasoning.” Also among his favorites are the Lord of the Rings books, the movies Emperor’s New Groove and the Life of Pi, and an Indonesian dish called Beef Rendang, beef slow-cooked in coconut milk and spices served with hot sauce and rice. His favorite Bible verse is probably Hebrews 11:13-17. Speaking of food, Ethan has eaten a variety of bizarre foods, including dog, rat, and a live grub worm. Clearly you all are jealous of his extravagant dining experiences.

Even though he spent the summer landscaping, he wants to go to college either for business management or creating language learning software. He also wants to continue traveling and exploring the world. His personality type is the INTJ, and he enjoys being around and having deep conversations with people. But like most of us, he does need a few hours of space during the day. One of his unique traits is cracking/popping his nose. If you ever meet him, he probably will show you.

While he has never participated in a snowball fight (living in Indonesia will do that to a person), he would constantly be on the move and always have two snowballs on him at once, a common yet very dependable strategy for open field combat.

Ethan will be going into his 5th and final year with TPS and is taking several classes. He will be in AP English Language, AP Environmental Science, AP Statistics, Arabic 3, US Government and Civics, and quite fittingly Theology Matters.

Some advice that Ethan gives is to “make a habit of sharing a lot with God, especially making time for the little things, [as well as] asking Him questions and taking time to listen.” Additionally, he would like to share one of his favorite quotes that doubles as a handy piece of advice, “Never laugh at live dragons, Bilbo you fool!”

We look forward to Ethan’s editorial skills and his role in clay.

  1. Ah yes…the live grub worm….

    Have fun editing this year, Ethan! You’ll do awesomely!

  2. I love how this picture makes your hair look glittery.

  3. No riddles for us today, Ethan? Better come back to Summer Camp again so you can continue to stump us every meal time.

    • I have to agree with Leanne. Those riddles are the best
      But I do have to say… rats, grub worms, and dog? Yikes… That might just be weirder than fish eyes XD

  4. Make me proud Ethan, I know you will 😛


A ripoff of this challenge. Go upvote it!

Given a rational number amongst \$[0,1]\$, apply the Cantor function to it and output the rational number that's produced.

The Cantor function

The Cantor function is continuous everywhere and constant almost everywhere, but has an average slope of 1:

The Cantor function \$f(x)\$ can be expressed as a limit \$f(x)=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty} f_n(x)\$ of a sequence of functions \$f_0, f_1, f_2, \dots\$, which are defined recursively as:

\$f_{n+1}(x)=\left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}f_n(3x)&x\in[0,\frac{1}{3})\\ \frac{1}{2}&x\in[\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3})\\ \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}f_n(3x-2)&x\in[\frac{2}{3},1] \end{matrix}\right.\$

iteration limit

Your task is to compute \$f(x)\$ for the rational \$x \in [0,1] \cap \mathbb{Q}\$ given as input.

Though this task might seem impossible, this is actually possible, for the Cantor function is computable.

A step-by-step solution for \$x \in \mathbb{R}\$:

  1. Ternary-expand \$x\$ to \$0.t_1t_2t_3\cdots\$.

  2. Write "0.".

  3. Set \$n=1\$.

  4. If \$t_n = 1\$, write "1" and halt.

  • Otherwise, if \$t_n = 0\$, write "0", increment \$n\$, then continue doing step #4.

  • Otherwise (\$t_n = 2\$), write "1", increment \$n\$, then continue doing step #4.

  1. Parse the resulting string as a binary expansion of a real number.

As \$x\$ actually is in \$\mathbb{Q}\$ in this challenge, you should exploit the fact that the ternary expansion of \$x\$ repeats. It follows that the output is also in \$\mathbb{Q}\$.

$$ \begin{array}{r|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c} x & 0 & ½ & ⅓ & ¼ & ⅕ & ⅚ & 1 \\ \hline \text{Ternary expansion of }x & 0.\overline{0} & 0.\overline{1} & 0.1\overline{0} & 0.\overline{02} & 0.\overline{0121} & 0.2\overline{1} & 0.\overline{2} \\ \hline \text{Binary expansion of } f(x) & 0.\overline{0} & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.\overline{01} & 0.01 & 0.11 & 0.\overline{1} \\ \hline f(x) & 0 & ½ & ½ & ⅓ & ¼ & ¾ & 1 \end{array} $$

  • Invalid inputs fall in don't care situation. In particular, you don't need to deal with numbers outside of \$[0,1]\$.

  • Input and output must be exact rational numbers. If your language doesn't natively support rational number arithmetic, use a pair of integers.

  • \$\begingroup\$ Input and output must be exact rational numbers. I think this implicitly bans a usage of floating-point numbers. \$\endgroup\$ – Dannyu NDos Jul 24 '20 at 21:00
  • \$\begingroup\$ ''If your language doesn't natively support rational number arithmetic, use a pair of integers.'' Must the pair of integers be relative prime? \$\endgroup\$ – Abigail Jul 24 '20 at 21:58
  • \$\begingroup\$ You may want to add some test cases that cannot be expressed as 1/x. For instance: 1/787 ~> 7/512. \$\endgroup\$ – Arnauld Jul 24 '20 at 21:58
  • \$\begingroup\$ I found the "How?" section kind-of confusing. Taken literally, going digit by digit is an endless process that doesn't terminate. As you say, the idea is to, for rationals, notice that the repeating pattern of ternary digits creates a repeating pattern of binary digits, and so creates a rational. But that's not what the written algorithm is doing. Working only with the ternary up to the repeating block of digits would make this clearer. \$\endgroup\$ – xnor Jul 24 '20 at 22:01
  • 2
    \$\begingroup\$ "Bad news": Mathematica has a built-in for this. \$\endgroup\$ – user202729 Jul 25 '20 at 3:34

Wolfram Language (Mathematica), 15 bytes

Try it online! Just a built-in function.

JavaScript (ES7),  141 ... 128  125 bytes

Saved 2 bytes thanks to @Ada

Expects the fraction \$p/q\$ as (p)(q). Returns \$P/Q\$ as [P,Q].

Try it online!

Ternary and binary expansions

k =                    // build a binary string
  '0b' + (             // append the binary prefix
    n = 0,             // n is a bit counter
    g = p =>           // g is a recursive function taking the numerator p
      (r = n - g[p]) ? //   if p was already encountered, we have a repeating
                       //   pattern, whose length is stored in r; in that case:
        ''             //     stop the recursion
      :                //   else:
        p / q & 1 ||   //     if p/q = 1, append a '1' and stop the recursion
        [p / q >> 1] + //     otherwise, append '1' if p/q = 2 or '0' if p/q = 0
        g(             //     append the result of a recursive call to g:
          3 * (p % q), //       update p to 3 * (p modulo q)
          g[p] = n++   //       store the position of p in g and increment n
        )              //     end of recursive call
  )(p)                 // initial call with the numerator provided in the input

Turning the binary expansion into a decimal fraction

If \$r\$ is NaN after the first step, it means that the binary expansion has no repeating pattern. In that case, the numerator is \$k\$ and the denominator is \$2^n\$.

If \$r\$ is defined, we compute the following bitmask:

m = 2 ** r - 1

The numerator is:

((k >> r) * m + (k & m)) * 2

and the denominator is:

m << n - r
  • \$\begingroup\$ Can 3*(p%q) be p%q*3 for -2 bytes? \$\endgroup\$ – Ada Jul 25 '20 at 14:34
  • \$\begingroup\$ @Ada Indeed! Thank you. \$\endgroup\$ – Arnauld Jul 25 '20 at 16:37

Python 3.8 (pre-release), 120 119 117 bytes

-2 bytes thanks to @Neil!

f=lambda p,q,P=0,Q=1,*R:p in R and(P-P//(i:=1<<R.index(p)+1),Q-Q//i)or f((d:=p*3//q+1)%2*(p*3%q),q,P*2+d//2,Q*2,p,*R)

Try it online!

Same idea as below, but as a lambda function instead.

Python 2, 133 131 125 122 bytes

-3 bytes thanks to @Neil!

def f(p,q,P=0,Q=1,*R):
 if p in R:i=1<<R.index(p)+1;return P-P/i,Q-Q/i
 d=p*3/q+1;return f(d%2*(p*3%q),q,P*2+d/2,Q*2,p,*R)

Try it online!

A recursive function that takes input as 2 integers p and q. Outputs 2 integers (P,Q) representing the fraction \$P/Q\$ (might not be reduced to lowest term).

This solution follows the suggested algorithm in the question.

Ternary expansion

To ternary expand p/q, we divide 3p by q, resulting in the quotient d and remainder r. d is the next ternary digit. To get the digits after that, we simply recurs on r/q.

d, r = p*3/q, p*3%q

Get the binary result

P/Q represents the current result, with Q always be a power of 2.

  • If d == 1, we append 1 to the result, aka (P*2+1, Q*2). To stop the recursion, we set the remainder to 0: f(0, q, P*2+1, Q*2, ...)
  • If d == 0, we append 0 to the result and continue: f(r, q, P*2, Q*2, ...)
  • If d == 2, we append 1 to the result and continue: f(r, q, P*2+1, Q*2, ...)

We can compress all cases into a single expression. For additional golf, first we increase d by 1: d=p*3/q+1. The 4 cases above become:

return f(
  d%2*r,     # 0 if d==2, else r
  P*2+d/2,   # P*2 if d==1, else P*2+1

This happens to also work for when the input fraction is 1 (p == q), in which case d == 4, and f(0, q, 2, 2, ...) is called, which results in the fraction 4/4.

The function has to terminate once it finds a repeating block of digits in the ternary expansion. In order to do this, we keep track of all previous numerators in the tuple R. After each iteration, we prepend p to the list of seen numerators: f(..., p, *R).

At the start of each iteration, we check if p is in R. If so, every digit after that will be repeated. The length of the repeated block of ternary digits can be calculated from the position of the previous occurrence of p: n = R.index(p)+1

Let's say that currently, the binary form of P is \$XXXabc\$, where \$abc\$ is the repeated block of digits (aka n = 3). Then $$P' = XXXabc.abcabc... = \left(P- \left\lfloor{\frac{P}{2^n}}\right\rfloor \right)\frac{2^n}{2^n-1}$$

and the final result is: $$\frac{P'}{Q} = \frac{\left( P- \left\lfloor{\frac{P}{2^n}}\right\rfloor \right) 2^n}{Q(2^n-1)}$$

Edit: @Neil found a better simplification: $$\frac{P-\left\lfloor\frac{P}{2^n}\right\rfloor}{Q-\left\lfloor\frac{Q}{2^n}\right\rfloor}$$

  • 1
    \$\begingroup\$ I just came up with a similar formulation to golf a further 15 bytes from my answer, although I noted that \$\frac{Q(2^n-1)}{2^n}=Q-\frac Q{2^n}=Q-\left\lfloor\frac Q{2^n}\right\rfloor\$ so my final formula is \$\frac{P'}{Q'}=\frac{\left(P-\left\lfloor\frac P{2^n}\right\rfloor\right)}{\left(Q-\left\lfloor\frac Q{2^n}\right\rfloor\right)}\$. \$\endgroup\$ – Neil Jul 26 '20 at 0:24
  • \$\begingroup\$ @Neil thanks for the formula! \$\endgroup\$ – Surculose Sputum Jul 26 '20 at 2:24
  • \$\begingroup\$ I think you can actually use Q-Q/i; I only added in the integer division because I was mapping over both P and Q, so it made sense to use integer division both times. \$\endgroup\$ – Neil Jul 26 '20 at 10:08

Python 2, 347 337 bytes

exec"B=L,d:B(x/3,d-1)+[x%3]if d else[];V=L:0if x%3else 1+V(x/3);r=L,b,n=1:(3**n-1)%b and r(x,b,n+1)or[n,B((3**n-1)*x/b,n)];F=L:x>[]and(x[-1]>0)+2*F(x[:-1])".replace("L","lambda x")
def c(a,b):
 if 1in D:d=D[:D.index(1)+1];print F(d),2**len(d)
 else:print F(N)*(2**n-1)+F(R)or a,2**v*(2**n-1)

Try it online! (modified to return statements for verification)

Takes and returns pairs of integers (numerator, denominator). The input pair must be relatively prime.

How it works

The program separately identifies the repeating and non-repeating portions of the ternary representation of a/b, then splits into 2 cases:

  1. If there is a 1 in either portion, then the numerator is (converted from binary with 21) the concatenation of the two portions up to the 1, and the denominator is 2 to the power of the length of that section

  2. If there is no 1, then the number retains the repeating portion, so in base 2 (after converting 2s to 1s),

    $$\frac{a}{b}=0.x_1x_2\ldots x_k\overline{y_1y_2\ldots y_n}=0.\mathbb{x}\overline{\mathbb{y}}$$

    Then $$\frac{a}{b}=\frac{1}{2^k}\left(\mathbb{x} + \frac{1}{2^n-1}\mathbb{y}\right)=\frac{(2^n-1)\mathbb{x}+\mathbb{y}}{(2^n-1)(2^k)}$$

# Most-significant ternary digit first
base3 = lambda x, d: base3(x//3, d-1)+[x%3] if d else []
# Largest exponent of a power of 3 that divides x
v3 = lambda x: 0 if x%3 else 1+v3(x//3)
# Base 3 representation of a/b as 0.xyz repeating, where b contains no factors of 3
def rep3(a,b,n=1):
    if (3**n-1)%b==0:
        return n, base3((3**n-1)*a//b,n)
        return rep3(a,b,n+1)

# Base 2 to int, including converting '2's to '1's
from_base2 = lambda l: eval('0b0'+''.join(map(str,l)).replace('2','1'))

def cantor(a, b):
    # Extract the non-repeating portion of the ternary expansion of a/b
    v = v3(b)
    b //= 3**v
    non_repeating = base3(a//b,v)
    # Repeating portion
    n, repeating = rep3(a%b, b)
    digs = non_repeating + repeating
    if 1 in digs:
        # Take only the part up to/including the first 1, and use it as a binary decimal
        d = digs[:digs.index(1)+1]
        return from_base2(d), 2**(len(d))
        x = from_base2(non_repeating)
        y = from_base2(repeating)
        # `or a` accounts for the a=b=1 case, which gets treated otherwise as 0.0
        return y+x*(2**n-1) or a, 2**v*(2**n-1)
  • \$\begingroup\$ You don't actually guarantee to return relatively prime integers, e.g. for an input of 9,10 (the ratio is still correct). \$\endgroup\$ – Neil Jul 25 '20 at 0:27
  • \$\begingroup\$ @Arnauld Fixed for -10 bytes (The non-repeating portion was not padded) \$\endgroup\$ – fireflame241 Jul 25 '20 at 0:35
  • \$\begingroup\$ @Neil Whoops, the output is not actually relatively prime \$\endgroup\$ – fireflame241 Jul 25 '20 at 0:36

Charcoal, 92 77 62 bytes

Try it online! Link is to verbose version of code. I/O is a pair of integers. Does not reduce the output to lowest terms, in particular 1 1 outputs as 2 2 as that needed fewer hacks than before, which helped to save 15 bytes. Explanation:

Input the numerator and denominator.

Start a list of partial remainders.

Repeat while the current partial remainder has not been seen before.

Push the current partial remainder to the list.

Triple it.

Push the next bit of the result. (Note that an input of 1 is treated as the illegal ternary 0.3 and massaged into the illegal binary 0.2.)

Get the next partial remainder, unless the current ternary digit is 1, in which case the next partial remainder is zero.

Get the raw binary fraction.

Adjust it for the recurring part of the binary fraction. (In the case of a terminating fraction, this is detected a bit after the fraction terminates, effectively doubling the numerator and denominator, but the adjustment here simply halves both values again.)

Your Answer


avatar for Sebastien Renaut

Sebastien Renaut

Science Reproducibility and Data Archiving in Ecology and Evolution

Sébastien Renaut, Université de MontréalInstitut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département des Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H1X 2B2, Canada

Data are the foundation of empirical research. Yet, data underlying scientific papers are often unavailable, incorrect, or poorly curated, and systematic studies on the reproducibility of results are surprisingly rare. To address this question, we gathered hundreds of datasets from either public data archives, or direct correspondence with authors, and attempted to reproduce two common statistical analyses used in biology: STRUCTURE plots using genetic data, and Discriminant Function Analyses using morphometric data. While results were encouraging and showed that a majority of simple analyses were reproducible, they highlight the fact that many studies are not the carefully curated research that the scientific community and public should expect. We also report that mandated data archiving greatly improves access to data, and come to the conclusion that data disappear rapidly as articles age. Finally, using Datadryad.org as an example, we show how data archiving has grown exponentially since 2010 and may lead to an increase in citation rates, one of the main currencies of researchers.


Last modified on 9 April 2019, at 18:45

Oswald Spengler

Oswald Spengler
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R06610, Oswald Spengler.jpg

Born May 29, 1880
Died May 8, 1936
Munich, Germany

Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) is considered by some as one of the greatest thinkers of the Weimar Republic.[1] His Der Untergang des Abendlandes, (translated as Decline of the West) (1918–22) was a very influential historical study of the cyclical nature of western civilization, that strengthened the pessimism of the 1920s. It opened the new field of comparative world history and influenced some conservative writers, but especially many nationalist authors.

He is also well known for his book Prussianism And Socialism, which argues that Prussian Socialism is the true socialism.

Spengler was born at Blankenburg in the Harz Mountains and studied philosophy, history, mathematics, and art, taking his PhD at Halle in 1904. He taught mathematics at a gymnasium in Munich until 1911, when an inheritance allowed him to concentrate on his scholarship. Decline of the West made him an instant intellectual celebrity throughout the world in the 1920s. His other books were much less influential, and included Der Mensch und die Technik (1931; Man and Technics, 1932) and Jahre der Entscheidung (1933; Hour of Decision, 1934). Spengler spoke to the political and spiritual predicament of Germany after World War I, explaining Germany was no longer "the people of poets and thinkers" but could become a useful land of engineers, industrialists, and technicians. In the Weimar era he criticized parliamentary and constitutional rule, as well as individual rights, as un-German. Spengler found the Nazis' racism stupid, their economic policies shortsighted, and their "socialism" far removed from the old-fashioned Prussian state-capitalism Spengler intended by that name. His refusal to support Nazism led to his ostracism when the Nazis came to power in 1933.

His book was a smashing success among intellectuals worldwide as it predicted the disintegration of European and American civilization after a violent "age of Caesarism," arguing by detailed analogies with other civilizations. It deepened the post-World War I pessimism in Europe.[2] German philosopher Ernst Cassirer explained that at the end of the First World War, Spengler's very title was enough to inflame imaginations: "At this time many, if not most of us, had realized that something was rotten in the state of our highly prized Western civilization. Spengler's book expressed in a sharp and trenchant way this general uneasiness."[3] Northrop Frye argued that while every element of Spengler's thesis has been refuted a dozen times, yet it is "one of the world's great Romantic poems" and its leading ideas are "as much part of our mental outlook today as the electron or the dinosaur, and in that sense we are all Spenglerians."[4]

Spengler's pessimistic predictions about the inevitable decline of the West inspired Third World intellectuals, ranging from China and Korea to Chile, eager to identify the fall of western imperialism.[5] In Britain and America, however, Spengler's pessimism was later countered by the optimism of Arnold J. Toynbee in London, who wrote world history in the 1940s with a greater stress on religion.

Decline of the West

Decline of the West predicted the disintegration of European and American civilization after a violent "age of Caesarism," arguing by detailed analogies with other civilizations and interpreting history as the life of nine organic cultures: Egyptian (3400 BC–1200 BC), Indian (1500 BC–1100 BC), Chinese (1300 BC–AD 200), Classical (1100 BC–400 BC), Byzantine (AD 300–1100), Aztec (AD 1300–1500), Arabian (AD 300–1250), Mayan (AD 600–960), and Western (AD 900–1900). Jumping across centuries and societies, Spengler adduced a remarkable variety of examples to support two key arguments. First culture is a fundamentally spiritual or ideal phenomenon; studying its history allows us to grasp its temporal character, its principle of becoming—of the world-as-history. It is this ideational or spiritual quality that authoritatively distinguished it from other Cultures. Using his strong background in art history and mathematics, Spengler sought to understand the unique "soul" or pattern of experience and creation of each civilization by comparing its forms of art, thought, and action. Thus the Western or "Faustian" soul is characterized by a yearning for infinity, which is equally expressed in the Gothic cathedral, the infinitesimal calculus, the music of Bach, worldwide imperialistic diplomacy, the radio, and modern techniques of credit banking.

Second, all cultures follow the same sequence of growth and decay in similar lengths of time. They pass through the stages of pre-culture, culture, and civilization, and are marked by identical crises. Alexander the Great, for example, plays the same role in Classical culture as Napoleon in Western culture; Pythagoras resembles Martin Luther; Aristotle parallels Immanuel Kant; Stoicism in Rome is like Socialism in Germany. Given that every culture passes a life cycle from youth through maturity and old age to death, it follows that Western civilization has now entered the final period of inevitable decline. More precisely, he identified the two stages of culture and civilization, and equated the second stage with degeneration. Spengler views the first decline of the West as applying to all cultural achievements and occurring with the transition from the first to the second stage during the 19th century, amid the prevalence of materialist and democratic values, and anticipates a second future decline with the victory of a growing mass of "coloreds" over a declining minority of "whites," or "Prussians," who as the potential elite of Western civilization at the political level would defend and preserve the remnants of its culture, although no change is envisaged in other cultural spheres.

For a more detailed treatment, see Prussianism And Socialism.

In his 1919 book Prussianism And Socialism, Oswald argued that German Socialism, which he called "Prussianism", was the true form of socialism. He compared this with Marxist socialism, which he believed to be too English in origin.[6]

His many striking aphorisms include:

  • A civilization (Kultur) is born at the moment when, out of the primitive psychic conditions of a perpetually infantile [raw] humanity, a mighty soul awakes and extricates itself: a form out of the formless, a bounded and transitory existence out of the boundless and persistent. This soul comes to flower on the soil of a country with precise boundaries, to which it remains attached like a plant. Conversely a civilization dies if once this soul has realized the complete sum of its possibilities in the shape of peoples, languages, creeds, arts, states, and sciences, and thereupon goes back into the primitive psyche from which it originally emerged.[7]
  • We are civilized people, not Gothic or Rococo people; we must reckon with the hard cold facts of life in a late era, to which the parallel is not Pericles' Athens but Caesar's Rome. Of great painting or great music there can no longer be, for Western people, any question. Their architectural possibilities have been exhausted these hundred years. Only extensive possibilities are left to them. Yet, for a sound and vigorous generation that is filled with unlimited hopes, I fail to see that it is any disadvantage to discover in time that some of those hopes must come to nothing. And if the hopes thus doomed should be those most dear, well, a man who is worth anything will get over that. It is true that the issue may be a tragic one for some individuals who in their decisive years are smitten by the discovery that in the spheres of architecture, drama, painting, there is nothing left for them to achieve. What matter if they do go under!... If under the influence of this book men of the coming generation devote themselves to technics instead of lyrics, to the navy instead of painting, to politics instead of philosophy, they will be doing what I wish, and you could not wish anything better for them.[8]

We are socialists. Let us hope that it will not have been in vain.[12]

  • Bentley, Jerry H. Shapes of World History in Twentieth Century Scholarship. Essays on Global and Comparative History Series. (1996)
  • Hughes, H. Stuart. Oswald Spengler (1952).
  • McInnes, Neil. "The Great Doomsayer: Oswald Spengler Reconsidered." National Interest 1997 (48): 65-76. Issn: 0884-9382 Fulltext: Ebsco

Primary sources

See also

  1. Spengler’s Prussian Socialism
  2. Wyndham Lewis, Time and Western Man (1927)
  3. Ernst Cassirer, The Myth of the State (1946) online at p. 289
  4. Northrop Frye, "Spengler Revisited" in Northrop Frye on modern culture (2003) online at p. 305
  5. Prasenjit Duara, "The Discourse of Civilization and Pan-Asianism." Journal of World History 2001 12(1): 99-130. Issn: 1045-6007 Fulltext: Project Muse; Neil McInnes, "The Great Doomsayer: Oswald Spengler Reconsidered." National Interest 1997 (48): 65-76. Fulltext: Ebsco
  6. German Socialism as an Alternative to Marxism
  7. Decline of the West 1:153
  8. Decline of the West 1:40 online
  9. The Decline of the West, vol. 1:32 online
  10. The Decline of the West, vol. 2, ch. 4, sect. 3
  11. The Decline of the West, vol. 2, ch. 4, sct. 5
  12. Prussianism And Socialism, Conclusion


This method of streaming bypasses cable, broadcast and satellite television platforms that have traditionally acted as a controller or distributor of such content. It also contrasts with other methods of purchasing or renting video content from an Internet Service Provider (ISP), such as pay television, video-on-demand or otherwise. With this recontoured method of delivery increasing consumption substantially, network architecture must pivot to deploy services beyond traditional cable and satellite television networks. If an enterprise’s network cannot deliver adequate capacity, end user experience will be compromised (resulting in poor quality playbacks, buffering, pixelation, etc.), customers will jump ship for a different provider and companies’ bottom lines will suffer.

To support new sky-high bandwidth demand, telecom companies are using scalable cloud computing resources that support geo-redundant high availability over public internet infrastructure. This strategy provides the flexibility and availability required to support video streaming. Network providers can also increase network bandwidth with equipment upgrades, such as deploying distributed video edge caching strategies or building out virtualized or software-defined implementations.

As networks evolve, the industry is seeing that this growth of streaming aligns with the push toward the edge. While data can traverse great distances almost instantaneously, even high-end fiber optic cable is constrained by the laws of physics. Consequently, the location of the data center matters even more when consumer content is involved. To solve issues of latency, quality and capacity, moving data and content closer to the end users with a distributed data center strategy is becoming a key to success. Strategic location can cut down on latency, reducing the time it takes a piece of data to physically travel from its source to the end user.

There’s no question that streaming is permanently altering the foundations of the telecommunications industry. As a result, a sense of urgency is arising as demands grow and network solutions are needed now to keep consumers happy into the future. As the industry heads into an era where OTT content is a cornerstone, network topologies and build strategies will continue to evolve and spread to ensure seamless coverage and capacity.


Generating low-pressure shock waves for calibrating high-frequency pressure sensors

Dennis C Berridge, Purdue University

Measurements of hypersonic boundary-layer instabilities have recently been performed in a wide range of wind tunnels with fast-response pressure transducers. In order to achieve accurate amplitude measurements, the calibration and frequency response of the sensors must be understood. Hypersonic instabilities are high-frequency, low-amplitude waves, so relevant calibrations must use similar inputs. This is particularly important for the PCB-132 sensors which have been widely used to measure hypersonic boundary-layer instabilities despite the lack of low-amplitude calibrations or frequency response information. This work demonstrates the creation of extremely low-amplitude shock waves in a shock tube, which can be used to calibrate sensors for instability measurements. The shocks are created using weak diaphragms and low driven pressures on the order of 1 millitorr. A method for automatically measuring the shock arrival time and amplitude was developed. The method uses a rising-edge detector, a minimum peak-width criterion, and a simple low-pass filter to detect small shock waves in traces with low signal-to-noise ratio. Shock amplitudes as low as 0.001 psi are demonstrated. The flow is shown to agree with theoretical expectations within the existing uncertainties. Calibrations of PCB-132 sensors were performed between 0.001 and 1 psi. The sensors were found to have a linear calibration over the entire range within the sensor uncertainty. Step responses were measured for PCB-132 and Kulite sensors. The PCB-132 step responses are complicated and vary between sensors, but they are repeatable. They normalize well with the maximum peak voltage, demonstrating that the sensors are a linear system.

Schneider, Purdue University.

Subject Area

Aerospace engineering

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Why Is HRD Important In HRM?

What are the features of HRD?

Features of HRD:Systematic approach: HRD is a systematic and planned approach through which the efficiency of employees is improved.

Continuous process: ADVERTISEMENTS: …

Multi-disciplinary subject: …

All-pervasive: …

Techniques: …

Equity: …

Employability: …

What is the definition of human resources?

What is human resource development Wikipedia?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. National human resource development (NHRD also known as human resources development) is the planned and coordinated process of enhancing human resources in one or more political states or geographic regions for economic and/or social purposes.

What are the steps involved in HRD process?

The Assessment in the HRD Framework involves prioritizing the need, understanding and examining the performance of the employees, job tasks and organizational environment. … Assessment is the first step that requires identifying the specific skill-set requirement as per the job performance.

What is difference between HRM and HRD?

The human resource management [HRM] is mainly maintenance oriented whereas human resource development [HRD] is development oriented. … Human resource management [HRM] mainly aims to improve the efficiency of the employees whereas [HRD] aims at the development of the employees as well as organization as a whole.

What are the importance of human resources planning?

Human resource planning enables businesses to meet their current and future demands for talent, allowing human resource managers to anticipate and develop the skills most valuable to an organization, and providing the enterprise with the optimal balance of staff in terms of available skill-sets and numbers of personnel …

What are the outcomes of HRD?

HRD Outcomes HRD outcomes provide the ground rules to build an organization excelling in people, processes, products and profits. Outcomes : • Training makes people more competent. They develop new skills, knowledge and attitudes. There is greater clarity of norms and standards.

What is the purpose of HRD?

Human resources development (HRD) refers to the vast field of training and development provided by organizations to increase the knowledge, skills, education, and abilities of their employees.

Why is National HRD important?

The impact of national HRD: To research the role of government in implementing HRD policies in western nations. For developing countries, the role of government and other organizations in training and developing their huge workforces.

What are the HRD process?

What is HRD process model?

2 A Framework for the HRD Process HRD efforts should use the following four phases (or stages): Needs assessment Design Implementation Evaluation. 3 Training & HRD Process Model. 4 Needs Assessment Phase Establishing HRD priorities Defining specific training and objectives Establishing evaluation criteria.

What are the 7 functions of HR?

What is HRD PPT?

Definition of HRD• A set of systematic and planned activitiesdesigned by an organization to provide itsmembers with the necessary skills to meetcurrent and future job demands. …

What is HRD in HRM?

Human Resource Development (HRD) is a series of organised activities, conducted within a specialised time and designed to produce positive behavioural changes. … Specifically, BusinessDictionary defines HRD as ‘the part of human resource management that specifically deals with training and development of the employees.

How does human resource development help the nation?

Human resources development is important because it is an investment in one’s employees that will ultimately result in a stronger and more effective workforce. When an organization develops their employees, they are strengthening their assets and making these employees even more valuable.


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Brain Injury

Brain injury can occur in many ways. Traumatic brain injuries typically result from accidents in which the head strikes an object. This is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. However, other brain injuries, such as those caused by insufficient oxygen, poisoning, stroke, or infection, can cause similar deficits.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) is characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: a brief loss (or no loss) of consciousness, loss of memory immediately before or after the injury, any alteration in mental state at the time of the accident, or focal neurological deficits. In many MTBI cases, the person seems fine on the surface, yet continues to endure chronic functional problems. Some people suffer long-term effects of MTBI, known as postconcussion syndrome (PCS). Persons suffering from PCS can experience significant changes in cognition and personality.

Most traumatic brain injuries result in widespread damage to the brain because the brain ricochets inside the skull (coup-contrecoup)1 during the impact of an accident. Diffuse axonal injury2 occurs when the nerve cells are torn from one another. Localized damage also occurs when the brain bounces against the skull. The brain stem, frontal lobe, and temporal lobes are particularly vulnerable to this because of their location near bony protrusions.

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Quick Answer: How Do You Fix Anemia?

What causes a person to become anemic?

There are three main reasons people become anemic: blood loss, a reduction in the body’s ability to produce new red blood cells, or an illness that leads to increased destruction of red blood cells.

Blood loss.

External bleeding from surgery or trauma also can cause anemia..

How long does it take to recover from anemia?

What drink is high in iron?

What are the three main causes of anemia?

Causes of anemiaIron deficiency anemia. This most common type of anemia is caused by a shortage of iron in your body. … Vitamin deficiency anemia. … Anemia of inflammation. … Aplastic anemia. … Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. … Hemolytic anemias. … Sickle cell anemia.

What fruit is high in iron?

What is the fastest way to cure anemia?

Here Are Some Natural Remedies for Anemia You Can TryAdequate doses of Vitamin C can help fortify you from within. … Yogurt helps manage anemia naturally. … The high amounts of chlorophyll contained in green vegetables is a good source of iron. … Beetroots are rich in folic acid.More items…•

How can I tell if Im anemic?

Does sleep help anemia?

Eat a healthy diet with lots of iron-rich foods (like beef, liver, canned salmon, dried fruits and fortified cereals). Drink lots of fluids. Sleep more at night and take naps during the day. Plan your day to include rest periods.

Is coffee high in iron?

Several studies have found that coffee and other caffeinated drinks can reduce iron absorption. One study found that drinking a cup of coffee with a hamburger meal reduced iron absorption by 39%. … Furthermore, regular coffee consumption may also have an effect on iron storage levels.

Can Anemia Be Cured?

In all types of anemia, blood transfusions can help replace your lost or defective red blood cells and reduce symptoms. … In this procedure, your bone marrow is replaced with donor marrow that can make healthy cells. This is the only cure for some type of anemia, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

How serious is being anemic?

What foods should you avoid if you have anemia?

Are Bananas high in iron?

Is milk good for anemia?

Milk has some good qualities (protein, calcium, vitamin D, etc.) However, milk and milk substitutes (like soy milk) are not good for children with iron deficiency anemia for a number of reasons. … Cow’s milk can cause intestines to lose small amounts of blood. When blood is lost, iron is lost with it.

What is considered severe anemia?

Anemia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood. … For all of the tested groups, moderate anemia corresponds to a level of 7.0-9.9 g/dl, while severe anemia corresponds to a level less than 7.0 g/dl.


World war 1 essay conclusion for aqa biology coursework help

World war 1 essay conclusion

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Bill Text: WY SF0027 | 2021 | Regular Session | Introduced

Bill Title: Essential health product dignity act.

Spectrum: Committee Bill

Status: (Introduced) 2021-01-12 - Introduced and Referred to S03 - Revenue [SF0027 Detail]

Download: Wyoming-2021-SF0027-Introduced.pdf