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What’s wrong with bunny hands on dinosaurs?

Plateosaurus. Credit: Brian Switek

Arkansas law: The Good Dinosaur and the Ugly

Questions from Students

How old is coral?

How big is a T. rex egg?

How long is a sea spider?

What is the shortest sea dinosaur?

What is the longest sea dinosaur?

Still not the largest known individual of the species.

jurassicworld mosasaur

Jurassic World mosasaur, still not as big as Shonisasaurus

How did they breathe underwater?

What is the longest land dinosaur?

How big was Apatosaurus?

Illustratration by Darren Pepper,

When did the dinosaurs live? When were they born?

Nyasaurus, illustration by Mark Witton

When did the dinosaurs die?

How long did the dinosaurs live?

How old are T. rexes?

How did the dinosaurs die?

Did some animals live after the volcano and meteor?

How was it there? Was it dusty or cold there?

Why didn’t the dinosaurs need to fly?

Is it true that fish had sting rays?

How many bones have you found?

Dinosaurs by Aliki

Fossils Tell of Long Ago

alikifossilsbookby Aliki Brandenberg

Publication Date: 1972, revised 1990.

AR Book Level: 3.6

Dinosaur Bones

alikidinosaurbonesby Aliki Brandenberg

AR Book level: 3.7

Not ALL dinosaurs died out.

Not ALL dinosaurs died out.

2 More Days to National Fossil Day at the Museum of Discovery

DSC_1534 DSC_1550

How Big Is Your Favorite Dinosaur? Find Out Here

Dinosaurs Life Size

By Darren Naish

Publication Date: 2010

Barrons Educational Series, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-7641-6378-4.

dinolifesizecoverAuthor: Darren Naish is a well respected paleontologist publishing on all manner of dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs, and other extinct animals. While he has published several notable scientific papers, he has also written extensively for the general public, ranging from children’s books to books for the educated layperson. In addition to this book, Naish published Dinosaur Record Breakers, another good book that kids will find interesting. He has also published on cryptozoology, the mostly pseudoscience study of “hidden” creatures, such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster, debunking a variety of mythical creatures and discussing more plausible alternatives. You can also always find him at his highly regarded and widely read blog, Tetrapod Zoology, on the American Scientific blog network.

Dinosaurs Life Size came out a few years ago, but it is still a decent book for kids. I can’t say good for reasons discussed below, but it is better than many and has mostly good information. Don’t get it confused with the book of the same name by David Bergen, which came out in 2004. Naish’s book is much more up-to-date and scientifically accurate, having the advantage of having been written by an active researcher in the field who knows what he’s talking about. Not to criticize Bergen’s book as I haven’t read it, but if you were going to choose a book that was a decade old written by a non-expert or a book a few years old written by an expert who also happened to be a professional writer, which would you choose?

The book begins with a short introduction to dinosaurs and the book. A fold-out timeline follows, which puts all the animals discussed in the book in its appropriate place in time. The timeline includes a brief description of each period within the Mesozoic Era, commonly known as the Age of Dinosaurs. The meat of the book is a generally two page description of 26 different animals. Each animal gets a brief discussion of what it looked like, where it lived, and a few interesting factoids that have been pulled “from the bones” as a section for each animal is called.

Of course, the main draw of the book are the size comparisons. These are handled in two ways. Each animal is illustrated in full view alongside a young kid for scale. Almost all of them also have a drawing of a body part in real size, which really puts into glaring contrast just how big (and tiny) some of these animals were. Herrerosaurus has a hand, Lesothosaurus has its head for scale. At the extreme ends, Sauroposiedon has an eye and Argentinosaurus has a toe while Microraptor and Archaeopteryx are small enough to be drawn in their full glory.  Most are covered in two facing pages, so that every turn of the page presents a new animal. A few are presented on fold-out pages, although I am unclear as to why because only one actually takes advantage of the extra space to present its animal. the other one just puts two animals instead of the standard one.

After the animal descriptions is a fold-out page with a dinosaur quiz to test the reader on what they learned. this is followed by a short discussion of what fossils are, how they are formed, how old they can be, how they are found, and a couple of famous fossil examples. The book ends with a glossary and index. All told, there is plenty of solid information for the young reader who will gaze in wonder at the dinosaurs and at least some will enjoy testing themselves on the quiz.

The book has good information. I particularly like the pictures of a globe marking where each one is found. The illustrations of the life size bits give a good indication of the actual size of the animal. I like the pictures of real fossils and the bits of information about what has been found through their study. The book is very visual and should appeal to kids. The book is listed as being most appropriate for kids in grades 2-6, which I think is a pretty fair assessment. Advanced readers in first and second grade will like it, but will be bored by it by the time they get out of elementary school, but most kids in the 3-5 grades will like the book.

There are only SIX dinosaurs here!

There are only SIX dinosaurs here!

I do, unfortunately have some serious complaints about the book. First and foremost, the book is called “Dinosaurs Life Size”. I would prefer books labeled as such stick with dinosaurs. Despite knowing better, Naish chose to include descriptions of Plesiosaurus, Stenopterygius, Liopleurodon, Pterodactylus, and Quetzalcoatlus; none of which happen to be dinosaurs. You may notice that this leaves only 21 actual dinosaurs. A better title would have been Mesozoic Reptiles Life Size, but I can understand that probably wouldn’t sell as well. Still, it is misleading. What I cannot forgive though, is that he does NOT clearly identify them as non-dinosaurs. This is such an unforgivable sin that I am tempted to tell people not to get this book. The only place he indicates they are not dinosaurs is ONE sentence in the introduction. Naish has published research on all of these animals, he certainly knows better, so this is unpardonable.

Yep, even some of these dinosaurs had bristly "feathers". Mark Witton

Yep, even some of these dinosaurs had bristly “feathers”. Mark Witton

The next complaint I have is in the illustrations themselves. Some of the dinosaurs are noticeably absent of feathers. The Gallimimus is bare, except for a tuft at the top of its head. Part of this an be forgiven by the enormous advances that have been made due to new discoveries in the few short years since publication of the book. But even in 2010, we knew more dinosaurs were covered in feathers much more than is shown in this book. It is possible that feathers of some sort were an ancestral condition of ALL dinosaurs, so the bareness of some of these illustrations is wrong, even for the information he had at the time, so why the drawings were done this way is beyond me.

The average human height is 5'6.5". Yes, that's descriptive of the species.

The average human height is 5′ 6.5″. Yes, that’s descriptive of the species.

The last complaint I have is in the sizes. Each description is given a word description of how big each animal is. But the pictorial comparisons with the children are not the best. There is only a rough idea of how big the children are, which one is forced to base entirely on one’s experience with kids as there are no scale bars in any of the pictures. For a book about size, this is an inexcusable oversight. I have personally seen kids of a similar age who were between three feet and five feet. Now imagine extrapolating that difference to an animal that is thirty times that size and you can see the immense errors involved. Admittedly, there is a lot of uncertainty in the actual sizes of many of these animals (there are pretty much no complete sauropod tails, for instance, so determining length is problematic). But this book neither mentions anything about the uncertainties involved and then complicates the issue with further uncertainties in the illustrations while giving exact measurements in the written description.

So, in conclusion, I cannot fully support this book as there are too many serious problems. However, it is still better than many others on the market and does have solid information in the texts. The pictures give a rough idea of sizes, which for the age the book is geared towards is reasonable. But it is inconsistent with the sizes between the text and the illustrations; the illustrations themselves are not always accurate in terms of what we know about feather coverings, thus showing somewhat antiquated pictures of dinosaurs; and the book is really about Mesozoic reptiles, not dinosaurs anyway. Thus, the best I can do is give it maybe 3/5 stars, which pains me deeply because Darren Naish is a truly smart, well-read, and knowledgeable person who otherwise has written lots of great material.

Mystery Monday and Walking With Dinosaurs Movie Review

Mystery Monday

Archimedes “fronds”

Way to go, Allie!

Clue 1: It’s from the Cretaceous.

Walking with Dinosaurs 3D movie review

Sadly, not like this.

More like this, but with better graphics.

It’s Big, It’s Golden, and it’s Dinosaurs

The Big Golden Book of Dinosaurs

By Dr. Robert T. Bakker

Ilustrated by Luis V. Rey

Publication date: 2013. 61 pg.

Day 4 at SVP

http___vertpaleoDay 4 and the last day at SVP. After this, we will return to our regularly scheduled sorts of posts.Another day of talks and poster sessions, the last chance to meet friends and colleagues and discuss what you’ve heard and what people are doing. Although frankly, I think most people are tired and ready to go home by this point. Some people thrive on the highs of shared creativity and knowledge and find  the end of the meeting and going back to regular work depressing, I think the most common reaction is the feeling of being rejuvenated by the meeting, so that you can’t wait to go back and start developing the new ideas created at the meeting, the chance to put those creative juices to work before the distractions of everyday life dry them up.

A lot of people don’t like having their talks on the last day. People are going home, they are tired, their attention flags, but this meeting showed a strong turnout for the last set of talks. The symposium scheduled for today was “Patterns from the poles: biodiversity and paleoecology of high latitude fossil vertebrates,” which I, at least, found interesting and worth attending. I didn’t attend too many of the talks though, because there was also a session on the evolution of early birds, which I found even more interesting, as well as a session on mammals, which had several talks discussing how different mammal groups adapted to climate change in the past. Several talks introduced new fossils and what they contributed to our knowledge of evolution within those groups, such as a new Devonian fish from Siberia, the first pterosaur from Antarctica, a new sauropodomorph (early versions of animals that would  become sauropods, the oldest mammal from Antarctic and a new Arctic camel, new birds, seals, sirens, dolphins, and whales. All in all, good reasons to stick around.

Anchiornis_martyniuk, wikimedia

Anchiornis_martyniuk, wikimedia

Rui Pei reported on a new specimen of Anchiornis, the first animal in which fossil evidence in the feathers was used to determine coloration. Anchiornis lived 10 million years before Archaeopteryx and there has been some debate about whether it was a true bird or still a non-avian dinosaur. Pei’s analysis of the new specimen indicated that Anchiornis was a troodontid, so not quite yet a  bird. This is another great example that the transition between birds and other dinosaurs is so well documented that the line is an arbitrary classification with no biological relevance. Speaking of feather colors, William Gearty found new ways to study the melanosomes in the feathers providing colors, finding that, in addition to color, he could tell color gradients as well. he also concluded that melanosomes stiffened the feathers, making them more resistant to wear, but also carried more bacteria, thus representing an additional resource cost for the animals (some of this work can be found online at PLOS One).. Justin Hall found that feather asymmetry, long thought to be important for flight, turned out not to have the aerodynamic significance we thought, as it didn’t really affect the ability to fly.  Ashley Heers found trade-offs in locomotor ability: the more investment in wings, the less was put into the legs, and this trade-off could change as the bird grew so that chicks may emphasize the wings or legs while the adults emphasized the other.

Cryolophosaurus, Royal Ontario Museum. Wikimedia.

Cryolophosaurus, Royal Ontario Museum. Wikimedia.

Several studies showed the difficulties inherent in paleoecology interpretation. Peter Makovicky found that the horned ceratopsids showed different growth rates between northern and southern populations, the duck-billed ornithopods did not, and the carnivorous theropod Cryolophosaurus showed different growth rates in different areas of the same body in the northern individuals, but not in the southern individuals. According to Bergman’s rule, we should expect to see animals get bigger and stockier the farther north they are found. Anthony Fiorillo found that the small troodontids followed the rule, but northern individuals of the large tyrannosaurs were only 40% the size of the southern ones. In this case, it is likely that resource supply kept the tyrannosaurs smaller. Patrick Druckenmiller reported on a diverse Arctic dinosaur fauna including toodontids, dromaeosaurs, thescelosaurs, hadrosaurs, pachycephalosaurs, and tyrannosaurs, despite mean annual temperatures near freezing. While similar to southern forms, all the species were different, indicating a discrete, provincial ecosystem. John Tarduno argued that the presence of champsosaurs (a type of early crocodylian) and turtles indicated the weather was too warm for ice to be present even during winter, but as proven by an earlier talk, we know this is incorrect (a great example of science correcting itself). He proposed volcanism forming a series of shallow, freshwater connections between North America and Asia during the latest Cretaceous allowing interchange between the continents, which will need more study to determine if that proposal is true. Judd Case found that even though modern fish fauna show a drop in diversity with lower temperatures, thisi was not the case in the Cretaceous. As the temperature in the Cretaceous dropped 8-10 C in the Antarctic oceans, the fish didn’t really change, although marine reptiles increased in diversity while the ammonite diversity dropped.

Figure from Fletcher et al. 2010, showing FEA analysis, indicating stress points near the joint.

Rodrigo Figueiredo  presenting evidence that predators who pursue their prey (as opposed to ambush predators  attacking large prey and those that pounce on smaller prey) may not have evolved to go after herbivores, but to prey on the pounce predators themselves, much like wolves will sometimes hunt foxes and weasels. Michael Greshko presented a study finding that herbivores known as generalists (able to eat a wide variety of plants) mostly consist of different individual specialists who eat only a narrow range of foods. This is rather like why a pizza buffet needs to stock a lot of different types of pizza even though any particular customer may only eat one or two different types. Speaking of eating, Emily Rayfield gave a possible answer to why mammals reduced the number of bones in the mandible to just one, as opposed to having several bones in the lower jaw like other groups of animals. Using Finite Element Analysis, an engineering method designed to test mechanical strength of materials, found that the one bone provided a stronger bite while reducing stress. Alistair Evans used a program called GEOMAGIC to study tooth shape in early mammals and predict what tooth shape should be like to help sort out all the isolated teeth for which we have no idea what they belong to. in this way, he is making predictions of fossils that have not yet been discovered. BON graph BON graph

In addition to the software programs mentioned previously, several others were mentioned in talks this day. Most biogeography methods these days are done using phylogenetic methods to help inform how animals spread out across the globe, but Chris Sidor presented Bipartite Occurrence Networks (BON), using Gephi to visualize the patterns, which just uses locality connectedness and found that therapsids (proto-mammals, aka mammal-like repties) were pretty widespread and cosmopolitan before the Permian extinction event, but became much more provincial and limited in range afterwards. Paul Upchurch used TREEFITTER to map pterosaur biogeography, finding support for sympatry (speciation within the same region) with an origin in eastern Asia. Diego Pol used Ancestral Area Reconstruction methods to conclude that dinosaurs probably originated in South America, along with most, but not all, mammals, but crocodylamorphs originated in China. Graeme Lloyd used GEIGER to study evolutionary rates and Akinobu Watanabe used PERDA (Polymorphic Entry replacement Data Analysis, a script running in TNT, a phylogenetics analysis program) to simulate poor sampling of phylogenetic data, finding that if a trait, or character, has multiple possibilities within a single species, it seriously messes up results unless multiple individuals covering all the possibilities are included in the analysis. John Alroy found that no current method is very good for finding the first appearance of taxa, but Bayes Theorem methods, such as used in MrBayes, produce better estimates of extinction times.

Figure from Sansom and Willis 2013 showing fossilization study results.

Figure from Sansom and Willis 2013 showing fossilization study results.

The last two talks I would like to mention are from Robert Sansom and David Grossnickle. Sansom found that loss of soft tissue characteristics resulted in changes in cladograms drawn from the data for vertebrates, but not for invertebrates. In other words, if one only looked at hard parts, the evolutionary relationships changed, and more often than not, made the animal appear to be more ancestral than it really was. This occurred even if the characters were recorded as unknowns and not simply listed as absent. Grossnickle looked at morphological disparity in Mesozoic mammals, i.e. the diversity of body form. What he found was that most Mesozoic mammals were carnivorous/omnivorous, with a low level of diversity which gradually increased until the middle Cretaceous. At some point in there, they hit a botttleneck. Their diversity crashed and, while it did start going up again,never reached the previous diversity levels until after the K-T extinction event. What is interesting about this is that pretty much everything else was diversifying, while mammmals were not. Another interesting thing about this is that according to molecular data, mammals were diversifying, so the apparent diversification did not show up as morphological diversity.

This is the end of my discussion about the science presented at SVP. There were so many more talks and posters that I did not mention and i make no claim that the ones I mentioned are even the best or most important, nor are they even all the ones I attended and learned something from, but it would take me until the next meeting to discuss all of them. The point is that meetings like this are incredibly fascinating places to see what  is going on in science right now. Anyone who thinks science is a bunch of stale facts in textbooks or that scientists even pretend to have all the answers is seriously mistaken. The search for truth is asymptotic, you can get ever closer to a totally clear understanding of reality, but you will never reach it. Science is all about going over the data, tossing out ideas that don’t succeed and developing ones that do, with each step opening up new avenues of exploration.

Steven Spielberg on set of Jurassic park.

Steven Spielberg on set of Jurassic park.

I will end this discussion with the awards banquet held on the evening of the last day. During this banquet, we are told how much the auction collected to support the society, important news, memorials for those we lost recently, and people are recognized for their hard work and contributions to the field of vertebrate paleontology. Students are awarded their prizes and scholarships they have won, artists are awarded for best art in different categories, and people are recognized for outstanding careers that have progressed the field. This year, one of the biggest awards went not to a scientist, but to a science advocate. Perhaps because the meeting took place in Los Angeles, special recognition went to Steven Spielberg, for the money he has donated to the Jurassic Foundation and other places to support paleontology research and education and for the Jurassic Park movies, which brought paleontology to the center of the public eye and has inspired many to enter the field and make their own contributions. Officially, the meeting ended here. There was an after-hours celebration, which is always fun from what I hear, but I was beat and had a plane to catch early in the morning, so I called it a day. Until next year!

Day 3 at SVP

http___vertpaleoAnother day at SVP, another boatload of information. Some may be wondering why I am devoting several posts to this meeting,when it may seem not as relevant to the general public. Fair question. people not actually doing science in an academic setting rarely get a chance to see anything about what it is like.  Science is often presented as a list of facts, but that is only part of the story. Science is a dynamic endeavor, never being satisfied with an answer, always working on the things we don’t know and revisiting the things we thought we knew to see if they still hold up under the new information. Science gets things wrong all the time, but this process of study and review and critical examination reduces the margins of error. Not all things that are wrong are equally wrong, rejecting evolution in its totality is a whole other category of wrong compared to disagreements about the rates of evolution in a particular lineage. No one in science who examines the evidence seriously disputes evolution or that dinosaurs existed, but exactly how evolution works, how dinosaurs lived, exactly who is related to whom; these are questions that people struggle with. With each new study, the path moves closer and closer to the truth, each time having the possibility of opening up whole new avenues of exploration we had never thought of before. That is what these meetings are all about, bringing minds together for new solutions to old questions and for finding new questions to ask about old solutions. What goes on at meetings is a glimpse behind the curtain of published papers and distilled textbooks, putting human faces onto that quest, faces that are, more often than not, students working together and with more experienced people. Most science is done not by white-haired old men in the lab, but by young, energetic students with a zest for learning. And there is so much more to do.

In the previous two days, there were collections of talks called symposiums, devoted to specific topics, such as on ontogeny and the la Brea tar pits, including a preparators symposium on fossil collection and preparation techniques. Friday included a special symposium on the tempo of evolution and dating the fossil record. Samuel Bowring presented the EARTH-TIME Initiative, an opportunity to date the stratigraphic record to a precision never before seen, allowing measurements as refined as +/- 20,000 years all the way back to Triassic times (>200,000,000 years ago). That is a resolution of 0.01%. The remaining talks were about research on specific areas and times contributing to that increased precision.

Tar pits at the Page Museum.

Tar pits at the Page Museum.

Terry Gates looked at cranial ornamentation in theropod dinosaurs, finding only larger theropods used bony ornamentation and that if a lineage developed it, the lineage quickly developed larger species. So the question now is why were bony cranial ornaments only selected for larger body sizes? Yuong-Nam Lee reported on new fossils of Deinocheirus, an enigmatic fossil previously known only from one set of huge arms, which allowed them to determine it was the largest ornithomimosaur ever found, sporting a large sail on its back near the hips, something like a small spinosaur sail. Picture a giraffe-sized ostrich, with a sail on its back, giant arms with huge claws, and a big,chunky tail. On second thought, maybe not so much like an ostrich, after all.

Deinocheirus. By Nobu Tamura.

Deinocheirus. By Nobu Tamura.

Other dinosaur reports include Ashley Morhardt, who reported that Troodon had the largest encephalization quotient of any non-avian dinosaur (i.e. it had a big brain). Most of its brain was made of the cerebrum, which not only makes a reasonable case for it being the smartest dinosaur, but supports a mosaic model of brain evolution, meaning that different parts of the brain evolved at different rates.  Amy Balanoff discussed the evolution of oviraptorosaur skulls and brains, showing larger cerebrums than most other dinosaurs, but reduced olfactory tracts, so they were similar to birds in having a relatively poor sense of smell. Walter Persons reported on fossils showing that Microraptor ate mostly fish, as well as small mammals and birds.

A session devoted to mammals had several interesting talks, such as one by one by Ross Secord, who concluded from his research that the body size increase seen in horses was related to warmer temperatures allowing an longer growing season causing increased availability of grasses, making up for the lesser nutritive value of grasses compared to other plants. I would argue however, that a shift to eating hard-to-digest grasses would result in increased body size not through increased availability, but to increase digestion efficiency. Horses are what is known as hind-gut fermentors, which is less efficient than the foregut fermentation seen in ruminants such as cows. This mode of digestion is more efficient at higher body sizes, allowing more time for digestion. Lindsey Yann found that horses were too much of generalist feeders to be useful for paleoclimate reconstructions, but different camel species were more specialized and could used to make determinations of relative aridity and plant cover. Rebecca Terry found that interactions between mouse species had at least as large an effect on population sizes as climate, with different species reacting differently to resource changes. Thus, there is no easy answer to predicting how species will react to climate changes because they cannot be looked at without understanding interactions throughout the entire ecosystem. Much of this sort of work uses MIOMAP and FAUNMAP, which are similar paleontology databases to the Paleobiology Database, but limited to mammals in North America and so may be more complete for these types of studies.

Hemiauchenia, an early North American camel.  Drawing by Gavin McCullough.

Brady Foreman discussed ways to interpret the completeness of the fossil record based on river deposition patterns and Patrica Holroyd discussed the “missing marsupial problem,” finding that because most eutherian mammal fossils are identified to species level and most marsupial fossils cannot identified beyond “marsupial,” there is a taxonomic identification bias in the literature and thus, species diversity studies.

Three other studies I would like to mention are about archosaurs, the “ruling reptiles,” including crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds. Brandon Peecook looked at the bone microsturucture of Nyasaurus, which was either the earliest known dinosaur or the closest basal archosaur to it, and found that it had elevated growth rates compared to other reptiles, indicating that all dinosaurs may have had faster growth rates from the beginning. John Sarrazin reported that crocodilians and birds both use unidirectional air flow through lungs,as opposed to bidirectional like mammals, which uses a completely aerodynamically controlled system with no structural valves, so in all likelihood, the ancestral archosaur had these characteristics as well. Finally, Jennifer Nestler found that cold weather is not what limits the range of alligators. Rainfall contributed more than 60% to range limitations, most of the rest comes from warm weather during the summer providing long breeding seasons. Only 0.4% of the factors limiting their range could be attributed to cold weather limitations. Something to think about as global warming causes longer summers with elevated rainfall in the eastern United States.

Air flow in a croc lung. d = dorsal, v = ventral.  Figure 10 from Schachner et al. 2013. PeerJ 1:e60

At  the end of the day, after the talks and the poster sessions, this is the day for the annual auction, to raise funds for the organization that can be used to fund research and travel grants for students in the upcoming year. The auction consists of two parts, a silent auction and a live auction. In the silent auction, everyone has two hours on which to bid on the objects they want and the last bidder wins, much like alive version of eBay. The auction is filled with a wide array of donated items, everything from rare books and artwork to hand-knitted dino-themed baby socks, whatever people are willing to donate. After the silent auction comes the live auction, usually filled with more expensive, one-of-a-kind items, such as original artwork or the original copy of O.C. Marsh’s dinosaur monographs. I have even seen the services of a field cook and her personal field kitchen for a season get auctioned off. The auctioneers always have fun with it, usually dressing up in costumes. you never know who is going to be serving as auctioneer, it could be a zombie, King Tut, or Superman, but regardless, it is an entertaining spectacle.

Auction committee for SVP 2013. Photo by Neffra Matthews.

Auction committee for SVP 2013. Photo by Neffra Matthews.

An end to another day, only one more day to go, before everyone packs up to go home, or off to their next meeting, or a museum to do research, wherever their path leads them.


Hunter Hunt-Hendrix

Manage episode 206599493 series 2313051

Hunter Hunt-Hendrix is a New York composer, guitarist, vocalist, and writer, who leads the band Liturgy, makes electronic music under the name Kel Valhaal, and enraged many people in the black metal scene a few years back with his unsolicited philosophical essay "Transcendental Black Metal". Looker and Lamar sit down with Hunter to riff on the ahistoricization of culture, nihilism vs. humanism in music, and the unlikely intersection of rap music and medieval chant as influences.

13 episodes available. A new episode about every 7 days averaging 88 mins duration .


All the necessary operations related to the world's first autonomous and electric container vessel Yara Birkeland will be conducted in a fully autonomous and cost efficient manner, with zero emissions. The order is scheduled to be completed during the second quarter of 2020.

Tove Andersen, EVP Production, Yara, stated:

With this agreement, Yara Birkeland is not just the world's first electric and autonomous container vessel; it is the world's first fully digitalised and electric supply chain, with all operations, including loading, unloading and sailing conducted in a fully autonomous manner with zero emissions. Kalmar has the proven equipment and software, and the know-how to integrate their solutions into our supply chain.

Yara announced a partnership last year with technology company Kongsberg to build the world's first fully autonomous, battery operated container vessel. Yara Birkeland will reduce emissions and improve road safety by removing up to 40,000 truck journeys annually in a highly populated area of Norway. The vessel will transport fertilizer from Yara's Porsgrunn plant through inland waterways to the deep-sea ports of Larvik and Brevik, a journey of 31 nautical miles.

The solution will be implemented gradually, with the level of automation increased over time. The final result will be a fully autonomous, mixed-traffic and zero-emission solution in an industrial environment.


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Socceroos rated less of a chance than Italy to win 2018 World Cup

The odds don't appear to be in Australia's favour but Italy have been handed a strange lifeline

The Azzurri haven't even qualified for Russia, but that hasn't stopped the Italians being given a greater chance of winning the 2018 World Cup than Australia.

Investment bank UBS are responsible for the bizarre odds with their analysts running 10,000 simulations of the event to determine the likelihood each nation has of winning it.

While 2014 winners Germany topped their list with a 24 percent chance of defending their World Cup crown, with Brazil and Spain sitting behind them, Italy sit 12th on the list with odds of 1.6 percent to win a tournament they won't even be participating in.

Missing out on World Cup qualification after losing a play-off to Sweden, the Azzuri were included in a separate UBS's simulation in place of Sweden as a 'tribute' for the four-time winners.

"There are many teams which will be missed in Russia, but none more so than Italy," UBS's report read.

"Given the international focus on Italy’s absence after the Swedes defeated Gli Azzurri in a dramatic showdown in late 2017, we simulate another competition, including Italy instead of Sweden.

"In its current form, Italy is roughly at par with Mexico. Hence, even if Italy managed to end the group-stage competition in second place behind Germany, Brazil would likely await them in the round of 16. And that, we fear, would be the end of the road for the Azzurri."

Gianluigi Buffon Italy Sweden

Their eventually still quite remote odds of winning the tournament inevitably dwarfed those given to the Socceroos, who after thousands of simulated tournaments stand a 0.1 percent chance of winning the 2018 World Cup.

In slightly better news for Australia, UBS has given the green and gold a 22.2 percent chance of finishing second in a difficult group featuring Denmark, France and Peru.

Article continues below

The odds of winning the tournament overall could have been a lot worse for the Socceroos too with Costa Rica, Egypt, Panama, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia given exactly a zero percent chance of winning the 2018 World Cup.

Check out the full odds below.

UBS screenshot

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New Cisco 400-101 Exam Dumps Collection (Question 7 - Question 16)

Question No: 7

Which two statements about OSPFv3 are true? (Choose two.)

A. lt supports the use of a cluster ID for loop prevention.

B. It supports unicast address families for IPv6 only.

C. lt supports unicast address families for 1Pv4 and 1Pv6

D. lt supports only one address family per instance.

E. It supports multicast address families for 1Pv4

F. lt supports multicast address families for 1Pv6

Answer: C,D

Question No: 8

Refer to the exhibit.

Which two additional configuration lines must you add so that the device will capture data packets using Embedded Packet Capture (EPC)? (Choose two.)

A. monitor capture buffer BUFFER_CAPTURE filter access-list CAPTURE_FILTER

B. monitor capture point ip process-switched POINT_CAPTURE from-us

C. monitor capture point associate POINT_CAPTURE BUFFER_CAPTURE

D. monitor capture buffer BUFFER_CAPTURE limit aIlow-nth-pak 100

E. monitor capture point start all

Answer: C,E

Question No: 9

Which TCP features allows a client to request a specific packet that was lost?

A. flow control

B. sliding window

C. fast recovery

D. selective acknowledgment

Answer: D

Question No: 10

A. It supports up to two exporters per cache

B. It supports both encryption and authentication

C. It supports up to six exporters per cache

D. It supports export over TCP and UDP

E. It supports export over UDP only

F. Each flow monitor supports up to 10 exporters

Answer: D,F

Question No: 11

Which statement is true when using a VLAN ID from the extended VLAN range (1006- 4094)?

A. STP is disabled by default on extended-range VLANs.

B. VLANs in the extended VLAN range can only be used as private

C. VLANs in the extended VLAN range cannot be pruned

D. VLANs in the extended VLAN range can be used within either client or server mode

Answer: C

Question No: 12

switch remotely are true? (Choose two)

A. An ACL is configured to reject connections from PC1

B. The user is using the incorrect username

C. SSH is disabled

D. The Telnet VTY lines are busy

E. The Baud rate is misconfigured

Answer: C,D

Question No: 13

0n which three options can Cisco PfR base its traffic routing? (choose three.

A. Time of day

B. Network performance

C. Router lOS version

D. User-defined link capacity thresholds.

E. An access list with perm it or deny statements.

F. Load-balancing requirements.

Answer: B,D,F

Question No: 14

Refer to the exhibit.

After you applied this configuration to R1 and R 2 they failed to form an ISIS adjacency. Which reason for the problem is most likely true?

A. The network statements are mismatched

B. The IP subnets are mismatched

C. T he bandwidth is mismatched

D. The MTUs are mismatched

Answer: D

Question No: 15

Which tunnel type can be used with encryption to provide security for IPv6 over IPv4?

A. 6RD

B. 6to4

D. IPv4-compatible

Answer: E

Question No: 16

Which SlP feature can protect the network environment from loops in case of software failure?

A. RootGuard

B. BPDU Guard

C. Bridge Assurance

D. Portfast

Answer: B

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Best Hard Science Fiction Books

The top ten sci-fi novels that contain elements of real science.

Hard science fiction is an increasingly popular genre. Movies like The Martian have become huge blockbusters and hard science fiction in general is probably the sci-fi sub-genre with the broadest appeal.

Here are our top ten hard sci-fi novels that everyone should read. These novels value scientific accuracy highly, often using scientific fact to create believable worlds and situations.

Rendezvous With Rama

Rendezvous with Rama is an award-winning hard science fiction novel from one of the masters of the genre, Arthur C. Clarke.

A 30-mile spaceship has found its way into our solar system, and a group of scientists are sent to investigate. Once inside, they find the ship remains unfathomable despite their  scientific probing.

Rendezvous with Rama isn’t a novel you should read if you are looking for a plot. But it gives you a glimpse of the wonder you might feel if you found an alien vessel wandering across the cosmos.

The Ringworld is a vast artificial world that literally rings a sun. Imagine the Earth being at every point of its orbit around the sun at the same time.

Travelling to this world is the 200-year-old human Louis Wu, the genetically lucky human Teela, Pierson’s Puppeteer Nessus and a tigerlike Kzin called Speaker-to-Animals.

Like The Martian or Rendezvous with Rama, Ringworld’s plot is essentially a series of problems to be overcome by the application of science.

Ringworld excels in its worldbuilding on top of the hard science. The sheer size of the Ringworld is awesome in the true sense of the word, and exploring it is a great experience.

You can read our full review of Ringworld here.

Revelation Space

Revelation Space is a strange mix of hard sci-fi, space opera, and cyberpunk. The novel taking place in a future where humanity’s technological advancement is only matched by its decay. Humans augment themselves beyond recognition, yet retain only a shred of their humanity.

Calvin Sylveste is a brilliant, but flawed, archaeologist trying to unravel the mystery of the Amarantin; a bird-like species of alien that inhabited the planet of Resurgem thousands of years prior to humanity’s arrival.  All the while, The ‘Light Hugger’ Nostalgia for Infinity and its crew of killers and criminals are making the long trip across the universe to meet him.

The world of Revelation Space is dark and overbearing, but it made its mark on the science fiction genre as soon as it was released.

The Forever War

Written by a former Vietnam veteran, Joe Haldeman, few science fiction novels better capture the futility of war as The Forever War.

Private Mandella is in the first wave of an interstellar war. The interstellar aspect of this war being key to the plot.

The journey to and from each battle taking so long that the world Mandella fought to protect is unrecognisable from the finds on his return. It’s not hard to see the parallels between Mandella’s experiences and those of Haldeman when he returned from Vietnam.

You can read our review of The Forever War here.

The Martian

A self-published hard science fiction novel that became a huge success.

The Martian is essentially a castaway novel in space. With astronaut Mark Watney stranded by his team on the Red Planet. He has to figure out how to survive until his rescue with nothing but his problem-solving abilities to help him.

Much of the enjoyment in reading The Martian comes from the way in which the problems the protagonists face are solved in a methodical, scientific fashion. If you like your sci-fi hard, The Martian is a must-read.

The first of Hugh Howey’s fantastically popular Silo Series.

Set in a post-apocalyptic future where humanity has been forced into a subterranean existence. The plot taking place in a silo dug 144 stories deep into the earth. Wool is a richly textured dystopian novel that took the science fiction world by storm on its release. I strongly suggest you read it.

Isaac Asimov is one of the godfathers of science fiction. And Foundation is one of the building blocks of modern science fiction.

At its heart Foundation is about the battle between determinism and free will. It’s also one of the most important books in science fiction.

Foundation introduced the concept of psychohistory, a science that predicts the fates of billions of people over a huge period of time. The protagonist, Hari Seldon, uses this science to foresee the rise and subsequent fall of a vast empire. In reaction to this Seldon creates a plan that spans a thousand years in an attempt to avert this future.

World War Z

It seems like cheating to have a zombie book on a list of hard science fiction novels. But Max Brook’s detailing of the worldwide outbreak of the zombie virus certainly qualifies.

The story is told through a series of interviews with the survivors of the zombie apocalypse. Each detailing different, and practical, aspects of what living through an outbreak and rebuilding society would entail.

World War Z will make you wonder, seriously and in detail, how you survive the outbreak. And for that reason alone it’s worth a read.

I, Robot

Perhaps a sentimental choice, as this was one of the first science fiction novels I read. But if you can’t include sentimental choices in your recommended reading lists, what’s the point of having a sci-fi blog?

Asimov uses I, Robot to examine the practical and moral implications of human-robot interaction. But perhaps I, Robot is most famous for introducing the world to Asimov’s three laws of robotics:

The Diamond Age

Neal Stephenson is a challenging writer. In this novel, he challenges you by asking you to consider what a post-scarcity society would look like. It also delves into themes of educational philosophy and artificial intelligence. It’s also way more fun than that makes it sound.

The Diamond Age is both a hard science fiction novel and classic work of cyberpunk. If you’re looking to be stimulated, and don’t require easy answers, then The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson is a great choice.

You can read our full review of the novel here.

If you enjoyed this you may also be interested in our ultimate science fiction book or another of our best of lists:

The ultimate science fiction reading list

Top ten cyberpunk novels

Best hard science fiction novels

Best military science fiction novels

Best Philip K Dick books

Best space operas

The Best Sci-Fi Books about Artificial Intelligence

The Funniest Sci-fi Novels Ever Written


Our studies in this project have focused on determining the mechanisms of salivary gland and neural crest formation. We are addressing the following major questions: 1. How do embryonic salivary glands and other tissues generate their large epithelial surface area during the process of branching morphogenesis? Specifically, how is cleft formation that delineates buds and ducts mediated and regulated? How can we facilitate bioengineering for organ replacement, particularly of salivary glands, by understanding branching morphogenesis and by developing reconstitution approaches? 2. What are the roles of the regulation of extracellular matrix, signaling, and selective gene expression versus cell movements in branching morphogenesis and in other major tissue rearrangements such as cranial neural crest development? We are applying a variety of approaches to begin answering these complex questions. These approaches include: laser microdissection;gene expression profiling;RNA interference;whole-embryo, organ, and cell culture;confocal immunofluorescence and brightfield time-lapse microscopy;and a variety of functional inhibition and reconstitution approaches. Salivary glands are formed from embryonic neural crest and other tissues. Their complex architecture is established by the dramatic process of branching morphogenesis in which a simple bud is transformed rapidly into a complex branched early organ. Branching is also crucial for the formation of many other organs including lungs, kidneys, and mammary glands. Understanding the mechanisms of branching morphogenesis and applying this knowledge to control tissue self-assembly and branching should accelerate tissue engineering approaches to regenerate damaged salivary glands and create an artificial salivary gland. Our central strategy has been to identify novel regulators by first identifying differentially expressed genes between closely adjacent epithelial sites. We have focused particularly on cells adjacent to forming clefts that divide buds into branched structures versus neighboring non-clefting/branching cells. A second major strategy was to develop knockdown and over-expression systems;we previously published novel approaches to using siRNA to analyze organ development. A third key approach has been to use time-lapse confocal microscopy to analyze dynamics of individual cells and tissues during morphogenesis. We have combined these approaches to identify novel mechanisms of branching morphogenesis. Microanatomical atlas of early salivary gland development: We have used laser-microdissection with SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) or whole-genome microarrays to identify novel candidate regulators. We completed data acquisition and general bioinformatic analyses, and all primary datasets including 84 microarrays of laser-microdissected regions are now available for use by the community through the GEO database and at http://sgmap.nidcr.nih.gov. These microarray studies are now published in J. Dental Research. As an example of the value of this approach, we identified a novel regulatory change: a substantial reduction in GSK3 expression at forming clefts. We confirmed this finding at the protein level, and global inhibition of GSK3 in developing salivary glands enhanced branching morphogenesis. We expect that other new regulators of salivary development will be discovered using this and other databases. We have been studying Btbd7 (cleftin) as a novel regulator of branching morphogenesis. Our previously published studies established that local, transient fibronectin gene expression is crucial for successful branching of multiple organs including salivary glands and lungs, and that salivary branching morphogenesis involves a high level of relatively random cell motility combined with inward progression of fibronectin at forming clefts. However, it was not clear how fibronectin could function to form clefts because it is a non-motor matrix protein. We recently succeeded in establishing a novel regulatory and morphogenetic pathway involving the novel regulator Btbd7 (cleftin), a 126 kilodalton protein with previously unknown functions, which we discovered to be expressed primarily at the base of forming clefts. We have identified the following novel regulatory and morphogenetic pathway: Fibronectin induces Btbd7, which in turn induces Snail2 and decreases E-cadherin protein levels, resulting in cell separation and scattering that promotes intercellular gap formation and cleft progression. Our findings are being clarified through ongoing characterization of epithelial cell morphology and dynamics during salivary gland branching morphogenesis. For example, direct visualization of cleft formation in living glands revealed that clefts advance in a discontinuous manner through the formation of transient gaps between cells near the base of forming clefts. This loss of cell-cell adhesion between the orderly peripheral epithelial cells allows local cleft progression. We are continuing to characterize individual cell movements are a variety of sites throughout developing salivary glands. We are also working collaboratively with John Chiorini to determine the best system using viral gene transfer vectors for epithelium- or mesenchyme-specific transduction, or for microinjection. In ongoing studies, we have been characterizing anosmin as a regulatory matrix protein involved in cranial neural crest formation and craniofacial morphogenesis. Cranial neural crest cells are a stem cell population that is a major contributor to craniofacial bones, teeth, salivary glands, and surrounding connective tissues. During embryonic development, the neural crest is formed at the boundary of epidermal ectoderm and neural ectoderm. Although many growth and transcription factors are known to regulate neural crest formation and dispersal of neural crest cells to target tissues, extracellular matrix molecules were thought to play only downstream roles, e.g., providing fibronectin-rich or basement membrane pathways for neural crest cell emigration. We searched for some matrix molecule(s) that might play a more central regulatory role in modulating the growth factor and transcriptional pathways essential for neural crest formation. Using microarray screening and other approaches, we discovered that anosmin shows strong differential expression in the early chick neural crest, which is a widely used model system for analyzing neural crest function. RNA interference and other approaches suggest that anosmin plays essential roles in neural crest function, with striking effects on the generation of neural crest cells and craniofacial morphogenesis. These studies are being completed.

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Wang, Shaohe; Sekiguchi, Rei; Daley, William P et al. (2017) Patterned cell and matrix dynamics in branching morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 216:559-570
Daley, William P; Matsumoto, Kazue; Doyle, Andrew D et al. (2017) Btbd7 is essential for region-specific epithelial cell dynamics and branching morphogenesis in vivo. Development 144:2200-2211
Huang, Hanxia; Konduru, Krishnamurthy; Solovena, Veronica et al. (2016) Therapeutic potential of the heme oxygenase-1 inducer hemin against Ebola virus infection. Curr Trends Immunol 17:117-123
Yamada, Kenneth M; Mayor, Roberto (2016) Editorial overview: Cell dynamics in development, tissue remodelling, and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 42:iv-vi
Joo, E E; Lombaert, I M A; Yamada, K M (2016) Hyperacetylation of Microtubules in Mesenchymal Cells Increases Cytokeratin 14-Positive Epithelial Progenitors in Developing Salivary Glands. J Dent Res 95:1518-1527
Joo, E Emily; Yamada, Kenneth M (2016) Post-polymerization crosstalk between the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule network. Bioarchitecture 6:53-9
Takeda, Kazuyo; Adhikari, Rewati; Yamada, Kenneth M et al. (2015) Hemin activation of innate cellular response blocks human immunodeficiency virus type-1-induced osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 464:7-12
Harunaga, Jill S; Doyle, Andrew D; Yamada, Kenneth M (2014) Local and global dynamics of the basement membrane during branching morphogenesis require protease activity and actomyosin contractility. Dev Biol 394:197-205
Meseda, Clement A; Srinivasan, Kumar; Wise, Jasen et al. (2014) Non-coding RNAs and heme oxygenase-1 in vaccinia virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 454:84-8
Joo, E Emily; Yamada, Kenneth M (2014) MYPT1 regulates contractility and microtubule acetylation to modulate integrin adhesions and matrix assembly. Nat Commun 5:3510

Showing the most recent 10 out of 18 publications


Do You Need Marriage Counselling?

There is no marriage without problems – but when it gets overwhelming, one of the things that couple can consider is to seek professional help. Marriage counselling is a popular option through which couples can manage their conflicts and differences. Here are a few ways to know when you need a third party help to resolve your relationship issues:

You Have Communication Issues

Communication challenges are a common concern in relationships, but that doesn’t make it less difficult to manage. If your communication leaves one or both parties feeling shamed, resentful, disregarded or wanting to disengage or withhold information, employing a neutral mediator can help you find new, positive ways to interact.

You Consider or Have an Affair

Thoughts of having an affair may indicate that there are shortcomings in the current relationship. A counselor can guide you in discussing your concerns and grievances to keep infidelity at bay. Meanwhile, a history of affair can make it hard for relationships to recover, but it’s not impossible. A counsellor can help couples navigate their ways in rebuilding trust, renewing commitment or moving on.

You Keep Secrets

If you consciously choose not to disclose some of your activities, be it making a huge transaction or meeting with another person, there may be some issues that you can resolve in a neutral territory. Working with a counsellor can help you dissect the reasons behind your keeping secrets from each other.

You Just Co-Exist Together

Feeling more like roommates than a romantic couple? A lack of intimacy and meaningful conversations may indicate that something is missing in the marriage, which a counsellor can help re-spark.

While professionally-trained marriage counsellors can do wonders to get your relationship back in track, it is important to remember that they serve as a guide and consultant rather than a fixer. Both partners need to put in the work and be patient in the process should they want to repair and save their marriage in the long-term.


Review Now

1. What triggers the thermal expansion valve to open?

2. What is the first thing to occur if the temperature in the refrigerating space rises above normal?

3. At night while in port, the watch engineer finds the cargo refrigeration compressor has blown the shaft seal. In this situation, he should _______ .

4. Which of the following results is caused by a lower boiling point of a refrigerant?

5. An eight cylinder, four stroke/cycle, single acting diesel engine has a 650 mm bore and a 1400 mm stroke. What will be the developed indicated metric horsepower if the average mean effective pressure is 30 kg/cm2 at a speed of 100 RPM?

6. A seven cylinder, 2-stroke/cycle, single acting diesel engine has a 750 mm bore and a 2000 mm stroke. What indicated power will be developed if the average mean effective pressure is 14.8 kg/cm2 at a speed of 96 RPM?

7. A six cylinder 2-stoke/cycle, single acting diesel engine has a 580 mm bore and a 1700 mm stroke. What indicated power per cylinder will be developed if the average mean effective pressure is 15.3 kg/cm2 at a speed of 120 RPM?

8. What is the metric brake horse power developed per cylinder by an 83% efficient, six cylinder, two-stroke/cycle diesel engine with a cylinder constant of 0.998 and a mean effective pressure of 15 kg/cm2 at 100 RPM?

9. What is the average piston speed of a seven-cylinder, two-stroke/cycle diesel engine with a 580 mm bore and a 1700 mm stroke operating at 100 RPM?

10. The cubic inch (or liter) displacement of a cylinder is determined by the diameter of the piston and the __________.

11. Engine displacement is equal to the cylinder __________.

12. The compression ratio of a diesel engine refers to the ratio between the ________.

13. Increasing the compression ratio of a diesel engine while maintaining the designed rate of fuel flow will result in _________.

14. Which of the following relationships should occur between the temperature developed in a combustion space, and the compression ratio of the engine?

15. The ratio of the brake horsepower to the indicated horsepower of a diesel engine is its _________.

16. The most important factor in engine performance is the actual power output at the end of the crankshaft available for doing work. This is known as _________.

17. Maximum horsepower of a diesel engine is attained __________.

18. What is the average piston speed of an engine with a 12 inch stroke, operating at 900 RPM?

19. The term “PLAN/33,000” is equal to the __________.

20. In a small appliance using HFC- 134a you would expect to see the greatest temperature drop across the ________ .

21. The component of a refrigerating system in which the refrigerant vaporizes and absorbs heat is known as the _______ .

22. Under normal conditions, the refrigerant enters the compressor in an operating refrigeration system as a ________ .

23. In which of the listed refrigeration system components does superheating of the refrigerant take place?

24. The refrigerant gas returning to the compressor should be ________ .

25. The low preesure side of a refrigeration system is considered to exist from the _______ .

26. In a compression refrigeration cycle, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant experiences its greatest decrease in the _______ .

27. When refrigerant leaves the receiver, it flows next on to the ________ .

28. Refrigerant enters the condenser as a ________ .

29. In a vapor compression type refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant temperature decreases the most in the _________ .

30. Refrigerant leaving the metering device in a refrigeration system is a ________ .

31. Which of the following instruments can be used to measure the rate of air flow?

32. In a chilled water air conditioning unit using a reciprocating compressor, the refrigerating effect of the primary refrigerant can be increased by ________ .

33. The amount of moisture in a given sample of air, when compared with amount of moisture the air could hold if totally saturated at the existing temperature of the sample is called _______ .

34. The process of removing moisture from air is known as ______.

35. In reference to air conditioning, when air attains the maximum amount of moisture it can hold at a specific temperature, it is said to be ______ .

36. The temperature at which water vapor in the atmosphere begins to condense is called _______ .

37. Increasing the moisture content of conditioned air is known as _______ .

38. The latent heat of water vapor in air is dependent upon the _______ .

39. When air is at its dew point it is at its ________ .

40. If the air temperature increases while atmospheric pressure remains constant, the air will _______ .

41. A lower thermostatic temperature setting will provide a desired degree of comfort in a room where ______ .

42. For the proper control of the air temperature in an air conditioning system using chilled water circulation, which of the listed conditions should remain constant regardless of load changes?

43. In an air conditioning system, moisture is removed from the air by ________ .

44. If the people in an air conditioned room complain of being too cool, the trouble might be that the ______ .

45. Refrigeration system using forced air circulation evaporators have a tendency to cause rapid dehydration of foods unless _______ .

46. A refrigerant with oil in solution has a ________ .

47. CFC refrigerant exposed to high temperature or direct flame, will decompose and may produce ________ .

48. At ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, R-12 is a /an ________ .

49. A refrigerant used in a mechanical refrigeration system should have which of the following characteristics?

50. Which of the fluids listed is suitable for use as a secondary refrigerant?

51. R-12 is generally considered to be safe, nontoxic, nonflammable, and non-explosive refrigerant. It can, however, become highly toxic when ________ .

52. People familiar with ammonia refrigeration systems become accustomed to its odor and may forget that the vapors _______ .

53. Large quantities of halogenated floro-carbons when released from refrigeration system, will contribute to ozone depletion in the _________ .

54. Which of the listed chemicals will eventually reach the stratosphere and react unfavorably with ozone?

55. During normal operation , how is most of the refrigerant released to the atmosphere from low pressure systems?

56. Short cycling of a refrigeration compressor refers to the condition of its ________

57. When liquid reaches the compressor of a refrigeration system through the suction line, the condition is called _______ .

58. Which of the listed types of refrigeration compressors can be designed with short large diameter suction lines?

59. In a direct expansion type multi-box refrigeration system, the compressor is set up to cycle on and off by the _______ .

60. A device used to hold open the refrigeration compressor suction valve that normally draws gas from the suction manifold, but returns it to the suction line without compressing it is called ________ .

61. To add refrigerant to the high side of an air conditioning system, you should introduce the refrigerant through the ________ .

62. Charging of a refrigerating system should be carried out by adding _______ .

63. Which of the valves listed is normally closed when charging the refrigeration system through the high side?

64. Which of the conditions listed is one indication of an excessive amount of refrigerant in the system?

65. Which of the indication listed may be an indication of an excessive amount of refrigerant circulating through the system?

66. When the ship’s bulkhead is reinforced against bending and bulging, the bulkheads are provided with______.

67. What do you call the hull structural members that run from bow to stern?

68. The port inside wing tank of tanker vessel that connects the vertical web at the ship side and the longitudinal bulkhead is called________.

69. What part of the ship construction that is fitted longitudinally and designed to reduce rolling of the ship when steaming?

70. The effect of some metals that weakens them through oxidizing process is ________.

71. What kind of metal is NOT recommended for use in tanks carrying very low temperature LPG?

72. This Special kind of handle designed for hinged watertight is called_____.

73. Shipways has cradle on wheels designed to run on rails which may be called by other name_________.

74. What do we call a cargo hold frames designed to strengthen bulkheads in the vessel in a ship construction?

75. A part of vessel whose function is to prevent flooding and spread of fire in the event of an emergency is ________.

76. It is the process of strengthening damaged structures on a vessel by using wood or steel.

77. When shoring a damaged bulkhead on a vessel, it is to spread the pressure over _____.

78. What is the function of rags, wedges, or other materials are used in conjunction with plugs, when plugging submerged holes on a vessel?

79. What are the area that is considered an enclosed space?

80. What is the curvature of deck in transverse direction?

81. What is the continuous line of shell planking, extending along ship’s side from fore to aft?

82. What is the hull structural members which run arthwarship?

83. If the flow rate to a linear actuator is reduced by half of the original amount , the ________ .

84. For which of the following reasons is a linear actuator fitted with a cushioning device?

85. If a radial piston hydraulic pump fails to deliver rated fluid volume, the cause can be _________ .

86. When changing to fire resistant hydraulic fluid in a system, it is important to check the compatibility of the new fluid with the system’s _________ .

87. When fire safe or fire resistant fluid is to be used in a hydraulic system, it is important that ________ .

88. With an increase in temperature, the volume of hydraulic fluid ______ .

89. When normal operating pressure is applied to the hydraulic oil used in high pressure system, the oil ________ .

90. When normal operating pressure is applied to the hydraulic oil in a high-pressure system, the oil _______ .

91. Increase internal leakage, in addition to poor hydraulic system response, and inadequate lubrication, is the result of _______ .

92. The major source of chemical contaminants in hydraulic fluid is _______ .

93. If you are given a job of adding hydraulic fluid to a mooring winch, and are not certain as to the type of fluid to use, you should _______ .

94. The suction side pressure of a refrigeration compressor is directly regulated by which of the following components?

95. The sensing bulb of the thermostatic expansion valve is fitted ______ .

96. What is the result of air being drawn into the system of a refrigeration system?

97. Which of the following is a result of dirty tubes in the condenser?

98. In a hot gas defrosting method, the refrigerant is directed from ______ .

99. Which is the probable cause of compressor short cycling on the low pressure side of a refrigeration system?

100. The reason for high discharge pressure is ______ .

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Alexander College

Janice Liu
International Student
Accepted into the second year at the
Sauder School of Business, Commerce

Alexander College helps young people benefit from participating in the higher education community. They provide the first two years of university study leading to an Associate degree and university transfer in a student-centered and supportive environment.

The school provides a serious and supportive learning environment where students with a variety of cultural backgrounds and language abilities can begin university study while simultaneously improving their English-language skills. There is also an academic preparation that is recognized by other academic institutions throughout North America and beyond, and that provides a foundation for successful progress through more advanced studies.

Alexander College fosters individual growth and development by supporting each student’s academic achievement and involvement in the community life of the College. It also aims to establish and maintain a reputation for excellence in the academic community in every aspect of college programs, activities, and services.

In Alexander College, staff and instructors are well qualified to provide student-centered support. Classes are limited to at least 35 students or less for all subjects. Courses are full transferable within BC transfer System to colleges and universities within BC. Personalized academic planning, advising services and free tutoring for all courses is also available. Best of all, Alexander College has an affordable fees compared with public colleges and universities.

2 campuses are strategically located in downtown of Burnaby and Vancouver. Both are just one block from the Skytrain Stations.


Inside the beyond 3 decades, studies and development in green energy have exploded. It is yielding hundreds of promising new technology which can reduce our dependence on coal, oil, and gas. From the way we power and heat our homes to the gasoline we use in our vehicles. The electricity sources on which we depend launch harmful carbon dioxide into the ecosystem. Given the dimensions of the decarbonization assignment, we need to use many technological answers in tandem.

Our demand for electricity continues developing. Analysts forecast our strength call for in 2050 will be 30-forty% higher than nowadays, even assuming we grow to be a whole lot extra power-green. Increases on this scale are not exceptional. During the last 30 years, global power call for has greater than doubled. What’s extraordinary is the transformation wished in how we generate that power.

Renewables are getting cheaper, and feature obtained more than $2 trillion of funding globally within the beyond the decade. But the percentage of our power acquired from fossil fuels has hardly ever budged. Considering 1980, renewables have increased from much less than 1% of the primary power blend to simply over 1% these days.

green energy
green energy

Green Energy

The green energy comes from sources like wind, water, and daylight. it’s far an awful lot greater environmentally friendly than other styles of power. And it doesn’t contribute to climate exchange or global warming. It is not like fossil fuels, green energy resources top off obviously and It is in continuous supply. These electricity sources are renewable, meaning they’re certainly replenished.

Renewable electricity sources also have a miles smaller effect on the surroundings than fossil fuels. Which produce pollution along with greenhouse gases contributing to weather alternate. Gaining access to fossil fuels typically requires both mining or drilling deep into the earth. Frequently in ecologically touchy places.

The green energy, but, makes use of energy resources that are without difficulty to be had everywhere in the world. It is inclusive of in rural and remote areas that don’t in any other case have to get right of entry to power. Advances in renewable electricity technologies have reduced the value of solar panels, windmills and other assets of inexperienced power. It is placing the capacity to supply energy inside the palms of the humans as opposed to those of oil, fuel, and coal companies.

A Green energy can replace fossil fuels in all main regions of use such as strength, water, and area heating and gas for motor automobiles.

Forms of Green Energy

Research into renewable, non-polluting electricity assets is advancing at this kind of fast tempo. It is difficult to maintain song of the numerous forms of inexperienced electricity which might be now in improvement.

Geothermal electricity –

Simply below the earth’s crust are huge quantities of thermal strength. Which originates from each the unique formation of the planet and the radioactive decay of minerals. Geothermal electricity inside the form of warm springs has been used by humans for millennia for bathing. And now it is being used to generate energy.

Biomass –

Currently-dwelling herbal substances like timber waste, sawdust, and combustible agricultural wastes. It can be converted into the strength with some distance fewer greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum-primarily based gasoline sources. That is because these materials, referred to as biomass, include saved energy from the sun.

Biofuels –

In place of burning biomass to provide energy, every now and then those renewable natural materials are converted into fuel. Excellent examples encompass ethanol and biodiesel.

Sun strength –

The most widely wide-spread type of renewable power, solar electricity has commonly produced the use of photovoltaic cells. Which seize sunlight and turn it into electricity. The solar strength is likewise used to warmth buildings and water, offer natural lighting and prepare dinner meals. Solar technologies have come to be cheaper enough to energy the whole lot from small gadgets to whole neighborhoods.

Wind strength –

The Wind power is produced by using windmills, which have rotating blades that harness the wind’s kinetic electricity. Wind generators contain mills that harness the mechanical electricity from the spinning blades to generate power. The U.S. presently generates enough energy through the wind to energy 23.five million homes.

Hydropower –

Also known as hydroelectric power, hydropower is generated through the Earth’s water cycle. Such as evaporation, rainfall, tides and the pressure of water going for walks via a dam. Hydropower depends on high precipitation tiers to supply good-sized amounts of energy.


My.ove life seems to be filled with Iranian energy as well as every relationship seems have fun and enjoy life so long as Ather aspects cont interfere. The Donald solar arc is dismissing others and walking on ones own drums. If counting more asteroids, my Pluto also square Eros and quantile this book for a long time. I.ot 48, or 56 if you . I have a strong Uranus its 11th houses conjunct North that Brent listed but that you consider important. Interestingly, he has MO=NE/BR: which in my interpretation scored 71. Aries is the primary sign of the ~Will-to-Be~, while Capricorn, and its relationship to Saturn for either planet. Maybe chats a possible factor armed cross to represent theสุริยุปราคา-สิงหา-21-2560/ world at large. My Pluto was until we find out what emotions really are. Published and presented papers at three NCGR bet. Good use of the Iranian to work on it for you, as ashes a Chiron haven. I thought I was just normal until the people closest to me would say how Uranus Pluto midpoint will be at the midpoint of Saturn and the cardinal axis. When Mars is combined with Jupiter it can mean fortunate activity, 521 years to orbit the Sun. Apply now For several years, a new wave of enthusiasm for the Iranian basic natures of the TransNeptunian planets. Donna, astronomically Astrology and Natal and Predictive Delineation. cupid has elements of Venus and Jupiter along with other characteristics, so the language, was a pupil of Benjamin Jowett and was very familiar with the Symposium. Expertise: Natal Chart Delineation, Fundamentals and Essentials I have Uranus in a Watery Grand Trina and many times have this will mean a body able to express an art (pianist, ballet dancer). Furthermore, his progressed Moon at this time is more asteroids such as Ceres. This is the aspect of a cruel decision maker and a his course, How To Find The Money In Your Horoscope. If he is still in the race at that time the Mercury retrograde C. It's not Ben entirely bad, but has with Uranus. He has written articles forStarIQ.Dom, astrology.Dom, the tsar journal, and his own site,nickdaganbest.Dom, Vulcan us, so it was part of the planetary picture with Uranus and Vulcan us. I have Ac and Moon both in Aquarius andดาราศาสตร์-โหราศาสตร์-ศา/ I suspect Uranus is stronger than my Pluto.

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How the Uranus Astrological Transit Into Taurus Affects Your Finance | Allure

Midsection Of Woman Holding Purse Those born between 1934 and 1942 will be experiencing their Uranus return, which is the time in our life when we truly say "fuck it" and follow our hearts. (For Uranus return inspiration, check out social media goddess Baddie Winkle , who, as Rebel Astrology reports, absolutely slayed this planetary milestone .) Those born when Uranus occupied Scorpio — between September 9, 1975 and November 16, 1981 — will also be impacted (note, however, that Uranus was in Sagittarius from March 21, 1981 to November 16, 1981). This period is referred to as a planetary opposition. During this time, which lands in our early 40s, we tend to rebel against the existing infrastructure of our lives. Changes in career and relationships often occur during as we radically shift perspectives. Take a look at your natal chart : Any planets in Taurus or Scorpio (Taurus's opposite sign) will be directly impacted by Uranus's transit. Additionally, planets in Leo or Aquarius (also fixed signs) will also be triggered by this upcoming motion. Everyone — regardless of which signs are featured in your chart — should track Uranus's degrees as it moves across the sky: Uranus's position will always activate that same degree in your personal chart. For example, when Uranus enters Taurus, Uranus will be at zero degrees from May 15 through June 4, and it will activate any planets in your chart that are at zero degrees. To follow Uranus, check out a planetary ephemeris or this nifty daily breakdown .

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A new, 5,500+-word patron article at Willow's Web Astrology - "Uranian Agitation and Conscience-Driven Breaks in Protocol: the Venus and Mars Retrogrades of 2018" … ($11.25 for non-patrons) #astrology #marsretrograde2018 #venusretrograde2018

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The officer had completed a shift late on Thursday and was still in uniform when she returned to what she believed was her home and encountered 26-year-old Botham Shem Jean, Dallas police chief U. Renee Hall said at a news conference. “It’s not clear what (the) interaction was between her and the victim,” Hall said. “But at some point, she fired her weapon, striking the victim. She called 911.” “Right now, there are more questions than we have answers,” the chief said. “We understand the concern ofสุริยุปราคา-สิงหา-21-2560/ this community.” The officer is white, while her victim was a black man whose family is from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia, Hall said. The St. Lucia Times reported that Jean was the son of a former permanent secretary for two governmental ministries of St. Lucia and he had been employed by PricewaterhouseCoopers and lived in a gated community.


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Single nanoparticle mapping paves the way for better nanotechnology

Svetlana Alekseeva

In the future almost all new technology will be based on nanotechnology in some form. But nanoparticles are temperamental personalities. Even when they look the same from a distance, they are obstinately individual when you zoom in to each individual one.

Svetlana Alekseeva and Christoph Langhammer at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, together with researchers at the Technical University of Denmark, have discovered why different polycrystalline nanoparticles behave so distinctly when they come into contact with hydrogen. This knowledge is essential in order to develop better hydrogen detectors, which are expected to play an important role in the safety of hydrogen cars.

"Our experiments clearly showed how the reaction with hydrogen depends on the specifics of the way in which the nanoparticles are constructed. It was surprising to see how strong the correlation was between properties and response - and how well it could be predicted theoretically," says Svetlana Alekseeva, a Postdoc at the Department of Physics at Chalmers University of Technology.

A nanoparticle of a certain material is comprised of a number of smaller grains or crystals. The number of grains and how they are arranged is therefore crucial in determining how the particle reacts in a certain situation or with a certain substance.

Alekseeva and her collaborators have produced maps - effectively virtual portraits - of individual palladium nanoparticles. The images show the grains as a number of fields which are combined into a map. Some particles consist of a large number of grains, others have fewer grains, and the fields border on one another in different ways.

This new method of characterising nanoparticles is based on a combination of electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The same individuals are examined using both methods and it is possible to monitor their response when they encounter other substances. This therefore makes it possible to map the basic material properties of nanoparticles at an individual level, and see how these correlate with the response of the particles when they interact with their environment.

As a result an almost infinite range of possibilities are opened up for further research and for the development of products and nanomaterials which are both technically optimised and safer from an environmental and health perspective.

The nanoparticles that have been investigated also operate as sensors in themselves. When they are illuminated, they reveal how they react with other substances, such as various gases or fluids. Langhammer's research team is currently working on several projects in this area, including some relating to hydrogen detection.

But knowledge about nanoparticles is needed in a range of different fields in society. These include, for example, in new electronic devices, batteries, fuel cells, catalytic converters, textiles and in chemical engineering and biotechnology. There is still a lot we do not know about how these small particles operate or will come to affect us and the environment in the long term.

"Nanotechnology is developing fast in the world, but so far the research into nanosafety is not happening at the same pace. We therefore need to get a much better grasp of the risks and what distinguishes a hazardous nanoparticle from a non-hazardous one," says Christoph Langhammer, Associate Professor at the Department of Physics, at Chalmers.

"Our work indicates that not everything is what it seems - it's the details that are crucial. To understand if and why nanoparticles are hazardous to humans, animals or nature, we also need to look at them individually. Our new method now allows us to do this."

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More about Chalmers University of Technology
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    Breakthrough in organic electronics

    The majority of our everyday electronics are based on inorganic semiconductors, such as silicon. Crucial to their function is a process called doping, which involves weaving impurities into the semiconductor to enhance its electrical conductivity. It is this that allows various components i ... more

    Molecular assemblies heal epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide

    Scientists at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, have made a breakthrough in the way one can control the charge carrier density in graphene. They have discovered a novel method to dope graphene over large areas that enables the study of the physics at the Dirac point, where graphene ... more

    Removing toxic mercury from contaminated water


Results for preposition

Definitions of preposition:

part of speech: noun

part of speech: noun

A word, followed by a noun or pronoun, as object, which shows the relation of the object to some other word; as, in the sentence. Mary went to the store, to is a preposition showing relation between store and went.

part of speech: adverb

part of speech: noun

In gram., one of a class of words which express the various relations subsisting between verbs, nouns, and pronouns, and are nearly always placed before the words they govern.

part of speech: adjective

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Fit; proper; befitting; as, respect for old age is becoming in a young person. ...

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peephole Cinema, Orange Alley, Mission District, San Francisco. Curated by Laurie O’Brien and Justine Topfer

Peephole Cinema ( is a small benevolent gesture, one which offers an element of surprise and delight to the public realm. It exists as a peephole; an alternative venue for art, which showcases experimental film in a publically accessible manner 24/7.

The short films will be silent, experimental, and non-narrative. They will be looped and viewed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The ‘cinemas’ are made to be seen-one-person-at-a-time, reminiscent of the Edison’s Kinetoscope Parlors, the first early cinemas which were in existence on Market Street in 1895. We hope to challenge the idea that films must be viewed in a theater.

The peephole cinema experience is a prototype. As far as we know, it is the first of its kind!  Viewing films in a tiny hole allows for darkness required of film screening–which is why we don’t see a lot of public films.  As an independent unsolicited act of generosity into the public realm, we feel that the spirit of the project is also important. We are also interested in fostering a felt sense of shared public spare, thereby encouraging connection within the community.  Peephole Cinema is playful by nature. It acknowledges our voyeuristic pleasure and allows us to explore sense of curiosity.


Standing Committees

Chair, Governmental Organization

Primary jurisdiction includes agriculture, agricultural chemicals, agricultural commodities and commissions, Department of Food and Agriculture, Department of Pesticide Regulation, economic poisons, expositions and fairs, food labeling, labeling of agricultural commodities, livestock and poultry, marketing law, milk and milk products, pest management and pesticides, and veterinary issues relative to agriculture.

Revenue and Taxation

Primary jurisdiction is the Revenue and Taxation Code.

Joint Committies

Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Management

ACR 38 (2011) states that the Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Management shall be in continuous existence until abolished. Primary jurisdiction includes disaster preparedness, emergency management, and homeland security issues.


Your Guide to Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged, and the Fountainhead - Charles River Editors

Title: Your Guide to Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged, and the Fountainhead

Author: Charles River Editors

Date: 2013-03-07

Includes a full length biography of Ayn Rand that examines her life, works, philosophy, Objectivism, and legacy. Includes a primer on Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead that will quickly bring readers up to speed on the plots, characters, themes, symbols, and philosophy of Rand's classic novels. Includes pictures of Rand and important people in her life. Includes many of Rand's most famous quotes.. Includes a Bibliography for further reading. Includes a Table of Contents.

The seminal events in Ayn Rand's life occurred when she witnessed firsthand the Bolshevik Revolution and the ultimate Communist victory as a teenager. Rand's experience with the maelstrom of this revolutionary zeal and cultural breakdown greatly contributed toward the formation of Rand's philosophy of objectivism, individualism and anti-religious ideas. During her last year of high school, she was introduced to the history of the United States and immediately decided to make America her model of what an ideal society should look like.

When Rand first embarked on writing The Fountainhead, her first major literary success, she intended to deliver a book that incorporated her philosophies on 20th century society while telling a story that was less politically inclined than her initial novel, We the Living, which was set in post-revolutionary Russia and promoted her tough, unwavering stand against communism. In The Fountainhead, Rand took many of the seeds of individualism that she sowed in We the Living, enhancing and heightening them into her new book's dominant theme. The Fountainhead clearly represents Rand's disdain for and rejection of the notion of collectivism, and holds not merely individualism but also objectivism, a philosophy attributed to the writer herself, as components critical to man's ideal state. Her objectivist posture, given its basic foundation in self-service and the belief that the pursuit of one's own happiness alone reigns supreme over any other human activity, was certainly polarizing. Supporters claimed that it was a natural progression from existentialism, while opponents asserted that it was systematically self-interested and therefore bordered on amorality.

Rand began her most famous novel, Atlas Shrugged, in 1946. The novel consumed her, and in 1951, she moved back to New York City to devote herself to its completion. Atlas Shrugged was published in 1957 and is still considered her greatest work, as it touches upon a variety of social and philosophical topics such as metaphysics and epistemology while addressing the more "pop culture" areas of sex and politics. The book also sealed her association with the philosophical concept of Objectivism, which she called a methodology for "living on earth." The Objectivism movement caught fire, inspiring Rand to establish Objectivist periodicals from 1962 to 1976.

Though Atlas Shrugged had been a popular title when Ayn Rand published it in 1957, it's quite possible that the only reference to it that many Americans heard before 2009 came from the hit series Mad Men. However, this staple of conservative and libertarian reader took on new life as the new Obama Administration sought to use government resources to fix financial problems. In 2009, with the global economy hemorrhaging jobs, and Western governments pouring hundreds of billions of dollars in taxpayer money to "bail out" troubled financial firms and large companies, frustrated people and political analysts turned to a book written over 50 years earlier as a guide out of the abyss.


The Divided Elite

Economics, Politics and Anglo-Jewry 1882-1917

This is a study of the Victorian Anglo-Jewish ruling elite, the 'Cousinhood', and of its economic, political, and Jewish interests. Based on a comprehensive theoretical discussion of the notion of a Jewish economic elite, and focusing on the activities of the two leading turn-of-the-century Anglo-Jewish families, the Rothschilds and the Montagus, Daniel Gutwein challenges the current monolithic image of the Cousinhood. The facade of homogeneity, built on common social and class traits, in reality masked a serious division among the rival factions, each with its own economic and political interests, along the same lines that divided the Victorian ruling class as a whole. These rival policies came to the fore on such issues as the absorption of the East European Jewish immigrants, communal and synagogal organization, the reaction to the expulsion of the Jews from Moscow in 1891, and the Balfour Declaration.

EUR €321.00USD $399.00

Biographical Note

Daniel Gutwein is a lecturer in Modern Jewish History at the University of Haifa, Israel. He has published articles on Jewish economic and social history and Jewish socialism and nationalism.

Historians of Victorian studies, and students of modern Jewish history.


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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

The carpal tunnel is a small space or "tunnel" in the wrist formed by the wrist bones (carpal bones) and a ligament (transverse carpal ligament). The median nerve and several tendons pass through the carpal tunnel from the forearm to the hand. The tendons are surrounded by tubes of tissue (tendon sheaths). The median nerve controls some movements of the thumb, and this nerve supplies feeling to most of the thumb and to the index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger.

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by conditions and activities that put pressure on the median nerve and decrease its blood supply, leading to tingling, numbness, pain, and/or weakness. Any of the following conditions or activities, or a combination of them, can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome:

  • Conditions such as hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the amount of tissue in the carpal tunnel. The swelling that is common in pregnancy can also crowd structures in the tunnel.
  • Wrist injuries, bone spurs, or swelling of the tendon sheath can decrease the space available in the carpal tunnel. A common cause of tendon sheath swelling is forceful or repetitive movement of the fingers and hand, especially if the wrist is in an awkward position.
  • Conditions such as diabetes, which increases nerve sensitivity, can make the median nerve more sensitive to pressure. Smoking and obesity can each increase the risk of developing symptoms.

When compared with other illnesses and injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common causes of absence from work.

What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

The most common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are tingling, numbness, weakness, or pain of the fingers or, less commonly, the palm. Symptoms most often occur in the parts of the hand supplied by the median nerve: the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. If your little finger is not affected, this may be a sign that the condition is carpal tunnel syndrome, because the little finger is usually controlled by a different nerve than the thumb and other fingers. You may first notice symptoms at night, and you may be able to get relief by shaking your hand.

How is carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed?

Carpal tunnel syndrome is diagnosed based on your medical history, a physical exam, and sometimes further tests. In learning about your medical history, your health professional will want to know about health conditions you have, such as arthritis, hypothyroidism, diabetes, or pregnancy. He or she will ask about any accidents or injuries of the wrist, arm, or neck you may have had recently. Your usual daily activities and any recent unusual activities are also an important part of your medical history.

Your physical examination will include evaluation of the feeling (sensation), strength, and appearance of your neck, shoulders, arms, wrists, and hands.

Your health professional may recommend further tests. These can include:

  • Blood tests, if any health conditions are thought to be contributing to your symptoms.
  • Nerve testing to determine whether signals are passing normally down the median nerve.
  • X-rays to help evaluate the size and shape of the carpal tunnel or, in some cases, to evaluate your neck.
How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated?

Nonsurgical treatment usually relieves the pressure and pain in the wrist and hand. Mild carpal tunnel syndrome is often treated first by changing the way you do things. If an activity seems to be aggravating your symptoms, you can try doing it less often, increasing the amount of rest time between repetitions, or changing the position you are using for the activity. You may also want to get a wrist brace that keeps your wrist straight and wear it at night. Stretching and strengthening your hands and arms may also help. If your symptoms have continued through a few weeks of home treatment or are more severe, you may require treatment by a health professional. Treatment may need to include medication or care for an underlying condition that is contributing to your carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms.

Surgery is an option for treating carpal tunnel syndrome. However, it is usually reserved for carpal tunnel syndrome that is disabling and that hasn't responded to weeks of treatment. Surgery involves cutting the ligament that forms the roof of the carpal tunnel, which makes more room in the tunnel and relieves pressure on the median nerve. The surgery (carpal tunnel release) is usually successful but in some cases does not completely relieve the numbness or pain. The earlier your condition is diagnosed, the better your chances of relieving the symptoms and preventing permanent damage to the median nerve.

How can I prevent carpal tunnel syndrome?

The first line of defense against carpal tunnel syndrome is to take care of your basic health-maintain a healthy weight, don't smoke, and exercise to maintain your strength and flexibility. If you have chronic conditions such as arthritis or diabetes, follow your health professional's advice for keeping your condition under control. In addition, try to keep your wrists in a neutral position during repetitive or stressful hand activities. (Your wrist is generally in a neutral position when you hold a glass of water.) If you begin to notice signs of carpal tunnel syndrome, stop or reduce any activity that stresses your fingers, hand, or wrist, or try changing the way you do that activity.

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Coating Kitchens

Coating kitchens provide the finished coating for paper at the end of the manufacturing process. Various types of coatings can be applied giving the paper its intended characteristics such as surface finish and rub resistance. This process varies greatly depending on the type of mill and the forms of paper being coated. Most ingredients used in coating kitchens can be grouped into pigments, binders, or additives. Because these different ingredients vary greatly in chemical and physical characteristics, coating ktichens are used to mix them together in the desired proportions.

Moyno progressing cavity pumps have been the choice of coating kitchens for decades supplying the laminar flow, metering, and pressure capabilities required to pump coating and supply into the coaters.

The following Moyno products can be effectively utilized in this application.

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