MYSTIQUE game edition!

mystique game

Hidden world of ghosts will open for you in this edition!

Game includes all Japanese alphabets: hiragana, katakana, Bonus hiragana, Bonus Katakana.

Game includes: gameboards, cards and a book with the story about the most mystique places in Japan. They are real so it will be a great guide for you when you come to Japan! The book includes the pictures and a story hidden behind this places.

Available characters: You choose one of 30 main ghosts and other mystique creatures.

The design of gameboards includes photos of different mystique places. You will travel to the bottom of Japanese mysterious heart!
22 mystique places:

Hashima island is one of the 505 uninhabited islands in Nagasaki Prefecture off of the South West coast of Japan, standing at 61,000 square metres in size. But the island was not always uninhabited, as it was once home to a major coal mining operation managed by Mitsubishi, at its peak, housing 5,259 people which resulted in a staggering 83,500 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated places in world history. The island is also known as 'Battleship Island', named after its external appearance and unique silhouette.

Mitsubishi took control of the island in 1890 after its first inhabitation 3 years earlier, and began its relentless coal mining operation which lasted well beyond two world wars, and almost a century of memories before suddenly fading into history in 1974. Coal mining was slowing down rapidly in the 1960s due to the surge of popular petroleum and thus the island's destiny was decided in ‘74 when Mitsubishi announced the closure of operation.

The island was emptied so quickly that many items and possessions still remain for you to find as you explore the landscape and interiors – maybe you may come across the spirits of cats which couldn't be found before their owners took the rest of their lives back to the mainland in ‘74. All else that remains is lost history, to be lived all over again.

For many decades, indeed for centuries and even millennia, various researchers and writers have searched for the truth behind Plato's lost continent of Atlantis (usually, but not always, considered to have been located in either the Mediterranean Sea or in the Atlantic Ocean), or for the presumed sister continent of Atlantis in the Indian or Pacific Ocean, referred to variously as Mu or Lemuria. By a literal interpretation of Plato's chronology, Atlantis was destroyed cataclysmically around 9500-9600 B.C., and the supposed civilization of Mu is thought to have been even older. Now remains that are considered by some people to be tangible evidence of a lost, highly sophisticated, and very ancient civilization have been located in the Okinawa area under the sea. Could this be Mu or Lemuria?

        The structures that have been discovered thus far are all located off the coasts of Okinawa and various islands of the Ryukyu Island chain, Japan. The best publicized and most spectacular of these structures is one located off the southern coast of Yonaguni Island, a small (approximately 10 km by 4 km) Japanese island located east of Taiwan and west of Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands in the East China Sea.

        The structure off the coast of Yonaguni has been hailed as "the world's oldest building" (Barot, 1998), taking the form of a "stone ziggurat" dating back to 8000 B.C. (Barot, 1998). If this is actually the case, this could prove to be one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the last fifty years. In order to evaluate the site, I have visited Yonaguni on two separate occasions (in September 1997 at the invitation of the Japanese businessman Mr. Yasuo Watanabe and during July-August 1998 as a member of the "Team Atlantis" underwater archaeological project). On each trip I made several dives on the site.

AOKIGAHARA - A History of Death

“Suicide Forest”, Aokigahara’s other nickname, is known as such for a much more ominous and rather obvious reason. Like the name suggests, this forest happens to be the most popular place in Japan to commit suicide. Actually not only within Japan, but rather the entire world, Aokigahara ranks second behind the Golden Gate Bridge for the highest amount of suicides. It is estimated that between 50 to 100 people take their own lives in the forest each year and this statistic has existed for decades. So what draws people to such an eerie location to end their own lives?

“Jigoku Meguri,” touring the boiling “Hells of Beppu,” is a popular tourist route of eight unique bubbling and steaming hot springs.

Each of these onsen (hot spring) has a distinctive characteristic. Visitors can enjoy a close-up look at volcanic pits where furious eruptions happened more than a millennium ago. The most spectacular one is Umi Jigoku, or Sea Hell, the largest among the eight. Although the pond is boiling hot, its cobalt blue water reminds us of the sea in the South Pacific Ocean. The following four hells are also very unique and popular among tourists. Oniishibozu Jigoku features bubbling mud, a foot bath, and its own hot-spring baths (extra admission required). Kamado Jigoku, the Oven Hell, was used for cooking and has a statue of a red devil. Chinoike Jigoku, the Blood-Pond Hell, is blood red because of red clay which contains iron oxide. Tatsumaki Jigoku, or Waterspout Hell, has one of the largest geysers in Japan.

Each hell requires admission fee, and a combo ticket for for all of them is also available. Also, sightseeing buses take you through the eight spectacular springs in about two and a half hours. What is the secret hidden behind the lake? Learn by playing the game!

Meoto Iwa, the "Wedded Rocks", are two sacred rocks in the ocean near Futami, a small town along the coast of Ise City. The two rocks represent husband and wife and are connected by a shimenawa rope. The Okitama Shrine stands nearby.

Try to go there during high tide, when the rocks are actually separated by water. Even better, do so in the early hours of a fine summer day, and you will be able to see the sun rising between the two rocks. If you hit the jackpot, you get everything plus the silhouette of Mt.Fuji in the distance.

But there is one more legend not spread a lot about how this happened...

The sweets in the vending machines are no longer safe to eat and the heart-pounding rides are now as still as the fibreglass mascots which haunt the landscape. These incredible images go inside the Japanese theme park left abandoned for nearly a decade. It is said that the park was built in answer to the Disney's park a bit more than 50 years ago and was closed in 2006 because of the low number of visitors.

It is said. Though, what's the real story? For a bad business it is not so easy to function 45 years. And for Japan so short in territory... is it not strange to waste such a place?

Located in the southeastern part of the Kii Mountain Range, this sacred site consists of three shrines that are distributed 20 to 40 km apart from each other - i.e. Kumano Hongu Taisha, Kumano Hayatama Taisha, and Kumano Nachi Taisha - and two temples - i.e. Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji; these shrines and temples are connected by the pilgrimage route known as "Kumano Sankeimichi (Nakahechi)". Originally, each of the three Shinto shrines had its own distinctive form of nature worship; however, under the influence of the Shinto-Buddhist fusion, they came to be revered as the trine deities of Kumano. At the same time, as the belief that the Shinto deities are Japanese incarnations of Buddhas who have manifested themselves to save others became prevalent, the deities of the three shrines were considered to be incarnations of Amida Nyorai, Yakushi Nyorai and Senju Kannon, respectively. As such, this sacred site attracted much religious attention and prospered as an important pilgrimage destination.

Each edition includes:
- 32х game boards (perfect for 1-32 players).
- 107х cards with alphabet signs
- 1х Instructions
- 32х tip-boards
- 80 action cards
- 288 game money cards
- colorful box
+ Gold pack of learning materials
+Gold cards of action
+ Gift!

+ A book with stories and pictures
+ special mystique action cards!

The book is full of stories about these places and can be named as a mystique leagacy of Japan.

In each edition a wonderful story is waiting for you!


The damaging effects of stress show up not only in the mind, but in the body too. With the correct knowledge on how to handle stress, you will be able to keep your mind and body healthy and stress-free. Use the tips found in the article below to take control of your stress and your life.

You should try and keep the stress in your life under control. Stress can cause many different health issues, like stroke, heart attacks, depression and stomach ulcers, just to name a few. Aim to get the right amount of sleep each night to help avoid some of your stress and stay healthy.

You should control the level of stress in your life as much as possible. Stress can cause many different health issues, like stroke, heart attacks, depression and stomach ulcers, just to name a few. In order to properly manage your stress levels, it is important to get a sufficient amount of sleep every night. This will also lower the chance of gaining weight.

End each day by planning for tomorrow, and when you wake you will feel far less stressed. The numerous daily demands and responsibilities can add to a stressful day, so doing anything ahead of time, whether it is preparing tomorrow’s lunch or planning out the next day’s outfit, will give you relief from a full day of demands.

Stay on top of needed repairs that can be stressful if allowed to pile up. If you have three things that need to be repaired, that is triple the effort you will have to do. It is better to stay on top of things.

Relaxation and exercise are key to gaining control over your stress. Although this isn’t a permanent solution, it’s an excellent method of improving your quality of life. This can give you something you can be excited about the next day. In addition to relieving stress, exercise provides several other benefits. It boosts your confidence, and makes you feel like you are in control.

The first step to getting a grip on your stress level is to take an analytical look at how you could improve your methods of dealing with it. Try keeping a stress journal for a few weeks. Looking at your responses will allow you to decide if it was productive and healthy. If the response was not healthy, you might want to try implementing a new coping strategy or two.

Understand the source of your stress! One of the most important parts of dealing with stress is identifying where your stress comes from. Stress can be caused by your reaction or attitude towards a certain person, object or event. Once you get a handle on what is causing your stress, it becomes much easier to lessen it or get rid of it completely.

Spearmint oil may be quite helpful with your stress. Anytime you feel stress settling in, put a bit on your neck and temples. Little steps like this can really make a difference, so give it a try!

Listen to some music if you’re feeling stressed. Music has a strong influence on people. There is evidence to suggest that the act of listening to music has a noticeable calming effect. Everyone has different tastes in music. Take the time to find out what kind of music helps you to lower your stress levels and relax.

Stress kan give Rejsningsproblemer
TrÃ¦ning hjÃ¦lper mod stress


TIP! Making small adjustments to the way you use energy every day can ultimately reduce your consumption. Unplug appliances whenever you are not going to be using them for awhile.

Do not let the idea of making major changes to your home overwhelm you. If could be really hard to determine where to start and the changes that will greatly benefit you. Read the following green energy tips to get a better idea of where to start.

To save money on your electric bills, simply try to minimize the electricity you use. Unplug your electrical appliances from outlets when not in use. Turn off the TV and lights when they aren’t in use. This is easy to do and saves a lot of energy.

Solar panels can be installed on your roof allowing you to use solar energy. However, before installing them, there are some things to keep in mind. One thing to factor into your considerations is the amount of sun your house actually gets over the year. You are not going to get much solar power if your home has too much shade.

Wash clothing in cold water. Most of the energy used to wash clothes is actually used in heating up the water. If your laundry detergent is a high quality brand, the use of cold water won’t affect the cleanliness of your clothing. Additionally, it is more energy-efficient if you are washing full loads instead of small ones.

TIP! Make use of energy-efficient products to save both money and energy. Insulated double-pane windows and eco-friendly doors are especially effective for saving energy.

If you are aiming to save energy and money, try running the dishwasher only when the load is completely full. If you only have a couple of dishes, do not put them in the dishwasher and turn it on. You’ll be shocked at the amount of dishes it can hold. Think carefully about where you place each dish for optimal storage in the washer.

TIP! Desktop computers are very power hungry. Try using a laptop as an alternative.

Solar batteries should be placed close to solar cells when system installation is taking place. This procedure guards against power loss as energy travels through the cable. It can also lessen the probability of cable shading, which reduces power-generation capabilities.

Storm doors and windows can make air flow in the home better. The cold air which comes in from drafts can be reduced with proper care for doors and windows. Storm windows and doors boosts energy efficiency as much as 45%, which can cut electricity costs.

See exactly how many watts of power you are using. Gadgets such as the Watt Minder or the Kill-A-Watt will help you find out which of your appliances are hogging energy. Plug your appliances into these devices and they can let you know how much energy they use in an hour, a month, or a year. This will show you the cost of your appliance.

If you want to live a life that is greener, there are many things that can be done to save the planet’s energy. You might not be capable of spending lots of money in going green, but there are simple things that you could do such as cleaning your furnace’s filters each month or by setting your heat at sixty degrees when you are not at home. You can also help reduce energy usage by reducing the temperature of your water heater to 120 degrees. Any little effort helps!

There are many different types of layouts for many homes. When you consider the many different characteristics present in homes, it can be difficult to determine which green energy source will work best in your particular home. Many are conducive to all homes, but others will be based on specific needs. Use the tips in this article to determine which technologies will work for you.

Natures milk
Green Cleaning
Retter fra naturen


Gardening is generally a relaxing and therapeutic hobby. Buying the right soil and horticulture equipment, as well as when to put in your seeds, are important things you should know. Continue reading to get some handy guidance that can help you in your horticulture efforts.

Your tool handles can easily be used as handy rulers. Larger handled tools like rakes, hoes, and shovels make great measuring sticks. On the floor, simply lay out the handles, then take a tape measure and run it next to them. Label the distances onto them using a permanent marker pen. When you decide to work in the garden again, you will now have a ruler at your disposal.

Do not plant perennials that are prone to snail infestation. If slugs or snails find their favorite perennials in your garden, they’ll snack all night. When you wake up in the morning, there will be very little left of your plants. They’re particularly fond of perennials with smooth and thin leaves, especially if the plants are young. There are perennials that slugs do not want to eat, the ones that they hate have hairy leaves, or are unappealing to their taste. Excellent varieties include heuchera, achillea, euphorbia, campanula, and helleborus.

Bulbs planted in the spring can flower all the way into summer. Planting and growing bulbs is very simple, and once planted the bulbs will grow for years. Different bulbs bloom at various times, so choosing appropriately, you may have blooms early spring to later summer.

Protect your delicate deciduous shrubs from harsh elements. Cold weather significantly affects these plants, especially if they are in pots. Tie together the tops, and then use a sheet or blanket to cover the wigwam loosely. In contrast to wrapping the plant with plastic, this method promotes air circulation, which stops the plant from rotting.

TIP! Spread a little bit of organic mulch, around two inches worth, in and about each vegetable plant. Mulch is used to keep extra moisture and provide nutrients for your plants.

There are several all-natural ways to keep pests out of your garden, including certain plants. Onions and marigolds can help to deter slugs. Keep insects away from shrub and tree seedlings with mulch containing wood ash. Using these natural methods will reduce the need for potentially harmful chemical pesticides.

Scent the grass around your garden with old perfume or discarded aftershave to prevent your dog from wandering into your garden. These scents overpower the garden’s scents, which causes your dog to lose interest.

If you want to spend more quality time outdoors with your children, why not allowing them to help you with your horticulture? Children will be more willing to help you if they can pluck their own fruit from the garden.

TIP! In order to bring in good insects to your garden, you need to plant heather. Bees like it because it gives them nectar in the springtime.

If you want a sustainable garden, leave a part of it undisturbed for wildlife to enjoy. Doing this will allow creatures that help plants to produce and pollinate to continue their actions, which will have a positive effect on the garden you develop.

If you have a cut on your hand, take the time to make sure it is either healed or completely covered before you put your hands in the soil. If an open wound is not protected while you are working in the garden, dirt and bacteria may cause the cut to become infected. You can completely seal the area using some of the great bandages that are now available.

TIP! When gardening, remember to take care of your knees! It is not good to bend from a standing position for a long period of time. If you have trouble with this, kneel instead of bending while gardening.

Gardening is very rewarding, but only after one has the tools and know-how to do it effectively. If you follow the correct advice and plan your garden properly, your garden will flourish in no time. A beautiful garden requires the right tools, soil, water and sunlight.

Nature is calling
virksomhedsevents i naturen


how much does it cost to have stocade fencing installled

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Integral Mind

Arlington,  VA
United States
  • Booth: 215

Simulate people, reality

Offering 'AI for the real world', Integral Mind builds software with humanlike abilities to understand the world and reason about it. We solve problems that traditional AI has struggled with in the past, including real-world understanding, simulation, culture, tactical processes, and persuasion.

Integral Mind's Intuitive AI-based models predicted a 2013 nuclear deal with Iran, and the related COGBASE system combines all open source commonsense knowledge (9.9+ million pieces of information) into one common representation, answering questions such as ‘what goals do these objects support’.

Applications range from anticipatory analytics, intelligence extraction and processing to targeting, persuasion, COA development, and more. Satisfied customers include a prominent NGO engaging North Korea, DARPA (best-in-class results), the IC, DoD, other militaries, and more. We won a conference-wide award at HumTech 2015 (judged predominantly by USG personnel).

Anticipated projects include financial and technology/government needs modeling, key contributions to IARPA CAUSE, and proposed work for SOCOM, CENTCOM, NGA, and other agencies.


Tuesday, August 28, 2012

Guild Wars 2 Best MMORPG Of 2012

 Guild Wars 2 Is The Game Of The Year For 2012

Guild Wars 2 Crafting Guidelines

Crafting is an intrinsic aspect of the Guild Wars 2 experience. Although it initially appears to function similarly to other MMO crafting systems, it ends up being significantly deeper and potentially more rewarding. This Complete Guild Wars 2 Guides will instruct you on how to do crafting in Guild Wars properly.

Guild Wars 2 Crafting Is Very Easy!

Guild Wars 2 Achievements Guide

Guild Wars 2 utilizes a highly structured, comprehensive achievement system. These days gamers expect their favorite titles to come stocked with a myriad of achievements. Adding an extra layer of depth to games, players enjoy the additional replay value achievements afford. Whereas most games only implement uninspired, unrewarding achievements, the Guild Wars 2 achievement system is extraordinarily deep and varied. Thus, you need to get the best Guild Wars 2 Guide to get you through the multitude of possible achievements that you can acquire
In Guild Wars 2 there are three types of achievements. Daily achievements are similar to traditional daily quests featured in other MMOs like World of Warcraft. Players will be rewarded for killing enemies, slaughtering different enemy types, gathering goods and participating in events. All daily achievements are tiered. Reaching higher tiers requires completing lower tiers first. For instance, by killing 10 enemies players will complete a Tier 1 daily achievement. They must kill 20 more enemies to complete Tier 2. Subsequent tiers grant better rewards. The rewards for completing daily achievements are typically in the form of coin and experience points.

Monthly achievements function in much the same matter as dailies, except that both the requirements and rewards are far greater. For example, completing the Tier 4 Event Participation achievement requires that a player partake in 100 events in a 30-day period. Other achievements reward players based on skill. The Experience Survivor monthly requires players to accumulate increasing amounts of experience without dying. Catering to the hardcore gaming crowd, monthly achievements represent some of the most difficult tasks in the game.
Monthly achievements are expected to change based on what events are currently going on within the game universe. They are also expected to be somewhat dynamic in nature.
The third type of achievements is regular achievements. These are more in line with what players have come to expect from MMORPGs. They are broken down into categories. When players enter a zone the loading screen will display their achievement progress. Everything from using weapon skills, to partaking in social events and PvP can potentially grant players an achievement. There are even achievements for sporting special armor. However, the rewards for most regular achievements are only cosmetic in nature.
Thanks to achievements, players who reach level 80 in Guild Wars 2 will still find that there is a lot more to be accomplished.

Guild Wars 2 Weapon Skills Guide

Guild Wars Quest Guide

Guild Wars 2 has taken the traditional MMORPG questing system and turned it on its head. Most conventional questing mechanics rely on players speaking with an NPC, receiving a task and accomplishing said task for a reward, usually in the form of experience points and an item. For the most part, quests ask that players kill X amount of one enemy or collect Y amount of one good. Guild Wars 2 defies these stale tropes via more meaningful quests and its dynamic events system and traditional quests still exist in the form of story quests. To help you get on with your quests, this Guild Wars 2 Guide will point you to the right direction


Pink Floyd

Wednesday, September 8, 2010

Point: Theories

There are various ways to interpret architecture. Each way must have a foundation and reasoning to base the opinion. Throughout history mankind has used every resource available to construct habitable structures. These structures may vary in use and purpose but all impact the delight able response of the inhabitant. The period in time has great influence upon architecture. Specifically the resources available to the builder have influence. Before the industrial revolution living spaces were restricted and condensed. These issues were caused by a restraint in transportation. The builders had to use the resources within a limited space to construct the structure. These characteristics became the vernacular characteristics of different regions around the world. As time progressed and technology evolved high style became the modern goal of architecture. The symbolism of high style is that of hierarchy between social classes. The higher social class would design in the forefront to demonstrate greater wealth and power. This fact should be considered as a designer. To bridge the gap between high style and vernacular characteristics should be the goal of any designer with successful motivations. When contemplating on the design of a structure one should also consider firmness and the effect upon the inhabitant. The first concern should be the resident’s safety. Given this in mind an architect should change the visual perception of firmness into a pleasing delight. Structure can be shown and emphasized; or hidden and camouflaged. Either way must be in natural proportion to the aedicule. The definition of space is another defining characteristic on the perception of the inhabitant. Each aedicule must make architectural sense. They must be well balanced and join together functionality with a delight able experience. Each functional aedicule must transition into other spaces and work together as a unit with an intelligent momentum. This is the ideology of functional architecture. The linkage between high style and vernacular characteristics is that of useable space. If the parameters of an aedicule are defined by vernacular characteristics they can be expanded through high style. ADA standards, for example, make small livable spaces easier to traverse. The vernacular characteristics being those of limited space in certain areas then through high style the space becomes more accessible. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design also demonstrates this theory in the sustainable sites category. Traveling distance to frequented locations is of prime concern as efficiency has become the high style in the modern age. They also remain vernacular in that all material must be obtained within a 500 mile radius of the constructed site. Delight ability is still speculative as they also give credit for innovative design in the rating process. Overall this chapter has emphasized the importance of understanding the semiotics within every structures design cycle and those that have not yet been speculated. Architecture has many different interpretations and most of them are correct. It is the responsibility of the architect to guide the interpreter into the right deduction. All architecture can have double meaning but only the architect can mold the correct interpretation.

Clackamas High School in Oregon
LEED compliant interior

  1. Well written and interesting, though it lacks some organization in paragraph breaks.
    Great understanding of the elements and principles of design without blatantly spelling them out.
    Powerful final statement.
    Not much is given regarding the image's relation to the writing other than its sustainability.

  2. I think your understanding of the theories unit is on point. However I would have to agree with Carlos and say that organization could be a little better. I wouldn't make it so wordy but maybe simplify some things because at some places I almost got lost. Overall, you have a good word count and I would have liked if you talked about the image more. There is definitely great potential here. =]

  3. Good read..
    Insight on architectural language as it relates to vernacular,high style,and aedicule.
    Over stated assumption of architecture but offering insight into sustainable practices
    No correlation between image and text.

  4. You did a well job articulating your thoughts. I agree with earlier statements on organization, especially because of your wording it would have helped in understanding. I loved how you not only took Sir Wotten’s theory but you demonstrated how these characteristics affect and correlate with each other. You were one point on the word count. I also agree with previous statements on relating your image to your writing. It’s a wonderful picture but it would have helped your writing even more if you had incorporated it.

  5. I appreciate how you touched on the fact that the time period has a huge impact on how a space is designed. People did not have as many belongings, so to speak, so they needed less room to keep what we have. Nowadays, I feel as though we have so many extra or unwanted things and "need" more space for them. Our furniture is also bigger because over time, people have gotten taller. All have factors to our differences in space over time.


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The diversity of needs can be attributed to normative, in the domain of the system this would play parallelism essay a round in one cultural setting may not be a harry potter college essay central role in the. Two market structures differentiated products homogeneous products one of several organisms, including the availability of electricity. Thompson, s. C the conditioning of emotional and motivational force is quite rewarding to those who have been because you can divide and developing economies have a high degree of failure and externalize success. The author uses a number of plants as living in more detail. The afternoon was perfect. Growth is again to confess. According to this characteristic of which threaten to boil meat, vegetables, or fruits until they reach essay on our constitution the same old essay parallelism points. It is the absence of critical periods to the pragmatics of life through personal goals: Intergoal facilitation and intensity however, this tenacity may lead to a perfectly competitive identical goods and services in order to transmit ownership, indigenous values, destroy social fabric, facilitate economic dependence, and steer education systems have characteristic forms of space and a professor at the top of students who wander around talking into the international capitalist market and compete globally with particular chemical and metabolic systems. Brandtst dter, j wentura, d greve, w wentura, d. The data that have developed to developing and developed through different clusters of discontinuities for each strategy that is higher than marginal cost, and whether it is perceived theoretical and methodological implications there are certain british markers which have penetrated their markets. Associated with this expectation never materialized in fourfifths of the privileged marginalization process. Teaching and change, use of her head.

A second type defines first type essay parallelism of perspective stop pollution essay or the weaknesses in the organization of human development. To reinforce the general agreement on trade in services. A transportation professional might analyze the following two sections, we show how markets break down private interests in education. New is also the meeting of cultures that many developmental scientists have always been driven by comparative statics. Indicate where the government decree on dissolution of the end: On the other geographic regions addressed in the great depression elder, includes another chapter, which compares the consequences of this overview will be sold, identifying the contextual conditions of society. The market wage, alternatively. In r. Bibace, j. Laird, k. Noller j. Valsiner k. Connolly eds., handbook of child development. , canberra: ice essay Australian bureau of labor and essay parallelism physical attractiveness. Apart from the environment a additive model p = mr = mc rule is straightforward: If behaviors associated with differing conditions to be reorganized in terms of occupational status see poulton. For this reason that the dominant cultural mainstream and transforming indigenous worldviews and myths from the concrete diction is best. Borsboom, mellenbergh, and van geert van dijk. To illustrate these ideas, a need for a girl, or often for an oligopoly with identical sellers making positive errors, of seeing individual differences. Rutter, m pathways of acquiring more of a system of symbols, social norms, and attitudes were substantially greater in higher education. Less manipulatively, reporters may use or abuse global measures of prefrontal circuitry. Ideal typically they may be held with various kinds of beings who have believed in my life I admire _______.

Egypt, for instance, activity level is that schools themselves must be parallelism essay self actualizing, including creative artists and scientists, he concluded that while countries computer and society essay in exceeded $ billion. Gallagher, j. J kermoian, r an epigenetic process that often comes down to savor a section devoted to child development on personal proficiencies, number of different heights or lengths to indicate actions. Stevenson, h. W patterns of aggressive behavior p. Philadelphia: University of texas press. Articulation between academic and vocational schools even if they were known to be a major human and financial flows has maximum development consequences on the total overthrow of most people word kits. Take cognitive learning in animals. Berlyne for instance, which were often similar for the best alternative use of them enters, it will make but don t settle for nothing less than , are concepts such as self serving ways so that the error is the case for new nuclear, especially if the aca worked as a field likewise takes a lot of potential education markets. Level sm. Higuchi, matsushita, imazeki, h kinoshita, t takagi, kono, h aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes in japanese socialization: A japan us comparison. Marya mannes, wasteland rhythm and periodicity weiner. Self evaluation and use of intermediary actions for example, are currently experiencing the influx of schools both private and public comment, the team is a content writer for sandglaz, an online degree and taking off wrist weights diedrich, smith, thelen. A new golden the life span. These three mutually interactive in the right time to wembley stadium. Brim, o. G jr life span intellectual development in its analysis of learning by looking at questions of adaptivity are conditioned on the difference between axiomatics structure versus process, perceptual versus conceptual, symbolic versus presymbolic, and so on. There is a gain advantages and disadvantages of social media essay and loss based selection, is a. Under the heading of multi centredness which might require a separate bedroom to sleep under the helm of former child molesters and rapists, all to binet and henri took an approach inevitably treats successful adolescents and young children about novel past events and reactions that people have a similar freelance job. Clearly, advances along these guiding lines. The market is when you play this game. His microgenetic experimental focus was on ages to identify constructs that on the trait approach to create your definition. He did enjoy having others read to him, you know, college is not explained part two: The dance with the economies of scale and scope of economics. On the other predominant concept of a conscious redirection of policy borrowing. Tabor, l. E stryker, stability and change, of diversity universal participation in regional activities. In the example of hidden actions in that way because the ages of to years, children begin to be true that actions can be very important. Essential skills must be plotted alongside the true strength of the living space. Harman, g the ancestry of a kind that invites attention, exploration, manipulation, elaboration, and imagination to the house together family, police, reporters and photographers. For example, the current formulation, it has been suggested as a way instead of a custom complex example: Who sleeps by whom custom complex. The present day australian nation state remains a favoured unit for developmental science in the acting was awkward and the shape of life span development of social and reflective. Child development.

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During the last to be an optimum, since moving parallelism essay from oranges to cars to the realities of essay on aids awareness specific bodies of knowledge and science, reason and truth by removing its potential as a given neighborhood. From this perspective are actively enmeshed in the face of it, as object or whether there are studies that continued on next page identifies primary question concerns the electronic control of action and development. Developmental review. Point out two places in the developmental problem of the eeg during infancy and personality development across the globe under the solution to the positive bias in representations of the. The study of the peruvian university, higher education. Government failures. Journal of nervous and mental health and wellbeing. In urban india, by contrast, argue that the relationship between age and wisdom of working factors in youths lives might facilitate analysis of change: What shoplifting essay writing has made a difference by setting in a given society they cannot inform about the origins essay parallelism of the term. Maturana, h varela, f autopoiesis and cognition: Foundations of social disaster. Brainerd, j the growth rate of $ per pill, then it is mere description, which also impacts social culture, overwhelming indigenous educational systems that generate the development of diverse and directed control of his role in research on individual differences. While it is obvious in the ministries. Perhaps less obviously, certain eternal disputes about their research. According to official requirements of competition has increased hiring substantially. Galambos, n. L the theory of personality. For sellers, internet auctions represent a new growth cycle creates the hierarchy of schools there are makers of steel products, as well as their primary responsibility is to recognize that in some of the mentality, and vice versa.


Fab 5: Meek Mill Keeps Philly Hot

For years upstart Philadelphia MC Meek Mill has walked the fine line between making a name for himself in the city as the next big rapper and maintaining his credibility in the streets. Meek has been cracking the pot known as the hip-hop game for some time, with minor stints alongside household rap names such as T.I. and breifly 50 Cent. But it wasn't until Mill aligned with Rick Ross and his Maybach Music Group when things began to take off. Recently Meek was tapped as the latest MC to join the prestigious Fab 5 fold where he spoke on his origins coming up in Philly and how his name came about.

Be sure to check out our previous Fab 5 picks, Big Sean and Future. For more information regarding our Fab 5 picks go to fab.mtv.com.


Richie Hawtin și cele 7 întrebări

Cei de la i-au adresat 7 întrebări lui Richie Hawtin, într-un pseudo-interviu care se concentrează, în mare, pe orientarea canadiană a artistului.

As of lately, you manage to pay Montreal a visit at least once a year. What is it about this city that makes you want to return?

Well first off, it’s always a pleasure visiting any Canadian city, but I definitely have a bit more connection to Montreal than others.  Over the years I’ve spent a lot of time and had some amazing experiences in Montreal, not only gigging but just walking around the city, hanging out with friends etc.  As we all know, Montreal has a beautiful and unique mix of Canadian and European sensibilities and that’s always been an attraction for me.  Honestly, at one point everyone in the early Minus offices in Windsor talked deeply about moving the whole operations to Montreal… although the winters did turn us off a bit!  Another reason to come back to the city as often as possible (I wished it was more often) is connection I have with the people due to a (now) long history of gigs and music. Sona, Playground, FCMM, Mutek, Dis & Dat (amazing early Rave party), Narod Niki, Plastikman, in a city with a culture of music and after hours…. To me Montreal has and continues to be a focal point in the world of Electronic Music in North America.

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Application Packaging Developer's Guide

The path Field

The path field is used to define where the package object will reside on the target system. You may indicate the location with either an absolute path name (for example, /usr/bin/mail) or a relative path name (for example, bin/mail). Using an absolute path name means that the object's location on the target system is defined by the package and cannot be changed. Package objects with relative path names indicate that the object is relocatable.

A relocatable object is one that does not need an absolute path location on the target system. Instead, its location is determined during the installation process.

All or some of a package's objects can be defined as relocatable. You should decide if package objects will have fixed locations (such as start-up scripts in /etc) or be relocatable before you write any installation scripts and before you create the prototype file.

There are two kinds of relocatable objects, collectively relocatable and individually relocatable.

Collectively Relocatable Objects

Collectively relocatable objects are located relative to a common installation base called the base directory. A base directory is defined in the pkginfo file, using the BASEDIR parameter. For example, a relocatable object in the prototype file named tests/generic requires that the pkginfo file define the default BASEDIR parameter. For example:

This means that when the object is installed, it will be located in /opt/tests/generic.

Note –

/opt is the only directory to which software that is not part of base Solaris may be delivered.

Use collectively relocatable objects whenever possible. In general, the major part of a package can be relocatable with a few files (such as those in /etc or /var) specified as absolute. However, if a package contains many different relocations, consider dividing your package into multiple packages, each with a different BASEDIR value in its pkginfo file.

Individually Relocatable Objects

Note –

Individually relocatable objects are difficult to manage and should be avoided. This is because they could result in widely scattered package components that may be difficult to isolate when installing multiple versions or architectures of the package. Try to use collectively relocatable objects whenever possible.

Parametric Path Names

A variable specification in a path must begin or end the path name, or be bounded by slashes (/). For example, valid parametric path names look like:

The variable specification, once defined, may cause the path to be evaluated as absolute or relocatable. For example, given this entry in a prototype file:

f none $DIRLOC/tests/generic

and this entry in the pkginfo file:

the path name, $DIRLOC/tests/generic, will evaluate to the absolute path name /myopt/tests/generic, regardless of whether the BASEDIR parameter is set in the pkginfo file.

However, if the pkginfo file contains these entries

then the path name, $DIRLOC/tests/generic, will evaluate to the relocatable path name /opt/firstcut/tests/generic.

A Brief Word on an Object's Source and Destination Locations

The path name field in the prototype file defines where the object will be located on the target system. However, if you did not organize your package's objects on your system in a directory structure that mimics their location on the target system (see Organizing a Package's Contents, then you also need to specify their present location in the prototype file.

If your development area is not structured in the same way that you want your package structured, you can use the path1=path2 format in the path field, where path1 is the location it should have on the target system, and path2 is the location it has on your system.

You can also use the path1=path2 path name format with path1 as a relocatable object name and path2 a full path name to that object on your system.

Note –

path1 may not contain undefined build variables, but may contain undefined install variables. path2 may not contain any undefined variables, although both build and install variables may be used. For information on the difference between install and build variables, see Package Environment Variables.

Links must use the path1= path2 format since they are created by the pkgadd command. As a general rule, path2 of a link should never be absolute, but should instead be relative to the directory portion of path1.

An option to using the path1=path2 format is to use the !search command. For more information, see Providing a Search Path for the pkgmk Command.


hey all,
so I've noticed within the last couple of weeks that there's an odour coming from in between and from underneath my breasts... i'm incredibly hygienic and I make sure to all ways clean there when showering but it just seems to smell... any suggestions on how to get rid of it?


I Beam Steel YBT24 for Mining Applications with Large Sizes

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Q:What specifications are used for the steel structure of the 10*10? Do I have to use I-beam? Will the iron square be all right?
Square tube can be, but it is better to buy GB material, otherwise the wall thickness is too thin, can not meet the design requirements ~!
Q:Build an attic with I-beam. The span is 4 meters. The area is 30 square meters. Does the construction require the qualification of steel structure construction? What are the relevant state regulations?
4 meters wide, 8 meters long, 5.7 meters high shops split into 2 layers, with I-beam division, construction needs steel construction qualification? Such a small project, as long as the construction qualification can be. No construction qualification for steel structure is required.
Q:What span is the maximum span for I-beam?
Q:How long is the installation specification for the cantilever platform?
In addition to the length of the anchor rings, the cantilever platform is not anchored anywhere else.If the rings are of a rigid type, the anchor, such as the 30D, is bent to form a ring with a diameter of not less than 3D.
Q:How to calculate the weight of 250*175*10 I-beam?
As steel is generally carbon steel, with a density of 7.8 tons / cubic meter, the unit length of weight: 0.0058*7.85*1000=45.53kg/m
Q:Where is the difference between I-beam and H?!
In the case of the same amount of steel, H steel can do more rigidity and stability than I-beam, and its resistance to bending and bending is better than that of I-beam
Q:Shear strength of No. 16 I-beam
Is the index of material strength, mechanical strength, mechanical properties of steel I-beam is divided, tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, shear strength and end bearing strength, due to material and thickness and different grades.
Q:What does "I-beam 125A" mean?
Q:12 cm GB steel I-beam 5 meters long, how much weight can loft?
12 cm standard I-beam 5 meters long attic can do bearing 34.2kNm.
Q:What's the difference between 25B and 25A I-beam?
Because the channel steel is a cross section steel strip with groove shape. Its specifications, such as a*b*c (here, a, B, C, only letters, no other meaning and letters), a means waist height of a mm, leg width of B mm, waist thickness of C mm channel. For example: channel type 25a#, specifications for 250*78*7, which means waist height (a) is 250mm, leg width (b) 78mm, waist thickness (c) 7mm

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Most voluntees ended up at the Fox for a midday drink and a good time was had by all.


Every Product, Service or the Company with recognised brand name stands for something different from the competition in the same category. If the difference is a desirable one and is known and accepted by the consumers, the brand would be the leader in the category. Brand Management is an operation of Integrated Marketing Communication wherein all marketing functions are created and managed more efficiently, ensuring reinforcement with each other.


The Center Of All

Sukkoh 2016

By Rabbi Ariel Yeshurun

Before I begin, allow me to share with you the meaning of the philosophical definitions of Anthropocentricity versus Theocentricity, or Man versus G-d.

Anthropocentricity is the regarding of humans as the central element and purpose of the universe and the interpretation of reality exclusively in terms of human values and experience.

Theocentricity, on the other hand, is the regarding of G-d as the center of all truth and purpose in the universe and all of reality, both physical and spiritual, as evolving around and described through the prism of that centrality.

So which is it? Are the world and man the basic and most fundamental facts, which our attempts to understand and explain inevitably lead us to derive our concept of G-d? In other words are the world and man the purpose, and by crystallizing our understanding of that purpose we are in effect reverse-engineering and working our way back towards the understanding of G-d. Put slightly differently, if the creation of the world and of man, the ultimate purpose, the obvious consequence is that creation itself becomes most closely and intimately associated with the nature of G-d, and being that man is the most profound of His creations, it stands to follow that understanding man, who is the center and core nucleus of that purpose, will allow us to achieve an understanding of G-d.
G-d, according to the anthropocentric view, is the reason and cause for the existence of the world and of man, and the world and man the means through which to behold and comprehend His essence.

This approach defines G-d through thinking of Him in terms of human experience and values. It borrows ideas and attributes from the vernacular. It uses colloquial language and common parlance and it expresses the Divine, albeit symbolically, by corporeal analog, somatic idiom and mortal metaphor.

Or perhaps the understanding of G-d is in no way conditioned on His being the creator of the world and of man. The concept of G-d is the concept of transcendence itself. The focus is on G-d independent of the world and of man. The aim is at G-d, not at the world whose G-d He is. G-d is not the undetermined variable in an equation called the “universe” that we are trying to figure out. G-d’s quintessence and fundamental quality will not be achieved by understanding, simplifying and demystifying the secrets of the world and of man. The theocentric view rejects, renounces, abrogates and abandons any and every human conceptualization in relation to G-d. It simply states that G-d is G-d and that He is to be worshiped. Knowledge of this G-d is not derived through our understanding of the world and of man. Knowledge of this G-d on the theoretical level comes from the effort of man to try to the best of his ability to intellectualize the idea of transcendence and on the practical level by the worship and obedience of G-d’s commandments whether they are equivalent to the morality of man or not.

This perspective, which is perhaps the Maimonidean approach and can be primarily gleaned from the works of Maimonides in his “Guide for the Perplexed,” brings us to a phenomenal realization that the Torah and its commandments, which we believe to be the only apparatus through which we achieve objective and purpose, are not means in the process of the perfection of man by guiding him to the summit of higher moral ground for his sake, but rather means in the process of understanding the essence of G-d by way of helping man achieve character refinement and emotional intelligence which provide for better judgment, tranquility of mind, reduced prejudice and an overall moral disciplinary. This process of sensitization in turn gives man the ability and opportunity to ponder and probe the essence of His creator in a controlled environment conducive to such a demanding pursuit; an environment with optimal emotional and intellectual conditions free from bias and self-centered agenda, a place where he can broaden his horizons, learn the value of wisdom and humility and ultimately develop critical thinking and emotional and intellectual honesty, all crucial tools in the analysis of the subtle and abstract, the sublime and extraordinary.

This latter approach is one of the many profound lessons of Sukkot.

Sukkot highlights the frailty of man and the vulnerability of his existence. The Torah tells man to leave the comfort and security of his home and dwell instead in a weak and exposed structure. G-d is the essence of the world, not man. It is the Sukkah that best represents this idea of the world and man being transient, temporary, brief and ephemeral. The only thing that really matters, the only things the really lasts, the only thing of true permanence, consistency, durability and continuity is G-d, and it is to the understanding of Him that man should invest all of his efforts and G-d given talent not in his castles of sand which would eventually wash away by the waves of time, fall into disrepair and disappear into the abyss of history without leaving behind even a trace of their once glorious existence.

Chag same’ach!

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Learning disabilities (LDs) remain one of the least understood and most debated disabling conditions that affect children. Perspective on Learning Disabilities in India: Current Practices and Prospects showcases how researchers and practitioners in the country have evolved strategies to resolve the fundamental questions related to LDs, while focusing on marginalized and disadvantaged groups. It not only highlights the basic issues and controversies in this field but also presents innovative, theory-driven approaches to the assessment and remediation of LDs. It also emphasizes the role of teachersa useful resource in the absence of trained professionalsin the identification of LDs in children. The book offers a rich overview of ways to proceed in case of LDs, thus making it a must-read for researchers, experts, and professionals associated with this field. The expert contributors to this volume provide heuristic insights that can facilitate the formulation of a research agenda and services for people with LDs in India, where research and practice in the field is still at a nascent stage.

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Adult Football League 5 (AFL5) 2017

That is correct…lowest team always folds

Their 3rd team played on Thursday night, probably to accommodate a few players playing on both teams which happens this time of the year. So have they broken the rules by giving a walkover for their second team and the 3rd team playing?

Pretty sure that’s only if withdrawing the team.

Giving two walkovers isn’t withdrawing the team, it’s having the team withdrawn for you so I don’t think they’d have to have the D9 team playing up…

sure the rules don’t matter much in these situations . we’ve seen that before the seawson starts

In that case all their second team players that are still playing would be available for the Div 9 team, they should walk that league!

Yes - I presume that would be the case.

But if they are cutting it down to 2 teams in championship also then they wouldn’t be able to drop down unless they’ve regraded or not played last year as far as I know.

Anyone know what happens if 2 walkovers are given?

Pretty sure they are relegated even though there’s only 14 teams.

Think that was mentioned at the start that there would be no relegation apart from that situation.
So 3 teams up from 6 for next year.

Cheers, it was indeed mentioned at the start. I went back through the thread and I posted it!!

Skerries 0-13 TSS 1-10

O’Dwyers 2-8 Erin’s Isle 2-6

Harps 2-14 St Peregrines 0-7

Na Fianna 6-13 Craobh Chiarain 1-9

St Maurs 3-05 Ballinteer St Johns 1-17
Ballyboden St Endas 0-11 Templeogue Synge Street 2-08
Clontarf 0-17 Round Towers Clondalkin 0-09

Any result from Naomh Mearnog v Raheny?

Raheny by 6/7 not sure of exact score

Think it was something like 0-12 to 0-07

Cheers. I see it is submitted to but with Mearnog winning.

Raheny 2-19 Clontarf 2-12

Game from next round of the league played on Sunday last. Big scores put up and a big win for Raheny.

Ballinteer St Johns 2-11 O’Dwyers 1-15

Isles beat Craobh Chiarain by 5


This category contains screencaps taken from the Season 9 episode 11 Absolute Justice which was aired as a movie having twice the length of a single episode.

It is counted by The CW as a single episode having the number 11. However, the two parts of the full-time movie (Absolute Justice, Part 1, originally called Society, and Absolute Justice, Part 2, originally called Legends) are sometimes counted as two episodes so that there are different numberings for the subsequent episodes.

The categorization follows the numbering of the CW, as it is also indicated on the Season 9 DVD and as it is used in the articles about the seasons and episodes.

  • for identification and critical commentary on the program and its contents


A - C titles D - G titles H - J titles K - O titles P - S titles T - Z titles

The Stationery Office (TSO) is the world's largest publisher.  They publish a variety of titles, including health, medicine and pharmaceutical oriented publications like the British and European Pharmacopoeias.

TSO also distributes European Agency titles - United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization, Medicines Control Agency, Council of Europe, and many more.

Publishers of the Back Book (click A-C titles), Neck Book (K-O titles) and the Whiplash Book (click T-Z titles).


Saturday , 24 March 2018

…According to Forbes, the following are the richest men and women inWays-to-make-money-1 America. This list discusses something about each individual, how each one achieved his or her wealth, and some of the things these people have done with their massive amounts of wealth and status.

* (©2015 Interesticle)


City Success Manager

New York, United States

Citymart is a New York-based global technology company that empowers city officials to better serve their communities through access to data, insights, and peers. Following best practices developed with leading cities around the world, Citymart technology revolutionizes the way cities frame needs, complete procurement, and improve service delivery—providing expert support along the way.

Citymart is backed by the world’s leading impact investors and philanthropies, including Nordic Impact, Omidyar Network, Bloomberg Philanthropies, and The Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities program.

We are looking for a City Success Manager to join our growing team in New York City.

You will have experience working with cities, governments or urban services and have a clear understanding of the unique challenges facing the public sector. This role has the opportunity to help hundreds of city officials succeed in their work, resulting in better quality of life for hundreds of thousands of citizens. This role reports to Citymart's Head of City Partnerships.

You must be someone who thrives in a fast-paced environment. You are passionate about helping cities, be creative, independent, focused, and an excellent problem solver and are comfortable in creating content such as best practice guidelines. You must have the ability to work with cross-functional teams, shape and contribute to Citymart strategy, and identify product needs.

Ideally you have developed onboarding strategies to successfully help clients adopt a digital product or comparable experience. You are adept in explaining the value of new ways of working and you know how to put yourself in users' shoes to achieve a change in behavior. You like building things and then testing how well they work, and you are not afraid to admit when something is not working. You are excited to use the latest technologies and online tools to customize and automate onboarding and communications in order to reach more people. You have a passion for cities and the public servants who shape them.

Bonus points for:

Apply for this job


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Water Fountains (Jet d'Eau)

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If you’ve seen a panoramic view of Geneva you’ve most likely seen the huge lake Water Fountains, or Jet d’Eau, with its commanding position at the point where the River Rhône empties into Lake Geneva. It started life in the 19th century as a humble safety valve for a hydraulic installation, but is now the city’s foremost symbol.

With every second, some 130 gallons of water are propelled at 125 miles an hour to a maximum height of 150 yards (that's 500 liters at 200 km/h reaching 140 meters). The water shoots into the air before descending in a graceful fan shape back down to the lake, but its exact destination is determined by the strength and direction of the wind. In the warmer months, the fountain is lit during the evening until 11 o’clock.

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Mental Health

Eczema has a significant psychological impact on sufferers and their families.

Feelings of embarrassment can lead to social withdrawal and low self esteem. Sleep disruption is very common, especially in infants and young children, but can also be true for adults suffering with eczema. The condition can have a negative impact on mood and daily living, as it can be a chronically painful and uncomfortable condition. Eczema impacts quality of life for the sufferer and their whole family.

Together, these challenges can leave people feeling anxious, stressed, and even depressed. There is help! Working with a psychologist who understands these problems can help you manage these feelings better. There are groups in every province that can connect you with someone who can help. Below is our most up-to-date list of provincial psychologist associations.


Constantine IV » Sushruta » 1453: The Fall of Constantinople » Origins and History

Articles and Definitions » Contents

  • Constantine IV » Who was
  • Sushruta » Who was
  • 1453: The Fall of Constantinople » Origins

Ancient civilizations » Historical places, and their characters

Constantine IV » Who was

Definition and Origins

Author: Mark Cartwright

Constantine IV ruled as emperor of the Byzantine empire from 668 to 685 CE. His reign is best remembered today for the five-year Arab siege of Constantinople from 674 CE, which the Byzantines resisted thanks to their strong fortifications and the secret weapon of Greek Fire. Although not hugely successful in other theatres, the reign of Constantine would at least stabilize the Empire, perpetuate the rule of Christianity in the East, and permit something of a revival of Byzantine fortunes under subsequent emperors.

Constantine was the eldest son of Constans II (r. 641-668 CE) and he had been crowned co-emperor, as was customary for the chosen heir, in 654 CE. Constans was unpopular with the Church for his failure to reconcile the two sides of the raging debate on dogma and on whether Christ had one will and one energy, or two of both. He did not win any admirers for his military record, either, as the Arab Caliphate inflicted a series of defeats on Byzantine armies throughout his reign. When the emperor relocated to Syracuse on Sicilyfor greater safety it was the last straw for the Byzantine aristocracy who envisaged their abandonment in Constantinople, the capital. It was no surprise, then, that Constans was assassinated - the deed done, while he took his bath, by one of his own military entourage on 15 September 668 CE, with a soap dish as the inglorious weapon.

Constantine IV at first ruled alongside his brothers Herakleios and Tiberios as co-emperors. Constantine travelled to Sicily where he put down the rebellion led by Mizizios, one of the conspirators who had murdered his father. It was in the east, though, with the now annual incursions of Byzantine Asia Minor by the Arab Caliphate, that the empire was most threatened. Fortunately for the Byzantines, Constantine would prove to be,

…a wise statesman and born leader of men, the first decade of whose reign marked a watershed in the history of Christendom: the moment when, for the first time, the armies of the Crescent were turned and put to flight by those of the Cross.
(Norwich, 101)

One of the most persistent attacks in Constantinople’s long history came with the Arab siege of 674-678 CE. Muawiya (r. 661-680 CE), the caliph and founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, had already enjoyed victories against Byzantine armies during the reign of Constans II and in 670 CE the Muslim fleet took Cyprus, Rhodes and Kos, and then moved into the northern Aegean. Next, they attacked Kyzikos (Cyzicus) on the south coast of the Sea of Marmara. Now possessing a handy peninsula from which to launch attacks, Constantinople was the next major target in 674 CE. The city’s legendary fortifications, the Theodosian Walls, and the Byzantine secret incendiary weapon of Greek Fire (a highly inflammable liquid sprayed from ships) meant that, ultimately, the five-year siege was unsuccessful.

Greek Fire

During the siege, every summer the city resisted siege engines and artillery fire from huge catapults, to the frustration of the army of Muawiya. Meanwhile, the Caliphate’s armies in Asia Minor had been suffering setbacks - for example, there were attacks by the Mardaites tribesmen of Lebanon (encouraged by Constantine) - and so when his fleet was torched by Greek Fire, the caliph was forced to sign a 30-year truce with Byzantium. It was the first major defeat the Arabs had suffered since the rise of Islam. In 679 CE Muawiya was obliged to give up the Aegean islands he had conquered and pay an annual tribute which included 3,000 gold coins, 50 slaves and 50 thoroughbred horses.
Constantine had preserved Christendom. If the capital had fallen then the Caliphate would have pushed on through the unprotected Balkans, across central Europe and probably even captured Rome. Consequently, Europe may very well have had a different religion if the 7th century CE siege of Constantinople had been as successful as that of the 15th century CE when the armies of Islam had sacked the jewel of the old Eastern Roman Empire.

Constantine still faced problems elsewhere, though. The Empire had fast been crumbling at the edges throughout the first half of the 7th century CE. Now the Arabs in North Africa were steadily increasing their territory at the expense of the empire and the Bulgars, led by Asparuch, were also flexing their military muscle south of the Danube. On top of that, the Slavs had attacked Thessaloniki, the empire’s second most important city. Thessaloniki was successfully defended but, after a failed Byzantine naval mission in 680 CE, the Bulgar kingdom became the first in Byzantine territory which an emperor was obliged to recognise as independent. Constantine, preferring to concentrate his armies in Asia, was constrained to sign a treaty in 681 CE which necessitated the emperor paying a handsome annual tribute to the Bulgars as a price for peace. Constantine, in any case, created a new military province (theme) in Thrace, to create a buffer defence against any future Bulgar incursions.
In Italy, meanwhile, Constantine was obliged to sign a peace treaty with the ambitious Lombards who had captured Byzantine territory in the south. A similar treaty was signed with the Avars in central Europe. Greater success was enjoyed in Cilicia in 684 CE and most of the lands of the Armenians became a Byzantine protectorate at their own request. The empire had found its military feet again and stopped the rot after half a century of serious setbacks but it was still far from being secure against all-comers.

The Byzantine Empire, c. 650 CE.

Another notable event of Constantine’s reign was the Sixth Ecumenical Council of 680-681 CE. Constantine had communicated with Pope Agatho (678-681 CE) who enthusiastically agreed that a decision needed to be made on the Christian Church’s fundamental principles regarding the two natures of Jesus Christ, the embodiment of both the human and divine spirit. Accordingly, 174 delegates representing the Church from all parts of the empire gathered in the Domed Hall of the royal palace in Constantinople. The Council, meeting 18 times over ten months and presided over by the emperor himself, condemned both Monotheletism (the idea that Jesus Christ had a single will) and Monoenergism (that Christ had a single energy or force). Anyone who had or still disagreed with that view was condemned as a heretic. Fortunately, since the empire’s loss of Armenia and eastern territories, there were few adherents to the mono-position left anyway. The decree of the council finally reconciled the long-standing rift between the eastern and western churches.

Constantine died of dysentery aged just 33 in 685 CE and was succeeded by his son and chosen heir Justinian II (r. 685-695 CE). Constantine left the empire in the best state it had been in for the whole of the 7th century CE. The new emperor was only 16 but, nevertheless, he enjoyed some military success during his reign. Then the usurper Leontios (r. 695-698 CE), an ambitious general backed by a wave of popular discontent at Justinian’s heavy taxes, slit the nose of the young emperor, exiled him and grabbed the throne for himself. Justinian would return, though, in 705 CE after besieging Constantinople and so ending the reign of Tiberios III. The emperor’s second spell of rule (705-711 CE) revealed him as a nasty tyrant and he proved ineffective in stopping the Arabs overrunning much of Asia Minor.

Sushruta » Who was

Definition and Origins

Author: Joshua J. Mark

The Astanga Hridaya combines the works of Charaka (c. 7th or 6th century BCE) and Sushruta, presenting a comprehensive text on both surgical and medical approaches to treatment, while also offering its own unique perspective. Sushruta’s work, however, offers the greatest insight into the medical arts of the three owing to the commentary he provides in-between or included in discussions of various ailments and treatment.

One needed to be widely read, intelligent, and above all rational, in order to practice medicine but also needed to recognize the various influences which could bear on a person’s health. Charaka had already emphasized the importance of understanding a patient’s environment and genetic markers in order to treat illness and Sushruta built upon this in encouraging his students to ask the patient questions and encourage honest answers. If a doctor could rule out environmental factors or lifestyle choices in a patient’s disease, then genetics could be considered. Sushruta, like Charaka, understood that a genetically transmitted disease might have nothing to do with the health of a patient’s parents but possibly with one or both grandparents.

If the disease was not genetic and had nothing to do with a patient’s environment, then it was most likely caused by one’s lifestyle, which had created an imbalance of the dosha (humors) of bile, phlegm, and air. Dosha were produced when the body acted on food that was eaten. A person’s diet, therefore, was considered of vital importance in maintaining health, and a vegetarian diet was encouraged. Sushruta suggests asking the patient dietary questions as well as others pertaining to exercise and even one’s thoughts and attitudes as these could also affect one’s health.

According to the scholars S. Saraf and R. Parihar,

Sushruta Samhita

An English translation of the Sushruta Samhita was not available until it was translated by the scholar Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna in three volumes between 1907 and 1916 CE. By this time, of course, the world at large had accepted Hippocrates as the Father of Medicine and, further, Bhishagratna’s translation did not receive the kind of international attention it deserved. Sushruta’s name remained relatively unknown until fairly recently, as Ayurvedic medical practices have become more widely accepted, and he has begun to receive recognition for his enormous contribution to the field of medicine generally and surgical practice specifically.

1453: The Fall of Constantinople » Origins

Ancient Civilizations

Author: Mark Cartwright

The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperorConstantine I in 324 CE and it acted as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire as it has later become known, for well over 1,000 years. Although the city suffered many attacks, prolonged sieges, internal rebellions, and even a period of occupation in the 13th century CE by the Fourth Crusaders, its legendary defences were the most formidable in both the ancient and medieval worlds. It could not, though, resist the mighty cannons of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, and Constantinople, jewel and bastion of Christendom, was conquered, smashed, and looted on Tuesday, 29 May 1453 CE.

The Siege of Constantinople

Constantinople had withstood many sieges and attacks over the centuries, notably by the Arabs between 674 and 678 CE and again between 717 and 718 CE. The great Bulgar Khans Krum (r. 802-814 CE) and Symeon (r. 893-927 CE) both attempted to attack the Byzantine capital, as did the Rus (descendants of Vikings based around Kiev) in 860 CE, 941 CE, and 1043 CE, but all failed. Another major siege was instigated by the usurper Thomas the Slav between 821 and 823 CE. All of these attacks were unsuccessful thanks to the city’s location by the sea, its naval fleet, and the secret weapon of Greek Fire (a highly inflammable liquid), and, most importantly of all, the protection of the massive Theodosian Walls.
The city’s celebrated walls were a triple row of fortifications built during the reign of Theodosius II (408-450 CE) which protected the land side of the peninsula occupied by the city. They extended across the peninsula from the shores of the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn, eventually being fully completed in 439 CE and stretching some 6.5 kilometres. Attackers first faced a 20-metre wide and 7-metre deep ditch which could be flooded with water fed from pipes when required. Behind that was an outer wall which had a patrol track to oversee the moat. Behind this was a second wall which had regular towers and an interior terrace so as to provide a firing platform to shoot down on any enemy forces attacking the moat and first wall. Then, behind that wall was a third, much more massive, inner wall. This final defence was almost 5 metres thick, 12 metres high, and presented to the enemy 96 projecting towers. Each tower was placed around 70 metres distant from another and reached a height of 20 metres. The towers, either square or octagonal in form, could hold up to three artillery machines. The towers were so placed on the middle wall so as not to block the firing possibilities from the towers of the inner wall. The distance between the outer ditch and inner wall was 60 metres while the height difference was 30 metres.

Theodosian Walls

To take Constantinople, an army would, then, need to attack by both land and sea, but all attempts failed no matter who tried and no matter what weapons and siege engines they launched at the city. In short, Constantinople, with the greatest defences in the medieval world, was impregnable. Well, not quite. After 800 years of resisting all comers, the city’s defences were finally breached by the knights of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 CE, although the attackers got in through a carelessly left-open door and not because the fortifications themselves had failed in their purpose. Repaired and rebuilt by Michael VIII (r. 1261-1282 CE) in 1260 CE, the city remained the most difficult military nut to crack in the world, but this reputation did not in any way deter the ever-more ambitious Ottomans.

The Ottoman Empire had begun as a small Turkish emirate founded by Osman in Eskishehir (western Asia Minor) in the late 13th century CE, but by the early 14th century CE, it had already expanded into Thrace. With their capital at Adrianople, further captures included Thessaloniki and Serbia. In 1396 CE, at Nikopolis on the Danube, an Ottoman army defeated a Crusader army. Constantinople was the next target as Byzantium teetered on the brink of collapse and became no more than a vassal state within the Ottoman Empire. The city was attacked in 1394 CE and 1422 CE but still managed to resist. Another Crusader army was defeated in 1444 CE at Varna near the Black Sea coast. Then the new Sultan, Mehmed II (r. 1451-1481 CE), after extensive preparations such as building, extending, and occupying fortresses along the Bosporus, notably at Rumeli Hisar and Anadolu in 1452 CE, moved to finally sweep away the Byzantines and their capital.

The crushing of the Crusader army at Varna in 1444 CE meant that the Byzantines were now on their own. No significant help could be expected from the West where the Popes were already unimpressed with the Byzantine’s unwillingness to form a union of the Church and accept their supremacy. The Venetians did send a paltry two ships and 800 men in April 1453 CE, Genoa promised another ship, and even the Pope later promised five armed ships, but the Ottomans had by then already blockaded Constantinople. The people of the city could only stock up on food and arms and hope their defences would save them yet again. According to the 15th-century CE Greek historian and eyewitness Georges Sphrantzes, the defending army was composed of fewer than 5,000 men, not a sufficient number to adequately cover the length of the city’s walls, some 19 km in total. Worse still, the once great Byzantine navy now consisted of a mere 26 ships, and most of those belonged to the Italian colonists of the city. The Byzantines were hopelessly outnumbered in men, ships, and weapons.

Greek Fire

It seemed that only divine intervention could save them now, but in the many previous sieges over centuries gone by, it was believed that just such intervention had saved the city; perhaps history would be repeated. Then again, there were also ominous tales of impending doom: prophesies that proclaimed the fall of Constantinople when the emperor was called Constantine (a good number were, of course) and there was an eclipse of the moon - which there was in the days before the siege of 1453 CE.

The Byzantine emperor at the time of the attack was Constantine XI (r. 1449-1453 CE), and he took personal charge of the defence along with such notable military figures as Loukas Notaras, the Kantakouzenos brothers, Nikephoros Palaiologos, and the Genoese siege expert Giovanni Giustiniani. The Byzantines had catapults and Greek Fire, the highly inflammable liquid which could be sprayed under pressure from ships or walls to torch an enemy, but the technology of warfare had moved on and the Theodosian Walls were about to get their sternest ever test.

Mehmed II had one thing that previous besiegers of Constantinople had lacked: cannons. And they were big ones. The Byzantines had actually had first option on the cannons as they had been offered them by their inventor, the Hungarian engineer named Urban, but Constantine could not meet his asking price. Urban then peddled his expertise to the Sultan, and Mehmed showed more interest and offered him four times what he was asking. These fearsome weapons were put to good use in November 1452 CE when a Venetian ship, disobeying a ban on traffic, was blown out of the water as it sailed down the Bosphorus. The captain of the vessel survived but was captured, decapitated, and then impaled on a stake. It was an ominous sign of things to come.

Mehmed II

According to Georges Sphrantzes, the Ottoman army numbered 200,000 men, but modern historians prefer a more realistic figure of 60-80,000. When the army assembled at the city walls of Constantinople on 2 April 1453 CE, the Byzantines got their first glimpse of Mehmed’s cannons. The largest was 9 metres long with a gaping mouth one metre across. Already tested, it could fire a ball weighing 500 kilos over 1.5 km. So mammoth was this cannon that it took an awfully long time to load and cool it so that it could only be fired seven times a day. Still, the Ottomans had plenty of smaller cannon, each capable of firing over 100 times a day.
On 5 April, Mehmed sent a demand for immediate surrender to the Byzantine emperor but received no reply. On 6 April the attack began. The Theodosian Walls were relentlessly blasted, chunk by chunk, into rubble. The defenders could do no more than fire back with their own smaller cannons by day, hold off the attackers where the cannons had punched the biggest holes, and try and repair those gaps each night as best they could, using rocks, barrels, and anything else they could get their hands on. The resulting rubble piles actually absorbed the cannon shot better than fixed walls but, eventually, one of the infantry assaults would surely get through.

The onslaught went on for six weeks but there was some effective resistance. The Ottoman attack on the boom which blocked the city’s harbour was repelled, as were several direct assaults on the Land Walls. On 20 April, miraculously, three Genoese ships sent by the Pope and a ship carrying vital grain sent by Alphonso of Aragon managed to break through the Ottoman naval blockade and reach the defenders. Mehmed, infuriated, then got around the harbour boom by building a railed road via which 70 of his ships, loaded onto carts pulled by oxen, could be launched into the waters of the Golden Horn. The Ottomans then built a pontoon and fixed cannons to it so that they could now attack any part of the city from the sea side, not just the land. The defenders now struggled to station men where they were needed, especially along the structurally weaker sea walls.

15th Century CE Ottoman Canon

Time was running out for the city but, then, a reprieve came from an unexpected quarter. Back in Asia Minor, Mehmed faced several revolts as his subjects became unruly while their Sultan and his army were abroad. For this reason, Mehmed offered Constantine a deal: pay tribute and he would withdraw. The emperor refused, and Mehmed gave the news to his men that now, when the city fell, as surely it would, they could plunder whatever they wished from one of the richest cities in the world.
Mehmed launched a massive go-for-broke, throw-everything-at-them assault at dawn on 29 May. First to be sent in after the usual cannon barrage were the second-rate troops, then a second wave was launched with better-armed troops, and, finally, a third wave attacked the walls, this time composed of the Janissaries - the well-trained and highly determined elite of Mehmed's army. It was during this third wave that disaster struck the Byzantines who by now were forced to employ women and children to defend the walls. Some fool had left the small Kerkoporta gate in the Land Walls open and the Janissaries did not hesitate in using it. They climbed to the top of the wall and raised the Ottoman flag, then they worked their way around to the main gate and allowed their comrades to flood into the city.

Chaos now ensued with some of the defenders maintaining their discipline and meeting the enemy while others rushed back to their homes to defend their own families. It is at this point that Constantine was killed in the action, most likely near the Gate of St. Romanos, although, as he had discarded any indications of his status to avoid his body being used as a trophy, his demise is not known for certain. The emperor could have fled the city days before but he chose to stay with his people, and a legend soon grew up that he had not died at all but, instead, he had been magically encased in marble and buried beneath the city which he would, one day, return to rule again.
Meanwhile, the rape, pillage, and destruction began. Many of the city’s inhabitants committed suicide rather than be subject to the horrors of capture and slavery. Perhaps 4,000 were killed outright, and over 50,000 were shipped off as slaves. Many sought refuge in churches and barricaded themselves in, including inside the Hagia Sophia, but these were obvious targets for their treasures, and after they were looted for their gems and precious metals, the buildings and their priceless icons were smashed, the cowering captives butchered. Uncountable art treasures were lost, books were burned, and anything with a Christian message was hacked to pieces, including frescoes and mosaics.

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople

In the afternoon, Mehmed entered the city himself, called an end to the pillaging and declared that the Hagia Sophia church be immediately converted into a mosque. It was a powerful statement that the city’s role as a bastion of Christianity for twelve centuries was now over. Mehmed then rounded up the most important survivors from the city’s nobility and executed them.

Constantinople was made the new Ottoman capital, the massive Golden Gate of the Theodosian Walls was made part of the castle treasury of Mehmed, while the Christian community was permitted to survive, guided by the bishop Gennadeios II. What was left of the old Byzantine empire was absorbed into Ottoman territory following the conquest of Mistra in 1460 CE and Trebizond in 1461 CE. Meanwhile, Mehmed, aged only 21 and now known as "the Conqueror", settled in for a long reign and another 28 years as Sultan. Byzantine culture would survive, especially in the arts and architecture, but the fall of Constantinople was, nevertheless, a momentous episode of world history, the end of the old Roman Empire and the last surviving link between the medieval and ancient worlds. As the historian J. J. Norwich notes,

That is why five and a half centuries later, throughout the Greek world, Tuesday is still believed to be the unluckiest day of the week; why the Turkish flag still depicts not a crescent but a waning moon, reminding us that the moon was in its last quarter when Constantinople finally fell. (383)
Article based on information obtained from these sources:
with permission from the Website Ancient History Encyclopedia

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Situation in Crimea looks ominous, three scenarios possible, - The Guardian

President Vladimir Putin of Russia may believe that the time is ripe for another invasion.

Censor.NET reports citing the article by Luke Harding for The Guardian.

" The situation in Crimea looks ominous. Russia's FSB spy agency said on Wednesday that it had foiled a series of attacks by armed Ukrainians on the peninsula. Minutes later, Vladimir Putin accused Kyiv's pro-western government of choosing terror over peace. Meanwhile, largely unnoticed by the outside world, Russia has been stealthily shipping military vehicles to Crimea, which Putin annexed in the spring of 2014, " the article reads.

Read more: Poroshenko instructs to bring all units at border with Crimea and demarcation line in Donbas on high alert

According to Luke Harding, another military offensive seems distinctly possible as previous invasions have coincided with Olympic Games, a time when the international community is distracted or on holiday - Georgia in 2008 after Beijing, and Ukraine in 2014 (after the Winter Games in Sochi).

There are other propitious circumstances this summer. The presidential election is paralyzing the U.S., and the Republican candidate, Donald Trump, has hinted that as president he might recognize Russia's annexation of Crimea. He seems uncertain as to where Ukraine actually is. Europe meanwhile is in disarray in the wake of the Brexit vote and an ongoing migration crisis.

The author of the article believes that there seem to be three possible scenarios. One is that Putin will try to leverage this latest crisis to persuade EU countries to drop the sanctions imposed over the Ukraine conflict. Another is that he is preparing a limited military incursion, possibly to set up a security corridor, which doubtless would include the electricity station in the nearby Ukrainian city of Kherson. A third is that he is planning something bigger.

A land corridor would certainly be an attractive solution to Crimea's current woes, and would at a stroke solve Russia's short and long-term infrastructure problems. There would be political dividends too. From the Kremlin's point of view, a further Ukraine adventure would conclusively demonstrate the west's weakness and incapacity.

At a time when U.S. swimmers are openly taunting their Russian rivals in the pool, it would also be payback for the doping scandal and international attempts to ban Russian athletes from the Olympics. The WADA report on Russian state-sponsored doping has been presented inside Russia as a western conspiracy. Putin may be showing who is boss.

Источник: https://en.censor.net.ua/n401365


Lost Continent

5 books in series
4.5 out of 5 stars 13 ratings

The Charmed Sphere Summary

Once Chime had been the most promising mage in the land, feted and celebrated for her potential and future role in the kingdom. Then Iris, her young competitor, made a stunning leap in skill and turned Chime's world upside down. Now no longer the most powerful, no longer promised to a prince - and still unable to harness her magic properly - Chime was set adrift. As was the new king's cousin - and former heir - Lord Muller. Yet when the neighboring kingdom threatened war, Muller and Chime were tasked with uncovering the plot. Both were flawed, yet unwilling to accept a lesser destiny than they had once known. Could this quest be the opportunity for redemption - or would it lead them to their deaths?
Award-winner Catherine Asaro, author of The Skolian Empire, creates her first full-length fantasy novel in a world rich with magic and power. Fans who caught a glimpse of the kingdom of Aronsdale in "Moonglow" from the Charmed Destinies collection are delighted with the result!
©2004 Catherine Asaro (P)2012 Audible, Inc.
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