Despite the link between tenant satisfaction and investment performance, some industry customers feel undervalued. Howard Morgan asks why

On the same day that the latest figures from the Strutt and Parker/IPD Lease Events Review were released showing that the propensity of tenants to exercise their break option was the highest in the 10-year history of the study, I heard the CEO of one of the UK's leading REITs describe the relationship between landlords and tenants as akin to an "abusive marriage".

Now, while there are not many investor landlords that would admit to "abuse", the evidence from the recently published second UK Occupier Satisfaction Index shows that there is a long way to go before occupiers feel as if they are being treated as customers. I ask the simple question, can any industry where 43% of its "customers" do not feel valued be optimising returns for its investors? I have often heard the argument that the property industry is different, but can it be the only industry on the planet where satisfied customers do not yield higher returns for investors?

In my work advising property owners and managers on implementing customer service strategies I meet two sorts of investors, those with an intuitive understanding of the link between service and performance and those who will take a neutral or even negative stance, believing that customer service does not improve property returns.

There is encouraging news in the UK Occupier Satisfaction Index for those investors that have taken the intuitive decision to invest in service. This includes some of the UK's leading investors,  such as PruPIM and Legal and General Investment Management, and REITs, such as British Land, Land Securities and SEGRO.

Occupiers are beginning to report that they can see the larger landlords differentiate themselves from the rest of the pack and that this is having an impact on which landlords they prefer to do business with. As one major corporate says: "I want to build a longer-term relationship so I can do business with people I trust."

This approach makes even greater sense as we continue to see lease lengths shorten and vacancy rates rise. The Lease Events Review has further challenging news for investors with renewal rates at an all time low and rental voids after lease expiry hitting a high of 57% against a 10-year series average of 40%.

So, what do investors need to do to build confidence and differentiate themselves in the eyes of occupiers? The UK Occupier Satisfaction Index 2008 ( identifies five actionable areas.

Flexibility: Occupiers welcome the gradual shortening of lease lengths and the availability of more break clauses. Significantly, 36.3% of occupiers think that lease flexibility in terms of lease length and ability to break has improved in the past year.
However, occupiers continue to express frustration about the ability to assign and sub-let. They say that the restrictions landlords impose on assignment and sub-letting are too rigorous, and that the bureaucratic process required for obtaining consents is too lengthy and complex. In contrast with other countries, restrictions in the UK are considered archaic.

Occupiers perceive that compliance with the Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales is patchy and want to see compliance become standard across the property industry, with property professionals such as letting agents and solicitors also embracing it. Others feel that the voluntary status of the Code means that it lacks teeth.

Partnership: Occupiers perceive improvements in communication and in the property industry's understanding of their needs but are looking for closer, partnership-style relationships which are consistent throughout the life of the lease and an end to the ‘let and forget' style of management. They want property owners and their agents to go beyond understanding their needs and to demonstrate that they understand by taking the appropriate action. Smaller occupiers feel particularly undervalued by the property industry.

Responsiveness: Satisfaction with responsiveness shows some improvement but two in five occupiers remain dissatisfied. Satisfaction tends to be higher when occupiers are kept well informed. Occupiers say they are frustrated with the time taken to win approval to assign or sub-let a lease, or obtain consent to carry out works and also feel strongly that the costs they incur are too high.

Sustainability: Sustainability is the big topic of the moment and over half of occupiers perceive that progress is being made by the property industry in implementing best practice in environmental initiatives. Occupiers now want to see the "green-talk" translated into action. Some believe that it is occupiers and legislation that is driving the change, and that the property industry needs to be more proactive. They question what can be done to make existing building stock more sustainable and who will pay.

Value for money: Occupiers welcome the revised RICS Code of Practice for Service Charges in Commercial Property, and are cautiously optimistic about its adoption by the property industry. They recognise that compliance with the Code will take time, but perceive that the larger landlords and agents are adopting it faster than the smaller organisations. The voluntary nature of the Code is seen as a limiting factor for some.
Where do you start if you want to become a customer-focused investor?

One source of information is Real Service ( the customer service benchmarking and self-help group that was formed four years ago with active support of the British Property Federation. This not for profit membership group now includes over 40 owners, investors and managers. The group has established a series of programmes to benchmark aspects of customer service and in particular has developed a scorecard of 25 areas of best practice in customer focused property management. In addition to providing a forum for sharing best practice, the group has embarked on an ambitious programme to uncover the link between customer service and property performance.

While it is still early stages in this journey of discovery in the UK, there is encouraging evidence from the USA. An analysis by Kingsley Associates of the performance of two similar office investment funds, both with around 6m ft2 and 30 assets, has revealed that the portfolio with the higher level of customer satisfaction is achieving a 6.4% higher level of tenant retention, worth $17m over five years.
The question for investors is - are you going to wait for the empirical proof or is now the time to take the ‘intuitive leap' and make customer service part of your toolkit to maximise tenant retention, increase loyalty and cash flow during the credit squeeze?

Howard Morgan is managing director, real estate performance consulting, at Kingsley Lipsey Morgan


Comparison of Cartilage-Scoring and Cartilage-Sparing Otoplasty: A Retrospective Analysis of Complications and Aesthetic Outcome of 1060 Ears

Marije N Smittenberg, Martijn Marsman, Nic J G M Veeger, Chantal M Moues

    OnderzoeksoutputAcademicpeer review

    8 Citaten (Scopus)

    BACKGROUND: Various techniques are used to correct prominent ears. The authors describe their experience with four different otoplasty techniques in 565 patients with congenital deformities of the ears (1060 ears) that were performed in their hospital during an 11-year period (2002 to 2012).

    METHODS: The authors divided the techniques into two groups: group I, cartilage-sparing techniques (i.e., IA, Mustardé; and IB, Furnas); and group II, cartilage-cutting techniques (i.e., IIA, Chongchet; and IIB, concha shell reduction). The authors compared early and late and minor and major complications, recurrence rates, and revision surgery. Furthermore, aesthetic outcome was scored by three different groups (consultant plastic surgeons, plastic surgery residents, and laymen) on a visual analogue scale using a blinded random selection of preoperative and postoperative photographs.

    RESULTS: The percentage of complications without the need for reoperation was 20 percent and 21 percent in the cartilage-sparing and cartilage-cutting groups, respectively (p = 0.44). In 6 percent of all cases, a reoperation of the otoplasty was required (7 percent and 6 percent in the cartilage-sparing and cartilage-cutting groups, respectively). Aesthetic postoperative results showed that the cartilage-cutting group scored significantly lower on postoperative shape (p = 0.04), result (p = 0.03), and satisfaction (p = 0.04) compared with the cartilage-sparing group.

    CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that patients who have undergone operations with cartilage-sparing or cartilage-cutting techniques have a similar rate of complications and need for reoperation. However, the cartilage-sparing techniques have a better aesthetic outcome, as judged by the different groups.

    Originele taal-2English
    Pagina's (van-tot)500e-506e
    Aantal pagina's7
    TijdschriftPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery
    Nummer van het tijdschrift4
    StatusPublished - apr-2018

    Citeer dit


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MS Humanities: Sustainable Cities: Using MLA & EasyBib

EasyBib Resources

EasyBib is a great tool for citing sources,taking notes and organizing research.

UWCSEA subscribes to EasyBib, which gives our students access to premium features, such as the Notebook and Outline tools, and easy integration with Google Docs.

It also provides the option of APA and Chicago referencing styles, in addition to the default MLA.

For more info about MLA as a referencing style, see the library guide on MLA.

EasyBib Intro for students in Grades 5 to 10

EasyBib Intro for Grade 11/12 - showing MLA, APA, & Chicago

for high school students, who will have the choice between MLA, APA, or Chicago (footnote style).

Click here for the presentation.  NB: It is only accessible to people logged into a * account (because it shows our password).  For more information about EasyBib, see

Want to know more about using EasyBib?

In-text citation: place the name of the author of the information source you use in brackets or parenthesis. All the details of the item are given in the list of works cited.

Make sure the name you use in the text matches the first word in the bibliography entry.

You can use the source of information as many times as you wish, providing you remember to cite the name in parenthesis each time. You only add full details in the bibliography once. Quotations are given in quotation marks, and the page number is noted.

Please note:

1. The text has been created for the purpose of illustrating the technique of in-text citation. The text does not refer to real-life events.

2. All the references have been invented. They do not exist. They were created for the purpose of showing what a bibliography could contain, i.e. a variety of types of information - database article, email, book, websites where the authors are organizations rather than individuals.

Online MLA guides

MLA Commons

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MLA style books

Slideshow of samples

Common problems students experience

What students find new or difficult about referencing and citation in MLA style

These are some common questions that students ask about using MLA 8th (latest) edition:

Where do I put the URL in an MLA format entry?

It goes at the end of each entry on the the Works Cited (or bibliography) entry. IB rules (EE guide, Academic Honesty document) require that a student provide a URL, together with the date when s/he viewed the webpage.

Is a URL sufficient citation information?

No. A good website will have at least a title and usually an author. You also need to add the date you consulted the website.

Who and what is an author?

An author can be an individual, several people and/or an organization (a company, NGO, government department, etc.).

Is footnoting/endnoting acceptable in MLA style?

No. Footnoting/endnoting is part of the Chicago style, which is generally used in the history discipline. MLA requires in-text citation.

What does in-text citation do?

In makes a link between the words quoted, paraphrased or idea referred to in the text of the student’s work and the Works Cited section, which comes at the end of the piece of work.

Students don’t always realize that the name they use in the in-text citation must match the first name/word they use for their Works Cited entry.

What does in-text citation look like in MLA 8?

Surname of author page number within parenthesis, e.g. (Thomas 77).

The in-text citation is always in parenthesis, and just includes the surname or family name of the author or authors and a page number; no need for any punctuation marks. MLA is minimalist! (A date of publication is not used in MLA for in-text citation purposes.)

Where do I put the in-text citation?

Place the citation at the end of the sentence in which the quote/paraphrase is used. If you’re explaining someone’s idea, you’re probably doing that in a paragraph, so put the citation mark at the end of the paragraph. When you check your text, ask yourself: is it clear to a reader/examiner that x quote/paraphrase is from x source?

What if I use the quote/idea several times in the essay?

Just use the in-text citation each time you refer to the quote/idea. You can use it as many times as necessary. In the Works Cited section, you only provide one entry with the full publication/source details.

How do I do an in-text citation for an interview I carried out?

Put the name of the person you interviewed in parenthesis following a quote, paraphrase or reference to the person’s opinions/answers to your questions.

Are the words in an in-text citation included in the word count?

Any words or numbers in in-text citation are not included in the word count for the essay.

Do I separate websites from books, magazines, etc., in the Works Cited section?

No, it is all one alphabetical list ordered by author’s surname or family name, e.g. Jones, Simon not Simon Jones.

What does an entry in the Works Cited section look like?

The basic order in MLA is as follows:

Last or surname, First name. Title. City of publication: Publisher, year of publication.

      Medium of publication.

This is an example:

Frank, Adam. About time. London: Oneworld Publications, 2011. Print.

If you use an online citation generator, you need to check that all the entries are correct, so it is useful to know the basic order.

What is the format for the entry in the Works Cited section?

Order and layout are as in the example above. Note that the title is in italic font. Use the punctuation as shown in the example.

If the entry goes over one line of print, you use a hanging-style format, e.g.

Ahamed, Liaquat. Lords of finance: the bankers who broke the world. New York:

       Penguin, 2009. Print.

What if there is more than one author? Do I list them all?

Generally, yes. For works with more than one author, see this page:

What does the entry for a website on the Works Cited page look like?

Follow the basic format (i.e. author, title, place of publication, publisher, date, medium) as much as possible. An example is -

"Visual Impairment and Blindness." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013.

The title of the page is included in quotation marks. The website is written in italic font. N.p stands for no publisher given, n.d. stands for no date given. All these details can come from an online citation generator, and you just need to add the URL. N.B. Each citation generator tends to gather different information, so you do need to check the accuracy of the item.

What does an entry for an interview I carried out look like in the Works Cited page?

The order is as follows: Surname or family name of the person interviewed. The words personal interview. Date of interview, e.g.

Wang, Cynthia. Personal interview. 14 August 2013.

Punctuation is as given in the example, above.

  Search our library catalogs for books, ebooks, etc.


Good communication skills conclusion,bar professional training course results 2014,the worlds greatest miracle by og mandino pdf,time management solutions grand and toy toronto - Reviews

Positive nursing communication skills with : the stroke patient, an angry family, Displaying empathy and compassion, A nurse story. NURSING COMMUNICATION SKILLS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVELike it or not, every nurse engages in communication.
When Communication Skills are LackingLinda is sleep deprived and has beenworking too much overtime.
Whether you are speaking or listening, looking into the eyes of the person with whom you are conversing can make the interaction more successful. Not only should one be able to speak effectively, one must listen to the other person’s words and engage in communication on what the other person is speaking about.
This is all incorporated in:- Assessment- Intervention- Documentation- EducationThese are just a few of the responsibilitiesof a nurse. Take time each day to be aware of your opinions and feelings so you can adequately convey them to others. Communication skills can be practiced every day in settings that range from the social to the professional.

Eye contact conveys interest and encourages your partner to be interested in you in return. An open stance with arms relaxed at your sides tells anyone around you that you are approachable and open to hearing what they have to say.
Avoid the impulse to listen only for the end of their sentence so that you can blurt out the ideas or memories your mind while the other person is speaking. Communications skills for the nurse is an essential part of a day's work.Good Communication SkillsAn ICU nurse is confronted with an angry family because of adying relative.
The nurse also followsup later (per unit's policy) that medication has been effective.Wong Baker Faces Pain Scaleis one that is used for adults and children as young as 3 years of age. Individuals who are hesitant to speak because they do not feel their input would be worthwhile need not fear. New skills take time to refine, but each time you use your communication skills, you open yourself to opportunities and future partnerships. If you have to deliver a negative message, make your words, facial expressions, and tone match the message.

The nurse takes the time to introduce herself,listen to their concerns and tells the other members of the medical team what their needs were. What is important or worthwhile to one person may not be to another and may be more so to someone else. This brought calm to the situation.On admission to the surgical floor, a nurse walks into the room,never introduces herself and begins her daily routine. The patient is discharged and calls to find outone week later, when to remove the hose.ERPoor communication in the ER - The triage nurse who did notfully communicate to the paramedics the patient capacity of theEmergency Room. The paramedics arrived to a full ER and hadto travel to another Emergency Room.ConclusionFinally, there are no easy answers.
It is obvious that not everynurse will communicate to suit every patient, family or coworker.However, every attempt should be made to improve effectivecommunication skills.

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CHAPTER 7 The Hydrogen Atom

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Presentation on theme: "CHAPTER 7 The Hydrogen Atom"— Presentation transcript:

1 CHAPTER 7 The Hydrogen Atom
7.1 Application of the Schrödinger Equation to the Hydrogen Atom 7.2 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for Hydrogen 7.3 Quantum Numbers 7.4 Magnetic Effects on Atomic Spectra–The Zeeman Effect 7.5 Intrinsic Spin 7.6 Energy Levels and Electron Probabilities Werner Heisenberg ( ) The atom of modern physics can be symbolized only through a partial differential equation in an abstract space of many dimensions. All its qualities are inferential; no material properties can be directly attributed to it. An understanding of the atomic world in that primary sensuous fashion…is impossible. - Werner Heisenberg

2 7.1: Application of the Schrödinger Equation to the Hydrogen Atom
The potential energy of the electron-proton system is electrostatic: Use the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger Equation. For Hydrogen-like atoms (He+ or Li++), replace e2 with Ze2 (Z is the atomic number). In all cases, for better accuracy, replace m with the reduced mass, m.

3 Spherical Coordinates
The potential (central force) V(r) depends on the distance r between the proton and electron. Transform to spherical polar coordinates because of the radial symmetry.

4 The Schrödinger Equation in Spherical Coordinates
Transformed into spherical coordinates, the Schrödinger equation becomes:

5 Separable Solution The wave function y is a function of r, q, f. This is a potentially complicated function. Assume instead that y is separable, that is, a product of three functions, each of one variable only: This would make life much simpler, and it turns out to work.

6 7.2: Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for Hydrogen
Start with Schrodinger’s Equation: Substitute: Multiply both sides by -r2 sin2q / R f g:

7 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for H
r and q appear only on the left side and f appears only on the right side. The left side of the equation cannot change as f changes. The right side cannot change with either r or q. Each side needs to be equal to a constant for the equation to be true. Set the constant to be −mℓ2 It is convenient to choose the solution to be . azimuthal equation

8 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for H
satisfies the azimuthal equation for any value of mℓ. The solution must be single valued to be a valid solution for any f: Specifically: So: mℓ must be an integer (positive or negative) for this to be true.

9 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for H
Now set the left side equal to −mℓ2: −mℓ2 Rearrange it and divide by sin2(q): Now, the left side depends only on r, and the right side depends only on q. We can use the same trick again!

10 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for H
Set each side equal to the constant ℓ(ℓ + 1). Radial equation Angular equation We’ve separated the Schrödinger equation into three ordinary second-order differential equations, each containing only one variable.

11 Solution of the Radial Equation for H
The radial equation is called the associated Laguerre equation and the solutions R are called associated Laguerre functions. There are infinitely many of them, for values of n = 1, 2, 3, … Assume that the ground state has n = 1 and ℓ = 0. Let’s find this solution. The radial equation becomes: The derivative of yields two terms:

12 Solution of the Radial Equation for H
Try a solution A is a normalization constant. a0 is a constant with the dimension of length. Take derivatives of R and insert them into the radial equation. To satisfy this equation for any r, both expressions in parentheses must be zero. Set the second expression equal to zero and solve for a0: Set the first expression equal to zero and solve for E: Both are equal to the Bohr results!

13 Principal Quantum Number n
There are many solutions to the radial wave equation, one for each positive integer, n. The result for the quantized energy is: A negative energy means that the electron and proton are bound together.

14 7.3: Quantum Numbers The three quantum numbers:
n: Principal quantum number ℓ: Orbital angular momentum quantum number mℓ: Magnetic (azimuthal) quantum number The restrictions for the quantum numbers: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3, , n − 1 mℓ = −ℓ, −ℓ + 1, , 0, 1, , ℓ − 1, ℓ Equivalently: n > 0 ℓ < n |mℓ| ≤ ℓ The energy levels are:

15 Hydrogen Atom Radial Wave Functions
First few radial wave functions Rnℓ Sub-scripts on R specify the values of n and ℓ.

16 Solution of the Angular and Azimuthal Equations
The solutions to the azimuthal equation are: Solutions to the angular and azimuthal equations are linked because both have mℓ. Physicists usually group these solutions together into functions called Spherical Harmonics: spherical harmonics

17 Normalized Spherical Harmonics

18 Solution of the Angular and Azimuthal Equations
The radial wave function R and the spherical harmonics Y determine the probability density for the various quantum states. The total wave function depends on n, ℓ, and mℓ. The wave function becomes

19 Probability Distribution Functions
We use the wave functions to calculate the probability distributions of the electrons. The “position” of the electron is spread over space and is not well defined. We may use the radial wave function R(r) to calculate radial probability distributions of the electron. The probability of finding the electron in a differential volume element dt is:

20 Probability Distribution Functions
The differential volume element in spherical polar coordinates is Therefore, At the moment, we’re only interested in the radial dependence. The radial probability density is P(r) = r2|R(r)|2 and it depends only on n and ℓ.

21 Probability Distribution Functions
R(r) and P(r) for the lowest-lying states of the hydrogen atom.

22 Probability Distribution Functions
The probability density for the hydrogen atom for three different electron states.

23 Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum Number ℓ
Energy levels are degenerate with respect to ℓ (the energy is independent of ℓ). Physicists use letter names for the various ℓ values: ℓ = Letter = s p d f g h Atomic states are usualy referred to by their values of n and ℓ. A state with n = 2 and ℓ = 1 is called a 2p state.

24 Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum Number ℓ
It’s associated with the R(r) and f(θ) parts of the wave function. Classically, the orbital angular momentum with L = mvorbitalr. L is related to ℓ by In an ℓ = 0 state, This disagrees with Bohr’s semi-classical “planetary” model of electrons orbiting a nucleus L = nħ. Classical orbits—which do not exist in quantum mechanics

25 Magnetic Quantum Number mℓ
The solution for g(f) specifies that mℓ is an integer and is related to the z component of L: Example: ℓ = 2: Only certain orientations of are possible. This is called space quantization. And (except when ℓ = 0) we just don’t know Lx and Ly!

26 Rough derivation of ‹L2› = ℓ(ℓ+1)ħ2
We expect the average of the angular momentum components squared to be the same due to spherical symmetry: But Averaging over all mℓ values (assuming each is equally likely): because:

27 7.4: Magnetic Effects on Atomic Spectra—The Zeeman Effect
In 1896, the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman showed that spectral lines emitted by atoms in a magnetic field split into multiple energy levels. It is called the Zeeman effect. Consider the atom to behave like a small magnet. Think of an electron as an orbiting circular current loop of I = dq / dt around the nucleus. If the period is T = 2p r / v, then I = -e/T = -e/(2p r / v) = -e v /(2p r). The current loop has a magnetic moment m = IA = [-e v /(2p r)] p r2 = [-e/2m] mrv: where L = mvr is the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum.

28 The Zeeman Effect The potential energy due to the magnetic field is:
If the magnetic field is in the z-direction, we only care about the z-component of m: where mB = eħ / 2m is called the Bohr magneton.

29 The Zeeman Effect A magnetic field splits the mℓ levels. The potential energy is quantized and now also depends on the magnetic quantum number mℓ. When a magnetic field is applied, the 2p level of atomic hydrogen is split into three different energy states with energy difference of ΔE = mBB Δmℓ. mℓ Energy 1 E0 + μBB E0 −1 E0 − μBB

30 The Zeeman Effect The transition from 2p to 1s, split by a magnetic field.

31 The Zeeman Effect An atomic beam of particles in the ℓ = 1 state pass through a magnetic field along the z direction. The mℓ = +1 state will be deflected down, the mℓ = −1 state up, and the mℓ = 0 state will be undeflected.

32 7.6: Energy Levels and Electron Probabilities
For hydrogen, the energy level depends on the prin-cipal quantum number n. In the ground state, an atom cannot emit radiation. It can absorb electromagnetic radiation, or gain energy through inelastic bombardment by particles.

33 Selection Rules We can use the wave functions to calculate transition probabilities for the electron to change from one state to another. The probability is proportional to the mag square of the dipole moment: Allowed transitions: Electrons absorbing or emitting photons can change states when Δℓ = ±1 and Δmℓ = 0, ±1. Forbidden transitions: Other transitions are possible but occur with much smaller probabilities. where Yi and Yf are the initial and final states of the transition.

34 7.5: Intrinsic Spin In 1925, grad students, Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck, in Holland proposed that the electron must have an intrinsic angular momentum and therefore a magnetic moment. Paul Ehrenfest showed that, if so, the surface of the spinning electron should be moving faster than the speed of light! In order to explain experimental data, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck proposed that the electron must have an intrinsic spin quantum number s = ½.

35 Intrinsic Spin The spinning electron reacts similarly to the orbiting electron in a magnetic field. The magnetic spin quantum number ms has only two values, ms = ±½. The electron’s spin will be either “up” or “down” and can never be spinning with its magnetic moment μs exactly along the z axis.

36 Intrinsic Spin Recall: The magnetic moment is . The coefficient of is −2μB and is a consequence of relativistic quantum mechanics. Writing in terms of the gyromagnetic ratio, g: gℓ = 1 and gs = 2: The z component of . In an ℓ = 0 state: Apply ms and the potential energy becomes: and no splitting due to .

37 Generalized Uncertainty Principle
Define the Commutator of two operators, A and B: Then the uncertainty relation between the two corresponding observables will be: So if A and B commute, the two observables can be measured simultaneously. If not, they can’t. Example: So: and

38 Two Types of Uncertainty in Quantum Mechanics
We’ve seen that some quantities (e.g., energy levels) can be computed precisely, and some not (Lx). Whatever the case, the accuracy of their measured values is limited by the Uncertainty Principle. For example, energies can only be measured to an accuracy of ħ /Dt, where Dt is how long we spent doing the measurement. And there is another type of uncertainty: we often simply don’t know which state an atom is in. For example, suppose we have a batch of, say, 100 atoms, which we excite with just one photon. Only one atom is excited, but which one? We might say that each atom has a 1% chance of being in an excited state and a 99% chance of being in the ground state. This is called a superposition state.

39 Superpositions of states
Stationary states are stationary. But an atom can be in a superposition of two stationary states, and this state moves. where |ai|2 is the probability that the atom is in state i. Interestingly, this lack of knowledge means that the atom is vibrating:

40 Superpositions of states
Vibrations occur at the frequency difference between the two levels. Excited level, E2 DE = hn Energy Ground level, E1 The atom is vibrating at frequency, n. The atom is at least partially in an excited state.

41 Calculations in Physics: Semi-classical physics
The most precise computations are performed fully quantum-mechanically by calculating the potential precisely and solving Schrodinger’s Equation. But they can be very difficult. The least precise calculations are performed classically, neglecting quantization and using Newton’s Laws. An intermediate case is semi-classical computations, in which an atom’s energy levels are computed quantum-mechanically, but additional effects, such as light waves, are treated classically.

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The Jacksonville decision is also a broader acknowledgement that the huge indoor rallies that were a staple of the 2016 Trump campaign are difficult, if not impossible, to replicate in the current environment.

Those who know Trump acknowledge that he draws encouragement from the adulation of big crowds and that the absence of such events will come at a price.

“At the end of the day, he is a terrible president, but he is a reasonably effective stage performer,” said Anthony ScaramucciAnthony ScaramucciInfluential Republicans detail call to reform party, threaten to form new one Anthony Scaramucci joining CNBC as a contributor Biden doubles down on normal at White House MORE, who served a famously short tenure as Trump’s White House communications director and has since become a vigorous critic.

“His mood is positively impacted by those rallies, and so not having those rallies has a sort of negative impact on the campaign. It hurts his morale,” Scaramucci added.

The president and his aides may also have calculated that the risk of a lightly attended acceptance speech in Jacksonville was just too high.

A Trump rally in Tulsa, Okla., last month turned into an embarrassment. Then-campaign manager Brad ParscaleBrad ParscaleAides tried to get Trump to stop attacking McCain in hopes of clinching Arizona: report MORE boasted that there had been around 1 million applications for tickets. In the end, there were thousands of empty seats in an arena with a capacity of 19,000. Parscale has since been demoted, with Bill Stepien installed as the new campaign manager.

Had the Jacksonville event gone ahead, there was also the risk of people getting infected on-site — a prospect that would be substantively and politically disastrous.

Instead, Republicans are seeking to put the decision to cancel in the context of what they say is a shift in tone by the president.

In recent days, Trump has tweeted a photo of himself wearing a mask for the first time, saying it was a “patriotic” thing to do. He has also returned to the lectern of the White House briefing room to talk about the pandemic for the first time since April.

At the first of those briefings, on Tuesday, Trump acknowledged that the coronavirus situation “will probably, unfortunately, get worse before it gets better.”

Critics scoff at the idea of a shift by Trump, asserting that tonal changes are irrelevant unless more concrete actions are also taken.

But Republicans say there is a new emphasis on the seriousness of the problem — something that they see reflected in the Jacksonville decision.

“I think it impacts the president positively to cancel the convention in Jacksonville,” said Republican strategist Ron Bonjean. “It would just have created a negative news environment, but canceling shows he understands the danger of the coronavirus — and that is a concern that the Biden campaign has been using against him.”

In announcing the decision, Trump emphasized that there was “great enthusiasm” among his supporters. But “we didn’t want to take any chances,” he added.

Politically, Trump is caught between a rock and a hard place.

He could have appeared irresponsible by holding the convention in a state hit so hard by COVID-19.

But canceling strips him of a rare opportunity to change the direction of a campaign that has been running against him.

There are plans afoot in both parties to move large parts of their conventions online. But online events have much less of the fervor that Trump, in particular, loves.

“He is bored by Zoom and bored by virtual calls,” said Scaramucci. “He doesn’t like it.”

Trump lags Biden by almost 9 percentage points in the RealClearPolitics (RCP) national polling average.

His standing in the battleground states is not significantly better. In the RCP state averages, Trump was down by between 6.4 points and 8.2 points in Florida, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin as of Friday evening.

“There is still a fair time left, but with the spread of COVID again, it just looks like a daunting task for him,” said Tobe Berkovitz, a Boston University professor who specializes in political communications.

Former Vice President Joe Biden "benefits from running out the clock — and the clock is starting to run out," Berkovitz added.


US as Argentina

December 23, 2010 08:38

The decline in Argentina as a parallel to what is happening in our country.

Ron Holland at the Daily Bell via Monty Pelerin’s World

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

It is sometimes useful (and depressing) to look at history as a guide. Ron Holland on the Daily Bell details the decline in Argentina as a parallel to what is happening in our country.

The parallel is not without reason. In 1913 Argentina was the third richest country in the world, behind Great Britain and the U.S. According to Holland:

In 1913 Argentina’s GDP reached 72% of the U.S. level. But by 1998 it had fallen to 34%. What went wrong?

His explanation should trouble us all.

by Ron Holland

•A discussion of the ominous parallels between Argentina & the U.S.

•The question is asked, can America avoid the mistakes and economic consequences that Argentina has suffered?

•Is it too late?

“There are a lot of ways to ruin an economy. Argentina has experimented with most of them. It has devalued its currency, and revalued it. It has pegged it, and then knocked down the peg. It has regulated, controlled, inspected, taxed and confiscated. Following the 2001 crisis, earnings fell by 30% – with half the nation slipping below the official poverty line. What is remarkable is that the Argentine economy has survived at all.” – Bill Bonner

“Down Argentine Way” was the 1940 film that made a star of Betty Grable, who played an attractive young woman on vacation who fell in love with a wealthy racehorse owner. The storyline actually reflected a common occurrence during the 25 years prior to the film debut.

In the early 20th century, “as rich as an Argentine” was a common expression, often used in connection with land poor British aristocrats marrying off daughters to wealthy Argentinians. We all know about Harrods Department Store in London. Few remember that during this period of Argentine prosperity Harrods also ran a store in Buenos Aires.

Buenos Aires is still a beautiful and interesting city. If you visit, you’ll learn that despite all the doom and gloom we hear concerning Washington debt and the dwindling dollar, there is life after debt repudiation and currency collapse. The same thing has been proven in Russia, Germany and other nations numerous times. It has even happened twice in the United States.

“May you live in interesting times” – A Chinese Curse

Since 2008, we’ve certainly lived in interesting times both in politics and in the markets. The U.S. has tried standard Keynesian economic solutions with exploding deficits and trillions in government debt to solve the problems of mania, bubble and bust in real estate and the economy.

If you haven’t noticed, the world is full of people who appear normal but by Einstein’s standard are insane. The problem for us is that many of them are politicians and government “leaders.”

Let’s Take A Quick Look At Some Insanity Closer To Home

Do you really think voting Democrat or Republican is going to give you less government or more liberty?

Will Americans ever vote in overwhelming numbers for a third-party candidate in a national election?

If you continue to lose money with a particular investment advisor, why do you count on the performance improving next year?

The U.S. has been accumulating trillions in national debt since World War Two. Why would we think this will stop with the latest GOP victory in the House of Representatives or with the success of a few Tea Party candidates?

America will continue down the same road toward less liberty and more debt until we reach the end of the road. We will trash the dollar and keep building up our national debt until the world stops buying our Treasury obligations.

In recent weeks, China, Brazil, Germany and France have warned the U.S. to get its dollar and debt problems in order, to no avail. This will continue for quite a while, but just as our current foreign policies are opposed by most of the world, so our financial policies are now being questioned by world leaders and economists. One day the world will have had enough of our dollars and will tire of financing our debt. The dollar will cease to be the world’s reserve currency.

There is no way to know when this will happen; it could be next year or a decade from now. Our view is that before the dollar free-falls and investors flee Treasury debt, the Washington politicians will be reaching hard for your wealth, to buy more time.

There is nothing unique about what we are going through as a nation; it has happened many times throughout history, to other countries. Here in the U.S. we have had so much prosperity that we forget that wealth confiscation and economic collapse are more the norm than the exception.

Look Back At Argentina in 1913

It was an important year.

While the British Empire was first in economic size, only the United States challenged Argentina for the position of the world’s second-most powerful economy. The nation was blessed with abundant agriculture, millions of acres of farmland, navigable rivers and an accessible port system.

The country’s level of industrialization was higher than that of many European countries: railroads, automobiles and telephones were commonplace. Argentina was one of the ten richest nations in the world, and the rate of economic growth from 1870 to 1913 far exceeded that of the United States or Germany.

Politics and corruption. Inflation and currency depreciation were in double digits from 1945 to 1952, from 1956 to1968 and from 1970 to1974. And they were in triple digits and then quadruple digits from 1975 to 1990. In 1989, the inflation rate peaked at 5,000%! In one month the Argentine currency fell 64% against the dollar. Finally, on April 28, 1989, the printing presses were shut down because the government ran out of paper for banknotes and the printers went on strike.

Argentina’s government defaulted on its debt twice between 1870 and 1914 and again in 1982, 1989, 2002 and 2004 (to foreign creditors). It led the world in selling IOUs to foreign investors, just as America does today.

On December 23, 2001, after GDP had declined 12% for the year, the government announced a moratorium on all foreign debt — $81 billion worth. It was the largest default in history. The 500,000 foreign creditors finally agreed to accept 35 cents on the dollar. China and other creditors of the U.S. government should be looking at what happened in Argentina very closely.

More Ominous Parallels Between Argentina Then & America Today

In 1916 a new president was elected in Argentina; he had a foreign sounding name I can’t hope to pronounce. ((Can you spell it?)) He led a party called the Radicals, and their slogan was “fundamental change,” with an appeal to the lower middle class. Doesn’t this platform and campaign rhetoric sound familiar? “Change we can believe in” with a different phrasing.

He advocated a mandatory pension program, like the mandatory or “automatic” IRA” being pushed by the Democrats and some Republicans (including deep thinkers at the supposedly conservative Heritage Foundation).

He wanted mandatory health insurance and supported construction of low-income housing to stimulate the economy. Basically, like the American bailouts of 2008, in Argentina the state assumed control of a vast swath of the country’s economy and began assessing new payroll taxes to fund its efforts.

Does this remind you of what is happening to the United States?

With an increasing flow of funds into these entitlement programs, the government’s payouts quickly became overly generous. Soon the government outlays surpassed the value of the forced taxpayer contributions. Put simply, it quickly became under-funded, much like our Social Security and Medicare programs are today.

The death knell for the Argentine economy, however, came with the election of Juan Peron. Peron preached a fascist and corporatist philosophy much like Mussolini in Italy. He and his charismatic wife, Evita, first targeted their populist rhetoric at the nation’s rich. But as time went on the targeted group expanded to include most of the propertied middle class, who also became an enemy to be defeated and looted.

Again, does this sound familiar? Remember that the automobile industry bailout was directed far more toward supporting unions and their underfunded retirement and health plans than helping GM or Chrysler. It was the same on the GOP side when Washington bailed out much of the corrupt and failing big players in the American and foreign banking systems.

High taxes and economic mismanagement continued to take their toll, even after Peron had been driven from office. His populist rhetoric and ignorance of free-market economics remained on the political scene as Argentina’s federal government continued to spend far beyond its means, like America today.

Hyperinflation exploded in 1989, which is usually the final stage of collapse brought on by industrial protectionism, inflated salaries and bureaucratic regulation of the economy. The Argentinean government’s practice of printing money to pay its debts crushed the economy when inflation reached heights reminiscent of the Weimar Republic. Food riots were rampant; stores were looted; the country descended into chaos.

By 1994, Argentina’s public pensions – the equivalent of Social Security – had imploded. The payroll tax had increased from 5% to 26%, but it wasn’t enough. So Argentina implemented a value-added tax (VAT), new income taxes and a personal tax on wealth. These crushed the private sector.

A government-controlled “privatization” effort to rescue seniors’ pensions was attempted. But by 2001 even those funds had a been raided by the government, the monies replaced with defaulted Argentine government bonds. (You can read more about this in my Get Ready for the Obama Retirement Trap.)

By 2002, the Argentine government’s fiscal irresponsibility had produced a national economic crisis as severe as America’s Great Depression.

Our problems promise to produce worse. The dollar is still the world’s reserve currency, and our fall will resound in a way that Argentina’s did not. Germany, China, France and other nations have warned us that there is limited tolerance for continued U.S. money printing. The jury is still out; but if the printing continues, America is not going to like the verdict.

America Runs the Risk of Being Blamed for the Greatest Depression

There are, as we have seen, parallels between Argentina and the road the U.S. has taken. Following the 2008 meltdown, the entire world is in a tough situation. The U.S., predictably, has decided on currency depreciation to “solve” its problems. Germany, China and Russia express their displeasure.

The United States, doubtless, will be blamed for the coming meltdown. Other countries fear quite rightly what they have seen before, a tidal wave of repudiation and currency depreciation that could dramatically change the world. They know the U.S. will postpone the inevitable – but sooner or later the cumulative impact of profligacy, waste and corruption will become unstoppable. The U.S. economy will likely implode, taking the current world order with it.

We are living in the midst of a paradigm shift; the internet is having an impact on politics, information and financial markets. Such a transformation has happened before, with Gutenberg’s printing press in the 1500s, which destroyed the existing power structure and left Europe in turmoil. The invention of the press did to the religion, to the state and to the economy of the 16th century what the Internet is doing to Western society today.

This is an exciting transition period, when every established institution, from the FED to the two-party political system to Wall Street to our banking system, is being questioned and challenged by the alternative press of which we are part. Truth and change may be good in the long run, but in the near term they stress the system much like national bankruptcy and debt repudiation did in Argentina.

America Is the New Argentina!

“God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to always tell the difference.” – Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five

Right now we can’t change the direction our nation is heading, but with courage we can still take action now to defend our wealth while we work toward political change. The economic lesson to be learned from the Argentina experience is wealth and resources can be destroyed by big government and financial mismanagement. The United States is following a path similar to Argentina’s. Our political and financial leaders are doing the same thing that those in Argentina did and somehow expecting the outcome to be different this time.

The results will not be any different. Protect your wealth, and help us warn and educate the public through your support of the Foundation.

– Ron Holland at the Daily Bell via Monty Pelerin’s World

Interested In Further Reading? Click Here


Jerry Maguire, Show Me the Money! Benefits of Obtaining a Sports Management Degree

Other than the more ordinary capacities, for example, orchestrating instructing and preparing times and scenes, regalia, travel, and spending advancement and bookkeeping, a “leader sports director” is liable for the drafting and marking of new players and player exchanges.

Leader sports the executives are generally in the background callings. Open consciousness of the cozy connection between the operator, the player, and the group’s chief administration was raised by the film “Jerry Maguire”, where the NFL player played by Cuba Gooding Jr. requests, in the suffering statement from the film, that his specialist “Show me the cash!”

A group’s chief games director works straightforwardly with the player’s specialist and the group’s GM, arranging compensation and length of agreement. A scholastic track to a chief level situation with an expert group requires a Master’s or other progressed sports the board online degree. Educational program initially centers general MBA-level coursework in business, law, HR, and financial aspects. Ensuing leader sports the board degree coursework incorporates sports-explicit media, PR, interchanges, and advertising, including fan club advancement and the executives, just as preparing on programming utilized in university settings and in the MLB, NFL, NBA, MLS, and NHL, ability exploring and sports organization, HR, NCAA scholastics and consistence law, and game day and ticket activities.

A greater part of chief administrators 스포츠 토토 entering their activity through a non-scholarly track were effective players and additionally mentors, making a characteristic change from player or mentor to leader sports the executives. The hopeful chief games the executives certificate looking for understudy will likewise profit by experience that shows capacity to take a group to triumph. Experience as an effective player or mentor is basically an essential for both the non-scholarly and scholastic tracks to a profession as a chief administrator.

Occasion administrators work with proficient significant group and small time sports, just as intercollegiate, and sorted out territorial, nearby, and corporate novice sports. Objective and the travel industry affiliations, including Convention and Visitor Bureaus, progressively utilize sport occasion supervisors to assist them with benefiting from the potential for pulling in and developing games in their city or district.


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What Is The NSFAS N+2 Rule?

NSFAS provides financial aid to students from poor and working-class families. However, there are rules for when you're funded by NSFAS. One is the N+2 rule.

The N+2 rule means that students only have N+2 years to finish a degree. “N” is the minimum number of years allocated to complete a qualification (i.e. record time). The “+2” refers to the extra two years that a student may need to complete the qualification (making the maximum time).

It would then refer to the number of years a student should be enrolled at a university. The maximum is 5 years if you exceed the 5 years you are no longer eligible for funding .

For example: where a qualification is three years, the university will allow you to complete it within a five-year period, with the extra two years being the [+2].

It is important to further note that, the N+2 rule is not based on the number of years that a student has been funded, but on the number of years that the student has been registered for tertiary study at any public university in South Africa, regardless of institution change.

When NSFAS states the reason for your unsuccessful funding application as: ‘you have exceeded the N+2 rule’, this means you have been studying longer than the minimum allocated time for your as well as the extra two years you have been given to complete your qualification.

NSFAS is however sympathetic towards  students. If students have exceeded the number of years allowed for funding but only require a few courses/modules to complete their qualification, they can appeal to NSFAS as well as speak to the financial aid officers at their respective institutions and they could possibly be funded.

NSFAS has said that it is unfair for students to be funded for a very long time as this would leave NSFAS to be incapable of funding less new students and taking away those opportunities of new students who are entering the system.

Latest Bursaries

The Company has a programme to train students either at Universities, Universities of Techology and CETA Learnerships in order to ensure sufficient numbers of graduates and technicians for the company’s future needs.

This formal education is followed up by on the job training and mentorship under the supervision of skilled, trained and professional people.

The Fulbright Foreign Student Programme is inviting applications for the 2022-2023 academic year.

The South African Fulbright Foreign Student Programme provides grants for South African university graduates to pursue post-graduate studies at a United States university in any subject (excludes MBA and studies that require contact with patients).

For the past 19 years, the Thuthuka Bursary has funded academically talented African and Coloured learners and students who want to become chartered accountants [CAs(SA)]. If you are one of them, don’t delay applications for the 2022 intake have just opened.

ITVarsity could be the stepping stone to an amazing career for you. Enter their AppHustle competition and you could win a bursary to study at ITVarsity.

The #AppHustle is a competition like no other. If you win the competition, you will get a bursary to study at ITVarsity worth R25 000!

The bursary covers all your study fees, study content and assessment fees.

Jakes Gerwel Fellowship is a full university scholarship that provides extensive mentoring and leadership development for graduate students with a passion for teaching and education.


Townsville D2 restoration

06 April 2021

Townsville Breathes new life into the old D2 for a second time

A beautifully restored CAT D2 Track Type Tractor now sits, in the courtyard area of Hastings Deering Townsville. How it ended up there is a story spanning more than 20 years.

It began with and a special relationship, formed between Hastings Deering’s Gordon Bontoff, and customer Dave Cox, who back in 1997 was the largest sugar cane grower in the Burdekin district.

In early 1998, on a visit to Dave’s farm, Gordon noticed two D2 Track Type Tractors sitting side by side near a shed. Gordon asked if it would be possible to buy one of them. Dave declined the offer and instead donated the machine on the understanding Hastings Deering would restore it to running condition and put it on display.

Young apprentice diesel fitter Peter Hinrichsen began work on it. Restoring it so well they would take it out to the NQ Field days.
Gordon recalls “We would drive the D2 all around them, people loved it! It was a good reminder of the heritage of Hastings Deering and Caterpillar in NQ, brand awareness you couldn’t put a price on”.

“We actually had a competition on how quickly you could start it.  It had a rip cord start with a 2-cylinder petrol engine as the starter motor, if I recall a fellow started the D2 in around 4 seconds!”

 The D2 stood at the front of Hastings Deering Townsville for many years, with a plaque acknowledging Davco’s donation. But over time the D2 deteriorated and was eventually moved into storage.

Hastings Deering restore a vintage D2

Until Mark Scott and Daniel Viero visited Townsville and operations manager, Andrew Revell, took them to see Jeff Doyle at Mendi Group.

Jeff has an immaculately restored D2 as the center piece of his administration area.

As Andrew remembers it “we were admiring it together, and then I told them we actually had one in our warehouse”.

“They asked why it was in storage and I told them we just didn’t have the money to fix it up again. That’s when Daniel said we had to get it out of the warehouse, restore it and put it back on display and, to make it happen, he would help.”

So, 20 years after first working on it, Peter Hinrichsen, was a part of the restoration team for a second time

Today it has a new life, proudly on display for Townsville’s Hastings Deering staff, this time under cover and well protected from the elements.

Industry News


Primer to the Immune Response

Written in the same engaging conversational style as the acclaimed first edition, Primer to The Immune Response, 2nd Edition is a fully updated and invaluable resource for college and university students in life sciences, medicine and other health professions who need a concise but comprehensive introduction to immunology. The authors bring clarity and... Více


1000-PIECE PUZZLE featuring Sherlock Holmes’s London in glorious detail.  Spot famous characters, crime-solving clues, and historical figures as you build the puzzle. Hunt for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s most memorable characters, from the hound at Baskerville Hall to Moriarty, Dr. Watson, Mycroft and more, as well as real historical figures from the era.

Includes a fold-out posters featuring fun Sherlock facts.

The World of Sherlock Holmes


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SEP 8 2018

The visual potential of appearance is exploited to convey what the churches look like in real life and give the viewer a glimpse of the pilgrims' life. An authentic feel of the churches and its environment is shown by using photographs such as one of the Lalibela churches in the top-right header shown below and the local man reading the bible in conjunction with graphic images such as the church in the body and more.

Quantitative data is used to convey the size of St.George and how many visitors all Lalibela churches attract annually. It represents information about the population of the town, the size of one of the churches (St.George), numbers of visitors using a bar chart and its revenue. It also shows how many people visit the churches during one of the famous Ethiopian holidays, Genna.

The visual potential of time is exploited to convey the construction years of all eleven churches during King Lalibela's reign. It’s visually representing the information about the construction period of the churches but also provides history on what came before and after Lalibela to help draw an imaginary timeline, which helps in understanding the context.

Maps and icons are used to illustrate the location of Lalibela churches in the world. It provides information about the continent, country, and town in which the churches are located.

To answer the question, to which group of Christianity do Lalibela churches belong to? It's visually creating the relationship between Lalibela churches and Christianity using a hierarchy tree to show the different groups of Christianity.


27 diciembre 2011

El efecto del urbanismo en el medio

Urban planning must account for its effects on ecosystem services

Tightly compacted cities can increase flooding risk for local residents, but sprawling, suburban development can lead to major losses in carbon stored by the land and agricultural production. These are the conclusions of a study which explored the effects of different urbanisation patterns on vital ecosystem services.

Should towns and cities become denser to accommodate growing populations, or should they spread out into the surrounding countryside? This is a conundrum central to the sustainable management of urbanisation, a major cause of land use change in Europe. In turn, land use change is a major driver of changes in ecosystem services – benefits to society delivered by the natural world.

The study explored the potential impacts of changes in urban land cover on three ecosystem services: flood mitigation, carbon storage and agricultural production. These were investigated for the period 2006-2031 in Britain, which has a projected population increase of 16% by 2031. Britain was selected as a case study owing to large amounts of land use data available for the country, but the findings are globally relevant.

Two scenarios of land use were considered to reflect different responses to growing urban populations. The first considers a strategy that minimises sprawl by increasing the density of housing within existing urban boundaries, and which is estimated to convert 948km2 of land to new urbanisation overall for the 25-year period. The second uses a strategy that favours development in suburban areas, increasing the urban area and converting approximately 3302km2of land, over three times more than for the densification scenario. Ecosystem service provision under these two scenarios was mapped for the country, using data from previous studies.

The results suggest that densification will lead to a loss of flood mitigation ecosystem services, with an estimated 1.7 million people living within 1km of rivers that are likely to have higher peak flows by 2031. Natural land cover (soil and plants) provides a valuable ecosystem service by absorbing rainfall. However, this is lost with the construction of 'impervious surfaces', such as roads, pavements and buildings, that do not soak up water. Instead, water runs off these artificial surfaces and increases river flow. Additionally, more people will be affected by flooding through densification simply because populations are more concentrated.

Suburban development tends to have more gardens and green areas with more dispersed populations, so loss of flood mitigation is not likely to be a significant issue for urban sprawl strategies. However, suburban development reduces land available for farming, which may increase the need to import more food from other countries. It also turns over more land, disturbing the soil and removing stored carbon. The study estimated that losses of stored carbon could be 3.5 times greater under the sprawl scenario than for the densification scenario, and over the 25 year time period, equate to 17% of total carbon emitted by Britain in 2008.

The researchers suggest that this study highlights opportunities for 'clever planning' to reduce risks and increase benefits of either planning strategy. For example, innovative drainage systems and green roofs could help reduce flood risk in dense cities.
Source: Eigenbrod, V.F., Bell, A., Davies, H.N. et al. (2011). The impact of projected increases in urbanization on ecosystem services. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278:3201-3208.
Contact: k.j.gaston@exeter.ac.uk
Theme(s): Land use, Urban environments

fuente: Science for Environment Policy

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DateSerial - function of language VBScript

Returns a date for a specified year, month, and day.

In the PROMOTIC system it is better to use the Pm.CreateDate method.

Date DateSerial(Integer year, Long month, Long day)
year(Integer) year. Number between 100-9999.
month(Long) month. Number between 1-12.
day(Long) day. Number between 1-31.
For the year argument, values in the range 0-99, inclusive, are interpreted as the years 1930–2029. For all other year arguments, use a complete 4-digit year (e.g. 1800).
If any argument exceeds the accepted range for that argument, then it increments to the next larger unit as appropriate. For example, if you specify 35 days, it is evaluated as one month and some number of days, depending on where in the year it is applied. However, if any single argument is outside the range -32,768 to +32,767, or if the date specified by the three arguments, either directly or by expression, falls outside the acceptable range of dates, then an error occurs.
The example uses numeric expressions instead of absolute date numbers. The function returns a date that is the day before the first day (1–1) of two months before August (8–2) of 10 years before 2025 (2025–10); in other words, May 31, 2015.
VBScriptSelect and copy to clipboard

Dim d
d = DateSerial(2025-10, 8-2, 1-1)

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Roller Skating Association International

ASCAP Music Licensing Discounts

As a member of the RSA, you are entitled to music licensing discounts. As you know, being a roller skating center requires you to pay for music licensing from the three major music licensing firms: BMI, SESAC and ASCAP. The RSA has worked out agreements with ASCAP. The RSA accepts payments on behalf of ASCAP with your membership renewal. Please note that all roller skating centers utilizing music must register with these three licensing agencies and must pay their ASCAP dues to the RSA no later that the deadline given on the form. This is a hard deadline and there are no exceptions. If you submit your payment after this due date it must be for the full retail value listed and submitted directly to ASCAP.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Download this form and save to your computer, but DO NOT open it in your internet browser (Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Edge) to complete it. You MUST open it in Adobe Reader for the submit form button to work.

Download ASCAP licensing application and fee chart
To determine your 2021 ASCAP credit, we will need you to complete the following survey with your information and re-opening date.


The use of communicative approaches in teaching English in elementary school

language activities stir a class. In a positive sense stir means that activities wake them up, stimulate them. In a

The use of communicative approaches in teaching English in elementary school

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на тему:

Застосування комунікативних підходів у навчанні англійської мови у початковій школі

Tell me and I forget, show me andremember, involve me and Ill learn.

main purpose of learning a foreign language is to enable our students to communicate in it. This is the process of arriving at the point of understanding a language, and this is where the communicative approach to language teaching and learning comes to the forefront. In recent years the communicative approach has become ever more popular and overall effective ways to facilitate second language learning.

Communicative Approach

origins of Communicative Language Teaching are to be found in the changes in the British language teaching tradition dating from the late 1960s. The writings of D. Wilkins, H. Widdowson, C. Candlin, C. Brumfit, K. Johnson and other British applied linguists on the theoretical basics for a communicative or functional approach to language teaching; the rapid application of these ideas by textbook writers; the equally rapid acceptance of these new principles by British Language teaching specialists, curriculum development centers, and even governments gave prominence nationally and internationally to what came to be referred to as the Communicative Approach.essential characteristics of the approach are:

1.Most of the class time is pent on speaking activities. If the teacher presents a text orally or tells his learners to read it, this receptive task is usually used only as a preparation for immediately introducing a speaking activity related to the text.

2.Only the target language is used in class.

.Most of the speaking activities practiced in class involve spontaneous exchange in unplanned discourse.

.The focus of all classroom is on exchange of information and not on the language and its forms. Learners incorrect utterances are also accepted by the teacher as long as it is relatively clear what they mean.

.There are no grammar explanations and exercises, no drills of any kind, no grammar tests. Grammar is supposed to be acquired in a non-deliberative way, as a by-product of participation in various communicative activities in class. Only when there is a complete block of communication caused by the wrong use of a language form, can the form itself become an object of the learners conscious attention and the teacher may try to explain in some way the meaning of this form.

.Learners errors, particularly grammatical ones, are not corrected by the teacher in any direct way. They are either completely ignored or corrected in an oblique manner.

.The teacher is not the central figure in he classroom and the only provider of feedback. Classroom activities are often carried in small groups or pair, with the teacher walking around, listening in and providing help when the New Conception of Education the main aim of teaching foreign language is forming in learners communicative competence, which means mastering language as intercultural communicative means, developing skills of using foreign language as a tool in cooperation of cultures of modern world. with young language learners in the primary classroom can be both a rewarding and a demanding experience. To make the most of that experience for both learners and teachers we need to be very clear what is we are trying to do. We must try to identify what learning language in school demands from young children and what it can offer them. We should also acknowledge what the implications of those demands and needs are for the teachers.children do not come to the language classroom empty-handed. They bring with them an already well-established set of instincts, skills and characteristics which will help them to learn another language. We need to identify those and make the most of them. For example, children:

-are already very good at interpreting meaning without necessarily understanding the individual words;

-already have great skill in using limited language creatively;

frequently learn indirectly rather than directly;

take great pleasure in finding and creating fun in what they do;

have a ready imagination;

above all take great delight in talking!

s ability to grasp meaning

young children are able to understand what is being said to them even before they understand the individual words. Intonation, gesture, facial expressions, actions and circumstances all help to tell them the unknown words and phrases probably mean. By understanding the message in this way they start to understand the language. In later life we all maintain this first source of understanding alongside our knowledge of the language itself. It remains a fundamental part of human communication.come to primary school with this ability already highly developed. They continue to use it in all their schoolwork. For example, even thought their mother tongue skills are already well established, they may well find it difficult to follow purely verbal instructions and information. When this happens, or sometimes simply out of laziness or inattention, children will tend to rely on their ability to read the general message. We can see this happening most clearly when they get it wrong. More importantly, particularly in terms of language development, their message-interpreting skill is part of the way they learn new words, concepts and expressions in their mother tongue as their language expands to meet the new challenges of school.when children encounter a new language at school, they can on the same skill to help them interpret the new sounds, new words and new structures. We want to support and develop these skills. We can do this by making sure we make full use of gesture, intonation, demonstration, actions and facial expressions to convey meaning parallel to what we are saying. We must also try not to undermine the childrens willingness to use the skill.

s creative use of limited language resources

the early stages of their mother tongue development children excel at making a little language go a long way. They are creative with grammatical forms. They are also creative with concepts. Children also create words by analogy, or they even invent completely new words which then come into the family vocabulary. This phenomenon is fundamental language development. In order to make the most of the creative language skill the children bring with them, we therefore have to provide them occasions when:

-the urge to communicate makes them find some way of expressing themselves;

-the language demanded by the activity is unpredictable and isnt just asking the children to repeat set phrases, but it encouraging them to construct language actively for why games are so useful and so important. It is not just because they are fun. It is partly because the fun element creates a desire to communicate and partly because games can create unpredictability.we acknowledge the need for unpredictability, it follows that in addition to occasions when the children practice learnt dialogue or other specific language items under close teacher guidance, there will also need to be occasions when we set up an activity and then leave the children to get on with it.

s capacity for indirect learning

when teachers are controlling an activity fairly closely, children sometimes seem to notice something out of the corner of their eye and to remember it better than they were actually supposed to be learning. At times this can be a frustrating experience for the teacher but this capacity too can be turned to our advantage in the language classroom. It is part of the rather complex phenomenon of indirect learning.activities which involve children in guessing what phrase or word someone has thought of are very good examples of this phenomenon in action. As far as the children are concerned, they are not trying to learn phrases: they are concentrating on trying to guess right. However, by the time they have finished the repeated guessing, they will have confirmed words and structures they only half knew at the beginning. They will have got the phrases firmly into their minds. They will probably even have adjusted their pronunciation. Guessing is actually a very powerful way of learning phrases and structures, but it is indirect because the mind is engaged with the task and is not focusing on the language.primary school level the children capacity for conscious leaning of forms and grammatical patterns is still relatively undeveloped. In contrast, all children, whether they prefer to sort things out or muddle through, bring with them an enormous instinct for indirect learning. If we are to make the most of that asset we need to build on it quite deliberately and very fully.

s instinct for play and fun

have an enormous capacity for finding and making fun. Sometimes, it has to be said, they choose the most inconvenient moments to indulge it! They bring a spark of individuality and of drama to much that they do. When engaged in guessing activities children nearly always inject their own element of drama into their hiding of the prompt-cards and their reactions to the guesses of their classmates. They shuffle their cards ostentatiously under the table so that the others cant see. They may utter an increasingly triumphant or smug No! as the others fail to guess. They stare hard at the rest of the class, they frown or they glower. Here their personalities emerge, woven into the language use. In this way, they make the language their own. That

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Fluoride Action Network

Excessive fluoride mainly causes skeletal lesions. Recently, it has been reported that an appropriate level of calcium can alleviate fluorosis. However, the appropriate concentration and mechanism of calcium addition is unclear. Hence, we evaluated the histopathology and ultrastructure, DNA fragmentation, hormonal imbalances, biomechanical levels and the expression of apoptosis-related genes, after treating the rats with 150 mg/L NaF and different concentrations of CaCO3. Our results suggested that NaF induced the histopathological and ultrastructural injury, with a concomitant increase in the DNA fragmentation (P<0.05), and serum OC (17.4899±0.8907 pmoL/L) at 120 d. In addition, the qRT-PCR and western blotting results indicated that NaF exposure up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Calpain, Caspase 12, Caspase 9, Caspase 7, Caspase 3, CAD, PARP and AIF while down-regulated the Bcl-2 (P<0.01), decreased the bone ultimate load by 27.15 %, the ultimate stress by 10.07 %, and the ultimate deformity by 23.27 % at 120 d. However, 1 % CaCO3 supplementation decreased the serum OC (14.6559±0.6478 pmoL/L), bone F content (P<0.01), fracture and breakage of collagen fibers, and changed the expression of endoplasmic reticulum pathway related genes and proteins at 120 d. Further 1 % CaCO3 supplementation increased the bone ultimate load by 20.86 %, the ultimate stress by 4.89 %, and the ultimate deformity by 21.57 %. In summary, we conclude that 1 % CaCO3 supplementation alleviated fluoride-induced bone damage by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.


The Foreign Minister Meets Qatari Deputy Prime and Foreign Minister

   Foreign Minister Mr. Mohammad A. Alhakim met with the Qatari Foreign Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman Al-Thani, the two sides stressed the need to strengthen bilateral relations and advance them to serve the interests of the peoples of the two brotherly countries. They also discussed the most important regional and international issues of common concern.

The two Ministers stressed the importance of respecting the sovereignty of Iraq, and the absolute refusal to turn it into an arena for conflict, and the need to keep it away from regional conflicts and bias policy, stressing the need to rebuild liberated areas in order to complete the victory against terrorism.

Minister Alhakim expressed his rejection and condemnation of the attacks that targeted the Iraqi territories because of their blatant violation of sovereignty, threat to the safety of citizens, and a violation of the provisions of international law.

The two Ministers agreed to work to reduce tension in the region between Tehran and Washington, and to spare the region the threat of wars,  warning that any escalation in the region would enhance the ability of terrorists to reorganize their remnants, undermine the efforts of the international community in combating Da’esh terrorist organization, threaten to fuel further conflicts in the region, and worsen humanitarian crises.

The meeting included discussing the situation in Syria, Libya and Yemen. Minister Alhakim clarified the official position of Iraq based on respecting the sovereignty of states, non-interference in internal affairs, support initiatives that lead to peaceful solutions to regional issues, and spare the peoples risks and disasters of military solutions.

The two sides also touched on the security of navigation and securing energy supplies in the Gulf region, and in this context the minister assured that Iraq does not support projects and initiatives that lead to an increase in tension in the region, and that the countries bordering the Gulf are able to protect the security of navigation and secure the flow of energy supplies.

On the Iraqi position on the crisis between Qatar and some Gulf countries, Minister Alhakim called on the concerned countries to solve the problems through diplomatic means, calmness and to give priority to dialogue away from escalation, and support the Kuwaiti initiative.

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Maura Marksteiner

Essential Oil Educator

Maura Marksteiner

I have been helping people all my life…

…many of them couldn’t communicate through speech. Since I was a curious person, I learned to listen in new ways. Over the years, the new ways of listening deepened my intuition and my compassion. I could see and understand things that others couldn’t.

Then my health started needing more consideration.

The things I had been doing in the past weren’t working. Conventional methods did not have answers, diagnosis, or effective advice for me. I started searching outside the box. I unearthed many, many strategies-some that worked for me and some that didn’t. By the time I found essential oils I knew there were many others searching just like me.

I began sharing my experiences with others.

My gifts of listening and genuine interest in people helped me develop into an engaged and caring mentor. When I work with someone learning to use or share oils, I get to share my power and boldness and encourage them to embrace their own strengths while developing new ones.

I’m so excited to share with and encourage you as well.


Question: What Is Underweight For A 7 Year Old?

What time should a 7 year old go to bed?

This means that a seven year old, who wakes at 7am, should ideally be in bed between 7pm and 9pm..

How much food should a 7 year old eat?

What causes a child not to gain weight?

Should 7 year olds take naps?

Nearly all children stop napping by seven years of age. If your child is still napping regularly at age seven, consult your pediatrician to confirm there are no underlying sleep health concerns.

At what age should a child fall asleep on their own?

Why is my 7 year old not gaining weight?

Your child may not be gaining enough weight because: They are not eating enough. Their eating and coordination skills are lacking or there are feeding issues. They have increased energy requirements.

When should I worry about my child being underweight?

Children aged 6 to 12 are still growing, which means they need the energy (calories) and nutrients that come from a varied and balanced diet. If your child is underweight, they may not be getting enough calories. If you’re concerned that your child is underweight or not growing normally, see a GP.

What is underweight in a child?

How can I help my 7 year old son gain weight?

How to help your child gain weightTry eating 6 to 8 smaller meals or snacks per day.If you can only eat a few bites, eat more often, every half hour if needed.Avoid favorite foods when you feel nauseated, or sick to your stomach. … Save favorite foods for when you feel good!Eat when you feel hungry. … Don’t fill up on liquids at meals.More items…

How can I get my 7 year old to sleep?

7 Tips and Tricks for Getting Kids to Sleep at NightKnow how much sleep your child should be getting. … Make bedtime a routine. … Create an ideal sleeping environment. … Turn off electronics. … Make sure they get regular exercise. … Avoid meals and caffeine before bedtime. … Be on the lookout for signs of sleep disorders.Jan 24, 2019

What can I do if my child is underweight?

There are a few steps you can take to increase your child’s calorie intake until they reach a healthy weight, while still providing a healthy diet.bulk up mashed potato by putting milk or cheese in it.put grated cheese on beans on toast.make milk puddings.make soups with milk instead of water.

Why is my 7 year old gaining weight?

Why is my child so skinny?

Why is my child skinny?

How much should my 7 year old weigh?

Big Kid weight and height averagesAgeSizeGirlsHeight3 ft 7 in (108 cm)6 yearsWeight44 lb 12 oz (20.3 kg)Height3 ft 9 in (115 cm)7 yearsWeight50 lb 8 oz (22.9 kg)8 more rows•Apr 8, 2020


10 Fallacies In Business You Need To Know

The straw man fallacy describes an argument that misrepresents an opponent’s stance to make rebuttal more convenient. The straw man fallacy is a type of informal logical fallacy, defined as a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders it invalid.
Gambler’s fallacy is a mistaken belief that past events influence future events. This fallacy can manifest in several ways. One example, if how individuals mistakenly conclude past events. Instead, to prevent the gambler’s fallacy, business people need to know that the real world is more complex and subtle than a game, and rather than relying on complex models, they can rely on solid time-proved heuristics.
The base rate fallacy occurs when an individual inaccurately judges the likelihood of a situation occurring by not considering all relevant data.
The Pygmalion effect is a psychological phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. The Pygmalion effect was defined by psychologist Robert Rosenthal, who described it as “the phenomenon whereby one person’s expectation for another person’s behavior comes to serve as a self-fulfilling prophecy.”
The bottom-dollar effect describes a tendency among consumers to dislike purchases that exhaust their remaining budget. If a consumer spends the last $50 in their bank account on dinner at a restaurant with friends, they may enjoy good food and good company. But after the meal, they feel dissatisfied because the meal has exhausted the last of their funds. Here, the negative emotions associated with running out of money have been applied to the meal itself. This is known as the bottom-dollar effect.
In business, the butterfly effect describes the phenomenon where the simplest actions yield the largest rewards. The butterfly effect was coined by meteorologist Edward Lorenz in 1960 and as a result, it is most often associated with weather in pop culture. Lorenz noted that the small action of a butterfly fluttering its wings had the potential to cause progressively larger actions resulting in a typhoon.

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Rare Disease Film Festival 2020

What it is like to live with a rare disease? 99% of genetic conditions are classed as rare, meaning they affect fewer than 1 in 2,000 people. Currently, there are over 6,000 known rare diseases, and thanks to advances in genome sequencing new ones are being identified and described on a regular basis.