New insight into Earth's crust, mantle and outer core interactions

A new study, sheds light on a longstanding question that has puzzled earth scientists.

Using previously unavailable data, researchers confirm a correlation between the movement of plate tectonics on the Earth's surface, the flow of mantle above the Earth's core and the rate of reversal of the Earth's magnetic field which has long been hypothesized, according to Science Daily.

They suggest that it takes around 120-130 million years for slabs of ancient ocean floor to sink (subduct) from the Earth's surface to a sufficient depth in the mantle where they can cool the core, which in turn causes the liquid iron in the Earth's outer core to flow more vigorously and produce more reversals of the Earth's magnetic field.

This study is the first to demonstrate this correlation using records and proxies of global rates of subduction from various sources including a continuous global plate reconstruction model developed at the University of Sydney. These records were compared with a new compilation of magnetic field reversals whose occurrence is locked into volcanic and sedimentary rocks.

Liverpool palaeomagnetist, Professor Andy Biggin, said: "Until recently we did not have good enough records of how much global rates of subduction had changed over the last few hundreds of millions of years and so we had nothing to compare with the magnetic records.

The Earth's magnetic field occasionally flips its polarity and the average length of time between such flips has changed dramatically through Earth's history. For example, today such magnetic reversals occur on average four times per million years but one hundred million years ago, the field essentially stayed in the same polarity for nearly 40 million years.


Health & FitnessScales that measure your weight are nice if all you care about is how much you weigh. However there’s rather more to measuring your weight than just knowing how many kilos are registering on your bathroom scale. There are a whole lot of forms of well being issues frequent with many people across the globe. Disease is one of the most common. According to , approximately 36 million individuals die each year from non-communicable (not contagious) disease together with cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and power lung illness (Shah, 2014).

One other well being problem that causes demise or contributes to other health issues is malnutrition majorly amongst kids. One of many groups malnutrition affects most is younger youngsters. Approximately 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition, and it’s normally brought on by not having the money to seek out or make food (2014).

Hey builders might you please disqualify the folks in the world challenges who are obviously cheating. It is the 3rd day into the September seaside problem and there are already people with over 1,000,000 steps, rounding down, that will be 300,000 steps they have taken in A DAY. Form of defeats the purpose of getting a global problem if the top 1% cheats. To put that in perspective there are complaints on Google of people cheating with only 80,000 steps a day, I do not assume most people would move 40,000 steps a day. In any other case I like the app, I use the bike train to maintain observe of my routes and mileage, speed, and so forth. Thanks!

Extended psychological stress could negatively influence well being, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with growing older, depressive illness, and expression of disease. fifty four Stress management is the application of methods to both reduce stress or improve tolerance to stress. Relaxation strategies are bodily methods used to relieve stress. Psychological strategies embrace cognitive remedy , meditation , and constructive considering , which work by lowering response to emphasize. Enhancing relevant expertise, comparable to downside fixing and time administration abilities, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the response to emphasize-inflicting conditions the place those abilities are relevant.

Tanita Duo Scale Plus has some nice options that others lack, particularly a complicated calorie consumption analyzer that tells customers what number of calories they should devour to satisfy their objectives, in addition to comparability modes to make the work a bit of easier. The glossy design is one other selling level, though to be honest there are other scales on this checklist that look extra trendy. Still, for a mix of design and function, Tanita is difficult to beat.

Difference Between Health Facilities, Gyms, And Well being Clubs
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Do you or a loved one need an assistance dog?

Water and Your Assistance Dog’s Health

Water and Your Assistance Dog’s Health

Just like humans, dogs have complex nutritional needs. But the most basic nutritional truth pertains to the most basic of all life-sustaining nutrients: water is essential to your assistance dog’s continuing good health.

An adult dog is made up of about 60 percent water. An adult dog could survive losing all her fat and half her protein, but it only takes a 10 percent loss of water to result in life-threatening illness. Water is necessary to proper food digestion and waste elimination, absorption of nutrients, distribution of important compounds throughout the body, lubrication and protection of joints and tissue, regulation of body temperature, organ function, and just about everything else.

Assistance Dog Water Requirements

Dogs constantly lose moisture through urination, defecation, and evaporation when they pant to cool off. This water must be continuously replaced to prevent dehydration, a condition that can quickly become serious and potentially fatal.

A number of personal factors affect how much water your dog should drink each day. The standard recommendation is that healthy dogs should drink approximately 1 ounce of water per pound of body weight daily.

Because many service dogs are more active than pets, they require more water. This is especially true when they’re working during hot weather, which increases water needs for any dog. Certain conditions, such as diabetes, kidney problems, and some cancers, also increase water needs.

Dogs who eat canned food require much less drinking water than those that eat mostly dry food (kibble). Canned food is about two-thirds water, so it provides a considerable amount of fluids.

Providing Free-Choice Water

water-for-your-service-dogsThe best way to ensure your assistance dog stays adequately hydrated is to make fresh water available at all times. Healthy dogs drink what they need. But this doesn’t mean you can fill your service dog’s water bowl and forget about it.

Replace your dog’s water with fresh water at least twice per day. Tap water is fine, though many people provide bottled water, especially if they have well water, which is often high in certain minerals that can be damaging to an animal over time. Dogs generally prefer room-temperature water, or cool water when it’s hot out.

Your dog’s water readily becomes contaminated by bacteria in her mouth and other environmental pathogens. If left to fester, especially in a small amount of liquid, germs can reproduce quickly to levels that can cause illness.

Germs also build up along the surface of the water bowl (known as a bio-film) and in even the smallest surface scratches. Wash the bowl once daily and sterilize it every few days. Stainless steel bowls are a good choice for preventing scratches and for putting in the dishwasher.

Dehydration and Your Service Dog

Dehydration refers to when your dog has lost too much water, which in turn throws electrolytes out of balance and impairs essential bodily functions. While it often begins as a mild condition, it quickly causes sickness and can lead to organ failure and death if left unchecked.

Sick dogs tend to drink less than they need—or not at all—so are at increased risk for dehydration, especially when a fever causes them to pant more. You may need to administer fluids to your ailing assistance dog with an oral syringe.

To test for dehydration, gently pull up some loose skin over the shoulder blades. It should immediately snap back into place. If it doesn’t, your dog is dehydrated. Also, as dehydration progresses, the nose and mouth dry out; the gums become dry, pale, and even sticky; and the eyes become dry and sunken.

If you suspect your dog is dehydrated, offer water or administer it if she won’t drink willingly. Contact your vet right away for advice.

Water Is Your Best Friend’s Best Friendwater-for-your-assistance-dog

Adequate hydration keeps your dog happy and healthy, and it also ensure she can perform her service jobs. As Doctors Foster and Smith report, dogs given water during physical activity have shown up to an 80 percent increase in working ability. If your dog is becoming dehydrated, it will impair her ability to assist and protect you.

Fresh, clean, clear water is the foundation of life. It is a must every single day for your dog. If you wouldn’t drink her water, she shouldn’t be drinking it. Cheers!

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The Marlborough Science Academy

Student Attendance

If your child is absent or going to be late for any reason please inform the school before 8.30am, if at all possible, so form tutors know of the reason for absence before the registration period. The attendance line number is 01727 731368 and can be found at the bottom of the school website and on page 28 of the student planner. Please put the number in your phone!

By law, only the head teacher can authorise your child’s absence. It is important to keep the school informed if your child is going to be absent as soon as possible at the start of the day.

Our First Day Response Procedures

BBC News last week featured the tragic story of teacher, Helen Daykin. In October 2016, Helen was working away from home when her husband, Chris, died suddenly whilst looking after their young children. After his sudden death from heart failure in the house, Helen's little girls, four and two, spent almost 24 hours with the body of their father.

The older girl had recently started school, and when she didn't arrive, the school rang their father, to no avail. Tragically, they didn't then follow up with a call to the girls' mother, 200 miles away in London. The alarm wasn't raised until tea-time when Chris' mother visited the home.

Helen is telling her heart-breaking story to raise awareness of the importance of first-day calls, and the importance of responding to school if contacted. With this in mind I thought it would be useful to remind everybody of what we do to help safeguard our community.

Dear Parent,

I am writing to make you aware of the school procedure for children who have unexplained absences from school.

There have been public cases in the past where schools have not chased up the reasons as to why children are off of school. It has then transpired that there have been tragic circumstances around these absences, e.g. illness of a parent and a child unable to seek help.

We will do everything we can to prevent such situations occurring as I am sure you would agree that your child’s safety is paramount to us all.

If your child is not going to be in school please call the office on 01727 731368 or email the school on  to report their absence. Please do this before 08:30 on the first day of the absence.
If we have not heard from you by 09:15 then we will start to send school comms text messages and emails and call all the contact numbers that you have provided in order to gain an explanation for the absence. If we still have not been able to ascertain where your child is then we may well make a home visit. However if we still haven’t been able to get a response then we will report it to the police as your child will then be classed a ‘missing child’.
This procedure is to ensure that we know where your child is and that you are all safe. Please let us know in good time why your child is absent from school. If you would like to talk to me about this please make an appointment to see me.

The Marlborough Science Academy First Day Call Procedure

Registers taken promptly

  • Any discrepancies will be chased up in school
  • Make a prompt home visit if we have concerns
How will absences from school affect my child's progress at school?
Attainment levels

The quality of school work and qualifications gained will be significantly lower if attendance is lower.

School Routine

Your child's learning and that of other students could be disrupted by the missing of vital classwork.
A child or young person's well-being and long-term life opportunities may be adversely afffected by the missing of positive experiences associated with school and learning.

What is acceptable attendance?

The School expects all students to aim for 100% attendance.

96% attendance is regarded as good and can be achieved with some illness.

How does the school record absence?

The system records whether the child is present or absent.

The codes used are standard codes as issued by the government.

What should i do if my child is ill?

If your child is too ill to attend, please ring the school on the first day (and on each subsequent day) your child is unwell. 01727 731368 or email

If your child’s absence is unacceptable or at a significantly low level you c be could be asked to attend a meeting in school to discuss support appropriate to your child.

Can a student take a holiday in term time?

Due to the legal change in the Department for Education (DfE) legislation, at The Marlborough Science Academy we will only grant leave of absence in exceptional circumstances that are not related to holidays.

If parents/carers choose to take their child out on holiday in term time the absence will be recorded as an unauthorised absence. This could lead to an Fixed Penalty Notice being issued.

Parents/carers must send in a letter addressed to the headteacher requesting permission to take their child out of school during term time due to an exceptional circumstance.

What is an Education Penalty notice?

How will i know when I am going to receive a fixed penalty notice?

Holidays that have been taken in term time which the headteacher has not authorised.

How can I help my child?

Let your child know that you think school is important.

Make sure your child goes to school regularly and on time.

Take an interest in your child's school work.

Have regular communication with the school.

If your child is ill, contact the school and explain the reason for the absence.

Set good examples and enforce rules.

Balance time with extracurricular activities.

Keep open communication lines with your child.

A Parent's Guide to Managing Sickness Absence from School

Common conditions

Cough and cold

Raised temperature

Rashes can be the first sign of many infectious illnesses such as chickenpox and measles. Children with these conditions shouldn’t attend school.

Vomiting and diarrhoea

Sore throat


Potassium is one of the biogenic elements and is present in every organism. In the human body, potassium plays several roles, such as maintaining water balance in cells, contributing to the correct functioning of muscles and nerves, or affecting cardiac activity. A lack of potassium leads to serious health problems. The recommended daily intake of potassium, according to the WHO, is between 2-4 grams.

Potassium contributes to a normal functioning nervous system, normal muscle function and the maintenance of normal blood pressure. Through the consumption of 5 servings of MANA Powder or MANA Drink a day, your daily intake of potassium is 2 grams.

Enjoy MANA as part of your varied and balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. MANA is suitable for all healthy adults.

Source of information:

Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children. WHO Press, World Health Organization. Online: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/potassium_intake_printversion.pdf

Clinical study:


Answers to player questions. Part I

Welcome to the section ‘Developers answer’! Over the past few weeks, we have collected the most interesting and important questions from the fresh residents of the wasteland. Today we are ready to share a selection of the latest developer answers to player questions.

Which faction should I choose?

The choice of faction depends on each survivor's playstyle. Lunatics allow to create light and fast but poorly protected cars, perfect for close combat. And Nomads like balanced vehicles for fighting at medium range. Scavengers prefer heavy half-tanks, heavily armored, but slow. Once a day a player can change the faction and all progress with the previous factions will be preserved.

What is the rested bonus?

Rested bonus awards additional reputation points (experience). This bonus is 400% and is valid until the player reaches 60,000 total reputation points. The rested bonus is updated every day.

How to assign different guns to different buttons?

There is a gun icon in the bottom right corner. By clicking on it, you can assign different guns to the buttons that suit you.

What is the difference between yellow and white damage numbers?

The yellow colour indicates damage dealt to the enemy's cabin, and white colour is displayed when modules and structural elements are damaged.

Why do I need fuel? How do I get it?

Fuel is required in order to participate in PvE raids. Fuel can be earned in PvP missions. To do this you need to mount the ‘barrel’ part on your armored car. If your team wins and the barrel survives in battle, you will be awarded fuel as a reward. It is worth noting that mounting several barrels is pointless, since only one of them will be effective.

What parameters do engines have?

Engines have two parameters — engine speed and power. Engine speed is the maximum speed the car can reach, power is how fast the vehicle can reach its maximum speed.

What determines the price changes on the market?

The economy on the market depends only on the players themselves. They determine the price of selling and buying items and resources.

Why do I need coupons?

Coupons can be exchanged for ‘Relic Containers’ at the white Engineer's workbench. The container may contain rare or relic parts from any faction. Coupons can also be sold on the market.

You can post your questions to developers in the discussion thread on the forum for this news item until the publication of the next issue. We will choose the most interesting ones and try to answer them!

The Crossout team

Discuss in the Forums

22 June 2017


creative list

Getting things done and the creative process

creative list

Whether it a website, logo design, book, painting or whatever creative project, the creative process is generally the same. Dealing with, and understanding some of the potential issues can help to get a creative project finished successfully.

We are all different. Everyone’s brain unique. So I will look at my issues, and hope it can help others.

Getting started

Not being able to get started. This can happen for reasons other than laziness, or bad time management. I read a great phrase that resonated with me, ‘perfectionism paralyses’. Whereby the desire to create something that must be perfect, can lead to an inability to start the project, an inability to work. It’s a very destructive train of thought. A swift Google linking it to anxiety disorders and various other psychological issues.

There is a more positive lesser version that drives most creatives. To never be entirely satisfied with what you create, therefor the current project is the most important (or the next one) which keeps the creative brain striving forward, always trying to improve. It’s when it becomes a negative energy it becomes a problem.

The wheels on the bus go…

I came up with a way to deal with this when I was younger. If my art stopped, and I couldn’t work. Through too much anxiety or my brain overloaded with pressure, I imagined my art, or creativity, as a bus. It didn’t matter how slow the bus moved, as long as the wheels were moving even very slowly. Then everything would be okay. And whenever the wheels of the bus started moving, it always sped up again, picking up momentum, and all was good with my world.

Nothing new under the sun

I have since realised there are many inspirational quotes that relate to this. Far more concise and to the point. More perfect than my bus metaphor.

“The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step” – Lao Tzu (601 BC)

“Big things have small beginnings” – T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia

” The secret of getting ahead is getting started. The secret of getting started is breaking complex overwhelming tasks into manageable tasks, and then starting on the first one”. – Mark Twain

So it’s nothing new, and it’s very common in all aspects of life. So sit down and write a list of what needs to be done. Then work out what needs to be done first, and do it.

Happy New Year for 2019.


Out of the Hole

Hamlet Then and Now

An Easy Write

Asynchronous Class

The Gift of Feedback

I truly value people who can give good feedback. It doesn’t necessarily have to be positive feedback, but just people who can balance between praise and critique and make suggestions without sounding like a know-it-all. People who know how to both point out specifics and provide examples of new directions to go in, but can also give general overall feedback on the piece as a whole.

I had a conversation with my bestie tonight about this and we both agreed that knowing how to give feedback well is one of the best skills you can find in a teammate. Yet at the same time, teaching “how” to give feedback never seems to me emphasized enough in school. There are some people that are just horrible at giving feedback. There are two spectrums of the people you don’t want to give you feedback: the know-it-alls who sound like snobs that can only give feedback “obviously you should’ve…” feedback, and then the people who don’t know how to critique at all so they just say everything is great even when you know it isn’t.

Personally, I wish there was more teaching on giving feedback. I learned through experience in the Innovation Diploma (ID) but sometimes it would be nice to get more feedback on how we’re giving feedback. It’s one of those things I really miss about high school/ID- more frequent practice of giving and receiving feedback.

Also, especially in college but I suppose for some high schools too, I wish more teachers facilitated first drafts and peer review. Sometimes you need that nudge to meet new people in your classes and some people need more guidance on how to give feedback if they never had that learning opportunity when they were younger.

I happened to be partnered with someone today in my English class who I found to be a particularly helpful feedback giver. There was great balance in the type and style in which he gave feedback which I truly appreciated. It will now make my second draft much easier to write.

Decreasing Choking Under Pressure

I love when homework is actually really interesting!

We didn’t have psych class today because our teacher was out to due to religious reasons, so instead she had us watch two videos on our own and write an essay about what we found interesting and do some critical thinking about the two. I found one of the videos pretty annoying, and honestly still a bit annoyed that all of this work took almost three times as much time as the class normally would’ve; however, the second video I actually really enjoyed.

It was called “Power of the Human Brain” and some of the video I had already learned about before, like the concept of using a “memory palace” to better remember long random lists which is a technique mental athletes use. But I also learned some new stuff that really closely ties in with learning and memory and education practices in general which I found particularly interesting.

For example, there was a study done to see if we can train our brain to be less likely to “choke” under pressure. Turns out, the emotional part of our brain is right next to the working memory part. So when we get overly anxious or stressed, the emotional part of our brain can literally cloud up the working memory by overwhelming it with too many signals that take up brain power. Therefore, the study had half of a class take 10 minutes to reflect before taking a test about how they were feeling and get all there worries out, and the other half of the class just sat there. The half of the class who did the pre-writing ended up on average outperforming the control group by half a letter grade. The theory is that the kids who did the writing essentially “out loaded” their worries onto the paper and therefore, lessened the space they were taking up in the brain which allowed for the working memory to work more optimally.

Now I didn’t spend the time to look any deeper into this study or others about this topic after watching the video, but I still think the findings are pretty awesome- especially as a kid who is not the best test taker compared to what I feel my understanding of information is. I’m definitely going to try this pre-writing technique out and believe teachers should really try implementing this practice in classrooms as well. Getting learners to practice reflecting, creating a less stressed out environment, and having better performance result; sounds like a lot of wins for so little work.

The Editor

The Outline of the Future

I hate being assigned to write an outline. Most of the time they are graded which I find ridiculous since it’s basically grading a brainstorm… Plus every teacher always wants a different level of thoroughness in the outline, so you never know how much or how little to write. For some teachers, an outline is literally just a bullet-pointed list of a few words, but for others, it seems like we write enough to where we basically have the entire essay minus a few words.

What I especially dislike most of all about assigned outlines is that it always feels like we are formatting it for the teacher and not for ourselves even though the entire point of doing an outline is to better organize YOUR thoughts. You should be able to organize your thoughts any way you choose that works best for you.

For example, I am much more of a visual/kinesthetic learner, and therefore, I gravitate towards making storyboards/story-archs as my prefered method of essay brainstorming. I take a bunch of different colored sticky notes and jot down ideas that I continue to move around and maybe add side notes to until I feel like I have a solid story that I can then just type out. Since I’ve started this method I have found the pre-writing process so much more successful: I’m faster at generating good ideas and faster at organizing them.

Wouldn’t it be cool if when assigned to turn in an outline we could just turn in a picture or physical copy of a story board? I can’t wait for the day that simple ideas like outlines have more options for different kinds of learners.

Long Term Policy

Without further ado, my first assignment of the year:

Changing the Prompt

I’ve been working today on writing an article for an organization about,“Why/how I continue to be involved with the learner-centered movement despite no longer going to a learner-centered school/being in college not k-12.”

I’ll end up posting the article here once I get some feedback and finish editing it, but for now, I’ll just say that I rather enjoyed writing it. Writing the article made me realize that I’ve managed to do a good bit this past year in terms of transformative education stuff even despite not being in a k-12 or learner-centered environment.

It’s been more challenging to stay involved in the movement, but it’s also meant that I’ve been growing more independent and learning to find opportunities on my own and make them happen.

I’ve often been very negative about the fact that I’m in such a traditional environment now, but perhaps in a weird way, it’s been helpful to others at least in the big picture of things. Now I just have another perspective to add to the table as somewhat of an “outsider” in the movement and yet still very much involved.

Sometimes it takes changing the prompt to realize the good in a not ideal situation.


10 Dec 2018   |   News

Keeping up with the Cloud

New Science|Business paper on how Europe can meet fast rising scientific demand for data storage and processing calls for a long-term strategy

As it opens up scientific data and tools to millions of researchers, Europe’s new science cloud initiative is set to drive a step change in demand for computing and connectivity resources. Meeting that demand could be a challenge for Europe, which lags China and the US in the development of the supercomputers required to conduct the extremely complex modelling required by some scientific disciplines.

Get the full report

But a new paper published by Science|Business argues that Europe should prioritise software development over the deployment of hardware, given the urgent need to bridge different scientific disciplines using appropriate middleware. Such middleware would enable interoperability between the many computing and data silos within the European scientific community helping the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) achieve its goal of fuelling inter-disciplinary research.

Still, the paper recognises that Europe needs to develop greater expertise in hardware in the longer term: Hardware and software tend to develop hand-in-hand: early access to advanced hardware would help software developers create better tools for scientists.  Indeed, the paper argues that Europe needs a broad, long-term strategy to improve its computer science, centred on better education, particularly in physics, mathematics, programming and data analytics.

Despite Europe’s relatively weak IT industry, there may be opportunities for the region to lead the world in some areas of data-driven scientific research. In an age of rising nationalism and protectionism, the paper argues that multi-lateral Europe could coordinate global science. As it adapts to the requirement of the new EU General Data Protection Regulation, European science could also become a leader in the development of research techniques and processes that safeguard individuals’ privacy, while enabling social scientists to better understand human behaviour.

Expert group consultations

The paper is the product of meetings of our Cloud Consultation Group, a gathering of members of the Science|Business university-industry network with a special interest in the science cloud. They include experts from ETH-Zurich, CERN, Microsoft, Google and others. While drawing on the members’ expertise, the resultant paper is ultimately a statement of Science|Business and does not necessarily reflect the views of individual members.

Noting that governments can’t generally move quickly enough to scale ICT infrastructure, the paper argues that Europe’s policymakers should focus on the demand-side of the equation, rather than the supply side. For example, Europe should look to extend its lead in scientific fields, where it already has a head start, such as tackling climate change and modelling extreme weather. Rising demand for supercomputing in these fields should stimulate the private sector to make the necessary ICT infrastructure available.

More broadly, the paper recommends the EOSC’s rules of engagement balance the need to ensure users of the science cloud can harness advanced cloud computing services with the need to ensure the research community does not become overly reliant on a single provider or even single third country (such as the US) to meet its infrastructure needs.


Friday was President Monson’s funeral.  When an LDS President dies, the First Presidency is dissolved.  Have you ever wondered why that is the case?  Historian John Hamer and apostle Lachlan MacKay of the Community of Christ discussed why that happens in the LDS Church.  It’s a really interesting conversation as we discussed several succession claims.

John:  One of the last acts that Joseph Smith does before going to Carthage is he had given another one of these special blessings to Joseph III and several of these where Joseph had been prophesied at one point or another that he would be in his father’s role in being prophet, but he was what?  He was eleven?

Lachlan:  Eleven or eleven and a half.

John:  He’s eleven, so ok.  He wasn’t going to be the successor at that point.  What I argue, I think anyway, I think that the person who had the best claim at the point, in terms of both civil, and canon, which is to say church rules and law is Sidney Rigdon, who even though he’s been a little on the outs, he is still actively campaigning as the vice-presidential candidate in Joseph Smith’s U.S. presidential election.  So Joseph Smith then Sidney Rigdon; Sidney Rigdon is the only guy left in the First Presidency.

Even though in the LDS tradition, there is this idea that the First Presidency dissolves, and then the senior most apostle always succeeds, the only reason that is the idea is because they didn’t want to have Sidney Rigdon be in charge.  It doesn’t say that in the Doctrine & Covenants or anything like that.  There’s no canonical, there’s no canon law that says anything of the kind.  The First Presidency had been a completely distinct [quorum] in the early church tradition from the Twelve.

Lachlan:  There’s nothing that says it dissolves.

John: There’s nothing that says it dissolves and also not like the First Presidency is just like three more of the Twelve or something like that.  It’s a completely distinct [quorum.]  Anyway, so what I say is Sidney Rigdon is the last surviving member of the First Presidency and then according to the actual incorporation like we’re talking about the Church’s possession, William Marks had signed it over to Joseph Smith on behalf of the Church.  The Church is incorporated in the state of Illinois, and part of incorporation and the documents in Carthage, it says held by Joseph Smith as Trustee in Trust for the Church and my successors in the First Presidency.

Because of that, when Brigham Young does take over, he doesn’t create a new First Presidency; the Twelve just take over headquarters.  It’s one of the reasons why he is not able to get title to these temples is because James Strang knows about that because he has a lot of these guys in his group.  They know about this incorporation ruling.  This is really complicated details, but anyway, part of the idea of it is he charges that since he is the successor to the First Presidency, he has organized a new First Presidency.  This doesn’t in Brigham Young’s church until 1847, so he’s operating that way with the First Presidency, and so he says, “You don’t have a First Presidency. I have title to the Nauvoo Temple.  You’re trying to sell my temple.”

GT:  James Strang created a First Presidency and said that should be the successor?

John:  Yeah, he did that at that point.  But before that, I’ve got to dial it back.  The person who was the surviving member of the First Presidency then is Sidney Rigdon.  Sidney Rigdon gets outmaneuvered in this showdown between Brigham Young and Sidney Rigdon.  He gets kicked out of Nauvoo, or flees for his life and he goes back and reorganizes and creates a new headquarters of the church in Pittsburgh.  But at that point, he suffers one of these things that all kinds of schismatic Mormon Latter Day Saint heritage churches do which is, then they start asking themselves:  where did we go wrong?

We discussed some of the other leaders who wanted to take over leadership of the LDS Church in the early days.  There’s a lot more people than you may recognize.  I also encourage you to check out the video.  John was kind enough to share some slides about the Succession crisis, and I have included them in the video.

Don’t forget to check out our conversations with Greg Prince and Jim Vun Cannon on the Succession Crisis.  Earlier in the week, we discussed Kirtland Temple ownership problems.  Following the Kirtland Banking Crisis in 1838, Joseph Smith left town in the dead of the night.  The town of Kirtland was basically bankrupt.  Because of this, ownership of the temple was claimed by several people.  John Hamer and Lachlan MacKay will talk about Kirtland Temple ownership problems.  It’s a little bit like a soap-opera.   We’ll also hear an episode where people stormed the temple with guns and knives to try to take ownership of the temple.

Lachlan:  This is the one where Joseph Smith Sr. is at the pulpit on the west end.  The dissenters are concerned and hoping to take possession of the temple, and they stormed to the front with guns and knives drawn.  I think this is Oliver Huntington, one of the Huntington boys said, “Them that had chicken-hearts dove out the windows for safety.”

The police are called in to restore order.  They rush in and they knocked over a stove-pipe.  So I just imagine soot filling the room.  The best part is, after that chaos, they eject the belligerents and resume the services of the day.  {Everyone chuckles}

GT:  Really!  Wow.

Lachlan:  So I think that’s probably what you were referring to.

GT:  Yeah, it must have been quite a service!  {all chuckle}  We don’t talk about that in the LDS tradition very often.  I remember reading that somewhere and just going, “Wow!”

Lachlan:  I think one of them is even—they are walking from the front to the back, in some cases over the back of the pews, so stepping from pew-box to pew-box because the aisles are full of people, so they have to walk on the top of the pew-boxes to get up there.

We also talk about some other Mormon groups:  Strangites & Hedrickites and their involvement in Kirtland Temple ownership.  I also update our previous conversation with Dr. Richard Bennett about Brigham Young trying to sell the Kirtland Temple!  Was the Kirtland Temple turned into a sheep shed?  How did the Kirtland Banking Crisis affect ownership?  What else can we learn about the Kirtland Temple over the years?  What are your thoughts on (1) Kirtland Temple ownership, and (2) LDS succession?


6 Differences Between Blogging In A Minority Language Versus English

What I Learned From Failing To Learn Languages

5 Ways Esperanto Is Easier Than English

When people ask me why I speak Esperanto, my answer is simple; it’s really easy. I’ve always had difficulties learning languages and Esperanto is the only language I’ve ever succeeded in learning. The arbitrary pronunciation, random grammar rules, infuriating irregularities, endless exceptions that had to be memorised, silent letters, obscure tenses and half a dozen other rules in every language, drove me mad. I spent countless frustrating hours trying to decipher these Byzantine codes, usually without success. I would complain to my teacher (and anyone who would listen) about how these rules were unnecessary and added nothing to the language, couldn’t someone just remove the irregularities? Continue reading “5 Ways Esperanto Is Easier Than English”

Could The English Language Be Reformed?

English is a strange language. As a native speaker, I used to think it was completely normal and the natural state for a language, but lately I’ve been seeing the strange parts. There is a huge gap between how words are written and pronounced, with a multitude of silent letters, sounds that can be spelt with more than one letter and letters that can be pronounced more than one way. There’s also irregular verbs that defy any logic and almost look randomly thrown together. While the present and the future is straight forward, the past tense is a complete mess. Eat becomes ate, sit becomes sat, go becomes went and think becomes thought. Where is the sense in that? Why do words completely change like that? Continue reading “Could The English Language Be Reformed?”

Why English Should Not Be The International Language Of The World

The Irish Language – It’s Dying

Continue reading “The Irish Language – It’s Dying”


Employer Alert: Reporting and Payment Penalties

May 08, 2017
  • Employer Notices

For Immediate Release: May 8, 2017
Contact: Heather Fritzky, NHRS Controller, (603) 410-3540; [email protected]

CONCORD, NH – The New Hampshire Retirement System (NHRS, the retirement system) is providing updated guidance regarding the assessment of employer interest penalties for late or inaccurate reporting of active member data and/or late contribution payments.

The integrity of the data NHRS receives from employers is crucial to its ability to effectively administer retirement benefits.  Without timely and accurate payroll information and payment of contributions, the retirement system cannot correctly calculate or finalize pensions for recently retired employees.

Effective August 15, 2017, NHRS will assess penalties for employer files that are not free of exceptions and posted by the 15th of the month. As a courtesy, NHRS will automatically waive the interest penalty for the first three months.  Effective November 15, 2017, employers will need to request a waiver of any penalties in writing.

Also effective August 15, 2017, the retirement system will require contribution payments be received by NHRS on or before the 15th to avoid an interest penalty.

Data Reporting

Since 2014, NHRS has been authorized under state law to assess an interest penalty when a monthly employer reporting file cannot be processed by the due date because of data reporting errors. However, the retirement system has continued to accept all files as timely and has not assessed an interest penalty as long as the information is submitted by the 15th of the month, regardless of whether the file contains errors. This lenient approach has proven to be a significant administrative burden and, in some instances, caused a delay in finalizing benefit payments to new retirees or issuing refunds to terminated members who have requested one.

Beginning with employer files submitted with a due date of August 15, 2017, employers will receive an interest penalty assessment notice for files that are not free of exceptions and posted by the monthly due date. This means that any file exceptions must be cleared by the 15th so the file can be posted. Although most employers submit error-free files, the retirement system recognizes this is a change that will impact some employers, so, as noted above, NHRS will waive penalties assessed in the three months following the August 15 effective date of this notification.  The retirement system will also be providing updated instructions on how to correct file exceptions.

Submission of Payments

Currently, payments submitted to NHRS are not subject to a penalty if the payment is postmarked by the 15th of the month. Beginning with payments received for batches with a due date of August 15, 2017, NHRS will no longer be considering the postmark date as the receipt date when determining if a payment is late.  Employers should assure that payment is actually received by NHRS no later than the 15th of each month.

NHRS accepts payments by ACH and encourages all employers to make their contribution payments using this method, which is the most secure and timely payment option available.  See below for more information on the advantages of ACH.

Frequently Asked Questions

The administrative rule says reporting and payments are due by the 15th of each month. How is the due date impacted if the 15th falls on a weekend or holiday?

The 15th is the due date to submit files and payments to NHRS, however, employers may submit their file any time after the last pay date in the previous month up until the due date. As noted, payments by ACH can be scheduled in advance to post on the 15th. If the 15th falls on a weekend or holiday, the file needs to be posted and payment needs to be received no later than the first business day following the weekend or holiday.

Can employers appeal penalty assessments?

Yes. RSA 100-A:16. V states that, “For reasonable cause, the board may abate all or any part of the interest.” The administrative rule further clarifies that a penalty cannot be abated without “showing that the employer had not willfully, intentionally, through gross negligence or through a pattern of negligence failed to timely remit contributions.” Note that while one-time instances of oversight related to items such as staffing issues or data-entry mistakes will typically be abated, repeated requests for a waiver based on the same circumstances may be considered “a pattern of negligence.”

Do these changes apply to (HB 342) retiree reporting?

No. There is no change to the current policy on retiree reporting, which states that employers may be subject to a penalty of $25 per day for non-compliance with the reporting requirement. For more information on retiree reporting, see: https://www.nhrs.org/faqs/faq-retiree-reporting

Why is NHRS changing the way it assesses employer penalties?

The technology available to NHRS and its employers has significantly improved since the current practices were developed. Employer reporting exceptions can now be identified and corrected almost immediately through the online Data Reporting System and payments can be readily scheduled in advance and sent automatically via ACH.

Also, as noted above, the current approach of accepting files as timely even if they contain exceptions and cannot be posted has proven to be a significant administrative burden and, in some instances, caused a delay in finalizing benefit payments to new retirees or issuing refunds to terminated members.

What is ACH and how can it benefit me as an employer?

Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic network for financial transactions. ACH credit transfers include direct deposit, payroll and vendor payments. ACH is the quickest, safest, and most cost-effective way to send payments to NHRS.

As an employer:

  • You could realize a significant cost savings by not printing and mailing checks (saving on check stock, MICR toner, postage and labor)
  • Paying by ACH will provide you better cash management – you assign an effective date so you know exactly when the payment leaves your bank and the funds go directly to NHRS the same day
  • ACH payments are more secure than checks and you can track the status of an ACH payment much faster
  • ACH payments do not require humans to read digits and/or OCR software to electronically read handwriting, which leads to a lower error rate
  • There is less opportunity for fraud with an ACH payment because bank account and ABA number are entered into a secure system and encrypted
  • ACH provides a greater level of expenditure control and eliminates securing unused checks

Please contact Kelly Gladu at (603) 410-3652 if you would like ACH setup instructions.

Additional Background

RSA 100-A:16, V:

Notwithstanding any other provision of law any member contributions deducted by an employer, or any employer assessments or contributions not remitted or that cannot be processed at the times designated by the board of trustees due to data reporting errors, shall be subject to interest on the amount due at the rate of one percent for each month or fraction thereof that they remain unpaid. For reasonable cause, the board may abate all or any part of the interest.

NH Administrative Rule Ret 303.01:

(a) All member/employer contributions shall be remitted to the New Hampshire retirement system monthly.  Remittance reports and payments shall be due in the retirement system by the 15th of the month for the previous month’s contributions.  Any member/employer payments not timely remitted shall be assessed interest as provided in subparagraph (b)

(b) An interest penalty of one percent for each month or fraction thereof that contributions are not timely remitted shall be assessed against the delinquent employer.  In computing interest under this paragraph and under RSA 100-A:16, V, a fraction of a month shall be computed as a full month.

# # #


Mai Lan is a France's latest sensation, favoured by the Inrockuptibles, she delivers a colourful mix of intimate pop and folk sprinkled with a dash of soul.

Mai Lan began learning music at the tender age of 7 by playing classical piano and listening to her parents immense CD collection. Between jazz and punk, Chopin and MC Hammer, she began to form her own musical identity. Mai Lan’s music is audacious, and colourful, she is daring and because she is so she carries us far and into the great unknown. 12 songs of incandescent luminous folk, post punk, intimate pop, a hillbilly mutant; a prism of multicoloured lights that cross her divine universes. The album was recorded at Mai Lan’s home over a one year span and was completed at the ICP Studios. Max "Schumacher" Labarthe produced and mixed the album.

Debut album released in France in September 2012 on Wagram / 3eme Bureau


Lessons Learned from a NEWBIE Memory Planner

When the Happy Memory Keeping™ collection came out last year, I bought everything I would ever need to memory plan. I really wanted to be a dedicated memory planner, but I never took the leap. It seemed a bit intimidating, and I let perfectionism keep me from trying it. I decided to finally give it a shot. I mean, I had a beautiful new memory planner screaming to be used. Once I started I was hooked! I'm still new to it, but I've already learned a few things that might be helpful for those of you still waiting to leap into Happy Memory Keeping™.

1. There is no RIGHT way. I definitely looked to some of the seasoned memory planners and fellow SQUAD members for inspiration, but in the end, there really is no right way. It's YOUR life. They're YOUR memories. Your memory planner should be as unique as YOU are!

2. It doesn't have to be perfect. Photos don't have to fit precisely in the boxes, or even on the correct day for that matter. The memories are still there whether they happened on Monday or Tuesday. Put things where you want them!

3. White space isn't a bad thing. At first I found myself feeling like I needed to fill every part of the page. I didn't have enough photos. My life wasn't THAT exciting. As I started to add the journaling I realized it's okay to have some empty space. (See also numbers 1 and 2 above.)

4. The process is as important as the result. As I was printing photos, laying them out, and thinking of what to write, I realized that the process was so rewarding. It really made me stop and think about how loved my kids are and how grateful I am for our life.

About my first spread:
My first Happy Memory Keeping™ spread documents a week that my boys spent with their grandma and their cousins (she called it "Camp Grandma"). They made so many memories, so I knew it was a great week to start! The blue and green color scheme was inspired by the colors in the photos, and I love how it all came together. The Happy Memory Keeping™ stickers are perfectly designed for memory planning, but any of The Happy Planner® stickers work well too. You don't have to be a professional scrapbooker to document special memories. The Happy Memory Keeping™ products make it so simple!

If you're like me and are hesitant to start, I encourage you to just JUMP IN! It really is so rewarding! Enjoy the journey, #plannerbabes!

Feeling inspired? Head over to Instagram and give Mandy (@planny_mandy) a FOLLOW to keep up with all her Happy Planner® creations!


Predictions for 2019: Blockchain, AI and AR technology, Transitioning from unfamiliar entities into targeted solutions
Predictions for Blockchain, AR and VR technology: High in the sky aims have given way to clear, targeted goals and expectations Technology Predictions- As we move towards the close of 2018, technology is entering into an exciting state for consumers and organisations like. This year we’ve started to chart the waters of technologies


Find Your Focus Before Writing

Do you struggle to focus during your writing sessions? Here are two techniques you can try to improve your attention span and increase your productivity.

In the modern world, finding time to sit down and write can be infuriatingly difficult. When we actually get our bums into the seats, an even greater nemesis rears its ugly head: distraction. How can we ward off the beast and find focus before writing?

I do it through the two ‘M’s: meditation and mindfulness.

Bear with me here. Put aside any preconceptions you have about meditation and mindfulness while you read and you’ll find that they’re practices that can improve your life (and your brain) in more ways than one. Writing is just the beginning.

What Is Meditation?

There are various techniques and types of meditation, but at the core of them is a simple goal: to self-regulate the mind and body.

Concentrative meditation involves focusing attention on something specific, like your breathing or an object. When you notice your attention wandering, you return it to the focus of the meditation, without rebuking yourself for the lapse.

It can be difficult for beginners to stay focused during meditations, but practice makes this self-regulation of the mind much easier.

What Is Mindfulness?

Mindfulness involves observing your thoughts, feelings and experiences in the present, without judging them as good or bad. You’re open to the moment, living in the moment. Because you’re not focusing on the past or future, you find yourself free to observe what’s happening around you, which brings with it a new sense of awareness and freedom.

The benefits that go hand-in-hand with meditation and mindfulness are myriad, from the mental, such as improvements in well-being, to the physical, such as pain management, but let’s focus on those relevant to writing.

Even practising meditation for a short period can yield benefits for writers. One study found that, when meditating five days a week, 30 minutes each time, there were improvements in self-control and mood after just two weeks.

Increased self-control is an obvious advantage for writers, particularly those who struggle to sit down, write and stay focused. Having a more balanced or positive mood also helps writers—how many times have you blown off a writing session because you didn’t feel like it?

Another benefit to meditation is learning to shut out distracting thoughts. However, an even greater advantage for a writer is being able to realise when your thoughts are wandering sooner. Only once you learn to recognise when your mind drifts can you correct it.

Practising mindfulness has several benefits for writers. When self-doubt and the scornful whisperings of your inner editor loom, the desire to write shrivels up and dies.

However, observing your thoughts without judging them (i.e., mindfulness) can reduce the anxiety that stems from those bouts of the Writer Blues—perfect for those occasions when you’re feeling self-conscious or critical of your writing.

Story time: One day my lecturer asked the class to build a complicated seraph paper airplane while practising mindfulness. I couldn’t build the thing for the life of me, while everyone around me found it fairly easy. Had I not been non-judgemental towards my thoughts, I would have been horribly embarrassed, but the mindfulness provided a buffer to anxiety. It works for writing too.

Try It Yourself

So now that we’re clear on how great meditation is for writers, when should we meditate, how long should we do it for, and how exactly do we meditate?

The most obvious time for writers to meditate is just before writing. It clears the mind, focuses the attention and calms the body, which then leads to a far more productive session than jumping straight into writing with an unfocused, easily distracted mind. However, the benefits can still be felt when meditating at other times, such as before going to bed, on a morning or after exercise.

How long should we meditate for? That depends on whether or not you’re a beginner and how much time you have available. If you’re new to meditation, start with shorter sessions (like 5-10 minutes), since focusing the mind on one thing for very long can prove difficult. As you become more experienced with meditation, lengthen your sessions to a time that feels comfortable to you.

Another factor to consider, if you’re meditating before your writing session, is how much time you have available. If you only have an hour a day to write, then a longer meditation session will take a big chunk out of that. Should you find yourself limited for time, either meditate for a shorter period before writing or have a longer session at another point in the day (or both!).

What exactly do you do during meditation? I favour a simple breathing meditation myself, which involves directing the attention towards the breath, as it flows naturally in and out of the nostrils. When thoughts creep into your mind, simply return your attention to your breathing. You can find more information on this type of meditation here.

When’s the best time to practice mindfulness? Again, just before a writing session is ideal as it focuses you, ready for churning out those words. However, as shown in my paper plane example, you can practice mindfulness at any time. Just focus on the moment, on what you’re experiencing, without judging it as good or bad.

As with meditation, practice mindfulness for as long as you feel comfortable with and/or have time for. The added benefit to mindfulness is that you can practice it while doing other things, so you don’t have to carve out time to sit down and focus solely upon it (though you can do if you want to).

What exactly is being ‘mindful’? It’s paying attention to your experiences in the present. If you’re building a paper plane, for example, focus on the motion of your hands and the feel of the paper, observe your thoughts as they come and go, but don’t judge them. No feeling inadequate, self-conscious, embarrassed or guilty. Just awareness.

Enjoyed this post? Check out the Mind of the Writer and explore what makes the brain behind the words tick.


Medi-claim Assistance Getting Admitted

Patients having a Medi-claim (cashless facility of medical insurance) are requested to inform the hospital at the time of admission. The hospital can then help in putting forward the case with the medical insurance company.
  Medi-claim Lounge
Patient Care Co-ordinators will keep the relatives updated about the progress of the claim request. Once the insurance company approves the claim, the hospital will inform the patient’s relatives about the details of the approval.
  Patient Care Co-ordinators
    Emergency (0265) 228 6666
Emergency Numbers
for Ambulance :
(0265) 228 6666, 228 5555
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Article Index

Our Story:

In 1991, a concerned group of individuals came together to address the growing number of homeless persons in Rowan and surrounding counties and called themselves the Gateway Homeless Coalition (GHC). In 1992, the Gateway Homeless Coalition obtained 501(c)(3)non-profit status. The Methodist church in Morehead donated the use of a house on Hargis Avenue to serve as the first emergency shelter in Morehead, known as the Gateway House. GHC began providing homeless services to individuals and families in the Gateway area and expanded their service area to include Bath, Elliott, Menifee, Montgomery, Morgan and Rowan Counties. In 1997, the shelter moved into its current location on Flemingsburg Road.

At Gateway House, we are able to provide a safe, family-friendly environment where our team of case managers work with residents to help them overcome the barriers to maintaining stable housing for themselves. Escaping homelessness is harder than it looks, and that is why our shelter offers more than just a bed and a shower. Rather, a comprehensive residency program featuring robust case management and advocacy services ensures that we do the most we can for our residents while they’re with us, so that when they obtain stable, long-term housing, we've done everything we could to help them maintain that stability going forward. To us, this approach just makes sense - we care about our residents, and we believe this is reflected by our commitment to helping them succeed.


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1.1 Background of The Study
Documentary evidence is any evidence that is, or can be, introduced at a trial in the form of documents, as distinguished from oral testimony. Documentary evidence is most widely understood to refer to writings on paper (such as an invoice, a contract or a will), but the term can also apply to any media by which information can be preserved, such as photographs; a medium that needs a mechanical device to be viewed, such as a tape recording or film; and a printed form of digital evidence, such as emails, spreadsheets, etc.
Normally, before documentary evidence is admissible as evidence, it must be proved by other evidence from a witness that the document is genuine, called “laying a foundation”.
A piece of evidence is not documentary evidence if it is presented for some purpose other than the examination of the contents of the document. For example, if a blood-spattered letter is introduced solely to show that the defendant stabbed the author of the letter from behind as it was being written, then the evidence is physical evidence, not documentary evidence. However, a film of the murder taking place would be documentary evidence (just as a written description of the event from an eyewitness). If the content of that same letter is then introduced to show the motive for the murder, then the evidence would be both physical and documentary.
Documentary evidence is subject to specific forms of authentication, usually through the testimony of an eyewitness to the execution of the document, or to the testimony of a witness able to identify the e handwriting of the purported author. Documentary evidence is also subject to the best evidence rule, which requires that the original document be produced unless there is a good reason not to do so.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Considering the concept of document generally as contained in Section 258 of the Evidence Act which explicitly mentioned that:
“Document” include books, maps, plans, drawings, photographs and also includes any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or by more than one of these means, intended to be used or which may be used for the purpose of recording that matter”
It is primary and crucial that a document used in litigation must not only be relevant, it should also be admissible. Thus, if a party wants to rely on the contents of a document to establish his case, it is his duty to bring them to notice of the court; and as a general rule he must produce the original of the document before the court.
Nevertheless, in certain circumstances some obstacles do affect the admissibility of document to be tendered as evidence in the court of Law. Such issues include, lost of or destruction of paper documents, alteration, forgery of documents and sometimes documents are erroneously admitted by the court in the course of proceedings as well as other sundry issues relating to documentary evidence.
There are the major problems that has to do with the admissibility of documentary evidence in the court of Law under the Law of Evidence in Nigeria i.e. striking the balance between the documents that are admissible and these that are not admissible as well as those that are become admissible in view of others are reliable evidence in the court of Law under Nigeria Law of Evidence.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objective of this research is to portray the admissibility of documentary evidence under the Nigeria Law of Evidence which largely depend on the case laws and comments of erudite legal luminaries. And to some certain extent look at general concept of evidence, presumption relating to documents and exclusion of oral evidence by documentary evidence.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research work serves as reference to other works of relevant field for incoming posterity. It will serve as medium public and private documents, the extent and limitation of the admissibility of such documents under Nigeria Law of Evidence.
In view of the above, the research work will serve as a means of understanding the concept of document as well as its admissibility under the Nigeria Law of Evidence, which include the extent and limitations under Law, so that possible solutions and corrective measures will be proffered in tendering an or considering documents as an evidence.
1.5 Methodology
The research methodology used is pure doctrinal researches conducted in the library and internet. By this process the law reports of the superior courts of records, journals, national newspaper as well as renounced scholar Articles and paper presentation were consulted in my effort to state clearly the admissibility of documentary audience under the law of evidence in Nigeria.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this work is limited to the admissibility of documentary evidence under Law of Evidence in Nigeria. Nevertheless, this work will go on in a nutshell to have an overview of the concept of evidence generally; because one can only be successful in writing on admissibility of documentary evidence if, he highlighted the general concept of evidence in Law.
Secondly, recent judgement of the superior courts of record in Nigeria as well as textbooks of the renounced lawyers and erudite judges also helped to discover the problems and solution in the process of writings.
1.7 Organization of the Study
This research work is divided in five chapters. Chapter one (1) consist of the introduction, statement of problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, methodology, scope of the study, organisation of the study and literature review.
Chapter two (2) talks about the meaning of the concept Document; meaning of documentary evidence, types of documentary evidence, public and private document, general provision on documentary evidence and its admissibility in law as well as relevancy of documentary evidence.
Chapter three (3) where the main work begin, looks at the the evidence act 2011- moving with the times and electronically generated evidence.
Chapter Four provides a critical appraisal of the rules on admissibility of documentary evidence as to fact in issue under Sections 83 and admissibility of statements in documents produced by computers under Sections 84 of the Evidence Act 2011 which 26 includes admissibility of document made by a person in any proceeding, if the maker of the document had personal knowledge of the matters dealt with by the statement, where the document forms part of the record purporting to be continuous record, if the maker of the statement is called as a witness in the proceeding, the discretion of the Court to admit a statement made by the maker in any proceeding, the inadmissibility of the document made an interested person when the proceeding is pending or anticipated, admissibility of document signed or initialed by the maker, basis for admissibility of certificates of a registered medical practitioner, admissibility of computer generated document and conditions to be laid, admissibility of statement produced from different or combination of computers, basis for admissibility of certificate signed by a person in a responsible position, and conditions to be laid for an information to be duly supplied or produced by computer.
While, chapter five (5) summarised everything in conclusion, recommendation and bibliography.
1.8 Literature Review
The importance of the work has been intensified and brought to bare mainly in pages featuring the practical application of the rules relating to documentary evidence in particular and its relevancy and admissibility of evidence in general.
Although, there is no single textbook on the topic of this thesis, there are related articles written by lawyers and academics whose style and manner of approach will be explained below.
Afe Babalola in his book :Law and Practice of Evidence in Nigeria” stated that a bill on information technology as well as the Evidence Bill 1998 which are still both before the National Assembly have hardly been attended to. On the other hand, some countries such as UK and USA have enacted statutes reforming their Laws, particularly the law of Evidence to take benefit of the advances in information, technology. It must be noted however that reform of the law of Evidence has been slow.
Also, Yemi Osinbanjo believes amongst other things that computer printouts are not original. He also dispute with some English decisions even based on statutory provisions that computer documentary evidence is “real evidence”. The learned author also argues that those computer printouts do not qualify as documentary evidence under section (formerly section 90) of the Evidence Act. He concludes that unless the Evidence Act is amended, it will be difficult for courts in Nigeria to admit computer and electronically documentary evidence in Nigeria.
Amupitan J in his article “Admissibility of Electronically Generated Evidence” stated that the Nigeria courts and the world over should at least give liberal interpretation to the admissibility of electronic evidence if the law is to be relevant and useful at this computer age of information technology in order to enhance and strengthen judicial activism. Also, Fidelis Nwadialo seeks to explain why he had decided not to treat computer generated evidence. He says he deliberately did this because there is no Nigeria law yet on the subject to have it included in a book on Nigeria law of Evidence, firmly submitting that any pronouncement on it will either amount to a suggestion or an opinion more suited for more journals as opposed to formal textbooks on law of Evidence. yet, while commenting on the “Sources of Nigeria Law of Evidence,” the learned author is of the view, having regard to section 5(a) of the Evidence Act and decision of the West African Court of Appeal, WACA and the Federal Supreme Court that “any Evidence which would have been admissible under the common law had the Act not been passed, will still be admissible.
Although these writers have voiced the opinion on documentary evidence, they have not gone in depth on the topic.

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When a rock undergoes metamorphism, some or all of its argon can be outgassed.If all the argon was lost, this would reset the K-Ar clock to zero, and dating the rock would give us the time of metamorphism; and if we recognized the rock as metamorphic this would actually be quite useful.But consider what happens if the argon came from deep within the Earth, where it was formed by Ar ratio as is found in the atmosphere, and the formula that corrects for atmospheric carbon will not correct for this.Finally, we must consider the possibility of argon loss.Potassium–Argon dating or K–Ar dating is a radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archaeology.It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar).Ca/K) information can be obtained from each sample.The WAAIF is equipped with A MAP215-50 mass spectrometer with a low-blank automated extraction system coupled with a New Wave Nd-YAG dual IR (1064 nm) and UV (216 nm) laser, an electromuliplier detector and Niers source.

The 213 nm ultra-violet laser is capable of high-resolution (up to 10 µm beam size) ablation of any mineral, allowing detailed analysis of individual mineral grains.

dating method is used to measure the age and timing of a large variety of geological processes, from meteorite samples as old as the Earth (4.5 billion years) to the age of historical events such as the Vesivius eruption (79 AD).

The Ar technique can be applied to any rocks and minerals that contain K (e.g. method is also used to date a myriad of other geological events such as volcanism, tectonic plate movements, mountain building rates, sediment formation, weathering and erosion, hydrothermal fluid movements, and alteration and diagenesis of minerals. The main advantage of Ar-Ar dating is that it allows much smaller samples to be dated, and more age and composition (e.g.


The Collective Unconscious

I find the "Collective Unconscious" a compelling concept that explains (for me) the origins of religious faith. It would seem that Jung was close to bridging scientific thought and faith based thought with a concept that both can embrace in very similar terms. It also would give authority to religious teachings when those teachings articulate the archetypes, morality and symbols that exist in the collective unconscious. It seems to me that most religions do a pretty good job of providing credible access to the collective unconscious whereas science offers no access at all.

The definitions and commentary below were gathered from Internet searches. Several schools of thought are represented but it is easy to be confused. One reason is that the same psychological terms are defined differently in each school. For instance Jung maintains that the Self defines the Ego (Self Centric), while modern psychology holds that the Ego defines the Self (Ego Centric). Another defining difference stems from different thoughts regarding the origin of archetypes. The Platonic tradition says that archetypes have a spiritual origin and therefor have always existed. Jung interprets archetypes in a biological sense.  He says that they are  "inherited", and that they "have existed since remotest times". Modern psychology sees archetypes arising from cultural influence. Jung maintains “It is necessary to point out once more that archetypes are not determined [by cultural experience] as regards their content, but only as regards their form and then only to a very limited degree."

Dictionary definition:

collective unconscious

Scientific definition:

collective unconscious

Memories of mental patterns that are shared by members of a single culture or, more broadly, by all human beings; originally proposed by the psychologist Carl Jung to explain psychological traits shared by all people. He theorized that the collective unconscious appears as archetypes: patterns and symbols that occur in dreams, mythology, and fairy tales.

From Wikipedia:

Collective unconscious is a term of analytical psychology originally coined by Carl Jung. While Freud did not distinguish between an "individual psychology" and a "collective psychology", Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the personal unconscious particular to each human being.

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ar·che·type (är'kĭ-tīp') pronunciation

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For more information on archetype, visit

Jung's Conception Of The Collective Unconscious

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Jung saw the human psyche as made up of layers or strata (see diagram above).

 First is the conscious mind.  The ego is the term given to the organisation of the conscious mind, being composed of conscious perceptions, memories, thoughts, and feelings [Calvin S. Hall & Vernon J. Nordby, A primer of Jungian Psychology, p.34 (1973,  New American Library)].

The Archetypes

by Yakov Leib HaKohain

The Nature of the Archetypes

At the outset, it's important to realize that Jung conceived of the archetypes as autonomous structures within the collective unconscious. They were pre-existent, self-generating "forces of nature," as he sometimes called them, rather than (as many mistakenly believe) artifacts of cultural experience. For example, he writes:

"The archetype is . . . an irrepresentable, unconscious, pre-existent form that seems to be part of the inherited structure of the psyche and can therefore manifest itself spontaneously anywhere, at any time . . .Again and again I encounter the mistaken notion that an archetype is determined [by cultural influences] in regard to its content . . . It is necessary to point out once more that archetypes are not determined [by cultural experience] as regards their content, but only as regards their form and then only to a very limited degree."

(Memories, Dreams, Reflections, pages 392-393)

To illustrate: the "Goddess" archetype is a "pre-existent form" of the "inherited structure of the psyche," but manifests herself in the "psychic costume," as it were, of Kali in India, Athena in Greece, the Shekinah in Kabbalah, and the Virgin Mary in Western Christianity -- all very different in their culturally determined, outer appearance but identical in their inner psychic content. This is no less true of the archetype of the Self.

The Archetype of the Self

Jung defined the Self in many places and in many ways, but always with the same archetypal overtones. Here are two examples, all relevant to our present discussion, in which he clearly states that the Self is not (as some mistakenly believe) the same as the "ego" but "superordinate" to it:

(Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, CW 7, par. 274)

(Link to Amazon com Psychology and Alchemy, CW 12, par. 44)

In other words, the individual Ego emerges from the Self -- the Self does not emerge from the Ego -- and just as the Self gives birth to the Ego, the Ego gives birth to individual consciousness. (Readers will recall that I discussed and diagrammed this process of what I called "psychic mitosis" in my previous lectures on prenatal consciousness in the Jung Seminar series.)

What is crucial in all of this is that the Self is an autonomous archetype "supra ordinate" to the individual Ego. This is the purport of Krishna's statement in the Bhagavad Gita, "They are of me, I am not of them." But even more relevant to our discussion is this:

If the Self is not a byproduct of human consciousness, but vice versa, it therefore has an intelligence and will of its own separate from and superior to that of the individual Ego, of which it is the psychic parent.

Here is what clearly distinguishes Jung's conceptions from those of psychology, and places them into the category of theology. Whereas modern psychology sees the Self as a creation of human consciousness, Jung sees the Ego as a creation of the Self and, furthermore, subordinate to it. Thus, Jung's metaphysical formulations are "Self-Centric" while those of Psychology are "Ego-Centric." Thus, as Jung finally concludes, and with which we concur, "the Self is our life's goal, for it is the completest expression of that fateful combination we call individuality." (Link to Amazon com Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, CW 7, par. 404)

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Abstract Ref Number = APCP177
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Vaccine Immunology and Herd Immunity
Zakiudin Munasir Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Dr CiptoMangunkusumo
The immune system is  complex system, composed of interactions of various body cells, aims to recognize, differentiate, & eliminate antigen (Ag) which is considered foreign (self vc non self). The immune system consist of non specific and specific barrier. Non spesific barrier is first body defense and activated in a few minutes / hour after infection. It activates the adaptive immune system in a longer time. It has no specific response and no memory cell. Immune innate / non-specific / natural immune response provides early defense against infection.Specific adaptive / immune immune responses occur thereafter and there is a lymphocyte activation. The immune response needs initiator, navigator regulators and acceleratation of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, establish a system of identification and signals called PRR (Pattern recognition receptors)  to recognize PAMP (Pathogen-associated molecular pattern). Specific immune respons is a second body defense, arises a few days after antigen enter the body. The specific properties of specific immune response is, the memory cells has last long - lifetime. Effectiveness increases after contact with antigen. The specific immune response consists of: humoral immune response (B lymphocytes) and cellular immune response (T lymphocytes) which has specific abilities and memory. The purpose of ideal vaccine is produce the same immune system protection as a natural infection but without causing severe illness and complications, produce long-term immunity, stopping the spread of infection. The antigen vaccine with antigen-causing natural infection is more similar. Unfortunately when the protective immune response is getting better but the side effect gets heavier. ‘Herd immunity is a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.’ It applies to diseases that spread from human to human. Each disease has a certain level of immunity in the population Therefore, a disease can be eradicated even if some people are still vulnerable. It provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals such as individuals vaccinated. Example: MMR vaccine is given to infants to protect pregnant women from rubella. Protection in unvaccinated populations occurs when the number of vaccinated individuals cross the threshold. For example the threshold for MMR vaccine is 95%. If lower than that, for example 70% vaccinated, reservoir remains present and outbreaks occur among unvaccinated individuals.
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Online Blackjack: Rules and Terminology

Blackjack is more popular than it ever has been. With the help of the internet and advancements in technology, people playing blackjack has grown exponentially over the past two decades.

The objective of the game is simply having higher cards than the dealer without going over 21.

For players new to the game, here are some basic rules and terminology you would be advised to learn before jumping in:

Card Values

2-10 = Face Value
Jacks, Queens and Kings = 10
Aces = 1 or 11


Options: Dynamic memory,    Static memory,    RAM,    EEPROM

More Computer Fundamental Related questions:

A display of a volume model that shows all of its edges is called a:
Options: surface model,    3-D model,    wire-frame,    solid model

Ans:C ,C

Options: A) Hewlett-Packard B) Epson, 1981 C) Laplink traveling software In1982 D) Tandy model-2000, 1985

748. chandrama kee prthvee se dooree kitanee hai?
Options: NA

Ans: 385000 ki.mee., 385000 ki.mee.

'Sports Channel' a monthly video magazine has been launched by
Options: Kapil Dev,    Sunil Gavaskar,    Ajit Wadekar,    Nawab Pataudi

. How can you get your photo album slide show to play continuously?
Options: a. Use random slide transition b. Launch an online broadcast c. Loop continuously d. All of above

Ans:8 – C ,8 – C

What now-ubiquitous device was invented by Zenith engineer Eugene Polley in 1955?
Options: Microwave oven,    Remote control,    VCR,    Calculator

The co-operative credit societies have a
Options: two-tier structure,    three-tier structure,    four-tier structure,    five-tier structure

. Which computer support co-processors?

Options: A) XT computer B) AT comptuers C) None of these D) Both of these

Which of the following data structure store the homogeneous data elements?

Ans:- a,- a

How many players are there in Kabbadi team?
Options: 11,    9,    5,    7

. Which function extracts the name of the month from a date/time value?
Options: a. Month b. MonthName c. MonthLabel d. MonthValue

Ans:1 – b ,1 – b

523. buleeâ€™ shabd kis khel mein prayukt hota hai?
Options: NA

Ans: hokee, hokee

who was founder of trigart riyasat

The geostationary satellite used for communication systems
Options: rotates with the earth,    remains stationary relative to the earth,    is positioned over equator,    All of the above

Ans:D ,D

What's the best way to protect your hard drive data?
Options: regular backups,    periodically defrag it,    run chkdsk at least once a week,    run scandisk at least once a week

Ans:A ,A

. What is gutter margin?
Options: a. Margin that is added to the left margin when printing b. Margin that is added to right margin when printing c. Margin that is added to the binding side of page when printing d. Margin that is added to the outside of the page when printing

Ans:– C,– C

. To locate a data item for storage is
Options: A) Field B) Feed C) Database D) Fetch

. Which of the following windows versionsupport64 bit processor?

Ans: C, C

6.Which types of file organization are supported by magnetic tape?
Options: (A)random files (B) contiguous sequential file (C) indexed sequential file (D) all of the above 26

Ans:266. (B),266. (B)

A microcomputer is a computer that uses a _____ for its CPU.
Options: chips,    registers,    microprocessor,    vacuum tube

Ans:C ,C

The parallel register:
Options: can store a multiple bit binary number,    uses R-S flip-flops,    All of the above,    is erased after a word is read fromit

Ans:A ,A

how much is the forest area in HP

Ans:– D,– D

4.An optical input device that is used to read documents printed in a special type font is known as
Options: (A)Document reader (B) Documentation (C) Printer (D) None of these 1

The Kalinga was fought in
Options: 321 BC,    301 BC,    261 BC,    241 BC

. Which of the following action removes a sheet from workbook?
Options: a. Â Select the sheet, then choose Edit >> Delete Sheet b. Â Select the sheet then choose Format >> Sheet >> Hide c. Â Both of above d. Â None of above

Ans:– a,– a

444. raashtrapati raajyasabha mein kitane sadasy manoneet kar sakata hai?
Options: NA

Ans: 12, 12

Which statement(s) about IPv6 addresses are true? Leading zeros are required. Two colons (::) are used to represent successive hexadecimal fields of zeros. Two colons (::) are used to separate fields. A single interface will have multiple IPv6 addresses of different types.
Options: 1 and 3,    2 and 4,    1, 3 and 4,    All of the above

Ans:B ,B

. Gutter position can be set in following positions
Options: Left & Right B. Left & Top C. Left & Bottom D. Left Only

Ans:– B ,

Gross domestic capital formation is defined as
Options: flow of expenditure devoted to increased or maintaining of the capital stock,    expenditure incurred on physical assets only,    production exceeding demand,    net addition to stock after depreciation

Ans:– A ,

Which of the following is used to check for errors in RAM chips?
Options: ROM chip,    Microprocessor chip,    Parity chip,    EPROM chip

Ans:C ,C

An example of an analog communication method is

Ans:D ,D

Options: JCL,    JPL,    Utility programs,    Load modules

Ans:A ,A

The minimum time delay required between the initiation of two successive memory operations is known as
Options: memory cycle time,    memory access time,    transmission time,    waiting time

Ans:A ,A

The maximum number of isomers for an alkene with molecular formula C4H8 is
Options: 5,    4,    2,    3

349.vaayumandal mein sabase adhik kis gais ka pratishat hai?
Options: NA

Ans: naitrojan, naitrojan

Which of the following network access standard is used for connecting stations to a packet-switched network?
Options: X.3,    X.21,    X.25,    X.75

Ans:C ,C

The type of soil needed for rice is
Options: clayey loam,    rich , muddy and saturated with water,    deep, loamy, well drained,    humus, rich in Fe and potash

â€œCtrl + PageUpâ€ is used to
Options: a. Moves the cursor one Page Up b. Moves the cursor one Paragraph Up c. Moves the cursor one Screen Up d. Moves the cursor one Line Up

Ans:â€“  A,â€“  A

. A new presentation can be created from
Options: a.  Blank Presentation b.  From Existing Presentation c.  From Design Template d.  All of above

Ans:8 – D ,8 – D

The language of discourses of Gautama Buddha was
Options: Bhojpuri,    Magadhi,    Pali,    Sanskrit

1.In Access press â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦.to Cut the selected control and copy it to the Clipboard

Which of the following is a universal gate?
Options: AND,    OR,    EX-OR,    NAND

Ans:D ,D

Ans:– A,– A

Which is the correct for MIS:
Options: communication process wherein information is recorded, stored, processed and retrieved for managerial decision-making,    communication process wherein data is recorded, stored, processed and retrieved for managerial decision-making,    communication process wherein data is converted into information,    All of the above

Ans:B ,B

The number of binary bits required to represent a hexadecimal digit is
Options: 3,    4,    6,    8

Ans:B ,B

8.Taxonomy is
Options: (A)Classification scheme, which shows who object class is related to other class through common attributes and services (B) Standard modeling language, used for object oriented modeling (C) Set of tools to support software process (D) None of these 8

Ans:88. (A),88. (A)

Options: a. Â You can Find and Replace within the sheet or workbook b. Â Excel does not have option to match case for find c. Â Both are valid d. Â None are valid

Ans:– a,– a


Florinef , also called fludrocortisone in medical circles, is a corticosteroid to help your body maintain a balance of water and minerals for optimal functioning.

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Site Reliability Engineer

Mendrisio, Ticino, Switzerland · Product

In this role you will help build and automate our release pipeline owned by our Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team.

SREs are responsible for creating and maintaining a fully automated pipeline where developers can release features when they are ready without any changes required by an operations team.

In this role you’ll be responsible for creating the architecture to make the above a reality, and keeping it running smoothly in a high growth environment.

This will require you to actively collaborate with other team members and quickly achieve goals without breaking things in production in the process.

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