Do you think Noam Chomsky would get any answers in this forum, or would his questions be closed by moderators as off-topic, because they have more to do with math and computer science than with linguistics?

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    I don't think I've ever gotten to use the "migrate to Meta" close reason before! – Draconis Mar 2 '20 at 17:35
  • It was not a formal mathematical question, but rather a general inquiry about the technique, pioneered by Chomsky, being used beyond linguistics. – Vadim Mar 2 '20 at 17:55
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    @Atamiri: That is a bit unnecessary. I'm no mathematician, but I do have some background in mathematics. That doesn't have anything to do with my votes to close those questions, which are based only on the fact that they do not deal with natural language. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 18:02
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    @Vadim: For us plebs, we're only allowed to vote to migrate to meta (there may have been an option to migrate to ELL / ELU before, or maybe not - it might be a false memory of mine). I think lemontree used some of her mod powers (that most of us don't have) when she moved one of the formal semantics person's questions to Philosophy. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 18:04
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    @Vadim I think it’s quite logical that questions beyond the scope of linguistics get closed/moved. Your question about CFG was actually really interesting and you provided one nice example yourself (from biology), but it really belonged to another forum (probably CS or AI). – Atamiri Mar 2 '20 at 18:08
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    @WavesWashSands The problem is there’s no forum on this site to ask questions about computational/mathematical linguistics. Many relevant questions get closed or receive poor/irrelevant answers. – Atamiri Mar 2 '20 at 18:12
  • @Atamiri: I agree that comp questions don't get as many good answers, though they might still get better answers on Cross Validated, AI or Data Science. I don't recall many good questions being simply closed though; sometimes people will be close vote-happy, but it usually doesn't get to the required five for actual closing. (Of course our experiences may well be different, since there are times when I'm active on the site and you aren't, and likely vice versa as well.) – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 18:21
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    @WavesWashSands There wasn't an option to migrate to ELU before, as far as I know—beta sites only get migration paths to their respective metas. We've graduated now, but still don't get the full suite of migration options yet. See linguistics.meta.stackexchange.com/a/1857/10559 – Draconis Mar 2 '20 at 18:28
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    @Vadim It's not about a lack of intellectual curiosity, it's about this site having a specific scope, by design. That's just how StackExchange works. – Draconis Mar 2 '20 at 18:29
  • The narrowness of moderators in preventing people from asking about what interests them is pretty hard to take. I don't see why anyone should denied the opportunity to ask. Whose interest does that serve? Linguists'? I don't think so. I have never downvoted a question, and I never will. – Greg Lee Mar 2 '20 at 18:30
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    @Draconis many interesting questions are interdisciplinary ones. – Vadim Mar 2 '20 at 18:33
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    @Vadim: The thing is, unfortunately, that your question didn't really have much to do with linguistics itself. Context-free grammars are not part of linguistics per se; they are only relevant insofar as they are applied to natural language. It's a bit like the relationship between calculus and physics; calculus was developed with physical motivations in mind, but I don't think the physics SE would accept a question about non-physical applications of calc. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 18:41
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    @Vadim: If I may ask, what would be your basis for thinking that this forum is more parochial than CV? I've looked up your questions on CV, and they're all are pretty clearly on-topic. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 22:34
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    @Atamiri: I'm all for interdisciplinarity, coming from an interdisciplinary background myself. But I don't think that should come at the cost of our focus on the empirical study of natural languages. There are many interesting for interdisciplinary collaboration that can be and are explored, without abandoning natural language as the main focus or at least one of the main foci. But I don't see how accepting questions that are explicitly not about natural language will be beneficial to our community. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 22:47
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    @Vadim: Those are not really comparable though. There are a lot more people studying and applying stats and ML than linguistics, so of course CV is going to have way more activity. I believe CV closes low-effort 'do my homework' questions as well, just as we do, although questions that show effort, have a specific question and aren't duplicates remain up, which is the same policy as for here. OTOH, R programming questions that belong on SO aren't allowed on CV, even if they're relevant to a computational statistics audience and the question would likely be answerable by CV users. – WavesWashSands Mar 3 '20 at 9:21

What a ridiculous thing to ask. If Noam Chomsky came here and asked a clear and focused question about linguistics, of course he'd get answers.

But if he asked a question about politics or computer science, then the questions would be closed, as it would be if anyone else asked it.

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    I guess that in the 50s there were plenty of people who told Chomsky that math and logic had nothing to do with linguistics. In fact, the history of science has quite a few examples when breakthrough papers were not published in leading journals, because they were off-subject. – Vadim Mar 2 '20 at 21:57
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    That may be true, but your situation is not remotely like his. – curiousdannii Mar 2 '20 at 21:58
  • You never know who you may run into in SE, don't you? :D – Vadim Mar 2 '20 at 22:18
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    I don't know where this is coming from, but in fact the 1950s was the golden era of people (including Chomsky and his mentor Harris) saying that math and logic had everything to do with syntax and semantics. And Chomsky's Syntactic Structures (1957) was a runaway best-seller. I don't think he was oppressed much at the time. – jlawler Mar 2 '20 at 23:31

Chomsky would not ask any questions here, so the question has an invalid presupposition. Indeed, I cannot discern what the "real" underlying question is. I suppose it might be "if we had users who were experts in their field, would they ask technical questions in their field here?". Or, "to what extent is SE a useful form for top-tier experts in an area to gain further knowledge of their field?" is a possible question – though it's going to be answered purely with personal opinion.

Another question you might ask is "what should the intended audience of SE be?". A third question is "why should the dissemination of knowledge via SE be limited to well-defined questions that have definite answers; why do we not have a provision for open-ended serial discussions?". Or, "how is SE different from Redit?". Finally, you could ask "what function does closing, deleting, editing and voting serve: should these functions be disabled (what would be the consequence of doing so, what are the arguments for and against doing so)?".

A further question, directed to a specific point you raise, is "Should SE eliminate the diamond hammer?". I am not totally unsympathetic to that proposition, but that would be a pretty brutally Darwinian burden on smaller SEs. "Best practice" is for moderators to wait on VTC until there are already 4 votes to close.

  • 2
    I was talking about Chomsky in 50s. The premise was that some of the SE forums discourage interdisciplinary questions. E.g., formal grammars were extensively developed within linguistics - even the computer science books obediently cite Chomsky and his hierarchy. So a curious linguist may well wonder about other uses of his/her favorite methods (curious about formalism, historical aspects or simply the impact of his field). And it is natural to address this questions to other linguists who have probably posed it themselves. Yet, such question would be judged off-topic. – Vadim Mar 2 '20 at 20:31
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    Just because Chomsky wrote something doesn't mean it's related to linguistics. Chomsky has written about many non-linguistic topics, including computer science, philosophy, politics, etc. In fact, arguably almost none of his writings in the past thirty years are relevant to linguistics. It's totally possible (and common) for people to write outside the fields they primarily affiliate with; Gell-Mann, for example, has written a linguistics paper that you probably would not classify as physics. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 22:00
  • It is not uncommon for physics journals to publish non-physics papers. Los Alamos arXiv began as a physics collection and branched much later, to accommodate growing amount of non-physics material. – Vadim Mar 2 '20 at 22:21
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    Sure, but we're talking about SE sites, not journals. I've seen linguistics papers in statistics journals like JRSS(C) as well, though they would of course have to be heavy in statistical content, and not just showing ANOVAs. – WavesWashSands Mar 2 '20 at 22:22

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Mick Tsikas/AAP

Mark Kenny, Australian National University

Through recent natural disasters, global upheavals and a pandemic, Australia’s political centre has largely held.

Australians may have disagreed at times, but they have also kept faith with governmental norms, eschewing the false allure of populism beguiling voters elsewhere.

Read more:

Our federal and state governments enjoy broad public confidence and draw their core legitimacy from the middle ground, whether it be centre-left or centre-right.

But if Australians followed the 2020 presidential race in the United States with greater-than-usual interest, it was because when boiled down, it presaged a plausible descent for Australia’s politics, too.

Two very different futures

Last November’s poll offered a choice between two fundamentally different futures for the US.

Pro-Trump protesters at the US Capitol in January 2021.
The recent US election showed a deeply divided United States.
Michael Reynolds/AAP

On the one hand, there was an assumption that free and fair elections, the rule of law and concepts such as pluralism and civility are central to government and society.

On the other, there was an angry, polarising disintegration, in which rules can be broken, facts undermined, critics abused and the usual accountability mechanisms silenced.

As a partner democracy with deep cultural, economic, and strategic ties with the US, Australians lapped up the theatre of the Trump versus Biden contest. But many also worried the verdict of America’s 150 million-plus voters would have material implications down under.

Read more:

Strategically, these implications included a continuation of the US global retreat, which had already seen China moving to fill the leadership void.

Domestically, it might involve the insidious adoption of Trumpist methodology within Australia’s political right.

Trumpist approach already here

Manifestations of the latter are already advanced in sections of our news media, and the willingness of political leaders to bluster through mistakes and exposed wrongdoings, refusing to apologise, explain or resign.

This is a key take-out of the Trump approach: notions of honour and tradition, long relied upon to protect probity and avoid conflicts of interest, can be ignored. Those seeking transparency or who uncover maladministration can be depicted as political opponents or extremists, motivated by hatred and prejudice.

For the Westminster tradition, where confidence rests on protections only ever partly codified, the dangers are existential.

What mistakes?

Evidence of this deterioration can be seen in the marked tendency of governments to stare down calls for resignation, ignore significant public disquiet, and press on.

In 2020, NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian admitted an intimate association dating back years with a disgraced former MP who, it turned out, had been arranging property deals for commission, even as a backbencher.

NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian
NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian refused to quit during the scandal over her relationship with former MP Daryl Maguire.
Dan Himbrechts/AAP

Berejiklian’s defence amounted to a blunt “I’ve done nothing wrong”.

The origin of forged documents, released by federal Energy Minister Angus Taylor to defame the Sydney City Council, has never been properly explained.

Read more:
Why can politicians so easily dodge accountability for their mistakes? The troubling answer: because they can

Explosive revelations of political interference in a A$100 million federal sports grants program have never been conceded (although, Berejiklian recently admitted “political” allocation is standard practice when forced to explain similar outrages in a state program).

There is also the A$30 million Leppington Triangle land purchase which benefited a political donor, but brought no resignation. And the Robodebt debacle, which caused massive community suffering and cost taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars, but cost nobody their job.

Contrast this with the response in The Netherlands where the entire cabinet, including Prime Minister Mark Rutte, resigned on Friday. This was over a scandal involving child welfare payments, which had led to parents erroneously being labelled fraudsters.

As Rutte explained,

The two scandals are remarkably similar in nature, and in the scale of the taxpayer-funded recompense, but could scarcely be more different in the level of political responsibility taken.

It used to be very different

Previously, ministers have resigned over comparatively technical breaches. This includes the unwitting importation of a Paddington teddy bear in the 1984 case of Labor’s Mick Young – the bear, which would have attracted an import duty measured in cents, was actually in his wife’s luggage.

A Berejiklian predecessor, Barry O’Farrell, quit in 2014 after advising the Independent Commission Against Corruption he had no recollection of receiving a single – albeit valuable – bottle of wine. Announcing his resignation, he said,

Former NSW premier Barry O'Farrell in the back seat of a car.
Former NSW premier Barry O’Farrell resigned after a ‘massive memory fail’ about a bottle of Grange.
Dan Himbrechts/AAP

The army minister Andrew Peacock offered to resign in 1970 after his wife appeared in an advertisement for Sheridan sheets. A few years later, two Fraser government ministers fell on their swords over a colour TV carried into the country but declared as black-and-white on a customs form.

The threshold has changed

The mere appearance of wrongdoing used to be enough to raise public confidence problems and thus end a ministerial career. Now, even the substance of dishonesty, non-disclosure or incompetence avoids meaningful sanction.

The right-wing extremism that informs Trump’s base has become all pervasive. It has certainly captured the Republican party – only ten of whose House members voted to impeach the outgoing President – despite the president’s sworn commitment to:

The facts show President Trump entreated supporters to storm the Congress, in an attempt to stop the lawful certification of his replacement.

It was a mark of Trumpian reach into Australian political culture that neither that outrage, nor his wilful mishandling of the coronavirus, has brought clear condemnation from the Morrison government.

Extreme becomes mainstream

Another trait of Trumpism is the tacit legitimisation of an extreme right-wing discourse of grievance, white supremacy, and anti-establishment conspiracy theory.

Read more:
Why the alt-right believes another American Revolution is coming

Despite clear mainstream costs, senior Morrison ministers have pointedly refused to contradict or discipline their own MPs (Craig Kelly and George Chrsistensen) spreading incorrect and potentially dangerous Trumpist dogma surrounding US electoral fraud, Black Lives Matter, COVID-19 treatments, and claims of left-wing agent provocateurs in the Capitol insurrection.

Drawing a typically Trumpist equivalence, acting Prime Minister Michael McCormack referenced last year’s Black Lives Matter rallies – which he derisively termed “race riots” — to play down the Capitol siege while also trotting out offensive lines such as “all lives matter”.

Read more:

Faced with a backlash, McCormack decried those “confecting outrage” as “bleeding hearts”.

It suggests the calculation already being made by ministers is that nourishing an extremist culture of resentment and anger is more useful to a centre-right government than courting the political middle ground.

America has already been down this path, and we know where it leads.The Conversation

Mark Kenny, Professor, Australian Studies Institute, Australian National University

Why the alt-right believes another American Revolution is coming

Clare Corbould, Deakin University and Michael McDonnell, University of Sydney

The alt-right, QAnon, paramilitary and Donald Trump-supporting mob that stormed the US Capitol on January 6 claimed they were only doing what the so-called “founding fathers” of the US had done in 1776: overthrowing an illegitimate government that no longer represented them.

This was the start of what they called the “second American Revolution”.

This is why the “Don’t Tread on Me” flag was visible in the chaos — a symbol of resistance that dates back to the (first) American Revolution and was resurrected a decade ago by Republican Tea Party activists.

It is not hard to understand the appeal of this history to Trump’s followers. The era of the “founding fathers” has always loomed large in the minds of most Americans. And stories about the past are, after all, how individuals, families, and communities small and large, make sense of themselves.

Yet, it is worth noting these recollections of the past are necessarily selective.

The right to life, liberty — and to abolish government

Alt-right extremists, following conservative politicians, have also drawn succour from the Constitution, particularly when it comes to their “rights”, such as the right to free speech and bear arms.

These and other rights were not actually enumerated in the original Constitution, but rather tacked on in the Bill of Rights — a set of ten amendments passed to appease opponents of the Constitution and get it ratified.

These rights are fused together with the more vague yet “unalienable” rights enunciated in the 1776 Declaration of Independence — chief among them being the right to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”.

Read more:
Why were the Capitol rioters so angry? Because they’re scared of losing grip on their perverse idea of democracy

Drawing on philosopher John Locke’s ideas, the Declaration of Independence proclaims “we the people” come together to form a government to protect these rights.

And crucial to Trump supporters today, it says,

This was the sentiment voiced on January 6 when pro-Trump rioters stormed the Capitol. They chanted “This is our America” and “Whose house? Our house!”

Trump himself encouraged this thinking when he told the crowd before they marched to the Capitol, “You’ll never take back our country with weakness.”

The question is: who do Trump and, more broadly speaking, the alt-right think has taken the United States from them?

Many protesters outside the Capitol carried signs against the government.
John Nacion/STAR MAX/IPx/AP

Rights for only a select few

The answer is evident in how the alt-right imagines the past: their vision of history omits or callously ignores the fact their constitutional rights have come at the cost of the lives and rights of others.

Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence it was a “self-evident” truth “that all men are created equal.” Generations of enslaved and free Black activists and their allies have worked towards realising this goal.

Read more:

But for the founding fathers, and many of their white supremacist heirs, true “citizens” were exclusively white and male. A few years after penning the declaration, Jefferson denounced Black people as inferior. He owned hundreds of slaves. Even his own children, whom he fathered with Sally Hemings, were born into slavery.

Almost all of the founding fathers, in fact, were slaveholders or profited from the slave trade. Neither the Declaration of Independence nor the Constitution freed any of the half million enslaved people in the new United States — one-fifth of the population.

Rather, the Constitution purposefully entrenched the institution of slavery. By protecting the rights of slaveholders to pursue their happiness by holding on to their “property”, it doomed four more generations to enslavement.

Signing of the Declaration of Independence
Signing of the Declaration of Independence, by Armand Dumaresq.
The White House Historical Association (White House Collection)

By the start of the Civil War in 1861, there were 4 million people enslaved in the US.

The Constitution also gave the government the power to raise an army. After the American Revolution, this power was used time and again to wage a long genocidal war against Native Americans across the continent.

When enslaved and free Black people and their white abolitionist allies acted against slavery, slaveholders invoked the Revolution. They claimed they were undertaking God’s will to complete the work begun in 1776 of creating a free nation, and made slave-holding former President George Washington their hero.

It took an unprecedented and destructive Civil War to finally put an end to slavery, and another century or so for African Americans to achieve full rights as citizens in the United States. Every step of the way, they were contested and blocked by individuals, groups, states and judges who claimed they were upholding the principles of the Constitution.

Read more:
Why is the Confederate flag so offensive?

Rights trump equality

It should be no surprise, then, the alt-right movement is invoking the same “Revolution” today.

After Barack Obama’s presidency, Trump gave a voice to the grievances of his largely white supporters who feared they were being displaced in their own country.

And following the summer of the Black Lives Matter movement and Trump’s baseless claims the 2020 election was stolen, the Capitol Hill insurrectionists firmly believed “they” had lost control of the United States. They were no longer the “we the people” in charge.

'We the people will bring DC to its knees'
A sign at the Capitol insurrection declaring, ‘We the people will bring DC to its knees’.
John Nacion/STAR MAX/IPx/AP

As in the past, they also had the support of prominent politicians beyond Trump. One of their supporters, the newly elected Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene (who is also a QAnon supporter) declared before the January 6 move to block the certification of Joe Biden’s presidential victory,
This is our 1776 moment”.

And Congressman Paul Gosar, a prominent Trump supporter, wrote an op-ed entitled “Are we witnessing a coup d’etat?” in which he advised followers to “be ready to defend the Constitution and the White House”.

It has never been entirely clear when exactly the United States was last great in the minds of Trump supporters wearing their “Make America Great Again” caps. It might be the Ronald Reagan presidency of the 1980s for some, or sometime prior to the civil rights, women’s and gay liberation movements and the US defeat in Vietnam.

But there’s no doubt as to when this mythical greatness started. The yearning for the founding era — a time when slaveholders overthrew a government to protect their rights (including the right to hold people as property) — is palpable.The Conversation

Clare Corbould, Associate Professor, Contemporary Histories Research Group, Deakin University and Michael McDonnell, Professor of History, University of Sydney

Why social media platforms banning Trump won’t stop — or even slow down — his cause

Bronwyn Carlson, Macquarie University

Not budging

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The psychology of hate

Social media and white supremacy: a love story

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The need for a paradigm shift

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The Conversation

Bronwyn Carlson, Professor, Indigenous Studies, Macquarie University

Helen Young, Deakin University

Medievalist references littered the insurrection at the US Capitol on January 6th.

Rudy Giuliani called for a “trial by combat”; the “Q Shaman”, Jacob Chansley (also known as Jake Angeli), was covered in Norse tattoos; rioters brandished a flag with a Crusader cross and the Latin words Deus Vult: a Crusader war cry meaning “God wills it” that has been taken up by the far-right.

These far-right appropriations of the European Middle Ages are important reminders that recent violence has a long history and global scope. Medievalist symbols were displayed at the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville. The Christchurch terrorist’s manifesto referred to Norse and Crusading medievalisms.

There are many other examples.

Extremists misinterpret and appropriate medieval culture to suit their own purposes. They add new modern meanings to historical images and ideas and put them in new contexts. To understand why and how, we need to look to the modern world, not the Middle Ages.

Medievalism and whiteness

The association of the European Middle Ages and white identities reflects modern racisms more than medieval realities.

In the late 18th century, nations like England, Germany and France needed new origin stories that accounted for the emerging pseudo-science of race and the support imperialist claims of superiority over peoples they sought to subjugate.

In the 18th Century, white Europeans developed new unscientific definitions of ‘race’, such as in this 1851 map of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach’s five races.
Wikimedia Commons

The Middle Ages had been understood as a dark period of barbarism between Classical and modern times, but were re-imagined as the crucible of European whiteness and its variations such as “Celtic” and “Anglo-Saxon”.

The roots of social and cultural institutions were linked to ideas of biological descent.

In the 1700s, the Germanic “Gothic race” was understood, especially by the English and Germans who claimed descent, as having an inherent love of freedom, capacity for violence and respect for women. These supposed qualities were said to have led to the feudal system of government, chivalry and particular cultural aesthetics.

Read more:

The same ideas were linked to an imagined “Anglo-Saxon race” in the British Empire and its colonies. Racialized ideas about freedom that come from the 18th and 19th century are still influential among white extremists.

In architecture, academia, literature, language and art, whiteness was associated with the Middle Ages in ways that still resonate in 21st century society and culture. Pre-Raphaelite art created a white medievalist aesthetic reflected in modern TV shows like Game of Thrones (2011-19) and The Last Kingdom (2015–).

The pre-Raphaelites reimagined the Middle Ages as a white society, such as in this 1901 painting by Francis Bernard Dicksee.
Bristol Culture, CC BY-NC-SA

This association of white racial and cultural identity with the European Middle Ages is still strong in mainstream culture, as well as among extremists. We only need to look at controversies, such as the black British actor Jodie Turner-Smith playing Anne Boleyn.

Why do white supremacists use medievalist symbols?

White extremists take up existing ideas to legitimise their ideologies and false claims about the past. A rigidly structured feudal society ruled through violence by a king and nobility is appealing to fascists.

Most Western nations, including Australia, understand the European Middle Ages as part of their heritage. A copy of the Magna Carta, an English royal charter from 1215 often said to have enshrined trial by jury and other legal freedoms, hangs in Parliament House in Canberra. This makes medievalist symbols useful in allowing extremists to reach across national borders.

Medievalism is everywhere in contemporary Western culture, from entertainment like Vikings (2013-20) and the Assassin’s Creed video game franchise, to home loan and credit card advertisements, political discourse, themed restaurants and much more.

This helps make extremist associations deniable. Hate symbols can be hidden in plain sight when their meaning is open to question.

While Chansey’s tattoos are classed as hate symbols by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), they also note they are sometimes used by “non-racist pagans”.

Read more:
US Capitol riot: the myths behind the tattoos worn by ‘QAnon shaman’ Jake Angeli

Popular culture medievalisms contribute to this deniability and provide opportunities for radicalisation through shared interests.

Former Ku Klux Klan member Derek Black started a section dedicated to Lord of the Rings and fantasy (a major area of popular medievalism) on the white supremacist site Stormfront in the early 2000s specifically to recruit people to white nationalist ideology. He told the New York Times he thought people who liked the “white mythos” of Lord of the Rings could be “turned on by white nationalism”.

More recently, video games and gaming websites — where medievalist material is common — have become major sites of concern for anti-radicalisation practitioners and policy makers because of activity by the far right.

Awareness is needed

Recent years have seen an increase in white extremist violence, including — but not limited to — mass-murderous terror attacks. It is increasingly important that we are aware of hate symbols.

The ADL’s advice to consider context in deciding if a particular use of a symbol is “racist” is not necessarily useful in deciding whether it is a sign of white extremism because of deniability and exploitation of common beliefs.

Medievalist symbols like those displayed at the Capitol have been linked to white European identities for centuries. Their use by violent extremists means that this connection can not be denied, ignored, or thought of as a neutral choice. We must deliberately, actively, and explicitly reject hateful meanings and the violence that goes with them in all aspects of our medievalist modern world.The Conversation

Helen Young, Lecturer, Deakin University

Despite being permanently banned, Trump’s prolific Twitter record lives on

Audrey Courty, Griffith University

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The de-platforming of Donald Trump

Where did all the information go?

Screenshot taken from

A matter of public record

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The closest thing to a town square

The amplification effect


Click on the audio player above to hear about Heavy D‘s come up, from his upbringing in Mount Vernon, New York to the forming of “Heavy D & The Boys,” the success of their first album, and thus their subsequent career. Find out how Heavy D made hip hop history; plus, hear which incredible artists his recommendations put on.

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How Are DST Funds Protected? | Reefpoint LLC

How Are Deferred Sales Trust Funds Protected?

In previous articles we discussed how the Deferred Sales Trust (DST) is a specialized form of installment sale authorized by Section 453 of the Internal Revenue Code. In a DST Trust installment sale, the entire course of the transaction and its continued operation revolves around a secured installment note in favor of you, the seller. In this context, “secured” means that all of the assets in the DST serve as collateral, i.e., security, for repayment of money to you per the note’s terms.


"River Song's World" is a title based upon conjecture.

River Song's World was an alternate timeline - described by the Eleventh Doctor as "another reality" and River Song as a "world that never was" - created by River Song when she refused to kill the Eleventh Doctor, interfering with a fixed point in time. Time itself began to collapse and all of Earth's history occurred simultaneously within a bubble of time, with the rest of the universe still turning outside.

History[edit | edit source]

This alternate timeline was negated when the Doctor convinced River Song to make physical contact with him in the form of a kiss. Because she and the Doctor were the opposite poles of the disruption in time, their touching caused time to be returned to its original state, where River "killed" the Doctor. (TV: The Wedding of River Song)

Alternate resolution[edit | edit source]

A Dalek continuity bomb revealed another version of the timeline where the Eleventh Doctor chose not to save the universe after River refused to kill him. The Doctor and River married in this timeline and lived a domestic lifestyle, even as the rest of the universe would inevitably collapse around them. The Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors briefly visited this reality to collect the equipment they needed to defeat an alternate version of the Twelfth Doctor. (COMIC: Four Doctors)


About three years ago, some relatives visited our city and enjoyed their time shopping at our huge international farmers’ market. They racked up on small containers of packaged spices that are hard to find elsewhere, and packed them in their luggage.

After flying back to their home state, they found a note with their bags from the TSA indicating that their spices were given an extra once-over. Unsure if that search included fingertips or tasting of the goods, said relatives threw their haul out. Lesson: they must pass the TSA’s tests.

In the last year or so, they’ve increased their efforts on powder checks for domestic flights. This year, the TSA is making sweeping changes to its policies on powders like dry spices. Travelers coming from foreign countries can expect to go through extra security measures if carrying such items.

Effective June 30, the agency is asking checkpoint agents at international airports to screen powders in carry-on luggage. Currently, the limit for powders is 350 milliliters and can include items like baby powder, baby formula, protein powder, or spices.

If the container is larger than that amount, travelers will be asked to either pack the item in checked baggage or discard it. Those that do meet the size requirement for their carry-on may be asked to place their powder containers in a separate bin for additional screening.

X-ray allows for faster scanning if the contents of a bag are identifiable and can pass. Hand checks are also being used if the X-ray isn’t enough, and that can entail opening your containers. This can cause the lines to slow down, so if you plan on traveling with spices or other powders into the U.S., be prepared.

According to the New York Times, a spokesperson for TSA cites how certain powders like pepper or fentanyl can harm crew and passengers, and that these rules are necessary.

“These measures are part of T.S.A.’s efforts to stay ahead of threats, keep passengers safe and constantly increase capabilities through a layered approach to security.”

“We encourage people to divest certain items – especially organic items – in order to get a clearer view of what’s going on inside the bag. It’s something we advise people to do. We’re asking our foreign partners to do what we’re already doing domestically.”

As criminals get more creative in how they get around security protocols, measures like these are being taken in an attempt to prevent dangerous incidents from occurring. Keep in mind that if you’re carrying a powdered item and TSA can’t verify/identify it, they will more than likely confiscate it or ask you to dispose of it.

Since this is a fairly new rule, it is highly possible that many travelers aren’t aware of it yet and will not find out until they get to the airport. That means slowdowns in the security lines. Unlike liquids, the TSA has not given a separate update on powders on their website. We hope this helps!

Were you aware of the new rules on powder screenings? How will this affect your international travel plans? Are you happy about TSA ramping up their efforts?

USA Today


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Elephant Conservation In The TCA: Sand Dams To Provide Water In Times Of Drought

Elephant Conservation in the TCA: Sand dams to provide water in times of drought

  • Blog

Those of our social media following that our local to Kenya will know that the much awaited rains have finally come. It’s great news for all of us and, at the Tsavo Trust, we know how important this precipitation is to both the animals we look out for and our human neighbours.

If you missed our previous article on how Kenya is affected by the seasonal rains, you can access it here.

This year’s rains are especially exciting because they give us a chance to assess the success of one of our latest projects. Over the last couple of months, we’ve been building sand dams over some of the then dried-up river beds.

With the rains here, we’re hoping, those dams can now start filling up. The idea is that water will get trapped in the sand. This will create underground deposits of water that may help the elephants we monitor make it through the next dry season.

Kangechwa Sand Dam For Elephant Conservation

Sand dams: how do they work?

Most drylands, much of Tsavo included, are not visited by rainfall for long periods of the year. When it does come, as it is doing now, it falls quickly and heavily. So quickly, in fact, that the water often slides atop the surface of the earth. Often, it will wash away loose topsoil which is essential for new plant growth.

The water enters into established rivers and other waterways, quickly leaving the areas that need it and, eventually, entering the oceans.

Sand dams are very simple constructions often built of concrete. They aren’t designed to stop the water’s natural course, merely to slow it down. Here in the Tsavo Conservation Area, we’ve put them at various catchpoints over our regionally filled riverbeds.

When the rains come, the water, with silt and sand mixed in, meets with these dams and quickly builds up. The sand, which is heaviest, gets caught behind the barrier. A layer of sand builds upstream of the dam and, when that layer is tall enough, the water and silt simply flows over it and the dam, continuing on downstream.

That layer, however, remains when the rains leave. And within that thick blanket of sand, large quantities of water are trapped, protected from evaporation, filtered clean and kept for when is needful.

Kambu River Sand Dam For Elephant Conservation

What is the significance of these projects?

Sand dams are an incredible invention. The trapped water is often good enough for humans to drink right away. And, if there is real need, and pipes are lain before the sand accumulates, sand dams can become a staple source of water for humans in areas that lack regular rainfall.

The sand dams built by our team at the Tsavo Trust are, however, not designed for human use. We’ve built ours within the national park, where humans are not allowed to wander, and we’re hoping to see a whole host of changes brought about by their creation.

Elephants can drink up to 200 litres of water a day. Their huge bodies and active lifestyles require quite a bit of hydration. They will often keep a catalogue of known watering holes, and herds are known to travel miles from one to the other.

In times of scarcity, however, elephants have developed the habit of digging for water in dry river beds. With their tusks and trunk, they’re quite capable of digging deep holes where other animals cannot.

It is this useful skill of theirs that prompted our creation of these sand dams. It is our hope that, if their need is great enough, elephants will always be able to locate a protected store of water behind the dams we have built.

Furthermore, we expect that these additions to the Tsavo National Park will benefit others as well. Once elephants have dug their watering holes and drunk their fill, other animals are known to take advantage of the wells created by those useful tusks.

We also believe that the sitting water will encourage plant life to take root and hopefully rejuvenate the flora around Tsavo. This, in turn, is likely to shore up and stabilise the topsoil that heavy rain tends to wash away. All in all, we expect that these sand dams could have a huge impact on the area.

Other effects of these great inventions

Providing a stable and accessible source of water to the elephants that we have made it our mission to conserve is, at the Trust, our principle aim. Our sand dams are designed for elephant conservation. However, we just wanted to take a little time to talk about the huge, and potentially life-changing application of this invention in human lives.

Very often, in dryland areas, local human inhabitants can find it very difficult to access drinking water. Often, members of a family are forced to walk miles in the search for it.

Sand damns, as we touched on above, can be piped and protected for human use. Incredible organisations such as The Water Project consider the sand dam as one of the best weapons at humanity’s disposal in the battle to provide clean drinking water to all.

Employment For Sand Dams
The Water Project believes that a stable source of water can have far-reaching effects on human communities. A sand dam has the potential to bring security to families anxious over whether they’ll survive dry seasons. It can free up time for children to be educated and adults to tend to their land better or secure new sources of income. It can also narrow the potential for human-animal conflicts. With more water available, and protected for those that use it most often, there is less scope for humans to enter animal-dominated spaces and vice versa.

We hope you this news has found you well. Stay tuned for an update on how our sand dams are working out in a couple months’ time!

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Melanie Yennam

Venture Data Scientist
Melanie Yennam

Her role at 1848 Ventures:

Melanie is focused on bringing an analytic eye to the data landscape. Turning history into fuel for our venture portfolio.

What she loves about the work we do:

“I love the consistent sense of vision at 1848 Ventures; innovate with the purpose of helping businesses solve problems and ultimately become more successful.”

Which of our “How we show up” behaviors resonates with her most:

“Radically Collaborative. I believe math and sciences are at their best with a healthy exchange of ideas; it pushes us as a community to the next level. The same is true for business solutions, they are their most creative and most effective when the whole team is engaged and contributing to its success.”

Career highlights:

Melanie has a background in mathematics and applying quantitative reasoning to create models and showcase analysis that makes the way for more targeted and efficient business processes.

What she’s passionate about:

Mathematics and data describe the world around us, understanding both deeply gives way to the ability to create anything.

Fun fact:

Melanie likes to garden, crochet, periodically draw, learn how to cook a new Indian dish with her husband, go for a solid hike or scenic bike ride, and play board games.


Nursing is both a calling and a career path. It is one of the most fulfilling jobs that are available to people today. Most of them have chosen this career path because they love to help people. They tend to have a very positive effect on the lives of their patients. If you enjoy making a difference in people’s lives, nursing is the best option for you. It is a career filled with many opportunities, rewards, and challenges.

To become one, you will require sending in your resume to different hospitals for consideration. A career expert and a former nurse, Laura G., from nursing resume service, says: “The nursing resume can be quite impactful in attaining your dream job. Their employers are very strict and you should deliver your nursing CV in a matter of hours upon request.” If you are still not sure of becoming one, here are eleven reasons why:

Flexible Work Schedule

Depending on your needs, you can switch up your work schedule as you please. You can easily take an evening shift if working during the day won’t suit you. You can also opt to work over a long period in a few days so you can get more time for family.

Competitive Salary

There is always a high demand for exceptional nurses. This translates to a higher salary for all of them. Nursing practitioners are paid very well and get many benefits. During this COVID-19 menace, they are needed even more than before.

Interesting Specialities

They can work in diverse environments. They can opt for psychiatric wings or emergency rooms. They have a wide range of options when it comes to choosing a specialty. A nursing degree can land you a job in any degree.

Well-Respected Job

They have a long reputation for being compassionate, healers, and nurturers. They are ranked highly in society and the medical profession. The job has very high ethical standards.

Variety of Work Environments

They are not limited only to hospitals. They can work in schools, corporate clinics, or even nursing care facilities. They have a variety of options to choose from when it comes to locations.

Professional Development Opportunities

They are continually learning new things on the job. There is a huge opportunity to learn new things every day. There are many professional development opportunities available.

Exciting Profession

This is not a normal desk job. They get a lot of exciting experiences while on call. The job will allow you to meet different people from different backgrounds every day.

Steady Growth

Nurses are required in very many different ways. There is an increase in demand each year for them. There is always a need for them in health insurance and many advances in the health industry.

Excellent Training Options

There are many existing training options for nurses. They are usually presented by different training options to advance their knowledge and skills. They can access different training programs online to help them gain a deeper understanding of the industry.

Build Relationships

Nurses around the world are acknowledged for saving people’s lives. This has developed many intricate relationships with the families of the patients, especially if they have terminal illnesses. Many of them spend weeks, months, and even years with different patients. They get to know them on a profound level.

Travel the World

Nursing is a meaningful career all over the world. There are many job opportunities in different parts of the world. They can work easily in various places once accredited with the relevant authorities.

Nursing is an excellent career path. It provides tremendous advantages that both nurses and the patients’ experience. There is always a high demand for nurses to ensure great pay. A nursing job is easily transferable, making the working hours extremely flexible.


Unit 21 Human Resource Management Sample Assignment Copy

Human Resource Management Sample Assignment Copy

Unit 21 Human Resource Management Sample Assignment Copy

Diploma in Business (Marketing)

Unit Number and Title

Unit 21 Human Resource Management Assignment Copy

QFC Level

Level 4

Credit value

15 credits

Human resource management is the most important aspect of an organisation which contributes in shaping the firm and achieving the desired goal (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014). The report will cover all the point of human resource management and discuss in detail about the personnel management and human resources management, the importance of recruitment and selection and how the pays should be directed, the motivation theory and also the how an employees must be rewarded. The company chosen in the report is Tesco and detail related to it is discussed in respective questions. In the end, report will also discuss in detail about the termination policy and legal framework related to it.

Task 1

A) Explain the difference between personnel and human resource management and assess your role and responsibilities as a line manager.

Difference between personnel and human resources management - Human resources Management is an extended version of personnel management. Human resources management has worked on the study of human management whereas personnel management just deal with salary and recruitment part of human resources management (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014). Following is the detailed discussion of the difference between personal management and human resources management: -

  1. Human resource management on one hand is more modern approach towards managing people on the other hand personal management is traditional in nature and it is being practised from ages now (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014). Only recently the importance of human resources management has increased so much that people have now started looking at human resources from completely different perspective.
  2. The approach of personnel management is narrower in approach where they only deal with concepts like personnel administration, employee welfare and also labour relation (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014). While on the other hand human resources management is broader in approach which includes everything related to human management like acquisition, training and development, motivation and retaining the people.
  3. In personnel management, people are treated as mode of achieving the set results while in human resources management people are treated as special and valuable entity of an organisation (Berman et al, 2012).
  4.  The focus of personnel management is related to the personnel activities which directly lead to the satisfaction and in human resources management, the main focus is achievement of goals through planned and administrative function.
  5. In case of personnel management, the job is designed on the basis of factors like division of labour on the other hand, in case of human resources management the job is designed on the basis of team work and group design (Berman et al, 2012).
  6. Personnel management does not have any focus on the training and development of the employee and employee usually learn to work on the job while in case of human resources management the main focus is on training and development of the employees (Berman et al, 2012).
  7. In case of personnel management, mainly most of the decisions are taken by the top management and follow the strict line of rules and regulation (Berman et al, 2012). While on the other hand, human resources management, decisions are taken in a collective manner and everything is considered like employee’s participation, decentralisation and the environment in which they work.
  8. Personnel management focus is on production and satisfaction of employees while in case of human resources management the main focus is on effectiveness, culture, and productivity (Berman et al, 2012).
  9. Personnel management contains personal manager and in case of Human resources Management contains all type of managers from top to bottom.
  10. Personal management is normally a routine function and in case of human resources management is more of strategic functions.

Role and responsibilities as a line manager - Line manager is a person who directly deals with the employees and get them work to get the desired result. They manage the employees or team of people and they are the mediator between the employees and high level of management (Berman et al, 2012). They are the one who execute and implement all the policies being formulated by the top level of management among the lower level of management and they are the one who pass on the performance related information and other issues or problems of the employees to top level management (Berman et al, 2012). Line managers have a supervisory job and they direct the employees.

B) Analyse the organisational environment and discuss how it impacts the HRM function in your organisation.

Organisation is very important for the business environment and every organisation has to function within the boundaries of environment which is prevailing in the market (Robbins & Judge, 2012). The impact of organisation environment is very important and crucial. The relationship between the organisation and organisation environment can be analysed in three main ways which are discussed as follows: -

  1. The organisation is a body of work where the system is followed called input and output. Therefore input is used to produce output and output is goods, services and profits which are given back to the environment (Robbins & Judge, 2012). The process also analyse the type of input which should be taken to analyse the output.
  2. Organisation is the main focus of understanding the main contribution of different groups which function within the organisation and outside the organisation as well. The organisation must make sure that these groups have a legal right to contribute in the organisation (Robbins & Judge, 2012). These groups mainly consist of employees, shareholders, customers, suppliers and society in which the organisation functions. The activities of the organisation will be highly influenced by the groups and their expectation from the organisation.
  3. The organisation functions in an environment which is full of opportunities and threats and what is crucial here that the organisation must most of the opportunities which are available and must make a way for dealing with the threats (Robbins & Judge, 2012).

Impact of organisational environment on HRM function

Following is the detailed discussion of impact of organisational environment on HRM functions: -

  1. Due to constant technological innovation, technically qualified employees are required at so many places and demand of such employees is only increasing.
  2. Economic condition is also very important and it influences the financial health of the organisation. HRM function gets influenced by the economic factors of the country as well (Robbins & Judge, 2012).
  3.  Labour market is another very important aspect and the organisation are always in need of employees and workers in order achieve the result. Labour demand and supply affects so many functions and compensation and staffing is main points which create implication on the activities (Budhwar, & Debrah, 2013).
  4. Changing demand in HRM is also affecting the organisation functions. The company constantly has to undergo so many changes which also impact the demand of employees in the firm.
  5. Legal factor is one of the most crucial aspects of HRM which get affected by the organisational environment. The company tries it best to manage the employees in terms of the legal system of the country. There are many acts in legal system which impacts the organisational function like trade union act, compensation act, the minimum wages act, payment of gratuity act and many more. There are acts like maternity benefit act as well which make sure that the employees are working in the best working conditions and the government of the country make sure that the industrial and economic activities are followed well in connection of the legal framework of the country (Budhwar, & Debrah, 2013).

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Task 2

A) Explain and asses the role of human resource planning in your organisation and discuss the stages of the planning process.

Following is the role of human resources planning in the organisation: -

  1. Human resources as discussed is one of the most important function in HR and the planning the HR functions should be done extreme care and it should meet all the job requirement and also wellbeing of the employees. As the business grows, every company requires supply of employees for important functions of the organisation and any successful company will manage the human resources aspect in line with the overall strategy plan. So basically human resources planning will help in achieving the business goals of the organisation (Jackson et al, 2011).
  2. A significant part of human resources planning is forecasting the employees demand in the organisation. There are number of factors which has to be considered in forecasting the demand like sale and revenue and the rate at which the company is growing. The financial success is automatically connected with the human resources planning as the business grows company automatically need more people who are qualified and bring more success in the company.
  3. Human resources planning also help the company to be more proactive and prepared for the future. When things will be planned in advance it will be easier for the company to be prepared for everything (Jackson et al, 2011).
  4. Human resources planning also help in finding the right balance between the effective employees and the services.

Following are the stages of planning process

  1. Assessing the employee’s requirement:- the first stage is assessing the HR requirement and the environment is also assessed with the help of PEST. The HR inventory is also assessed on the basis of the requirement. By assessing the entire requirement, the company can understand the weakness and the strength of the company and decide what is needed in the company (Al-Otaibi et al, 2012).
  2. Demand forecasting: - human resources forecasting help in deciding the demand of the employees and the sources through which supply will be made. Future requirement can be assessed with the help of current human resources in the company and its need.
  3. Supply forecasting:- it is the flip side of human resources planning and it is related with the estimation of supply of human resources. It also helps in deciding the future requirement which can arise from the internal promotion or transfer or job enlargement and job enrichment (Al-Otaibi et al, 2012).
  4. Matching demand and supply: - in another step human resources planning, covers the future demand and supply of the human resources. The matching procedure aims at bringing the demand and supply at par. Therefore to get the equilibrium, whenever there is a shortage of employees, over staffing has to be done to come at par with the employees (Al-Otaibi et al, 2012).
  5. Action plan: - it is the last phase of human resources planning, in which surplus and the shortage of human resources is tested. The human resource plan is executed through different range of post in different human resource function (Al-Otaibi et al, 2012). The major and important functions are recruitment, selection, placement, training and development. In the end, control and evaluation activity is followed in which all the planning is matched with the objectives and policies so that everything can be updated as and when required.

B) Analyse the recruitment and selection process in your chosen organisation and assess your contribution as a deputy to the Human Resource Manager.

The company is in constant need of the people in both categories store based and non-store based jobs. Tesco aims in ensuring that all the activities functions in line with the main objective of the organisation (Zhao & Liden, 2011). Also to do achieve successful recruitment and selection process the company follow a structured process in all the categories like managerial and operational roles.
Following is the recruitment and selection process followed in the company: -

  1. The company uses the method of workforce planning to understand the demand of new people in the company. The company has a structured form of planning cell which looks after all the requirement of manpower in the company (Zhao & Liden, 2011).
  2. The company tries to fill many positions within the company and that saves the cost of the training and acquiring the new employees. The company follows a process which widely known as talent planning (Zhao & Liden, 2011).
  3. In Tesco the recruiters give a lot of importance to the job description and person specification as it helps in the potential candidates to understand, of what is expected from them.
  4. The company devote a lot of time in understanding the nature of each job and the qualities require achieving each task. The company need people who right and appropriate for the each job (Zhao & Liden, 2011).
  5. The first stage of recruitment is internal recruitment and then there is external recruitment. Initially the company tries to recruit people within the company and then invite people from outside to apply for the job and then the proper recruitment process is followed from inviting people for interviews to training and development (Zhao & Liden, 2011).
  6. The selection of the employees is done on the basis of getting the most suitable person who is most appropriate for the vacancy. This also includes screening of the candidates in the selection process. People who are screened and selected for the interview should be best fit for the job (Kumari, 2012).
  7. People who pass screening attend assessment centre which are the part of stores and run by the managers of those stores. These processes help in providing the consistency in the selection procedure. Candidates who pass the internal assessment centre are called for the interview. Line manager usually take the interview (Kumari, 2012).

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Nitride Powder

Gallium Nitride GaN powder CAS 25617-97-4

Item No.: Tr-GaN
Gallium nitride, the chemical formula GaN, it is a compound of nitrogen and gallium, is a semiconductor with a direct energy gap, it can be used in light-emitting diodes.
Purity: 99.99%
Particle Size: -60mesh
Gallium Nitride Properties
Product Performance of Gallium Nitride GaN powder:
GaN powder has a wide direct bandgap, strong atomic bonds, high thermal conductivity, good chemical stability (almost no acid corrosion) and other properties and strong anti-radiation ability in optoelectronics, high temperature and high power devices and high frequency microwave device applications has a broad prospect.

Technical Parameter of Gallium Nitride GaN powder:
Product Name MF Purity Particle Size Melting Point Density Color
gallium nitride GaN 99.99% -60 mesh 1700℃ 6.1g/mL,25/4℃ light yellow

Chemical Composition of Gallium Nitride GaN powder:
GaN Cu Ni Zn Al Na Cr In Ca
99.99% 0.0005% 0.0003% 0.0005% 0.001% 0.0005% 0.0003% 0.0005% 0.005%

Application of Gallium Nitride GaN powder:
1. GaN may be used for large TV screens or smaller full-color panels in trains or buses. GaN-based LEDs are more efficient and therefore offer another possibility for blue and green LEDs.
2. Gallium nitride is used in power semiconductor fields such as electric vehicles and photovoltaics.
3. Gallium nitride is used in the 5G radio frequency field. Due to the increased requirements for radio frequency power and energy consumption in 5G, the 5G radio frequency field will gradually replace silicon-based materials with gallium nitride.
4. GaN is used in the field of fast charging of mobile phones. GaN chargers have the characteristics of large power, small size and high efficiency, which are the key to the breakthrough of super fast charging technology.

Packing & Shipping of Gallium Nitride GaN powder :
We have many different kinds of packing which depends on the gallium nitride GaN powder quantity.
Gallium nitride GaN powder packing: vacuum packing, 100g, 500g or 1kg/bag, 25kg/barrel, or as your request.
Gallium nitride GaN powder shipping: could be shipped out by sea , by air, by express as soon as possible once payment receipt.

Gallium Nitride Properties

Other Names gallium nitride powder, GaN, GaN powder, gallium mononitride
CAS No. 25617-97-4
Compound Formula GaN
Molecular Weight 83.73
Appearance Light Yellow Powder
Melting Point 1700 °C
Boiling Point N/A
Density 6.1 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O N/A
Exact Mass 82.9287
Monoisotopic Mass 82.9287

Aluminum Nitride Health & Safety Information

Signal Word Warning
Hazard Statements H317
Hazard Codes N/A
Risk Codes N/A
Safety Statements 22-24/25
RTECS Number LW9640000
Transport Information N/A
WGK Germany 3


Curtis Guise

The Second Half of the Marathon Stage Is Where It All Goes Wrong… Or Right?
by WESTx1000
Control is a skill. A quality which must be developed carefully; harnessed in the worst of times and forgotten in the best. If we don’t learn to have control, then how would we ever know when to lose it? This is a trait all formidable athletes must have. Keeping the breath steady. Focusing the mind on observing the terrain, spotting obstacles, following the roadbook. To stay calm, think clearly, and excel under pressure. That takes a sort of power over one’s self that monks spend years in meditation to achieve. And yet, a pilot experiences Zen essentially by necessity. And from it, their craft becomes their therapy. The countryside is like everything we’ve already seen, yet still like nothing else. In the beginning, racers traverse unbeaten roadways made of rubble mixed into khaki-colored valleys carved...

Continue reading...


VIVA 2020: Results from the SUNSET sPE Study - Dr Efthymios Avgerinos

Dr Efthimios D Avgerinos (University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, US) discusses the use of standard against ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis for the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolisms.
1. What is the rationale of this trial?
2. What were the design, inclusion criteria, and endpoints of the trial?
3. What were the key results?
4. What conclusions can be made?
5. How should these findings impact clinical practice?
6. What are the next steps?
Recorded remotely from Pittsburgh, 2020.
Interviewer: Victoria Perroud
Recording Editor: Mike Knight


Survey: Doctors’ political views may affect patient care

Health care has long drawn partisan political fights, like state laws surrounding abortion, or Florida’s law restricting doctors from discussing guns with patients. But there’s been little research on the doctor-patient side of those controversies. Can physicians leave their own political ideology at the door during something as simple as a checkup?

So Yale University researchers took an initial step, looking up voter registration records and linking more than 20,000 primary care physicians to their party affiliations. Then they surveyed more than 200 of those doctors about how they’d react to different scenarios — health issues that might come up when a new patient outlines his or her medical history during a routine physical.

Suffering depression? In denial about alcohol abuse? Ride a motorcycle without a helmet? Political affiliation didn’t matter; the survey found doctors of both political stripes would react about the same to patients with those and some similar health issues.

Faced with a woman who wasn’t currently pregnant but had undergone two abortions earlier in life, Republican doctors were twice as likely as their Democratic counterparts to say they’d discourage any future abortions and 35 percent more likely to discuss so-called mental health aspects of abortion, said study co-author Eitan Hersh, a Yale political science professor.

Faced with a man who uses recreational marijuana three times a week, Republican doctors were 64 percent more likely to say they’d discuss marijuana’s legal risks and 47 percent more likely to urge them to cut back than Democratic doctors.

When patients choose a doctor, “they don’t necessarily know what they’re getting ahead of time,” Hersh said, noting that many other issues, from transgender health to end-of-life care, may be affected by the physician’s political views.

He called the survey a first step to studying the actual impact on patients. (The survey couldn’t reflect whether doctors had recently changed their party affiliation, and didn’t include those who live in states that don’t have registration by party.)

“We don’t leave things at the door,” said Dr. Matthew Goldenberg, a Yale psychiatrist who co-authored the research. “Both patients and practitioners should be aware that there are these biases.”

By Lauran Neergaard, AP Medical writer


New Zealand Charges 13 Parties Over Deaths At White Island Volcano

Nov 30, 2020

New Zealand's government has filed charges over the volcano eruption that killed 22 people on White Island last year, saying operators that brought tourists to see the country's most active volcano failed to follow health and safety rules.

Officials say 47 people were on the island when the volcano erupted in the early afternoon of Dec. 9, sending a plume of ash, toxic gas and rocks some 12,000 feet into the sky. Rescue crews rushed to find survivors, and recovery teams spent roughly two weeks trying to find victims.

The eruption was unexpected, but it wasn't unforeseeable, according to WorkSafe New Zealand, the country's workplace safety agency.

"Those who went to the island, did so with the reasonable expectation that there were appropriate systems in place to ensure they made it home healthy and safe," WorkSafe Chief Executive Phil Parkes said in a statement issued Monday.

The eruption was a "hydrothermal explosion," the U.S. Geological Survey determined.

"The volcano had been showing signs of unrest for several weeks before the December 9, 2019, explosion," the USGS said. "In October, seismic tremors and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emission rates were at their highest levels since 2016, indicating an increased likelihood of an eruption."

Everyone who was on White Island that day suffered "serious injuries and trauma," WorkSafe said. Survivors endured major burns to their skin and lungs.

WorkSafe charged 13 parties in Auckland District Court — 10 organizations and three people. Nine of the groups are charged with failing to ensure the health and safety of workers and others, while the other is charged with failing to control a workplace. Each of those charges carries a maximum fine of more than $1 million.

The three individuals face smaller fines, charged under a provision that requires people "with significant influence over a company to exercise due diligence" in meeting health and safety obligations.

WorkSafe has not named any of the parties, noting that they have a right to ask for their names to be suppressed at their first court appearance.

White Island, which is also known by its Maori name, Whakaari, is the peak of a huge submarine volcano rising more than 1,000 feet out of waters of the Bay of Plenty. The island is roughly 30 miles off New Zealand's north-northeast coast.

Those who were on the island at the time of the eruption included nine Americans and 24 Australians. Other visitors' home countries included China, Malaysia, Germany, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

The work safety charges are not related to the response that ensued after the eruption, such as rescue and recovery operations. WorkSafe says it didn't investigate that part of the incident.

"Those actions may be the subject of other proceedings, such as a coronial inquest," the agency says.

Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit


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