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Dreaming of Being a Police Officer? Read On
The custom challenge coins and that uniform and the hat? This will be your signature look once you realize your dream of joining the law enforcement as police. Do you feel like all that you are supposed to do in your career is protect your community and uphold the law? As some people perception, being in the law enforcement job as a cop is a vocation. You can still join the police force regardless of whether or not your family has been in this profession for years. However, what is required on you if you want to be in that police force suits and the custom challenge coins? Could be you have no clue where to begin. It is advisable you gather the necessary information at the earliest to stand a better chance in this transition. Here are essential guidelines that will help you become that police officer you have been dreaming of.
Note, if you want to become a law enforcement officer you should meet the essential requirements. To be eligible you must be over 21 years of age. Moreover, have a genuine driving license. In a scenario you may not have the license, you should prioritize in enrolling in a driving school and acquire the necessary training. In order to win the admission to a police academy, your history is verified and so if you have not broken the law then count yourself lucky. A psychology test is conducted to analyze your eligibility to join the police force.
You should be able to answer the question, “why become a police officer?” What is the trigger? What could have led you into wanting this job? Perhaps something has shaped your liking to being a police officer? Is it the wanting to be dressed in that uniform, the custom challenge coins and the hat? Perchance you are more interested in maintaining and protecting the law and those governed by it. It is vital you make the right choices. Do not choose the outfit and custom challenge coins but a profession that will keep you happier. What you ought to understand before joining the law enforcement as police is that, it will be your obligation to protect others and maintain a great level of safety in the streets.
A police is not a job for the lazy people. Do not expect to be in this career if your physical health is wanting. Sometimes you may be forced to walk around when pursuing suspects, and this will be possible if you exercise regularly. Fitness is a must in the police force, so if you lack this, you better exercise. Do not be appealed by the custom challenge coins and uniform and forget the essential requirements. Although, different nations have varied requirements. It is vital you familiarize yourself with the demands of your country, and you will not have any challenges.


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Quick Answer: What Is The Most Significant Direct Effect Of Aldosterone Release?

What is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism?

The condition mostly affects people 30 to 50 years old and is a common cause of high blood pressure in middle age..

What hormone works as a negative feedback to aldosterone?

CRH is released from the hypothalamus. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and androgens. The increase in cortisol provides a negative feedback system to then decrease the amount of CRH released from the hypothalamus.

What is the main function of renin and aldosterone?

Aldosterone is a hormone that plays an important role in maintaining normal sodium and potassium concentrations in blood and in controlling blood volume and blood pressure. Renin is an enzyme that controls aldosterone production.

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes increased water loss through the urine. The most important trigger for aldosterone release is the renin-angiotensin mechanism, mediated by the renal tubules. The fluid stored inside cells is referred to as extracellular fluid (ECF).

What are the effects of aldosterone?

Aldosterone causes an increase in salt and water reabsorption into the bloodstream from the kidney thereby increasing the blood volume, restoring salt levels and blood pressure.

What affects aldosterone release?

Serum potassium concentrations are the most potent stimulator of aldosterone secretion. … If decreased blood pressure is detected, the adrenal gland is stimulated by these stretch receptors to release aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption from the urine, sweat, and the gut.

Can stress cause high aldosterone levels?

Psychological stress also activates the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system which stimulates rennin release leading to increases in angiotensin II and aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone activates MR which in turn may lead to vascular injury and inflammation, and ultimately heart disease, renal disease, and stroke.

How can I lower my aldosterone levels naturally?

Confirming the diagnosis is done by temporarily increasing the amount of sodium in the body, either with a high-sodium diet or an infusion of sodium-rich salt water. When the adrenal glands are working correctly, this should turn down aldosterone production. When they aren’t, aldosterone levels remain high.

What is the role of aldosterone in the body and how is it released?

How do I calm my adrenals?

What controls the release of aldosterone?

renin-angiotensin systemAldosterone is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system, while the rest of the adrenal glands’ hormone production is controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Therefore, in cases of Addison’s disease caused by pituitary dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency will exist, but with appropriate aldosterone levels.

What three situations would stimulate a release of aldosterone?

Aldosterone release is stimulated by a decrease in blood sodium levels, blood volume, or blood pressure, or an increase in blood potassium levels. It also prevents the loss of Na+ from sweat, saliva, and gastric juice.

What are the symptoms of too much aldosterone?

In hyperaldosteronism, overproduction of aldosterone leads to fluid retention and increased blood pressure, weakness, and, rarely, periods of paralysis. Hyperaldosteronism can be caused by a tumor in the adrenal gland or may be a response to some diseases.

How do you treat high levels of aldosterone?

Medication. Your doctor might prescribe a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, such as spironolactone. This type of medication blocks the effects of aldosterone on your body, such as high blood pressure and low blood potassium. You may still need to take additional medications to help manage your blood pressure.

How does aldosterone affect the heart?

Robust experimental and clinical evidence indicates that aldosterone can cause myocardial tissue damage, including hypertrophy and fibrosis over that induced by high-blood pressure itself.

Does high aldosterone cause anxiety?

Pathways by Which Aldosterone Excess Induces Anxiety and Depression and May Impair Quality of Life.

What is the treatment for high aldosterone?

Aldosterone-blocking drugs. If your primary aldosteronism is caused by a benign tumor and you can’t have surgery or prefer not to, you can be treated with aldosterone-blocking drugs called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone) and lifestyle changes.

What does aldosterone do for the body?

Aldosterone helps the kidneys manage water, sodium, and potassium. Too much aldosterone can cause the kidneys to retain water and sodium and flush potassium.

Which hormone is responsible for high blood pressure?

Hormone Linked To High Blood Pressure And Blood Vessel Disease In African-Americans. Summary: Researchers have linked higher levels of the hormone aldosterone to high blood pressure and blood vessel disease in African-Americans. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal glands and causes salt retention by the kidneys.

Does salt increase aldosterone?

Our findings show that when sodium intake is extremely high, aldosterone secretion does not decrease to zero but continues at a rate we estimate to be 10 to 30 microgram/day. We suggest that this nonsuppressible secretion of aldosterone may have contributed to the observed increases in weight and blood pressure.


Wann Lebte Albert Einstein

Wann Lebte Albert Einstein Einstein – Der größte Physiker des 20. Jahrhunderts?

Albert Einstein arbeitet vor amerikanischen Wissenschaftlern an einem mathematischen Problem an der Tafel. Einstein wurde am. Albert Einstein war ein deutscher Physiker mit Schweizer und US-amerikanischer Staatsbürgerschaft. Er gilt als einer der bedeutendsten theoretischen Physiker der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und weltweit als bekanntester Wissenschaftler der Neuzeit. Hermann Einstein übersiedelte mit seinen Brüdern nach Ulm. Dort heiratete er Pauline Koch und lebte in der Bahnhofstraße B, wo Albert. Ende starb Einsteins Vater in Mailand. Am 6. Januar heiratete er, gegen den Willen der Familien, Mileva Maric, und im Mai wurde Einsteins erster. Koch, in Ulm geboren. Einsteins Geburtshaus in Ulm. , Im Juni siedelt die Familie nach München über, wo Hermann Einstein mit seinem Bruder Jakob die.

Wann Lebte Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein war ein deutscher Physiker mit Schweizer und US-amerikanischer Staatsbürgerschaft. Er gilt als einer der bedeutendsten theoretischen Physiker der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und weltweit als bekanntester Wissenschaftler der Neuzeit. Albert Einstein gilt als eines der größten Genies und Denker aller Zeiten. Er wäre heute Jahre alt geworden. Grafik vergrößern. "Wichtig ist. Einstein wurde am März in Ulm geboren und starb am April in Princeton, New Jersey. Foto: dpa. Kurzbiographie: Das Leben.

März in Ulm, Deutschland geboren und starb am April in Princeton, USA. Wie geht es heute, am Seine Familie war wegen wirtschaftlicher Probleme nach Italien.

Am Juli explodierte in der Wüste von Nevada die erste Atombombe — ein Test. Drei Wochen später traf es Hiroshima und. Das Galaxy S20 ist seit knapp einem halben Jahr.

Mit "Denken neu denken" will er die Menschen zukunftsfähiger und die Welt gerechter machen. Albert Einstein war ein Physiker, einer der bedeutendsten aller Zeiten.

Seine Forschungen und Ideen haben die Wissenschaft sehr stark beeinflusst. Im Jahr erhielt er den Nobelpreis für Physik.

Für viele Menschen ist Albert Einstein. Heute, am Um die Jugendserie nicht zu verpassen. Schon lange warten die Franzosen auf. Die letzten Jahre seines Lebens lebte Einstein zurückgezogen in Princeton.

Bis zum Ende seines Lebens arbeitete er an einer neuen Theorie, die aber erfolglos blieb. Albert Einstein starb am April im Alter von 76 Jahren.

April wurde ein Film uraufgeführt, in dem Einsteins spezielle Relativitätstheorie mit vielen Animationen dem Publikum verständlich gemacht werden sollte.

Für Einstein war dieses Angebot so verlockend — Berlin war in dieser Zeit die Hochburg der Naturwissenschaft — dass er zusagte und im April mit seiner Familie nach Berlin zog.

Sie führten dazu, dass seine Frau im Juli mit. Das sehen wir heute überall. Jeder Depp erfindet irgendein Zitat. Elsas Geburtsname war Einstein.

Durch ihre erste Heirat mit Max Löwenthal nahm sie dessen Nachnamen an. Durch ihre zweite Heirat mit Albert Einstein erlangte sie ihren Geburtsnamen zurück.

Bevor die Profis am Montag wieder das Training aufnehmen, wurden bei Werder noch die letzten Abstimmungen getroffen, damit der Vorbereitungsplan endgültig steht.

Das ist aber eine extreme Vereinfachung, denn Einstein war weder der Erste, der die Äquivalenz von Masse und Energie erwog, noch hat er sie tatsächlich bewiesen.

Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner.

Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament", from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy".

Walter Isaacson , Einstein's biographer, described this as "one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity". Chaplin speculated that it was "possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis".

While at American universities in early , he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

He and his wife Elsa returned to Europe in March, and during the trip, they learned that the German Reichstag passed the Enabling Act , which was passed on 23 March and transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship and that they would not be able to proceed to Berlin.

I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise. Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany.

He rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July , he went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British naval officer Commander Oliver Locker-Lampson , who had become friends with Einstein in the preceding years.

To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two bodyguards watch over him at his secluded cabin, with a photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein, published in the Daily Herald on 24 July British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist Frederick Lindemann , to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.

Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey 's Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü , to whom he wrote in September requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists.

As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over "1, saved individuals". Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe.

In October , Einstein returned to the US and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, [] [] noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany.

Einstein was still undecided on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including Christ Church, Oxford where he stayed for three short periods between May and June and was offered a 5-year studentship, [] [] but in , he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.

Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in The two would take long walks together discussing their work.

The group's warnings were discounted. The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U. Some say that as a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the US entered the "race" to develop the bomb, drawing on its "immense material, financial, and scientific resources" to initiate the Manhattan Project.

For Einstein, "war was a disease Einstein became an American citizen in Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, he expressed his appreciation of the meritocracy in American culture when compared to Europe.

He considered racism America's "worst disease", [] seeing it as "handed down from one generation to the next". Du Bois and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial in In Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black college , where he was awarded an honorary degree.

Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, "I do not intend to be quiet about it. Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , which opened in and was among its first Board of Governors.

Chaim Weizmann later became Israel's first president. Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age.

I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music I get most joy in life out of music. His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin , not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into German culture.

When he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart , whereupon he became enamored of Mozart 's compositions and studied music more willingly.

Einstein taught himself to play without "ever practicing systematically". He said that "love is a better teacher than a sense of duty. The examiner stated afterward that his playing was "remarkable and revealing of 'great insight'".

Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student. Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on.

He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor of the edition of the Köchel catalog of Mozart's work; that edition was prepared by Alfred Einstein , who may have been a distant relation.

In , Einstein was one of the founding members of the German Democratic Party , a liberal party. Einstein was deeply impressed by Mahatma Gandhi.

Einstein spoke of his spiritual outlook in a wide array of original writings and interviews. And one life is enough for me. He served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York , [] and was an honorary associate of the Rationalist Association , which publishes New Humanist in Britain.

He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity. In a one-and-a-half-page hand-written German-language letter to philosopher Eric Gutkind , dated Princeton, 3 January , fifteen months before his death, Einstein wrote: "The word God is for me nothing but the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of venerable but still rather primitive legends.

No interpretation, no matter how subtle, can for me change anything about this. On 17 April , Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm , which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want.

It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly. During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, Thomas Stoltz Harvey , removed Einstein's brain for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent.

Robert Oppenheimer summarized his impression of Einstein as a person: "He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn.

Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on space , time, and matter.

The four papers are:. Einstein's first paper [] submitted in to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction. It was published in with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena".

Two papers he published in — thermodynamics attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.

His research in and was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena. Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.

Einstein's " Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper " [] "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" was received on 30 June and published 26 September of that same year.

It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations the laws of electricity and magnetism and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics.

The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity. This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to slow down , and the body itself would contract in its direction of motion.

Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of kinematics the study of moving bodies. In , Hermann Minkowski reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of spacetime.

Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his general theory of relativity. General relativity GR is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Einstein between and According to general relativity , the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses.

As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion even accelerated ones should appear more satisfactory.

In , Einstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies.

Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally. In , Einstein predicted gravitational waves , [] [] ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves , traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation.

He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.

In June , the Entwurf 'draft' theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions.

After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the hole argument was mistaken [] and abandoned the theory in November In , Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole.

This model became known as the Einstein World or Einstein's static universe. Following the discovery of the recession of the nebulae by Edwin Hubble in , Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, The Friedmann-Einstein universe of [] [] and the Einstein—de Sitter universe of In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his "biggest blunder".

The astrophysicist Mario Livio has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated. In late , a team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the nebulae, Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe.

For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space. It thus appears that Einstein considered a steady-state model of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.

The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.

Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field.

This approach has been echoed by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz , and others, and has become standard. The use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in by Erwin Schrödinger and others.

In , Einstein collaborated with Nathan Rosen to produce a model of a wormhole , often called Einstein—Rosen bridges.

These solutions cut and pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches. If one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively charged.

This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the s. The theory of general relativity has a fundamental law—the Einstein field equations , which describe how space curves.

The geodesic equation , which describes how particles move, may be derived from the Einstein field equations. Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein field equations themselves, not by a new law.

So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself. This was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular momentum, and by Roy Kerr for spinning objects.

In a paper, [] Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles quanta. Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr.

This idea only became universally accepted in , with Robert Millikan 's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of Compton scattering.

Peter Debye refined this model. Throughout the s, quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems.

Einstein contributed to these developments by linking them with the arguments Wilhelm Wien had made.

Einstein noted in that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant.

Arnold Sommerfeld identified this adiabatic invariant as the action variable of classical mechanics. In , Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose , based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles.

Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the Bose—Einstein condensate phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures.

Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University. Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in , he had not given up on academia.

In , he became a Privatdozent at the University of Bern. This paper introduced the photon concept although the name photon was introduced later by Gilbert N.

Lewis in and inspired the notion of wave—particle duality in quantum mechanics. Einstein saw this wave—particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new, unified foundation.

In a series of works completed from to , Planck reformulated his quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his "second quantum theory".

Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie 's work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves , which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton—Jacobi equation of mechanics.

This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his paper on the photoelectric effect.

However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after , despite its acceptance by other physicists. He was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice".

The Bohr—Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr , who were two of its founders.

Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. In , Einstein returned to quantum mechanics, in particular to the question of its completeness, in the "EPR paper".

Given Einstein's concept of local realism , there were two possibilities: 1 either the other particle had these properties already determined, or 2 the process of measuring the first particle instantaneously affected the reality of the position and momentum of the second particle.

Einstein rejected this second possibility popularly called "spooky action at a distance". Einstein's belief in local realism led him to assert that, while the correctness of quantum mechanics was not in question, it must be incomplete.

But as a physical principle, local realism was shown to be incorrect when the Aspect experiment of confirmed Bell's theorem , which J.

It is considered a centerpiece of the development of quantum information theory. Following his research on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another aspect of a single entity.

This experiment needed to be sensitive because the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.

Einstein suggested to Erwin Schrödinger that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a Bose—Einstein gas by considering a box.

Schrödinger urged Einstein to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input.

While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death she died in [].

The Einstein rights were litigated in in a federal district court in California. Although the court initially held that the Einstein rights had expired, [] that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety.

The court's initial decision no longer has any legal impact or effect of any kind. The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled.

The Einstein rights are enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of those rights.

Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".

Many popular quotations are often misattributed to him. Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".

None of the nominations in met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel , so the prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For other uses, see Einstein disambiguation. For other uses, see Albert Einstein disambiguation. German-born physicist and developer of the theory of relativity Ulm , Kingdom of Württemberg , German Empire.

Princeton, New Jersey , United States. Elsa Löwenthal. Virtually all modern physics. See also: Einstein family. Main articles: Statistical mechanics , thermal fluctuations , and statistical physics.

Main article: Critical opalescence. Main article: History of special relativity. Main article: History of general relativity.

See also: Theory of relativity and Einstein field equations. Main article: Physical cosmology. Main article: Stress—energy—momentum pseudotensor.

Main article: Einstein—Cartan theory. Main article: Einstein—Infeld—Hoffmann equations. Main article: Old quantum theory. Main article: Einstein solid.

Main article: Adiabatic invariant. Main article: Bose—Einstein statistics. Main article: Bohr—Einstein debates. Main article: Classical unified field theories.

Main article: Einstein's unsuccessful investigations. Main article: Einstein—de Haas effect. Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture.

Main article: Einstein's awards and honors. Einstein, Albert [Manuscript received: 16 December ]. Written at Zurich, Switzerland. Annalen der Physik in German.

Hoboken, New Jersey published 14 March Bibcode : AnP Written at Berne, Switzerland. Hoboken, New Jersey published 10 March Written at Berne, Switzerland, published by Wyss Buchdruckerei.

Annalen der Physik Submitted manuscript in German. Sitzungsberichte in German. Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften , Berlin.

Physikalische Zeitschrift in German. Bibcode : PhyZ Written at Gothenburg. Nobel Lectures, Physics — in German and English.

Stockholm: Nobelprice. First of a series of papers on this topic. Einstein, Albert b. Fürth, R. Translated by Cowper, A. US: Dover Publications published Retrieved 4 January Physical Review Submitted manuscript.

Bibcode : PhRv Scientific American. Bibcode : SciAm. Ideas and Opinions. New York: Random House. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung.

Klein; A. Kox; Michel Janssen; R. Schulmann; Diana Komos Buchwald; et al. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein.

Einstein's Writings. Princeton University Press. Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page.

Einstein, Albert c [Manuscript received: 11 May ]. Einstein, Albert e [Manuscript received: 27 September ].

Einstein, Albert [Published 25 November ]. Written at Berlin. Die Naturwissenschaften in German. Heidelberg, Germany.

Bibcode : NW Einstein, Albert 9 November On Science and Religion. Bibcode : Natur. Einstein, Albert; et al. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 25 May Einstein, Albert May Reprise ".

Monthly Review. Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 16 January — via MonthlyReview. Einstein, Albert Autobiographical Notes.

Paul Arthur Schilpp Centennial ed. Chicago: Open Court. The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48— The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory.

Genius , a television series depicting Einstein's life Heinrich Burkhardt Bern Historical Museum Einstein Museum History of gravitational theory List of coupled cousins List of German inventors and discoverers Jewish Nobel laureates List of peace activists Relativity priority dispute Sticky bead argument.

She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home.

How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter. Oxford University Press. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.

Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. Pearson Longman. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March Retrieved 7 March Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics.

World Scientific. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 4 February December Physics Today. Bibcode : PhT New York: Walker.

Nobel Prize. Retrieved 11 July The accelerating universe" PDF. Nobel Media AB. Archived from the original PDF on 16 May Retrieved 24 November

Wann Lebte Albert Einstein Navigationsmenü

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Albert Einstein - \ Einstein wurde am März in Ulm geboren und starb am April in Princeton, New Jersey. Foto: dpa. Kurzbiographie: Das Leben. Wie Albert Einstein lebte. Albert Einstein wurde am März als Sohn jüdischer Eltern in Ulm geboren. Kurz danach zog die Familie nach München. Kurzbiografie, Lebenslauf, Steckbrief und Literaturempfehlungen zum theoretischen Physiker und Nobelpreisträger: Albert Einstein. April starb Einstein schließlich in Princeton, wo er die Zeit nach der deutschen Ausbürgerung verbracht hatte, an inneren Blutungen nach einer. Albert Einstein gilt als eines der größten Genies und Denker aller Zeiten. Er wäre heute Jahre alt geworden. Grafik vergrößern. "Wichtig ist. Die Relativitätstheorie setzt sich Dr House Online Sehen mehreren einzelnen festen Regelungen zusammen. LeeOsheroff Lustagenten Service, R. Auf diesem geführten Stadtrundgang gibt's die Antworten. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch das bekannte Zitat Spiel Affe Com zu verstehen, als er sagte: "Der liebe Gott würfelt nicht". Albert Einstein, Juli fährt sie mit den Söhnen zurück nach Zürich. In den abendlichen Akademiesitzungen wurden wissenschaftliche sowie philosophische Themen diskutiert. Er verzichtete auf alle akademischen Ämter in Deutschland und kehrte nie mehr in sein Heimatland Www.Neu.De Mitglieder Login. Ende des Jahres hält er seine erste Vorlesung. Einsteins Kindheit verlief, bis auf den für die Familie beunruhigenden Umstand, dass er erst sehr spät sprechen lernte, normal.

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LSMeans, still causing lots of people headaches [General Statistics]

posted by ElMaestro  – Denmark, 2019-02-03 18:39 (833 d 06:47 ago) – Posting: # 19851
Views: 2,968

Hellobi :-D,

and thanks for helping towards an understanding.

I am a bit confused, what is ln[T] in your terminology?
Is it individual measurements, or effects form the b-vector or is it the average on the ln scale?
And what is the starting point for this?

Also, residuals -once a linear model has been fit to the least squares criterion- sum to zero, right? I got confused when you went from step 4 to 5.

» The Model Residual is the variance for the difference of LSMeans between Ln[T] and Ln[R].

I would think it is the plain uncertainty for an (within-) effect estimate in the b vector when we talk crossovers. Multiply by two and you have the variance of the difference or something like that.

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Q. 94.0( 26 Votes )

A box conta

Answer :

Let R be the event a red ball is drawn and W be the event a white ball is drawn

Since all the white balls are identical so the event of drawing any one of the three-white ball is same.

Total Number of Sample space =(22-1)=3 (Since both the balls cannot be red)

We define the possible outcomes by an ordered set (x, y)

x denotes drawing the first ball

y denotes drawing the second ball

Sample space S={(W,W),(W,R),(R,W)}

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Cryptanalysis of Stream Cipher System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

The meaning of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) refers to a relatively new family of algorithms that may be used to find optimal (or near optimal) solutions to numerical and qualitative problems.Stream ciphers are an important class of encryption algorithms. Shift register sequences are used in both cryptography and coding theory. There is a wealth of theory about them; stream ciphers based on shift registers have been the workhorse of military cryptography since the beginnings of electronics.This paper aims to implement cryptanalysis attack algorithms on stream cipher systems using plaintext attack (or part from it), choosing one Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR), since its considered as a basic unit of stream cipher systems, in the performance of PSO by solving Linear Equations System (LES) for any number of variables of the output of LFSR.The application divided into two stages, first, constructing LES’s for the LFSR, and the second, is attacking the variables of LES’s which they are also the initial key values the of LFSR.


Love Your Fitness Routine Using These Great Ideas

Anyone can benefit from fitness knowledge, whether they are a novice or an expert. When you know how your body can work and what you need to do, you can make all the changes you need. By following the tips provided below, you can achieve better results.

Pay several months in advance when you join a gym or fitness club. This will “lock you in”, so to speak, and keep you coming back over time. This is only recommendeded if you are having a hard time convincing yourself to go, and should be only used as a last resort.

When you begin working out with weights, always start out with smaller muscles first. This can help create a balance with your muscles and prevent injury since smaller muscles fatigue before larger ones do. By the time you are ready to exercise large muscle groups, the smaller muscles can rest.

Maintaining proper posture while exercising, even while simply walking, is important to prevent injury. Your shoulders should be back and your torso upright. Hold your elbows by your sides at a 90-degree angle. The arm swinging outward should be on the opposite side of your body from your forward foot. Your heel should always touch down first. Let your foot roll forward naturally and push off with your toes when you start your next stride.

Whatever your fitness level may be, using these tips will make your fitness routine better. Learning as much as possible about fitness regimens can give you the best workout achievable. Keep in mind all the information you have learned, and you will soon see results.


Spain’s lockdown to be lifted after 98 days

Spains state of alarm, the emergency mechanism propping up the nationwide lockdown to contain COVID-19, will expires midnight on Saturday, 98 days after it first came into effect.

In an unprecedented situation during the country’s history, the days under lockdown in Spain progressed at varying speeds, reports Efe news.

But with the gradual easing of restrictions several weeks ago, life has slowly returned to the streets, squares, shops, highways, factories, offices, bars and beaches up and down the country.

On March 14, prime minister Pedro Sánchez’s government turned to the constitution to enact the state of alarm.

It was only the second time in Spain’s modern democratic era that such an extraordinary move had been deemed necessary.

Back in 2010, the government took similar measures during the air traffic controllers’ strike, but the emergency mechanism only lasted 15 days.

The COVID-19 state of alarm was also initially imposed for 15 days but was eventually extended six times.

The virus is still active in the country and the government has warned people not to let their guard down.

From midnight Spain enters what politicians around the world have billed the “new normality”.

The state of alarm will be lifted but social-distancing, hygiene protocol and obligatory mask use will remain in force until a vaccine for COVID-19 is found.

The number of COVID-19 cases in Spain as of Saturday stood at 245,575, with 28,315 deaths.


George Washington Carver: Scientist and Teacher - 2

Article Index

 At Simpson College, George continued to suffer the hardships to which he had grown accustomed. He lived in an abandoned shack, given to him by the President of the College, and salvaged a stove from the dump to cook his meals, which he would eat while sitting on an old crate. Yet the other students of the college, all of whom were white, looked up to George as a model of humor and kindness, visiting him and asking advice on matters both academic and personal. He accepted the indignities of racial prejudice without responding with bitterness, and would later be remembered for little acts of selflessness like crossing to the other side of the street so his white woman friends would not have to greet him publicly. These incidents caused George much grief, and he bore them with quiet resignation.

At Simpson College, George dived into art with a passion, and he showed an undeniable brilliance in his painting. He would continue to paint throughout his long life, exhibiting his artwork in both the North and the South, and more than one close friend received an original painting as a treasured gift. But despite his love for art, which he called a means to lift "souls beyond the sordid things of life," George Washington Carver felt unable to commit his life to it. He felt that he could neither earn his living at it, nor really satisfy himself through art alone. Seeking a more practical degree in agricultural science, he transferred to the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames in 1891.

At Iowa State, George spent many hours poised over plant specimens or walking through the woods, discovering that "each created thing is an indispensable factor in the great whole, and one in which no other factor will fit exactly as well." Doing his classwork with the used pencil stubs given to him by friends, and subsisting on leftovers from the school cafeteria, George studied incessantly, earning a Master's Degree in five years. By 1896, he had acquired a reputation as the best plant breeder at Iowa and knew that his position on the permanent faculty of the University was guaranteed.

But George Carver could not choose for himself the life of a cloistered University professor. In 1896, Booker T. Washington asked him to join the faculty of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, an all-black college established with the aim of educating the blacks of the South so they could leave the endless cycle of ignorance and poverty. George felt that this was the opportunity to serve his people for which he had been preparing his entire life.

Booker T. Washington, the son of a mulatto slave and a white man, had worked himself through school as a coal miner and later as a janitor, and in his early twenties had begun to work with the Virginia-based Hampton Institute as a teacher of vocational education to colored Americans. He had founded Tuskegee in 1881, at the age of 24, on the conviction that the integration of blacks into a dominant white society depended on their ability to become a competitive economic force. He felt that the capacity of blacks to "endure wrong, to withstand temptations, to economize, to acquire and use skill" could be honed through diligent mental and manual work.

At Tuskegee, George quickly confronted the awesome responsibilities that his office would entail. In charge of directing the Institute's Experiment Station, administering the farm's livestock, maintaining the landscaping of the school grounds, teaching and supervising courses, and performing all of the tasks required as Department head, George often found himself stretched to the limit of his endurance. He quickly discovered that other faculty members did not share his enthusiasm for his way of doing things, and he entered into heated battles with at least one other administrator who refused to obey his orders. He suffered immensely from these encounters, which injured his sense of pride and held up his work. Yet he pursued his responsibilities with vigor, refusing to give in to the despair to which he could easily have fallen prey.

As a researcher, George tried to find economical ways for the "man lowerest down" to improve the quality of his life. The typical "black belt" farmer had only his land and his labor with which to work, and George concentrated on reducing the farmers' economic dependence on store-bought goods by finding alternatives to flour, sugar, starch, coffee, milk, and other household goods. He developed hundreds of recipes for the peanut, sweet potato, and cowpea, from which the poor farmer could derive the essential nutrients he required, and he found ways to convert common soil into whitewashes and woodstains which could work wonders on the walls of a house. He also developed more efficient methods of crop cultivation and experimented with breeding strains of cotton which resisted the devastation of the Southern boll weevil.


Xinye Tao | Blog - Topic - Resume - Feed

Horror One-Liner

# fiction, 2020-11-01

He hasn’t eaten for a week now. How is he still alive?

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Seven pairs for seven days. But wait, then whose pants am I wearing now?

I touch my hair. It feels like rough paper. Then I touch the face, the body. Are they mine? Certainly not.

You decides not to mind the hands and feet crawling over your body.

I enter the wrong room but people inside look the same.


How Does The Ruger Indicator Work?

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attentional focus affects movement efficiency

attentional focus affects movement efficiency

directed at the movement effect (i.e., inducing an external focus). Significant main effects indicated: (1) greater accuracy in EX (PLT: 27.32 vs. PST 31.46 cm) vs. perceived target size), suggesting different mechanisms in motor execution: instructions influence the control of movement whereas the target conditions inform motor planning through perceptual and motivational variables. These include research on (a) conditions that enhance expectancies for future performance, (b) variables that influence learnersâ autonomy, and (c) an external focus of attention on the intended movement effect. Research examining golf putting specifically has failed to find an advantage of adopting either a proximal or an internal focus, but experiments have not included a distal focus condition. This study aimed to examine the level of shooting accuracy demonstrated by law enforcement recruits upon completion of their law enforcement firearms training in comparison with novice shooters. The purpose of this study was to investigate how attentional focus on body sway affects postural control during quiet standing. The potential mediating role of visual information in skilled basketball throwers was also examined. Conditions of practice, such as task scheduling (e.g, are assumed to influence how information is processed and affects the learning of motor skills. Evidence in support of the constrained action hypothesis, which has been put forward as an explanation for the attentional focus effects, is presented. The difficulty levels of the task are adjusted dynamically by an adaptive model to achieve a constant success rate. In our study, one group (internal focus, IF) was instructed to focus on shifting In both experiments, spatial errors were greater during internal probes compared with external probes or a no-probe control condition. Researchers have formulated two attention-based models: self-focus and distraction. The current experiment tests these predictions in a dart-throwing task. ... accuracy, balance) and efficiency (e.g. Participants' attention was directed either externally (towards the force plate they were pushing against) or internally (towards their own leg, specifically the agonist muscle). On the advantage of an external focus of attention: A benefit to learning or performance? Focusing externally generally improves a person's performance, but it is critical to address the individual's belief in the effects of attention. RESULTS: The results of the factorial repeated measure ANOVA fund an internal-external main effect, a relevant-irrelevant main effect, a main effect of vision, and an interaction of internal-external with relevant-irrelevant. In each attentional condition, half of the trials were performed using visual information and in the other half of the trials visual information was removed. In the current study, we examined whether the combination of all 3 factors would enhance learning even further compared with combinations of 2 factors. Free Online Library: Effect of attentional instructions and increasing frequency on relative phase stability of out-phase bimanual coordination movements. Objectives This study examined whether the impact of enacted support on performance differed across type (esteem and informational) and visibility (visible and invisible) of support. We therefore conclude that the Polar Question operator is directly inserted on top of the compositional structure. Internal attention group focused on elbow and wrist. Effective motor performance is important for surviving and thriving, and skilled movement is critical in many activities. Conclusion The results suggest that enacted support can benefit novicesâ performance and that it is crucial to consider both the type and the visibility of the support. Methodological issues that have arisen in the literature are discussed. There was some evidence for an increased task focus in the external condition. The participants were counter- balanced and performed 80 trials in four attentional strategies of external-relevant, external-irrelevant, internal-relevant, and internal-irrelevant (20 trials per condition). An internal focus directs attention to bodily movements, joint angles or details of the action itself (87). In these experiments, iEMG of both the agonist (biceps) and antagonist (triceps) was significantly lower with externally compared to … Through the use of surrounding distracting visual stimulus, an Ebbinghaus illusion aimed to induce PLT or PST during putting. Some attention has been focused on relationships of social-cognitive variables such as self-efficacy to motor performance (e.g., Moritz, Feltz, Fahrbach, & Mack, 2000), but much less to the impact of motivational variables on the acquisition of new motor skills. 1 Over the past several decades, social-cognitive researchers have explored the motivational pathways connecting socially influenced thoughts, affective and experiential responses, and behavior in movement contexts and other arenas of human functioning (e.g. There was also significant difference between groups (in favor of errorless group) in internal group (p=0.012). We hypothesised that the beneficial effect of external focus of attention would be observed in the different stages of the sprint start (i.e. To address this issue, sixteen young healthy adults were asked to stand upright as immobile as possible on a force platform in both Control and Attention conditions. Results and conclusion It seems practice challenge have important role in attention focus effectiveness. reaction time, block clearance and running) for both expert and novice sprinters. Attentional focus affects motor performance and learning. Â© 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Although an effect of acquisition focus during testing in Experiment 2 provides some evidence that FOA affects learning, the current data demonstrate a much stronger effect for performance than learning, and stronger effects of attention on precision than accuracy. Thus, there were four groups: Inherent-Ability Better, Inherent-Ability Worse, Acquirable-Skill Better, and Acquirable-Skill Worse. The current experiment varied the FOA by asking the participants to judge joint angles (internal-relevant), respiration (internal-irrelevant), dart release angle (external-relevant), and tone loudness (external-irrelevant) at dart release in which task-intrinsic concurrent visual feedback was available or not. Triple play: Additive contributions of enhanced expectancies, autonomy support, and external attentional focus to motor learning Show all authors. Many sport skills, including those that involve throwing, serving, kicking, or hitting balls, require accuracy, and numerous studies have assessed movement accuracy as a function of attentional focus. We speculate that enhanced expectancies and an external focus propel performersâ cognitive and motor systems in productive âforwardâ directions and prevent âbackslidingâ into self- and non-task focused states. Findings show that the performance and learning advantages through instructions or feedback inducing an external focus extend across different types of tasks, skill levels, and age groups. DOI: 10.4324/9780203133712-12 Corpus ID: 198734960. Method In this paper we discuss a kind of polar questions featuring the fronting of a focal constituent to a left-peripheral position. Attentional focus is consciously attending to specific information during movement under the influence of instructions (Spittle, 2013). a) Frequency at which 50% of the power is reached b) Frequency at which the average power is reached c) Frequency at which the maximum power occurs Conclusion - Improved accuracy and iEMG activity: consistent with previous research - One group (enhanced expectancy) was provided with (fabricated) feedback about the efficiency of their running style every 2 min. Mean radial accuracy (cm) was calculated. Finally, our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the attentional focus effect is outlined, and directions for future research are suggested. Motor performance is responsive to attentional focus. The way an athlete focuses their attention when lifting a weight has the potential to influence strength development during training and performance outcomes during competition. Externally focused instruction produced significantly lower iEMG magnitude across muscles, whereas an internal focus produced the greatest activity but with no evidence of a selective isolation effect of the vastus medialis oblique. Attentional Control Theory: Anxiety, Emotion, and Motor Planning. This can be interpreted as energy savings related to either physical (metabolic) or mental energy. Quick Quiz :D What is Mean Power Frequency? The purpose of this investigation is to examine the relationship between the distance effect on power output during countermovement jumps in Rugby athletes. An important aspect of learning and performing motor skills involves effectively directing one's attention. A systematic review examining the underlying mechanisms of attentional focus effects on movement efficiency. Performance was independently affected by AF and target visual context (e.g. Attentional Focus and Movement Efficiency An important criterion in Guthrie’s (1952) definition of skill is minimal energy expen-diture. Attentional models suggest that when anxiety increases, athletes divert attention to either internal (i.e., movement-related or emotion-focused) or external (i.e., environmental) irrelevant cues, instead of maintaining optimal attention. The Better groups demonstrated more effective learning than the Worse groups. In sport and other performance domains, it is important that motor skills are learned effectively and can be reproduced if and when demanding circumstances arise. Some studies have also confirmed the superiority of distances away from body for external focus of attention. Major databases (SportDISCUS, PsycINFO, Scopus) were searched using key terms relevant to attentional focus and weightlifting and reference lists of identified articles were also searched. Integrated Electromyography (iEMG) of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis oblique and rectus femoris muscles was obtained in addition to knee extensor torque. focus structure. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed, but in general these data provide a more nuanced understanding of how attentional focus instructions influence motor learning and performance. With the proposed game, 12 trainees were subsequently administered pre- and post-tests in the first and last day of a longitudinal experiment to examine efficacy of training on the sustained-attention-to-response task (SART) and the Stroop task. Lohse KR (1), Sherwood DE, Healy AF. Conclusions The present results show that, within the same individuals, instructions to adopt an external focus and the provision of a small choice contributed independently to enhance motor performance in children. However, the FOA in these studies was not experimentally controlled during testing. The QE-trained group and the Analogy group reported fewer explicit rules and less conscious processing than the explicit group. An internal focus of attention reduced the accuracy of force being produced and increased cocontraction of the antagonist muscle. other. the wording of instructions or feedback influence performance and learning (e.g., Research has found an advantage for an external focus of attention in motor control and learning; instructing subjects to focus on the effects of their actions, rather than on body movements, can improve performance during training and retention testing. Focusing externally allows for relatively greater joint movement and better compensation across joints to achieve the movement goal (for reviews, see, ... An internal FOA has been shown to reduce joint variability and coordination between joints as opposed to an external FOA. An external attentional focus (on the effects of movement) can lead to more efficient and effective movements compared to an internal focus (on body movement itself). Finally, directing learners' attention to the intended movement effect (external focus) has beneficial effects for learning. If the same movement outcome is achieved with less energy, the Besides biomechanical and physiological factors determining sprint start performance, the efficacy of information processes involved in movement preparation and execution could influence the success of such a complex task that requires a quick response to a signal and the coordination of several effectors. Not only must motor skills be learned as quickly and efficiently as possible, but their performance must be durable and resilient to the potentially debilitating effects of performance anxiety caused by competitive pressure. In each attentional condition, half of the trials were performed using visual information and in the other half of the trials visual information was removed. Significantly more participants preferred a distal focus of attention than would be expected by chance. We examined whether the focus of attention can influence running economy (oxygen consumption at a set running speed). KP was provided to participants after each attempt. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). These are reviewed in a subsequent section. pitch shot). Errorfull groups begun the practice with distance away from the target (3.5 m) then they gradually decreased the distance (3, 2.37, 2 and 1.5 m). Also, the performance of athletes at different distances of an external focus of attention was compared. The predominant manipulations have been between internal-associative and external-associative foci. This study presents two experiments exploring effects of attention during an isometric plantar-flexion task using surface electromyography (sEMG). Signature size changes suggested that participants in the Worse groups perceived negative normative feedback as a threat to the self. The independent variable for this study was the attentional focus instruction conveyed to the athlete: internal or external. Future studies should continue evaluating the effect of attentional focus instructions on movement efficiency. Finally, adopting an external focus of attention (i.e., a focus on the intended movement effect) has consistently been shown to enhance learning compared with an internal focus on body movements or no instructed focus (control conditions; for reviews, see, ... Verbal instruction and feedback that emphasises an external focus of attention (onto intended movement effects) enhances motor learning and performance compared to when an internal focus (onto bodily movements) or no specific focus is provided (for reviews, see, ... Mack et al. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of external focus instructions and autonomy support on motor performance of children. Hypothesis Testing was conducted utilizing a Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA) at a .05 significance level.


30/08/2019 09:52 GMT+7 Email Print Like 0

Outstanding artists honoured with State’s titles

A total of 391 outstanding artists were honoured with the State titles of People’s Artist and Meritorious Artist at a ceremony held at the Hanoi Opera House on August 29, with the attendance of Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc.
Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc (fourth from right, front row)
and the outstanding artists (Photo: VNA)

The oldest among the honoured artists this year is 92-year-old cameraman Duong Tuan Ba of the Giai Phong film studio.

Speaking at the ceremony, PM Phuc said over the past years, writers and artists have contributed to the struggle for national independence, freedom and reunification, as well as national construction and defence.

He lauded the efforts, talents and dedication of the artists, and described them as pioneers in preserving, developing and spreading the nation’s cultural and artistic values both at home and abroad.

The leader pointed out limitations and challenges currently facing the cultural and artistic sector, including cultural degradation.

Given this, the most urgent task is to perfect the standards and values of the Vietnamese culture and people, making culture a foundation for economic development, and the nation’s internal strength, he said.

Promoting cultural and human values has been defined as one of strategic breakthroughs in strategic documents on socio-economic development for 2021-2030, as well as socio-economic orientations and tasks for 2021-2025 which are being prepared for the 13th National Party Congress, he noted.


3 ways to shift employees' mindsets towards leading the change : No. 3 is a game changer

Changing policies become utterly useless when the policies are dreadful and only benefit when everyone behaves like a robot. Unfortunately, the people in an organization have differing views and opinions which means that before any change of policy is made, shifting of the mindset become more essential.

"It is not how strong you are, it is how firm your footing is"

  • The first wrong footing that people tend to think of change as a linear process where if i apply this step, i can proceed to the next, so and forth.

  • The second wrong footing is to change policy based on theory and not looking at it from at a practical and realistic perspective which usually results in minimal success

  • The third wrong footing is wanting to shift mindsets and behaviour through coercion and force or worse still, threats if there is non-compliance.

Well, here is the real challenge !

To change something, means that people will be shifted out of their comfort zones! Out of comfort zones translates to high uncertainty and less predictability. The interesting bit is that humans have a strong need for safety and security when they feel threatened under the siege of change. The amount of threat people feel will be based on the intent and impact that the change may have to their lives.

Example ->

Employees have to take on additional scope of responsibilities due to the lean workforce with no additional benefits. Employee A who is taking on huge projects may feel a greater impact as he/she may not be able to perform well if more responsibilities were added. Whereas, Employee B may feel less impact as he/she may just need to make minor adjustments to his/her work routines to make the change successful. Does this mean that employee B has a better change mindset than employee A?

This is absolutely untrue. Because, we are not comparing an apple to an apple, we are comparing an apple to a pear, there is no point or basis for comparison. Unless both employees begin in the pre-change state with the same amount of workload and the additional workload is equally heavy.

No amount of mindset shift would be enough if the employee is already overworked and overwhelmed as the hygiene factors are not taken care of as illustrated below.

Taking into the assumption that the hygiene factors are well-taken care of, you can then proceed to focus on the mindset of the employee or team members. A mindset can be defined as your collection of thoughts and beliefs that shape your thought habits.

So how can you help to shift mindsets towards leading change? Here are 3 ways in which you can use :

#1 : Show Them The Way

Leaders play a huge role in leading the change for the organization, team members look upon to leaders for direction, guidance and support especially during times of change. Leaving employees by themselves to figure things out is a quick way to lose trust and confidence. Leaders hold the responsibility to "show them the way" like a tour guide, who needs to introduce the place of interest even before reaching, telling tourist (employees) what are things to look out for and how much time for sightseeing.

However, far too many times, leaders leave their employees to figure their "own" way out and park everything under the excuse "employees need to be more self-directed". when a leader adopts this type of mindset, the employees would definitely not be in the "right" mindset to lead the change with the leader

#2 : Break Change Into Small Steps Small steps help people to navigate through change faster as minor adjustments are needed to achieve the milestones. Take for example, riding on a straight path for the next 5 minutes would require little to no adjustment to your grip on the handlebars, but if i tell you that 500 metres ahead there is a hill to overcome. You would most probably brace yourself into a racing position, tighten your grip on the handle bars, peddle harder to use momentum as your ally , all these adjustments will be done probably 100 metres before you reach the hill.

However, what if i told you that 500 metres ahead, there is large slope with an incline of 40 degrees and most people take 10 mins of hard peddling to reach to the top. How would you feel? Would that be too big a step ahead? Would you give up even before trying?

Well, you get what i mean.

Small steps are better than no steps

#3 : Translate The Change Into Their Language Not Yours

In a study where 84 female room attendants working in seven different hotels were measured on physiological health variables affected by exercise. Those in the informed condition were told that the work they do (cleaning hotel rooms) is good exercise and satisfies the Surgeon General’s recommendations for an active lifestyle. After a 4 weeks intervention, compared with the control group, they showed a decrease in weight, blood pressure, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index.

What does this study show?

The consciousness of the benefits of change was actualised by the female room attendants, they believed that the work that they do is considered "good exercise" with them almost hitting the requirement of at last 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily will lead to better health.

When we likened this experience with employees, we need to translate the change into benefits for them rather than against them. Bring the benefits of the change to their consciousness such that it is the first thing on the top of their lists.

Shifting mindset requires time, effort and patience, we have seen too many a times when changes are made in a rash and impulse manner, this results in employee's building a barrier towards change.

Click to find out how to lead the change

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April 18, 2016 Articles

Two-Track Investigations: How to Protect Privileged Information after a Data Security Breach

A recent decision in the Target litigation reaffirms the validity of two-track investigations.

By Kristen Viglione

A recent decision in the Target litigation over a data security breach that occurred during the 2013 holiday season has reaffirmed the validity of the well-established practice of conducting two-track investigations after a data security breach.

Two-track investigations permit a company to conduct a swift, non-privileged investigation of how a data breach occurred, while pursuing, with a different team, a separate privileged investigation to assist in-house and outside counsel to provide legal advice to the company. In the Target litigation, the court denied a motion to compel certain attorney-client and work-product privileged materials generated in the course of Target's internal investigation because of Target's two-track approach to investigating the breach. In re Target Corp. Customer Data Sec. Breach, MDL No. 14-2522 (D. Minn. Oct. 25, 2015).

Target faced the same problem confronted by many data security breach defendants: the struggle to protect from discovery privileged information developed in the course of internal investigations. To address this issue, many defendants engage in two-track investigations. However, defendants often believe it is impossible to maintain a two-track investigation in the midst of a massive, highly publicized data security breach. The Target decision demonstrates the viability of the two-track approach and confirms the benefits and importance of considering a two-track investigation. With sufficient resources and planning, a defendant can invoke the protections of this investigative method, even when faced with a large data breach, litigation, and press attention.

Target's Two-Track Investigation and the Privilege Ruling
Seventy million people and over 500 financial institutions fell victim to the Target data security breach that occurred between November 27 and December 15 of 2013. Computer hackers gained access to Target's computer systems and extracted credit and debit card numbers and the personal information of Target's customers, including their names, addresses, emails, and phone numbers. The breach gave rise to consumer, financial institution, and shareholder class actions against Target. The class actions alleged violations of consumer protection laws and data breach notice requirements, negligence, breach of implied contract, and unjust enrichment, among other claims. These claims were based on Target's alleged failure to protect customer financial data.

Target launched an internal investigation, retaining outside counsel and Verizon, as a consulting expert, to conduct a two-track investigation of the data security breach. Working on behalf of a number of credit card companies, the Verizon team investigated how the security breach occurred. Verizon conducted the investigation as Target ordinarily would in its daily course of business. Materials generated in this investigation were not, and were never intended to be, privileged. Rather, Target undertook this investigation to understand how the breach happened and how to respond appropriately as a business, regardless of pending litigation.

Working with a different team from Verizon, completely insulated from the first investigation, Target launched a second investigation into the data security breach with a focus on the pending litigation. At the request of inside and outside counsel, Target formed an internal task force—the Data Breach Security Task Force—to address the breach. Target's chief legal officer, Timothy Baer, explained that Target established the task force "to coordinate activities on behalf of [Target's inside and outside] counsel to better position the Target Law Department and outside counsel to provide legal advice to Target personnel to defend the company." The second Verizon team provided counsel with the necessary information regarding the breach in order to provide legal advice to Target.

Target's internal investigations were understandably of interest to the plaintiffs in lawsuits against Target. In the consolidated class actions brought by the financial institutions, plaintiffs sought discovery of certain documents related to the second investigation. Target withheld the materials from production, claiming attorney-client privilege and work-product protection. The financial institutions filed a motion to compel, which Target opposed. It argued that its two-track method of internal investigation clearly delineated the discoverable information (the track 1 investigation) from the privileged information (the track 2 investigation) not subject to discovery. Target specified that the first investigation, conducted in order to understand how the breach occurred, consisted of ordinary-course-of-business information. Target explained that the second investigation, by contrast, was conducted for the purpose of providing legal advice and that Verizon, as its consulting expert, provided the necessary information regarding the breach to permit counsel to provide informed advice. Target concluded by asking the court to find that the materials arising out of the second investigation were protected under the work-product doctrine and attorney-client privilege.

Following an in camera review of the documents, the court denied all but one request in the financial institutions' motion. The court agreed with Target's argument regarding the two-track investigation. The court noted that the work of the task force and the second investigation did not focus on remediation of the breach; rather, Target conducted the investigation so that its attorneys could provide informed legal advice and prepare to defend against pending and anticipated litigation. Because the withheld materials were created for the purpose of providing legal advice, the court found the documents protected by the attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine.

What Does This Mean for Companies Faced with a Data Security Breach?
In-house counsel should consider a two-track investigation as an effective means to address a data breach while insulating information that should be protected from disclosure under the attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine. As detailed in the Target ruling, that investigation would consist of (1) a forensic investigation to determine how the breach occurred and (2) a separate forensic investigation conducted by a team retained to provide consulting services and technical expertise to assist counsel in rendering legal advice to the company.

Because a two-track investigation involves a substantial amount of time, planning, and resources, it may not be the appropriate response to every data security breach. In-house counsel will need to engage in a quick and practical evaluation of the issues raised by a data security breach to see if the company would benefit from a two-track approach.

While there is no guarantee that other courts will follow the Target decision, the clarity of the court's reasoning should be persuasive to other judges presented with questions regarding the scope of privilege in the context of addressing a data breach. Each track clearly delineates the information that is part of a company's ordinary business and separately develops the privileged information and advice required to render legal advice to the client. The analytical framework used in the Target decision should help other courts to dispose of discovery disputes and to protect information that falls within a company's attorney-client privilege and attorney work product. The Target decision provides reassurance that two-track investigations can work effectively to protect privileged information in both large and small data security breaches, despite the pressures of litigation and intense public scrutiny.

Keywords: litigation, expert witnesses, data security breach, investigation, privilege, counsel

Kristen Viglione is an associate with Schiff Hardin in Chicago, Illinois.


Where is cerro negro located?

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Related Questions

Where is Mobil's Cerro Negro?

Mobil's Cerro Negro project is in Venezuela

What are the names of mountains in Uruguay?

cerro negro

What plate boundary is Cerro Negro on?

Caribbean plate

When was the last time cerro negro erupted?

It was in 1999.

What type of volcanoe is cerro negro?

Cinder Cone Volcano

Cerro Negro of Nicaragua is an active or dormant volcano?

What does cerro negro mean?

It is a volcano in Nicaragua. Its name means black hill.

Where can you go volcano surfing?

You can go volcano surfing at Cerro Negro in León, Nicaragua :)

What are some cinder cone volcanoes in the us?

Cerro Negro, Mount Shasta, Lava Butte

Did people died in el cerro negro volcano?

Not very many, all because it was not located in a popular location. Fortunately. And because you asked, it did not damage much land/town either. At least, not alot of damage.

Which mountain range is mount cerro aconcagua?

Cerro Aconcagua at 22,841 ft is the highest peak in the Americas and is located in the Andes mountains.

What are some mountains in Costa Rica?

Some mountains located in Costa Rica are:Cerro ChatoCerro KamukBrava VolcanoCerro de la MuertoRincón de la Vieja

What are some famous cinder cone volcanoes?

Some famous cinder cone volcanoes include Parícutin in Mexico, Sunset Crater in Arizona, and Cerro Negro in Nicaragua.

In which nation is Cerro Aconcagua located?

In the Andes Mountain Range in Argentina, South America

What are the mountions in Costa Rica?

Arenal VolcanoBarva VolcanoCerro CedralChato VolcanoCerro ChirripóCerro EchandiIrazú VolcanoCerro KamukMiravalles VolcanoCerro dela MuerteOrosí VolcanoCerro PicoAlto

Where is the Hope Welty Public Library District in Cerro Gordo located?

The address of the Hope Welty Public Library District is: 100 South Madison Street, Cerro Gordo, 61818 0260

Where is the Negro River located?

In the Chaco Province of Argentina

What is panamas highest peak?

Highest Peaks In Panama Volcán Barú (Elevation: 11401 feet)Cerro Fábrega (Elevation: 10942 feet)Cerro Picacho (Elevation: 9731 feet)Cerro Respingo (Elevation: 9350 feet)Cerro Chorcha (Elevation: 7343 feet)Cerro Santiago (Elevation: 6959 feet)Cerro Guayabo (Elevation: 6850 feet)Cerro Tacarcuna (Elevation: 6152 feet)Cerro La Bomba (Elevation: 6070 feet)Cerro Chicú (Elevation: 5787 feet)

What is the population of Cerro Sombrero?

Cerro Sombrero's population is 687.

What is Cerro Cama's population?

The population of Cerro Cama is 1,420.

What is Cerro Pelado's population?

The population of Cerro Pelado is 6,385.

When did Emeterio Cerro die?

Emeterio Cerro died in 1996.

When was Emeterio Cerro born?

Emeterio Cerro was born in 1952.

What is Cerro Chato's population?

Cerro Chato's population is 1,099.

What is the population of Cerro Navia?

The population of Cerro Navia is 148,312.


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Al-Ghanim calls for addressing deficit, illegal residents, oil prices

Kuwait Parliament speaker Marzouq Al-Ghanim said Tuesday he was looking forward to work with the government to address pressing issues, like budget deficit, low oil prices and illegal residents.

Addressing the opening session of the National Assembly’s 5th regular session of the 15th legislative term, Al-Ghanim said the parliament and government should join hands to tackle decline in scientific research and national identity.

Speaker Al-Ghanim, paid tribute to the late Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah but said His Highness the Amir Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad “who was his (late Amir) partner in success, would continue the process towards construction.” Talking about challenges facing the parliament and government, Al-Ghanim said “it is our duty to direct our political speech” to addressing thorny issues in line with a specific timetable.

Al-Ghanim, who congratulated His Highness the Crown Prince Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah for assuming office, said all attempts to dissolve the parliament have failed and the National Assembly continued its term.

Al-Ghanim also thanked His Highness the Prime Minister Sheikh Sabah Khaled Al-Hamad Al-Sabah for his government’s cooperation regarding a host of issues, including the coronavirus pandemic.

Al-Ghanim, meanwhile, called for diversifying sources of income to guarantee decent life for current and future generations.

He also called for paying further attention to the housing care issue and development of education.

Source: Kuwait News Agency


Within BioPharm.Si programme, the project RDP1: Cell Line Quality Control for Biologics Production  leaded by Prof Dr Kristina Gruden (National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology) aims to efficiently improve and/or select Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines with high production and long term stability. For parental CHO cell line improving, we used omics approach to identified genes that represent a bottleneck in the manufacturing process. The next step is to knockout these genes using CRISPR/Cas9.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful-targeted genome editing technology that has revolutionised life science. During the last 5 years is apparently being used by everyone. Actually it has been applied in almost all fields of live science i.e basic research, biotechnology, and medicine (Fig 1) and thousands of papers using CRISPR/Cas9 have been published since 2011.

Fig 1.  Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 (Hsu et al. Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering, Cell, 2014)

But what is CRISP/Cas9 system? And what is it that turned CRISPR/Cas9 into the most efficient and highly used tool for targeted genome editing at a record-breaking speed?

Targeted genome editing technology allows inducing precise deletions, insertions or modifications of DNA sequences in a broad range of cell types and organisms. The first required step to apply the technology is to induce unique DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that will then be repaired by the machinery that almost all cell naturally possess. Depending on the repair pathway and the availability of a DNA donor template, we can accomplish different gene modifications. Two different DSB repair pathways have been described: non-homologous end joining which usually leads to gene knockout and homologous recombination that can be used for gene modification and gene insertion.

As we mentioned above, to apply genome engineering technology we first need to induce DSBs at the specific site of DNA that we want to edit. For this, synthetic nucleases such us zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were developed and have been available for already long time. These synthetic nucleases allow us to introduce DNA breaks in specific sites of the genome however they have not been widely accepted by the scientific community mostly because the design and construction of these enzymes is time consuming and expensive. It wasn’t until 2012, with the demonstration that CRISPR/Cas9 can be repurposed as a tool to generate programmable DSBs in DNA, that genome engineering technology became routine in molecular biology labs.

In fact CRISPR/Cas9 system was not “newly invented” by scientist but we borrowed it from bacteria. It’s a prokaryotic immune system that helps bacteria fight foreign genetic elements (e.g viral DNA).  When a virus infect a bacterial cell for the first time the bacteria cuts the viral genome and incorporate a piece of it into its genome, at the CRISPR locus. When the CRISPR locus is transcribed, it produces the CRISPR targeting RNA (crRNA) that forms a complex with a Cas nuclease. The next time the bacterial cell will encounter the same virus, the crRNA will direct Cas nuclease to cut the foreign DNA. Nowadays we are using the same mechanism to generate specific breaks into the DNA of the organism we want to edit. To that, two main components have to be expressed in our target cells: the Cas9 nuclease and an engineered single guide RNA (sgRNA) that will guide Cas9 to the complementary target (Fig 2).

Fig 2.  Genome engineering with CRISPR/Cas 9 system (New England BioLabs)

The simplicity is one of the main advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. For each gene we want to edit, we only need to choose and design a sgRNA that will be co-expressed with the Cas9 nuclease. The relatively easy design and construction is even more evident when we compare it with other nucleases such us ZFNs and TALENs that require re-designing a new protein for each target gene. High efficiency and broad applicability are also advantages of the CRISPR/Cas9 that together with simplicity positioned this technology as a revolutionary tool for genome editing.  On the other side, one of the few criticisms of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is the relatively high frequency of off-target mutations. However, a lot of research and advances in optimizing the system are going on in that direction.