On January 2, 2017, I read an article by Christopher McLaverty and Annie McKee titled What You Can Do to Improve Ethics at Your Company(link is external) that was published in the Harvard Business Review on December 29, 2016.

The article is based in large part on a study by McLaverty(link is external) "of C-suite executives from India, Colombia, Saudi Arabia, the U.S., and the U.K., many of us face an endless stream of ethical dilemmas at work."

The article states in pertinent part as follows:

"According to the study, the most useful resource that leaders have when faced with an ethical dilemma is their own personal network. This provides an informal sounding board and can highlight options and choices that the leader may not have considered. When making ethical decisions, it’s important to recognize that your way isn’t the only way, and that even mandated choices will have consequences that you must deal with.

The challenge is that most leaders have networks full of people who think and act like them and many fail to seek out diverse opinions, especially in highly charged situations. Instead, they hunker down with people who have similar beliefs and values. This can lead to particularly dire consequences in cross-cultural environments.

To overcome this, you need another core emotional intelligencecompetency, empathy, which allows you to learn how to read others and truly understand what matters to them and what they care about. This will, in turn, help you connect with people and gather their thoughts, opinions, and help when you need them."

Empathy toward "others" is strongly associated with ethics.

In fact, consider the following excerpt from an article titled Empathy and Sympathy in Ethics(link is external) that was published in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

"The intentional analysis of empathy is directly relevant to the constitution of the social community in a broad, normative relationship with the 'Other....'

The psychoanalyst Heinz Kohut defines empathy as the primary method of data gathering about other human beings in the discipline of psychoanalysis.  Thus, Kohut writes: 'Empathy does indeed in essence define the field of our observations' (1977: 306)….. Tactically, empathy is a method of data gathering about what is going on with the other person, and without empathy one’s appreciation of the other is incomplete…. Empathy is the oxygen breathing life into the relationship between individual and other, a metaphor introduced by Heinz Kohut (1977) without, however, Kohut extending it to the ethical dimension. In the contemporary Continental tradition, such an extension of empathy is left to Larry Hatab and John Riker, who note that empathy is a primal existential condition that makes ethical life possible (Hatab 2000; Riker 2010)….

It is important to note [that The Holocaust] was accompanied by and included the extrajudicial killing of other 'life unworthy of life' such as the mentally ill and retarded, gypsies, gays, communists, uncooperative members of other religious and political parties. However, the racial laws and anti-Semitic ideology that specifically preceded the event, targeting Jewish people, make it their Holocaust in a special and unhappy way….

It is the killing, not the lack of empathy that represents the moral problem.

What made it easier for the soldiers to do their 'duty' – commit murder (genocide) – was the manipulation by the leaders to deflect the individual soldier’s natural empathy for the prisoner and to increase the soldier’s empathy for himself, deflecting the natural trajectory towards the other….

According to social science researcher Brene' Brown empathy toward "others" is a skill set and that the core of empathy is perspective taking.  She also says that perspective taking is normally taught or modeled by parents. The more your perspective is in line with the dominant culture, the less you were probably taught about perspective taking. In the United States, the majority culture is white, Judeo-Christian, middle class, educated, and straight.

This is entirely consistent with the loss of perspective by powerful negotiators, as was explained in an article titled Power in Negotiation: The Impact on Negotiators and the Negotiation Process that was recently published by Harvard Law School's Program on Negotiation.

Furthermore, fear leads to a reduction in empathy.

As William Booth stated in his article titled America's Racial and Ethnic Divides: One Nation, Indivisible: Is It History?(link is external)"Fear of strangers, of course, is nothing new in American history. The last great immigration wave produced a bitter backlash, epitomized by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the return, in the 1920s, of the Ku Klux Klan, which not only targeted blacks, but Catholics, Jews and immigrants as well.”

That quote and a great many others pertaining to the harm caused to freedom and democracy as a result of fear were included in my article Shameful U.S. History Repeating Itself(link is external). Among those quoted were Ronald Reagan, Al Gore, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, and Edward R. Murrow


When you are trying to make sense of a passage of Scripture – that is, a full scene or paragraph – you often need to decide between two competing interpretations. The following are notes from a lecture I give on how to deal with interpretational problems.

Identify potential ambiguities in the text.*

The first step is to notice when there might be more than one way to interpret some facet of the passage. If you don’t know there is some ambiguity or difficulty, you will just assume one of the possible interpretations without even being aware that you made a decision. Some interpretational problems are obvious on first reading. Others may arise as you read several different Bible translations, talk with others about the passage or read different commentaries on the passage.

What is the significance of the problem?

How will your decision on this interpretational problem affect your interpretation of the whole paragraph or larger literary unit? Is this interpretational problem central to the meaning of the text, or is it peripheral? Is the difficulty actually within the text, or is it a problem of harmonizing with other passages, with science or with history?

Consider biases that may make you lean toward one solution.

Check yourself to see if you are actually following the evidence, or if you are allowing one of these biases to control your decision.

One solution may seem to be a better fit to your theology. But consider the following before you bend an interpretation of a passage to match your theology: a) Your theology may need reshaping or nuancing; b) It’s possible that both interpretations of the passage ultimately fit with your theology, after careful consideration; c) It’s possible that the passage is not really concerned with the theological issue you are thinking about; d) Interpretation should drive theology, not vice versa.

Church Tradition

There may be a standard interpretation of a passage that circulates in your tradition or group of churches. See above!

One solution to the interpretational problem may preach better, or make a better slogan. That doesn’t mean it is right! The right solution isn’t necessarily the flashy one. Be aware of your tendency to favor interpretational solutions that are least offensive, most edgy, most against the conventional wisdom, most popular, coolest, etc.

Personal Hobbyhorse

We are often tempted to pick the solution that allows us to divert the passage toward one of our favorite topics. Don’t do it!

Mediating Position

A common tendency is to want both competing interpretations to be correct, so we may favor a mediating position. Don’t pick the middle position just because it’s middle. The mediating position is not necessarily better than either of the two opposing positions.

Avoid automatically categorizing interpretational options into liberal vs. conservative, or Calvinist vs. Arminian, or any number of other categories. Such categories may keep you from considering each option on its own merits.

Personal Background

Your own personal background (socio-economic class, race, culture) may affect the interpretational choices you make. It’s true that some people overstate the influence of such factors, but we should also avoid understating them.

What sort of evidence will help solve the problem?

Literary Context

The best interpretation is the one that makes the best sense in the paragraph and the whole book (but “best” is tricky…)

Historical or Cultural Context

The best interpretation is sometimes the one that makes the best use of historical / cultural elements. Good historical / cultural arguments are based on historical data that can reliably be demonstrated to be true (i.e., based on ancient sources), and was likely to have been known by ancient readers. Good historical / cultural analysis considers whether the passage is presuming, enforcing, or countering ancient cultural standards or beliefs.

Word Studies

The problem may hinge on the meaning of a Greek or Hebrew word. In this case, the best interpretation is the one that a) relies on meanings that can be found in authoritative Greek or Hebrew dictionaries (not Strong’s!); b) considers the usage of the word in the same book first, then its usage in other books from the same author, then by other authors; and c) doesn’t rely on word-study fallacies. (Word-study fallacies include deriving the meaning of a word from its component syllables, using meanings from a much earlier or much later time, insisting on sharp or precise differences between synonyms, and deriving the meaning of Greek words from their related English words).

The problem may hinge on a particular feature of Greek or Hebrew grammar. This can be difficult to evaluate unless you have studied the language for at least two or three years. The best grammar solutions are those that are based on established grammatical principles found in standard Greek or Hebrew grammar texts. Good grammar solutions are also nuanced enough to recognize that there are exceptions and variations to grammatical rules. Avoid making sweeping interpretational decisions solely on the basis of flexible grammatical categories such as the meanings of prepositions or noun cases.

See what the experts think.

Consult several sources, including some from scholars of different backgrounds. Observe how they weigh the different kinds of evidence. Does everyone dismiss one or more of the interpretations? Why?

Teaching or preaching a text that has an interpretational problem.

Focus most of your teaching on the main idea of the passage (the whole paragraph), not on any interpretational problems. The most difficult problem in a paragraph is not necessarily the most important aspect of that paragraph. Decide whether (and how much) you need to explain the problem, its various solutions, or the evidence. I am more likely to explain the problem, or spend significant time on it, if: a) the main point of the paragraph (and therefore the sermon) hinges heavily on the solution to the interpretational problem; b) I am presenting a view that the audience is unfamiliar with or that they are likely to reject; or c) the problem is apparent because it shows up in differences among standard Bible translations.

*Thanks to Alan Hultberg for this way of phrasing this step.


과학창의재단 이사장 안성진

For over half a century, KOFAC has spread the seeds of science and has harvested the fruits of creative convergence education, building the cultural foundation for creativity and imagination to manifest.
KOFAC has promoted various projects for spreading existing science culture and for fostering creative and passionate convergent human resources, contributing to national development.

Utilizing our 50th Anniversary as an opportunity, we aim to reinforce our expertise and role in society, advancing forward for another 50 years and a new century.

In step with the changing environment, we will promote national consensus on science and technology, spread science culture that will lead to growth in the industry, and lay the groundwork for cultivating creative human resources leading to a future knowledge-based society.

We will also play a key role in reading the current trends of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, leading change and creating new values. KOFAC endeavors to lead the nation into a scientifically advanced future.

Thank you.

December 2018

President Seongjin Ahn


Cafe in Mancos

This friendly, upscale cafe is the spot to hit for a glass of wine and cheese boards with fig jam. Highlights include deviled eggs, and light items like watermelon salad, and local lettuce served with shaved fennel, cherries and aged balsamic. In addition to being pretty original, they also cater well to vegan and gluten-free diets.


How Society Grew Cold. Dependence on Cold Institutions
By Joe Jarvis - September 02, 2017

The downfall of freedom and happiness: dependence on institutions out of your control.

I’ve always blamed the government.

Governments start the wars, carry out the genocides, steal from the people. Governments lay the foundation of an unjust society, by creating a hierarchy from the beginning. Some make the laws, and some must live by them.

But the government is only half of the picture.

I always trusted in the power of the free market.

The free market is the true democracy which responds to the people. It is controlled by demand and quelled by consumer pressures. Economic self-interest ensures a proper check on the wealthy from becoming too evil.

But there is no free market on a macro level. There is only the collusion of the government and industry.

They have positioned themselves as the mother and the father of society. How? By destroying the institutions which once stood in their place.

The Marriage of Government and Industry

In his book Sapiens, Yuval Noah Harari describes a human transition. Populations went from farming societies inherently based on the sun and seasons, to industrial societies of assembly lines and time tables.

This caused many upheavals. Warm organic institutions–like family and community–were replaced by cold calculated ones–like factories and welfare. “Most of the traditional functions of families and communities were handed over to states and markets.”

Of course, this meant dependence on government and industry for survival. The roles of family and community had been outsourced. Now the government would take care of you, and industry would sell you fulfillment. All the structures humans evolved with quickly melted away, or became diluted.

On a small scale level like that, people were held accountable when they leached off the system. Families and communities were also the enforcement structure of this social insurance. Gossip was an important function of accountability. You can bet people talked if someone balked at their duties. The next time they needed something, they might find themselves in a bind.

But in addition to the obvious replacements like police, welfare, and corporate jobs, there was the matter of replacing the emotional aspects family provided. Governments and industry teamed up to give us a solution.

Markets and states do so by fostering ‘imagined communities’ that contain millions of strangers, and which are tailored to national and commercial needs. An imagined community is a community of people who don’t really know each other, but imagine that they do. Such communities are not a novel invention. Kingdoms, empires and churches functioned for millennia as imagined communities…

The two most important examples for the rise of such imagined communities are the nation and the consumer tribe. The nation is the imagined community of the state. The consumer tribe is the imagined community of the market. Both are imagined communities because it is impossible for all customers in a market or for all members of a nation really to know one another the way villagers knew one another in the past…

Consumerism and nationalism work extra hours to make us imagine that millions of strangers belong to the same community as ourselves, that we all have a common past, common interests and a common future. This isn’t a lie. It’s imagination. Like money, limited liability companies and human rights, nations and consumer tribes are inter-subjective realities. They exist only in our collective imagination, yet their power is immense. As long as millions of Germans believe in the existence of a German nation, get excited at the sight of German national symbols, retell German national myths, and are willing to sacrifice money, time and limbs for the German nation, Germany will remain one of the strongest powers in the world.

But we can keep what we like about government and markets, and do away with what we don’t. We can form new “tribes” that give us actual mutual aid which communities once gave. We can move to or create villages that match our needs and desires.

That way, we interact with warm institutions. Structures we are a part of and can influence. They are made up of people we know, and have real relationships with.

The government gives us imagined communities in order to control us. Nationalism makes sure we are ready to fight the next war, providing bodies and wealth to fuel political ambitions.

The market gives us imagined communities as a way to sell to us. Apple users are part of an exclusive club that signal they are wealthy and hip. Doesn’t that make you feel fulfilled?

But what about a community of people who are all passionate about farming, making their own products, and trading goods and labor? We can keep our smart phones and internet access, just like 10% of the village economies of the past relied on outside merchants. But when it comes to our water, electricity, food, hygiene products, and even entertainment, it is already quite easy to provide all that on a community level.

Now that the world has been so voluntarily centralized by the internet, we can decentralize in ways that benefit us. We can create little communities without becoming hermits. We will be free to come or go as we please, no forced labor, false choices, or communist utopia. Just voluntary groups who offer warm alternatives to dictatorial and industrial institutions.

I don’t want my barber to remove my appendix when I get appendicitis. But I wouldn’t at all mind my neighbor providing my children’s education, with the help of the countless resources on the internet.

We are now in a position to meld the best of both worlds. We can reach back and choose what was great about pre-modern community governing structures. And we can hold onto the technology and civilization that we like in today’s world.

Society is like a pendulum which swings from one extreme to another. But each sway loses some energy and brings us closer to equilibrium.

The advance of industry gave mankind countless benefits. But at some point, it went too far. We need to learn how to reintegrate warm institutions into our lives, without doing away with the benefits that large scale industry has provided.

In a sense, humanity was once so dependent on small scale warm institutions that we stagnated, and could not advance. People suffocated as the pendulum stopped and reversed.

Once we finally did break free, we lost all touch with warm institutions. Cold institutions replaced the family, and now many feel alienated and depressed.

Can we find an equilibrium? Can we meld markets and governance into family and community life in a way that both frees us from the tyranny of government and corporations, but allows us to remain free individuals?

The Pendulum is Ready to Swing Back

Radical experimentation in governance is required to heal society and correct the trajectory. Stagnation is the best we can hope for with the current model of government and corporate collusion.

We need to restore the community structures of the past. We cannot simply do away with institutions people rely on and expect no turmoil. Rather, a model of a better society needs to be created.

This is why the next movement that will drastically improve civilization will be a period of decentralization of institutions, marked by voluntary association.

Identify. Plan. Execute.

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Inflation Targeting in Brazil

The National Monetary Council (CMN) has decided today (6/26) to keep the inflation target for 2009 in Brazil at the current level, 4.5% +/- 2.0%. This target is at the upper extreme of inflation targeters, even emerging market ones. As the Table shows, the current inflation forecasts for the next 2 1/2 years are below 4%.

image0025.gifTherefore, the most likely outcome of the recently announced target will be to raise inflation expectations. Given that the Expectations Augmented Phillips curve prescribes that higher inflation expectations will raise actual inflation, ceteris paribus, it follows that for any given actual inflation achieved, the Central Bank will have to set higher interest rates than it otherwise would. In other words, today´s decision will make harder, not easier, for the Central Bank to keep lowering interest rates. This point seems to have been missed in the discussion.

The statements after the decision made the whole story worse. The Finance Minister, who wanted the 4.5%, declared that the decision was taken to provide more flexibility to monetary policy, but that the objective is to keep inflation expectations as they are, below the target. The Central Bank governor, who wanted the 4.0%, said that the decision does not imply that the Central Bank will try to make inflation converge to 4.5%, and that the current inflation expectations should be maintained.

Both remarks highlight that it was a split decision, and that the inflation target regime in Brazil may be losing something that the Central Bank achieved at a very high cost, the very credibility of the inflation target. What is the point to announce a target that will not be pursued?

Economic policy stance has been deteriorating steadily in Brazil since 2006. Today´s decision just strengthens this unfortunate trend. Someday, markets may notice.

5 Responses to "Inflation Targeting in Brazil"

  1. Anonymous   June 26, 2007 at 2:26 pm

    Who sets the inflation target in Brazil? The central bank or the Finance Ministry? If the central bank is truly independent the target should be set by the central bank. But in any democratic regime some political determination of the inflation target should also be part of the process. But in this case the political preferences seem to clash with those of the central bank. How to resolve such a conflict? To provide the central bank with target independence too?

  2. Tom Trebat   June 26, 2007 at 9:06 pm

    The apparent rift between the Central Bank and the Finance Ministry over the decision of the National Monetary Council is indeed puzzling. Granted we are talking about the inflation target for 2009, still the awkward communication today reveals the persistence of structuralist thinking in Brazil long after everyone thought that the so-called neoliberal paradigm had won out. The Finance Minister, probably reflecting political pressures from the PT and its allies to get tough with the Central Bank, argues implicitly that some sort of tradeoff exists between the rate of growth in the long-run and the rate of inflation, i.e., more inflation means more growth because the Central Bank need not be as aggressive in lowering interest rates. This was the dominant mode of thought in Brazil in the 1960s. It is still a cherished tenet, it would appear, of the populist left in Brazil which deeply distrusts the Central Bank. I think all that this reveals is that many points of view about inflation and growth co-exist in Brazil. Today’s decision to set the inflation target at 4.5% (rather than 4% as the Central Bank would have preferred) could also be seen as the democratic process at work, messy as that may be. I do not think it is a significant setback for the policy stance in Brazil.

  3. Christopher Neilson   June 27, 2007 at 11:15 am

    IN my view, the problem has more to do with fact the central bank of Brazil will be targeting something other than the target than the fact it cannot pick its target on its own. Inflation targeting as a framework for monetary policy needs independence in implementation, not necessarily in setting objectives. So the damage being done to credibility is directly associated to the governors remarks and not so much the fact the target was not lowered.  In any case another relevant variable for “flexibility in implementation” (which was not mentioned above) is the policy horizon which is one year in Brasil and the lowest amongst developing economies. This is relevant as DeGregorio (2007) shows, since the time horizon reflects that fact that the objective function of the central bank values both price and output stability. In particular, a direct relationship also exists between the policy horizon and tolerance of inflation deviations from the target, on one hand, and the importance attributed by the authorities to deviations from full-employment output, on the other. The more inflation averse the policymaker, the shorter the policy horizon and the less volatility in inflation will be tolerated.  In that sense, an alternative which might have been a win win situation would have been for Finance Ministry to have pushed for a longer horizon (say two years as in Chile) and let the CB lower the target in line with current expectations.

  4. Italo Lombardi   July 3, 2007 at 9:43 am

    Transparency is key on an Inflation-targeting regime. The disagreement between the finance ministry and the BCB not only increased the uncertainty on the real target but it was also responsible for derailing the BCB from setting a lower target (4.0% or less) crucial for the consolidation of the credibility and the inflation-target regime. Indeed, very disappointing …

  5. jseabold   December 6, 2007 at 6:11 pm

    Does the Central Bank of Brazil target inflation as measured by the CPI? I thought they used the IPCA.


Look both ways

A look back and forward at the same time.

The solstice was yesterday (June 21), and I am always fascinated by this day. Celebrations near and far still do happen-fires, harvest, and sun worshipers collide.

On the solstice, we are given a reminder to ‘honor’ ancient wisdom and traditions, to celebrate the summer with its abundance of light, warmth, and agricultural bounties. Overall we are much less conscious of the joy of the solstice and its celebrations, festivals, and rituals than days gone by. Our ‘modern’ world does still mark the solstice, and most of us somehow connect (somewhere in the recesses of our brain) that it is a day of celebrating new beginnings.

The simple ‘facts’ of the Solstice are that it is the day sun reaches it’s highest point in the sky all year, “the tilt of Earth’s axis is most inclined towards the sun directly above the Tropic of Cancer.” (http://time.com/5314789/summer-solstice-facts) and so it is one the longest day of the year. It marks the beginning of summer. One of the most well-known celebrations of the summer solstice is at the Neolithic monument of Stonehedge: with many of the theories of this magical prehistoric structure stating it was built to align with the sun. In doing a little research about Stonehedge, I learned a few new things that historians and archeologists are saying about this masterpiece: It took 1,500 years to erect, it is roughly 100 stones, it was possibly a burial ground, some stones are local to the nearby quarries, and yet other stones of the inner ring seem to trace to the Preseli Hills in Wales- some 200 miles away. WOW!  (BTW- want some interesting reading on Stonehedge? click.)

Icarus drawingOn this day I always tend to think of the Mythological story of Icarus, because of the sun. It’s a story of hope, and creative imagination at the beginning, unfortunately, turning into sorrow. Somehow this small Greek Myth has always stayed with me, and although it is kind of sad, I have always liked this myth. I think it’s the soaring free, the wings, flying above it all, the innovation of Daedalus and the spirit of Icarus,  that makes me admire this myth. So, on these summer days, where now, unfortunately, the days are getting shorter, there is still a joy and lightness of summer. Right now the day light is approximately five and half hours longer than that opposite day (i.e the winter solstice) and I’ll take it! Hopefully, we all get some soaring time this summer-with projects, friends, families, maybe some journeys, and always some paths with their twists and turns. With a little luck, your melting will be minimum!

The myth of Icarus:

“Icarus was the son of the famous craftsman Daedalus in Greek mythology. His father was the creator of the Labyrinth, a huge maze located under the court of King Minos of Crete, where the Minotaur, a half-man half-bull creature lived. In order for the secret of the Labyrinth to be kept, Minos had then imprisoned Daedalus and Icarus in a tower above his palace. Daedalus managed to create two sets of wings for himself and his son, that were made of feathers glued together with wax. He taught Icarus how to fly and warned him not to fly too high, which would cause the wax to melt, nor too low, which would cause the feathers to get wet with sea water. Together, they flew out of the tower towards freedom. However, Icarus soon forgot his father’s warnings, and started flying higher and higher, until the wax started melting under the scorching sun. His wings dissolved and he fell into the sea and drowned. The area of the sea where he fell took the name Icarian Sea after him, while a nearby island was named Icaria.”

Search, Seek, and hopefully find.

path in a clearing
Lots of options – many paths.

The piece is written by: BY MADISYN TAYLOR

Empowered Storytelling

It’s spring time-Use your noggin!

Engaging your brain in new tasks is a key to boosting brain performance, or at least that is what the website of “Brain World Magazine” says. I will summarize the webpage here to get to my point: Most fabulous inventions happened when someone asked themselves- Is it possible and how can I do it? When you ask the hard questions, you expand your brain. This makes sense for it forces you to think and problem solve. As healthy humans, we WANT to discover-to search for new. This process keeps our brains active and functioning. “True creativity comes from an integrated brain that establishes new, robust connections between the parts of your brain dealing with cognition, emotion, vital functions, and crosstalk between the two hemispheres of your brain.”  ( http://brainworldmagazine.com/ask-brain-spring-creativity-within/)  My thoughts today are about creativity.

Think about a snake, a crab, a caterpillar. They all shed one skin and start anew. If we don’t keep trying to rejuvenate ourselves, we too can get stuck in our old skin. It’s SPRING, the season of renew-Go For It! The transformations we create and abide by change with the times and what is going on within ourselves. It is this pursuit of transformations, this metamorphosis, that forms the very base of the process of LETTING GO!  I believe this shedding is the core of what I will call creative imagination. My imagination most often happens when I just “DO”, when I don’t worry too much about what I may be creating.  I might not know “the hard question” and that’s ok. My brain is stretched by the creative process regardless of a conscious question. The process relaxes me and lets the questions flow. Right now I am working on an array of new projects. That alone is maxing out part of my mind. Creativity churns and keeps my imagination going full steam. (Or would it be imagination churns and keeps the creativity going?) It’s hard to dial my brain down and do things like sleep sometimes.  One project is my third children’s book which is indeed about imagination. I am struggling with a cover design. Resisting the usual exploding of things from a cloud, or a head, is difficult. Colors are about the only thing I have come up with. I might resort to the ‘norm.” After all, it is tried and true- but, it doesn’t feel very creative or imaginative.

So far I have a line drawing of a book open and exploding colors.
I like the “look,” but it does it say – “Hey this story is about the main character, our friend Fuddles, who has lost his imagination and then it’s found! Ideas?

Possible book 3 cover
Possible book 3 cover

Serendipity, the menace of planning?

It a zoo of a world out there – pick your animal and go!

It’s a mishmash, a little of this and a little of that. However, that is kind of what it feels like these days.  There’s drawing, there’s writing, there’s the Beasties, the books, this website: All have components/efforts “out there” in the fields of hope and hard work ….and and and… We all know the feeling. A bit overwhelming. Creatures are expanding and appearing all over the place! So I created the above piece to try to visually express the chaos and the excitement of some of the pieces trying to at least get into the same frame!

We make plans; we use planers-we set out with the BEST OF INTENTIONS! Then-poof-Serendipity happens and our best-made plans at times go kaput. Is that good? Is that bad? Does it matter?  Interestingly enough – the origin of the word  Kaputt is German and means something is destroyed.  The origin of the German is borrowing from the French: être capot, literally ‘to be bonnet’ or figuratively ‘to be defeated’. (At least according to Wikipedia.) Here, in English, it means done, broken, useless, and most probably destroyed. So even the word has serendipity in its flow and the roots of languages.  The paths we take, the roads we follow-they fork and they zigzag; that’s all part of the journey, the fun (hopefully), and ultimately is our individual ‘walk of life.’ The directions may seem obscure at times, but somehow things usually seem to work out.  So if your resolutions have already been ‘adjusted’, unknown/uncharted paths have already opened, new ideas are forming, new friendships are building, and new adventures await you-try to stay open to the possibility that serendipity keeps it all just that much more interesting! Try it out-for really, what have you got to lose?


Encyclopedia Article

The hippie movement emerged from the tumultuous 1960s in North America and Western Europe. Hippies were often teenagers, college students, or young adults that were either of the baby boomer generation or that generations' subsequent offspring. Hippies possessed a core set of beliefs that revolved around the values of peace, love, and respect for nature as being essential in an increasingly globalized, technological, and violent society. Hippies were often associated with non-violent demonstrations and were especially visible in the U.S. during the Vietnam War era, when they organized countless anti-war marches throughout the country. Hippies sometimes formed communes, choosing to live in rural settings, away from urban environments. Hippies were also considered non-conformists, critical of and often rejecting the constrictive dogmas of the status quo, including mainstream disapproval of recreational drug usage. There is a stigma of drug abuse attached to the movement that is prevalent to this day, specifically the use and abuse of marijuana and hallucinogens.

Photo Credit:

"Iconic photo of a female demonstrator offering a flower to a Military Police officer during an anti-war protest, October 21, 1967." by Department of Defense.

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Celebrations of 220th anniversary of Kuban capital was finished with 6 hours concert program on the main square of Krasnodar. Alexander Tkachev and Vladimir Evlanov congratulated Krasnodar citizens with jubilee of regional center.

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ventricular tachycardia

(redirected from Tachycardia, ventricular)

Ventricular Tachycardia

Causes and symptoms

Diagnosis is easily made with an electrocardiogram.

Key terms

Atrial — Having to do with the upper chambers of the heart.
Cardiomyopathy — A disease of the heart muscle.
Cardioversion — A electrical shock delivered to the heart to restore a normal rhythm.
Coronary artery — The artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle itself.
Electrocardiogram — A visual representation of the heart beat.
Fibrillation — Rapid, uncoordinated, quivering of the heart.
Palpitations — Uncomfortable feeling of the heart beat in the chest.
Valvular — Having to do with the valves inside the heart.

paroxysmal tachycardia rapid heart action that starts and stops abruptly.
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
supraventricular tachycardia a combination of junctional tachycardia and atrial tachycardia.

ven·tric·u·lar tach·y·car·di·a

paroxysmal tachycardia originating in an ectopic focus in the ventricle.
See also: torsade de pointes.

ventricular tachycardia

tachycardia of at least three consecutive ventricular complexes with a rate greater than 100 beats/min. It usually originates in a focus distal to the branching of the atrioventricular bundle.

ventricular tachycardia

V tach, wide-complex tachycardia Cardiology A common, potentially life threatening abnormal rapid–160–240 beats/minheart beat initiated in the ventricles, characterized by 3 or more consecutive premature ventricular beats; VT may compromise systemic pumping of blood Triggers Spontaneous, post-acute MI, cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, post-heart surgery, antiarrhythmics, ↓ potassium, pH–acid-base changes, ↓ O2 Types Nonsustained–eg, lasting < 30 secs, sustained, > 30 secs. See Torsade de pointes.

ven·tric·u·lar tach·y·car·di·a

(ven-trik'yū-lăr tak'i-kahr'dē-ă)
A heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute driven by an ectopic ventricular focus.

ventricular tachycardia

A dangerous disorder of heart rhythm in which the contraction of the lower main pumping chambers is initiated from uncontrolled electrical impulses arising in the ventricles instead of in the SINOATRIAL NODE. The heart rate is abnormally fast-between 140 and 220 beats per minute and this may persist for hours or days and progress to severe HEART FAILURE and death. Treatment is by the use of drugs such as lignocaine (lidocaine) to regulate the rate or by electrical DEFIBRILLATION.

ventricular tachycardia

severe and marked rapidity of ventricular heart beats (i.e. pulse rate 120-230 beats/minute); patient is ill (showing severe hypotension and poor tissue perfusion due to associated coronary heart disease/cardiomyopathy); requires emergency treatment with high-dose lidocaine and electrical cardioversion

abnormally rapid heart rate.

atrial tachycardia
rapid contraction of the atrium arising from an ectopic focus in the atrium. The heart rate remains normal.
ectopic tachycardia
idioventricular tachycardia
one occurring as a compensation for a sinus bradycardia and A-V block.
junctional tachycardia
that arising in response to impulses originating in the atrioventricular junction, i.e. the atrioventricular node.
orthostatic tachycardia
disproportionate rapidity of the heart rate on arising from a recumbent to a standing position.
paroxysmal tachycardia
episodes of an abrupt and marked increase in heart rate in a resting patient, with an equally sudden return to normal.
sinus tachycardia, simple tachycardia
an increase in heart rate from heightened activity of the sinoatrial node, such as occurs with excitement or pain.
Enlarge picture
Sinus tachycardia in a dog.By permission from Ettinger SJ, Feldman E, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Saunders, 2004
supraventricular tachycardia
a combination of junctional tachycardia and atrial tachycardia.
ventricular tachycardia
see ventricular tachycardia.

pertaining to a ventricle.

ventricular assist device
a circulatory support device consisting of a pump with afferent and efferent conduits attached to the left ventricular apex and the ascending aorta, respectively, each conduit containing a porcine valve to ensure unidirectional blood flow; the pump rests on the external chest wall and is connected to an external pneumatic power source and control circuit.
ventricular asystole
ventricular bands
folds of mucosa, parallel and craniolateral to the vocal cords. Called also false vocal cords, vestibular folds.
double right ventricular outlet
a cardiac anomaly rarely seen in animals in which both the aorta and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle and there is a defect in the ventricular septum.
excessive ventricular moderator bands
a rare syndrome of cardiomyopathy in cats caused by an excessive number of moderator bands in the left ventricle, extending from the papillary muscles to the ventricular septum.
ventricular extrasystoles
see ventricular extrasystole.
ventricular fibrillation
see ventricular fibrillation.
ventricular function curve
ventricular hypertrophy
see ventricular hypertrophy.
ventricular outflow obstruction
flow of blood from the ventricles is impaired by lesions or congenital abnormalities in the outflow tract. This is usually associated with hypertrophy of the ventricle and can be demonstrated with echocardiography or contract radiography. Left outflow obstruction occurs with stenosis and other anomalies of the aorta; right outflow obstruction occurs with pulmonic stenosis, pulmonic insufficiency, tetralogy of Fallot, and double-chambered right ventricle.
ventricular premature contraction (VPC)
see premature heartbeats.
ventricular rupture
due to focal weakness causes sudden death due to cardiac tamponade.
ventricular septal defect
a congenital heart defect in which there is persistent patency of the ventricular septum in either the muscular or fibrous portion most often due to failure of the bulbar septum to completely close the interventricular foramen. The defect permits flow of blood directly from one ventricle to the other, bypassing the pulmonary circulation and producing varying degrees of cyanosis because of oxygen deficiency. Its clinical characteristics also include a systolic murmur and a palpable thrill on both sides of the chest, dyspnea and poor exercise tolerance. The occurrence is sporadic except that it is inherited in goats and dogs.
ventricular septum
the muscular wall between the ventricles. A small section, between the aortic vestibule and the right atrium, is membranous. Failure of the septum to close completely during fetal growth causes a septal or subaortic defect.
ventricular shortening fraction
in echocardiography, the percentage change in diameter from diastole to systole. Calculated from the internal systolic and diastolic dimensions. It is a measure of mycocardial function.
ventricular slice method
a method for examination of fixed heart by cutting it into 0.5 inch thick slices, perpendicular to the plane of the ventricular septum, from apex to base. Useful in examination of myocardial lesions and cardiomyopathy.
ventricular tachycardia
is manifested by a high heart rate with or without arrhythmia. In both cases there is severe cardiac disease and often acute heart failure.
References in periodicals archive ?
This included bradycardia, tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and device malfunctions.
They cover the evaluation and management of bradycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, sudden cardiac death and cardiac arrest, and other problems; electrophysiology equipment and testing, the principles of mapping and ablation, indications for cardiac rhythm management devices, and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring; pacemakers and defibrillators; the approach to patients with wide complex tachycardia; antiarrhythmic medications; and channelopathies.
Determining the need to make the drug available to treat pediatric patients in Japan, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's Council for Pediatric Pharmacotherapy approved Tambocor as indicated for the treatment of tachyarrythmia (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/flutter, paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia) in pediatric patients in May 2010.
Ectopic rhythms due to re-entry or enhanced automaticity: atrial tachycardia with a block, junctional tachycardia, ventricular premature complexes, ventricular tachycardia.
Ventricular arrhythmias--Ventricular tachycardia, Ventricular flutter and Ventricular fibrillation.
These can be ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, an atrial arrhythmia, or asystole.
They describe how ions, channels and currents work, then move to the elctrophysiological effects of cardiac autonomic activity, the mechanisms of arrhythmia, sinus node dysfunction and AV blocks, supraventricular tachycardia, differential diagnosis of wide complex tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, sudden cardiac death and risk stratification, cardiac arrhythmia in patients with neuro-muscular disorders, syncope, pharmacologic therapy of arrhythmia, and electrical therapy for cardiac arrhythmia.
In the first series of experiments, intravenous ouabain continuous infusion resulted in disturbances of cardiac rhythm progressing from sinus arrhythmia, premature ventricular and supraventricular polytopic extrasystoles to ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest, in all control guinea-pigs.
They excluded patients who arrested in the operating room or neonatal intensive care unit; those who had an initial rhythm other than ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity, or asystole; those whose time to initial chest compressions exceeded 15 minutes; and those who received no chest compressions at all.
Serious cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, torsades de pointes, and Q-T prolongation have been reported in patients taking cisapride with other drugs that inhibit the cytochrome P450-3A4 hepatic enzyme.
The RhythmView system, including the RhythmView console and FIRMap[TM] catheter, is designed to improve patient outcomes by enabling electrophysiologists to view a dynamic representation of the electrical activity of the heart, supporting the diagnosis of and treatment planning for a variety of arrhythmias including atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation (AF).
announced today that the Company has submitted an application for approval of an additional indication of anti-arrhythmic agent Tambocor(R) 50mg Tablets and Tambocor(R) 100mg Tablets (generic name: flecainide acetate) for the treatment of tachyarrhythmia (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia) in paediatric patients in Japan.


The Language of Pop Culture – Should You Use Proper English Only?

Should we use street lingo in our writing or not? Is our use of fashionable vernacular simply lazy English or a case of reflecting reality and freeing expression from the constraints of grammar Nazi’s?

There are as ever, two sides to the argument for and against the use of improper English; slang, street words, internet chat and text speak abbreviations; r u mad 4 it? G8!

Here is a comment reproduced from JTony on Lorelle Van Fossen’s WordPress blogging blog:

“The tyrrany of language academicians is a constant thorn in the side of those who wish to communicate. Language is fluid, changing and evolving faster than any virus. Trying to keep language still is like trying to hold on to a single spot on a river… it cannot be done.The rule should be that if your intended audience can understand what you are writing, then you have accomplished what you need to. The only time you should avoid any form of “everyday speech” or “jargon” or anything else is if it is something your intended audience will not understand. It is all about the context of your readers, and nothing else applies.

As far as writing intended for a “general audience” how can it be that a general audience won’t understand “everyday speech”. It seems to me that the language that speaks to people is the language that they speak.”

JTony certainly seems to hit the nail on the head; language has, is and will continue to evolve over time but the comparison with a virus fails. A virus spreads uncontrollably with no thought or conscious whereas language evolves and spreads as directed by human need to communicate thoughts and desires to others.

The rule that what is written can be understood by your intended audience then you have succeeded, is a play on the lowest common denominator of an intended audience and an abdication of the ideal that our writing can in fact inspire and motivate readers to rise above that lowest common denominator. The rule can apply to sales copy and marketing work – I would agree that the lowest common denominator may apply in such cases but little else.

JTony’s admonition that we should avoid jargon and everyday speech only when the intended audience will not understand is weak. I agree that you can use language when it suits a purpose in delivering your message to a target readership, but it doesn’t follow that you should use it all the time.

I remember reading Kes at school, a novel filled with vernacular that had a proper place in the writing, but because we all know the f-word doesn’t mean I need you, as a writer, to use it in your work you’re preparing for me. I love fast cars and own several, but if you are tasked with writing sales copy for a new sportscar that was going to set me back£30k I wouldn’t be impressed with “It goes like shit off a shovel!”though that is how I may describe the beast to my friends.

JTony is correct when he writes that it is all about “context” but does nothing else apply?

That leaves me asking myself if my children are going to grow up to speak fluent toddler language because that was all they did understand at one point in their lives; they have improved their ability by learning to read and write beyond the confines of their context as young children. If you read this blog, are you reading it to stay within your context or are you looking to improve your skills as a writer of whatever description? Is my argument correct that when we seek to improve we are taking ourselves out of our normal context and shifting to a new one, so does it not follow that context is not the writing end in itself but inspiration, motivation, education and communication?

There is a place for using the vernacular whatever that may be at the time. I don’t agree it should be used all the time, irrespective of the intended audience or target market’s language use; that’s just anarchaic laziness. Over two years my writing has significantly improved, my target audience for my work has not changed particularly but my ability has. I deliver clearer copy, transmit my message with greater precision and clarity and have learned various writing techniques to help me with creating work but none of it has been without the cost of learning some rules.

This is my personal view; th rule shld b tht u shld tak sum time 2 lern wht th rules r b4 u break thm.


Sus scrofa

Sus scrofa

Body length 120 cm; tail length 20 cm; weight up to 120 kg. Usually black, but any colour is possible. Old males have thickened shoulders and well-developed, coarse, erectile manes.

Habitat and Range:

Rainforest to mangroves, throughout most non-urban habitats covered by the limits of this book. Also watercourses and floodplains throughout mainland Australia. Practically worldwide.

In hot weather usually found within 2 km of water. Eats almost anything from grass, roots, fruit and insects to eggs, reptiles, mammals and carrion. Environmentally destructive and a reservoir of Ross River fever.

Mud wallows; freshly ‘ploughed’ ground; igloo-like farrowing nests made of grass and other vegetation.


Demon Hunter - starting questline

Sargeras safeguarded his keystone on this particular fragment. It´s a “skeleton key”, allowing access to any Legion world. It´s also the key to Illidan´s plan for the Legion destruction.

Illidan wants Sargeras´s keystone, which is the crux of Illidans plan to defeat the Burning Legion.

Illidan has placed you in charge to travel to Mardum, and retrieve the Sargeras´s keystone.

Your task is to activate 3 gateways so that Illidan´s forces (Ashtongue,  Coilskar Nagas and Shivarra demonesses ) can enter Mardum and help you retrieve the keystone. Even thou Black Temple is under attack during this stage, you have been chosen for the task, the greater “good”.

At the beginning of the questline you will achieve the awesome Demon Hunter mount, Felsaber.

After retrieving the keystone

You and other Demon Hunters have been captured, after your return and imprisoned in stasis for 10 years. In the Vault of the Wardens, you are freed by Maiev Shadowsong, for one reason, the Legion is here.

Vault of the Wardens is full of Demon Hunters imprisoned, including Illidan. Your task is to free the Demon Hunter prisoners, fight your way through demons and escape the vault.

Once out, you will meet Khadgar that seeks your, and the other Demon Hunter´s aid against the Legion. He takes you to Dalaran for further instructions.

29 Jan 2016


Upload the extracts without creating the extracts on local machine

Version 1

    This document lists the steps to migrate the data sources from one tableau server to another without generating the local copy of the extract. It further, lists the steps to modify and publish the existing data source without creating an extract on local machine.

    When migrating a dashboards and reports from a Tableau Server to another, the connection needs to be modified to reference new data source. Typically, any modifications to the data source will cause an extract to regenerate, before the workbook can be published, adding hours to each workbook migration.

    1. Download the workbook from the server
    2. On any worksheet, right click the data source in the Data tab and select “Create Local Copy”
    3. Save the local copy of the data to preferred location
    4. Right-click the local copy and select “Replace Data Source…”
    5. Ensure that “Replacement” is set to the local copy and click “Ok”
    6. Right-click the original data source and select “Close” (Close the data source in the above example )
    7. Right-click the local copy and select “Rename”, then change the name to match that of the original data source.
    8. Click the data source tab on the bottom of the tableau workbook
    9. Log on to the target server when prompted. (Enter the connection information for the target server)
    10. Any modification to the data source tab will lead the extract to be generated. Click the tab for any worksheet or workbook, which will cause the workbook to try to regenerate the extract based on the new data source
    11. Cancel the extract
    12. Right-click the data source and select “Use Extract”
    13. Click the “Server” on menu bar and verify the server name before publishing the report. Ensure you have signed in to the correct server.
    14. Publish the data source and workbooks. While publishing the data    source make sure tableau provides an option of “Refresh Schedule (Full Extract)”, this option would confirm the data source being published is an extract and not a live connection.
    15. Make sure you set a refresh schedule so that the extract can be regenerated later, once it’s on the server

    Note: When an extract is migrated to the server ensure that the full refresh is executed before scheduling incremental loads.

    The above steps would allow to publish workbooks to server without generating the extracts on local machine and will eliminate the need to pre-generate an extract before uploading the data on server.

    Follow steps 8-16, to publish a new extract to tableau server.


1995-09 Couples in Recovery (MP3)

This workshop is an introduction to couples' twelve step meetings. It is lead by several couples with experience in both individual and couples' programs. The idea of couples' meetings is introduced. Then, the presenters hold a demonstration meeting. They explain each part of the meeting as it happens.

***Special Copyright Notice***


Architecture of the Philippines

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Capiz shell Windowpane, a prominent icon in Filipino culture present in many of Filipino architectures.

The architecture of the Philippines (Filipino: Arkitekturang Pilipino, Spanish: Arquitectura Filipina) is a reflection of the country's historical and cultural heritage. Most prominent historic structures in the archipelago are based on a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Chinese, Malay, American, and Spanish influences.

During three hundred thirty years of Spanish colonialization, the Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. The Augustinian friars, along with other religious orders, built a large number of grand churches and cathedrals all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino Bahay na bató (Filipino for "stone house") style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements.

After the Philippines was ceded to the United States as a consequence of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the architecture of the Philippines was dominated by American aesthetics. In this period, the plan for the modern City of Manila was designed, with a large number of neoclassical architecture and art deco buildings by famous American and Filipino architects. During World War II, large portions of Intramuros and Manila were destroyed. Many heritage districts in the provinces were burned down by the Japanese before the end of the war. In the reconstruction period after the Second World War, many of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt, however, a majority of heritage structures, especially in the provinces, were lost and never rebuilt. Most of the structures that were lost are considered a focal properties of former heritage towns.

In the late 20th century, modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects was introduced, particularly in the Brutalist architecture that characterized government-built structures done in the Marcos period. During this period many of the older structures fell into decay due to the imposition of martial law. After the return of democracy in 1986, a new age of Philippine architecture came into focus through modernism. Early in the 21st century, a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture returned.

There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city's architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country's dying heritage sites, which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization, culturally-irresponsible development, and lack of towns-cape architectural vision. Such policies are used by countries which have preserved their architectural marvels, and entire cities as a whole, for hundreds of years, such as Italy, France, Romania, Germany, and Spain. The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous, colonial, and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality. The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping, especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50-year time frame. Unfortunately, many Philippine-based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes, such as the case in Manila, where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila's architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts, effectively destroying Manila's architectural townscape one building at a time. Furthermore, the singular architectural proposal has yet to be manifested into an actual policy due to the lack of a Department of Culture. Only the city of Vigan has passed such an ordinance, which led to its declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles. In 2016, senator Loren Legarda filed a bill establishing the Department of Culture. The bill was introduced in the Senate in January 2017 and is expected to be passed into law in late 2018 or early 2019. The bill is backed by 9 other senators from different political parties, namely, Bam Aquino, Nancy Binay, Francis Escudero, Juan Zubiri, Joseph Ejercito, Joel Villanueva, Sherwin Gatchalian, Risa Hontiveros, and Sonny Angara. Three counterpart bills that aim to establish a Department of Culture has also been filed in the House of Representatives, authored by Christopher de Venecia, Evilina Escudero, and Jose Antonio Sy-Alvarado.[1][2]

House structures[edit]

Bahay Kubo[edit]

Houses were built in a more or less similar manner, in the same way that the settlements were built beside rivers and streams. The houses were built near rice fields and coconut groves and orchards. The houses sit on posts raised above the ground. The rooms were small, and generally,with a single multipurpose room, having only the cooking space differentiated among the areas in the houses. There is a particular architectural piece called ‘batalan’ that is often situated in the rear part of the house, and is utilized for domestic work like washing, bathing, water storage, etc. The houses were made of raw material like wood and bamboo. Tree houses or houses built on trunk of trees rooted to the grounds were seen as an advantageous position.

The doors of the houses were usually oriented to the direction where the sun rises and never faced towards the west, an architectural tradition which can be explained by the values and belief systems that early inhabitants of the land have.

Bahay Kubo

Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters and tree houses. Early Classical houses were characterized by rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable-finials and its structure could be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site. Examples include the Ifugao House and the Royal Nobilities' Torogan.

The architecture of the classical period of the Philippines is based on vernacular architecture for most of its centuries and Islamic architecture in some coastal areas at the south, plus the interior of Lanao, after the 13th century.

The bahay kubo is the term for huts built out of nipa. These types of edifices were characteristic of the way that indigenous people of the Philippines built homes prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. They are still in use today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although most homes built along the shorelines conform to being stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.

Bahay na bato[edit]

The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to the Philippines. Though not specifically suited for the hot tropics, European architecture was transposed via Acapulco, Mexico into a uniquely Filipino style.

Bahay na Bato is a Filipino colonial house during the Spanish period.

In this era, the nipa hut or bahay kubo gave way to the Bahay na bato (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The Bahay na bato, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them.

The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo, timbre and other wooden materials that elevates the house. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and capiz shell sliding windows, and a tiled roof.[3] Excellent preserved examples of these houses of the illustrious Filipinos can be admired in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.[4] Preserved examples of "bahay na bato" are also found in Taal, Batangas and Boac, Marinduque in southern Luzon, Iloilo, Iloilo and Carcar, Cebu in the Visayas, and Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte.

During World War II, many heritage districts and towns outside Metro Manila were heavily destroyed and damaged by American and Japanese bombs. Reports of deliberate burning of colonial structures by Japanese soldiers were also rampant. Most destroyed or damaged heritage structures have never been restored and now lay in ruins or have been replaced with shanty houses or concrete structures with no significant architectural aesthetics. Many scholars have championed for Japan and America's accountability for the destruction of many Filipino architectural landscapes and towns, but to no avail.

Religious structures[edit]

The order of the Augustinians, Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines, built many churches all over the Philippines. These magnificent structures can still be found throughout the Philippine Islands.The Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte is one of the most prominent types of these churches. This unique specimen of Filipino architecture called Filipino Baroque from the Spanish era has been included in the World Heritage Sites List of the UNESCO. The church was built by the Augustinian friars from 1694 until 1710. It shows the earthquake-proof baroque style architecture. The bell tower served as an observation post in 1896 for the Katipuneros during the Philippine revolution against the Spaniards, and again by the Filipino guerillas during the Japanese occupation in World War II.[5]

The present structure is the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major earthquakes, and the wars in Manila. The church remains under the care of the Augustinians who founded it. The church also houses the legacies of the Spanish conquistadors, Miguel López de Legazpi, Juan de Salcedo and Martín de Goiti who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church.

The church has 14 side chapels and a trompe-l'oeil ceiling. Up in the choir loft are the hand-carved 17th-century seats of molave, a beautiful tropical hardwood. Adjacent to the church is a small museum run by the Augustinian order, featuring antique vestments, colonial furniture, and religious paintings and icons. It was named a National Historical Landmark by the Philippine government in 1976.[6] Together with three other ancient churches in the country, it was designated as part of the World Heritage Site "Baroque Churches of the Philippines" in 1993.

Old pagoda-style Maranao mosque with intricate okir carvings in Taraka, Lanao del Sur (c. 1921)

Prior to the usage of the common Islamic mosque architecture, which can also be seen in Arabia and modern architecture, the vernacular mosques of the Philippines used to be the hut-style and the pagoda-style, which were very common until the late 19th century. Most of the mosques in the Philippines today have common Islamic architectures imported from Arabia merged with modern style, though some vernacular pagoda-style mosques can still be seen in Mindanao such as the Masjid Datu Untong Balabaran of Taviran in Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao. There have been proposals to put the Heritage Mosques of the Philippines into the Philippine tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site declaration in the future. The proposals made were to input the historic mosques of the Philippines (mosque in Simunul), to input the vernacular mosques of the Philippines (langga/rangga-style and pagoda-style mosques), or to combine both and input them in the tentative list of UNESCO.[7][better source needed]

Iglesia Ni Cristo Churches[edit]

During American colonial rule over the Philippines, there were a variety of rural anti-colonial movements, often with religious undertones,[8] and American Protestant missionaries introduced several alternatives to the Roman Catholic Church, the established church during Spanish colonial period.[9] Iglesia ni Cristo church buildings primarily serve as places of worship and are used for other religious functions.[10]

INC Central Temple at Central Avenue, Quezon City

Anthropologist Fernando Nakpil-Zialcita,[11] said that INC churches can be uniquely identified for "its exuberant use of fanciful forms and ornaments". Churches were started to be built in this style during the late 1940s and early 1950s with the first concrete chapel built in Sampaloc, Manila in 1948.

The INC Central Temple which opened in July 27, 1984, can accommodate up to 7,000 persons, and cost about US$2 million.[12] The Central Temple features octagonal spires, "fine latticework" and ribbed windows. Recent buildings are variations of Carlos A. Santos-Viola's designs on the Central Temple. These are designed to accommodate 250 to 1,000 persons while larger churches in Metro Manila and provincial capitals can accommodate up to 3,000 persons. Prominent architects, such as Juan Nakpil and Carlos Raúl Villanueva, had been involved in designing INC churches while the Engineering and Construction Department of INC oversees the uniformity in design of church buildings.[10]

The architecture of the early Filipinos reflects the skills that were used at the time of war and on the battlefield. Due to the creation of various thalassocratic states within the archipelago, trade began to flourish. Neighboring states would often wage war for territory and trade rights in certain areas, which ultimately led to the fortification of villages and towns. Another reason for the development of these fortification skills was the necessity of projecting prestige and intimidation; leaders, mainly Datus, Rajahs, and Lakans, as they were called, often built forts and fortifications to intimidate other leaders in their area. During the colonial era, Fortification was used against invading Chinese and Moro Pirates, as well as Dutch and British Invaders.

Defensive walls of Intramuros

Intramuros is the old walled city of Manila along the south bank of the Pasig River.[13] Intramuros was established from the remains of Kota Seludong which is previously the seat of the power of Kingdom of Maynila as a satellite city of Bruneian Empire, as a settlement with a fortress of rammed earth with stockades and in between battlements there are cannons.[14] The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of World War II. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city, only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.

Fort Santiago[edit]

Old Fort Santiago view from Pasig river

Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress established by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is the citadel of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila. The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, king of Maynila of pre-Spanish era.[15] It was destroyed by the conquistadors upon arriving in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.

The kota[edit]

With the arrival of Indianized and Muslim scholars from nearby Indonesia, the native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of the kota or the fort. The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong fortresses called kota or moong to protect their communities. Usually, entire families occupies the kotas, rather than just warriors. The kota served not only as a military installation, but also as a palace for the local lord, who often had their own kotas to assert their right to rule.. It is said that at the height of the Maguindanao Sultanate's power, they blanketed the areas around Western Mindanao with kotas and other types of fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region.

The kota were usually made of stone and bamboo, or other light materials, and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily or destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the Sultanate was subdued and majority of kota were dismantled or destroyed. Kota were used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, and also saw use by renegades and rebels who built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area.[16] During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the datus, rajahs or sultans often built and reinforced their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land.[17] Many of these forts were destroyed by American expeditions, and as a result, very few kota still stand to this day.

Notable Kotas:

  • Kota Selurong: an outpost of the Bruneian Empire in Luzon, later will become the city of Intramuros at the arrival of the Spaniards and then became the City of Manila, The capital city of the Philippines.
  • Kuta Wato/Kota Bato: Literally translating to "stone fort," and is the first known stone fortification in the country, Cotabato's ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"[18]
  • Kota Sug/Jolo: The capital and seat of the Sultanate of Sulu. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city.

Idjang Citadel "Batanes castles"[edit]

The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs A type of Citadels on hills and elevated areas.[19] These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles could only be accessed by a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers, and could be hidden away when invaders arrived.

Igorot forts[edit]

The Igorots built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.[20]

Fort Drum built by the Americans to guard the Islands nearby against invaders.

El fraile island "The concrete battleship"[edit]

The El Fraile Island or Fort Drum, also known as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of Manila Bay in the Philippines, due south of Corregidor Island. The reinforced concrete fortress shaped like a battleship was built by the United States in 1909 as one of the harbor defenses at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the American colonial period. It was captured and occupied by the Japanese during World War II, and was recaptured by the U.S. after igniting petroleum and gasoline in the fort, leaving it permanently out of commission.

Rice terraces[edit]

A rainbow appearing after the rain at the Batad Rice Terraces, one of the rice terraces in Ifugao.

For 2,000 years the mountainous province of Ifugao have been carefully cultivated with terraced fields.[21] These rice terraces illustrate the ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies. They also epitomize a harmonic, sustainable relationship between humans and their environment. The structures' original builders used stone and mud walls to carefully carve and construct terraces that could hold flooded pond fields for the cultivation of rice. They also established a system to water these plots by harvesting water from mountaintop forests. These engineering feats were done by hand as was the farming itself.[21]

Maintenance of the rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals and tribal culture.[22]

Limestone Tomb complex of Kamhantik[edit]

The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik is the site of the excavated remains of a thousand-year-old village, found in the jungles of Mount Maclayao in Sitio Kamhantik within the Buenavista Protected Landscape of Mulanay, Quezon, Philippines.

The complex is composed of fifteen limestone coffins that can be dated back from the period of 10th to 14th century, with one of the National Museum's top archaeologists naming it "a complex archaeological site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs."[23]

American period[edit]

The Manila Central Post Office is a neoclassical building built during the American period.

With the arrival of the Americans in 1898 came a new breed of architectural structures in the Philippines. Foremost of the American contributions to the country was the establishment of civil government. This led to the erection of government buildings from the city all the way to the municipal level. Designed in the most respectable manner, these government houses resembled Greek or Roman architecture.[24]

The revival period, popular at the turn of the century, became the foremost architectural parlance of the era as seen in such buildings particularly in Manila. Education of the masses also became the thrust of the American occupation, as such, public education was established, foremost of which is the University of the Philippines.[citation needed] With American rule firmly established in the Philippines, the military government at the time invited the well-known architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham to develop Manila.[25] Burnham’s arrival led to the formation of the Burnham Plan which identifies the city of Manila as a uniquely European city in the tropics and as such opposed to develop its architecture in line with the existing style. The style of architecture, as suggested, varies little from existing architecture at the time as typified by the Manila Hotel.[26] New structures continued the use of conventional motifs but were made of more durable materials such as concrete. This style of architecture prevailed even after the turn of the century.

The Luneta Hotel, located in Kalaw Avenue, is one of the remaining structures that survived the liberation of Manila in 1945. The hotel was completed in 1918. According to Dean Joseph Fernandez of the University of Santo Tomas, the hotel was designed by the Spanish architect-engineer Salvador Farre. The structure is the only remaining example of the French Renaissance architecture with Filipino stylized Beaux-Arts architecture in the Philippines to date.

At the Far Eastern University (FEU) in Quiapo, Manila, five Art Deco structures on the campus were designed by National Artist Pablo Antonio. Three were built before World War II and two, after. Although FEU buildings were totally damaged during the war, the university was restored to its original Art Deco design immediately after. The university was given a UNESCO Asia Pacific-Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage in 2005 for the outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures.[27]

Art Deco buildings[edit]

Old Jaro municipal hall in Iloilo

During the rise of cinema in the Philippines as a form of recreation, several theaters were constructed in the 1930s to 1950s in the Art Deco style designed by prominent architects now recognized as National Artists. The Manila Metropolitan Theater is an Art Deco building designed by the Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano, and built in 1935. Another fine example of Art Deco is the old Jaro Municipal Hall in Iloilo built in 1934 by Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano. It later became the Jaro District Police Station and after the full restoration is now the regional branch office of the National Museum. During the liberation of Manila by the combined American and Flipino troops in 1945, the theatre was totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the Americans it gradually fell into disuse in the 1960s. In the following decade it was meticulously restored but again fell into decay. The sculptures upon the façade of the theater are by Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti, who lived in Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958, and worked closely with Juan M. Arellano. Highly stylized relief carving of Philippine plants executed by the artist Isabelo Tampingco decorate the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building.

The following are the Philippine architects who contributed and lead to the design of the classic Philippine theaters:

Modern period[edit]

The aftermath of World War II brought major destruction especially in the capital city of Manila and a time of rebuilding ensued. The modern era dawned on Philippine architecture using the simple straight lines of the International Modern Style as a chief mode of expression.[3] By the 1970s, a new form of Philippine architecture emerged with the filipinization of architecture. The Filipino style found its way in the re-emergence of traditional motifs, the Bahay Kubo and the Bahay na bato became popular forms to be copied and modernized such as the Batasang Pambansa and the National Theater. By the 1980s the country’s architectural idiom was swept by the tide of Post Modernism, a hearkening back of some sort to classical architecture.[28] Today, architecture in the Philippines continue to be vibrant and with the country opening up to the world, more first rate architecture is pouring in.[28]

Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex[edit]

The Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex is home to the National Theater (Tanghalang Pambansa). The theater is the centerpiece of the 77 hectare (190 acres) arts and culture complex located along Roxas Boulevard in Manila. Designed by Leandro V. Locsin, the construction of the National Theater began in 1966 and was completed in 1969. The theater is a primary example of the architect's signature style known as the floating volume, a trait can be seen in structures indigenous to the Philippines such as the nipa hut. It houses three performing arts venues, one theater for film screenings, galleries, a museum and the center's library and archives.[29]

The façade of the National Theater is an example of Brutalist architecture, it is dominated by a two-storey travertine block suspended 12 meters (39 ft) high by deep concave cantilevers on three sides. The building is built on a massive podium, and entry is through a vehicular ramp in front of the raised lobby and a pedestrian side entry on its northwest side. In front of the National Theater and below the ramp, there is an octagonal reflecting pool with fountains and underwater lights. Aside from the National Theater, other structures located inside the CCP Complex is the Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo or the Main Theater, Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino or the Little Theater, Folks Art Theater and the Manila Film Center.

The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the landmark Catholic chapel in the University of the Philippines Diliman. Known for its architectural design, the church is recognized as a National Historical Landmark and a Cultural Treasure by the National Historical Institute and the National Museum respectively. Five National artists collaborated on the project. The building was designed by the late National Artist for Architecture, Leandro Locsin. Alfredo Juinio served as the structural engineer for the project. Around the chapel are fifteen large murals painted by Vicente Manansala depicting the Stations of the Cross. The marble altar and the large wooden cross above it were sculpted by Napoleon Abueva. The mosaic floor mural called the “River of Life” was designed by Arturo Luz.

Antipolo Church[edit]

The image of "Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage" has been venerated in the church of Antipolo for centuries. The old church that housed the virgin was destroyed in February 1945 when the combined American and Filipino forces bombed Antipolo as part of the liberation campaign of Manila. In 1954, a new church was built designed by the renowned Filipino architect Jose de Ocampo. The Antipolo Church is of a cupolaed design centered around the image of the Virgin. It functions as the center point of the pilgrimages to Antipolo.

Iloilo Convention Center[edit]

The Iloilo Convention Center (also known as ICC or I-Con) is a state-of-the-art convention center in the Iloilo Business Park in Mandurriao, Iloilo City, Philippines. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the APEC 2015 hosting. It is built on a 1.7-hectare of lot in the district of Mandurriao donated by the Megaworld Corp.[30] The Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority allocated P200 million for the construction of the convention center, while another P250 million was sourced from the Priority Development Assistance Fund of Senator Franklin Drilon.[31]

The state-of-the-art convention center designed by Ilonggo architect, William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by Iloilo’s Dinagyang and Paraw Regatta festivals. The paraw is a native double outrigger sailboat in the Visayas region, used in the annual Paraw Regatta Festival sailboat race. Abstract designs of the famous Dinagyang Festival are featured on the glass walls of the center.[32] It is a two-storey structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters. The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700-seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 sqm is available for outdoor functions.[31]

United Architects of the Philippines[edit]

Grand Hyatt Manila in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig is the tallest building in the Philippines since its completion in 2017 with a height of 281.78m.

The United Architects of the Philippines (officially known as the Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects) is the official architectural association of the Philippines. It is the first professional organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission and it currently has 38,000 members.[33]

Heritage Towns and Cities[edit]

The Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war. After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration since the pre-war Philippines' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio. Today, only the centres (poblacion or downtown areas) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the UNESCO city of Vigan which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city/town-singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former heritage townscapes. Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly furnished modern-style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. This is one of the reasons why UNESCO has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the World Heritage List since 1999. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture (the Vigan colonial style) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions. While Silay, Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of heritage houses.[34] In 2010, the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures. In certain cases, government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions.[35] Because of the minimal reach of the current governmental culture agency and the lack of awareness on the importance of Filipino sites, a bill establishing a Department of Culture was formally filed in 2016. The bill is expected to pass into law by late 2018 or early 2019 as it was declared a priority legislation by both houses of Congress. If the bill reaches its deadline, a secretary of culture will be appointed by June-July 2019.[36]

In Luzon, other notable heritage towns and cities include the UNESCO City of Manila, Taal, UNESCO Town of Banaue, UNESCO Townd of Mayoyao, UNESOC Town of Hungduan, UNESCO Town of Kiangan, Laoag, Sarrat, Pila, UNESCO City of Baguio, San Fernando, Bacolor, Guagua, Santa Rita, Malolos, Angeles City, Sabtang, Mahatao, Uyugan, Sariaya, San Pablo, Alaminos de Laguna, Tayabas, Lucban, Lucena, Balayan, Calaca, Kawit, UNESCO Town of Paoay, Batac, Roxas, Panay, Daraga, Legazpi, Camalig, Antipolo, Angono, Tanay, Morong de Rizal, Baras, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Magdalena, Pagsanjan, Paete, Pakil, Quezon City, Naga, Maragondon, Lingayen, Alaminos, San Miguel, Bustos, Plaridel, Angat, Baliuag, Los Baños, Calamba, Corregidor, San Juan de Batangas, Cabuyao, Biñan, Santa Rosa, Tuguegarao, Malabon, Sagada, Baler, San Juan de Manila, Daet, Tabaco, Batangas City, San Nicolas, UNESCO Town of Santa Maria, and Santa Cruz.[37]

In the Visayas, notable heritage towns and cities include Iloilo City, UNESCO Town of Miagao, Cebu City, Silay, Carcar, Argao, Dalaguete, Oslob, UNESCO City of Puerto Princesa, Bacolod, Dumaguete, Bacong, Romblon, Boac, Baclayon, Tagbilaran, Dauis, Panglao, Victorias, Capul, Cuyo, Taytay, Culion, Lazi, and Bantayan.[37]

In Mindanao, notable heritage towns and cities include Dapitan, Lake Sebu, Zamboanga City, Jimenez, Ozamiz, Oroquieta, Cagayan de Oro, Jasaan, Balingasag, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Iligan, Marawi, Davao City, UNESCO Town of Tugaya, UNESCO Town of Mati, and Glan.[37]

Filipino National Artists for Architecture[edit]

  • Leandro V. Locsin (1928–1994) was one of the modern architects who shaped the modern Filipino Architecture. During his career, he built five churches, over 30 different buildings, over 70 residences, and major landmarks in the Philippines including the Cultural Center of the Philippines.[38]
  • Juan F. Nakpil (May 26, 1899 – May 7, 1986) was a Filipino architect, teacher and a community leader. In 1973, he was named one of the National Artists for architecture. He was regarded as the Dean of Filipino Architects.
  • Pablo Antonio (January 25, 1901 – June 14, 1975) was a Filipino architect. A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture, he was recognized in some quarters as the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time.
  • José María Zaragoza (December 6, 1912-1994) was a Filipino architect known for his European style during an era which used American architecture in the Philippines.

See also[edit]

  1. ^ "17th Congress - Senate Bill No. 1528 - Senate of the Philippines". Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  2. ^ "House of Representatives". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b Noche, Manuel. "History of Phllipine Architecture". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  4. ^ "Calle Crisologo, Vigan City | Arkitektura | Philippine Architecture, Architects, News". 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  5. ^ "Paoay Church - Arkitektura - Philippine Architecture, Architects, News". 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  6. ^ "San Agustin Church | Arkitektura | Philippine Architecture, Architects, News". 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  7. ^ List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
  8. ^ "IFI History". Iglesia Filipina Independiente. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  9. ^ "America and Protestantism in the Philippines". Australian National University. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  10. ^ a b Paul A. Rodell (2002). Culture and customs of the Philippines. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. ISBN 0-313-30415-7. ISSN 1097-0738. LCCN 2001023338. LCC DS664 .R63 2001. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  11. ^ "Fernando Zialcita, Ph.D". Ateneo de Manila University School of Social Sciences. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  12. ^ Bro. Marcoleta (May–June 1986). "The Central Temple". PASUGO. Quezon City, Philippines: Iglesia ni Cristo. 37 (5 and 6): 51–54. ISSN 0116-1636. The Iglesia ni Cristo completed the Central Temple in two years.
  13. ^ Luengo, Pedro. Intramuros: Arquitectura en Manila, 1739-1762. Madrid: Fundacion Universitaria Española, 2012
  14. ^ "The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 — Volume 03 of 55 by Bourne, Blair, and Robertson". Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via
  15. ^ "Fort Santiago | Arkitektura | Philippine Architecture, Architects, News". 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  16. ^ "Sultan of the River: The Rise and Fall of Datu Uto of Buayan". nhcpmanila's Blog. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  17. ^ "The Battle of Bayan - May 2 p2". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  18. ^ Administrator. "Where to Go - The KUTAWATO CAVES". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  19. ^ "15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History". FilipiKnow. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  20. ^ Ancient and Pre-Spanis Era of the Philippines. Accessed September 04, 2008.
  21. ^ a b "Philippine Rice Terraces". National Geographic. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  22. ^ "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  23. ^ "1,000-year-old village found in Philippines". Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  24. ^ "History of Philippine Architecture". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  25. ^ Hollie, Pamela G. (1982-11-07). "Colonial Comfort in the Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  26. ^ "Manila: The Riviera of the Orient". Philippine Star. 2005-08-20. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  27. ^ Ortiz, Margaux (2007-01-15)."Art Deco buildins thrive on FEU campus" Archived October 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on 2011-10-10.
  28. ^ a b "History of Philippine Architecture". national Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  29. ^ "History". Cultural Center of the Philippines. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  30. ^ "P450-M Iloilo Convention Center launched today | Business, News, The Philippine Star". 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
  31. ^ a b "Iloilo set to turn into a convention hub | Inquirer Business". 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
  32. ^ "PIA | PNoy to unveil convention center, business park markers". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
  33. ^ "Profile". United Architects of the Philippines. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  34. ^ Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. "Silay in Negros passes landmark heritage ordinance". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  35. ^ "Republic Act No. 10066 Heritage Law". 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  36. ^ "'Intangible heritage' at 'Department of Culture' isusulong ng NCCA". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  37. ^ a b c Henares, Ivan. "Top 50 Philippine heritage cities and towns to see in your lifetime". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  38. ^ "Leandro V. Locsin | Arkitektura | Philippine Architecture, Architects, News". Retrieved 2018-04-06.

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 14°35′20″N 120°58′29″E / 14.58889°N 120.97472°E / 14.58889; 120.97472


Merkel Suggests Iran-Style Nuclear Talks on N. Korea

Merkel Suggests Iran-Style Nuclear Talks on N. Korea Merkel Suggests Iran-Style Nuclear Talks on N. Korea

German Chancellor Angela Merkel said she would be prepared to become involved in a diplomatic initiative to end the North Korean nuclear and missiles programs, and suggested the Iran nuclear talks could be a model.

South Korea has braced for a possible further missile test by North Korea as it marks its founding anniversary, just days after its sixth and largest nuclear test rattled global financial markets and escalated tensions in the region.

"If our participation in talks is desired, I will immediately say yes," Merkel told Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung in a recent interview, Reuters reported.

She pointed to negotiations that led to a landmark nuclear agreement between Iran and world powers in 2015. Back then, Germany and the five countries on the United Nations Security Council with veto power took part in talks that led to Iran agreeing to curb its nuclear work, which it says has always been for peaceful applications, in return for sanctions relief.

Merkel said that was "a long but important time of diplomacy" that ultimately had a "good end" last year, referring to when the deal was implemented.

***Only Solution

Merkel said she thought the only way to deal with North Korea's nuclear program was to come to a diplomatic solution.

"A new arms race starting in the region would not be in anyone's interests," she said.

Europe should stand united in trying to bring about a diplomatic solution and "do everything that can be done in terms of sanctions", she said.

Merkel is expected to win a fourth term in office in a Sept. 24 vote, with polls giving her conservatives a double-digit lead over their rival Social Democrats.

Merkel is widely seen in Germany as a safe pair of hands at a time of global uncertainty such as the North Korea crisis, Britain's looming departure from the European Union and Donald Trump's presidency in the United States.

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