Why it is no longer enough just to be a web developer

Why it is no longer enough just to be a web developer

Web development trends come and go faster and faster. Keeping up with them is a challenge.

Web technologies are constantly changing. Faster internet connections, new devices or changed user behavior make trends emerge and fade away again. A Flash element on a website used to be the be-all and end-all of a good website, but today it only shows that the page has not been updated for a long time. Behind the virtual scenes, web developers are working on using the new technologies as innovatively as possible. Meanwhile, the way you implement web projects is changing. Where does web development stand today? And what are the upcoming trends? ESKA asked our top programmers whose projects always deliver the best quality, satisfying the customers, what it is like to be a programmer in 2021.

Courage, opportunities, added value

When asked how they think web development has changed in the last five years, many programmers refer to the increased quality. The industry has become very professional and best practices have emerged in many areas that lead to high quality on a much broader basis. As a result, innovation has withdrawn more to specific sub-aspects and often needs even more courage than before. Besides, today professionalism must be paired with innovation to stand out from the crowd. Our developers also mentioned that today’s programmers need more skills, specialists, and know-hows to shine in their careers today. They also mentioned that on the customer side, significantly more resources are needed than before, and everyone has to pay more attention to scientifically supported processes. Content is just as important as the packaging. Users are not prepared to spend long periods on a page if the content does not offer any added value.

The basics of good, sustainable work on the web have remained the same. But the web developers of 2021 are working with ever better freely available modules that can be used faster and can be built even better. In short: the open-source principle has prevailed. Our developers also added that the rise of China is also taking place in this area, referring to "Vue.js", which they describe as "the defining front-end framework of these years".

Competencies without limits

What other trends are web developers currently facing? Our web developer mentions a marketing aspect, saying that the new main medium is the web, not other advertising media. Other trends are front-end design patterns, speech recognition and language assistance in the customer journey, conversational navigation, and always-on usability testing. Also, CMS systems with a focus on their core functions - so-called headless CMS are in trend for them. The headless CMS as SaaS has developed a maturity that makes them better alternatives in more and more cases. Besides, backends are increasingly appearing as APIs and are increasingly being implemented as microservices. So, we can say that we see a trend towards relocating demanding work to the build process, i.e. to do it before delivery to the browser. This can be used to effectively cushion increased complexity and demands. Business logic and rendering, on the other hand, are shifted to the browser. In general, more attention is paid not only to performance but also to accessibility.

Our developers also wanted to add that they see trends in team and project work, saying that there is a shift from web development to product development. The collaboration takes place across previous team boundaries: developers work directly with designers, data analysts, and users to find the best possible product thinking which is increasingly user-centered, as UX is becoming more important. And of course, data protection is also a big topic, where the trend lies towards more transparency and user participation.

It's faster and requires more knowledge

With new trends, new challenges come to the developers. There are two main aspects of it. On the one hand, the speed of change is great: What is modern today may be out of date in one or two years. Recognizing trends early is accordingly important. On the other hand, the technical spectrum becomes bigger and the product development encompasses to be a better one. In addition to the various technology standards, know-how in related specialist areas is becoming increasingly important, for example in the area of SEO.

Our web developers say that now in 2021, an unbelievably large amount of expertise is demanded from them. Today you are no longer just a simple yet professional web developer, but a React developer with a focus on data connectivity, or a UI developer with accessibility expertise or DevOps for cloud computing. The constantly increasing abundance of possibilities and specializations is not just a challenge for newbies. In this context, the most important challenge is and will remain further training. Not only in technology but also in methods, communication, and cooperation.

More than just writing code

What does tomorrow's web development look like? Our programmers think that the gap between smartphone apps and web apps will close. The capabilities of the devices will be transferred to the web faster and more consistently. NFC will be accessible to web apps for payments, voice control anyway, AR and VR.

In the front-end area soon, we will see many interesting approaches in the area of web components and CSS/Houdini. In the nearest future, we will also rely more heavily on complex stacks. We will not only increase AI approaches in web developments, but deep learning will also increase support for ourselves, be it with code inspection and generation, but also with testing and automated audits. The teams will be even more multidisciplinary, especially with large projects, while smaller ones will focus on mature environments. Our developers also said that WebGL is increasingly being used for visual experiences, and custom shaders are being used more and more as well.

Our programmer’s team members believe that the new possibilities will further increase the complexity. They say that seeing the trends, various inputs such as voice, facial expressions, and gestures will play an increasingly important role. Besides, personalized and individualized content, as well as the correct display of messages, will be intensified. The optimal placement in the ecosystem with overarching stakeholders will inevitably develop even more and trigger a dynamic that the complexity increases even further. It is not only important to think interdisciplinary, but also to work in cross-functional teams. Due to the highly competitive talent market, you also have to be able to work with a geographically dispersed team in which individual members work remotely. Ultimately, the inclusion of customers and other stakeholders is even more important.

Many changes in web development are happening at the technology level. Our small survey conveyed from ESKA’s web developers shows how individuals can specialize in a variety of subject areas. At the same time, it is becoming more important to broaden your skills and to go beyond the limits of programming. To sum it up in one sentence we will say again, that web development today already means much more than just writing code.


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www.pwc.inArtificial Intelligenceand Robotics – 2017Leveraging artificialintelligence and roboticsfor sustainable growthMarch 2017

Message from PwC The global scientific community has come a long way since the development of artificial intelligence (AI) as a concept to its modern-day appeal as a field with near-limitless potential in turning around the way activities are performed in a functioning society. The ultimate frontier for AI systems continues to be achieving a level of sophistication that matches that of the human mind. Researchers and commercial entities are harnessing ways in which AI solutions can make use of the massive data footprint being generated in the process of daily activities through smart technologies such as personal digital assistants, location trackers, sensors, imaging devices and social media feeds.Sudipta Ghosh India has seen a subtle percolation of AI and machine learning into the daily lives of citizens to thePartner and Leader, extent that the conveniences resulting from their use have become part of our daily reality—forData and Analytics, example, customised interactions through a handheld device OS based on user behaviour, app-based cabPwC aggregators, social media recommendations—and no longer seem out of the ordinary. While end users may not be aware that they are using a form of AI, organisations catering to them are identifying different uses of AI to ease delivery of service to end users. There is a lot of optimism around some of the landmark initiatives in motion, such as Make in India, Skill India, Digital India. At this juncture, it is imperative to gain an insight into the possible implications of AI systems across different application domains. This is also the best time to moderate the same within the purview of a robust policy framework that serves the dual objectives of technological advancement on the one hand and ethical compliance and social inclusion on the other. In an ever-evolving and learning AI environment, creating a landscape for institutionalising AI innovation is the need of the hour. This requires close collaboration between academia, the private sector and publicIndranil Mitra, PhD sector in order to understand problems holistically and solve them.Director, India is already on the path of a digital revolution and the next step is utilising the big data generatedData and Analytics, to take intelligent decisions. Since the effectiveness of AI, machine learning, robotics and cognitivePwC automation increases in direct proportion to a rise in the quality and quantity of training data that the systems are exposed to, the conditions are ripe for India to emerge as a leader in AI. Through this knowledge paper, we have tried to examine the areas across private and public industries where the AI continuum (augmented, assisted and autonomous intelligence) could be applicable, as well as a robust AI policy framework that needs to touch upon the social, economic and ethical considerations of a well-governed society. These efforts will foster a balanced environment in India for innovation and leadership in AI.

Message from ASSOCHAM Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks has grown exponentially. Humans have developed computer systems by improving their power in terms of diverse working domains, increasing their speed and reducing their size over time. AI-based applications today have already touched people’s lives in many ways. From the intelligent keyboards on smartphones to the voice-activated assistants in tablets and desktops and the devices in a person’s immediate personal space—technology has become far more intelligent than it used to be or is perceived to be. Be it financial services, healthcare, education or even security and governance, AI can be exploited for the benefit of citizens and the country. AI-based automation is capable of impacting almostD. S. Rawat every sector of the economy.Secretary General,ASSOCHAM ASSOCHAM believes that national initiatives like Make in India, Skill India and Digital India will immensely benefit from AI technology and suggests that the government should take both long-term and short-term policy initiatives to promote AI in the country. To understand the impact of AI on various sectors and the various policy initiatives required, ASSOCHAM has organised this conference on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017. ASSOCHAM is committed to creating more awareness about the subject and this background paper, jointly prepared by PwC and ASSOCHAM, is a step in that direction. We congratulate the team on their efforts and convey our very best wishes for the success of the conference.

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Table of contents1. Artificial intelligence (AI)....................................................7 1.1. What is AI?................................................................................. 7 1.2. A brief history of AI.................................................................... 92. AI in India..........................................................................11 2.1. AI initiatives underway in India............................................... 11 2.1.1. Private sector......................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Government and public sector............................................... 11 2.2. Challenges and implications.................................................... 12 2.3. AI in governance...................................................................... 133. Global policy initiatives.....................................................15 3.1. Policy initiatives undertaken globally...................................... 15 3.2. Key areas for policy planning................................................... 154. Impact of initiatives around AI adoption...........................21 4.1. Potential impact of AI on industries and organisations............ 21 4.2. Socio-economic implications................................................... 25 4.2.1. Tackling concerns related to loss of jobs................................. 27 4.3. Economic returns from AI usage.............................................. 28 4.3.1. Commercial hurdles for private firms and investors............... 28 4.4. Ethical considerations.............................................................. 295. Looking ahead...................................................................316. Bibliography......................................................................33 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 5

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1. Artificial intelligence (AI)1.1 What is AI? Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of makingArtificial intelligence refers to the ability intelligent machines, especiallyof a computer or a computer-enabled intelligent computer programs.robotic system to process information and - John McCarthy, father of AIproduce outcomes in a manner similarto the thought process of humans inlearning, decision making and solvingproblems. By extension, the goal of AIsystems is to develop systems capable oftacking complex problems in ways similarto human logic and reasoning. Artiﬁcial intelligence system Learns from Uses the Recognises Solves Understands Creates experience learning images complex language perspectives to reason problemsSource: PwC analysis and its nuances Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 7

The AI Assisted intelligencecontinuum Humans and machines learn from each other and redeﬁne the breadth and depth of what they do together. Under these circumstances, the human and the machine share the decision rights. Augmented intelligence Enhancing human ability to do the same tasks faster or better. Humans still make some of the key decisions, but AI executes the tasks on their behalf. The decision rights are solely with humans. Autonomous intelligence Adaptive/continuous systems that take over decision making in some cases. But they will do so only after the human decision maker starts trusting the machine or becomes a liability for fast transactions. In this type of intelligence, the decision rights are with the machine and hence it is fundamentally different from assisted intelligence.Highly complexuse cases Complexity of use Autonomous intelligence Adaptive/continuous systems take over decision making and execution. Augmented intelligence Assisted intelligence AI augments human ability to Humans and machines learn perform tasks faster or with from each other and share more precision. Decisions are decision rights. solely made by humans. Less complex Decision-making right use cases AI makes Humans make decisions decisionsSource: PwC analysis8 PwC

1.2 A brief history of AIHaving originated as a concept asearly as the 1950s, AI research andapplication has come a long way duringthe 1980s–2000s and up to the currentday. An indicative timeline, along withdominant research areas in the AI spaceduring each period, is as follows: Evolution of AI Conference at Predator UAV Apple DeepMind Facebook Dartmouth used by US introduces team uses detects faces organised by DoD in war Siri, MS deep learning and shares John introduces algorithms to photos with McCarthy and Cortana, and create a friends to the field is Amazon program that whom those named AI introduces wins Atari photos belong Alexa games1950 1980 2000 2010 Paper about the World chess IBM Watson AI start-up Google self-driving possibility of champion Gary defeats ‘Vicarious’ cars cross the machines with Kasparov Jeopardy passes first 1-million mile mark true intelligence defeated by IBM’s game show Turing test: autonomously published by Alan Deep Blue champions CAPTCHA Turing 1980–2000: Military and 2005 onwards: Large tech companies 1950–1970: AI as a academia begin to show invest in commercial applications of concept; no real application interest in AI AI/machine learning ML AI is currently on the crest of its third wave and given the immense interest in this field, it can be expected to continue at this state for a long time.Source: PwC analysis Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 9

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2. AI in India2.1 AI initiatives underway in IndiaAdvances in AI have garnered extensive production of consumer goods andinterest from the private and public other labour-intensive activities fromsectors, with the field now being seen which human potential can be freedas a potential disruptor in the mass for higher endeavours.2.1.1 Private sectorAI has subtly made inroads into the daily firms. Indian start-ups are workinglives of Indian citizens in the form of across a plethora of AI problems—app-based cab aggregators and digital identifying patterns in objects, people,assistants on smartphones. The interest style and preferences to advice on retailcan be gauged from the fact that leading shopping; building conversationalIT service outsourcing companies have services and using them over socialbegun thinking, talking and (a few) media apps and for online shopping;launching AI platforms. But these are developing better diagnostic services;just small steps towards achieving the bringing in cognition in robotic processultimate goal of AI—namely replacing automation; helping in cross-channelhuman intelligence. The systems being discovery of preferences and workingdeveloped, as of now, are perfecting the in multiple languages. These are just aprocess of increasing the efficiency of few of the areas that Indian start-ups aresolving a repetitive problem. This will working on.eventually lead to solutions to ever- Commercial applications of AI are hugechanging problems. and Indian start-ups are beginning toIn contrast, the start-up sector is able to identify them and tap into the market,directly attack these problems as it does which is still nascent.not carry the baggage of IT outsourcing2.1.2 Government and public sectorPublic policy in India on the application concerning driverless vehicles, Indiaof AI has thus far lagged when compared still lags behind. Instead of waitingto AI’s subtle usage by start-ups who for technology to reach a level wherehave so seamlessly blended AI into the regulatory intervention becomesservices provided to customers. necessary, India could be a frontrunnerIf we look at the applications that by establishing a legal infrastructurewe use/have used at some point of in advance. Alternatively, early publictime (e-commerce platforms, chat sector interest in AI could trigger a spurtservices, social media services and of activity in the AI field in India.so on), they have all been employing The main dichotomy that theAI in some form and at some level of regulations will have to deal with relatesmaturity or the other. Though India to who will be liable for the activitiesis making rapid progress in terms of of AI systems. These systems aretechnology, companies and researchers designed to be creative and to continueare yet to utilise the full potential learning from the data analysed. Hence,of AI. While the USA is currently in designers may not be able to understandthe process of implementing laws how the system will work in the future. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 11

Also, the role of an AI system, as in the The digital movement in India hascase of a driverless car, could be to assist created data which is readablethe user. In such a situation, deciding by machines. At the same time,liability for what the AI system has done technologies have also reached a levelwill be difficult. Therefore, this issue of maturity where they can think likeneeds to be discussed and delved into humans in real time and, at times, indeeply before arriving at any conclusion. a cost-effective way. Thus, they are suitable for use in governance.2.2 Challenges and implicationsCompared to the West and frontrunnersof AI adoption in Asia, such asChina and Korea, the culture andinfrastructure needed to develop a basefor the adoption of AI in mainstreamapplications in India is in need of animpetus. Some prerequisites for an AI-supportive cultural environment includebut are not limited to:Homegrown infrastructureIndian academics, researchers andentrepreneurs face a more acutechallenge than corporates do in termsof the less than ideal infrastructureavailable for an AI revolution in India.For example, cloud computinginfrastructure, which is capable ofstoring large amounts of data andfacilitating the huge amount ofcomputing power essential for AIapplications, is largely located onservers abroad.An ecosystem fostering innovationFostering a culture of innovation and The European Union’s Human Brain Projectresearch beyond the organisation envisages spending 1 billion euros on AI researchare common to global technology over the decade.giants. To encourage the same levelof innovation in AI research efforts in Source: ‘India and the artificial intelligenceIndia, initiatives to hold events and build revolution’, S. S. Vempati, Carnegie Indiauser communities in the field of AI willgo a long way. Examples from aroundthe globe include the Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency’s (DARPA)Cyber Grand Challenge which attracts alarge share of AI research funding in theUS, the European Union’s technologyfunding programme, FP7, and theBRAIN initiative, a 10-year, multi-billiondollar funding initiative for AI researchin the US.12 PwC

2.3 AI in governanceDeep learning, a part of AI, can be Further, AI can be applied to the Prime and a large workforce skilled in areasemployed to tackle issues of scale Minister’s initiatives such as the Digital growing beyond the need for manualoften prevalent in the execution of India Initiative, Skill India and Make in intervention only.government schemes. It is essentially India with varying effects. The range AI can also be consumed in traditionala process that can be used for pattern of application for AI techniques in such industries like agriculture. Therecognition, image analysis and large-scale public endeavours could Department of Agriculture Cooperationnatural language processing (NLP) by range from crop insurance schemes, and Farmers Welfare, Ministry ofmodelling high-level abstractions in tax fraud detection, and detecting Agriculture runs the Kisan Call Centersdata which can then be compared with subsidy leakage and defence and across the country to respond to issuesvarious other recognised contents in security strategy. raised by farmers instantly and ina conceptual way rather than using The Make in India and Skill India their local language. An AI system willjust a rule-based method. Take for initiatives can be heavily augmented help assist the call centre by linkinginstance the Clean India Initiative as well as disrupted by AI adoption various available information. Fordirected towards the construction of in the short term. While the former example, it could pick up soil reportstoilets in rural India. Public servants is aimed at building the nation-wide from government agencies and linkare tasked with uploading images of capabilities required to make India them to the environmental conditionsthese toilet constructions to a central a self-sustaining hub of innovation, prevalent over the years using data fromserver for sampling and assessment. design, production and export, a remote sensing satellite. It could thenImage processing AI can be used to the latter seeks to aggressively build provide advice on the omtimal cropflag photographs that do not resemble and enhance human capital. that can be sown in that land pocket.completely built toilets. However, the point to consider here This information could also be used toImage recognition capabilities can also is that if investments are made in the determine the crop’s susceptibility tobe used to identify whether the same two initiatives without due cognisance pests. Necessary pre-emptive measuresofficial appears in multiple images or if of how Industry 4.0 (the next can then be taken—for instance,photos have been uploaded by officials industrial revolution driven by robotic supplying the required pesticides to thatfrom a location other than the intended automation) may evolve with respect land pocket as well as notifying farmerssite. Considering the scale of this to demand for workforce size and skill about the risk. With a high level ofinitiative, which involves creating more sets, there is a possibility of ending up connectivity, this is a feasible and readyfunctional toilets, being able to check with capital-intensive infrastructures to deploy solution which uses AI as anevery image rather than a small sample and assets that fall short of being augmentation to the system.will actually help increase effectiveness. optimised for automated operations Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 13

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3. Global policy initiatives3.1 Policy initiatives undertaken globallySome of the key policy initiatives undertaken in countries around the world area are as follows:United StatesIn the National AI R&D Strategic Plan, More specifically, the plan calls for AI will find application in a broaderthe United States government has laid greater focus on broad ‘general AI’ in range of cognitive domains, includingstress on channelling investments to place of ‘narrow AI’ that traditionally learning, language, perception,drive discovery and insight in the field of aims at specific tasks: for example, reasoning, creativity and planning.AI and ML. moving from speech recognition to video recognition and translation. GeneralSouth Korea South Korea has announced $840 Million Public-Private Partnership spanning sixThe government of South Korea corporations to drive AI research.(Ministry of Science, ICT and FuturePlanning) has been investing in Source: ‘India and the artificial intelligenceExoBrain from 2013. ExoBrain is a revolution’, S. S. Vempati, Carnegie Indialanguage analysis and self-learningsystem with the capacity to store largevolumes of data for learning andsubsequent analysis. The investmentof around 83 million EUR will last for10 years.China A study by Japan’s National Institute of Science and Technology Policy found ChinaInternet giants in China are increasingly to be a close second to the U.S. in terms offocusing on AI research, with domestic the number of AI studies presented at topventure capital funding being directed academic conferences.towards this field. Many private playersare fast rising in AI research capabilities, Source: ‘In 2017, China is doubling downsome of whom have their own AI on AI’, Jamie Condliffe, MIT Technologyresearch labs. ReviewS. S. Vempati, Carnegie India Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 15

3.2 Key areas for policy planningSecuring long-term investment in AI researchWhile incremental research with • Hardware improvement to supportpredictable outcomes is an important innovation: AI system performanceongoing activity in the AI research is hardware dependent; hence,space, long-term investments in high- advances in hardware can alsorisk areas have the potential to lead to improve data-intensive AI methods.high-reward payoffs.Investments in AI research should bedirected keeping in mind multipleaspects that come together to deliver acommercial or social field of application.These include advancements in:• Methodologies for knowledge discovery: Many open research questions in AI centre around the creation and use of data, its veracity and appropriateness. Further research is required to improve the data cleaning techniques by discovering inconsistencies and anomalies.• Research on broader and multi- purpose AI: The long-term objective of AI is to create systems that demonstrate the adaptability of human intelligence across different domains. This will enable AI systems to transfer knowledge from one domain to another and interactively learn from humans.• AI system scalability: Networks of AI systems including humans may coordinate to perform tasks not possible with a single AI system. The use of multi-AI systems creates research challenges in terms of scalability. Future research must focus on techniques for planning, control, and collaboration of multiple AI systems and humans.• Improved reliability of AI systems: Robotics shows promise in complementing, augmenting, enhancing and emulating human intelligence, which calls for research efforts to make them more capable, reliable and easy to use.16 PwC

Driving human–AI collaborative applicationsThe goal of setting up AI systems Broadly, human–AI partnerships can • AI performs in place of humans—that operate with varying degrees assume any of the following forms: ideally, in environments that areof autonomy is to ensure that they • AI performs alongside humans in potentially harmful to humans ormajorly augment and enhance human require a superhuman reaction timeproductivity rather than replace it a supportive mode, facilitating (e.g. toxic environments and rapidaltogether. According to PwC’s Big human judgment by providing system response in nuclear reactors).Decisions Survey,1 organisations are resources such as predictive outputs.increasingly seeking to improve the • AI performs activities that gospeed of decision making and the level beyond the cognitive abilities ofof sophistication by factoring in a larger humans—in applications where it isset of parameters with greater precision physically or cognitively impossibleand exactness in decision outcomes than for a human to perform precisehuman intuition can support. analysis (e.g. large-scale genomeFor many operational and strategic study in bioinformatics).decisions, the aid of AI systems inprocessing massive volumes of dataand drawing upon sophisticatedconclusions can bring organisationscloser to the levels of decision-makingresponsiveness needed to survive inuncertain economic environments.The extent to which AI can assistand augment human productivitydepends on the role division betweenhumans and AI and the nature of theirinteractions.Ethical, legal and social implications of AI solutionsTo reap the societal benefits of AIsystems, we would need to be ableto trust them and ensure that theycomply with an ethical, moral andsocial framework analogous to thatfor humans. Research efforts mustbe concentrated on implementingregulations in AI system design that areupdated on a continual basis to respondappropriately to different applicationfields and actual situations. In industries such as finance and healthcare, relevant professional ethical principles are encoded and practiced by professionals; these could form the core of AI ethics.1. PwC. (2016). PwC’s Global Data and Analytics Survey 2016. Retrieved from http://www.pwc.com/us/en/advisory-services/data- possibilities/big-decision-survey.html (last accessed on 1 March 2017) Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 17

Ensuring safety and security of AI systemsA safe and secure AI system is onethat acts in a controlled and well-understood manner. The designphilosophy must be such that itensures security against externalattacks, anomalies and cyberattacks. ‘Adversarial machine learning’ is key area the NITRD cybersecurity R&D strategic plan, that evaluates the extent to which AI systems can be contaminated by training data, modified algorithms, etc. Source: ‘The National AI R&D Strategic Plan (Oct 2016)’, National Science and Technology Council, USAEnabling environment and resources for AI trainingPolicy initiatives should explicitlytouch upon building an incubatoryenvironment for AI-based research andtraining. This includes making effectivetraining data sets from various portalsavailable to academicians and thepublic at large (e.g. Open GovernmentData Platform, India). Eventually, thecomplexity and sophistication of AIsystems in delivering outputs will be afactor of the quality of training data fedinto the system. Open software libraries,toolkits and development tools with low-cost code repositories and developmentlanguages such as R & Python arelowering the barriers to the use andextension of AI systems. The IMPACT (Information Marketplace for Policy and Analysis of Cyber-risk & Trust) program (US) supports cyber-security risk research through real world data sharing capabilities in the international R&D community. Source: ‘The National AI R&D Strategic Plan (Oct 2016)’, National Science and Technology Council, USANational Science and Technology Council, USA18 PwC

Defining evaluation standards for tracking progressThe national policy must clearly definestandards and benchmarks that can beeffectively used to gauge progress in AIinnovation and commercialisation in ahost of application domains. By nature,the AI space is an uncertain one withno direct traceability of returns frominvestment in innovation and capabilitybuilding. This makes it all the moreimportant for intermediate tangibleprogress to be measured against settargets from time to time. An example of an AI standard developed is P1872-2015 (Standard Ontologies for Robotics and Automation) developed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a systematic and standardized representation of knowledge for transfer between humans and AI. Source: ‘The National AI R&D Strategic Plan (Oct 2016)’ - National Science and Technology Council, USAScience and Technology Council, USAPlanning for future skill demands and readiness of workforceA strong presence in AI R&D is aprerequisite for a nation to gain alead in an automation-driven future.For this, the national policy needs totake accurate stock of current andfuture demand for AI experts. Buildingexpertise, on the other hand, willrequire governments to evaluate thecurrent educational pathways andcurricula and, if required, overhaulthe same to provide skill upgradationinitiatives for a workforce that seeksto stay relevant in a fast-evolvingtechnology landscape. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 19

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4. Impact of initiatives around AI adoption4.1. Potential impact of AI on industries and organisationsData science is driving the AI market, Focus areas of AI in organisationswith organisations looking to leverageAI capabilities for predictive modelling. Speech Recognition Natural Language ProcessingThe map below shows the top focus Direct & Email Marketingareas organisations are trying to makeinroads into by building up their AI and Social Media AnalysisML capabilities. Marketing Automation Entertainment HospitalityAdvertisingReCtalinilical Trials & Drug Discovery RecruitingArea % focus of AI Computer Vision Health Plans & Patient CareData science 9.6% Aerospace & DefenseBusiness intelligence 7.8% Business IntelligenceHealth plans and patient care 6.3% HR Insurance BenefitsComputer vision 5.6%Speech recognition 5.3% Utilities Financial Risk ManagementAerospace and defence 5.3% Cyber SecurityNatural language processing 5.1% Data ScienceEntertainment 4.8%Product manufacturing The above-mentioned improvements can lead to increased productivity andAI augmented manufacturing quality, lower costs and a more robustoperations can employ more reliable health and safety framework.demand forecasting, a flexible andresponsive supply chain, quickerchanges in operations, and moreaccurate scheduling and inventoryoptimisation. Other benefits involvecreation of smarter, quicker andenvironmentally sound processes.Defence and securityThe application of AI in the field of The ‘security games framework’ isdefence and security includes protection based on computational game theory,of infrastructure such as airports, combined with elements of humanpower plants and economic sectors that behaviour modelling. Given the limitedare vulnerable to attacks, detecting security resources and different high-anomalous behaviour in individuals, and value targets, game-based decisionsusing distributed sensors and pattern provide a randomised collection orrecognition to predict infrastructure patrolling schedule based on weightsdisruptions through natural/man-made of targets and intelligent reactions ofcauses. adversaries to security postures. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 21

Disaster management and recoveryAI shows remarkable potential inaiding control and remedial actionsin the aftermath of environmentaland man-made disasters. It can assistin optimising mobile networks andsmart bandwidth allocation to ensurenetwork service continuity in the midstof catastrophic events that are usuallyfollowed by a spike in communicationand jammed networks.Unmanned drones and satellite feedscombined with image processing andrecognition can be used in infrastructuredamage assessments and predictionsbased on structural stability andtraffic congestion avoidance throughadaptive routing while equipping anddeploying disaster management teams.Opportunities for AI intervention alsoreside in processing social media feedsto gauge location-specific urgency andsend targeted alerts to minimise loss oflife and property.Logistics can be transported more efficiently through vision-based driver assist andA key area of AI intervention in automated/robotic systems. This haslogistical operations involves adaptive made transportation less susceptible toscheduling of deliveries and routing disruptions caused by weather, trafficof vehicles. Advanced logistics and and unnatural events.supply chains are being created usingexpert decision systems. ProductsFinancial services intent in financial systems, such as market manipulation, fraud, anomalousSome of the major areas of application trading and reduction in marketof AI in the banking and financial volatility and trading costs.services sector include early detectionof financial risk and systemic failures,and automation to reduce maliciousTravel and transportationAI can improve the efficiency asset management that can payof operations in the travel and dividends in terms of reduced cost oftransportation sector by bringing repairs and reconstruction and real-timeimproved safety through structural route information, thereby reducinghealth monitoring and infrastructure energy usage and emissions.Agriculture provide site-specific and timely data about crops to enable application ofAgriculture is another sector that can appropriate inputs such as fertilisersgreatly benefit from intelligent solutions and chemicals.by using smarter production, processing,storage, distribution and consumptionmechanisms. AI solutions can also help22 PwC

Consumer goods and servicesConsumer goods and services was one ofthe initial areas of AI adoption in Indiaand currently accounts for a significantshare of private sector application.To enable consumers to find betterproducts at low prices, machine learningalgorithms are being deployed for bettermatching of supply with consumerdemand. Online shopping portals have extensively been using predictive capabilities to gauge consumer interest in products by building a targeted understanding of preferences through collection of browsing and click-stream data, and effectively targeting and engaging customers using a multichannel approach.Communication and social mediaIn India’s multilingual and multiculturalsociety NLP and translation canbe a potentially valuable field forthe application of machine learningcapabilities. Efficient usage ofbandwidth and storage, improvedfiltering, web searches and languagetranslation are some of the benefitsof employing AI systems in thecommunication and social media sector. A few Indian startups are initiating development of conversational bots, speech recognition tools, intelligent digital assistants and conversational services to be built over social media channels.Science and technologyAI can enhance scientific research andexperimentation by assisting scientistsand engineers in reading publicationsand patents, generating hypothesesand testing them through the usage ofrobotic systems. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 23

Education means of adaptive tutoring based on the receptiveness of students andLarge parts of the country experience accurate gauging of development ofa dearth of academicians and teachers students complemented by in-personwhen it comes to making education classroom learning.effective for students across a gradientof social and cognitive abilities. AIsolutions can meaningfully intervene byMedicine and healthcareEvidence-based treatment and launched drugs, providing decisionmedication require a level of precision support for medical assessmentsthat helps patients develop confidence and prescriptions and tailoring drugand trust in their doctors—an area administration to the individual patient.where mere manual experience and AI for computational pathology: Thejudgment may be supplemented with AI. 2016 CAMELYON Grand Challenge forWith the vast volume of information- metastatic cancer detection found aprocessing capabilities required for 7.5% error rate for AI systems, a 3.5%fields such as bioinformatics, using error rate for physicians and a 0.5%AI-based algorithms and solutions is error rate for physicians augmentedinevitable. AI application in healthcare, by AI. This demonstrates the potentialmedicine and biotechnology includes for collaboration between medicalsupporting systems to identify genetic professionals and AI solutions.2risks from large-scale genomic studies,predicting safety and efficacy of newlyLaw and orderSome of the areas where AI can improvelegal processes include improveddiscovery and analysis based on lawcase history and formulation of legalarguments based on identification ofrelevant evidence.Researchers and paralegals are increasingly being replaced by systems that can extractfacts and conclusions from over a billion text documents a second. This has the potentialto save lawyers around 30% of their time.Source: PwC analysisAudit services reads and understands key points in the documents. Machine-learningCognitive technologies are being technology makes it possible to train thedeployed by firms to largely automate system on a set of sample documents sothe task of going through stacks of that it learns how to identify and extractdocuments to identify key terms, which information in an automated manner.has until now been a time-consumingmanual process. NLP technology2. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Subcommittee. (2016). The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. National Science and Technology Council, USA24 PwC

4.2. Socio-economic implicationsProjected shrink in the middle-skill job market,resulting in the upskilling of the workforceAI-driven automation raises the mostcommonly foreseen pitfall in society—the potential mass obsolescence ofmanual labour in the middle-skill order,such as factory workers and technicians.This also brings in the opportunity ofupskilling the population so that otherprevalent problems can be solved.China is expected to have installed more industrial robots than any other country—30 robots per 10,000 workers. A few thousand workers have already been replacedby a robotic workforce in a single factory.Source: ‘India and the artificial intelligence revolution’, S. S. Vempati, Carnegie IndiaMake in India, one of the Prime The key point here is that with robotic and adjusting machine algorithms toMinister’s flagship programmes, automation, the Make in India initiative enable AI systems to operate in a reliablefocuses on the twin goals of may not end up creating nearly as and transparent manner.strengthening India’s in-house many jobs as it is poised to at this It has also been argued that automationinnovation and production capabilities point in time. of repetitive jobs will create more timewith added creation of jobs for the On a positive note, a scenario wherein and opportunities for citizens to pursuemiddle-skilled strata of the workforce. low-skilled, repeatable labour can be creative endeavours such as the arts,The former goal of the programme is assigned to robotic systems provides an scientific innovation and personal goals,likely to be facilitated by large-scale AI incentive for part of the workforce to leading to a society diverse in skillsadoption, with difficulties to be faced in be trained in higher level skills such as and achievements.meeting its latter goal. designing, monitoring and oversight,Balanced distribution of AI research talentUniversities struggle to retain AI talent,especially academicians studying therapidly growing and in-demand field ofML, with talented individuals gettingconcentrated in a few organisations.This might lead to AI research prioritiesgetting narrowed down to a fewventures focusing on the ‘now’ ratherthan the long-term potential across abroader range of applications. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 25

Flexible and ongoing skill-building initiativesThe current sequential approach to skillbuilding through a person’s formativeacademic years may face obsolescencein a society with rapid de-skilling of jobsthrough robotic automation. Instead,a system that addresses the followingrequirements will likely better serve tosustain a whole socio-economic strata ofthe workforce:• Educate for the future: Academic policy formulation and dissipation of knowledge should migrate from the traditional curriculum to a more specific one tailored to emerging industry demands.• Facilitate reskilling and lifelong learning: Moving on from a formal education, which accounts for the initial years of an individual, policymaking must take into account the pace with which skills move in and out of demand and lay down a framework for easing transition to alternative skill sets and careers in the event of automation.26 PwC

4.2.1. Tackling concerns related to loss of jobsIn light of technology advances, certain shift. According to Oxford University mathematical technicians, insurancesectors are expected to experience a researchers Carl Frey and Michael underwriters, watch repairers, cargoshrinkage of employment demand as Osborne,3 based on 702 occupational agents, tax preparers, etc.robotic systems and ML algorithms take groupings, the following types of Some short- and long-term policyup several tasks. It can be expected that workers have a very high probability initiatives to cushion the impact ofIT, manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, of being replaced by automation: job losses stemming from AI-drivenetc., will experience such a demand telemarketers, hand sewers, automation are discussed below.Provide universal benefits outside employment structuresIf a large number of people end upunemployed for extended periods oftime, there needs to be a way to providehealthcare, disability and pensionbenefits outside employment.Guarantee minimum income to sustain householdsIn the event of continuous Proposals must be structured inunemployment or underemployment, a way so as to maintain a balancegovernment schemes to provide a between benefits and incentives forminimum level of income to each citizen engagement—for example,to guarantee basic needs are necessary by involving the unemployed into keep them out of destitution. social and community initiatives.Create skill re-training accounts for employeesIn an era of fast technology changes, can contribute a set amount to anemployees need an enabling individual’s fund which can then beenvironment to transition into and transferred as the individual switchesout of jobs. Emerging jobs will require jobs. The goal of such an initiative willskills different from what people be to incentivise lifelong educationlearn through academics. Companies and up-skilling.Engage in socially beneficial volunteering activitiesIf people have limited employment can simultaneously ensure an engagedoptions, they can participate in a wide population and drive sociallyrange of volunteer activities undertaken beneficial goals.by social-minded organisations. ThisDevelop a non-sequential education systemThe traditional academic curriculum deskilling of jobs and where skills gainis not well equipped to cater to and lose value within a few years.technological advancements. The What is required is a continuous skillsequential system of education and work improvement system that does notis outdated in an economic environment depend on the sequence of the skillsthat is heavy on automation and imparted to young minds.3. Frey, C. B. & Osborne, M. A. (2013). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Retrieved from http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf (last accessed on 28 Febraury2017) Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 27

4.3. Economic returns from AI usage‘Global economic impacts associated insurance claims, which, as theywith artificial intelligence’—a study predicted, would save the insurerfunded by one of the technology giants millions of dollars a year.and conducted by Nicholas Chen, Customers of AI solutions wantLau Christensen, Kevin Gallagher, economic outcomes throughRosamond Mate and Greg Rafert of demonstrable efficiency gains andthe Analysis Group4 —estimated the margin improvements. Accordingly,potential economic outcome of AI using the next generation of appliedprior technological advancements such artificial intelligence as a serviceas IT investment, broadband Internet, (A-AIaaS) companies are expected tomobile phones and, more recently, offer integrated solutions for specificindustrial robotics. The conclusion, use cases on a purely operationalusing reasonable benchmarks, pegs the expenditure (OPEX) model. Forcumulative economic impact of AI to customers, it translates to a directbe between 1.49 trillion USD and 2.95 positive impact on operating marginstrillion USD through 2025. and bottom lines. For example, moreIn one case, AI intervention helped than 500 companies have deals to useprevent significant insurance pay-out IBM Watson to develop commercialleakages. An AI company helped an products and services.insurer identify fraudulent vehicle4.3.1. Commercial hurdles for private firms and investorsWhile AI adoption offers several growth Longer sales cycle: AI systems areopportunities, it also poses a host of relatively novel to the potential usercommercial and financial challenges base who who are likely a longerthat AI operators, investors and time to envisage the benefits from AIpolicymakers need to consider. immediately. This understanding needsBalancing research innovation with to drive sales planning and lead tocommercialisation potential: There generation of conversion cycle planning.is a significant upfront investment to be The above challenges have importantmade before an AI product is considered implications for potential investors incommercially viable. Any solution AI research and commercial start-ups.coming out of this space will be subject The visibility on investment break-evento benchmarking against comparable periods can be wildly uncertain in themanual performance and that of legacy AI space. A robust milestone-basedsystems in place. It is only when AI progress tracking approach to tracksystems can significantly outperform and justify the efficacy of investedthe above that a business case for their capital is needed—it could rangeadoption can be established. from publications, establishing userEngineering considerations: Early communities to creating a recurringinto product design, engineering and source of revenue. A defined set ofproduction specifics such as material milestones needs to be met beforerequirements, capacity planning, attempting to raise the next roundinfrastructure requirements and costs of capital.should be kept in focus so as to avoidroadblocks in actually implementingand scaling up at a later date.4. Chen, N., Christensen, L., Gallagher, K., Mate, R., & Rafert, G. (2016). Global economic impacts associated with artificial intelligence. Boston: Analysis Group Study.28 PwC

4.4. Ethical considerationsOne of the major concerns in any based on demographics to arrive at theconversation involving AI is the topic probability to commit crimes or defaultof ethical, legal and societal norms. on financial obligations. AI systemAI research needs to base itself on a actions should therefore be transparentsound understanding of the various and easily understandable by humans.implications of any innovation and Deep learning algorithms that areensure alignment with rules and norms. opaque to users could create hurdlesCommon concerns are the breach in domains such as healthcare, whereof privacy that might arise from an diagnosis and treatment need to beenvironment where hackers can exploit backed by a solid chain of reasoningAI solutions to collect private and to buy into patient trust. Trustworthysensitive information. AI systems are built around theA bigger threat is the misuse of ML following tenets:algorithms by hackers to develop • Transparencyautonomous techniques thatjeopardise the security and safety (operations visible to user)of vital information. • CredibilityThere is a need to define what‘acceptable behaviour’ for an AI system (outcomes are acceptable)translates to in its respective application • Auditability (efficiency can bedomain. This should ideally drive designconsiderations, engineering techniques easily measured)and reliability. Due diligence in ensuring • Reliability (AI systems performthat AI technologies perform in an easyto understand manner and the outcome as intended)from their applications is in line with • Recoverability (manual controlthe perception of fairness, equality andlocal cultural norms to ensure broad can be assumed if required)societal acceptance. Owing to their vague and contextualAI development will hence need interpretation, ethical standards pose ainvolvement of experts from multi- challenge while being encoded into AIdisciplinary fields such as computer systems. Some architectural frameworksscience, social and behavioural sciences, that have been widely cited to counterethics, biomedical science, psychology, the above challenge are:economics, law and policy research. • An architecture designed withAI algorithms might, by design, beinherently subject to errors that can operational AI distinct from alead to consequences such as unfair monitor agent responsible for legaloutcomes for racial and economic and ethical supervision of anyclasses—for example, citizen profiling actions • A framework to ensure that AI behaviour is safe for humans and implemented through a set of logical constraints on AI system behaviour Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 29

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5. Looking aheadThe field of AI has awed researchers public sector and private sector) A collaborative innovation environmentand users equally over time. Right from will preclude the rare possibility of with regular dialogue between academiaAlan Turing’s paper in the 1950s to sci-fi an innovation being at odds with and the private and public sectors willmovies, there has been a debate on what human interest. help identify newer fields and operationsAI can do and how human beings will The AI continuum comes to the fore among the population. For example,be affected by it. In many ways, this here with AI innovations that fall under AI could be used to provide holisticthought process and speculation are augmented, assisted and autonomous and proactive advisory delivery to thenot surprising; rather, they are typical intelligence helping users understand population through public call centres,in the case of any evolving field about and decide which level of intelligence linking information from variouswhich complete knowledge is yet to be is helpful and required. This will make government sources. At the same time,obtained. The only difference is that AI the acceptance of AI easier among the plethora of big data generated fromwill constantly evolve and, hence, being the masses. At the same time, the the interactions in the above processable to foresee the next change becomes continuum could be used to understand and other digital initiatives can be useda big ask. economic ramifications, complexity of to draw sophisticated conclusions.In such an environment, advances use and decision-making implications. Collaboration between the three pillarscould be set in motion depending on While academia and the private sector could further help get a comprehensiveneeds and not always the other way conduct research on various AI problems view of problems and find intelligentround—that is, creating a need and with diverse implications in mind, the and innovative ways to increase thethen using an innovation following public sector, with its various initiatives efficiency and effectiveness of servicesits development. A good amount of (Digital India, Make in India, etc.) can delivered to society. Furthermore, thesecollaboration between academia and identify areas where parts of the AI can be looked at through the lens of thethe public and private sectors becomes continuum can be utilised to increase AI continuum which will help providenecessary. This engagement will reach, effectiveness and efficiency, thus the benefits of AI evolution to theencourage innovation in an effective and helping give direction to the innovative masses according to their needs.useful manner. Continuous dialogue AI research prevalent in the country.between these three pillars (academia, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 31

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6. BibliographyArbess, D. J. (2016). This is the future of Integrated Defense Staff. (2013). Rossi, F. (2016). Artificial intelligence:artificial intelligence. Fortune. Retrieved Technology perspective and capability Potential benefits and ethicalfrom http://fortune.com/2016/06/15/ roadmap. Retrieved from http://mod. considerations. Policy Department C:future-of-work-2/ (last accessed on 28 gov.in/writereaddata/TPCR13.pdf (last Citizens’ Rights and ConstitutionalFebruary 2017) accessed on 28 February 2017) Affairs, European Parliament. http://Benaich, N. (2015). Investing in Investor’s Business Daily. (2016, March www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/artificial intelligence. TechCrunch. 10). AI meets ROI: Where artificial etudes/BRIE/2016/571380/IPOL_Retrieved from https://techcrunch. intelligence is already smart business. BRI(2016)571380_EN.pdf (last accessedcom/2015/12/25/investing-in-artificial- Retrieved from http://www.investors. on 28 February 2017)intelligence/ (last accessed on 28 com/news/technology/artificial- Salecha, M. (2016). 10 startupsFebruary 2017) intelligence-weaves-its-way-deeper- in India that are leading the raceChen, N., Christensen, L., Gallagher, K., into-daily-business/ (last accessed on 28 of artificial intelligence. AnalyticsMate, R., & Rafert, G. (2016). Global February 2017) India Magazine. Retrieved fromEconomic Impacts Associated with McGoogan, C. (2016). ‘Minority http://analyticsindiamag.com/10-Artificial Intelligence. Boston: Analysis Report’-style technology to predict crime startups-india-leading-race-artificial-Group Study. Retrieved from http:// in China. The Telegraph. Retrieved intelligence/ (last accessed on 28www.analysisgroup.com/uploadedfiles/ from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ February 2017)content/insights/publishing/ag_full_ technology/2016/03/09/minority- Shah, D. (2016). Artificialreport_economic_impact_of_ai.pdf (last report-style-technology-to-predict- intelligence: Breaking new grounds.accessed on 28 February 2017) crime-in-china/ (last accessed on 28 ETCIO. Retrieved from http://cio.Condliffe, J. (2017). In 2017, China is February 2017) economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech-doubling down on AI. MIT Technology Networking and Information talk/artificial-intelligence-breaking-Review. Retrieved from https://www. Technology Research and Development. new-grounds/1923 (last accessed on 28technologyreview.com/s/603378/in- (2016). The National Artificial February 2017)2017-china-is-doubling-down-on-ai/ Intelligence Research and Development Vempati, S. S. (2016). India and(last accessed on 28th February, 2017) Strategic Plan. Retrieved from https:// the artificial intelligence revolution.Frey, C. B and Osborne, M. A. (2013). www.nitrd.gov/news/national_ai_rd_ Carnegie India. Retrieved from http://The future of employment: How strategic_plan.aspx (last accessed on 28 carnegieindia.org/2016/08/11/india-susceptible are jobs to computerisation? February 2017) and-artificial-intelligence-revolution-Retrieved from http://www. Reeves, M., & He, D. (2015). What pub-64299 (last accessed on 28oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/ China’s 13th five-year plan means February 2017)academic/The_Future_of_Employment. for business. Harvard Business West, D. M. (2015). What happens ifpdf (last accessed on 28 February 2017) Review. Retrieved from https://hbr. robots take the jobs? The impact ofHa, J. E. (2016). Artificial intelligence org/2015/12/what-chinas-13th-five- emerging technologies on employmentindustry in South Korea. Retrieved year-plan-means-for-business (last and public policy. Center for Technologyfrom https://www.rvo.nl/sites/ accessed on 28 February 2017) Innovation at Brookings. Retrieveddefault/files/2016/04/Artificial%20 from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-Intelligence%20industry%20in%20 content/uploads/2016/06/robotwork.South%20Korea.pdf (last accessed on pdf (last accessed on 28 February 2017)28 February 2017) Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 33

About ASSOCHAMThe Knowledge Architect of Corporate IndiaEvolution of Value CreatorASSOCHAM initiated its endeavour of value creation for Indian industry in 1920. Having in its fold more than 400 Chambers and TradeAssociations, and serving more than 4,50,000 members from all over India. It has witnessed upswings as well as upheavals of IndianEconomy, and contributed significantly by playing a catalytic role in shaping up the Trade, Commerce and Industrial environment ofthe country. Today, ASSOCHAM has emerged as the fountainhead of Knowledge for Indian industry, which is all set to redefine thedynamics of growth and development in the technology driven cyber age of ‘Knowledge Based Economy’.ASSOCHAM is seen as a forceful, proactive, forward looking institution equipping itself to meet the aspirations of corporate India in thenew world of business. ASSOCHAM is working towards creating a conducive environment of India business to compete globally.ASSOCHAM derives its strength from its Promoter Chambers and other Industry/Regional Chambers/Associations spread all overthe country.VisionEmpower Indian enterprise by inculcating knowledge that will be the catalyst of growth in the barrierless technology driven globalmarket and help them upscale, align and emerge as formidable player in respective business segments.MissionAs a representative organ of Corporate India, ASSOCHAM articulates the genuine, legitimate needs and interests of its members. Itsmission is to impact the policy and legislative environment so as to foster balanced economic, industrial and social development. Webelieve education, IT, BT, Health, Corporate Social responsibility and environment to be the critical success factors.Members – Our StrengthASSOCHAM represents the interests of more than 4,50,000 direct and indirect members across the country. Through its heterogeneousmembership, ASSOCHAM combines the entrepreneurial spirit and business acumen of owners with management skills and expertise ofprofessionals to set itself apart as a Chamber with a difference.Currently, ASSOCHAM has more than 100 National Councils covering the entire gamut of economic activities in India. It has beenespecially acknowledged as a significant voice of Indian industry in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility, Environment & Safety,HR & Labour Affairs, Corporate Governance, Information Technology, Biotechnology, Telecom, Banking & Finance, Company Law,Corporate Finance, Economic and International Affairs, Mergers & Acquisitions, Tourism, Civil Aviation, Infrastructure, Energy &Power, Education, Legal Reforms, Real Estate and Rural Development, Competency Building & Skill Development to mention a few.Insight Into ‘New Business Models’ASSOCHAM has been a significant contributory factor in the emergence of new-age Indian Corporates, characterized by a newmindset and global ambition for dominating the international business. The Chamber has addressed itself to the key areas like India asInvestment Destination, Achieving International Competitiveness, Promoting International Trade, Corporate Strategies for EnhancingStakeholders Value, Government Policies in sustaining India’s Development, Infrastructure Development for enhancing India’sCompetitiveness, Building Indian MNCs, Role of Financial Sector the Catalyst for India’s Transformation.ASSOCHAM derives its strengths from the following Promoter Chambers: Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Mumbai; CochinChambers of Commerce & Industry, Cochin: Indian Merchant’s Chamber, Mumbai; The Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry,Chennai; PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi and has over 4 Lakh Direct / Indirect members.Together, we can make a significant difference to the burden that our nation carries and bring in a bright, new tomorrow for our nation.D. S. RawatSecretary [email protected] Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of IndiaASSOCHAMCorporate Office:5, Sardar Patel Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110 021Tel: 011-46550555 (Hunting Line) • Fax: 011-23017008, 23017009 | Website: www.assocham.org34 PwC

About the authorsThis knowledge paper has been co-authored by Indranil Mitra, Prasun Nandy,Udayan Bhattacharya and Deboprio Dutta. Indranil Mitra and Prasun Nandy areDirectors and focus on the AI field for the Data and Analytics practice. UdayanBhattacharya is a Manager and works on AI, machine learning and cognitiveautomation along with Deboprio Dutta,Senior Consultant.About PwCAt PwC, our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems.We’re a network of firms in 157 countries with more than 2,23,000 people who arecommitted to delivering quality in assurance, advisory and tax services. Find outmore and tell us what matters to you by visiting us at www.pwc.comIn India, PwC has offices in these cities: Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, DelhiNCR, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune. For more information aboutPwC India’s service offerings, visit www.pwc.com/inPwC refers to the PwC International network and/or one or more of its memberfirms, each of which is a separate, independent and distinct legal entity in separatelines of service. Please see www.pwc.com/structure for further details.©2017 PwC. All rights reserved.ContactsArnab BasuPartner and Leader, Technology [email protected] Kumar S.Partner and Leader, Technology [email protected] GhoshPartner and Leader, Data and [email protected] Mitra, PhDDirector, Data and [email protected] NandyDirector, Data and [email protected] BhattacharyaManager, Data and [email protected] DuttaSenior Consultant, Data and [email protected]

pwc.inData Classification: DC0This document does not constitute professional advice. The information in this document has been obtained or derived from sources believed byPricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited (PwCPL) to be reliable but PwCPL does not represent that this information is accurate or complete. Any opinions or estimatescontained in this document represent the judgment of PwCPL at this time and are subject to change without notice. Readers of this publication are advised to seektheir own professional advice before taking any course of action or decision, for which they are entirely responsible, based on the contents of this publication. PwCPLneither accepts or assumes any responsibility or liability to any reader of this publication in respect of the information contained within it or for any decisions readersmay take or decide not to or fail to take.© 2017 PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited. All rights reserved. In this document, “PwC” refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited (a limited liabilitycompany in India having Corporate Identity Number or CIN : U74140WB1983PTC036093), which is a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited(PwCIL), each member firm of which is a separate legal entity.HS/VB/March2017-8939


What Are The Numbers 0 9 Called?

What is 1000000000000000000000000 called?

septillionSome Very Big, and Very Small NumbersNameThe NumberPrefixseptillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000yottasextillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000zettaquintillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000exaquadrillion1,000,000,000,000,000peta6 more rows.

Is Septillion or Sextillion bigger?

Who named numbers?

For example, the Arabic numeral system we’re all familiar with today is usually credited to two mathematicians from ancient India: Brahmagupta from the 6th century B.C. and Aryabhat from the 5th century B.C. Eventually, numbers were necessary for more than simply counting things.

Why are 1 3 5 7 and 9 called Arabic numerals?

The reason the digits are more commonly known as “Arabic numerals” in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic-speakers of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

How do you prove a number is normal?

In mathematics, a real number is said to be simply normal in an integer base b if its infinite sequence of digits is distributed uniformly in the sense that each of the b digit values has the same natural density 1/ b .

What are numbers called?

The numerals used when writing numbers with digits or symbols can be divided into two types that might be called the arithmetic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and the geometric numerals (1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 …), respectively. … However, the spoken language uses both arithmetic and geometric numerals.

Is 0 a single digit number?

So, yes, zero is a “one digit number”, but it also has many other representations using more than one digit including: and so on. … If you consider the counting numbers, then 0 is simply not a number. 0 can also be written as 00, 000, or 0000.

Is a zillion a real number?

What are the last two digits of the number 7 45?

The last two digits of 74 are 01. The last two digits of powers of 7 go in a cycle – 07, 49, 43, 01. So, the last two digits of 745 are 07.

Which is the smallest number?

In mathematics. 2520 is: the smallest number divisible by all integers from 1 to 10, i.e., it is their least common multiple. half of 7!

What is the tens digit of a number?

the 1 to the left of the ones place is in the tens place, and is called the tens digit; the 3 is to the right of the ones place, so it is in the tenths place, and is called the tenths digit; the 4 to the right of the tenths place is in the hundredths place, and is called the hundredths digit.

What are normal numbers called?

A number is said to be simply normal to base if its base- expansion has each digit appearing with average frequency tending to . A normal number is an irrational number for which any finite pattern of numbers occurs with the expected limiting frequency in the expansion in a given base (or all bases).

How many is a bajillion?

Who created numbers 0 9?

What are the five types of numbers?

Types of numbersNatural Numbers (N), (also called positive integers, counting numbers, or natural numbers); They are the numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}Whole Numbers (W). … Integers (Z). … Rational numbers (Q). … Real numbers (R), (also called measuring numbers or measurement numbers).

Who is the father of mathematics?

Who invented math?

What is zillion number?

What is a number with 1000 zeros called?

What is the biggest number?

How do you find a hundreds digit?

The third digit to the left of decimal point is in the hundreds place and so on. The first digit to the right of decimal point is in the tenths place. The second digit to the right of decimal point is in the hundredths place. The third digit to the right of decimal point is in the thousandths place.


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Social Issues & Activism: Research Paper Assignment

Kimberly Braasch

Research Paper

Research Paper – EWRT 02 – Spring 2018

As this course emphasized the roles of self and society, this position paper will focus on a cresting or future-forward social issue that affects you. You’ll take a stand on this issue, present your researched findings, then either propose a solution or demonstrate how an individual can effect positive change in the matter. The paper will incorporate both critical and creative thinking in response to the issue.

Rule #1: Minimum of 5 focused knowledge sources. These primary sources must offer in-depth detailed information. At least two of these five sources must have been published in print. You may use the online version, but they need to have also appeared in hard-copy, whether that’s an article in a newspaper, news-oriented magazine, journal, book chapter, government document, etc.

Rule #2: Wikipedia, encyclopedias, and general information sources are preliminary working knowledge sources. They may be used in your paper but do not count toward your five focused sources--neither does an article from which you only borrow one statistic. Your Works Cited page will document all sources parenthetically cited in the paper and omit sources you read but did not use.

Rule #3: Your focus is on working with professional resources so no blogs, vlogs, or social media sources unless you first clear them with me. Editorials, opinion pieces, and syndicated columns are allowed only if your paper addresses their bias. Videoconferences such as TED talks and credible audio podcasts are acceptable if led by professionals, while YouTube videos are generally not.

Rule #4: Use the sources, don’t let them use you. Your ideas and interpretations are the most important part of this paper. Do not write a paper that strings together a bunch of facts without sufficient interpretation and analysis from you. Use Bloom’s Taxonomy to not only help you focus on your point of view about the issue, but to help you evaluate long, dense articles you find about your topic. Remain inquiry-driven throughout the process; keep asking questions to figure out the paper’s direction and which sources provide the strongest support.

Rule #5: In addition to the above, you must incorporate at least one visual source, such as a political cartoon, satirical art, photograph, drawing, etc. that adds to the creative aspect of your paper as well as providing soft evidential support for your thesis.

General breakdown of paper (averaging 150-175 w/par = 275 w/p = 1600-1800 w/rp)

1: Introduction to the topic, starting broad and narrowing down to your argumentative thesis statement. No first person in essay, but consider beginning with a narrative, whether that’s based on personal experience, taken from your research, or creative (an imaginary someone facing the issue you’re writing about).

2: Background info about the topic to help your reader understand why you feel this issue is so important and to explain why you’ve taken the position you have. Think ETHOS: show that you’re a believable writer who, based on the reasoning provided in this paragraph, will examine the topic in a credible manner. Note: This paragraph could be assimilated into the introduction if you don’t go the personal narrative route.

3-4: Present detailed evidence to clarify and support the issue you’re tackling. Think LOGOS: make a logical and persuasive case. Unlike previous essays, incorporate fewer half-sentence quotations and aim for paraphrasing larger chunks of evidence. Always go for more rather than not enough, but don’t let the evidence overwhelm your voice in the paper. This paper is designed to show how well you understand the topic, not how well you can copy and paste what others have written. (You may need three paragraphs for this segment of the paper, depending on your topic.)

5-6: One paragraph to anticipate and present opposition plus a second paragraph to refute opposing arguments in regard to this social platform. Look for legitimate sources -- don’t simply rebut sarcastic trolls on Web sites – and document them. Don’t hold back on presenting possibly multiple opposing or alternate point of views you’ve uncovered in your research. You don’t need to shred the opposition, but you need to do more than acknowledge it – thoroughly deflect it and defend your position.

7-8: Now it’s time to present strategy and options and tools: How can one individual who’s not in a position of power, or blessed with disposable income, or the leader of a band of plucky do-good rebels spearhead change? This is where the creative and critical parts of the essay converge as you show your determination and offer your reader a blueprint for success in supporting positive change for this social platform. Strive to go beyond the obvious steps (e.g., vote in elections, sign a petition posted on a social media site, etc.). Expand your options by working with Applying-level questions from Bloom’s pyramid as well as researching other social platforms for possible analogies (How did #IceBucket Challenge begin trending?) Also consider creative scenarios that are grounded by logical premises (e.g., if you could convince backers to finance a _____, then monies from selling tickets to that event could be used to ____, which, in turn, could support the next step of your plan, which is __________.)

9-10: Now you move into the world of prediction, probability, and hope. While acknowledging that change doesn’t happen overnight (although it’s coming rapidly due to the efforts of a few students from Parkland, FL), detail the types of results/justice/goals (small- and large-scale) you believe your work can achieve in the short and long run.

11: Present a truly compelling conclusion. Think PATHOS as you wind things down. Elevate the issue so it becomes larger than all the individual points you made in any of the body paragraphs. Consider a world in which this platform no longer needs protecting or attacking. Say no, to restating the same points or summarizing the obvious. Say, yes, to leaving a lasting impression and making the reader glad he or she has come along with you on this journey.

Practically Perfect Body Paragraph (10 to 14 sentences)

1          Topic sentence/main claim in paragraph

1          Transition from claim to supporting material

1-2      Lead-in & evidence (QPS, logical reasoning, known facts, observation, etc.)

2-3      Analysis of evidence

1          Transition to supporting material

2-3      Analysis of evidence

1          Round-off to tie back to topic sentence; sums up the “because” part of paragraph

You can mix up the order by offering both pieces of evidence together, followed by one long analysis, but other than that, follow this structure. Note these main points: 1) don’t begin a paragraph with a lead-in to your evidence. 2) always transition from one piece of evidence to the next, 3) offer analysis twice as long as evidence, 4) don’t let the paragraph end midair without tying it back to the main idea.


Too Thin on Margins?

A curious thing happened as I was trolling Facebook one day–a fellow author had posted about what she wasn’t doing for Christmas. “I’m not baking the seven different types of cookies that I normally do and I’m giving you permission to do the same. What is it you would like to give up this Christmas so you can spend more time with family?”

Whenever the first of the year rolls around it’s always time for the
dreadedexcitement of planning your (cue the music) New Year’s Resolutions. Often, these resolutions and goal setting add more to our plate rather than simplify our lives.

We should absolutely make goals–I’m a big believer in them. But how can we make them reasonable, doable, and achievable?

You might have heard about margins. Leave one inch margins around your written page. This used to be so there would be room for others to make comments. It’s morphed into leaving room in your life for the important things. You might have also heard people call this work/life balance.

But how do you know if your margins are too thin? What might some of the symptoms be?

1. You can’t say no. This means you don’t have boundaries. It’s really not healthy to be the go-to person for everything. You can’t always be at another person’s beck and call. I think volunteer work is important but pick ONE thing you’re passionate about and make sure the hours are reasonable.

2. You’re always running late. This can be symptomatic of two conditions. One, it’s just the kind of person you are. You’ve always been late and continue to be late. But if you used to be on time for everything and now you’re always just a few minutes (or more) late, then you’re probably over-scheduled. Why is it you can’t make it on time? Too many appointments or it’s something you don’t want to do? You’ve lost passion for your job, perhaps? Maybe never had any? Can you change that?

3. Your children/family/significant other don’t recognize you anymore. I remember when my girls were infants that I’d bring them into the bathroom while I was taking a bath and set them on the floor with some toys so I could keep an eye on them. The first time their eyes witnessed me dunk my head and come up with my hair slicked back, their quivering lips indicated that they thought I was not their mom anymore. I spoke to them and reassured them it was okay. If your family is coming in dead last then definitely some re-prioritizing needs to happen. What can you change about your current schedule that would make more room?

Since it is the first of the year, I do still think that it’s a good time to analyze and focus, but maybe with these tenets in mind. The goal has to be reasonable to make it fun and achievable; otherwise it’s doomed to fail from the start.

So, instead of the goal being I’m going to write THREE great American novels when you’ve never attempted one, attend a local writers conference to see if writing is suited for you.

Instead of losing ALL the weight you need to lose in the first three weeks of the year, shoot for a small piece of the whole. I want to lose 2 pounds in January. Once you’ve done that, set the next goal.

Goals are about focus, but they need to be achievable. You’ll still need to live your life. Keep those personal relationships strong. That’s what ultimately sustains you.

What are your reasonable and achievable goals for 2014? Will they maintain your life/work balance?

Next week restarts medical mayhem!!


Why Is One Twin Bigger Than The Other?

Who carries the twin gene?

However, for a given pregnancy, only the mother’s genetics matter.

Fraternal twins happen when two eggs are simultaneously fertilized instead of just one.

A father’s genes can’t make a woman release two eggs.

It sounds like fraternal twins do indeed run in your family!.

Are Twins a blessing or curse?

Can one identical twin have autism?

If one identical twin has autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the other twin has a 76 percent chance of also being diagnosed with it. The numbers are lower for fraternal twins. The percentage of fraternal twins who each share an ASD diagnosis is 34 percent for same-sex twins and 18 percent for boy-girl pairs, Dr.

Are twins more likely to have Down syndrome?

Twins or multiple births occur at a rate of about 2% in the population of 15,000 babies with Down syndrome recorded on the UK National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register. A total of 244 twin pairs are recorded (some prenatally diagnosed), including 29 pairs (11.8%) where both have Down syndrome.

How early can you see twin heartbeats?

Most women first hear their twin babies’ heartbeats during a routine checkup that uses the fetal Doppler early in their pregnancy. Many ultrasound machines also allow the heartbeat to be heard even before it can be heard with a handheld Doppler. Most women now get an ultrasound prior to 12 weeks.

Can one twin develops faster than the other?

What happens when one twin eats the other?

Do twin fetuses develop slower?

Can only one identical twin have Downs syndrome?

Having identical twins with Down’s Syndrome is incredibly rare, with previous research suggesting that it only occurs in one in a million births. When it comes to twin births, two in every 1,000 are born where one or both of the babies have Down’s Syndrome.

Which twin is conceived first?

Can you abort one twin?

Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, say quadruplets, to a twin or singleton pregnancy. The procedure is also called multifetal pregnancy reduction.

What is it called when one twin takes nutrients from the other?

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare pregnancy condition affecting identical twins or other multiples. TTTS occurs in pregnancies where twins share one placenta (afterbirth) and a network of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients essential for development in the womb.

Can twins be different sizes?

These identical twins of different size are referred to as discordant twins; twin-to-twin transfusion is diagnosed by ultrasound and may be treated by advanced in-utero therapies, according to the NIH. Ask your doctor about the varying birth weight of twins.

Is one twin healthier than the other?

By studying identical twins, researchers controlled for genetic factors and maternal risk factors. Although identical twins also share a placenta, it’s divided into two separate compartments, and one may be healthier than the other.

Which twin is usually bigger?

Usually, one twin is slightly bigger than the other. Somehow, they are in a position to take more resources from the mother.

Are twins usually the same weight?

The average birth weight of full-term twins (37 weeks or later, compared to 39-40 weeks for singletons) is around 5 ½ pounds each, though one baby often weighs more than the other. Because of the additional weight, twin pregnancies tend to be more uncomfortable.

What happens when one twin stops growing?

The twin that stops growing will be reabsorbed into your placenta and into the baby that you’re carrying. Small indicators of the twin might remain in your placenta when you deliver your baby. In most cases, your pregnancy will continue as it would have if you were carrying one baby to begin with.

Why would one twin be smaller than the other?

Other twin risks. Twins who share a placenta may also: Have unequal distribution of blood and nutrients between them. As a result, one twin may be much smaller. This is called selective intrauterine growth restriction.