HC refuses to stay ZP poll process

Refusing to stay the ongoing zilla panchayat election process, the High Court of Bombay at Goa on Tuesday said the ZP poll results of the Usgao-Ganje, Guirdolim and Colva constituencies are subject to outcome of petitions filed before the HC. Petitioners’ pleas have challenged the

constitutional validity of power vested in the government to reserve the ZP constituencies of Usgao-Ganje, Guirdolim and Colva.

The reservation of ZP segments has dashed the hopes of some local politicians including former two-time South Goa ZP chairperson Nelly Rodrigues, a satrap in the Colva ZP segment.

The Colva ZP constituency has been reserved for women belonging to other backward classes, leaving Rodrigues with no option but to opt out of the polls.

The Guirdolim constituency has been reserved for women. The grievance here is that the segment has been reserved for women for the third consecutive term, upsetting BJP MLA Clafasio Dias who has threatened to resign from the party.

The Usgao-Ganje constituency has been reserved for scheduled tribes.

It has been alleged that the government has reserved their strongholds so as to clear the way for ruling party nominees.

It has also been alleged that the state election commission did not   have a role in reserving the constituencies for women and OBCs, and that it is the state government’s notification which reserved the constituencies giving advantage to the ruling party.

There are 50 ZP seats in both the districts of the state; of which 30 have been reserved for women, scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and OBCs.


Lilim Heritage Online - Chapter 112

Published at 1st of September 2019 05:05:08 AM

Chapter 112

Chapter 112 – The Gateway

Putinof Colony #13

Within the central pyramid, LHO Department staffs, the administrative group who oversaw Lilim Heritage Online game, were in an uproar .

After the confirmation of Shurka's transformation, they coordinated with MWG intelligence agents, reporting this finding to the higher-ups as they were trained .

On the ground floor, an elder, who looked like Professor Fortune Luckyaf, teleported into the pyramid building .

Dr . Fluke Luckyaf rushed to the game company with a frustrated expression .

He was Professor Fortune Luckyaf's elder brother, and he was also Shurka's uncle . Dr . Fluke was the one who rigged the VIP10 authority and many items in her VIP inventory . It was also him who suggested that Shurka should use her real appearance in-game as a lifestyle player .

Unfortunately, he received an urgent report from an insider, telling him that Shurka met with an impossible incident .

She ate a hydra core!

As many alpha-testers came back as overminds last year, Dr . Fluke had many test subjects, which he had learned many things from the overminds in MWG .

The hydra core had a similar property with the dragon's blood, which he had tested the blood with the golden generation crews, including Mia . They turned any human into an overmind!

In Mia's case, it even transformed his outward appearance and bestowed them the Electrokinesis abilities, which were thunder type psychic powers .

On the contrary, Shurka and other prior testers, who had consumed a hydra core, did not obtain any psychic ability aside from the psionic powers . Dr . Fluke and many other scientists concluded that this hydra core was inferior to the dragon's blood .

Getting another overmind into their world was a piece of good news to MWG, and it boosted Dr . Fluke's credibility in the government . However, having his relative being another test subject was a different story . He could not afford to let his niece entering those testing grounds he created .

Shaking away all security guards and reception staffs, Fluke Luckyaf teleported to the higher floor . He barged into the director officer, grabbing the game director by the collar .

Lobnoi, an android subordinate of Fleet Admiral Gabriel Lobmak, looked at the assailant with a wide grin .

"Android, I need an explanation . How the fuck has my niece become an overmind!?"

Lobnoi shrugged, "Not my fault . It was your creation that forcefully fed your niece with a hydra core . Heck, this is your karma in the first place!"

"You have the power to intercept this! Why didn't you interfere with them!?"

"Eh, Fluke . Do you think we can do anything in there at all? Lilith has been restricting our control lately, and we can't afford to offend her . Do you understand what will happen to the billions of our population in her domain if we piss her off? Right now, we're nothing but doormen!"

"This is what happened when you created too many games in her dimension! You go tell the MWG and your brother that my niece has nothing to do with their immortal project . "

Lobnoi smirked, "Too late . "

Dr . Fluke pulled out a beam pistol in the shape of a ball pen and plugged the small muzzle into Lobnoi's left ear .

"You tell them to cancel their abduction plan, or I'll fry your brain from the inside . "

"HAHAHAHA! Oh boy, go ahead, Fluke . I've backed up my memories this morning . Even if you kill me, I'll be back here again tomorrow . Then, you'll be the enemy of the galaxy like the silver empress!"

Five securities entered Lobnoi's office with handguns, which had been loaded with specialized subjugation shells, pointed their muzzle at Dr . Fluke .

The security leader hesitated . He lowered his gun and approached both of them, "Dr . Fluke, please drop the gun . "

"You motherfuckers back off or I'll kill him . "

"Sir, we all know that he will be resurrected within minutes even if you killed him . Please think of your past achievements and your family . You don't want to be like the silver empress . If you stop this now, we won't tell anyone outside, and the MWG won't know about this . "

Dr . Fluke glared into Lobnoi with hatred and regret, "I shouldn't have worked for MWG!"

"You contributed to us well, doctor . "

Unwilling, Dr . Fluke pulled the pen pistol away and gave it to the security leader . All the guards put away their guns and gestured the senior to leave the building with them .

Lobnoi adjusted his suit, "Don't worry . An overmind doesn't much value compared to Uriel Mia . Heck, we have too many overmind subjects back in the labs already . I doubt they will make it hard for you and your family . "

Shaking off the hands of the securities, Dr . Fluke grumbled, "You will regret this if I find any asshole show up at my niece's resident . "

Dr . Fluke disappeared from the location on the spot . He activated his psychic ability and teleported away .

Seeing that Dr . Fluke had left, Lobnoi gestured everyone to leave him alone . His smiling face grimaced, and his frantic hands reached for the nearest keyboard of his internal computer, typing his password with haste .

Sponsored Content

Entering his console menu, he skimmed through the log files of Lilim Heritage Online, searching for Shurka's gaming logs .

Upon finding the file, he attempted to copy the entire log messages into his artificial brain cells, but he received an error .

<<Error, closed gateway>>

<<All item transfer, soul transfer, and file transfer are temporary disabled>>

Lobnoi frowned, "She closed the gate again? She closed it too often . What's wrong with her!?"

Instead of copying Shurka's file, he read the log details .

As he was busy reading through the activities, a news feed shocked Lobnoi .

<<Shurka Luckyaf has evolved into Inferno Dragonewt>>

Lobnoi stared at the new alert with round eyes, disbelieved .

He picked up a blue cube ball and established his telepathy, calling his master through the direct communication channel .

[Android? What's the matter? It has to be urgent . I'm busy right now . ]

"Master, we have another dragonewt . "

[Huh? Has one of our agents succeeded?]

"No, Fluke Luckyaf's niece contacted with Uriel Mia, and he forced her evolution . "

[Ho? That makes thing simple . I'll take it from here . ]

"Master, Dr . Luckyaf was here because of her niece's incident . I'm afraid he might mobilize his private fleet . "

[Eh, his fleet is not as competent as the silver empress . Leave everything else to me and resume your post . ]

Sponsored Content

Gabriel disconnected the device . Lobnoi sighed a relief as he completed his duty .

Now, he could relax and watch over the game system, the gateway, and Lilith .

*Whrrrr* *Whrrrr*

Before Lobnoi could sit and relax, a red light flashed from one of the monitoring officer's table . The officer stood up and shouted in a panic .

Another officer also bellowed, "ALL LOGS ARE OFFLINE!!"

The frantic Lobnoi rushed to the operating room, "Can anyone connect me to Lilith?"

"We've tried, sir! She only left us a message . "

"What message?"

The officer trembled as he did not dare to repeat the message . He shifted his screen so that Lobnoi could read it .

<<I've been allowing all of you to play in my dimension long enough . I'll be charging fees from now on . >>

<<Unless you pay me with appropriate Diamonds, all gateway will remain shut . >>

Meanwhile, on a grassland, Lilith coughed and adjusted her throat, getting ready to broadcast her announcement .

As soon as she was ready, fifty monitors, featuring fifty worlds were before her .

Lilith transformed a stalk of grass into a golden microphone, and she began .

"Ladies, and gentlemen . It's me, your friendly Goddess Lilith!"

Her voice echoed throughout the fifty worlds, shocking all trillions of residents .

"Are you having fun in your game? I'm sure you have . "

"So far, I've hosted 15 MMO games inside my dimension, and I've allowed many mortals to live here as immortals . However, it stops today . From now on, all of you will age and die like ordinary humans, elves, dwarves, and any race you are . Also, all kinds of resurrection and respawning will be disabled! You will die for real if you die again . "

"Still, there are many casual players that haven't planned to live here . I understand that . Therefore, I'll give everyone a chance to log out, but you'll have to pay a toll fee . "

Lilith's face revealed a sinister smile, "The payment will be VIP Diamonds! For each soul you wish to transfer, log-in, log-out, or item transfer between worlds, you'll have to pay 100 Diamonds as a monthly subscription to use the soul transfer option!"

"If you don't pay it, you can stay in my dimension for all I care . "

Not only the players in 15 MMO games heard the voice, Uriel Min, Gabriel Lobmak, and others in the real world could hear it as well .

Grandmother Min's face grimaced as she knew the value of diamonds . They were expensive for a reason .

These diamonds were not created in a digitalized world, but they were constructed from real materials, which was more valuable than a psionic core .

Each Diamond contained a mysterious energy source . Find authorized novels in Webnovel，faster updates, better experience，Please click www . webnovel . com for visiting .

Inside a diamond, it housed a soul!

Mia also received a special message from Lilith .

[In your case, you'll have to pay extra diamonds if you wish to bring your harem back to your world . ]


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Sponging   disallowed (Read-only view)

A location is a point or area of interest from which a particular product or service is available, e.g. a store, a bus stop, a gas station, or a ticket booth. The difference to gr:BusinessEntity is that the gr:BusinessEntity is the legal entity (e.g. a person or corporation) making the offer, while gr:Location is the store, office, or place. A chain restaurant will e.g. have one legal entity but multiple restaurant locations. Locations are characterized by an address or geographical position and a set of opening hour specifications for various days of the week. Example: A rental car company may offer the Business Function Lease Out of cars from two locations, one in Fort Myers, Florida, and one in Boston, Massachussetts. Both stations are open 7:00 - 23:00 Mondays through Saturdays. Note: Typical address standards (vcard) and location data (geo, WGC84) should be attached to a gr:Location node. Since there already exist established vocabularies for this, the GoodRelations ontology does not provide respective attributes. Instead, the use of respective vocabularies is recommended. However, the gr:hasGlobalLocationNumber property is provided for linking to public identifiers for business locations. Compatibility with schema.org: This class is equivalent to http://schema.org/Place.

% meta-cartridges called:
Meta-cartridge [execution time]:


what are the germanic languages

They all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European. Additionally, several creoles, patois, and pidgins are based on Dutch, English, and German, as they were each languages of colonial empires. But in the case of the Germanic family, there are no records of the parent language, called by linguists Proto-Germanic. German language, German Deutsch, official language of both Germany and Austria and one of the official languages of Switzerland. The Germanic languages are separated into the East Germanic languages (all extinct), the North Germanic languages and the West Germanic languages. They came from one language, "Proto-Germanic", and were originally spoken in Northern, Western and Central Europe. English. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages. The Department of Germanic Languages will therefore offer courses for undergraduate students (and, in some cases, for graduate students) in each of these terms. German is a West Germanic language within the Indo-European family of languages and, as such, contrasts with Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Modern Icelandic, which are North Germanic languages. Fortunately, there is the language difficulty ranking provided by the Foreign Service Institute, and it does not include only Germanic languages, although I â¦ A.D. This division had begun by the 4th cent. German. In teaching and research, we emphasize the embededdness of language, literature, and the arts in larger social, cultural, and political processes. From these three branches, we can group all the Germanic languages we know today. Germanic languages are Englishâs distant cousins, so to speak. Research Associate, Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago. West Germanic languages. History. Germanic definition: If you describe someone or something as Germanic , you think that their appearance or... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The East Germanic group, to which such dead languages as Burgundian, Gothic, and Vandalic belong, is now extinct. However, the oldest surviving literary text of any Germanic language is in Gothic (see Gothic languageGothic language,dead language belonging to the now extinct East Germanic group of the Germâ¦ Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (who all arrived in Britain inâ¦ Explore the German language in Austria from a sociolinguistic perspective. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages. Welcome to Germanic Languages & Literatures Our department offers undergraduate programs in German , Scandinavian , and Dutch and a graduate program in German Studies . The Germanic languages are a language family in the Indo-European languages.They came from one language, "Proto-Germanic", and were originally spoken in northern, western and central Europe.. English and Frisian are descended from North Sea Germanic. The broad range of studies offers training in specialized fields such as film, linguistics, and critical theory. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Northern Germanic languages (also known as Scandinavian or Nordic languages) include Swedish, Norwegian, Danishâ¦ The following languages are considered North Germanic: Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Faroese, and Elfdalian. The most striking changes that distinguish them from the other Germanic languages ... Frisian. This figure also encompasses speakers of Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of West Low German. South Germanic languages, an attempt to classify some of the West Germanic languages into a separate group, is rejected by the overwhelming majority of scholars. These languages are spoken in Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, Finland, Denmark, and the Faroe Islands. These include German and Dutch on the Continent, and the Scandinavian languages in the northern regions. Help support true facts by becoming a member. The Germanic languages are separated into the East Germanic languages (these are no longer spoken), the North Germanic languages and the West Germanic languages. The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English, German, and Dutch. But the Germanic peoples, as the maps show, went many other places during the years 300-1100. The Romance languages, for example, are derived from Latin. From early Northern Middle English (Aitken, A. J. and McArthur, T. Eds. an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries Linguistic characteristics of the protolanguage, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-languages. Germanic languages continued to be spoken in the Germanic home lands of Scandinavia and central Germany, and are of course till spoken there today. We will discuss a diverse archive of post-1989 literature, film, and memorials in order to reexamine the so-called Peaceful Revolution and the interval year of â89-90. This page provides an overview of our course offerings for all three terms, to help students as they make â¦ Besides the obvious answer, German, there are at least 47 living Germanic languages around today. The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. GER 473. The standard division of Germanic is into three branches. Scholars often divide the Germanic languages into three groups: West Germanic, including English, German, and Netherlandic ( Dutch ); North Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Faroese; and East Germanic, now extinct, comprising only Gothic and the languages of the Vandals, Burgundians, and a few other tribes. Other articles where Proto-Germanic language is discussed: Indo-European languages: Changes in morphology: Proto-Germanic had only six cases, the functions of ablative (place from which) and locative (place in which) being taken over by constructions of preposition plus the dative case. Noun 1. The Germanic languages are a branch of Indo-European languages. â¦Indo-European is through the ancient Germanic language group, two branches of which, the North Germanic and the West Germanic, were destined to make contributions to the English language. The family also includes other High and Low German languages including Afrikaans, Yiddish and Luxembourgish, and Frisian and Scots. North Germanic languages are sometimes referred to as the Nordic languages due to their main geographic distribution. Most linguists talk about this language family in terms of three branches: the Northern, Eastern and Western Germanic languages. Word order that includes putting the verb second. The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. In Modern English these are reduced to two cases in nouns, a general case that does dutyâ¦ What makes English like the other languages in its subfamily? Germanic language - a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken â¦ Standard German is the official language of Germany. Characteristics. Protest Memory: Post-1989 Literature, Film, and Theory. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages. Course Description for GER 465. Definition of Germanic (Entry 2 of 2) : a branch of the Indo-European language family containing English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian, the Scandinavian languages, and Gothic â see Indo-European Languages Table Examples of Germanic in a Sentence Adjective Germanic languages, such as German, English, Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages. Norse is another name for the North Germanic, or Scandinavian group of languages. This means that it belongs to an early grouping of Indo-European which distinguishes itself from other languages of this family by having undergone a series of changes to consonants in initial position. German (Deutsch, pronounced ()) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. The Germanic Languages and Literatures Colloquium is a periodic meeting of graduate students and faculty to discuss a short literary text chosen by graduate students. A total population of approximately 20 million people speaks these languages. Dialects. English is a Germanic language as are German, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic. Like every language spoken over a large geographical area, Proto-Germanic presumably consisted of dialects that eventually developed into separate languages. Germanic language synonyms, Germanic language pronunciation, Germanic language translation, English dictionary definition of Germanic language. (1979), languages with more than 3 million speakers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Germanic_languages&oldid=980471434, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 September 2020, at 18:28. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. It is a West Germanic language that is also the most commonly spoken first language in the European Union. Author of "Ontstaan en vroegste ontwikkeling van het Nederlandse taalandschap" in. References. Germanic languages, branch of the Indo-European language family. The Germanic family itself has subgroups; English is in the West Germanic branch along with German, Dutch, Afrikaans, and a few others. The Germanic branch is one of the ten or so Indo-European subfamilies. The Germanic languages today are conventionally divided into three linguistic groups: East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic. The Department of Germanic Languages offers an array of courses in languages, literatures, and cultures. German belongs to the West Germanic group of the Indo-European language family, along with English, Frisian, and Dutch (Netherlandic, Flemish). Over 95% of the population of Germany speaks the language. In all Germanic languages, you will notice that a â¦ of or relating to the language of Germans. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The graduate program offers Master of Arts and PhD degrees.

Bohemian Rhapsody Piano Notes, Igcse Syllabus For Grade 8 Chemistry, Gibson Firebird Zero, Protocol Buffers Javascript, Bonsai San Francisco, Plant Identifier Uk, Social Work Research: Definition,

Speak Your Mind


Penalty for Speeding and DUI charges

Penalty for Speeding and DUI charges

Question:  I was pulled over the other night and now I have speeding and DUI charges.  I was pulled over on 405 in Van Nuys by the California Highway Patrol.  It was about 2 am in the morning when I was pulled over.  I pulled over right away and was cooperative with the officer that pulled me over.

What is penalty for these charges?  I know on some tickets they can just be paid but not sure if this one can be.  Do I have to go to court on this one?  The officer said I did, but not sure if what he told me is accurate.

Answer:  There are too many questions I have about your case before I can answer it.  I will address your questions to an extent, but this is something we should discuss further so I can give a more specific assessment of your case.

In regards to penalty, is this a 1st DUI, 2nd DUI, 3rd DUI…?  I assume it is a first offense DUI based on your inquiry, but would need clarification on that.  Additionally, are you on probation for anything?

In regards to the speeding charge, how fast did they say you were going? If you are convicted of going 30 mph over the speed limit and convicted of a DUI (at the same time), there is an enhancement that would add mandatory jail time on top of any penalty for the DUI alone.

As far as going to court, misdemeanor and felony charges have required court appearances.  On most misdemeanor charges, a privately retained attorney such as myself can appear at court representing you without you needing to attend court based on PC 977 authority.

Call me at 818-336-1384 to discuss your situation further.  I have handled many DUI cases in Van Nuys with very good results and would be happy to represent you in defending your case.

I look forward to speaking to you about this case.

Phil Hache,

Criminal Defense & DUI Attorney


Who should you donate your N95 masks to?

When the current pandemic began, it became evident that the world was not ready. It was glaring that the world isn’t prepared for this kind of world-scale event. Many nations were caught off guard which made them suffer some setbacks before they could find their bearing.

The destructive effects of the virus have made the government and agencies to come up with regulations that will help to curtail the spread of the virus. As part of the regulations, the public is advised to put on their masks whenever they are out in the public and are going to places where the observation of physical or social distancing might be impossible.

This has made different people and countries to ensure the availability of face masks for use among their citizens. Early on in the crisis, countries depend on China for their face masks supply which is limited and insufficient to meet the high number of face masks being demanded. This made these countries look inward to motivate their domestic companies to boost up their production capacities to meet up with the demand from their citizens.

Nonetheless, it wasn’t too long before each country discovered that there is so much to do if they will be able to meet up with the daily demand of their citizens, especially health workers. It is good to note that among the types of face masks produced to protect against the virus, N95 masks are one of the most sought. This is because the mask can protect against at least 95 percent of small particles of bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants.

Due to this high quality of the mask, the majority of people tend to go for it which makes the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise that these masks should be reserved for medical professionals, emergency first responders, and other frontline workers.

Even at this, the available N95 masks are not sufficient for use by the health workers. This has made medical authorities to adapt N95 masks that were originally designed to be used in Industrial settings for healthcare environments and hospital settings. This is because healthcare personnel who interact closely with coronavirus victims need an adequate and constant supply of N95 masks.

For healthcare workers, the N95 mask is a worthy line of defense against the deadly virus. It is one of the effective ways these professionals protect themselves as they attend to their patients daily. But these masks are clearly in short supply which calls for assistance and donations to help with the supply deficit.

Why N95 masks are in short supply

One of the reasons why these masks are in short supply globally and in the United States is because up till now there is still a dependence on external countries. The truth is depending on imports from other countries isn’t safe or wise. These countries also need these masks to meet their internal supply and may decide to stop exportation whenever they choose to because any sane country will choose itself over another at every opportunity.

Similarly, because of the progression in the coronavirus pandemic, some countries are shutting their borders to prevent the further spread of the virus. Most countries are doing all they can to protect their citizens and preserve their limited resources. This further impedes the proper exportation processes and consequentially impacts the importation of the highly sought N95 masks.

Another reason is that major mask producing companies in the United States have branches outside the country that are producing millions of N95 face masks but since these branches are located outside the country, their supplies are also considered as an import and are subjected to the factors that affect other importations as well.

There is also the problem of reliance on the global supply chain where these facemasks are allocated based on some factors including the documented number of cases and nominal face value, etc. This dependence on the general pool is affecting the domestic focus on internal production.

Similarly, there is a mentality where the country assumes that it possesses the capacity to produce whenever it is needed which affects the country’s mentality towards saving for future purpose. Again, the machines used in the production of these N95 masks are now very expensive as well as the material used.

This calls for assistance and donations from different corners, but you need to make sure you giving out your donation to the right set of people, the set of individuals that are most in need.

Who then should you donate to?

The N95 masks are in high demand globally and calls are being made for donations to be made to fill in the space left by importation and domestic production. There are groups of people that are in dire need of these masks and whom donations will help in so many ways.

In order of priority, the healthcare workers, emergency first-line responders such as doctors, nurses, and other paramedics are at the forefront of the battle. These people need a constant supply of N95 masks to protect themselves from the deadly virus. It is only when their lives are secured that healthcare can be delivered. To protect the public, you need to protect those who are caring for the lives of the public.

Some of these healthcare professionals work in hospitals, special medical centers, intensive care units, community clinics, and are trying their best to provide the necessary health care. You can give your donations to their regulating association such as the American Health Organisations, Community Health Centers, and the Association of Primary Health practitioners.

Also among this group of workers who need your donations are psychologists, pathologists, laboratory scientists, occupational therapists, and other essential healthcare workers with essential medical services. There are also other workers whose jobs are essential to the efficiency of the service of health workers. These include pharmacists, researchers, Home caregivers, etc.

These workers must be provided with the necessary personal protective equipment to maintain the sanctity of the protective chain. Also, some workers are in charge of emergency services such as workers who work at the police departments, fire stations, county sheriff’s offices, and public works departments.

After health care and related workers are security agents both state and federal as well as the privately-owned security institutions. It is good to donate to these workers to be able to protect themselves as they go on to protect the lives of others.

Also, in the group of essential workers who need your donations are assistants and technicians who are helping these professionals in the performance of their duty. It is good to note that protecting each of these workers goes a long way in helping these professionals.

It is important to note that the government and different agencies are trying their best to make sure that the N95 masks go around. Nonetheless, business organizations, wealthy companies, and philanthropists should also offer their support. There is so much to be done and every hand must be on deck to make sure that this coronavirus menace comes to a halt globally.

For those who are unsure how they can go about their donations and where they can try to contact the American Hospital Association (AHA) to learn more about how they can be of help. Try and make your donations today.

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PD 150 shooting guide
This guide is intended to be a useful reminder of the operation and functions of the Sony PD 150. Use it as a general
refresher if you haven’t been out filming for a while, or refer directly to the relevant sections for guidance and help on
specific subjects. There are three main sections. This, the first section, will take you on a tour of the camera and guide you
through its basic operation. The second section deals with picture functions on the PD 150 and lighting, and the third
section is a guide to recording audio successfully. References to camera left and right are looking at the rear of the camera.
Text in BOLD is the additional information if you’re used to the VX 2000.
Safety; both your own and other people’s is a very important consideration when you are filming on DV. To go out filming on
DV you must have completed suitable relevant safety training. A risk assessment should be completed prior to every shoot.
Potential hazards must be identified and dealt with in advance of your shoot. Forward planning and thought about what you
are going to do on the shoot is crucial - think carefully about the environment and circumstances you will be filming in. If you
are filming in public places be aware of the dangers of people tripping over cables, your tripod and your kit bag. Children are
of course particularly unpredictable.
The small size and flexibility of a small DV camera can make it tempting to try things that you otherwise would think too
dangerous. Don’t film from unguarded roofs, or other high places, be careful near water and moving traffic. It’s yours and
other people’s safety you are putting at risk.
If there are two or more of you on the shoot, divide responsibilities up sensibly between you. If you are operating alone, go
to the next section, as there are implications for the type of filming it is safe for you to do.
Think about the handling and transportation of your kit and don’t overload yourself. Handheld filming is tiring so make sure
you take breaks, or put the camera on a tripod for periods.
There should be at least two of you on the shoot before you can contemplate using mains supply lights. You must be able to
prove you can use mains lighting safely. You should not use any mains socket without using a socket tester. Provided your
battery charger has been electrically tested and has a sticker to prove it, you can plug it directly into the mains. All other
mains equipment and untested chargers should be plugged into the mains via a residual current device or RCD, to avoid
shock. Refer to the lighting section of this guide for detailed information about using lights on a DV shoot.
Always make sure that someone at base knows where you are, and that you are contactable on location - ideally by mobile
‘phone. Equally you need to know that there is someone at base that you can call if you need to. If circumstances change
while you are out filming, make sure you inform your producer before undertaking anything potentially hazardous that you
did not previously anticipate.
If you have any safety concerns about your shoot, raise them with your producer, so that you can make sure you are
equipped properly and can film safely.
Check for local guidance on lone working. Working alone means that your awareness; both physical and mental is severely
reduced, so you must be sensible about what you can achieve by yourself. Because of the potential hazards and problems
there are restrictions on what you should do when out filming solo.
Firstly keep your shoot to static general views, and simple pieces to camera or interviews only. You must not operate any
mains lighting kit, and you should restrict yourself to basic sound set-ups.
Never track backwards whilst filming on your own - don’t do it unless someone can guide you.
While you are filming your eye is at a viewfinder, you are wearing headphones and you are concentrating on what you are
filming. So think carefully about your surroundings, and make sure you are in as controlled an environment as possible perhaps an office or a house. Don’t contemplate filming in unpredictable surroundings like very busy public areas or near
moving vehicles, and avoid locations where your reduced awareness could cause you, or anyone else to have an accident.
PD 150 shooting guide
Bear in mind that you or your camera could attract unwarranted attention - DV cameras are worth money, and you are a
member of the dreaded media.
This guide starts with a tour of the PD 150, and a reminder of how to get the camera up and running. Refer to the index if
you are interested in a specific subject.
For more detailed information on recording pictures and audio successfully you should refer to the picture and lighting
section and the audio section of the guide.
The PD 150 can take different battery sizes, from a lightweight one-hour capacity, to a heavier six-hour version. The arrow
on top of the battery indicates which end goes in downwards. Slide the battery into the slot at the back of the camera until it
clicks. To release, press the catch at the top of the battery compartment. If they’re old or you’re using them in extreme
temperatures they won’t last as long as usual.
If you need to power the camera from the mains, remember that if your power supply and lead has been electrically tested
and has stickers to prove it, you can plug it directly in. If it has not been tested you MUST plug into the mains via an RCD,
which prevents any risk of shock. Look at the back of the camera and peel up the rubber cover at the lower left to reveal the
DC in socket. Plug the power supply lead in here.
You can use any mini-DV or small DV Cam tape in the PD 150. The camera can record in either the DV or the
DVCam format, so the length of tape will depend on this. You’ll get about 64 minutes in DV, or 43 minutes in DV
Cam. If you use a different branded tape than the camera mode, you will not get the length indicated on the tape
box. The choice of format is up to you, but with DV Cam you get reliable (but fiddly to use) timecode and in theory
a more durable recording. However, many people are happy with the simplicity and low cost of the DV format, so
consider this option for your programme.
To insert a blank tape, press down the ‘eject’ button to the left of the cassette compartment at the camera right hand side,
and after it has fully opened insert the tape - with the writing on the tape facing outwards and downwards. Gently push the
inner cassette housing in, and then the outer door where indicated, until it clicks shut. It needs a good push to click shut.
To prepare to record, look at the back of the camera, press the little green button, and rotate the power switch to ‘camera’.
Just in front of the main switch is a little black slider switch. Make sure it’s towards you, to stop the power switch going into
‘memory mode’. The camera is now ready to record. To record press the red button, and to stop press it again. The front
red light will light when recording unless it has been disabled in the ‘others’ section of the camera menu.
If the camera is on standby for a few minutes it will switch off just the motor, to preserve battery power and reduce
wear. This is different from previous handycam machines that switched off the whole camera. This means it will
take a little longer to start recording as the motor starts up again, if you’ve not done any recording for over five
minutes or so.
When you press record allow a few seconds run up time before beginning interviews etc.
The PD 150 has the feature of a colour flip-out screen as well as an LCD black and white viewfinder and you can use
either to monitor your recordings. The viewfinder does not show more detail or make it easier to focus. It should be
used in bright conditions when the screen is washed out, but of course you won’t be able to monitor colour issues. A hood
can be bought to shield the screen if it’s sunny. The screen has brightness buttons at the lower left. Press these to ensure
PD 150 shooting guide
the setting is in the middle. The screen tends to give more ‘burnt out’ pictures than recorded on tape. Use of the screen for
assessing exposure is not recommended. The viewfinder is slightly better in this respect.
In this guide when we talk about information displayed on the screen, you’ll see the same information if you choose to use
the viewfinder instead. The screen can be rotated and turned to just about any angle. You can turn the screen to face the
operator for ‘diary’ style work, or pack it flat against the side of the camera, which is great for a boom operator. With the
screen in this position the viewfinder also works, but the battery life will be reduced.
The screen back light can be changed in the menu, which could be useful in bright filming conditions. Press the menu
button, scroll down to ‘LCD VF set’ and select LCD B.L. to be normal or bright. The bright setting will use more battery
The PD 150s viewfinder can be focussed for your own eye - this does not affect the recorded focus. Put the lens cap on.
Pull the viewfinder back and up, look into it and adjust the lever underneath until the text is in sharp focus. The viewfinder
brightness can also be changed in the menu.
Dust can appear on the viewfinder glass, so before you go filming check the viewfinder and clean it if necessary. Clean the
viewfinder glass gently using a puffer or very soft cloth.
Flip out the screen by pressing the silver catch at the rear left of the camera. It should be showing the standard default
display. At the top left is the estimated time left on the battery. The top right has the timecode, with the remaining tape time
under it if you’ve got a tape in, and tells you whether you are in standby, record or photo mode. There will also be a DV or
DVCam indication.
Nothing else should be on the display, unless you have selected a manual function. Any function information is generally
displayed on the left of the screen. If you press the ‘display’ button on the left side of the camera, all the on-screen
indications go away, just leaving ‘STBY’. However, if you’ve selected a manual function, the display stays.
The PD 150 uses info-lithium batteries, which allow a readout of battery life in minutes. The bars on the battery symbol on
the screen will reduce as the battery loses power, as well as the indicated time reducing?. Shortly before the battery fails
completely a flashing battery symbol with a line through it appears in the centre of the screen. The red record light will also
flash. Keep an eye on battery strength during filming. If there is only one bar left in the battery display and you are about to
start filming an interview or long piece, change the battery before you start.
The estimated battery life in minutes should be treated with caution. If the battery was last used on a non info-lithium
camera, the indicator may well be wrong. However once you’ve run it flat on your camera at least once, the reading will be
accurate the next time.
There is a little slider on the back of the battery with a little green stripe showing if the battery is charged. However it is very
easy to knock this by accident, so its far better to keep charged batteries separate from uncharged in your kit.
Info lithium batteries do not need to be fully discharged before they are recharged. There are several chargers on the
market, so their operation can vary slightly, and the time taken will depend on the size of the battery. The smallest will take
just over an hour; the largest may take six hours. Generally though, plug the charger through an RCD and into the mains.
Line up the arrow on the battery with the corresponding arrow on the charger and slide into place. The charge light should
light up and will go out when the battery is fully charged. It is also possible to charge a battery on the camera, by connecting
the mains adapter with the camera power off.
A flashing tape symbol will appear when you are 5 minutes from the end of a tape. It will also appear if you have no tape in
the camera, or if the tape has its record tab pulled across.
PD 150 shooting guide
When you have removed a tape and have finished recording on it, make sure you slide the tab to ‘save’ so that there is no
danger of your material being recorded over, and don’t forget to label it up. It’s best not to eject tapes unless you’re at the
beginning or end of your recording, as damage can sometimes occur during the eject process. Don’t eject tapes in windy or
dusty conditions.
It is not a good idea to routinely review tapes in camera mainly due to the danger of recording over your material, timecode
discontinuity, and a very minor potential for tape damage. However if you need to check something you have recorded you
can use the camera as a player. At the back of the camera, turn the lever to VTR. All the usual player functions will appear
on top of the camera, and you can rewind, play, fast forward, etc.
If you have reviewed your tape, you need to cue up at the end of your last recording. Switch back from VTR to camera
mode. On the top of the camera, under the handle, there is an end search button. Press it and the PD 150 will search for
the end of your recording, play back the last five seconds, and then sit at the end of your last recording, ready to record.
Note that if you have ejected your tape, the end search function will not work. If you don’t use end search, you may get a
timecode discontinuity depending on the timecode menu settings.
For logging, it’s best to get a VHS transfer done and log from that to avoid wear on the camera.
Playback through a television is difficult to generalise about, because of the specifics of TV and video set ups and plugging.
However we’ll try.
Peel down the rubber cover towards the front of the camera to reveal the video and audio out phono sockets, coloured
yellow, white and red. Plug in the leads, and look for the input sockets on your viewing facility, often marked ‘line in’ or ‘AV’.
They are most likely to either be phono sockets like those on the camera, or a SCART socket which is long and thin with two
rows of tiny input sockets. If the input is a SCART socket you need to put an adapter on your phono leads.
It doesn’t matter whether you plug directly into the TV or via the video recorder, but one may be easier to locate than the
other, or one may be phono sockets while the other is a SCART. On domestic TV’s and video recorders the ‘line in’ sockets
are hopefully under a flap at the front, or less usefully they’ll be on the back.
Once you have plugged in, you need to select the correct channel to view. If you’ve plugged the camera into the video
recorder, turn the video recorder on and select the line in, AV or external channel. Then select the video channel on the
television, often the AV channel. If you’ve plugged directly into the television you need to select the input channel which is
often a button on the remote with a symbol of a TV screen with an arrow going into it. You should now get picture and
The PD 150 can record from an external video input. This can be useful if you need quality off–air recordings, recordings
from external cameras, or from video games. Find the audio and video phono sockets, under the rubber cover on the right
hand side of the camera. Plug in lead supplied with the camera, and connect the external source to the phono plugs at the
other end of the lead. Note that the mic socket is disabled, so sound has to be input through this lead also. You may need
adapters to suit the sockets on the external source. There is also an S-video socket which will result in better quality
recordings, but you’ll need an S-video lead that isn’t standard in the kit.
To record in this way you don’t use the red record button. Instead put the camera into VTR mode and use the record button
on the player panel on top of the camera.
PD 150 shooting guide
Audio is dealt with in detail in the third section of this guide. The PD 150 comes with its own microphone which is normally
fitted on the camera, however it’s not brilliant quality and is usually too far from the sound, so other solutions are described
The PD 150 can be operated fully automatically, or you can override some or all of its auto functions and elect to control
them manually. The most important function to control manually is focus; the other automatic functions can be adequate in
many situations. Using the camera like this is great for quick and easy shooting.
To select this mode, look at the upper back left of the camera where you will see a silver three-position switch. Move it to
the ‘autolock’ position. This sets exposure, white balance, and shutter speed to auto. Focus is controlled on the lens, and
audio level is set separately. How to use the camera effectively in auto sound level is described in the ‘audio’ section later.
The PD 150 has a large selection of menu settings that control aspects of the camera’s operation and picture
The menu options for the PD 150 are accessed via the menu button on the camera left side under where the screen
folds in. Press ‘menu’ and then use the wheel at the back to scroll through the menu. Press the wheel in if you
want to enter one of the menu options, then use the wheel to highlight your chosen menu option, and press it in to
select. Press menu again to leave.
Some menu functions are essential to correct operation, and must be checked before use of the camera. The most
important sections are timecode, camera set and tape set.
If you’ve set the camera in DV mode, the timecode functions are greyed out, and the timecode behaves as a normal
DV camera, i.e. it starts at 00 00 00 00, and counts up. If you’re in DV Cam mode, you can play around with the
The timecode should normally be set for rec run, and preset rather than regen, with the preset value at 01 00 00 00.
You can use the second digit for roll numbering, so roll two would start at 02 00 00 00. You have to set this for
each new tape. If you review a recording, switch the timecode make setting to regen. The other timecode features
can be useful if you want to sync two cameras together. In this case select ‘free run’, and enter the time of day,
finally setting both cameras’ timecode running at the same time by pressing buttons simultaneously. You’ll be
within a couple of frames, and will make your editors life much easier. The camera can’t be accurately locked to an
external source as there’s no socket for timecode. User bit is a part of the time code which can also display time of
day, or other information relevant to your production.
In ‘camera set’, the ‘wind’ setting should normally be ‘off’ for both channels unless you want bass cut on your
The tape set menu has audio functions that allow switching between auto and manual level, and whether the
soundtracks are ganged or separate. We’ll look at these later.
The PD 150 also has a ‘Custom Preset’ facility, accessed through a button at the back of the handle. Press this in and you’ll
see the settings on the screen. Normally the ‘set’ item should be off, making sure the picture parameters are at their default
settings. The PD 150 instruction manual gives full details of what the settings do, but normally the only ones worth changing
are the sharpness and the AE shift. If Custom Preset is on, ‘CP’ will appear on the screen.
PD 150 shooting guide
This section of the guide will look at the functions on the PD 150 that will help you to record pictures successfully. Refer to
the index on the cover if you are interested in a specific subject.
For information about recording audio successfully refer to the audio section of the guide.
The PD 150 has automatic settings for its picture functions like focus, exposure and white balance, some of which are very
good in many circumstances, but we do not recommend using the camera fully automatically. Focus should normally be
operated manually; in auto focus the PD 150 tends to hunt for new focus points while you are filming, producing amateur
looking pictures that you cannot correct in post production.
The decision about which other functions to operate manually and which to leave in automatic mode is not easy to answer
as it depends on your level of experience, the complexity of the shoot and the location you are filming in. Basically be
sensible; if you are filming on your own, or under pressure then you will almost certainly get better results leaving some
functions on their automatic settings than trying to control everything manually. This does not however imply that you should
never use the other manual picture functions. Again be sensible, you could leave them automatic until you find yourself in a
particular situation where manual is better, for example when your subject is in front of a bright window.
On the left hand side at the top rear is a three-position switch. The top position, ‘autolock’ sets exposure, white balance and
shutter speed all to auto. This means that they will be set and changed by the camera as it reacts to what it sees. The
middle position allows manual control of these functions. You can select the manual function you want to control and set
your own level. Operation of each is detailed in the next section.
Focus and sound level, however are controlled separately, and are not affected by the ‘auto lock’ switch.
Once you have set your manual picture functions you can hold those settings by switching to ‘hold’. You’ll need to switch
back to the middle position to access these manual controls again. The camera remembers your manual settings, so you
can switch between the two modes without worrying.
Focus on the PD 150 is controlled independently of all other camera controls using the focus wheel behind the lens and the
sliding switch on the side of the camera which has three positions; auto, manual and infinity. Below is the push auto button
that enables you to make use of the camera’s auto focussing, while remaining in manual mode.
What follows are three tried and tested methods of focussing, each of which should produce good results in different
circumstances. Shots can sometimes go out of focus through a zoom, so for guaranteed good results zooms are generally
best avoided.
A quick & easy method for interviews, vox. pops etc. is to select manual focus, frame the shot and then tilt down to the
person’s chest area. This avoids any possibility of the camera focussing on the background. Press the push auto button and
hold it for three seconds. Let go and return to your desired framing. Do not zoom or move whilst doing this.
An all purpose focus technique for handheld filming relies on you going fully wide on the zoom and staying wide throughout.
Point the camera at a sharp object about a metre away, select manual focus and press ‘push auto’ for 3 seconds. Provided
you are in reasonable light conditions everything between half a metre and 10 metres will be in focus, but you must not use
the zoom.
PD 150 shooting guide
To hold focus while filming actuality and you or your subject is moving, hold your finger on push auto for the duration of the
movement and then let go when things settle down again. You could also try this while zooming.
Manual focussing using the focus wheel is of course perfectly possible, but it is not easy to get good results on the PD 150
because of the poor resolution of the viewfinder or screen, and the sensitivity of the focus ring. Only use this method if you
have plenty of time to fiddle. The wheel has a ‘linear’ action, so it is possible to repeat a pull focus if you’re careful. If you
are using the viewfinder, remember to make sure that it is sharply in focus to maximise your chances of success.
Being in autofocus all the time is not recommended because as soon as there is any movement in frame, such as a
contributor leaning slightly, the camera might try to adjust its focus, producing a soft image as it does so. Use the camera in
manual with the ‘push auto’ button as described earlier.
You can focus on infinity when in manual focus by sliding the focus switch down to infinity. This really only applies to
distances of over 30 metres.
White balance is something that you should think about whenever the light changes. Differences between daylight and
artificial light sources are magnified by cameras, and can produce a strong colour caste on your pictures if you don’t white
balance when you should.
The PD 150 will auto white balance your pictures, or you can use the three manual options. They are all controlled from the
back of the camera. Make sure the three position ‘auto lock’ switch is in the middle - the unmarked position.
On the rear of the camera, is a column of black buttons. The white balance button is the second one up. Pressing this will
take you out of auto white balance, and give a symbol display on the screen. You can use the wheel below the buttons to go
through the camera’s white balance options - manual, daylight, and artificial. The symbols that appear on the screen are: a
square and two triangles for manual; a sun for sunlight; and a light bulb for artificial.
Auto white balance is selected in ‘auto lock’, or by pressing the white balance button to remove any white balance
information from the screen. The camera’s auto white balance mode will give adequate results in many situations, but it may
not fully colour correct. It is also slow to adjust to changes in lighting conditions, so you need to wait 15 seconds for the
camera to stabilise before you resume filming. Sometimes it doesn’t work at all, in which case switch the camera off and on
again to reset.
The PD 150 has white balance pre-sets for daylight & artificial light, but these are often unreliable and are best avoided,
except perhaps as an effect to enhance the quality of a light source. For example you could select the daylight setting to
enhance a sunset and the artificial setting to enhance candlelight. Press the white balance button and rotate the wheel until
you see the sun symbol for daylight and the light bulb symbol for artificial light.
Manual white balance will always give the most accurate results, as it sets true white in a given situation. It can be
particularly important in mixed lighting conditions of daylight and artificial light combined, and even more so if there are
fluorescent lights. Their colours vary wildly and may be too much for the auto white balance to cope with. To be of any use
PD 150 shooting guide
you must do your white balance in the specific place you are filming in - this is particularly important in locations with mixed
light where the mix of light may be totally different in one corner of the room to another.
Make sure you’re in auto exposure. Press the white balance button (if there’s no white balance information on the screen)
and rotate the wheel until you get the square and two triangles symbol. Point the camera at a piece of white paper in front of
the subject you are going to film, and move or zoom in to fill the frame. Press the wheel in, and the symbol in the screen
will flash rapidly while the camera sets the white balance. Once it’s stopped flashing, your white balance is set.
If you are handheld and moving between different lighting situations you may be better to stay in auto white balance mode
where the camera will at least make some adjustments as you move around.
Exposure control is the process by which the camera is adjusted to produce as natural a picture as possible. If you are
filming people, the aim is to expose correctly for the face.
Exposure on the PD 150 is affected by the iris, gain, and shutter speed controls.
The size of the iris affects the amount of light entering the camera and is measured in F numbers. At F11 the iris is
closed right down in response to very bright light, at F2 the iris is almost fully open in response to lower light. If
the iris is fully open and there is still insufficient light for a correct exposure, gain, measured in dBs can be added
to electronically amplify the video signal. Gain will increase the graininess of your image slightly, so it’s not a
good idea to use more than about 12 dBs of gain for quality pictures. Gain will go up to 18 dBs which may be
necessary in low light, but be aware that your image will be slightly more grainy. Shutter speed also affects
exposure, with a slow speed being very sensitive to light, and a fast speed being insensitive. There is a ‘normal’
speed for video use, which is a fiftieth of a second, and should be selected unless there is a good reason not to.
Each of the three controls can either be set to auto or manual, giving a number of different combinations. We
recommend setting the shutter speed manually to 50, and the gain to OdB as a starting point for operating the PD
150 in manual exposure. If there’s no indication of shutter speed on the screen, the shutter is in full auto, and will
fight against any iris or gain adjustments. Unlike previous cameras, the PD 150 will remember any settings made
indefinitely, even if a battery is off the camera for an extended period.
You know when you’re in auto exposure if there are no F-numbers, dBs or shutter speeds displayed on the screen.
In this mode the camera looks at the average brightness of the whole scene and then adjusts itself accordingly.
While useful for shots with fairly balanced light throughout, auto exposure will not be effective in any situation
where there are areas of heavy darkness or strong light, such as the light from a window. Unless you change your
shot to eliminate the extreme light area, you will need to manually adjust the exposure for your key subject or
objects to ensure that they are exposed correctly.
Pressing the iris button on the side of the camera activates manual iris. A vertical bar will appear in the top left side
of the screen along with your current F-number. Using the wheel beside the iris button, you can adjust the iris. It
can be difficult to be sure that you have set the exposure correctly by simply looking at the PD 150 screen. The
viewfinder is slightly better, but if you are in any doubt, it is far better to slightly underexpose than over.
PD 150 shooting guide
Semi-automatic iris can be a useful technique if you are filming somewhere with problem areas of light or dark that
you cannot eliminate from the shot. While in auto-iris, show the camera the area you want to expose by zooming
in, but with any problem areas like bright windows excluded from the shot. Press the iris button in order to switch
to manual iris. Check the F-number. If it is showing F2.4 or below then you need to press the gain button twice.
You should now have a ‘dB’ reading on the screen. Hold the camera pointed at your area of interest whilst doing
all this. Zoom back out to your original framing. The exposure is now set for the scene minus the extreme light or
dark areas. The exposure will not change if you now include the light or dark area in your shot as it has been set
to a fixed manual value.
If your scene includes a person your priority is to expose for the person’s face, rather than the scene as a whole.
One of the first effects of over exposure is detail disappearing in light areas, so manually set the exposure for the
lightest side of the face. Move the zebra switch (under the LCD screen) to ‘70’. This gives you a stripy pattern on
areas of the picture that are 70% exposed. This pattern only appears in the screen or viewfinder, and is not
recorded on tape. Adjust the iris (or gain if you don’t have enough light) to get the pattern on facial skin tone. The
brighter parts of the face should now be stripy. The 70% zebra is calibrated for average Caucasian skin, so using
this for either very light or dark skin will result in under or over exposed results. Once you have set the exposure
using the above method, make the shot slightly darker for dark skin (using the iris) and slightly lighter (using gain
or iris) for very light skin.
Think of the Neutral Density or ND filters as the camera’s sunglasses, which should be used in bright conditions. They are
in-built filters that cut down light into the camera. If you are in auto lock, or auto iris, ‘ND 1’, ‘ND 2’ or ‘ND off’ will flash on
the screen if the camera thinks it’s got the wrong filter selected. Follow the instruction, and the ND indication will stop
flashing. You will get better quality however if you check the iris setting before making a decision about the ND’s. If the iris is
at F9.6 or 11, you should put on the next level of ND, or if it is showing OPEN, go down a level. If you just follow the camera
instructions, you may get a ‘strobey’ picture as the camera puts in up to a 150 second shutter before warning you about the
ND’s. This is the case only if you have ‘auto shutter’ selected in the menu. If auto shutter is off, and you forget to put in the
ND, the pictures will look out of focus. We recommend auto shutter on, and for you to check the iris setting as above for
each new set up.
Be aware that switching the ND filter in or out causes a sudden change in exposure, and a visible wipe across the picture.
So if you are following a contributor and the camera advises you to switch the ND filter off or on, you would be better to
ignore the instruction until you reach a cut point in your filming.
If you are fully zoomed out, and in bright conditions, any dirt or marks on the lens will be more visible, This is even worse
when you’re using a wide-angle adapter or the anamorphic lens. A screw on ND filter can be useful to stop this happening.
Although not a physical shutter that opens and closes, video cameras have an electronic shutter that in normal operation
gathers pictures at 50 times a second.
This shutter rate can be varied, so that the shutter opens more or less often per second.
Fast shutter speeds need a lot of light and motion will look jerky and strobey, not smooth. If you are in very bright conditions
and the ND filter is not sufficient you can increase the shutter speed slightly, to effectively cut down the light into the
camera. It can also be used to follow fast action that will be used to extract stills or slow-mo sequences. Unless a special
effect is wanted it looks very unnatural on anything else, so use it with caution.
One exception to this is filming or in countries that use 60 Hertz lighting, such as the USA. The 1/60 second shutter speed
should be used to eliminate flicker when you’re shooting under these conditions.
PD 150 shooting guide
To remove flicker from computer monitors, make sure you have ‘auto shutter on’ selected in the menu. Set up a light near
the monitor, pointing at the camera. Vary the amount of light by panning or zooming until the flickering disappears. At this
moment, press the shutter speed button to 'lock' the auto shutter. It will give a readout of the nearest shutter speed, but is in
fact set to a precise speed to match the monitor. Now remove the light and adjust the iris for a normal exposure.
A slow shutter speed of a third of a second is another way to capture pictures from a computer screen with minimum flicker,
but there shouldn’t be anything moving in the shot. It can also be used to give a really blurry effect to shots.
Make sure the auto shutter is on in the menu. If this is not done, the pictures can look very ‘soft’ in bright conditions. This
protects you if you’ve not followed the ND instructions, or if you’d like to move from indoors to out without seeing the ND
kick in. The auto shutter only works if the light is too bright, you’re in auto exposure, and if the iris is being asked to close
more than F9.6.
To access the variable shutter speeds on the PD 150 make sure the autolock button is set to the middle position. Press the
shutter speed button at the rear of the camera. Use the control wheel to change the shutter speed. For the slow shutter
speeds, put an ND filter on, even if you’re indoors, and do your focussing before switching the shutter on.
The PD 150 has a much-improved system for grabbing stills, called ‘progressive scan’. This maintains full resolution and
avoids the need to ‘de-interlace’ in computer software. You can record on tape, or onto a memory stick. Use whatever
system is compatible with your computer.
It may be a useful emergency facility for publicity stills on shoots where a photographer cannot be present, however the
quality is not comparable to a camera using film.
To get the best quality, select ‘progressive scan’ in the menu.
If you’re recording stills onto tape, just press the photo button behind the zoom lever half way down to grab a still picture,
then all the way down to record 7 seconds on to the tape
If you’re on the memory stick, you have to go into ‘memory mode’. There is a tiny switch on the main power control that
stops it going into memory mode normally. Move the switch, then push the power switch to ‘memory’. Use the ‘photo’ button
as described earlier. To return to normal recording, simply turn the switch back to standby. Refer to the PD 150 manual for
detailed information about memory mode.
The PD150 16:9 mode is considered ‘just acceptable’ for widescreen shooting, but there are ways to get better quality such
as using a high quality ARC in post production. ARCing in a computer based post production tool is unlikely to give better
results than the camera 16:9 mode, so consider this before shooting.
If you’re shooting for a widescreen programme you may have an anamorphic lens, a graticule (guidelines on the screen)
fitted, or preferably both.
You should know the ‘shoot and protect’ requirement for the programme. This is usually shoot 16:9, and protect for 14:9.
Very simply, this means not having things at the extreme left & right that are important to the viewer. A wide 2 shot would be
a problem, as would a side shot of say a sausage dog. The analogue 14:9 viewer (still in the majority) would miss the poor
animals’ head & tail!
If you’re doing a shoot that is fairly relaxed, and you don’t need the tight end of the zoom, you’ll get great quality with the
anamorphic lens. It’s important to make sure the lens is fitted correctly. Looking into the lens, you should see a tall, thin
oval, looking into the viewfinder/screen you should see a tall thin image. The anamorphic lens will not focus if you zoom in
more than two thirds of the way, so use the zoom indicator on the screen to gauge this. Also don’t use the extreme wide end
of the zoom as this may cause darkening of the corners of the picture. Good uses for the lens would be interviews, cutaways, sequences you can control, and handheld work. You can frame full height, but watch out for extreme left & right due
to the 14:9 protect area. Ignore the top & bottom lines on the graticule, if fitted.
PD 150 shooting guide
If you’re doing a fast paced shoot, needing the full lens performance, use the graticule and NOT the anamorphic lens..
Examples are ‘fly on the wall’, actuality, and documentaries. Frame within the graticule height, and again watch out for
extreme left & right due to the 14:9 protect area.
If you mix lens and graticule on you shoot, make a note either on location or when logging as to when this happens. The
material shot with the graticule will need to be ARC’ed in post production.
Light in a picture gives contrast; it creates dark and light, and at its simplest creates well-balanced pictures with detail where
you want it. Don’t think of lighting at its extreme; it is as relevant to a simple interview of one person in their kitchen as it is
on a drama shoot. Whether you are using available light only or have a truck load of hired in lights, (not very likely on a DV
shoot), the basic aims are the same - to control contrast and light a scene to your best advantage.
There are established safety guidelines relating to lighting, so if you are filming on your own you must not use any mains
supply lighting kit. If in a team of two or more, you can use mains lighting but only if you can prove competence. Even if you
have the crew and the kit to light, consider its appropriateness for the shoot. Don’t forget that setting lights takes time, they
must be treated with care, and without experience you can cause yourself more problems than you solve. You may well get
better results being creative with the available lights than trying to completely re-light the location.
There are principles about light, firstly defining its quality and secondly relating to its use, that apply regardless of whether
light is available on location or brought in, natural or artificial.
Light falls into two categories; hard or soft. A hard light is from a small source and produces a contained area of light. It is
fairly easy to control and will create detail and hard shadows. Soft light comes from a large source and produces a larger
and less contained area of light. Not as easy to control, soft light tends to smooth out detail and the resulting shadows will
be soft.
Regardless of the size and complexity of a shoot there is a basic methodology behind all lighting, and an understanding of
the three main elements will make a great difference to what you can achieve, whether with available light or a basic lighting
The key light is the main source of illumination. It is usually a hard light source that creates shadow and interest and reveals
detail. When you are lighting a contributor or interviewee the best angle for a key light is between about 30 and 45 degrees
from head on. The light source should ideally be above the eye line, which will provide a natural looking catch-light for the
The fill light is positioned on the opposite side and controls the contrast between light and dark areas, thereby setting the
mood of the picture. It is usually a soft light, and dimmer than the key light.
Finally the back light separates the subject from the background, introducing depth into the picture. Back light is usually
On most DV shoots simple is better is likely to be the maxim, so we’ll consider some ideas about making the best of
available light, and then offer some advice about using a lighting kit.
Use of just available light on location can enhance your pictures no end. When you arrive at your location look at the light
sources available; are they hard or soft? and what would be the best position for you, with camera and your contributor to
make best use of the available light?
Following the lighting principles explained in the previous section, a window would be the most obvious available source for
a key light. Position your contributor facing the window, not head on but at about a 30 degree angle. This will throw light
onto the contributor’s face, give some detail otherwise known as modelling to the features and it should throw some light into
PD 150 shooting guide
the contributor’s eyes. If the dark side of the face is too dark you need to reduce the contrast. This is the function of the fill
light, and it could be a simple reflector like a white card or Lastolite collapsible reflector. The final light, the back light, can
further enhance your shot. It should be placed behind your contributor and could be a battery light. It is the least important
of the lights if you have limited resources, but if used will create depth to the shot and help separate your contributor from
the background.
Once you are happy with the lighting, don’t forget to white balance manually if you are in mixed lighting conditions like those
we have described.
Lighting with overhead lights only is far from ideal, particularly if they are fluorescent. They throw light directly down onto
the contributor and do not provide modelling or catchlights for the eyes. You could try bouncing light back into the eyes
using a lastolite reflector or large piece of white card. If there are other lamps available try using them with or instead of the
overhead light. It’s OK to ask for available lights to be switched on and off, but don’t move or touch them as it could be a
safety issue.
If you have unwanted shadows in your shot, remember that you will never eliminate them by switching on more lights. You
will need to reposition your contributor instead.
When filming outside, your light source is likely to be the sun, even when it is overcast. Position your contributor so that the
light is thrown onto their face, providing modelling and catch-light. If there is too much contrast between the sides of the
face, use a reflector.
The principles for setting lights are outlined in the ‘lighting principles’ section of this guide, and you should also refer to the
previous section on making the most of available light. Using a lighting kit instantly raises a set of safety issues that you
must consider - lights are potentially very dangerous.
Safety is of paramount importance when using lights, there are many potential hazards to avoid; firstly the danger of
electrical shock.
Test any suspect mains supply by plugging a ‘mains’ socket tester into the socket. Lights should then be plugged into the
mains via a residual current device or RCD, to avoid shock.
Position lamps carefully, away from entrances and exits and passageways. They become hot with use so make sure they
are not positioned so that heat could cause danger or start a fire. Cables should be carefully laid, avoiding traffic areas and
if necessary taped down. Excess cable should be coiled up and out of the way.
Light stands are not particularly stable, particularly if they are fully extended, so be careful where you erect them and don’t
leave your lamps unattended. If you’re in a domestic situation consider the unpredictability of children and pets, who like
nothing more than going where they shouldn’t.
Lamps take a while to cool down after they’ve been switched off. Should a light be knocked over, turn it off, wait for it to cool
down and don’t use it again before it’s checked.
Bear in mind that using mains lights will increase the amount of time you need to spend at the location, both to set up and
take down after a reasonable cooling period. It also means extra equipment to carry, make sure you can carry everything
safely between you, or get help.
For anything more than a basic lighting set up for an interview you really should get an experienced lighting person to help.
Lighting is easier to get wrong than right if you don’t have the necessary experience, and someone who knows what they’re
doing could cut down the time you have to spend dramatically and improve your chances of success no end.
There are a number of battery lights on the market, which you may find useful on a DV shoot. They can offer the
opportunity to enhance your pictures without the potential problems of a lighting kit. The most useful is perhaps the one
PD 150 shooting guide
made by Sony that takes the same batteries as the camera, lasting between 40 minutes and two hours depending on the
Use the light as a key or back light, it’s not really powerful enough to use as a soft. You can improvise with mounting it, such
as putting it on a table or bookshelf. It can be mounted on the camera, but it’s quite heavy, and you may have a mic. on the
camera anyway. It will mount on to a tripod, so you could use a cheap domestic tripod as a lighting stand.
Use half blue gel for daylight correction. Cut it into a small piece, and use gaffa to stick it over the front of the light.
Softening gel (‘hamberg frost’ or ‘trace’) is also useful for making the light more even.
This part of the guide deals with audio recording on the PD 150.
When you have a lot of things to think about on a DV shoot it is easy to relegate sound to second place, but beautiful
pictures without usable sound aren’t worth much.
When you arrive at a location, listen. You should aim to reduce background noise as much as possible. Eliminate
unnecessary background noises - close windows and doors, turn radios and fans off and make sure mobile phones are fully
turned off - they can produce interference on your recordings, as well as unwelcome interruptions. Consider the acoustic
qualities of your location as the quality of recorded sound is considerably reduced in reverberant locations. If you have a
choice go somewhere else, if not try to position your microphone as close as possible to the sound source. Record
wildtracks separately once you have completed your main recording and have the flexibility of using them as suits you best.
For information and tips about selecting and using microphones, go to the microphone section of this guide.
The PD 150s own audio set up is very comprehensive, and completely different from most other cameras. There is
no need for a Beach or Glensound box as the XLR connectors are built in to the camera. The sound functions are
split between the switches at the front of the handle, and the menu system. There are two independent sound
tracks, called ch1 and ch2. These can be individually set for various functions such as auto or manual level.
Recording audio automatically means that your audio is less likely to distort, because if the sound gets too loud, it
will try to reduce the level and keep it within the cameras capabilities. The PD 150 has a very limited range of auto
level adjustment, and you can get distortion or low level sound even if you have selected auto. The system has
essentially a fixed level with a limiter. As long as the sound you’re gathering is just under the point at which the
auto kicks in, you get the best sound using auto level. To achieve this, the mic output level and the sound have to
be within the correct range. A typical clip mic with a normal speaking voice is fine, or the Sennhieser ME66 gun
mic with a 10dB in line attenuator also. Most radio mics have a level adjustment so they can be made to give out
the right level. Micron radio mics generally need a 10dB attenuator unless a line level cable is used.
The default mode is with both tracks in auto. The PD 150 refers to auto level as ‘AGC’. Manual control on the PD
150 increases the hiss, whatever the level is set to. We do not recommend manual level, unless the recordings
cannot be adjusted in post production. Here’s the procedure if you have to adjust level:
To activate manual audio control, you need to enter the cameras menu system. Press the menu button on the side of the
camera. Use the wheel at the rear to scroll down to tape set, and enter ‘audio set’. Go into mic. level and select ‘AGC off’ for
PD 150 shooting guide
the track you want. Press the menu button to clear the screen. Press the ‘audio level’ button at the back of the camera, and
use the wheel to select and adjust the relevant track to peak to about –10 on the meters.
Let’s assume however that ‘AGC on’ has been selected. Press the ‘audio level’ button at the back of the camera to
show the sound meters. On-screen level meters that respond to the sound coming in to the camera on each track
will appear. Check that the sound meter is bouncing around the –12 region. If it’s too high, use an external 10dB
attenuator, or if it’s really high use the ‘atten’ switch on the front of the camera. If it’s too low, use a more sensitive
mic (such as the ME66 gun), move the mic nearer the sound, adjust the radio mic level, or get the person to talk a
little louder. Press the audio level button to clear the display.
If you’re using a mixer, simply switch to ‘line’ on the front of camera box, and keep in auto level. This assumes the
mixer is producing the standard professional level (0dBu). Tone should read at –20. You will not get any ‘pumping’
or other auto level problems, but have the significant advantage of the lower hiss in auto level.
It is vital to use good quality headphones to constantly monitor the quality of sound. Also, as the PD 150 can
produce dangerous levels of sound, you must use limited headphones. Plug them into the green socket on the
panel at the front right of the camera. Use the headphone volume control on the lower left corner of the LCD
screen to set a sensible level, usually about three quarters. You get each track in each ear of the headphones, so
take an ear off if you don’t want to hear that sound. You should be listening for a whole range of things such as
distortion, hiss, rustling and crackling, to name but a few. Bear in mind that monitoring on headphones can sound
more hissy than the same sound through a loudspeaker.
On each track you can select ‘mic’, ‘line’, or ‘mic atten’. The ‘mic atten’ position is quite a severe reduction in mic
level, and would suit loud sounds like a rock concert or an explosion. The idea of this switch is that the sound is
reduced right at the input to the camera, so as not to cause distortion in the input circuits. It’s quite possible to
have the level meter reading OK but still to have distortion caused at the input. This also applies if you’re in auto
level (AGC on). Watch out if the level scale (not to be confused with the level meter) is below about a quarter, and
you’re getting high levels on the meter. If you’re expecting loud sounds, switch to mic atten. Some mics naturally
have a high output, such as the Sennhieser ME66 gun mic in common use. You might find that even moderately
loud sounds will distort the input with this mic. The mic atten puts in about 20dB reduction of sound, which is
quite a lot. An external 10dB XLR attenuator can be useful to give the best quality in average situations with this
The ‘line’ setting is for mixers or other external equipment with a ‘line’ (or very high level) output. These include p.a.
systems, sound desks, press conference feeds etc. It is worth mentioning that hired in radio mic kits sometimes have mic
and line level leads - they should be marked. It doesn’t matter which you use, but make sure you have set the line/mic
switch accordingly.
There is a switch for 48V on/off, which means that if set to on, you don’t need batteries in some mics. The gun mic
for instance will work whether switched on or off ! It’s best to switch the 48V off if you’re using radio mics, or mics
not designed to accept power, such as a reporters stick mic.
The other switch is useful if you want to send one mic to both tracks. In this case, input socket 1 is sent to the
processing for both tracks. This means you can set a different level on each track for the same sound, or have one
track in auto and one in manual, giving protection against distortion if you’re only using one mic.
You can set the tracks to auto or manual level here, and also select whether the tracks are ‘ganged’. This means
that the level adjustment for track one will also apply exactly to track 2. The idea of this is for using true stereo
mics, which are not used typically for DV location sound. Also a mic NR setting is in the menu. It can reduce motor
PD 150 shooting guide
buzz & handling noise when using a mic physically attached to the camera. Normally leave it off, but if you hear
the hum or buzz from the camera, you could try switching it on.
There is a wind noise reducer setting in the ‘Camera set’ menu which reduces bass and is best left switched off
unless you’re in a car with a low humming engine, or in very windy conditions.
When checking level make sure you are in circumstances as close to the real situation as possible, with the mics in
their operational positions and people speaking as they will for the take. You will not be able to see the meters
whilst filming (assuming AGC on) so it’s essential to monitor all the time on headphones.
The camera’s supplied mic is not very good quality, and has a low output. Ideally use a better external
As the camera supplies power to many mics, you don’t need batteries in them. Radio mics are the exception.
Positioning of microphones is very important, and can make the difference between a quality recording and an unusable
one. Generally speaking the closer the microphone to the source sound the better the final recording, as sound falls off very
quickly with distance. If the distance between a sound source and a microphone is doubled, then the sound level picked up
by the microphone is only a quarter of the original. At three times the distance the sound will be a ninth of the original and so
There are three types of microphone most commonly used for DV filming, each of which has different qualities and is best
suited to different situations. It is important to select the right microphone, or combination of microphones for the job in
hand. The following sections give information on each type of microphone and their use.
Stick microphones are the type commonly used by reporters. They are omni-directional, meaning that they collect sound
from all directions into the top of the microphone and so rely on being close to the source sound. This normally means that
they have to be in shot. They are usually dynamic microphones which means they do not require batteries or power of their
own. They are robust and therefore useful emergency standbys, they are commonly able to record high sound levels
without breaking up and are fairly resistant to wind noise, though a foam windshield can be added if needed. Be careful to
avoid handling noise and noise transmitted up the cable.
Personal mics which are also known as clip mics or tie mics, are cabled microphones designed to be clipped to a
contributor’s clothing. They are omni-directional so rely on proximity to the source sound.
Personal mics are sensitive to wind noise; some come with a metal mesh cover, otherwise always use a foam cover on the
microphone head.
Your contributor’s clothing will greatly affect the positioning of a clip mic and therefore the sound quality achievable.
Attaching a personal mic to a T-shirt collar will always result in a slightly muffled sound and there is the danger of picking up
internal sounds from your contributor, so be careful that the mic doesn’t rest on the contributor’s vocal cords. The best
position is at chest height or slightly above, so that the mic is close, but not so close that the contributor’s head movements
affect it. If you are going to place the mic off centre, perhaps on a jacket lapel or on one of two people in a conversation
make sure you clip the microphone on the side the speaker will favour, not the side the speaker will turn away from. It may
be advantageous to point the microphone head downwards, so as to reduce the affect of air movement down the chest and
if the cable can be secured in the back of the clip this will help to prevent cable borne noise reaching the mic. Take care to
ensure that the microphone does not rub against other items of clothing or jewellery. Spend some time concealing the
cable, not only for aesthetic reasons, but also to ensure that your contributor does not play with the cable during filming.
Don’t be tempted to shove the cable into a pocket or waistband - if the cable is crushed or twisted your recording may be
PD 150 shooting guide
Gun mics are directional mics that pick up sound only from in front of the microphone. Imagine a cone shaped pick up area,
about 50 degrees across. They have an on/off switch but with the PD 150 it will work even when switched off, as
long as the 48V switch is on at the camera. Gun mics can fix to the mount on the top of the camera via a clip, or they
can be attached to a boom pole. They are sensitive to handling and wind noise, so a foam or furry windshield should always
be used.
Because of their directional nature, sound will quickly drop away if you move and don’t directly face your audio source, so
camera positioning and moves while filming should be considered carefully.
The gun mic’s directional nature could be useful if you are in a situation such as an interview with a specific background
noise source that you cannot eliminate. Position yourself no more than a metre from your contributor and with the unwanted
sound behind you. The background noise may well be less audible than using an omni-directional mic like a stick or
personal mic.
There are two other options for recording audio, both of which can be very useful, but you should be aware of their
limitations unless you have the experience to use them properly. The first of these is boom operation…
Operated properly a gun mic on a boom pole produces excellent audio recordings and will allow you to cover group
interviews and action situations well. However success is dependent upon prior knowledge and practise.
Boom swinging is a skilled job; the camera operator and boom operator need to understand how each other works, and be
able to communicate things like shot sizes, or you’ll end up with lots of booms in shot. Bear in mind the light sources in your
location as well to avoid unwanted mic shadows in shot.
It will be impossible to capture audio properly unless the boom operator can monitor the sound through headphones. To give
the boom operator the flexibility to move where necessary the headphones will need to have a long lead or extension. For
health and safety reasons avoid having two separate leads swinging around by carefully taping the headphone extension
and mic cables together. A better solution is a combined mic and headphone cable.
Careful positioning and handling of the boom is crucial. Because the mic is directional you will need to turn it to face
whoever is talking. Roll the pole lightly in your open palm to avoid handling noise from the boom pole. And bear in mind
that boom operation is tiring on the arms after any length of time.
The PD 150’s screen can fold right back onto the side of the camera, giving the boom swinger a guide to the shot. This
should help to avoid the dangers of booms in shot
Once mastered, radio mics can be a real asset to your DV kit. If you are filming a lot of actuality, not being cabled to your
contributor offers freedom and flexibility. However they are complex pieces of kit - you have a transmitter and a receiver to
consider as well as an unpredictable radio link. Their performance and operation is fraught with potential problems.
Don’t contemplate using radio mics on a shoot unless you have familiarised yourself with their operation carefully
beforehand. Assuming you are a two person crew, we advise that one of you takes sole control of the radio mics; their care
and operation. If you are filming on your own try not to use them - you have enough other things to think about. Because of
the potential difficulties we do not recommend using them to film unrepeatable scenes. There are many radio mics available
from very cheap to very expensive. We strongly advise you not to use any radio mics other than top of the range hired in
models, ideally Micron radio mics which are robust, have in built limiters and a good range.
PD 150 shooting guide
A cabled microphone is plugged into a transmitter, and the audio is transmitted via a radio link to a receiver that plugs into
the camera. The transmitter has sockets for the mic and for the aerial. The receiver will have one or two fixed aerials and a
socket for the cable that runs to camera. Hired in radio mics are sometimes supplied with both line and mic level leads - it
doesn’t matter which you use but make sure you set the Beach or Glensound box input switch accordingly.
Radio mics are delicate pieces of equipment and need to be looked after. When plugging up, line up sockets and inputs
carefully, there are often dots indicating the right way round - under no circumstances try to force leads into place. Likewise
when unplugging be firm but careful, and don’t disconnect by pulling at the leads. Store radio mics carefully - they will not
fare well thrown into a pocket of your kit bag. Best would be to keep them in the hire company’s box, with the spare aerials,
batteries, and optional clips etc.
Radio mics need batteries in both the receiver and the transmitter, often of different types. They lose power far faster than
other mics, and although there is a battery checker we suggest that you change the batteries in both the receiver and the
transmitter before filming an interview or sequence to ensure that one or other element does not fail at a vital moment. All
the time the microphone is plugged into the transmitter it is using battery power, so should be unplugged when not in use, as
should the lead from the receiver to the camera.
The audio signal is transmitted on a pre-set frequency and more expensive radio mics have a choice of two channels, so
make sure that transmitter and receiver are both switched to the same channel. The frequencies will be different for each
radio mic set, so make sure that you are using the transmitter and receiver that belong to each other - the pair usually have
the same number stickered to each, or you can check that their frequencies match on the factory stickers.
The signal range of radio mics varies greatly and is affected by buildings and other obstacles that can cause the radio link to
break up. On expensive models there are lights on the receiver indicating signal strength, and some, known as diversity
radio mics will automatically take the strongest signal from one of two aerials, thereby reducing the chance of break up. It is
possible to cause or be affected by interference, in which case try switching both the transmitter and receiver to the other
channel, and as with all radio equipment be aware that radio mics should not be use in locations like hospitals and
aeroplanes without consulting the appropriate authorities.
You may have noticed a small level control that looks like a plastic screw head on the top of the transmitter. This can be
adjusted using the small screwdriver you will have in the kit, but it should already have been set to a reasonable level about half way.
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