How to Conduct a Second Interview

When interviewing for a position, it is likely that employers are faced with a dilemma when choosing a potential employee. It is important to narrow down your choices to a few candidates, who can then be invited for a second interview. The second interview is a recruitment technique that employers use to help determine the most suitable candidate for a job.

Once you have determined two or three candidates who you would like to invite for a second interview, it is advised to book their second interview in consecutive days. This is a recommended technique as it enables the employers to compare and contrast the capabilities of each candidate in a limited period of time. Book the interview with all potential candidates to essentially determine the most suitable individual for your company.

To conduct a successful second interview, recruiters should devise a list of predetermined questions that they will ask during the course of the interview. These questions should be designed based on the information you gained from the initial interview with the candidate. Through asking specific questions, recruiters are able to get a clearer picture of the candidate’s personality and skills in contrast to the basic information they obtained from the first interview.

The main purpose of a second interview is to obtain the best impression of the potential candidate’s personality and skills. Therefore recruiters should try and make the interviewee as comfortable as possible to help them feel as ease and establish a good relationship. This can be done by offering them a beverage or asking them a personal question, for example: how was your journey here? By asking a simple question, you allow the candidate to relax and gain momentum for the interview ahead. If you begin with the interview as soon as the interviewee enters the room, they might feel interrogated and flustered thus not giving a good picture of their capabilities.

To ensure the right hiring decision, recruiters are recommended to use the technique of “interview buddy”. This is a recruitment tool many employers use to get input from another colleague in regards to the candidate. By having an additional person present at the interview, you can see how they interact and build communication with them. You interview buddy is able to offer you feedback and notes on the potential employees behavior and skills which you might have missed.

Once the interview is complete, employers should review their notes and accept feedback from their colleague. After reviewing the notes and interviewing all possible candidates, recruiters are armed with the relevant information to make the right hiring decision.

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No longer than a decade ago, IT security professionals had to
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Can you help with my project? Dur date is 8/30/2016

Term Paper: Managing Organizational Risk
Due Week 10 and worth 150 points

No longer than a decade ago, IT security professionals had to work hard to persuade organizational leaders about the importance of developing effective risk management plans. Nowadays, due to the plethora of cautionary tales that organizations history provide, business leaders are informed on the need to manage risk and understand the crucial role of an organization’s IT infrastructure on its ability to perform business.
A computer incident response team (CIRT) plan can help prepare organizations for incidents that might occur.

  1. Describe the objectives and main elements of a CIRT plan.
  2. Analyze the manner in which a CIRT plan fits into the overall risk management approach of an organization and how it supports other risk management plans.
  3. Provide at least two (2) examples of how CIRT plans define the who, what, when, where, and why of the response effort.
  4. Analyze the manner in which the development of a CIRT plan enables management to adopt a more proactive approach to risk management. Include recommendations for remaining proactive in the continual improvement and update of CIRT plans.
  5. Infer on the evolution of threats over the last decade that organizations must now consider.
  6. Predict the evolution of regulatory requirements mandating risk management processes and plans.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Create a Computer Incident Response Team (CIRT) plan for an organization in a given scenario.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in IT risk management.
  • Write clearly and concisely about topics related to IT risk management using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions
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Y La Nieve -Where Is The Snow

If the articulation of the singer is good enough, we will hear the same identical words. We both might be able to sing the same melodic line of Ishmael valadez that we hear. In your language, you can write down what you hear but can you write down the notes with the correct pitches, rhythms, Where is the snow and the correct duration of each note? Can you hear embellishments and also pitches being bent? Would you know how to notate that all on manuscript paper or in a music manuscript software program, such as Encore?

You may listen to a song linearly in sequential time. Do you also notice the structure of the song? Y la nieveYou have to take it in its entirety to discover the structure and the form of the song.


Choosing Fitness Classes With Autoimmune Disease: What You Should Know

Everyone knows the importance of regular exercise and eating healthy, but when you're thinking about signing up for fitness classes and you've been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, it's not that simple. There are things you need to consider to avoid triggers that can lead to inflammation, pain, and increased antibodies. Here's a look at what you need to know before you sign up for any fitness classes if you have an autoimmune disease.

31 May 2018


Nüx the signal

Nutshell has 20,800 ratings and 3,085 reviews profiles, reviews, several thousand story links 600 notable authors erotic fiction, c.

We consider the neutrino flux from a galactic supernova and the induced signal in Borex. A total of ∼ 300 events is predicted. The detection of v μ 's and v τ 's through neutral current excitation of the 11 B nuclei is discussed. We find that examination of the time structure of these events allows measurement of the v μ and v τ masses in the range 200 eV ⪷m v ⪷30 keV , provided they are stable. For unstable v 's, a v e p signal enables measurements of masses in the range 200 keV ⪷m v ⪷1 MeV , provided they decay into v e + φ .

NÜX The Signal


What is anorexia essay
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What is anorexia essay

Anorexia nervosa anorexia is a problem to be addressed through deeper understanding of its nature and the course it will take because your friends and family of. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation. Anorexia vs bulimia course descriptions when one hears the term eating disorder model essays cat5 review student. Binge eating disorder continue for 6 more pages » • join now to read essay binge eating disorder and other term papers or research documents. Disclaimer: this essay has been submitted by a student this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers any opinions, findings. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that occurs when a person is unrealistically concerned about being overweight or feels an overwhelming need to be so thin that.

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What is anorexia essay

what is anorexia essay

Anorexia has a destructive effect not only on a person's body, but also his/her life in general read on this article in order to avoide this horrible problem. Free essays from bartleby | eating and personality disorders the correlation between eating disorders and other psychological disorders is very important for. Anorexia essays: over 180,000 anorexia essays, anorexia term papers, anorexia research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for.

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ON MENTAL ILLNESS: Needs of the mentally ill

Jack Bragen
Thursday December 08, 2016 - 03:26:00 PM

A mentally ill individual in recovery shouldn't have to be burdened with basic survival. Yet, too often, we are. If you look at the picture of what happens to mentally ill people; being thrown into a detention facility, being homeless, living on the lower fringe of income for those lucky enough to have government benefits, or living in substandard or institutional housing, there is something wrong with the picture.

To get well, a recovering mentally ill person should have their food and shelter be a given, should live in a safe, comfortable, clean, affordable unit, should have people to talk to, and should not have to physically defend oneself from attack.

We should not have to work for a living. Fortunately, in the U.S., there are SSDI and SSI that can usually be obtained.

For our housing and income benefits, a mentally ill person must periodically deal with government hoops to jump through, and this can be anxiety producing. However, this is far better than the alternative of not having these benefits.

Once housed, fed, bathed, and clothed, a recovering mentally ill person is at liberty to focus on recovery. This usually involves a combination of medication and counseling.

I am not in favor of deep psychotherapy in which the therapist is trying to dig for an underlying psychological cause to the person's illness. This almost never works and usually harms the patient.

Obstacles to recovery include the difficulty in finding good housing, the difficulty in finding good quality treatment, and the behavior of patients themselves in which housing and/or treatment are sometimes self-sabotaged. Noncompliance with treatment is one example of this.

Another obstacle to recovery is the lack of quality of life among those who are cooperative. Persons with psych disabilities are not helped in reaching our potential. Often, if we show potential or if we make progress, assistance from the mental health treatment system seems to evaporate.

Getting meaningful employment or a meaningful volunteer position would help numerous people do better who have psychiatric problems. However, there is a pitfall. I have seen, in past decades, a scenario in which a psychiatric consumer becomes employed in a good job, and then relapses, possibly due to believing we are "cured" and stopping medication, or in other instances due to the stresses of maintaining the position. Or, people have stopped medication because of its hindrance to job performance.

It doesn't always work out to place a mentally ill individual in a job. Yet, the absence of a job, the absence of volunteer work, and the absence of a legitimate source of gratification are hindrances to recovery.

Once "survival" has been dealt with, a person will transition to other issues. An entirely new set of emotions will be loaded into consciousness. It becomes possible to have a wide range of feelings, including sadness, longing, or even joy. The individual's spirit has awakened. This is a necessary step in the evolvement of an individual.

When I read of the closure of Caffe Mediterraneum, it caused me to have an epiphany, even though I am not in Berkeley, I am in Martinez. I recall that my first date with my wife was at "Cafe Romano" a long gone cafe that was once in downtown Martinez, along with Giovanni's Deli, and a few blocks away there was Bertola's, where my wedding reception took place.

Martinez has been modernized, and in the process has lost its character. There was once a restaurant, a diner, on Main Street called DiMaggio’s, at one time owned by Joe DiMaggio, the baseball star. Doubtless I've set foot on land that Marilyn Monroe also walked on.

And I think of the fact that the U.S. is returning to an earlier time, but in an obscene way. I would not be able to have these thoughts and feelings were I still dealing with basic survival.

After all of these years of living within a haze, consisting of medication side effects and of possible neurological damage, I am finding myself within a set of emotions of which I had forgotten. I don't know if I have been helped by the lack of relapses, the fish oil, the never-ending meditation, and the never-ending writing, or if I am just lucky. At the moment, I am not worried about anything, and I don't have aberrations blocking my experience of life. This is good.


An introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan

an introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan

Being prone to both earthquakes and tsunamis, japan had been introduction 9 2 disaster evacuation from japan’s 2011 tsunami disaster and the fukushima. The intent of this article is to provide a brief introduction to the study of earthquakes, and then summarize our understanding of earthquakes in bhutan past. Accelerating seismic activity in late meiji japan climaxed in the legendary great nobi earthquake of 1891, which rocked the main island from tokyo to osaka, killing. Introduction earthquakes are very destructive and cause many deadliest tsunami in history and japan research involves. Introduction earthquakes in history where earthquakes occur how earthquakes happen measuring earthquakes volcanoes and earthquakes predicting earthquakes endnotes.

Earthquakes in japan: a review article introduction the social and intellectual history of earthquakes in japan. Purchase history of seismograms and earthquakes of the world - 1st edition print book & e-book isbn 9780124408708, 9780080924236. History earthquakes sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters such as japan or. Free essays from bartleby | earthquakes throughout history, man has made many advancements these advancements have. Earthquakes: risk, detection, warning, and research congressional research service 1 introduction close to 75 million people in 39 states face some risk from earthquakes.

Earthquakes living lab: geology and earthquakes in japan earthquakes living lab: geology and the 1906 san history and structure of the earth or a specific. Historic tsunamis in japan booklets warned of the consequences of earthquakes in the sea and list of the deadliest tsunamis in japan's history with. Historic earthquakes in japan natural disasters in japanese history, 1703-2003 nat museum of japanese history, chiba introduction to ichnology making maps.

If you frequently tune into international news, the story of a natural disaster in japan will be a common sight for you the geographical location and. This is the cause of frequent earthquakes and the presence of many volcanoes and hot springs across japan if earthquakes occur the worst in japanese history.

This is a list of earthquakes in japan with either a magnitude greater than or equal to 70 or which caused significant damage or casualties history although. Earthquakes ppt pdf - free download as pdf • earthquakes cannot be predicted to an exact • one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.

Earthquakes an introduction to seismic geology by william herbert hobbs rama's later history transactions of the seismological society of japan april june.

an introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan

Earthquakes - an introduction introduction to earthquakes earthquakes - an introduction cause of earthquakes japan the earthquake. What are the impacts of an earthquake environmental sciences essay 31 introduction this area has suffered a history of 180. In this paper, i will discus the history of earthquakes, the kinds and locations of earthquakes, earthquake effects, intensity scales, prediction. Earthquakes: origins and predictions summer 2000 1 1 introduction many myths were created about the possible origin of earthquakes: in japan. Introduction learning outcomes earthquakes are mainly confined to specific areas of the earth known as seismic zones history & the arts languages. Introduction 11 overview in japan, the financial loss was primarily due to damage history of earthquakes in indonesia b. Earthquake disaster mitigation policy in japan tokyo metropolitan earthquakes 1 introduction the outline of earthquake disaster mitigation policy in japan.

Most of the earthquakes come with minor tremors however larger earthquakes with earthquake has its long devastating history from the ancient time all over the. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on introduction earthquake. The worst earthquake in japan’s history is the great kanto earthquake introduction earthquakes are disturbances and ruptures beneath the earth surface which.

an introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan an introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan an introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan
An introduction to the history of earthquakes in japan
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7 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Xerxes

“Goosh bede ta begam ba to niyatamo, Daran az ben mibaran hoviatamo…”  -Yas

In lieu of recent revisionist historical fabrications with an overt xenophobic slant, here are 7 things you probably didn’t know about Xerxes, fourth Shah of the Achaemenid Persian Dynasty.

1. Xerxes was NOT a pierced-up androgynous bald guy.
Based on ancient carved stone reliefs remaining from the Achaemenid Dynasty, Xerxes is actually depicted as having long curly hair and beard, adorned with a crown and royal robe.  If you think about it for a second, it’s obvious as to why they purposefully chose to drastically change what he looked like by darkening his skin and taking away his masculinity.  However, he probably did have pierced ears, for it was the fashion of men at the time in ancient Persia.

National Museum of Iran

2. The correct pronunciation of his name is “Khashaayaar” not “Zerkseez”.
It is not surprising that many words and names become lost in translation as well as pronunciation when going from one language to another.  Today, Khashayar is still a common name in modern Iran.

3. Xerxes was the grandson of Cyrus The Great.
While slavery and the subjection of humans was the norm in the historical western world such as Greece and Rome, two generations prior to when Xerxes took the throne, his grandfather, Cyrus the Great abolished slavery in all its forms.   Along with the abolition of slavery, Cyrus also established by law, freedom of religion and other inalienable human rights. This can be found in what is referred to by historians today as the Cyrus Cylinder, which was decreed over 2500 years prior to Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.  Xerxes continued to uphold the laws and freedoms that his grandfather, Cyrus the Great established.

The Cyrus Cylinder

4. Xerxes was married to Esther.
Yes, the same Esther from the Bible. One of the most famous Jewish women from the Old Testament was the beloved partner to Xerxes and Queen of Persia.   The Holy Jewish Holiday of Purim is directly correlated to Esther and Xerxes.   Although Xerxes was a Zoroastrian by faith, he did not force his beliefs upon anyone, including his wife.

5. He had big shoes to fill.
Both Xerxes’ father, Darius the Great and grandfather, Cyrus the Great were revered throughout Greater Asia for their righteous character and social accomplishments.  While Cyrus founded the Achaemnid Dynasty, it was Darius who legitimized it.  Darius partook in many social achievements such as the creation of the Suez Canal, the establishment of a formal judicial system, a uniform monetary system, and initial construction of the Persian Capital of Persepolis.  During the twilight years of Darius’ life, Spartan and Athenian forces attacked and sacked the Persian City of Sardis. (You’ll be hard pressed to find western history books that mentions Greek forces attacked first. This fact seems to be conveniently edited out in most sources.)   Not being one to put up with bullying foreign attacks, Darius retaliated by sending military forces to Greece so they would check themselves before they riggity-wrecked themselves.  Darius knew his time was short so he left his son, Xerxes the throne along with the responsibility of finishing what he began, by completing the construction of Persepolis as well as dealing with the attack on Sardis.  While the majority of retaliating forces were Persian and Median, Xerxes’ military was actually a United Nations Coalition that also comprised of Assyrians, Armenians, Scythians, Israelites, Ethiopians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Ionians, Phrygians, Elamites, Bactrians, as well as Aeolian Greeks, Aegean Greeks, Pontus Greeks, among others.

Persian & Median Soldiers

6. He is buried near Shiraz Iran.
One can visit Xerxes’ tomb along with his father’s, Darius the Great and other Achaemenid Shahs at the ancient Historical Landmark called Naghsh-e-Rostam, located not far from the city of Shiraz.  Above his tomb, adorned on the cliff-side rock is a relief carving of Xerxes holding his right hand up as a symbolic gesture of his devotion to Truth while he faces a winged Farvahar, the Zoroastrian symbol of Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds.

Xerxes from Naghsh-e-Rostam

7. Xerxes recognized people’s right to be Happy.
Thousands of years before Thomas Jefferson wrote down his famous words “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” in the U.S. Declaration of Independence, Xerxes also immortalized Mankind’s right to Happiness as divinely given by Ahura Mazda (God).  His words can still be found today written in ancient Persian cuneiform script on the remaining walls of Persepolis.

Art by André Lima Araújo

So given with all this, I think it’s safe to say that Xerxes and Ancient Persians were in fact not the uncivilized evil monsters they are portrayed to be.  You see, with a little bit of homework, you can uncover truths and facts that are conveniently left out.   As George Orwell appropriately put it, “He who controls the present, controls the past.”

Aside | This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged . Bookmark the permalink.


Is this an official magazine of the Communist Party of Britain!? For the first time since 1968 there could be left tendencies moving towards Revolutionary Marxism which includes key Trotskyist ideas. There could be mass revolutionary organisations consisting of thousands around the world. Things for the first time since 1991 are going in the direction of Trotskyism.

There could be sizeable tendencies in the British Labour Party could move towards revolutionary politics. There could be tendencies coming back to Trotskyism among the ex-Trotskyist groups. The revolutionary left is getting more sophisticated into how to build a principled left in the Labour Party and even playing a leading role in the delivery strike in London. There could be sizeable tendencies breaking from Stalinism in the Communist Parties.

If a mass revolutionary party can be built around programmatic convergence which leads to break from methods which were wrong is a top priority. It would be totally sectarian to ask people to recant. The only proviso is that you agree with the Revolutionary Marxist programme for the 3 sectors of the world revolution and strategy for Socialist revolution within Britain. It is important to change tactics when great opportunities open for Revolutionary Marxism.

In the past I wrote sharp polemics against those who breaking principles and programme of the movement. Now the task is allow people retreat and build the maximum support for applying these principles and programme in concrete strategies and tactics. This development alone explains why the British ruling class are so frightened of Trotskyism being the most effective in history!


Education Technology

Fill up the tank!

Published on 06/09/2008

Activity Overview

Demonstrate the concept of slope and y-intercept in the slope-intercept form of linear equation using water and marbles.

Before the Activity

Divide the class into groups of 4 members.
Define the variable that we will be using in the activity.
Let x = number of marbles
Let y = water level

During the Activity

Students record the water level every time they put in 1 marble using the attached form - fill up the tank.doc.
After the students have put it all 10 marbles, start the Activity Center and ask the students send in their data using the activity setting fill up the tank.act.
Then have a little discussion what the points represent especially the one on the y-axis.
Ask the each group to model the situation with a linear equation in the form y = mx + b.

After the Activity

Have a discussion on:
Why the y-intercept is 30
The significance of the slope
What the slope represents


Thyroid UK
82,905 members97,944 posts

High dose T3 - variable temperature and weight gain

Hello everyone! From 9 weeks I take only T3 - now 125 mcg (suspect problem with RT3 or resistance): 4am 25mcg, 9am 37.5mcg, 14 25mcg, 18 37.5mcg. I have a little more energy, but my temperature is very variable, pulse is 50-54, BP 80/50 - 90/60 and my weight gained (2 kg in a month) - wtf? I tried lower dose (I picked up gradually), but nothing happened.

I take iron, B complex, C, D3+K2mk7, zinc, selenium and more ;)

6 Replies

Magdas, that's a high dose to be on after only 9 weeks. Overmedication can cause weight gain. Perhaps you should order a FT3 test.

How much Levothyroxine were you previously taking?

I know, that my dose is high... Usually I was going up 6.25 every 3 to 5 days ( and didn't see improvement.

At the start of treatment I was taking only T4, but I

felt terribly (depression, swelling and low ft3), later - Thiroyd - at the beginning was great! (blood test, my feeling) but later (I had a lot of stress - Rt3?!) I stopped responding to medication (I picked up Thiroyd to 4.5 grain, but I didn't feel better). I decided take only T3. In Poland doctors don't treat patients by T3, so I am treated alone.

Magdas, that link doesn't work but increasing by 6.25mcg every 3-5 days is too fast as it doesn't give you sufficient time to absorb and metabolise the T3. This link discusses increasing NDT but the principle applies for T4 and T3 too.

If you're self medicating you should still be guided by blood tests. Can't you order private thyroid tests including FT3 in Poland?

Great link! Thank U.

My link:

It's no problem to order a FT3 test, but I can't order for example RT3 in Poland.

My latest blood test from January - before I took T3:

FT 3 2.65 pg/ml (2,3 - 4,2)

Ok, I think I made mistake - I was too impatient :( What should I do now? Lower my dose gradually or severely?

Magdas, I'd continue as you are unless you feel overmedicated and have a FT3 test to guide whether or not dose needs reducing.

If you had high rT3 which is caused by unconverted T4 it should be reducing after 9 weeks on T3 only.

1 like

Ok, thank U so much. I think it's rather too much for me, so I'll be reducing my dose.

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Comparison of Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric and Corda

Authors: Martin Valenta, Philipp Sandner.
Download the article as
PDF file. More information about the the Frankfurt School Blockchain Center on the Internet, on Twitter or on Facebook.

With this paper, we provide a brief analysis of the most notable differences between the distributed ledger technologies (DLT) Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda and Ethereum. Our intention is to give decision makers new to DLT guidance for what use cases Hyperledger Fabric, Corda and Ethereum are most suitable.

Three different frameworks

From the white papers of Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda (in the following only referred to as Fabric and Corda, respectively) and Ethereum it becomes obvious that these frameworks have very different visions in mind with respect to possible fields of application. Development of both Fabric[i] and Corda[ii] is driven by concrete use cases, whereas Corda’s use cases are drawn from the financial services industry. Consequently, this is where Corda sees its main field of application. In contrast, Fabric intends to provide a modular and extendable architecture that can be employed in various industries, from banking and healthcare over to supply chains. Ethereum also presents itself as utterly independent of any specific field of application.[iii] However, in contrast to Fabric, it is not modularity that stands out but the provision of a generic platform for all kinds of transactions and applications. Table 1 provides a summary of the three frameworks.

Table 1: Comparison of Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric and Corda

Participation of peers

With conventional central data storage, only a single entity, the owner, keeps a copy of the underlying database, e.g. a ledger. Consequently, this entity controls what data is contributed and what other entities are permitted to contribute. With the advent of DLT this radically changes in favor of distributed data storage where multiple entities hold a copy of the underlying database and are naturally permitted to contribute. All entities that participate in distributed data storage form a network of so-called nodes or peers. Due to distributed data storage, the difficulty arises to ensure that all nodes agree upon a common truth, e.g. the correctness of a ledger, as changes made by one node have to be propagated to all other peer nodes in the network. The result of arriving at a common truth is called consensus among nodes and is described below.

With respect to participating to consensus, there are two modes of operation: permissionless and permissioned. If participation is permissionless, anybody is allowed to participate in the network. This mode is true for Ethereum as a public blockchain. On the other hand, if participation is permissioned, participants are selected in advance and access to the network is restricted to these only. This is true for Fabric and Corda. The mode of participation, permissionless or permissioned, has a profound impact on how consensus is reached.

Ethereum. With Ethereum, all participants have to reach consensus over the order of all transactions that have taken place, irrespectively of whether a participant has taken part in a particular transaction or not. The order of the transactions is crucial for the consistent state of the ledger. If a definitive order of transactions cannot be established there is a chance that double-spends might have occurred, that is, two parallel transactions transfer the same coin to different recipients, thus making money out of thin air. As the network might involve mutually distrusting and anonymous parties, a consensus mechanism has to be employed that protects the ledger against fraudulent or adverse participants that attempt double-spends. In the current implementation of Ethereum, this mechanism is established by mining based on the proof-of-work (PoW) scheme. All participants have to agree upon a common ledger and all participants have access to all entries ever recorded. The consequences are that PoW unfavorably affects the performance of transactions processing.[v] Concerning the data stored on the ledger, even though records are anonymized, they are nevertheless accessible to all participants, which is problematic for applications that require a higher degree of privacy.

In contrast to Ethereum, Fabric’s and Corda’s interpretation of consensus is more refined and does not merely boil down to mining based on PoW or a derivative thereof. Due to operating in a permissioned mode, Fabric and Corda provide a more fine-grained access control to records and thus enhance privacy. Furthermore, a gain in performance is achieved as only parties taking part in a transaction have to reach consensus.

Fabric. Fabric’s understanding of consensus is broad and encompasses the whole transaction flow, starting from proposing a transaction to the network to committing it to the ledger.[vi] Furthermore, nodes assume different roles and tasks in the process of reaching consensus. This contrasts to Ethereum where roles and tasks of nodes participating in reaching consensus are identical.

Within Fabric, nodes are differentiated based on whether they are clients, peers or orderers.[vii] A client acts on behalf of an end-user and creates and thereby invokes transactions. They communicate with both peers and orderers. Peers maintain the ledger and receive ordered update messages from orderers for committing new transactions to the ledger. Endorsers are a special type of peer, whereas their task is to endorse a transaction by checking whether they fulfill necessary and sufficient conditions (e.g. the provision of required signatures). Orderers provide a communication channel to clients and peers over which messages containing transactions can be broadcasted. With respect to consensus in particular, the channels ensure that all connected peers are delivered exactly the same messages with exactly the same logical order.

At this point, the problem arises that there might occur faults in the delivery of messages when many mutually untrusting orderers are employed. As a consequence, a consensus algorithm has to be used in order to reach consensus despite faults, e.g. inconsistent order of messages, thus making the replication of the distributed ledger faults tolerant. With Fabric, the algorithm employed is “pluggable”, meaning that depending on application-specific requirements various algorithms can be used. For example, in order to deal with random or malicious replication faults as outlined above a variant of the Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) algorithms could be used. Furthermore, channels partition message flows, meaning that clients only see the messages and associated transactions of the channels they are connected to and are unaware of other channels. This way, access to transactions is restricted to involved parties only with the consequence that consensus has only to be reached at transaction level and not at ledger level as with Ethereum.

The roles of nodes outlined above are now described in the context of the transaction flow: A client sends a transaction to connected endorsers in order to initiate an update of the ledger. All endorsers have to agree upon the proposed transaction, thus some sort of consensus has to be reached regarding the proposed ledger update. The client now successively collects approval of all endorsers. The approved transaction is now sent to connected orderers which again reach consensus. Subsequently, the transaction is forwarded to peers holding the ledger for committing the transaction.

Without going further into detail, it becomes clear that Fabric allows fine-grained control over consensus and restricted access to transactions which results in improved performance scalability and privacy.

Corda. Similar to Fabric, consensus in Corda is also reached at transaction level by involving parties only. Subject to consensus is transaction validity and transaction uniqueness[viii]. Validity is ensured by running the smart contract code (smart contracts are described in detail below) associated with a transaction, by checking for all required signatures and by assuring that any transactions that are referred to are also valid. Uniqueness concerns the input states of a transaction. Specifically, it has to be ensured that the transaction in question is the unique consumer of all its input states. In other words, there exists no other transaction that consumes any of the same states. The reason for this is to avoid double-spends. Consensus over uniqueness is reached among participants called notary[ix] nodes, whereas the employed algorithm is “pluggable” as with Fabric. So once again a BFT algorithm might be used.

Smart contracts

The term “smart contract” causes considerable misunderstanding when first encountered as it evokes the idea of some sort of contract that intelligently acts on one’s behalf. The contract’s nature, however, remains vague, but intuitively appears to be linked to legal matters. That said, focal contracts are neither smart in the sense that they are e.g. driven by artificial intelligence, at least not yet, nor do they generally encode obligations and rights that are legally binding. Clark and colleagues[x] provide a useful terminology by highlighting two different ways the term “smart contracts” is commonly used. The first refers to smart contract code, the second to smart legal contracts, two distinctions that prove to be beneficial in the context of this comparison.

Smart contract code simply denotes software written in a programming language. It acts as a software agent or delegate of the party that employed it with the intention that it fulfills certain obligations, exercises rights and may take control of assets within a distributed ledger in an automated way. Thus, it takes on tasks and responsibilities in the distributed ledger world by executing code that models or emulates contract logic in the real world, though its legal justification may be unclear.

All DLTs feature smart contracts in the sense of smart contract code that can be written in Go or Java for Fabric[xi], in Solidity[xii] for Ethereum and in Java or Kotlin for Corda[xiii]. In Fabric, the term “chaincode” is used as a synonym for smart contract. As an illustrative example, the reader is reminded of the usage of a smart contract code in the consensus mechanism of Corda in order to ensure transaction validity. However, there is a notable difference between Fabric and Ethereum on the one hand and Corda on the other that is connected to the second way the “smart contracts” term is used.

In Corda, smart contracts not only consist of code but additionally are allowed to contain legal prose. Thus above smart legal contracts are legal prose that are formulated in a way that they can be expressed and implemented in smart contract code. The rationale behind this is to give the code legitimacy that is rooted in the associated legal prose. Such a construct is called Ricardian Contract[xiv]. At this point, it again becomes clear that Corda was explicitly designed to account for the highly regulated environment of the financial services industry. Both Fabric and Ethereum lack this feature.

Built-in currency

Another noteworthy difference is that Ethereum features a build-in cryptocurrency called Ether. It is used to pay rewards to nodes that contribute to reach consensus by mining blocks as well as to pay transaction fees. Therefore decentralized apps (DApps) can be built for Ethereum that allow monetary transactions. Furthermore, a digital token for custom use cases can be created by deploying a smart contract that conforms to a pre-defined standard.[xv] This way, own currencies or assets can be defined.

Fabric and Corda do not require a build-in cryptocurrency as consensus is not reached via mining. With Fabric, however, it is possible to develop a native currency or a digital token with chaincode.[xvi] With Corda, a creation of digital currencies or tokens is not intended.[xvii]

Summary: customized vs. generic platform

To sum up, the examined DLTs span a continuum. On the one side, there is Fabric and Ethereum. They both are highly flexible, but in different aspects. Ethereum’s powerful smart contracts engine makes it a generic platform for literally any kind of application. However, Ethereum’s permissionless mode of operation and its total transparency comes at the cost of performance scalability and privacy. Fabric solves performance scalability and privacy issues by permissioned mode of operation and specifically by using a BFT algorithm and fine-grained access control. Further, the modular architecture allows Fabric to be customized to a multitude of applications. An analogy to a versatile toolbox can be drawn.

Corda is located at the other end. It has been consciously designed as DLT for the financial services industry. Most notably, it takes the highly regulated environment into account by augmenting smart contracts with legal prose.

Apparently, Corda’s focus solely on financial services transactions simplified its architectural design compared to Fabric. Therefore, it might offer a more out-of-the-box experience. However, it might be possible that Fabric, due to its modularity, can be tailored to resemble Corda’s feature set. Efforts exist that seek to integrate Corda into the Hyperledger project. Corda therefore cannot be seen as a competitor to Fabric but more as a complement.

Download the article as PDF file. More information about the the Frankfurt School Blockchain Center on the Internet, on Twitter or on Facebook.

Martin Valenta is blockchain engineer and consultant at the Frankfurt School Blockchain Center. You can contact him via mail (martin.valenta@gmx.net). Prof. Dr. Philipp Sandner is head of the Frankfurt School Blockchain Center. You can contact him via mail (email@philipp-sandner.de), via LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippsandner/) or follow him on Twitter (@philippsandner).

[i] https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Z4M_qwILLRehPbVRUsJ3OF8Iir-gqS-ZYe7W-LE9gnE/pub

[ii] https://docs.corda.net/_static/corda-introductory-whitepaper.pdf

[iii] https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper

[iv] e.g. https://github.com/jpmorganchase/quorum

[v] Vukolić M. (2016). The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT Replication, in: Camenisch J., Kesdoğan D. (eds.) Open Problems in Network Security, iNetSec 2015, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 9591, Springer.

[vi] https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/fabric_model.html#consensus

[vii] https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric/blob/master/proposals/r1/Next-Consensus-Architecture-Proposal.md

[viii] https://docs.corda.net/key-concepts-consensus.html

[ix] https://docs.corda.net/key-concepts-notaries.html

[x] http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00771

[xi] http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/chaincode.html

[xii] http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

[xiii] https://docs.corda.net/tutorial-contract.html

[xiv] http://iang.org/papers/ricardian_contract.html

[xv] https://www.ethereum.org/token

[xvi] https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Fabric-FAQ.html#chaincode-smart-contracts-and-digital-assets

[xvii] https://discourse.corda.net/t/mobile-consumer-payment-experiences-with-corda-on-ledger-cash/966?source_topic_id=962

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Language Barriers and Poverty in the AAPI Community

Whether it’s the debate over immigration reform or reports on the future of a “majority minority” nation, conversations around our changing demographics often center on the growth of the Latino population. While this is understandable given that much of the demographic shifts are attributed to Latinos, the number of Asian immigrants is increasing rapidly. In fact, the Asian population grew by 46 percent between 2000 and 2010, and recently surpassed Latinos as the nation’s fastest-growing group of new immigrants. This is why it is significant that the White House is holding a summit today on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as part of AAPI Heritage Month.

While we often discuss Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as one demographic group, it is important to acknowledge that experiences vary greatly within this community, particularly when it comes to economic wellbeing. For example, while Japanese Americans have a poverty rate of 8.4 percent—nearly half the national average—Cambodian Americans and Hmong Americans have much higher poverty rates at 18.8 percent and 24 percent, respectively. This is why Asian American and Pacific Islanders can be viewed as having relatively high household income, while also being one of the fastest-growing populations in poverty since the Great Recession.

One contributing factor to the differences between AAPI groups is English proficiency, as adults with limited English skills tend to have higher rates of unemployment and lower wages. This is critical as Asian Americans are among the most likely to have limited English proficiency, and one in five Asian households in the U.S. is considered “linguistically isolated,” where no one in the household over the age of 14 speaks English “very well.” And the language barrier impacts Asian Americans regardless of birth place. In fact, nearly 1 out of 10 U.S.-born Asian Americans has limited English proficiency.

English proficiency among parents is also critical when it comes to accessing the knowledge and resources necessary to help children navigate classrooms, health facilities, and even the juvenile justice system. Further, higher proficiency in English among parents is associated with better academic and economic outcomes for their children. On top of this, English language learner students—students whose native language is not English or who come from environments where English is not the dominant language—are more likely to attend high-poverty schools where resources are limited. Moreover, they must acquire language skills while studying the same content areas as their English-speaking peers, essentially doing double the work.

You need to look longitudinally. We are empowering a family and a community, not just a child.

Given the fact that English proficiency impacts employment outcomes, family responsibilities, and a child’s academic success, the language barrier can create a poverty trap for families and a loss of human capital for communities.

As the number of immigrants continues to increase, one of the most significant ways communities can respond to this influx is by ensuring greater access to English language instruction to ensure that all families can fully participate in society. In a recent report titled “The Case for a Two-Generation Approach for Educating English Language Learners,” I outline how communities should support strategies that engage parents and children and improve the academic and economic well-being of both generations. These strategies include adopting a community school model—meaning schools provide critical wraparound services for students and families.

In my hometown of Oakland, California, half the students speak a language other than English, with Spanish and Cantonese being the most common. Recently, the school district chose to move towards the community school model and provide a wide spectrum of wraparound services for all students, including: physical and mental health services, nutrition, housing, employment, parenting, and language acquisition courses. In addition, the district’s Family Literacy program provides parents with English as a second language and computer literacy courses. These classes are integrated into the child’s school, giving parents the opportunity to use the same resources as their children and gain a greater understanding of what their children are learning.

“You need to look longitudinally,” Sue Pon, director of adult education for Oakland, told Fusion. “We are empowering a family and a community, not just a child.”

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Stigma, a Weak Safety Net, and the Deaths of Jodi and Randy Speidel

This article originally appeared at The Nation.

Jodi and Randy Speidel, a couple in their mid-40s, taped a note to the front door of their one-bedroom rental home warning visitors of carbon monoxide. They let their three cats outdoors and wrote a note attesting that their next decision was a mutual one. Then, in their locked bedroom, they lit two charcoal grills and committed suicide.

The couple’s 20-year-old daughter had recently turned to to seek assistance for her parents, The Columbus Dispatch reported. Describing them as “the hardest-working people I know,” she wrote, “now that they literally cannot work anymore, they have nowhere to turn to.”

Chronic illnesses had forced both to stop working. They had lived without heat all winter and without water for a week. Jodi had applied for assistance and was waiting for a response. She had turned to food banks but was struggling to cook without water. They were down to $33 in savings.

Jodi herself sought help from and She in fact signaled a little hope—writing that she had “found a job that is willing to work with my illnesses.” But she also described driving more than 30 miles “on gas fumes” and not knowing if she “would make it back home or even there.”

“I have turned in every direction possible and don’t know what else to do,” Jodi wrote. “If you can help we will be forever grateful and will even pay you back once we get back on our feet.”

Stigma makes people hide in the shadows. Your next-door neighbor could be struggling with poverty and you don’t even know it.

One thing the Speidels apparently didn’t do was turn to their neighbors—some of whom said they would have offered help had they known of the couple’s struggles.

“We have become such a disassociated and anti-social society that we don’t even know our own neighbors,” a pastor lamented to the Dispatch, suggesting that a tighter community could have made a difference.

We don’t really know if their neighbors were in a position to provide the kind of resources the couple needed. But it’s notable that Jodi opted for the relative anonymity of reaching out online rather than turning to her neighbors. Over the years, I have heard from many people with low incomes about the shame and stigma of poverty, and how it keeps them from telling others about what they are going through.

In March, a couple of colleagues and I met with five members of Witnesses to Hunger, an advocacy organization whose members use photographs and their testimonials to document their experiences in poverty and advocate at the state, local, and federal levels for policy reform. We wanted to explore a campaign that would push back against the shaming of low-income people by the media, politicians, and other high-profile individuals, and support individuals who want to share their stories in order to educate the public and policymakers about poverty in America.

“Telling my story was like coming out of the closet,” said Betty Burton of Martha’s Vineyard. “Stigma makes people hide in the shadows. Your next-door neighbor could be struggling with poverty and you don’t even know it.”

Anisa Davis of Camden said she felt ashamed to tell her story until she became a member of Witnesses to Hunger. “People need to tell their stories in order to rid themselves of the baggage that comes with that shame.”

But finding the courage to tell one’s story is easier said than done, especially when much of the media and our politics not only blame people who are struggling for their poverty, they also bash them for it. Philadelphia Witness to Hunger member Angela Sutton spoke of the stereotypes propagated about people with low-incomes, such as their being “dumb, lazy, or just making babies.”

“Stories rarely show the positive changes that Witnesses and others are trying to create in our communities,” said Sutton. She said these kinds of stories would “break barriers” and help “people who are struggling to speak up.”

In addition to Jodi’s posting online, the Dispatch reports that she also had applied for assistance. We don’t know what she applied for—or whether her application would have been approved—but it’s worth looking at how hard we make it for people to get help in our country. Despite all of the rhetoric that suggests “welfare dependence” is rampant, the numbers tell a far different story.

Jack Frech, the former director of the Athens County Department of Job and Family Services in Appalachian Ohio, recently retired after more than thirty years of service in the welfare department. He said times have changed and we have made it much more difficult to get assistance.

“I’ve watched the stigma about welfare grow at the hands of both political parties at all levels of government,” said Frech. “It is deeply ingrained in our administration of assistance programs. We have codified the belief that we are not our neighbors’ keeper. Shame on us.”

I hope a reporter does a follow up to this story: What assistance did Jodi Speidel try to obtain? Did she receive a response? What is the process for applying? Is there any expedited process for emergency assistance? How could we reform the system to prevent the next unnecessary deaths from occurring?

The unavoidable truth is this: These deaths did not need to happen, and the Speidels should not die in vain.

First Person

Life Amidst Poverty

I have lived in poverty both as a child and as an adult, and I can say with full confidence that it is a life-crushing force. I hated it. “Poverty” is also one of the most misunderstood labels that gets slapped onto individuals without their approval—cast upon them simultaneously by both unseen and more visible forces of society.

Poverty is a word loaded with preconceived notions, common misperceptions, and seemingly innocuous assumptions. What the word does not do is delve below its surface meaning, into the reality of poverty—a world that no one wants to live in.

Poverty is exhausting. Poverty is despair and desperation-inducing. Poverty is soul, dream and hope crushing. Poverty is like being enclosed in a prison cell with no doors or windows. It feels claustrophobic, as if there is no way out. Only the most resilient do not give up. Still, there is no guarantee that life will get better—and those in poverty know this all too well. They either become hardened or submit to fate. You don’t live life, you don’t thrive—you survive. You wonder if you are predestined, like a caste in another country, to live out a life destitute of fulfillment—whether financial, professional or just having a better life.

These are the very thoughts that consumed me in times of poverty. And yet, I never stopped believing that there must be a way out. The “how” and the “why” of my situation—resounding questions that were never sated—eventually fell by the wayside as I pushed towards hope. The very thing that brought despair and darkness motivated me to dig out of that prison, to fight with everything within me, to find that light that must exist outside of the walls.

Resources and access to them are the most influential factors in the “making it or breaking it”

In America, there is this prevalent belief that if someone just pulls herself up by her bootstraps, she can succeed. And yet, as I have learned, it is entirely possible to work your ass off and still struggle. Whether I had boots or not, whether I was barefoot, in heels, what I really learned is that resources and access to them—a network of support, and awareness of available choices—are the most influential factors in the “making it or breaking it” of life in the US. So much of this became clear to me only later—when I had the opportunity to see outside of the tiny, claustrophobic room that I had been in for years.

Living in poverty need not be a death sentence. I decided when I was 5 years old that I wanted to secure a bachelor’s degree before I was married (which I did). Throughout my childhood, I had a voracious appetite for knowledge: I was constantly hungry to learn more. In high school, I decided that upon graduation I would leave the state and my family to start a new life for myself, even though it was extremely hard and I worked three jobs at one point. In college, I knew that I wanted to live and work overseas, to expand my perspective and learn more about the world. And when life challenges blindsided me as an adult (now with two degrees under my belt), I continued to learn what my options were, what resources were available to me, and to fight hard to provide the best opportunities that I can for my own children, so that they may never see themselves as “living in poverty” or not having a shot at a better life.

Enduring poverty is not the end of hope or life. The key things needed to break down the walls that imprison those within poverty are: outside influences, support networks such as friends or family, awareness of other opportunities, and access to resources.

With this combination, a new life is possible.

Restoring Hope to Baltimore Requires Making College Affordable

“I’ve always wanted to go to college. I’ve wanted to be an orthodontist since I was seven,” said 16-year-old Kayla, not realizing that because she grew up in West Baltimore the odds of her dreams coming true were very slim.

There’s a long shadow cast over Baltimore’s children. Like young people across America, they know that the ability to get a good-paying job depends on college. As teens, many of them finish high school, fill out college applications, and complete financial aid forms.  But then they find out the truth: college is unaffordable.

There is a lot of talk about elite universities offering “no loans” promises and sending letters to low-income families across the country urging their children to apply.  But that effort is relevant to a tiny few. Most people who attend college go to institutions that are far from free.

Despite massive public investment in financial aid, students from families like Kayla’s who earn less than $20,000 a year are now required to pay at least $8,000 for a year of community college and more than $12,000 a year at a public university. That “net price” is what researchers like me have found to be the real bill that students and their families face after all grants (including the federal Pell and state and institutional grants) are subtracted from the sticker price of attending college. This price has gone up substantially over time, particularly since the Great Recession.  It’s climbed as real family income for most has fallen. Worse, it may well be under-stated.

College education is central to the American Dream. But the ladder people must climb to get there has eroded, and a critical rung fell off.  After a semester or two, even the most talented students from the bottom half of the income distribution find that the price of college is more than they can afford.  They have enough money to register for classes, but they cannot pay the bills long enough to graduate.

The young people of Baltimore know this.  Researchers tracked a set of the city’s children beginning in 1982, when the kids were in 1st grade.  A decade and a half later, almost two-thirds enrolled in college. But by age 28, just 17 percent had earned an associates or bachelor’s degree, with another 13 percent earning a certificate.  Nearly half who grew up poor, ended up poor, especially if they were black.

The ladder people must climb to get to the American Dream has eroded, and a critical rung fell off.

It wasn’t for lack of trying. Researchers like Stefanie DeLuca, who met Kayla while doing research on young people from Baltimore’s highest poverty neighborhoods, confirm that a strong work ethic is omnipresent there. But enrolling in college exacerbates their poverty: working two or three jobs while also taking on federal and private loans takes a heavy toll. Growing numbers of undergraduates find themselves living without sufficient food or adequate housing even as they try and focus on school.

When college is unaffordable, hope is lost.  Without degrees, young people are returning to the streets with debt, disillusioned and fearful for their futures.

Today colleges and state governments set most college prices. They are failing at this job. The opportunity to get a college education is distributed in highly inequitable ways.  Rather than promoting mobility, the broken college financing system is ensuring that economic and racial inequality gets passed down – and worsened – from one generation to the next.  Americans deserve better.

Last year, Republican Governor Bill Haslam began to restore hope in Tennessee by offering tuition-free community college.  The predecessor to the Tennessee Promise, Knox Achieves, is proving effective at helping young people who would have otherwise never experienced even a 13th year of education earn college credits.  Helping those students complete a 14th year, and attain a credential, may require more investment, along the lines of America’s College Promise proposed by President Barack Obama.

The initiatives of Haslam and Obama were preceded by wisdom and a smart initiative in New York. In 1969, large numbers of African Americans and Puerto Ricans demanded that the City University of New York become a place that they could enter to pursue better lives.  University administrators responded by instituting an open admissions policy to complement a very low price.  An evaluation conducted over the next 30 years revealed that while the new policy did not wipe out disadvantages due to race or class (or high school academic record), it more than doubled the proportion of black women who would attain degrees. That finding is consistent with more recent studies that raise sharp questions about the contention that “college isn’t for everyone.”

National leaders need to provide hope to young adults in Baltimore and cities like it.  Federal policy must change. Simply providing financial aid isn’t getting the job done, as it requires too little from those who establish college costs.  Instead, we need a national conversation about what it means to provide a high-quality 13th and 14th year of public education to everyone, and then we need to pay for it. New taxes are an option – but we can also simply stop spending where investments aren’t pay off. Ending subsidies to for-profit universities is a good place to start.

There is much to do to provide hope, dignity, and a chance at a better life to America’s poor urban youth. Part of the solution must include making college affordable.

To Combat For-Profit Schools, Provide Free Community College

Although it is widely documented that for-profit colleges routinely prey on low-income students, these schools have proven adept at beating back regulations that would curb their abuses. To decrease the attractiveness of for-profit schools, and their power to exploit students with low incomes, progressives should rally around President Obama’s proposal to provide free community college.

Over the last few years, for-profit colleges have come under fire from the Senate HELP committee, several federal agencies, and 37 state attorneys, with good reason. The for-profit education business model provides no incentive for schools to produce successful, educated college graduates. As a result, over half of the students who attend these schools fail to obtain a degree and struggle with mounting student loan debt. Those students fortunate enough to graduate have a hard time securing employment, as employers increasingly turn away candidates with degrees from for-profit schools.

For-profit colleges use a variety of unethical and sometimes illegal practices to persuade students to attend their schools. Some schools get leads on potential students through fake job postings on websites like craigslist or Recent reports show a few top for-profit colleges utilize fake online health insurance and food stamp applications to collect information on potential students. Individuals who fall victim to phishing schemes like these are subsequently harassed with calls from for-profit schools until they speak with admissions representatives. Students report being called up to twenty times in a single morning, or as late as 11 p.m. When students finally succumb to the pressure and speak with a representative, they are subjected to recruitment tactics that are far more abusive.

 An example of training materials for recruiters at a for-profit college

Admissions representatives at several large for-profit schools say management promotes a variety of exploitative practices to secure enrollment. These tactics include asking callers—many of whom are low-income or people of color—to imagine what they will buy when they make six-figures, or how their family will feel when they no longer rely on a minimum wage job. Many representatives go as far as telling callers how worthless they are with just a high school diploma. Many students who were actively recruited in this manner were unable to afford—or clearly incapable of completing—the program. Some students even struggled with a range of disabilities such as brain damage and learning disorders. In one particularly high profile case, a Corporal for the U.S. Marines was enrolled at a large for-profit college, but was so severely impaired by a traumatic brain injury that he could not remember what classes he was taking.

Students who enroll as a result of this kind of manipulation often sign themselves into financial ruin. However, as long as the students attend classes, the school turns a profit. The entire business model of for-profit schools relies on cheating victims out of their dollars and dreams, which ultimately increases their reliance on safety net programs.

In contrast, community college provides crucial alternatives for those most frequently victimized by for-profit schools—people with low-incomes and people of color. Students with low-incomes are disproportionately affected by social factors (financial instability, health issues, transportation issues) that discourage investing financial resources in brick-and-mortar schools, in deference to online education. For-profit schools take advantage of this instability, promising increased upward mobility coupled with the flexibility of online schooling. As a result, low-income students enroll in for-profit schools at nearly four times the rate of other students.

 An example of student “profiles” targeted by recruiters at a for-profit college

By providing low-income students with the opportunity to attend community college at no cost, President Obama’s plan virtually eliminates the consumer base of these profit-seeking colleges, ending their large-scale fraud. Under President Obama’s plan, students receive full tuition funding if they are enrolled at least half-time at community college and are earning above a 2.5 GPA. The proposal is also beneficial because it permits students to receive Pell grants while they are at community college; this policy would help families afford living expenses while the primary caretaker focuses on school.

Obama’s initiative encourages low-income, at-risk students to consider local community colleges before for-profit schools, thereby increasing their potential economic mobility and financial wellbeing. Current estimates suggest that as many as 9 million students would benefit from the initiative.

While Obama’s proposal is not a blank check, it provides much more flexibility for students with low-incomes. More importantly, the plan could prevent millions of our country’s most disadvantaged people from enrolling in schools that prove far better at exploiting students than educating them.


10/21/2014 07:45 pm ET Updated Feb 02, 2016

Botched Robbery or Hate Crime?

Over the past two weeks, community members in Los Angeles have held vigils to mourn the death and celebrate the life of Aniya "Ray Ray" Parker. The murder of Ms. Parker marked the eighth homicide of a transgender woman of color reported in the U.S. since June. She was shot in the head and killed as she was fleeing from three men who had confronted her on a sidewalk in Hollywood.

Los Angeles Police Department officers immediately told news reporters at the scene that this tragic incident appeared to be a "robbery gone bad." Within hours, local media ran headlines of a transgender person killed in a "botched robbery." The police, they reported, were not considering this a hate crime but simply a random "robbery gone sideways." These accounts were echoed in national reports, even from LGBT news sources.

Local community members and activists responded with an adamantly different perspective on what happened: This was not a robbery, in fact, they left the purse behind," one resident told reporters. "This is a cold-blooded hate crime and this type of violence needs to end."

A surveillance video of the incident showed the assailants engaging in a verbal exchange with Ms. Parker and then physically assaulting her. Ms. Parker fled and was shot as she ran across the street, not during a struggle for her belongings. When the video was shown on local television news, it strengthened community members' resolve that this was not a "botched robbery" but a hate crime against an individual from a marginalized and too-often-targeted community.

According to the newest hate-crime statistics released last week by the Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations, the number of incidents against transgender people jumped by nearly 46 percent last year, and the majority of the victims were people of color. Just as staggering, the report revealed that 100 percent of those crimes were violent.

The tragic murder of Ms. Parker and the frenzy of news reports in the aftermath have elevated concerns around the investigation and handling of violent crimes against trans people and illuminated misconceptions regarding the role of law enforcement.

During the investigation, it is not law enforcement's role to decide whether or not this murder was a hate crime. That is largely up to the district attorney when suspects are arrested and charged. As stated by LAPD Detective Scott Masterson in response to another recent LGBT homicide, "The hate crime aspect doesn't come into play until we're meeting with the district attorney. A hate crime is determined by the evidence. It's what we can prove, not what we think."

Whether a crime is deemed a "hate crime" is based on the specific motivation of the perpetrators. In California, any crime may be deemed a "hate crime" if it was "committed, in whole or in part, because of one or more ... actual or perceived characteristics of the victim."

While it is not law enforcement's role to conclude whether or not this was a hate crime, it is part of their job to thoroughly investigate crimes. An informed perspective around the victim's identity and the broader context of the crime should act as guidance. This recent homicide involved a victim who was part of a vulnerable population disproportionately experiencing hate violence: African-American trans women.

It appears that an understanding of Ms. Parker's identity within the broader context of violence fueled by transphobia, homophobia, sexism and racism in our society has been missed. When asked by a reporter at the vigil for Ms. Parker about whether this was a hate crime, an LAPD captain remarked, "Just because of a person's lifestyle and they're a victim of a violent crime, it doesn't necessarily make it a hate crime." Detectives repeatedly expressed that the trans community should not be concerned about their safety in the wake of this murder. Unfortunately, these statements convey a lack of awareness about the trans community and the threats of violence we live with every day.

Being transgender is not merely a "lifestyle." An acknowledgement of our identities and experiences is a prerequisite for recognizing hate crimes and investigating how and why hate-motivated violence happens. Moreover, in cases such as this one, law enforcement have an opportunity to build trust with a historically marginalized population, which ultimately will improve investigations and community safety.

Ms. Parker may have indeed been targeted for a robbery, as the investigators have indicated, but why was she chosen as a victim? And why did the violence escalate to such brutality? While I am not advocating that we jump to the conclusion that the murder of Ms. Parker was a hate crime, the possibility that her transgender identity or her race, or both, were motivating factors should be a critical component of the investigation.

The current investigative premise seems to be: A crime is not a hate crime until proven otherwise. When the victim is a trans woman of color, this approach flies in the face of our current reality. I propose a different approach for law enforcement: A violent crime against a transgender person should be investigated under the presumption that it was motivated by anti-transgender bias and hatred, until the evidence shows otherwise.

Critical consideration of a crime's context should guide the investigative process and how law enforcement agencies think about and talk about incidents such as this one. With video footage clearly showing that perpetrators engaged in a violent interaction with a trans woman and shot her as she was running away, this investigation should be guided by the real possibility that Aniya Parker's murder was, indeed, a hate crime.


Fashion Theory (BOK)

Malcolm Barnard

499,00 49900
Sendes vanligvis innen 7-15 dager
Fashion is both big business and big news. From models' eating disorders and sweated labour to the glamour of a new season's trends, statements and arguments about fashion and the fashion industry can be found in every newspaper, consumer website and fashion blog. Books which define, analyse and explain the nature, production and consumption of fashion in terms of one theory or another abound. But what are the theories that run through all of these analyses, and how can they help us to understand fashion and clothing? Fashion Theory: an introduction explains some of the most influential and important theories on fashion: it brings to light the presuppositions involved in the things we think and say about fashion every day and shows how they depend on those theories. This clear, accessible introduction contextualises and critiques the ways in which a wide range of disciplines have used different theoretical approaches to explain - and sometimes to explain away - the astonishing variety, complexity and beauty of fashion. Through engaging examples and case studies, this book explores: fashion and clothing in history fashion and clothing as communication fashion as identity fashion, clothing and the body production and consumption fashion, globalization and colonialism fashion, fetish and the erotic. This book will be an invaluable resource for students of cultural studies, sociology, gender studies, fashion design, textiles or the advertising, marketing and manufacturing of clothes.

Språk Engelsk Engelsk Innbinding Heftet
Utgitt 2014 Forfatter Malcolm Barnard
Taylor & Francis
ISBN 9780415496216
Antall sider 244 Dimensjoner 16,6cm x 23,6cm x 1,3cm
Vekt 376 gram Leverandør Bertram Trading Ltd


1300 122 007

The Art of Self-Storage

Outta sight, outta mind. Sometimes storing things can be like magically disappearing objects. So – you have to spend 6 months living at your parent’s house to save up for that trip, you’re being relocated to Timbuktu for a year or you’ve just had a baby and the music room’s gotta go. Whatever the reason you find yourself with a surplus of stuff or too much treasure, smooth moves self-storage is a great solution for keeping things you either want to use later or just because.

Self-Storage is an art. Here are proven pointers for getting it right:

Give some method to the madness

Which sounds better… knowing where all your bits n’ pieces are or going on a blind hunt every time you need something from your self-storage unit. Taking half an hour to plan can save you a world of pain and wild goose chasing for what you put where.

Divide and conquer

When you’re gathering your things for self-storage, approach the task methodically. It’s best to go room by room and chunk the task up into doable parts. Tackling the whole shebang can be overwhelming and ineffective, so start small and you’ll feel more like you’re getting somewhere.

We insist you keep a list

Don’t you hate that feeling when you know you have something but you have no idea where it is? Grab a pen and paper, open a spreadsheet or make a digital photo gallery. Whatever your preferred format – making a list of what you have in self-storage is key. If you’re storing small stuff and boxing up your gear, keep a list of what goes in each box. If you’re storing bigger item, list each piece. Easy now can prevent panic later whether it acts as an inventory list for insurance purposes, or saving you forking out for an item you’ve already got, a simple list goes a long way.

Cluey colour code

If you’re storing smaller stuff in boxes or containers, develop a colour coding system that’ll help you categorise your treasure trove. It’s easy – just assign a colour to each room of your house and then use that colour label on each box or item that belongs in that room. For example, a red label for a box of kitchen implements or a yellow label for a box of stationary and office gear.

Store your list

Don’t be that person that looses the list. Don’t keep it ‘somewhere safe’ (under that rock three metres from the door… or was it four…). Keep your list on your computer or take a photo of your list for safekeeping. Make sure it’s somewhere handy and memorable. Some people attach it to the door of their self-storage unit for safe keeping.

Taking the time to store smart can make your Smoothmooves experience that much better.


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Change That Tune: The Influence of Music in Movies

the power of music in movies

Often, the inclusion of original music in film production is used as a tool to influence audience experience in a way that taps into the subconscious mind and generates feelings associated with specific music scores. With the release of Codeblack’s newest production TRAFFIK, featuring Paula Patton and Omar Epps, the original musical accompaniments Bleeding Machines and Heart of a Woman both serve to reiterate the emotional turmoil and subsequent strength that it takes the characters to survive their traumatic weekend getaway.

Choosing the music in a film production is a key aspect of audience experience and allows viewers to become immersed in the film itself, and also the emotion of the characters in a way that generates subconscious empathy and understanding. Specifically, in TRAFFIK, the relationships between the characters are not entirely without dissension.

The tracks Bleeding Machines and Heart of a Woman are both prime examples of the ability for music to transport audiences when paired with the right visuals on a film soundtrack. Both songs in TRAFFIK display the love and strength of conviction that is required to overcome both physical and emotional struggle.

The use and importance of music in modern-day movies is one that has been underrated for so long.

These days, music very easily sits in the film narrative remaining consciously unobserved, whilst still stimulating our subconscious. This aids the emotional impact that such movies have on our minds.

The uses of music in movies have been constantly evolving since the early 1900s. These days, artistes are often contracted to make music specifically for movies – this is called Film Scoring.

Film Score: Music created specifically for a movie #musicbiz #filmbiz CLICK TO TWEETWe will proceed to analyze the progress of the use of music in movies right from the start of both arts. We will also examine some of the past and current uses of music in movies, as well as attempt to predict possible uses in the future.

Our goal is to provide a holistic understanding of the true essence of music in movies.

How The Use of Music Has Evolved in Movies

Music in movies and films began back in the silent film era, featuring the likes of Charlie Chaplin.

Early on, the music featured in these films was not recorded with the film. These films were usually projected onto a big screen in front of a large audience, and because sitting in silence the whole time would be awkward, live music was always played at such screenings.

It was the responsibility of the composers and instrumentalists made sure the music went along with the movie.

With the advent of talking pictures, music once again sprouted up to the top of elements in the music industry. Original scores were soon created, starting with Max Steiner writing the first original score for King Kong in 1933.

This seemed to have injected some courage into composers and filmmakers as they began to experiment more and develop music that went along with plots and characters.

Fast forward to the 1950s and Jazz music was all over the film industry. Synthesized sounds sprung up in the 1980s and it became totally possible to film score with only one performer by using the synthesizer to create the sounds of several instrumentalists.

With the rapid advancement of technology these days, film makers and music composers have the required resources to create perfect film scores that will properly accentuate their movie plots and characters.

Uses of Music in Movies

As can be inferred already, the many uses of music in the movie industry have been continuously changing with new technologies.

Creating an Atmosphere

Music can be used to create the perfect atmosphere in a particular film scene, by setting the right tone and mood for the plot moment.

Just by the way the music comes into the movie, one can properly discern the level of drama or genre or atmosphere or mood expected of such a movie or scene.

Music can be used to create an impression or judgment about a particular scene.

In the early days of music in the film industry, the main essence of music was commenting on certain scenes. And yes, music can place labels on scenes, however it should not be overdone if the aim is to let the audience figure content out by themselves or to keep up suspense.

Music is used to create the perfect atmosphere in a film scene #musicbiz CLICK TO TWEETHowever, when used well, music commenting can help guide the audience in the right direction and evoke the right emotions at the right scenes.

Portraying Emotions

Music can be used to effectively reveal the emotions of characters.

A face with any expression can be interpreted to portray another emotion just by infusing the right music.

Want to give a movie character the right emotional weight? Choose your music wisely CLICK TO TWEETThis function is also applicable to the audience as the right music can make the audience feel whichever emotion the film maker requires them to feel.

Referencing Social, Geographic or Cultural Factors

Music can work well in referencing the legacy or tradition of a group of people. The social or cultural heritage of a group of real life people or movie characters can be properly communicated by infusing the right music into the film.

Geographic settings can also be properly denoted with the right music.

For instance, playing music associated with a particular geographical location can be an easy way of communicating where a particular scene is taking place, ensuring there is no confusion amongst the audience.

Referencing Particular Time Periods

Music can be effectively used to reveal the time period during which a scene or movie is set.

Playing music from that particular time period will help the audience easily understand the time period during which such a scene or movie is set.

Set the mood, and the era, by using the right music in a movie CLICK TO TWEETAlso, if there is a flashback during a movie, playing a music from the time period of the flashback will make the flashback more understandable.

Creating Contradictions or Suspense

This is a very strong use of music in the film industry, and when used properly, can help keep the audience in the direction of the movie.

Music that sounds like what is not expected in a particular scene will create a feeling that something is not right, and will alert the senses of the audience.

Music can particularly be useful in creating suspense, for instance if a character is running towards a corner, not knowing what to expect on the other side, the music can speed up, helping create a tense mood amongst the audience.

Connecting Scenes

The right music can help attach the right scenes together.

If a movie is changing from a rather hard scene to a softer one, playing the perfect music can help smooth this transition. This helps make the audience subconsciously comfortable with the somewhat steep property differences between the scenes involved.

What is the Future of Music in the Film Industry?

Right from the early 1900s, music has been a part of the movie industry, and it is sure to grow in popularity in coming years. There are already newer uses of music in movies, such as physiological conditioning.

These uses are bound to increase in numbers, and the prospect of music in the film industry is one that is very exciting.

It goes beyond saying that music has an evolving and very intimate relationship with the film industry, hence the importance of music in the movie industry is one that should never ever be understated.

When used properly, music can help guide the audience and evoke the right emotions from within them.

Learning how to use the right music in films is an art that requires constant review, you need to understand your audience, as well as ensure you do not compromise on the plot or quality of your film. It is only right that every film maker keeps music in mind whenever a new movie is being created.

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For the Bharatiya Janata Party's supporters, the growing belief that the party is no longer as favourably placed as before must be both bewildering and disheartening.

They must be wondering what could have gone wrong when the BJP was looking forward to not only a comfortable victory in 2019 but was also planning to celebrate the 75th year of India's independence in 2022.

The talk of a "New India" under the BJP's near-permanent control was in the air with both Nitish Kumar and Omar Abdullah from two opposite sides of the political spectrum saying that Narendra Modi faced no challenge.

Yet, the scene has changed. What is more, it has happened so over a rather short period of time. Among the reasons for it may be the BJP's electoral setbacks in, first, the Chitrakoot assembly byelection in Madhya Pradesh in November last year, the near-defeat it faced in the Gujarat assembly polls in the following month and finally the huge margins by which it recently lost three byelections in Rajasthan.

Before these contests, the successes of the Congress's student wing in the Delhi University and of a leftist union in the Jawaharlal Nehru University student union elections over the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the saffron brotherhood's student wing, were significant pointers to the emerging trends.

The new scenario has now led to conjectures about a fall in the BJP's number of Lok Sabha seats to 200/220 from the present 282 in a House of 545. Since these figures have been mentioned by a saffron scribe, it is obvious that assessments on these lines are currently on in the BJP. Another scribe has identified the absence of effective speakers other than Modi as one of the factors behind the BJP's slide in popularity.

Perhaps one of the first to say openly that the Modi magic was fading was a Shiv Sena spokesperson, who also noted the change in Rahul Gandhi's "body language" and his transformation into a credible leader. Not long after, the Sena decided not to align with the BJP in 2019.

The BJP's old ally is not the only party to begin thinking of greener pastures. The Telugu Desam Party, too, has expressed its displeasure over the "neglect" of Andhra Pradesh in the Union budget. To forestall a rupture, the BJP has offered the Shiv Sena 144 seats in Maharashtra in an assembly of 288 seats, but the generous gesture is more indicative of the BJP's nervousness than of magnanimity.

So, what went wrong for a party which was riding high during the first three years of its tenure?

First and foremost reason is its failure to usher in the promised "achhe din" or better days because of a sluggish economy. The scene might have been better but for the twin blows of demonetisation, which dealt a blow to small businesses, and the shambolic rolling out of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which also unsettled the traders and businessmen.

The second reason is the widespread rural distress which eroded the BJP's influence in Gujarat. As a party essentially of urban lower middle class areas, the BJP's connection with the countryside has never been very strong. In its Jan Sangh days, the party once even forgot to adopt a resolution on agriculture till the lapse was noticed at the last minute.

Modi is now said to have sought the advice of farming experts to reach out to the cultivators. But the move is unlikely to pay immediate political dividends. To compound the BJP's problems, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), the Sangh Parivar's labour wing, has raised the red flag over the "disappointing" Union budget.

Another explanation for the BJP's woes is undoubtedly the inability to control the saffron goons, who have been running amok to impose their diktats on diet, inter-faith romance and film scripts, among other things.

The rampages of the cow vigilantes have hit the meat and leather industries and resulted in ageing cows being let loose by their owners to roam the countryside and city streets to forage on their own. Hence the proposal to impose a fine on the "guilty" owners.

The result is the prevalence of an atmosphere of intolerance of the kind which made a section of the intelligentsia return the awards which they had once won in protest against the deteriorating state of affairs in the country.

Perhaps the BJP's only solace at the moment is that its opponents haven't been able to get their act together. Moreover, the fissures in their ranks are palpable with a rift in the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) over whether to align with the Congress in an anti-BJP front, and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) teaming up with the Janata Dal (Secular) in Karnataka on the eve of the assembly elections.

There are also said to be reservations among the senior opposition leaders about accepting Rahul Gandhi as the leader of an alliance.

Karnataka will be the next big electoral battle for the BJP. If it can dislodge the ruling Congress in the state, it will be able to brush aside the party's setbacks in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Otherwise, the road to 2019 will seem steeper.


Petzl ASAP®’SORBER European Version

Lanyard with energy absorber for ASAP® or ASAP® LOCK

The ASAP’SORBER lanyard connects to the ASAP® or ASAP® LOCK mobile fall arrester to allow the user to work at a distance from the rope in order to protect it during certain work phases. It is equipped with a tearing energy absorber located in a zippered fabric pouch to protect it from abrasion while allowing for regular inspection. Length 15 3/4"

Product Number: L71AA-40

Call 800-227-4255 to order.