COBINE FETAL PHYSIO Flashcards Preview

Block 3; Week 8 > COBINE FETAL PHYSIO > Flashcards

Flashcards in COBINE FETAL PHYSIO Deck (100):

What is the weight change of the kid during the pregnancy?

first 3 months unnoticeable
last 2 months, 2 lbs gained per month!

What is the length change of the kid during the pregnancy?

the length increases steadily throughout the pregnancy

When does the heart start beating? What is its rate at this point?

@ 26 days
65 beats per minutes

The heart rate increases until it gets to _____ right before delivery.

140 beats per minute

Where are nucleated blood cells formed in the kid?

nucleated RBCs are only formed in the 3rd week from the yolk sac & mesothelial layer of the placenta

After the 3rd week...what happens to the kid's blood supply?

4-6 weeks: non-nucleated RBCs formed in the liver (then spleen)

In the 3rd or 4th month until birth there is another shift in RBC production. Where are they formed now?

bone marrow forms it in addition to the liver & spleen

After birth what are the sources of RBC production?

only the bone marrow after birth

What is the significance of the mnemonic Young Liver Synthesizes Blood?

Y: Yolk Sac
L: liver
S: spleen
B: bone marrow

When do respiratory movements first begin in the kid?

during the 1st trimester

When do respiratory movements end in the kid? What is the purpose of halting this?

inhibited in the last trimester
**to prevent debris from meconium from entering the lungs

What do the baby lungs secrete to stay clean?

the alveolar epithelium secretes fluids to keep the airways clean...

When do skin reflexes begin in the fetus?

@ 3-4 months

T/F The development of the cerebral cortex is complete at birth.

False. the higher function of the cerebral cortex is still underdeveloped @ birth

When does the kid complete the myelinization of the tracts of his nervous system?

this takes 1 year to complete

What is the brain mass of the kid @ birth, 1 year, 2 years?

Birth: 26% of the adult brain
1 year: 55% of the adult brain
2 years: 80% of the adult brain

What is the substance that is excreted by the fetus?

Describe the GI development in utero.

@4.5 months: fetus ingests & absorbs large quantities of amniotic fluid
@6-7 months: GI fcn approximates that of a newborn

When do the fetal kidneys start developing?

@ the 5th week of gestation

When do the fetal kidneys begin excreting urine?

b/w 1st & 2nd trimesters: b/w 3-4 months gestation

The kidneys help with an electrolyte/fluid balance. When does this fcn begin with the fetal kidneys? When is this fcn fully developed?

after 4.5 months
takes months after birth to fully develop

What is the timeline for organ system development?

1st month: organ systems are all outlined, not fully developed
2nd & 3rd months: important times for development
4th month: organ systems very similar to a newborn-->still undergoes cellular development until birth

What are the systems that aren't fully developed @ birth?

nervous system

When is the critical period? What is this all about?

1st trimester
**during this time organ systems are rapidly developing & highly susceptible to teratogens
**also women often don't know they are pregnant until a few months in...could have been drinking alcohol & causing damage.

Some important substances build up in the fetus during the gestational period. What are 3 important substances that build up? List them in order of most accumulated-->least accumulated.

Most accumulated:
Least accumulated

When does most of this accumulate?

most of it accumulates in the last month of the gestational period.

Does the buildup of calcium in the fetus drain the mother or compromise her bone health?

Not really b/c only represents 1/50th of the mother's calcium content. But...during breastfeeding it often can.

Why does the fetus need so much iron accumulation?

b/c @ 3 weeks it starts making RBCs-->needs it for the hemoglobin.
Also, 1/3 of the accumulated iron is stored in the liver for future formation of hemoglobin.

What are the most important vitamins for the fetus?

Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

Why is Vitamin B important for the fetus?

Vit B12 & folic acid vital b/c it helps w/ RBC production

Why is Vitamin C so important for the fetus?

helps w/ bone matrix & CT fiber formation

Why is Vitamin D so important for the fetus?

helps w/ calcium uptake--vital for bone growth

Why is Vitamin E so vital for the fetus?

maintains normal development in the early embryo
prevents spontaneous abortions

Why is Vitamin K so important for the fetus?

formation of blood coagulation factors in the liver: like factor VII & prothrombin
prevents hemorrhage

Where does the baby get its Vit K source from?

the mom b/c it comes from bacterial action in the colon

When does normal respiration start happening in a newborn? How long can a baby not breathe before brain damage starts occurring? How long can a baby not breathe before he dies?

usu within seconds
8-10 minutes w/o breathing: permanent brain damage
10-15 minutes w/o breathing: death (adults die in 4 min-->those little guys are resilient)!

What is it that prompts a normal respiratory rhythm in a newborn?

the low O2 from the birthing process & the cool temp on the skin of the new environment
**if don't breathe right-->prompted to do so by increasing CO2 & decreasing O2 in their bodies.

What does delayed & abnormal breathing lead to? What are some things that can cause this?

umbilical cord compression
premature placental separation
excessive contraction of the uterus
excessive anesthesia

What are the specific dangers of hypoxia to the child?

depression of the respiratory center
lesions in the thalamus, inferior colliculi, parts of brainstem
**affects motor functions of the body

What is the fcn of the thalamus? Inferior colliculi?

Thalamus: regulates consciousness & sleep
Inferior Colliculi: auditory fcns

How much negative pressure is required to open the baby's lungs for the first time?

25 mmHg negative pressure

The first inspiration can create up to ____ mmHg of negative pressure in the intrapleural space. THis amount reduces in time, however, & the second breath is much easier. When does breathing become normal for the baby?

60 mmHg
breathing becomes normal after about 40 minutes

Which is oxygen rich & which is oxygen poor? Umbilical arteries & umbilical veins.

Umbilical Arteries: oxygen poor
Umbilical veins: oxygen rich

Describe the circulation of the fetus in utero w/ a focus on liver, lungs & placenta.

Liver & lungs partially functional b/c placenta is doing all of the work, don't require as much blood so they are bypassed a lot.
Placenta needs a LOT of blood.

Describe the circulation of the fetus in utero w/ a focus on the umbilical vein's journey.

Umbilical vein has oxygen rich blood.
This bypasses the liver via the ductus venosus. This goes into the IVC & then the RA. It goes thru the foramen ovale into the LA. Then the LV & out thru the aorta to the vessels of the head & forelimbs.

Describe the circulation of the fetus in utero w/ a focus on the umbilical artery's journey.

SVC has oxygen poor blood. This empties into the RA-->RV. This goes into the pulmonary arteries. It goes thru the ductus arteriosus to get to the descending aorta. It splits into the umbilical arteries & goes back out to the placenta to get re-oxygenated.

In terms of pressures, what are some changes that happen after birth?

systemic vascular resistance increases w/ loss of the placenta
increased pressures in the aorta, LA & LV
pulmonary vascular resistance decreases-->lung expansion possible
RV & arterial pressure reduced

Describe the closure of the foramen ovale.

After birth, the pressure on the left side of the heart increases.
Low RA pressure & high LA pressure makes blood want to flow from L-->R thru the foramen ovale. There is a valve on the left side of the heart that creates a functional closure of the foramen ovale when this happens. After this, it is known as the fossa ovalis.

Describe the closure of the ductus arteriosus.

Normally, this would allow blood from the pulmonary artery to get into the aorta. With birth, you have decreased pressure in the pulmonary artery & increased pressure in the aorta. Then blood wants to flow from the aorta-->pulmonary artery. Within the first 1-8 days a functional closure begins. Then, within 1-4 months there is complete occlusion of the ductus arteriosus b/c of the deposition of fibrous tissue.

Describe the closure of the ductus venosus.

Normally, the umbilical vein bypasses the liver by putting blood thru the ductus venosus & then into the IVC. At birth, blood no longer flows thru the umbilical vein. At first, the portal vein still bypasses the liver by putting blood into the ductus venosus. But then, w/i 1-3 hours after birth-->it constricts. Blood starts going into the liver & the portal venous pressure raises from 0mmHg to 10mmHg

Compare a newborn's respiration with that of an adult.

total minute respiratory volume 2X that of an adult
FRC 1/2 of an adult

Compare a newborn's cardiac output with that of an adult.

CO is 2X that of an adult.

Compare a newborn's arterial pressure with that of an adult.

Starts off super low (70/50) & then increases in the next few months to 90/60
Eventually, increases to adolescent values of 115/70.

What is the rough RBC count of a newborn?

3-4X106 cells/microliter

How does the RBC count change with umbilical cord stripping? What is this?

can rise from 3 X 106-3.75 X 106
**milking the umbilical cord blood back into the infant
Good: raises the hematocrit
Bad: some believe it could cause pulmonary edema

How does the WBC count of the infant compare to that of an adult?

5X that of an adult

How does the kid handle bilirubin from RBC breakdown in utero v. after birth?

in utero: excretes it thru the placenta
after birth: uses the liver (but at first the liver isn't fully functional)

B/c the liver isn't fully functional after birth, what happens to bilirubin levels in a newborn? What is this called?

they rise to about 5X what they were 3 days after life...
this is called physiological hyperbilirubinemia (mild jaundice)

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

happens w/ a Rh incompatibility b/w the mother & fetus
maternal system creates antibodies against the RBCs of the infant
this causes large quantities of bilirubin to be released into the plasma.

Newborns are particularly susceptible to over hydration & under hydration. Explain why.

fluid intake & excretion is 7X that of an adult
kidney development isn't complete until 1 month after birth
infants can only conc'n urine 1.5X (as opposed to 3-4X)

Newborns are particularly susceptible to acidosis. Explain why.

their metabolism is 2X that of an adult
therefore, 2X the acid formation
naturally slightly acidotic

The liver is only marginally functional at birth. What are the implications of this in terms of bilirubin excretion & clotting?

Bilirubin excretion is poor at first in a newborn b/c difficult for the liver to conjugate the bilirubin with glucuronic acid
**poor formation of blood coagulation factors

Why might a newborn develop hypoglycemia?

one possible reason is that the liver isn't fully functional to perform gluconeogenesis.

Why might a newborn develop hypoproteinemic edema?

b/c of reduced plasma protein formation b/c the liver isn't yet fully functional

What is the first line of nutrition for a newborn? Hint: only lasts a few hours

glycogen stores in the newborn

T/F Blood glucose in an infant can easily fall to half of normal.

True. This is b/c the liver isn't fully functional to perform gluconeogenesis.

What is the second line of nutrition for a newborn? This lasts 2-3 days while the mother's milk is coming in.

utilization of stored fats & proteins

T/F Newborns have a steady increase in their weight from birth to adolescence.

False. there is often a 5-10% reduction in weight while the mother's milk supply is coming in.

Why don't you feed a newborn a high carb, high fat solid food meal right away?

b/c they lack sufficient pancreatic amylase (no starches)
also, they aren't good @ absorbing fats (don't give them high fat milk)
blood glucose is unstable (liver not fully fcnl)

What is a newborn really good at utilizing in terms of metabolism?

amino acids
about 90% of them are utilized in the formation of body proteins

What are some substances that are necessary to have in a mother's well-balanced diet so that it can be transferred to the kid?

Vitamin D
Vitamin C

Why is it important for a newborn to have sufficient calcium & vitamin D?

b/c of the rapid ossification of bones in a newborn
if theses are insufficient-->rickets.

Why is it important for a newborn to have sufficient iron?

RBC formation
**could get anemia @ 3 months if the mom doesn't have enough.
**if mom does have enough, good for first 6 months of life.

What is a common reason for infants to get vitamin C deficiency?

maybe mom feeds them cow's milk. Low in Vit C--may need to supplement this with juice.

What is the metabolic rate of a neonate compared to that of an adult?

2X that of an adult--why they need so many calories

Why does a baby's body temperature often drop after birth before it recovers?

well they have a low body mass...& they have a relatively large surface area. Perfect recipe for temperature loss.

Describe the immunity issues of a baby? When do they start getting allergies?

maternally inherited immunity lasts for six months & protects against major diseases (don't need vaccinations before 6 mo)
allergies begin to appear after 6 mo when the baby starts producing their own antibodies.

What can happen if a mom has excess androgenic hormones?

female children may experience masculinization of their sex organs (hermaphrodites)

What can happen if a mom has a prolactinoma or something & has excess sex hormones or prolactin?

neonatal breast development
milk formation

What is the problem with a diabetic woman experiencing hyperglycemia while pregnant?

this is problem b/c then the fetus may experience hypertrophy & hyper function of their islets of Langerhans

If a mother is experiencing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism or insufficient secretions from her adrenal gland or excessive secretions from her adrenal gland...what will the baby do?

the baby's body will compensate for the deficiency or excess.
If mom has hyperthyroidism: baby will have hypo secretion of her thyroid gland. And so on & so forth.

What can happen to a fetus if it experiences hypothyroidism?

poor bone growth & mental retardation
**Cretin Dwarfism
**Congenital Hypothyroidism

What are the main issues seen in babies born prematurely?

respiratory distress syndrome
GI problems with absorption: intolerant of fats, needing diets high in calcium & Vit D
Liver even more nonfunctional: hypoproteinemic edema
Even greater difficulty regulating body temp: need to use incubator

Should babies that are born prematurely be given oxygen?

perhaps, but in a very closely regulated way.
When O2 is high, the blood vessels in the retina are inhibited from further growth. If a child is suddenly taken off of O2, the blood vessels will rapidly grow in the vitreous humor & block the passage of light to the retina. Called retinopathy. Blindness may result from unchecked oxygen therapy.

What is another name for respiratory distress syndrome? What characterizes this disorder? What is the ultimate cause of it, though?

Hyaline Membrane Disease
large quantities of a fluid with proteins (looks like plasma) in the alveoli
ultimately caused by a lack of surfactant secretion
**prevents gas exchange-->babies can't get adequate oxygen

When do baby's lungs start secreting surfactant in utero?

1-3 months before birth
secreted by Type II Alveolar Cells

If RDS progresses, what horrific things can result?

collapse alveoli
pulmonary edema
pulmonary emphysema (alveolar damage)

What are the risk factors for developing RDS?

premature birth
maternal diabetes
perinatal asphyxia
second born twin
male sex
lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio < 2 in the amniotic fluid

What are the clinical features of RDS?

tachypnea (rapid breathing)
nasal flaring
chest x ray shows "ground glass" appearance (clogged alveoli)

If you use oxygen therapy in a baby w/ RDS...what are some negative things that might result?

bronchopulmonary dysplasia (scarring of the alveoli)

When is the APGAR scoring conducted on newborns? What are the intervals @ which it is performed?

immediately after birth
@1 min, 5 min & if something is wrong: 10 min

What are the 5 features that are evaluated w/ the APGAR score? What is each one rated?

A: activity
P: pulse
G: grimace, reflexes
A: appearance (skin color)
R: Respiration
Summed up to give a max score of 10.

What is considered a normal score? What is considered a moderate score? What is considered a low & dangerous score?

Normal: 7-10 (10 is max)
Moderate: 4-6 (resuscitative measure may need to be done)
Low: 1-3 (immediate resuscitation required)

What would an activity score of 0, 1, 2 mean?

0: no activity at all
1: arms & legs flexed
2: active movement

What would a pulse of 0, 1, 2 mean?

0: pulse absent
1: pulse less than 100 bpm
2: pulse greater than 100 bpm

What would a grimace of 0, 1, 2 mean?

0: no response, no reflex
1: grimace
2: sneeze, cough, pull away

What would an appearance score of 0, 1, 2 mean?

0: blue-grey pale all over
1: normal, maybe abnormal in extremities
2: normal everywhere

What would a respiration score of 0, 1, 2 mean?

0: no respiration
1: slow, irregular respiration
2: good respiration, crying

Describe the difference in the height growth of boys & girls. What ultimately stops someone from getting taller?

both usu have grown 10 inches in first year & 20 inches in second year
@ puberty: huge increase in growth w/ both genders
Girls rich their max height before boys, however.
Height determined by the fusing of epiphyseal plates.

How do the developmental milestones coordinate w/ brain development?

motor functions of the brain are included in the milestones about a year out. This makes sense b/c as the brain is myelinated & as it develops-->get behavioral growth.


Entrepreneurs Exchange Dinner: Hiring for Growth Across Fast Growing Businesses

Inflexion hosted a dinner for a select group of entrepreneurs and business leaders from fast growing businesses focusing on the challenges and opportunities related to hiring for growth in the UK and internationally.

Stephen Carter, co-founder of Hawk-Eye Innovations was the guest speaker. Hawk-Eye is a leading innovator in sports technology, and has now become an integral part of over 20 sports and every year covers 9,000 games or events across 500 stadiums in over 90 countries. Stephen shared his experiences of growing Hawk-Eye from a UK start-up to a global company with 450 employees, focusing on the importance of having a strong hiring process.


Essential Tremor Is Not Parkinson’s

MIAMI, Fla. (Ivanhoe Newswire) — More than seven million Americans suffer from a disabling movement disorder that causes their hands to shake uncontrollably. Now, a new non-invasive procedure is helping to stop the tremors!

“They’ve affected me since I was in my thirties,” Harriet Marksfield explained to Ivanhoe.

Marksfield commented, “I couldn’t carry a cup, a full cup of coffee to the table.”

“Essential tremor is the most common movement disorder, about three times more common than Parkinson’s disease,” Travis Tierney, MD, a Neurosurgeon at Sperling Medical Group explained. (Read Full Interview)

Dr. Tierney continued, “It’s focused in the precise spot in the brain where the tremor cells are and that’s in part of the brain called the thalamus.”

Dan Sperling, MD, DABR, Medical Director at Sperling Medical Group explained, “Accurately -within three to four millimeters destroy a tiny amount of brain tissue that you don’t really need but that’s causing the side effects of the tremors.”

Dr. Sperling continued, “So we can actually see our results immediately, and the patient sees it, which is very powerful.”

“You can expect 70 to 80 percent tremor reduction so in some cases you may what’s called get tremor arrest, and the tremor’s gone,” said Dr. Tierney.

“It’s steadiness there,” said Earl Jantzi.

Earl Jantzi’s right hand no longer shakes and he can sign his name again.

Jantzi’s pointed out his left hand, “Can’t do that with this one.”

REPORT:         MB #4363

BACKGROUND: Essential tremor is a neurological disorder (nervous system) that causes involuntary and rhythmic shaking. It can affect almost any part of the body, but will most often occur in the hands, especially while performing simple tasks such as tying shoelaces or drinking a glass of water. It is not a dangerous condition, but it typically worsens over time and can become severe in some cases. Other conditions do not cause essential tremor, and it is sometimes confused with Parkinson’s disease. Essential tremor usually occurs when a person is using his hands; Parkinson’s-related tremors are most prominent when the hands are at your sides or resting in your lap. Essential tremor does not cause other health problems, and Parkinson’s is associated with stooped posture, slow movement, and shuffling gait. Essential tremor mainly involves the hands, head and voice, while Parkinson’s starts in the hands but can affect your legs, chin and other parts of the body. About half of the essential tremor cases appear as a result of genetic mutation, but the specific gene has yet to be identified. It isn’t clear what causes essential tremor in people without this genetic mutation.

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT: Symptoms will begin gradually, usually on one side of the body. Tremors become worse with movement, and usually occur in the hands first, affecting one or both hands. They may include a yes or no motion of the head, and can be aggravated by emotional stress, fatigue, caffeine, or temperature extremes. Patients with significant functional impairment may opt for some form of treatment. Options include non-medical therapy, medication, and sometimes even surgery. Tremors can sometimes be reduced by weighting the limb, usually by applying wrist weights. Non-medical relaxation techniques may also be effective in controlling tremors, since it can be aggravated by stress.

NEW TECHNOLOGY: The company Insightec has created the Exablate Neuro, the first focused ultrasound device approved by the FDA to treat patients with essential tremor. It is a non-invasive, image-guided personalized thalamotomy procedure that treats the tiny part of the brain thought to be responsible for causing tremors, in the Vim nucleus of the thalamus. This treatment is done through an intact skull and doesn’t require any ionizing radiation, incisions or implants. The beams generate enough heat to ablate the targeted tissue during treatment and results are immediate and significant, resulting in reduction of tremor for patients. Currently it is only approved to treat one side of the brain.

Michelle Barry

Doctor Q and A

Read the entire Doctor Q&A for Travis Tierney, MD

Read the entire Q&A


Henri Cartier-Bresson (BOK)

Clement Cheroux

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Henri Cartier-Bresson's photography came to define the 20th century. This book tells his life story through his images: all the major events from his youth to his death in 2004 are described, contextualized and analysed in the light of his photographic work. From his early encounters with the Surrealists, his film work and his experiences in the Second World War, to the development of his own personal aesthetic, the concept of the decisive moment, and the foundation of Magnum Photos, his influence on the world has been profound and unforgettable.

Språk Engelsk Engelsk Innbinding Heftet
Utgitt 2008 Forfatter Clement Cheroux
ISBN 9780500301241
Antall sider 160 Dimensjoner 12,8cm x 18,7cm x 1cm
Vekt 244 gram Emner og form Photographs: collections, Individual photographers


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Philosophy For Dummies

384 pages9 hours

Philosophy For Dummies is for anyone who has ever entertained a question about life and this world. In a conversational tone, the book's author – a modern-day scholar and lecturer – brings the greatest wisdom of the past into the challenges that we face now. This refreshingly different guide explains philosophical fundamentals and explores some of the strangest and deepest questions ever posed to human beings, such as

How do we know anything? What does the word good mean? Are we ever really free? Do human beings have souls? Is there life after death? Is there a God? Is happiness really possible in our world?

This book is chock full of all those questions you may have long wanted to think about and talk with someone about, but have never had the time or opportunity to tackle head on. Philosophy For Dummies invites you to discuss the issues you find in the guide, share perspectives, and compare thoughts and feelings with someone you respect. You'll find lots of material to mull over with your friends or spouse, including thoughts on

When to doubt, and when to doubt our doubts. The universal demand for evidence and proof. The four dimensions of human experience. Arguments for materialism. Fear of the process of dying. Prayers and small miracles. Moral justification for allowing evil.

The ancient philosopher Socrates (fifth century, B.C.) thought that, when it comes to the Ultimate Questions, we all start off as dummies. But if we are humbly aware of how little we actually know, then we can really begin to learn. Philosophy For Dummies will put you on the path to wising up as you steer through the experience called life.

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A KEY figure from one of the North-East’s most successful sports teams in living memory has passed away.

Paul Smith captained Durham Wasps ice hockey team during its heyday and gifted fans some of their greatest memories.

The Wasps began their life in 1946 and maintained a degree of popularity up until the 1970s.

But it was the period from 1982 to 1992 when they enjoyed their real heyday, and Mr Smith was one of the leading lights of the game in those years.

The city team dominated British ice hockey during those ten years, winning the Heineken Championship four times, the British National League six times, and the Norwich Union Cup on three occasions.

As captain and player-coach, Mr Smith was one of the most influential players at that time alongside his brother Damian and Canadian Mike O’Connor.

He led them to the sports' first ever grand slam winning all domestic honours in the 1991-1992 season, was named 'coach of the year' and is in the top ten all-time leading premiership goal scorers for the sport.

Smith also played internationally for England and Great Britain and was the youngest ever player to break into the senior side when, at just 15 years old, he travelled to China for the World Championships.

He went on to represent his country in both European and World Championships over a 15 year period.

Other roles he held in sport included spells with British Olympic Association and the Tony Blair Sports Foundation.

The ice rink and hockey were in the Smith family’s blood– he was born in the family home at Bishops Mill on the site of the rink which had been built by his great-grandfather Icy Smith.

After hockey, Mr Smith worked in London but would never agree to meetings on Friday afternoons or early Monday mornings as he always made it home to County Durham at the weekend.

Wife of 32 years Paula said: “He was absolutely passionate about the ice hockey, it was our lives at that time.

“The girls would go to home games but they have no real idea of his achievements, how huge it was to the city.

“He was a huge family man, he lived and breathed for us all.”

Mr Smith died at home in Brancepeth, near Durham City, on Wednesday at the age of 57. He had been diagnosed with a rare thyroid cancer in 2001.

Father to Victoria, 29, and Rebecca, 26, and 'gramps' to 11-month-old Isabella Heidi, Mr Smith was their hero for his central role within the family beyond all his sporting success.

Mrs Smith added: “His two children and granddaughter were the light of his life, he was an amazing father and the most fantastic husband.

“We are a very close-knit family, he saw his parents Tom and Jean every day and the bond he had with his granddaughter was incredible– she had a smile only for him.

“He will be a huge loss to us all.”

Close family friend, photographer Keith Taylor said: “Paul was a great friend for many years, he was brave and very modest about his achievements– the greatest and one of which he was most proud being his family.”


August 2017

To first order, the Earth as well as other rocky planets in the Solar System and rocky exoplanets orbiting other stars, are refractory pieces of the stellar nebula out of which they formed.

Scientists have yet to understand and explain how life's informational molecules - proteins and DNA and RNA - arose from simpler chemicals when life on earth emerged some four billion years ago.

We use a statistical model to investigate the detectability (defined by the requirement that they are in causal contact with us) of communicating civilizations within a volume of the universe surrounding our location.

Up to now, mostly relatively simple molecules have been detected in interstellar diffuse molecular clouds in our galaxy, but more complex species have been reported in the diffuse/translucent medium of a z = 0.89 spiral galaxy.

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared capabilities to study the "ocean worlds" of Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus, adding to observations previously made by NASA's Galileo and Cassini orbiters.

It has been a long-standing problem to detect interstellar glycine (NH2CH2COOH), the simplest amino acid, in studying a possible relation between the Universe and origin of life.

The simplest cyanobenzene, benzonitrile (c-C6H5CN) have been possibly detected toward the cyanopolyyne peak in TMC-1.

UNSW Sydney scientists studying microbes from some of the saltiest lakes in Antarctica have discovered a new way that the tiny organisms can share DNA that could help them grow and survive.

On the surface of icy dust grains in the dense regions of the interstellar medium a rich chemistry can take place.

A high fraction of carbon bound in solid carbonaceous material is observed to exist in bodies formed in the cold outskirts of the solar nebula, while bodies in the terrestrial planets region contain nearly none.

The VVV survey has observed the southern disk of the Milky Way in the near infrared, covering 240 deg2 in the ZYJHKS filters.

Context: Modern versions of the Miller-Urey experiment claim that formamide (NH2CHO) could be the starting point for the formation of metabolic and genetic macromolecules.

Advanced telescopes, such as ALMA and JWST, are likely to show that the chemical universe may be even more complex than currently observed, requiring astrochemical modelers to improve their models to account for the impact of new data.

We report the detection of linear and cyclic isomers of C3H and C3H2 towards various starless cores and review the corresponding chemical pathways involving neutral (C3Hx with x=1,2) and ionic (C3Hx+ with x = 1,2,3) isomers.

A specific 4641Da amino acid polymer entity is present in two CV3 meteorites Acfer 086 and Allende, together with its breakdown polymer fragments of mass < 2000Da.


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Joel Sartore- Photo Ark @joelsartore avatarJoel Sartore- Photo Ark

Instagram photos and videos

Endemic to southeast Asia, long tailed porcupines like this one at @wrs.ig are the smallest of all Old World porcupines. They reach just 48 cm (18 in) in length and look more like rats with spines than porcupines. Incredibly, this rodent’s tail has the capability to break off if a predator has a hold of it, potentially saving the animal’s life. Once it’s fallen off, the tail does not regenerate, so sometimes these porcupines are seen without one.

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No, these creatures didn’t just escape from Jurassic Park, but they do have a resemblance and a link to dinosaurs that roamed the earth millions of years ago. Scientists from Oregon State University and the Natural History Museum in London discovered the oldest known fossil of a gecko in 2009, a 100-million-year-old specimen preserved in amber! The fossil provides evidence that geckos were definitely in Asia 100 million years ago. Today, there are more than 1,200 species of geckos in the world. Not only do they resemble creatures of another time, they have some unbelievable abilities. Geckos can stick to any surface except for dry teflon, thanks to thousands of nanoscale hairs that line each of their toes. Unlike other lizards, geckos are able to vocalize, they make clicks, chirps, and other sounds to communicate with other geckos. They are able to drop their tails as a response to stress, infection or to escape from predators if the tail itself is grabbed. They drop their tails along a pre-scored line, a design that allows a gecko to lose its tail quickly with minimal damage to the rest of its body. Most amazing of all, the tail literally wiggles for some time after breaking off just to confuse the predator even more! Another unique feature is that more than fifty species lack eyelids. Instead, they have a spectacle, or a clear scale over their eyes instead of an eyelid. Perhaps the best analogy is that a gecko’s tongue acts as a windshield wiper and the spectacle a windshield. Geckos lick their eyes to keep them clean and keep it from drying out, similar to the function blinking serves for human eyes.
| All from the private collection of Nathan Hall @coldbloodedcamera
Geckos pictured are as follows in order: A vulnerable kuroiwa's ground gecko, Wyberba leaf-tailed gecko- the tail will grow back and a Koch’s barking gecko.

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The Java flying treefrog is an endemic species in Java, Indonesia. As their name suggests, this frogs uses its webbed feet to glide a bit through the air, allowing for a bit more controlled descent from high jungle trees. The Java flying treefrog lives in lowland, mountainous and even disturbed forest. They breed in streams and the females can contain up to 180 eggs.

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Meet the Tanzanian tailless whip scorpion. You might remember this kind of animal from the Harry Potter films when, in the Goblet of Fire, it demonstrated the unforgivable curses.
Whip scorpions use their long, modified legs to sense the world around them. They like to stay in one spot but can move quickly if disturbed. The species photographed here is from the Butterfly Pavilion at the Albuquerque BioPark in New Mexico and is one-year-old, although they can live up to ten years. The Pavilion is working to bring more attention to understudied and misunderstood arthropods and arachnids in order to create empathy and concern for their habitats around the world. To see a photo of this whip scorpion visit @natgeo.

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This fire shrimp, native to the Indo-Pacific, is known as a species of "cleaner shrimp". They get their
names from their delightful habit of setting up cleaning stations to remove dead tissue and parasites from fish that offer up themselves. The fish just swims up, parks it for a while and lets the shrimp do all the work. The fish then pulls away, clean as a whistle. This symbiotic relationship gives both a real advantage; the fish gets better health and the shrimp gets a tasty meal. Some species of fire shrimp can even go inside a fishes mouth without being eaten! This shrimp was photographed at Nebraska Aquatic Supply in Omaha, Nebraska.

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Happy Father’s day! The pacific spiny lumpsuckers like this one photographed at @montereybayaquarium can be found off the coast of Washington, up into the Aleutian Islands, and all the way to the northern islands of Japan. As their name suggests, these fish are usually found attached to solid objects by the sucker protruding from their abdomens. Males of this species do most of the parenting, anchoring themselves next to their brood for 3-8 weeks and defending their eggs from predators. These dads will also use their fins to fan water over their soon-to-be babies, ensuring that the eggs get enough oxygen before they hatch. They’re tiny (just 1-3 inches) and not very graceful swimmers, so they’re generally seen near the ocean floor where they blend in more easily.

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Trinidad chevron tarantulas, like this one pictured at @theomahazoo , are tree-dwelling spiders that build funnel-shaped webs. Although the species isn’t typically known to be very aggressive, they can and will bite if they are provoked. Researchers have found that the venom of this species is similar to capsaicin, a compound that activates heat-sensitive sensory neurons. This compound is also found in chili peppers, and is the reason you experience a burning sensation while eating that spicy food.

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This is a heart crab photographed at @alaskasealifecenter. They have strong claws and sharp tips on their legs that allow them to grip stone walls and cling to surfaces. Heart crabs are colorful after molting, but quickly have a growth of diatoms and other organisms on their surface that dim their color and allow them to hide in their habitat for protection. This species is a predator to sea urchins, barnacles, tunicates and sponges. The Alaska SeaLife Center must be careful where these crabs are displayed since they could eat other exhibit animals. Heart crabs have been known to crack open snail shells occupied by smaller hermit crabs and eat them. In turn, they are vulnerable to some fish like wolf eels, which are not fazed by crustacean shells.

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Though it has the long, slender body of an eel, this is actually a violet goby, a fish native to the Atlantic coast of North and South America. In the wild, violet gobies can grow up to 24 inches (61 cm) in length, with fins running down almost the entire length of their bodies. These fish may look like fearsome predators, but they’re primarily scavengers. Their main method of feeding is scooping up mouthfuls of gravel from the seabed and sifting out anything edible. They also have highly specialized teeth used to scrape algae off of rocks. This fish was photographed at @aquarium_de_paris in Paris, France. To see another image of this fish visit @natgeo.

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These two Standing’s day geckos (a juvenile on top and adult) were photographed at the Plzen Zoo in Plzen, Czech Republic and are one of the largest day gecko species found on the island of Madagascar. Most adult day geckos become dangerous predators to their offspring, which can lead to cannibalism, however, the Standing’s day geckos are an exception. Warning colours visible on the baby geckos allow them to live together as a happy family without mom becoming highly aggressive.
Although native to southwest Madagascar they are rarely seen in the wild due to habitat loss, conversion of land to agriculture, and the international pet trade. The Plzen zoo is hard at work, protecting this species. More than 25 Standing’s day geckos have been born at the zoo since 1997, when the first one arrived.

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This adorable creature is a Western European hedgehog photographed at Centro Fauna Selvatica “I’ll Pettirosso” in Italy. The rescue center receives an average of about 350 hedgehogs every year. These tiny mammals give birth twice a year, at the end of spring and autumn. At birth, baby hedgehogs have a coat of soft, white spines which are underneath their skin to protect the mother during birth, but then emerge after a few hours. A second coat of dark spines emerges after about 36 hours, and later on a third set develops. In general hedgehogs are good swimmers, can run fairly quickly, and known for their habit of rolling into a tight ball when threatened. These hedgehogs do not hibernate but during cold periods can sleep for many days.
In Europe, people often find a nest of very young hedgehogs and immediately assume they are abandoned even though the parent has likely just gone to look for food. So young hedgehogs should never be moved from the place where they are found unless visibly injured as they will lose the ability to find food from their natural points of reference. If found, it is best to observe the nest for a few days until one parent returns, then if there is no sight of mom or dad, the babies can be taken to a rescue center. This is very important as it is difficult to hand-rear small hedgehogs and they easily imprint on humans and then make it difficult to return to their natural habitats. This photo shoot was possible thanks to the @greenteenteam

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By Medifit Biologicals

Blood pooling occurs when the walls and valves of veins in human legs do not work effectively, thereby making it difficult for blood to return to the heart, according to Cleveland Clinic. This condition, known as chronic venous insufficiency, causes blood to pool in veins, a condition called stasis.

Valves within veins in the legs become damaged, causing blood to leak backwards with the force of gravity instead of moving upwards. Valve damage happens due to aging, excessive sitting, extended standing and reduced mobility, notes Cleveland Clinic. Blood pressure in the affected veins remains elevated for long periods, which causes chronic venous insufficiency.

The causes of chronic venous insufficiency include blood clots, vascular deformations and pelvic tumors. Lack of blood flow or sluggish blood movement within leg veins leads to swollen legs. Other symptoms include aching legs, varicose veins, leathery-looking skin on legs, stasis ulcers and flaking skin on legs and feet. Untreated chronic venous insufficiency can lead to burst capillaries in the legs, according to Cleveland Clinic.

Dizziness may be another symptom of blood pooling in the legs. This occurs when someone suddenly stands up after sitting for long periods of time and blood pressure suddenly normalizes, notes Merck Manual. The heart rate increases, and blood vessels constrict rapidly when someone stands quickly after extended sitting.

One way to alleviate chronic venous insufficiency and blood pooling is to walk. The contraction of calf muscles during the walking motion moves blood more efficiently through the legs, according to the Society for Vascular Surgery.

Blood pooling is a condition were blood gathers normally in the lower limb (leg), this can be for a number of reasons but can be caused by exercise. When this blood gathers in a blood vessel it places excess stress on the small values that prevent the blood being drawn back down to the feet sue to the effect of gravity.

The diagram below shows how this then places pressure on the valves, over time this will force the valves back on themselves opening the wrong way. Over time this will result in lasting damage to the valves increasing the chance of varicose veins or DVT.

As these non-return valves have an important part to play in ensuring that blood returns to the heart effectively, the posh name for this is venous return. So in terms of exercise if you have been working at an intensive level and fail to cool down effectively and fully, this will result in the build up of blood in the

limbs. This then means that the heart may not fill before each contraction, this often leads to a dizzy and faint feeling.

For these reasons it is very important that you take part in a full cool down, normally it is advised that you do some form of rhythmical exercise for 6 minutes at a low intensity. This allows the systems of the body to work to help to return the blood back to the heart. This can also be aided by a full stretching routine and partner stretches can be great for this as gravity will help to return blood back to the heart.

Most people with POTS suffer from venous pooling, AKA blood pooling in their legs. It is painful! Imagine yourself jamming items into a bag. The bag stretches and stretches, and it gets heavier and heavier. In the case of venous pooling it is a similar situation. More blood is pooling in my legs than they were meant to hold. It is quite painful. I think perhaps the pain comes from my skin and muscles trying to accommodate all of the extra volume, much like that bag trying to accommodate more items than it was meant to hold. It also feels like someone strapped three pound weights to each of my legs. Each step feels heavy, as though I am walking in water up to my thighs. I know three pound weights aren’t much, but they are when I’m fatigued, my legs are already in pain, and I didn’t choose to put them there! Then there’s the appearance of venous pooling. My feet turn bright red and, after about 5 minutes or so, the veins begin to bulge. It’s not attractive. My legs aren’t the only place I feel the venous pooling. All of that blood being trapped in my legs by the pull of gravity means the rest of my body isn’t getting enough blood circulated to it, including my brain. Trust me, life is much more difficult when your brain isn’t getting enough blood!

So this is why I don’t understand why so many people with POTS choose not to wear compression stockings.

In a group of 40 patients with orthostatic intolerance due to hypotension and/or tachycardia, we have compared the pathogenetic roles of impaired contractility of the arterioles and the veins by measuring contractile responsiveness of the arterioles, reflected by increases in diastolic blood pressure and of the veins reflected by measurements of reduction in venous diameter during intravenous noradrenaline infusions.

Compared with 27 healthy subjects, patients with diffuse autonomic insufficiency showed striking supersensitivity in diastolic blood pressure (six out of eight) and venous constrictive responses (seven out of eight patients) to noradrenaline, consistent with impaired arteriolar and venous innervation.

In contrast, the patients with hyperadrenergic orthostatic hypotension (n = 16) and orthostatic tachycardia (n = 16) showed diastolic blood pressure responses to noradrenaline that were almost invariably within the 95% confidence limits of the changes in normal subjects but supersensitive constrictive responses of foot veins in 22 of 32 subjects and subnormal venous responses in two individuals. The rate of noradrenaline infusion calculated to cause 50% of maximal venous constriction (the ED50) was significantly lower in the patients [mean (SEM) 6.8 (1.9) ng/min] than in the normal subjects [mean (SEM) 23.2 (3.0) ng/min, P < 0.025].

The finding of significantly supersensitive foot vein constrictive responses to noradrenaline infusion in the patients of all three groups and supersensitive blood pressure responses exclusively in the patients with diffuse autonomic insufficiency indicates that venous pooling in the legs was the predominant pathogenetic mechanism of orthostatic intolerance in all three types of patients studied.

Correction of the orthostatic hypotension and/or tachycardia by external compression in virtually all patients confirmed this conclusion.

A cardiac blood pool scan is done to:

  • Check the size of the heart chambers (ventricles).
  • Check the pumping action of the lower ventricles.
  • Look for abnormal movement of blood between the heart chambers.

  • Are allergic to any medicines.
  • Are or might be pregnant.

  • Change position for each different view.

By Medifit Biologicals


Physios Running Away with the Circus

Have you ever watched a circus entertainer and remark on their anatomy, flexibility and strength. With these athletes brings an unusual role of a sports physio to keep these athletes who may be super strong, hyper mobile or super athletic at their best and keep them injury free.

Like with a lot of things prevention is better then cure. Screening plays a big role with this line of work to develop programs where athletes can be cleared of injury but also have risk factors identified.

Circus injuries can be twisting turning injuries which can rupture ligaments or cause fractures with a mis timed leap or jump but commonly there are a huge amount of over use injuries die to the extreme and intense nature of the training.

A lot of circus performers are gymnasts and a lot have problems associated with that intense training like pars defects of the spine which require specific management and knowledge.

These jobs aren’t what you expect when you graduate from the school of physiotherapy but they sure are a varied and interesting part of the physiotherapy profession.

Doping and Physio

Waterworks is also Men’s Business

Physio Going to the Dogs

Physio is not just for humans. Animals can also have their favourite physio treat them as well. Horses and dogs are the primary animals that have physio because their performance can be monetised but their is also physio that can be used for animals that

Just like humans animals have operations, they need splints, they can tear ligaments and develop problems with their brain which will affect the functioning of their body. Also just like humans they can benefit from stretching, massage, joint mobilisations and trigger point soft tissue work.

Animal physios need to know a whole different set of anatomy so they usually specialise in a particular animal. Communication for an animal is also somewhat difficult so it does require a special skill set to work out where the injury is and what can be done for them.

Contact the Australian Physiotherapy Association to find a member of the Animal Physiotherapy Group if your dog needs treatment.

Astronauts and Dizziness

Did you know that when astronauts return to earth they suffer severe vertigo symptoms as their inner ear which is the major part of our vestibular system has to adjust to effects of gravity back here on earth. They can suffer nausea, vomiting and loose their balance.

This problems is not just isolated to going into outer space. Vertigo in the general population is also very common and can be one of the most common things that a physiotherapist will get a referral from a GP for.

Physiotherapists are trained with strategies to desensitise the vestibular system with methods such as the Employ’s and Dix-Hallpike procedure.

Call your Physiopro today to discuss how they can help ease and settle your symptoms of dizziness.

Pain in the Leg

It is important not to forget that stress fractures can also give you pain in the leg. It often follows as a result of shin-splints that have not been managed correctly or when patient tries to “run-through” the problem which is why it is important to manage MTSS correctly.

Major causes are;
Flat feet
Calf tightness
Poor shoes or old shoes
Rapid increase in training workload; either speed or distance

Things to look out for;

Aching along the front of the shin with activity. The pain may begin as a dull aching sensation after running. The aching may become more intense, even during walking, if ignored.
Pain along the inside (medial) part of the lower leg

Generally, develops gradually over weeks/months

May have swelling in lower leg

Things to do to manage it;

Happy Running!

Rock and Ankle Roll

Rolled ankles are one of the most common injuries that Physio’s see in athletes. In facet it accounts for 10 to 30% of sports-related injuries in young athletes.

The term “sprain” merely indicates that a ligament has been damaged. Sprains are divided into several groups depending on the severity of damage to the involved ligament. Most ankle sprains happen when the foot turns inward as a person runs, turns, falls, or lands on the ankle after a jump. This common type of sprain is called an “inversion injury”.

Physios grade ankle injuries as grade one, two and three. Grade one is the most common and requires the least amount of treatment and recovery. The ligament are often over-stretched and damaged microscopically, but not actually torn. The ligament damage has occurred without any significant instability developing. Grade 2 sprains are more severe to one or more of the ligaments and indicates that the ligament/s have been more significantly damaged, but there is no significant instability. The ligaments are often partially torn with evident swelling and bruising. Grade 3 sprains are the most severe. This indicates that the ligament has been significantly damaged with rupture of two or more ligaments, and may involve a fracture. Instability results and pain will present on the opposite side of the sprain due to tissue compression.
Your PhysioPro will provide a specialised rehabilitation program dependant on your degree/grade of injury. Treatment will likely begin with education concerning rest, icing, compression and elevation of the sprained joint, taping, and the issuing of crutches (if required). Physiotherapy specific interventions may include mobilization/manipulation of the joint, ultrasound, contrast baths, electrotherapy and a thorough rehabilitation program consisting of balance and strengthening exercises, and ankle propriocpetion, with an aim of return to full activity.

As a general guideline recovery from first degree sprains can take up to 2-3 weeks, recovery from second degree sprains can take 3-6 weeks before return to full activity, and third degree sprains can take as long as 8-12 months for the ligaments to fully heal. Your PhysioPro will be able to best determine a likely timeframe for a return to activity by considering all of the above factors.

Even after a return to activity, some protection is most often needed for the ankle joint for at least six months, as remodeling of the ligament is not complete until then. This often comes in the form of taping, supports or braces and/or a change in footwear.

Call your PhysioPro for advice on that sprained ankle today!

Is That a Rock in My Shoe? Or is it Plantar Fasciitis?

Is that a rock in your shoe? Maybe not. It could be plantar fasciitis or heel spurs.

The plantar fascia is a thick, broad, inelastic band of fibrous tissue that courses along the bottom (plantar surface) of the foot. It is attached to the heel bone (calcaneus) and fans out to attach to the bottom of the metatarsal bones (long foot bones) in the region of the ball of the foot. Because the normal foot has an arch, this tight band of tissue (plantar fascia) is at the base of the arch. In this position, the plantar fascia acts like a bowstring to maintain the arch of the foot.
Plantar fasciitis is a self-limiting condition that is the most common cause of heel pain on the sole of the foot. It refers to an inflammation of the plantar fascia. The inflammation in the tissue is the result of some type of injury to the plantar fascia. Typically, plantar fasciitis results from repeated trauma to the tissue where it attaches to the calcaneus. This repeated trauma often results in microscopic tearing of the plantar fascia at or near the point of attachment of the tissue to the calcaneus. The result of the damage and inflammation is pain.

If there is significant injury to the plantar fascia, the inflammatory reaction of the heel bone may produce spike-like projections of new bone called heel spurs. The spurs are not the cause of the initial pain of plantar fasciitis, they are the result of the problem. Most heel spurs are painless. Occasionally, they are associated with pain and discomfort and require medical treatment or even surgical removal.
Pain on the bottom of the heel most prominent with the first steps taken in the morning is the most common presenting complaint of plantar fasciitis. Typical morning pain is caused by the foot resting in a pointed position (plantar flexion) during the night, allowing the fascia to contract. With the first steps of the day, the irritated fascia is stretched, resulting in pain. Pain also occurs with the onset of activity such as walking and running. It typically starts as a dull, intermittent pain in the heel and may progress to sharp, constant pain. This pain may decrease as activity progresses, but it usually returns after resting and then resuming activity. In severe cases, the pain may occur with any weight bearing. Although the pain usually occurs in the heel, it can radiate throughout the bottom of the foot toward the toes.
Plantar fasciitis is common in runners and dancers who use repetitive, maximal ankle and foot range of movement. It is also common in those who experience sudden weight gain and in overweight individuals who increase their activity level.

The condition is usually caused by a change or increase in activities, no arch support, lack of flexibility in the calf muscles, being overweight, a sudden injury, using shoes with little cushioning on hard surfaces, using shoes that do not easily bend under the ball of the foot, or spending too much time on the feet.

Factors that could be contributing are fallen arches or rolling in when running, age, poor shoes or support and a rapid increase in activity.

Consult your local PhysioPro to treat the problem. They will use ultrasound, deep tissue massage, prolonged stretching, and a specific exercise program to improve flexibility and elasticity of plantar fascia. Secondary to therapy, self-care is a vital component in the rehabilitation process. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDS) e.g. voltaren, nurofen, aspirin, can help significantly to reduce the amount of irritation and inflammation in the plantar fascia. You will also get a home program which will include deep tissue massage, foot rolling with a golf ball or similar, stretching the calves and plantar fascia and avoidance of repeated impact and stress.

So get that rock out of your shoe and get into see the PhysioPro team today.

Compression Session

In the physio world compression garments were originally reserved for the hospital setting to prevent post operative DVT’s and improve patients circulation. They are now however used widely by athletes to assist them in the sporting goals and to improve their performance. People who use compression garments report a series of benefits.
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is that sore feeling that you get for the next couple of days after you push the limits with the leg work out. It’s when you suffer with every step on the way to work the next day. People report their muscles feel better and less DOMS with compressions which means that you can back up training better and reduce the sore off days.
Patients can feel their muscles work better with compression which can help with feeling a muscle stretch which means that you can pull up early instead of tearing or straining the muscle.
They can lock in warmth and take away moisture which is important in the middle of winter when you are training outside with a stiff breeze. If you are training in summer they also double as sun protection. If you suffer from chafing they can be a godsend.
Compressions are now used for almost every part of the body to help with soreness and improve performance. It is however important that they are good quality and fit well so as to not feel restrictive and will allow for stretch so that they will last the distance.

Related Tags: Sports Massage Perth

Hot to Trot or Ice Ice Baby

There is always a lot of debate as to what is the best for the treatments of injuries. Do you put on a heat pack or is it better to ice? It is funny that there could be so much debate for a fundamental of injury management.

The principal revolves around blood flow and inflammation. If you apply heat to the area you will cause the blood vessels to widen which brings nutrients to the injured area. If you apply ice to the area you will cause the blood vessels to narrow and reduce bleeding and inflammation.

As soon as you sprain a joint like an ankle or suffer a corky you should always apply ice to help narrow the blood vessels and slow the bleeding and rate of inflammation. This should be applied for 2-3 days dependant on the severity of the injury. After this the ruptured blood vessels close and the inflammation stops progressing. It is at this stage that heat is best as you now want to bring good nutrients with more blood flow to the area.

Where it gets tricky is what do you do when you injure an area that is too deep for ice or heat to penetrate. An example would be a back injury. If you have injured a joint in your back then the ice will not penetrate deep enough through the muscles to affect the injury. It will numb the pain but it won’t reduce inflammation. The best in this instance is to apply heat. Heat will relax the surrounding musculature and will also have a natural pain killing effect.

It is better still to try to avoid the injuries all together to avoid the heat vs ice argument!


16 WPS Nellis AFB U.S. Air Force Custom Patches

The 16th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the USAF Weapons School, based at Nellis AFB, Nevada. The United States Air Force Weapons School is arguably the most prestigious flying organization in the United States' military.The 16th Weapons Squadron is the largest squadron assigned to the Weapons School, graduating 20 Weapons Instructors each year.


Declared as a national holiday in Canada and the United States, Thanksgiving Day is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. This year the day falls on 24 November. While the day has its historical roots in English traditions dating from the Protestant Reformation, it is popularly celebrated to commemorate the harvest bounty.

To celebrate the day, IBTimes UK has compiled popular quotes to express your gratitude and celebrate the day with friends and family.

7. Some people grumble that roses have thorns; I am grateful that thorns have roses. - Alphonse Karr

10. To give thanks in solitude is enough. Thanksgiving has wings and goes where it must go. Your prayer knows much more about it than you do. -Victor Hugo


There were, on average 368 non-violent crimes in Lawton every single month in 2015.  Pretty crazy, right?  That means around 368 times a month (according to an officer had to respond to that incident and then do mountains of paperwork.  That's a pretty compelling reason to put non-emergency incident reporting online.  All those hours could be used actually fighting and solving crime instead of ice-bathing your hand from hours of tedious fill-in-the-blank.

The Lawton PD now has a way for you to report non-emergency crimes online.  You can report a crime here or a motor vehicle traffic collision here.

The benefit for you is intimidate access to your incident report (for insurance purposes and such).  The benefit for the Lawton PD is they can follow up more quickly and thoroughly.

The Lawton Police Department has also created a handy guide to help you determine if what just happened is something you should report online or something you should call in.  A good example is Assault.  You can report an assault online but not domestic violence.  Here is how the LPD describes each:

Simple Assault to enter in online form:  All assaults and attempted assaults which are not of an aggravated nature and do not result in serious injury to the victim.  Each victim will need to complete a separate report.  Examples:  Someone used their hands or fists to strike you; someone punched you in the face; someone kicked you during a verbal argument.

Simple Assault that cannot be entered:  Assaults that are domestic in nature cannot be reported online.  Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family or cohabitation.


Amara Sigatar Khura'in
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Amara Sigatar Khura'in
I must say, a life dedicated to the servitude of others is not the least bit disagreeable. It is a quiet, humble existence -- far removed from the tedium of regal duties.

Amara Sigatar Khura'in is the former queen of the Kingdom of Khura'in, which she ruled until her assumed death in 2005. She is the mother of Nahyuta Sahdmadhi and Princess Rayfa Padma Khura'in. From 2014 to 2028, she acted as Rayfa's personal aide under the name Nayna.

As the queen of Khura'inEdit

Amara and Dhurke in their happier days.

Amara ruled the Kingdom of Khura'in with peace and impartiality. She fell in love with and married Dhurke Sahdmadhi, a defense attorney, and gave birth to their son, Nahyuta. Excelled in both her kindness and immense spiritual power, the people of Khura'in virtually regarded her as a goddess, with some even claiming her to be the reincarnation of the Holy Mother herself. All of this filled her younger sister Ga'ran Sigatar Khura'in with great envy due to Ga'ran's inability to channel spirits, ultimately resulting in her setting in motion a plan to destroy Amara and her loved ones and take the throne for herself.

Assassination attemptEdit

Main article: Assassination attempt of Amara Sigatar Khura'in

A mural depicting Amara's supposed assassination.

During a performance by foreign musician Jove Justice, Amara was drugged and a fire broke out at her residence, seemingly killing her to the public. However, in reality, she survived, but was coerced to stay hidden by Ga'ran, and allowed her younger sister to ascend to the throne. When the blame for the fire was pinned on Dhurke, she believed the story because of her trust in her sister, growing angry at her husband for believing he planned to take her life.

As she was believed deceased, a large tomb was built on the ground where her residence once stood, complete with murals depicting her life and an empty sarcophagus which was believed to contain her body.

On the run with DhurkeEdit

Holding baby Rayfa.

Following her supposed death, Amara was kept under house arrest in Ga'ran Palace until her husband Dhurke, now a revolutionary on the run, found her. Although she was wary of him, her love for him proved greater than her anger, and they fled together. For several months, Amara and Dhurke lived together high in the mountains peacefully and had a child, Rayfa Padma Khura'in. Their happiness did not last, however, as the Ga'ran regime soon found the two, and Amara was taken back to the palace, along with Rayfa.

In hidingEdit

Main articles: The Foreign Turnabout and The Rite of Turnabout
Rayfa and Nayna

Removing Rayfa's robe prior to the Dance of Devotion.

For the next fourteen years, Amara disguised herself as an elderly woman named Nayna to protect herself from further assassination attempts. In her disguise, she would go on to act as a personal aide and tutor to her daughter, Rayfa, who grew up believing that Ga'ran and her husband, Justice Minister Inga Karkhuul Khura'in, were her real parents. With Ga'ran mostly busy with ruling the country, Amara, in the guise of Nayna, raised Rayfa. Amara would often come at Rayfa's request, and do mundane tasks such as removing her daughter's cloak and staff or informing her about certain subjects about which the young girl had limited knowledge.

The minister's murderEdit

Main article: Turnabout Revolution
Amara Sigatar Khura'in
I feel as if I have been called back from the Twilight Realm. I fear I have caused all of you a great deal of distress. O ho ho ho ho.

Posing as Ga'ran during the Rite of Channeling.

On May 18, 2028, shortly after Amara performed the Rite of Channeling at 2 p.m. while disguised as Ga'ran, she was forced by her sister into covering up a crime — Ga'ran had murdered her own husband and proceeded to use Rayfa's safety to blackmail Amara into tampering with the scene to frame Dhurke, who was to visit the tomb at 3 p.m. for a hostage exchange with Inga. In reality, Dhurke himself was already dead and being channeled by Maya Fey. Amara was to channel Inga, so that Rayfa would witness him heading into the tomb, creating the impression that he was still alive up until Dhurke arrived.

In her disguise as Nayna, Amara went to Inga's private quarters after the rite, having her hat stolen by a dog on the way. Once inside the minister's room, she dressed in his clothes and channeled his spirit. As planned, Inga rushed to the tomb for the hostage exchange, unaware of his own death. After he had gone inside, Amara stopped channeling him, burned his clothes in one of the tomb's incense burners, and hid herself behind the curtain to wait for Dhurke.

Once Dhurke arrived, Amara used a Magatama of Parting to exorcise his spirit from Fey's body. Exhausted from channeling Dhurke's spirit for several days, Fey lost consciousness, after which Amara dressed her in acolyte clothes that she had prepared, tied her to a chair, and dressed herself in Dhurke's clothes, smearing Inga's blood on them. She then picked up the knife that had taken Inga's life and channeled Dhurke's spirit just as Ga'ran's guards stormed the tomb, making it appear as if he had been caught in the act of committing the murder.

Dhurke was arrested for the murder and remained in Amara's body until halfway through his trial the following day. By the time he left, his defense attorney Apollo Justice — who happened to also be his foster son, having been raised by Dhurke during the years when he and Amara were separated — had already all but figured out "Nayna's" involvement in the crime and the fact that she was a spirit medium. Still in her guise as the elderly woman, Amara was summoned to the witness stand, and Justice soon uncovered her true identity, forcing her to reveal her true self.

Justice accused Amara of the murder and proved her presence in the tomb with her pendant, which she had dropped at the scene, covered in Inga's blood. Upon being told that Dhurke had lied about the pendant in order to protect her, Amara realized that his love for her had never wavered and recanted her testimony against him. Unable to reveal the truth due to Ga'ran's blackmail and fearing for her daughter's safety, Amara confessed to the murder, but Rayfa intervened and convinced Justice not to let the trial end there.

Realizing that something was not right, Justice figured out the truth behind the Rite of Channeling, proving that not only did Amara have an alibi for the time of the crime, but that Ga'ran's alibi was a fabrication. Before Amara could reveal the truth, she was shot in the stomach by one of Ga'ran's guards, but survived the ordeal. After Justice succeeded in proving Ga'ran's guilt and the fact she had no claim to the throne, Amara would go on to help Rayfa rule the country until she was capable of channeling spirits.

As herself.

As Nayna.

Amara is a merciful and wise queen. She is very polite and kind to a fault, even against her adversaries. Even though she would often state that Dhurke had tricked her with his "silver tongue," she truly cared for and loved him, despite initially believing that he intended to kill her. She places her trust in her family above all else, and would go to the ends of the earth to protect them. However, when angered, she would become quite frightening, scaring many people into pleading for forgiveness.

As Nayna, she was ready and willing to help Rayfa at a moment's notice, portraying herself as an old woman with a sharp tongue. She had many sayings and mannerisms (such as calling people nincompoops) that Rayfa inherited from her.

  • "Amara" (Sanskrit: अमर) is a name meaning "immortal". This may be a reference to her surviving two attempts on her life (although the first was not meant to kill her).
  • Her alias, Baaya (バアヤ) is a title meaning "granny."
  • Her English alias Nayna comes from her Japanese alias, in this case, it means "Nanny". Nayna might be an anagram of the word Nanay, which means "Mother" in Tagalog, a Filipino dialect.

  • Like the Holy Mother, Amara's design appears to be based on Guanyin, an East Asian bodhisattva associated with compassion and is commonly known as the Goddess of Mercy.
  • Amara bears some similarities to Mimi Miney. Both were presumed deceased after incidents involving fires, both received burns from the incidents and both at some point disguised themselves as their respective younger sisters. She can also be compared to Misty Fey, as they were both holding supreme spiritual power thus making their sisters jealous of them. They also took on new identities to hide their true selves from the world.


add floor joists to an existing porch

Expert advice on how to build an outdoor patio roof or gazebo, with illustrated step-by-step instructions and construction diagrams. If it is impossible to attach the ledger to a floor joist, then fasten the ledger to wall studs, which are generally located on 16-inch (or sometimes 24-inch) centers and doubled

Watch this video to find out how to remove a rotten wood porch floor, and replace it with pressure treated pine floor joists and tongue and groove flooring. Because there is some rot in the loose joist, too, we're adding another two-by-eight alongside it to help support it, which is called “sistering” the joist. The two boards are

The solution: Floor joists for a deck are typically installed at 16 in. on center, which won't properly support some composite-decking products when installed on an angle. In new construction, be sure floor joists are installed at the correct spacing. In existing decks, adding more floor joists is the only remedy.

If you can't attach a ledger to a rim joist on a cantilevered floor, how can you build a deck on a raised ranch? The easiest way to do this is to remove the existing house rim joist and soffit and any insulation inside the cavities. Then nail PT deck joists alongside each house joist, making sure the

NOTE: Make sure the ledger is level, or this will throw off the floor joist heights and cause an uneven floor. Side Rim Joist Cut and nail side Framing out porch walls is fairly straightforward -- with a few exceptions like adding builder's felt to the exposed house sheathing and tying into the house. NOTE: Your porch may have

First, check the existing porch alignment to ensure that your porch frame is in square. Measure from opposite end to opposite end. If the two measurements are within a half inch, you're good to proceed. Ensure that your joists are installed with the crown on the upside Make sure that your porch from pitch or slope moves

Build the Best Porch Flooring Structure. Joists, Bridging and Decking Materials. Your porch flooring structure must be structurally stable to not only maintain functionality but also its beauty over the years. What may surprise you is that floor joists on a traditional front porch foundation, unlike decks, run horizontal to your home

The inspection ($300 to $500) will tell if you have structural problems, such as undersized joists, that will require professional repairs. However, you can usually remedy sagging problems yourself by “sistering” new joists alongside the existing ones (this also works for stiffening bouncy floors). First remove electrical cables,

we always install the perimeter shear before we joist, to keep all walls stiff, and avoid knocking out of plumb the corners. I know its hard to visualize what I am asking, but do you think its ok to just sister another board to the existing bathroom joists and raise them up a little higher so that the new subfloor

Rather than adding an extra layer of insulation above standard blockwork, the insulation is incorporated into the structure. Systems such as Jetfloor, Litecast XT and TETRiS use special insulated polystyrene infill panels between and beneath the floor beams, helping to eliminate cold bridging.

If the existing house has air bricks, ventilating existing floor voids for example, then ducting should be provided to allow air through the solid floor and into the void The timber floor joists should be sized correctly depending on their span (length between supports) and are normally laid across the shortest span from wall to

In other words you can't build a “pony wall” and then install your floor joists on top of that wall because the concrete wall under the “pony wall” will not be laterally braced .. I recommend that you keep the patio slab at least 6 inches lower than the top of your existing concrete foundation wall and slope the slab away from the

If your house was built since the mid 1990's there is a chance that the floor system is constructed with a MWJ (Manufactured Wood Joist) floor system. In these cases it is very important to consult with a building inspector, engineer or architect to understand how to correctly attach a ledger board to the house wall. [tip] Lower

But my company still brings an existing deck or porch up to code, by adding joist hangers, flashing, ledger connections, and upgraded railings. It's not just safety I have in mind — bringing a deck up to code is also a great selling point. The simplicity of deck remodeling makes for few communication mistakes

to floor-level extensions, and their support structures vary from grounded brackets to cantilevered floor joists. All deal with real-world restrictions, and none is without while adding architectural interest to the boxy former porch. Also owing to the cold climate, the bottom of the bump-out is framed with 2x8s to provide room for.

Building a 400 square foot addition. This is the first video in the series from layout to putting down the sub floor. Includes layout, concrete cutting, form

Slope is quite easy. 3 ways. First, is to cut full length wedges out of 2x4's or bigger & screw them to the top of the sub-floor at the joist locations. Second, is to remove the sub-floor too & sister-on pitched or sloped 2x4's or bigger. Third, is to use concrete or cement over the sub-floor & new decking, the floor

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Preferred Stock Equity

Preferred stock is a type of equity which gives stockholders preference over common stockholders to dividends and repayment of their investment in the event of liquidation. Preferred stock is sometimes referred to as preferred equity, preferred shares or preference shares.

Issue of Preferred Stock

Preferred stock has a stated dividend rate and par value, and is often issued at a premium to that par value.

For example, suppose a business issues 1,000 7% preferred equity stock with a par value of 100 at a premium issue price of 105.

The business will receive 1,000 x 105 = 105,000 in cash and issues stock with a par value of 1,000 x 100 = 100,000. The premium of 5,000 will be posted to the additional paid in capital (APIC) account with the following journal entry:

Issue of preferred shares at a premium
Account Debit Credit
Cash 105,000
Preferred stock 100,000
APIC – Preferred stock 5,000
Total 105,000 105,000

Preferred Stock Dividends

The dividend on a preferred equity stock is usually fixed and based on the par value of the stock. Using the example above, the business issued 1,000 7% preferred stock with a par value of 100, so the annual dividend on each preferred share will amount to 7% x 100 = 7, and the total dividend when declared would amount to 1,000 x 7 = 7,000.

The journal to post the declared dividend is as follows:

Dividend declared on preferred shares
Account Debit Credit
Preferred dividend 7,000
Dividend payable 7,000
Total 7,000 7,000

Although in the above example the dividend was fixed at 7%, floating rate preferred stock is available in which the dividend rate varies relative to market rates.

Types of Preferred Stock

There are various types of preferred shares available each with differing benefits (preferences) including the following:

Cumulative Preferred Stock

Cumulative preferred stock simply means that the dividends on the stock are cumulative. If a business does not declare a dividend in one year, then the dividend will continue to accumulate on the cumulative stock.

The dividends not declared are said to be passed, and are referred to as dividends in arrears. As the passed dividends have not been declared they are not shown as a balance sheet liability but are referred to in a note to the financial statements.

In the above example, the business issued 1,000 7% preferred equity stock at 100 par value.
If the stock are cumulative, and the business does not declare a dividend for two years, then the cumulative preferred stockholders would retain the right to the receive those dividends before the common stockholders receive a dividend.

The dividend passed is 2 (years) x 1,000 x 7% x 100 = 14,000. The dividend for the current year if declared will be a further 1,000 x 7% x 100 = 7,000, giving a total preferred dividend to pay of 21,000, before the common or preferred stockholders can receive a dividend.

Participating Preferred Stock

Participating preferred stock gives stockholders the right to participate in additional dividends in addition to the preference dividend. This is particularly relevant in the liquidation of a business.

Suppose a business is liquidated, if the preferred stock are non-participating, then they simply receive their original investment (in this case 105,000) and any preferred stock dividends outstanding. However, if the stock is participating then in addition to the above, the stockholder would receive a share of the remaining proceeds of the liquidation.

Suppose for example the liquidation proceeds were 500,000 and the participating preferred equity stock represented 5% of the outstanding share capital. The amount the participating preferred stockholders receive is calculated as follows:

Original investment = 1,000 x 105 = 105,000
Current year preferred dividend = 1,000 x 7% x 100 = 7,000
Remaining proceeds = 500,000 - 105,000 - 7,000 = 388,000
Additional dividend = 388,000 x 5% = 19,400

Convertible Preferred Stock

Convertible preferred stock gives the stockholder the right to convert the preferred shares into shares in the common stock of the business at a fixed conversion ratio. The conversion ratio is the number of shares in common stock that the investor receives in return for each share in the convertible preferred stock.

Common shares = Conversion ratio x Preferred shares

Convertible preference shares give the stockholder the benefit of being able to participate in the growth of the business (by converting) if the common stock is doing well, but to retain their preference dividend (by not converting) if the common stock is not performing.

Suppose for example, an investor owns 7% convertible preferred stock with a par value of 100 and a conversion ratio of 6.25. With this conversion ratio, the investor could receive 6.25 shares in common stock in return for each share of convertible preferred equity stock. The investor now has a choice to make depending on the current prices of the preferred and common stocks.

Using the 6.25 ratio our 1,000 preferred equity stock are replaced with 6,250 shares of common stock. If the common stock has say a par value of 10, then the par value of the common stock issued is 6,250 x 10 = 62,500, and the premium (APIC) on issue is 105,000 – 62,500 = 42,500.

The journal entry to post the conversion would be as follows:

Conversion of preferred shares
Account Debit Credit
Preferred stock 100,000
APIC – Preferred stock 5,000
Common stock 62,500
APIC – Common stock 42,500
Total 105,000 105,000

Callable Preferred Stock

Callable preferred stock gives the business the right to buy back (call) and cancel the preferred equity at some future date. To compensate the stockholder for this provision, the call price paid by the business is normally higher than the price the preferred stock was issued for.

As an example, assume as before the business has issued the 1,000 7% preferred equity stock with a par value of 100 and an issue price of 105, but this time the stock is callable at 108.

The cost in cash to the business of exercising the call is 1,000 x 108 = 108,000. The difference between this price (108) and the issue price (105) is 3 per share and the total of 1,000 x 3 = 3,000 is debited as a cost, to the retained earnings account.

The journal to post the buy back of the preferred shares is as follows:

Callable preferred shares
Account Debit Credit
Preferred stock 100,000
APIC – Preferred stock 5,000
Retained earnings 3,000
Cash 108,000
Total 108,000 108,000

Redeemable Preferred Equity Stock

Redeemable preferred stock means that the business has to buy back (redeem) the stock at some future date. The redemption might be at the discretion of the stockholder or can sometimes be mandatory. Since the business can be forced to redeem the preferred equity stock it is usually considered to be more a form of debt than equity.

The journal entry to post the redemption of the preferred stock is similar to that shown above for callable prefered stock.

Preferred Stock Equity June 15th, 2017Team

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How Bridget Scarr Uses Creativity to Accelerate Growth in her Firms

Bridget Scarr is a seasoned creative director who develops and produces engaging, thought provoking, uplifting and inspirational content with an edge that encourages the mind and stirs the soul like a cup of hot cocoa.

Her love for creative arts saw her study Drama, majoring in Design and Dance Choreography. Upon joining the film industry, she pursued her career in television and film eventually slipping into the role of a production assistant.

The role nurtured her creative mindset and her good people skills enabled her to gain perspective of the creative world, resulting in great growth and visible success in the business.

With over 15 years production experience, Bridget has been able to take the entertainment, media and technology group on a path of growth involving several co-productions with foreign producers.

The producers pooled their artistic, technical, creative and financial resources to co-produce some international projects that are extremely lucrative. Her projects resonate with larger audiences in both an intellectually and emotionally stimulating fashion.

Through her companies, Bridget produces award-winning content for various companies across advertising, digital media, brands, and broadcasters.

Bridget Scarr meditates to keep her creative spirit inspired and activated. The more creative she feels, the healthier and happier she becomes. With a focus to nurture her creativity, Bridget feels new ideas blossoming, sees new opportunities to feel more connected to the universe.

Bridget’s constantly urging creatives to take time out be it in nature, a little laughter, experimenting with creative activities, eating healthy, exercising. A well rested mind and body, inspire creativity.

The film industry has come a long way and one trend that excites Bridget is the Virtual Reality. She believes that virtual reality is so affecting given the interactivity and immersion, which combine together to create limitless possibilities. This creates memorable as well as exciting experiences for everyone, but most importantly for students and scholars.

In her spare time, Bridget also reads and she recommends Davidji’s Destressifying Guide to personal empowerment, peace of mind, and lasting fulfillment which teaches one to transform your understanding of stress and to use stress to grow yourself.

This incredibly talented yet humble soul believes in the profound healing and restoration powers of meditation. Bridget argues that meditation helps us to conjure up the vital energy need to overcome the obstacles we face daily. The ancient healing practice is what helps Bridget stay 100% focused while making her bring her production work to life.

To learn more, visit