THE Trauma of voices. Body Mentalists.

Trauma of Depression help page

I suggest if you decide to watch the video that you watch the entire video. Make sure you prepare yourself. It is a tough video that needs your full ATTENTION.

Help for trauma of depression is treatment with Anti-depressants so don't be afraid to see your doctor if you need help dealing with traumatic depression and trauma of Depressive Disorders. Traumatic Depression can affect anyone and sometimes Depressive Disorder trauma episodes can last for weeks or even months. But with trauma of depression help and support teams you can find a more happier Self again. Anyway what I suggest be carried out is that symptoms of

Temporal Sensual Glandular neurones and these are within the fatty deposits at the sides of the forehead. Via Cognitive Behavioural Theory support can be advised upon if you feel depressed. However you can gain knowledge on how to break the cycle of Depression and your particular definition of Depressive Disorder by using Self Behavioural Analysis in how to spice up your vocalisation, facial and body                                     stances. So give it a try, trauma of depression help techniques are available from this E-book that is free with The Trauma of Voices and can be purchased at the bottom of the homepage.

People that suffer traumatic depressive disorders also carry physical feelings such as: low esteem in a lesser definition of trauma of depression; traumatic feelings of worthlessness or trauma of suicidal tendencies are more of the extremes. There is also the trauma of loss of ambition and the daily routine in some circumstances.                                  can also form part of trauma of depression in traumatic mentality health illnesses. This is because something worries you and it can cause an upset in the harmony of your facial stance. Just because you are feeling traumatically low does not mean you have a traumatic depressive disorder, but if you feel this constantly for long or short persistent periods then maybe a check up with your doctor would be adviseable. The earlier the trauma of depression is diagnosed the easier and less the treatment because a traumatic Facial Conformity Disorder sets into the chemistry that exhibits from the Temples facial fatty deposits. Body Mentalists gives the reader the chance to improve how they purvey themselves as do Cognitive Behavioural Therapists. Both can help restructure the Theory of Mind via giving ideas and notions about how to relate. In feelings of low esteem the trauma of Theory of Mind  cannot conduct via expressive views of the normal day to day actions of holding up One's self esteem via not acting positive or authorative, but also funny. In the latter, the usual state of being funny is a bi-product of the nervous system acting in surprise 'Fight or Flight' that then cases compensation via the 'rest and Digest' to a stable state of normal conversation within a routine chat to friends or strangers.

How many people suffer trauma of depression? About 1 in 10 people in the U.K have or are suffering from traumatic depression and it can strike anyone: men; women and children. Studies have shown that around 4% of 5 - 16 year old have trauma of depression. Around 14.8 million Americans over the age of 18 in a given year suffer from trauma of depression.

Excercise is seen to improve traumatic depression via Leucine an Amino Acid of the body/brain barrier. This I say is because excersise allows your face to naturally reinhance itself. But what else is needed is words and tonal accents of encouragement via Self Behavioural Analysis (S.B.A). Excercise is great if you feel low. It gets rid of the desire to silently sigh yourself into a traumatic facial depression phobia simply because the face is reset via huffing and puffing causing the facial muscles to realign themselves. It could also help stimulate the compensation factors of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic system via increased stimulation of the heart. Aerobic classes or even a boxing gym are excellent ways to enhance your trauma of the nervous system and how your body reacts to stimulation via the heart and its trauma of the Sympathetic nervous system link.

It is not usual in the U.K to give medicaments unless your traumatic depression disorder definition becomes moderate or severe. There are around 30 different types of prescribed medications used to treat trauma of depressive disorder phobias (2016). Lesser forms of depression are usually treated with C.B.T via Psychotherapy or community support groups. Trauma Mental health teams are also a form of treatment that involves specialized intensive talking therapies along with prescription medications.

CBT treatment.

Cognitive Behavioural Treatment or C.B.T involves helping a sufferer of trauma of depression to work within themselves at inner traumatic thoughts and how you react to those old notions. These traumas of notions and motions - that become a part of the 'Silent you' are what shapes your body and facial language of the phobia traumatic Depressive Facial Conformity disorder. A good Counsellor will be able to guide you into a more positive 'You' via narration and natural gestures. CBT team/s help restructure what is your Psychology trauma term of Theory of Mind and Embodiment. This latter state is the way your feelings interact when in society, but also how being out causes you to react in your home as well. A bit like an argument that made you unhappy that then causes you to be unhappy indoors. If this notion about an argument keeps lingering then: the argument might be forgotten but in some cases the feeling creates a lasting impression on your body langage, facial stance and your emotional state that then forms as trauma of depression. Here the trauma of depression sits in the traumatic irrational state of 'Rest and Digest' without a reason to 'Fight'. Online CBT training will be offered on the website soon via a free web link for a one-to-one webcam and chat link                            Internet connection required lollol.

Other signs of severe depression are:

fatigue (exhaustion)

loss of pleasure in things

trauma ofdisturbed sleep

changes in appetite

traumatic feelings of worthless and unreasonably guilty

being unable to concentrate or being indecisive

thoughts of death or trauma of suicide.

Traumatic Emotional signs of trauma of Depressive Disorders to look for:

continuous low mood or trauma of sadness instead of moments of logical traumatic sadness

feeling Depressive Disorders of traumatic hopelessness and helplessness with no physical

thoughtful reasoning

having low self-esteem and traumatic thoughts that people are ridiculing or making mirth of you

feeling traumatically tearful

feeling trauma of guilt-ridden

feeling irritable and intolerant

irrational feelings and traumatic emotions of others

having no motivation or interest in things

finding it difficult to make decisions

not getting any enjoyment out of life

feeling anxious or worried

having suicidal traumatic thoughts or traumatic thoughts of harming yourself.

thinking people are laughing at you when you are joking with friends (frustrating ideas,

ridicule and mirth...can cause you to become facially Glum, sad or traumatically depressed).

saddening traumatic emotional notions of traumatic thought that are not usual to you.

Physical notions and feelings of trauma of Depressive Disorders to look for:

moving or speaking more slowly than usual

unexplained aches and pains

changes to your menstrual cycle

disturbed sleep. Are you finding it hard to fall asleep at night or waking up very early

in the morning.Laying in bed for no reason is another factor of a trauma of a Depressive Facial

Conformity Disorder.

Social symptoms and definitions of trauma of Depression and traumatic Depressive Disorders include:

not doing well at work

taking part in fewer social activities and avoiding contact with friends

neglecting your hobbies and interests

having difficulties in your home and family life.

Grief and traumatic depression are two totally different causes. Grief is a natural system that alleviates itself through time. Trauma of Depression however is not a natural act and can be brought on by grief that has not been alleviated. If you are grieving over a loss then I would suggest you talk to someone close to you. If that is not possible book a session with your doctor just to talk about it to someone. When in grief the future can still have bright moments, whereas trauma of depression is symptomatic to problems of sadness and worthlessness for no conscious reason. Yes losing a pet or family member can make you feel worthless and lonely, but don't confuse it with traumatic depression. When depressed, feelings or dejection will linger and nag at you, rather than feeling lost and lonely intermittently and then shrugged off in Self. Get advise from your local surgery if you are still unsure.

traumatic Depressive Disorder is from a bi-product of an over-active Parasympathetic nervous system of  'Rest and Digest' as a definition of a traumatic sleepy or glum traumatic depression. Its alleviation is via a facial stance of Grumpy. Trauma of Depressive Disorders form from glum and then enter the next state of facial conformity to a traumatic sad or a trauma of depressive disorder of Embodiment. This causes the body to become glum in the trauma of 'Rest and Digest' that cannot be compensated via its Sympathetic nervous system because there is no reason for  'Flight' in your traumatic sleepy facial stance. This stance is seen as Glum or traumatic sadness, but can in fact become trauma of paranoia or traumatic feelings of trauma of fear. Here the facial muscles can start to conform to sadness or traumatic paranoia or trauma of emotional trauma. Traumatic Paranoia can form because of trauma of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Discord of 'Fight or Flight' where a person 'Rests and Digests without Disassociation. So smiling starts at the outer rim of the eyes and are part of what I call the


Lake Row Boat | Lenny K Photography CC 2.0
Photo credit: Lake Row Boat | Lenny K Photography CC 2.0

Why Do We Overeat?

I have clients come into my office wanting to know “why” they overeat. The felt sense is if they know why, then they will be lead to the methodologies that they need to implement in order to effectively change their behavior and free themselves from overeating. That systematic and natural way of thinking works well with most things, but may not be quite as effective when we look to change behaviors that are directly impacted by our thoughts and feelings.

For example, if you come down with a bacterial infection, you know that antibiotics will do the trick and if you discover that the jeans you put on this morning are uncomfortable, you can change them for a more comfortable pair. When change requires an inquiry and discovery of our thoughts and feelings, the “why” and “how” is just the start of the journey.

Our propensity, unfortunately, is to deny, avoid or disregard our uncomfortable thoughts and feelings (i.e., frustration of sitting with a craving or urge, facing that we have the impulse to eat much more then we wanted or intended to, etc.). Barriers such as reluctance, fear and/or hopelessness need to be unearthed, processed and worked on if we are looking to achieve long-term sustained changes.

So let’s tackle the question of why we overeat. As Judson Brewer, in his informative TED talk on simple ways to break a bad habit (www.ted.com/talks/Judson_brewer_a_simple_way_to_break_a_bad_habit) explains, it is learned and becomes a habit. The nuance behind it is that we are triggered (see the enticing food), engage in eating behavior and then get immediately rewarded by the behavior (experience pleasure because it tastes so incredibly good which satiates our appetite, we feel better emotionally because it helps to meet an emotional need, etc.).

To expand on what I stated above, overeating might have been learned and utilized as a coping mechanism to deal with emotions (i.e., emotional eating). It could have been the way we learned to cope with sadness, disappointment, frustration, joy, or some other emotion. It serves as a good distraction and can be an effective (yet maladaptive) way to keep emotions at bay.

Whether we are going to a Super Bowl party, a 4th of July BBQ or our friend’s 40th birthday party, food is usually plentiful. It’s what we arrange for and what we expect to be there when we are invited to others.

Studies have proven that certain foods can be addictive. That’s why people binge on potato chips, chocolate, or cupcakes more often than on carrot sticks and apple slices. Brain imaging using PET scans showed that high sugar and high fat foods work just like drugs such as heroin, opium, or morphine. People also develop a tolerance of sugar; they will need more and more to get satisfied.[ii]

Research shows that when given a choice, rats were more attracted to sweetened water than to cocaine or heroin.[iii] In order to understand biochemistry, when a person consumes glucose, a type of sugar, it spikes the blood sugar and creates a high insulin reaction. High insulin then blocks leptin, the appetite hormone, so our brain doesn’t get the “I’m full” signal and instead thinks that we’re starving. Our pleasure-based reward center becomes activated, which drives us to consume more sugar. This explains why individuals may have difficulty controlling the consumption of foods high in sugar when they are continuously exposed to foods containing sugar.

Lastly, our minds trip us up. Because food can be so incredibly satisfying and addicting, we gain mastery over rationalizing our behavior which keeps us enrolled in this cycle/habit. From speaking to adults and children, I came up with forty rationalizations for why individuals justify their overeating. Some are, “watching what I eat is too hard”, “it’s low-fat/fat-free”, “I will make up for it later”, “I’ll burn it off later”, “I don’t usually eat this”, “it’s free”, “everyone else is eating it”, “I am anxious/tired/sad/upset/bored”, “I will just eat these few nibbles”, “it’s a special occasion”, “I’m treating myself”, “I can start eating more healthfully again tomorrow”, “I really want it”, “no one will know”, “I’ll end up eating it eventually”, “healthy food doesn’t taste as good”, and “it’s freshly baked/cooked”. I expect these rationalizations and others sound all too familiar, for good reason, because we all utilize them.

So now that we can say that we know the main reasons why we overeat, why is it still so fundamentally difficult for us to change our behavior? As I started out saying, this is a journey. A quick fix, like just focusing on diet and exercise, as we previously were led to believe (and for which there are a plethora of resources available) would do the trick, we now know, falls short. The psychological and emotional factors that directly create and impact our barriers and keep us in this perpetual cycle need to be addressed as well.

For real incremental, long sustaining change to occur, we need to be open to discovering, processing and working through these barriers. Look out for future blogs and my book that is currently available for pre-ordering and will be published March 22nd, “Free Your Child From Overeating53 Mind-Body Strategies For Lifelong Health Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness to tackle the psychological and emotional barriers that keep us stuck. I welcome you and am excited for you to join me on this journey!

[i] Hayman, M. (2014). “Food Addiction: Could It Explain Why 70 Percent of Americans Are Fat?” Dr. Mark Hyman (blog) and Huffington Post. October 16, 2010. drhyman.com and huffingtonpost.com.

[ii] Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Fowler, J.S., et al. (2002). “‘Nonhedonic’ Food Motivation in Humans Involves Dopamine in the Dorsal Striatum Methylphenidate Amplifies This Effect.” Synapse, 44(3), 175–80.

What do you think?

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Speaking Event: Berkeley on Friday 4/10!

Hi everyone! I’ll be presenting some of my research from my dissertation on yoga this Friday, April 10th in Berkeley, CA at the second annual conference held by the Race and Yoga Working Group. The theme this year is Yoga (R?)evolution and Dianne Bondy is going to be one of the keynote speakers. (Can’t wait! I have huge respect for her.) For my presentation I’ll be talking about the feminization of yoga in the 1980s. And good news! If you are in the area and want to attend the event is free to the public. Last year I was lucky enough to be a speaker at the first annual conference, and it was a great event. I’d highly recommend checking it out if you can!

yoga revolution conference flyer

The title of my talk is “The Great Gender Transformation: Feminization of the ‘Authentic’ Yoga Body.” I’ll be touching on the following:

The twenty-first century yoga body is often portrayed as lithe, young, white, affluent, female, and bent into seemingly effortless advanced physical yoga postures with grace and poise. But how did this body and its particular type of movement patterns become representative of yoga in America and, increasingly, throughout the world? Traditionally, yoga was exclusively practiced by men, and up until the 1980s remained a male-dominated field even in the United States. However, by the late 1980s a marked shift began in the gender composition of yogis as well as the gender dominance in the field. Yoga became feminized and increasingly stereotyped as a feminine activity and movement pattern. This paper traces the gender transformation of yoga in the USA from a male-dominated practice to a feminizing and feminine activity. Some background information on the historical precedent of men in yoga is provided followed by a discussion of the feminization of yoga that occurred during the 1980s and into the 1990s. I explain the causes for the dual process of why men increasingly opted out of yoga while at the same time women increasingly opted in, eventually producing a highly polarized demographic group of female yoga practitioners and a dominant cultural understanding of the “authentic” yoga body as female-identified. Finally, I discuss the implications this has on recent efforts by the yoga community to bring men back into yoga.

Love, light, and… yoga ❤

Creating Innovative Yoga Teaching

I was thinking yesterday about what it would mean to create innovative yoga classes. If I completely abandoned my preconceptions of what a “class” should look like, and how we should learn things (the traditional drill style–historically Western, White, and Capitalist), what would a yoga class look like? How can we really teach yoga, the practice, rather than yoga, the exercise routine? What is the best way to educate someone on the essence of yoga?

We’ve become so caught up our ideas of what a yoga class is, and how to teach yoga, and what the best way to learn is that we lose sight of the essence of the thing we are trying to teach. Yoga has not always been taught in the way we teach it now. The “standard” lecture or drill format of classes became popular only once yoga had become Westernized during colonialism with the influence of trends like Swedish gymnastics or military drill training among armed forces (see Singleton’s excellent book for more on this topic). But now we consider it normal to teach to a class of people, all of different levels, leading them through a set sequence where the teacher may (or may not) offer variations or adjustments, let alone individual attention to correct a student’s alignment or help lead a student deeper into a pose. I feel like in some ways even private yoga classes have become formulaic. But how often do we actually stop and think about what format, what sequences, what poses, what words, what “homework”, would really get to the heart of yoga and allow students to experience that rather than a nicely packaged and marketed form of exercise?

Not every thing can be taught in the same way. Often in Western-style teaching systems (including the Westernized style of yoga teaching that has become popular in the last few decades) we expect someone to be able to regurgitate exactly what we say, in the exact words we say it (Follow this sequence! Focus on these things!) that we forget that route memorization doesn’t reflect actual understanding. When someone understands something they are able to make it their own, to personalize it, to be creative with it, to recognize what is most important and retain those things while deviating within set lines. Understanding something deeply allows for the “regulated improvisation” of social actors because they are able to reinterpret and build on the material they have learned. Simply being able to repeat something doesn’t mean you understand it. Understanding allows for innovative solutions and problem solving; route memorization doesn’t.

Only with understanding can you have innovation, because innovation is ultimately about seeing the connections between things, understanding what things are similar and what are not, and how things will interact if they are combined. As Tom Freston said, “Innovation is taking two things that already exist and putting them together in a new way.” Innovation is the application of pressure in such a way that you affect great change with little effort because you are able to anticipate and influence the course of future events by understanding the factors at work deeply. To quote a great article from the Washington Post, “Innovation is not simply a technical matter but rather one of understanding how people and societies work, what they need and want.” So we have to learn to understand, not to simply to memorize. Memorization produces replication, not innovation.

Innovation requires seeing and actualizing the unimaginable, and the only way to do that is by imagining what doesn’t exist, by changing our entire worldview in a radical and profound way. The quote I started this article with from J. K. Rowling is exactly about this; how by using our imaginations we have the capacity to radically shift how we see the world and what we think is possible, to imagine better worlds and better futures. Ultimately imagination is the root of all empathy–the ability to imagine ourselves in someone else’s situation. That’s a transformative power, just like yoga is a transformative practice. You have to have a vision of where you are going to get there, otherwise you never grow and change. To become better people and better societies we have to grow and change and innovate in our own lives. We have to understand ourselves and the world around us so we are capable of imagining a world and self that retains the things that we love but also improves upon them. This has been one of the deepest and most profound lessons I’ve learned through yoga; that I can constantly improve myself, but that it takes a deep awareness of my existing patterns and habits and the ability to imagine who I want to become, so I can recognize when I am falling into the trap of a pattern and redirect into an innovative solution.

But trying to imagine what doesn’t already exist is a difficult, sometimes impossible proposition. In the words of the Geena Davis Institute on Gender: “If she can see it, she can be it… how can she be what she can’t see?” When we can’t imagine something, we don’t even consider trying it, and definitely don’t actively work to achieve something. We are often so conditioned to think within narrow boxes we are incapable of even imagining an alternative method of doing something. We become incapable of innovation when we are taught in the Western education model to replicate and memorize rather than understand. This is exactly what Bourdieu (Logic of Practice: 55) is talking about when he claims that our internalized preconceptions of the world (the things we can easily see) condition us to think within a particular framework and to only consider certain things that are approved or expected as “possible.” In this way internalized preconceptions “generate all of the ‘reasonable,’ ‘common-sense’ behaviors (and only these) which are possible within the limits of these regularities, and which are likely to be positively sanctioned because they are objectively adjusted to the logic of a particular field, whose objective future they anticipate. At the same time, ‘without violence, art, or argument,’ it tends to exclude all ‘extravagances’ (‘not for the likes of us’), that is, all the behaviors that would be negatively sanctioned because they are incompatible with the objective conditions.”

Within yoga we often fall into the same patterns and habits, teaching yoga through replication and memorization rather than encouraging deeper understanding in our students. Classes are usually a one-time experience of following instructions students don’t fully comprehend and that may never be fully explained. Even private classes can often fall into a similar trap of using standard formats focusing on surface level “assignments” like doing a particular sequence of poses so many times a week. (But why those poses? Why that many times a week? Why in that sequence?). Students often aren’t able to innovate in their yoga practice because they aren’t given a firm basis of knowledge to build on; in standard classes we aren’t taught to approach yoga as a way of life or a practice (at least until more advanced training like teacher certification programs, yet even these are highly structured and only teach institutionally approved yoga knowledge).

I think this is why it’s so hard for many yogis who have only taken drill-style group classes to begin a home practice, which requires changing the way we think about yoga and how we do yoga from the dominant Western pattern of teaching (just follow the instructions) to something you work on, practice, and play with as you explore what you’ve learned on your own, with no lead instruction, and no set sequence already predetermined for you. Yoga isn’t always beautifully choreographed into a sequence of predetermined poses; once you transition to a home practice you begin to realize that yoga is in fact messy and full of awkward, silly, and embarrassing moments. It’s something you work on. It’s also full of pleasureful, peaceful, and triumphant moments too. But recognizing that yoga is in fact a practice is a radical, paradigm shift, and one I’m still working on learning to find joy and pleasure in and motivation for. A home practice helps you realize all the backstage work instructors do behind the scenes to present and teach the beautiful, fun, choreographed facade of “what yoga is.” But the facade isn’t substantive and rarely teaches the underlying practice; it doesn’t reflect the true essence of yoga.

So let’s return to the questions I started this post with. If I completely abandoned my preconceptions of what a “class” should look like, and how we should learn things (the traditional drill style–historically Western, White, and Capitalist), what would a yoga class look like? How can we really teach yoga, the practice, rather than yoga, the exercise routine? What is the best way to educate someone on the essence of yoga? I’m not entirely sure the best answers to these questions, but I’ll share some of my ideas to get the dialogue going.

Utilize a variety of instruction formats.

I think it’s important not just to teach (or learn) one way. We can get at multiple viewpoints by utilizing different formats for our teaching and learning methods. We can learn a great deal about sequencing from taking (and teaching) choreographed sequences of poses. And sometimes we can learn about poses through sequencing, particularly by building towards a more complicated pose by practicing poses that are part of the complex pose in a sequence which leads up to the peak challenge pose. But we can also learn a great deal from one-on-one instruction, from exploring one pose in depth using a workshop format, from playing around practicing with other yogis using no particular structure or format (hey, what you are doing looks like it would be fun, want to show me how?), from writings on yoga, or from talks about yoga.

Utilize technology to help students learn.

Utilizing photos or videos so students can watch or see their practice can be a great teaching tool. It can help students recognize patterns of misalignment or disconnect in their practice, while at the same time help them feel empowered by recognizing things they do with great skill and awareness that can help motivate them. A photo or video is in many ways an objective vantage point to view their practice from. It’s helpful to step out of ourselves sometimes, especially because social psychological research shows we tend to have many positive illusions, or unrealistically favorable attitudes, about ourselves. As the meme goes:

sterotypes of yoga

Technology can also be a powerful way to connect with more students. For example, utilizing video chats to teach yogis in other parts of the world (online privates or online small group classes) can allow students to connect to teachers regardless of where they live, something particularly valuable for both the student who may not have local access to a yoga instructor they like and the teacher seeking to build their business. Technology like social media can also be a great way to build a community of students that are all able to support one another and for students to learn more about their instructors and connect beyond the classroom. Being involved in social media is in many ways required in today’s yoga world, since it is often the way to build a large student base and create a more steady income flow through strategies like workshops, retreats, or online programs available for download to students (a great example of this is the Codyapp website).

Teach why.

I think sometimes we are either afraid or don’t even consider teaching why we do something a particular way. We shouldn’t shy away from explaining the why to our students, including things like why these poses, why this order, why this pace, why this alignment, why practice this length of time, why this meditation, why this adjustment. Knowing why is empowering and allows students to understand what they are doing on a deeper level, and subsequently make it their own, innovate, and be creative in their practice, as well as develop a home practice based on a sound knowledge of yoga. Many students want to deepen their practices yet struggle with having the knowledge they need to do so. Give it to them, or provide them with a resource they can use to learn about it on their own. Teaching why can also help us realize our own preconceptions and deepen our own knowledge when as teachers we realize we don’t even know why we do something a particular way.

Talk (and read) about yoga.

I think so often we forget that it takes talking with other people for us to think through things and come to our own conclusions. Narration is a powerful way for us to come to know something; sometimes we need to explore something verbally for it to become clear for us, so having space to dialogue about yoga, ask questions, think about what you have learned beyond just the physical exercise practice is important. Many students can benefit simply from talking about the practice, what the practice means to different yogis, what people have written about yoga, what types of insights we can gain from yoga, what certain yogic ideas mean. Similarly, reading about yoga can profoundly deepen our understanding of yoga as well (as both teachers and students).

Encourage students to be self-reflexive.

Without having any expectations, encourage students to think on and share what they have learned from a particular lesson or practice. In other words, encourage students to be self-reflexive about their practice and allow them to learn from their own experiences rather than interpreting those experiences for them. This can also help develop body awareness and mindfulness in other areas of their life.

Make yoga pleasurable and fun.

Encourage students to move from a place of pleasure and joy, to explore how their own bodies like to move, to become aware of their body signals, and to have fun with the process of yoga and worry less about looking perfectly choreographed and graceful all the time. Be willing to have fun with yoga in addition to the more serious meditative movement.

Practice moving within poses, then practice stillness.

Many times students don’t have body awareness of what proper alignment is. Standard classes often focus on holding a pose in stillness or on moving in only one direction within a pose for several breaths before transitioning to a different posture, but both of these methods can be limiting. Many times this type of queuing is a result of the quick pace that has become popular in most yoga class and/or teachers perpetuating instructions they heard from their own teachers or in their teacher trainings. Many teachers go too quickly for students to become deeply aware of their alignment in a pose, or they only plan to do a pose once in a sequence so there is no opportunity for students to repeat and build on the first appearance of the posture. For example, in warrior II we often encourage students to drop down deeper in the legs while holding the upper body in stillness. But when we fall into this trap of teaching using a “normal format” we may completely ignore encouraging students to move their upper body in ways that help them achieve (and understand) proper, neutral, and open alignment throughout the spine and shoulders. We may also completely ignore how much weight is being held in each leg, and many students often place too much weight towards the front rather than creating a balance between the effort of the front and back leg.

It is empowering to explore poses by moving within them in ways that help students discover body awareness and find neutral alignment for their bodies, and helps students uncover the why behind the pose. So for warrior II, maybe you can encourage your students to pull their upper body back (towards a reverse warrior) and then forward (towards extended side angle) while opening the shoulders, repeating that motion until they are able to locate their neutral spine and a feeling of openness in their shoulders and chest. Or encourage them to shift their weight more toward the front leg and then more toward the back leg until they are able to sense a balance in effort, and then drop down deeper in the legs. Once they are able to find their neutral position, only then encourage stillness. Stillness without exploration can miss the point of an entire pose. What we need is to move within poses until we find the point where being still becomes a practice in meditation, playing with our edge, and proper alignment and body awareness.

Love, light, and… yoga ❤


This case is not covered by Casetext's citator
B284617 (Cal. Ct. App. Sep. 4, 2018)

THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. PASCUAL ROSAS, Defendant and Appellant.

Mark S. Givens, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr. and Daniel C. Chang, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BA438900) APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Michael D. Abzug, Judge. Affirmed with directions. Mark S. Givens, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr. and Daniel C. Chang, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Defendant Pascual Rosas appeals from a judgment of conviction entered after a jury found him guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a child (Pen. Code, § 288.5, subd. (a); count 1—Stephanie V.), committing a lewd act upon a child (§ 288, subd. (a); count 2—Arianna D.), and two counts of attempted commission of a lewd act upon a child (§§ 288, subd. (a), 664; counts 3 & 4—Arianna D.). The jury found true the allegation defendant committed crimes against more than one victim (§ 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(4)). The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 15 years to life on counts 1 and 3 (count 2 as reflected in the verdict form) and imposed concurrent terms of three years on counts 4 and 5 (3 and 4 as reflected in the verdict form). The court imposed various fines and assessments, ordered defendant to register as a sex offender, and ordered him to submit to AIDS testing.

All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.

The counts as reflected in the verdict forms relate to counts 1 and 3 and 4 and 5 of the Information, respectively. The original count 2 had been dismissed at the preliminary hearing and the adjustment in numbering on the verdict form was made to avoid confusing the jurors with the circumstance that the Information contained no count 2. The court confirmed the renumbering of count 3 of the information as count 2 on the verdict form orally and in a minute order.

On appeal, defendant contends the police violated his Miranda rights when they obtained incriminating statements from him. He also contends the trial court failed to make the probable cause determination required by section 1202.1, subdivision (e)(6)(A)(iii) and (v), before ordering him to submit to AIDS testing. We agree the trial court erred in not making that assessment before ordering the AIDS testing order and remand for further proceedings as to that issue. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694] (Miranda).

A. Prosecution

Defendant and Laura Ortiz (Ortiz) lived across the street from Ortiz's uncle on Sydney Drive in East Los Angeles in or about the year 2008. Yesenia O. and her five children—including Stephanie, who then was about eight years old, and Arianna, who then was about five years old—lived with Ortiz's uncle. The families regularly got together for barbecues or parties either at the uncle's home or at defendant and Ortiz's home.

Defendant and Ortiz later moved to a home on Ford Boulevard. Yesenia and her children moved to a home on Seabrook Avenue.

Stephanie (age 15 at the time of trial) testified that defendant touched her vagina more than once. The first time was when she was at his Ford Boulevard home for a family get together. Defendant pulled Stephanie into his room while she was walking down the hallway toward the bathroom, and he locked the door behind her. He sat her on the edge of the bed, stood in front of her, reached under her skirt and touched her vagina over her underwear. She was scared and began to cry. She then walked away and did not tell anyone what happened.

The second time was when she was at the Sydney Drive home for a family get together. Stephanie was in the living room with her grandmother, who was nearly blind, and defendant. Defendant called Stephanie over to him. She tried to ignore him, but her grandmother told her to go over to him. She went over and sat on the floor. Defendant lifted her dress and touched her vagina. Stephanie panicked and ran outside. She did not tell anyone what happened, because she did not know if they would believe her.

The third time was at her ninth birthday party at her home on Seabrook Avenue. She went into her mother's room to put one of her birthday presents on the bed. Defendant followed her into the room and locked the door. Defendant sat on the bed. Stephanie sat on the floor and crossed her legs so that defendant could not touch her again. Defendant grabbed her by the arm and pulled her closer to him. He lifted her skirt and touched her vagina underneath her underwear. She was scared and did not know what to do. She pushed him away. He offered to pay her money if she let him touch her. He said he would not do anything else; she would not have to have sex with him. She said no and ran out of the room crying. Her mother asked her what was wrong, and she said that she fell down. She did not want to tell her mother what really happened.

Arianna (age 13 at the time of trial) testified that defendant touched her vagina more than once when she and her family were at his home. She was four or five years old at the time. On one occasion, she and other children were in defendant's bedroom at the Ford Boulevard home, watching a movie. Arianna was sitting on the floor with her legs crossed. Defendant was sitting very close behind her. He put his hand inside her underwear and started touching her vagina. She was confused and did not understand what he was doing. She did not tell anyone what he had done. She testified that he had done this to her before and had given her money so that she would not tell her parents.

On another occasion, defendant took her into a dark bedroom. He stood in front of her and pulled down his pants. He did not touch her.

In 2015, when Arianna was in fifth grade, she was sent to the school counselor for behavioral problems. She told the counselor that the babysitter's husband had molested her over a period of several months when she was in second grade. The counselor reported the molestation.

Detective Mayra Zuniga of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department interviewed Yesenia. Yesenia told the detective that Stephanie and Arianna said that defendant touched them inappropriately.

On March 19, 2015, Detective Zuniga went to defendant's home and spoke to him briefly about her investigation. She asked him to come to the sheriff's station to discuss the matter with her.

The next contact with the police was on August 11, 2015, when defendant voluntarily went to the sheriff's station where he agreed to take and did take a polygraph examination. He also spoke with Deputy Castellanos on the same visit while Detective Zuniga listened to the conversation from another room. Defendant denied touching Stephanie and Arianna inappropriately. This interview lasted about two hours.

Detective Zuniga then went into the interview and also questioned defendant. Defendant admitted he "maybe" touched the girls once, but he was not sure because he had been drinking. Eventually, he admitted touching Stephanie and Arianna's vaginas over their clothing. At Detective Zuniga's suggestion, defendant wrote a letter to the girls, apologizing for what he had done and asking their forgiveness. B. Defense

A video recording of this second interview was played for the jury.

Ortiz testified she began her relationship with defendant in 2008. As far as she knew, defendant was never alone with Stephanie or Arianna. Stephanie and Arianna never came to their homes on Ford Boulevard or Sydney Drive. Ortiz and defendant did not go to Stephanie's birthday party in 2010, because Ortiz and Yesenia were not speaking to each other at that time. Ortiz was tired of Yesenia borrowing money from her and not repaying it.

Ortiz and defendant did visit Yesenia's home on Sydney Drive because Ortiz's aunt and uncle lived there. They went there once on Thanksgiving and once for a birthday party for Yesenia's son. Defendant did not leave Ortiz's sight on these occasions.

Ortiz denied she or defendant ever babysat Yesenia's children.

Defendant testified in his own behalf. He testified he and Ortiz moved to Sydney Drive across the street from her uncle in mid-2009. While they lived on Sydney Drive, Yesenia's children never came to their home. When he and Ortiz went to her uncle's home, he did not spend time with Yesenia's children.

Defendant and Ortiz moved to Ford Boulevard in mid-2010. Yesenia and her children never came to their home. He never babysat the children.

Defendant saw Yesenia's children on two occasions at Ortiz's uncle's house: Thanksgiving 2008 and a birthday party for Yesenia's son. Other than those two occasions, any time he went to the uncle's house it was to drink beer with the uncle, and Ortiz was always with him. He was never alone with Stephanie or Arianna. He could not recall ever watching a movie with Arianna.

Defendant had no contact with Yesenia after March 2010. He did not like it that Yesenia encouraged Ortiz to drink and was constantly asking for money.

Regarding things he said during his interviews at the police station, defendant explained he had type 2 diabetes and needed to eat and take his medication at specific times, or he would experience difficulties. The sheriffs questioned him for over three hours, during which time he had no food, water, or medication. This left him "in a bad way."

Defendant reviewed the video recording of the interview. He acknowledged making incriminating statements but explained that the sheriffs used the fear of something happening to his daughter against him. They also asked the same questions over and over again, and finally he just agreed with them. Additionally, although he looked okay on the video, his diabetes was elevated: "[W]hen I told them I was diabetic, they tested me for it and I was above 400."

Dr. Iris Blandon-Gitlin is a psychologist whose area of expertise is the factors that affect the reliability of statements made by witnesses and suspects. She testified concerning the various techniques used by law enforcement during interrogations to create a stressful environment and convince a suspect to confess. She noted that due to stress suspects may not be thinking properly and may just repeat what they think the interrogating officers want to hear. Additionally, certain interrogation tactics, such as presenting false evidence or lying to suspects, lead to a high level of errors, such as unreliable information and false confessions. In her opinion some of the tactics used in the interview of defendant were coercive and could lead to a false confession. C. Rebuttal

Yesenia's former husband, Rodrigo D., testified that defendant and Ortiz frequently came to his Sydney Drive home. They came to every party and sometimes came over even when there was no party. The children were present during these visits.

Defendant and Ortiz also visited Rodrigo and his family after they moved to Seabrook Avenue. The family visited defendant and Ortiz at the Sydney Drive and Ford Boulevard homes. Rodrigo had Ortiz watch Stephanie and Arianna when he was looking for a new home because he did not have room in his car to take the children on those trips.

Defendant contends the incriminating statements obtained from him during the second interview in the police station were obtained in violation of Miranda and that, if that issue was waived below, it established his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance mandating reversal. He also contends the order that he submit to HIV testing was deficient as the trial court did not first determine there was probable cause for the testing order.

A. Defendant's Contention His Miranda Rights Were Violated

Defendant claims the incriminating statements he made in his interviews were obtained in violation of Miranda and should have been excluded because his questioning amounted to a custodial interrogation without prior advisement of his Miranda rights. The People argue that this claim was forfeited by his counsel's failure to object to the admission of the statements he made during his visit to the sheriff's station on August 11, 2015.

1. Applicable legal principles

"The Fifth Amendment provides that '[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.' (U.S. Const. 5th Amend. . . .) To safeguard a suspect's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination from the 'inherently compelling pressures' of custodial interrogation (Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. at p. 467), the high court adopted a set of prophylactic measures requiring law enforcement officers to advise an accused of his right to remain silent and to have counsel present prior to any custodial interrogation (id. at pp. 444-445)." (People v. Jackson (2016) 1 Cal.5th 269, 338-339.) "A statement obtained in violation of a suspect's Miranda rights may not be admitted to establish guilt in a criminal case. [Citation.]" (Id. at p. 339.)

"It is settled that Miranda advisements are required only when a person is subjected to 'custodial interrogation.' [Citations.]" (People v. Davidson (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 966, 970; accord, People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1370, 1400.) "An interrogation is custodial when 'a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.'" (Leonard, supra, at p. 1400, quoting from Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. at p. 444.)

"Whether a person is in custody is an objective test: the pertinent inquiry is whether there was a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest. [Citation.] The totality of the circumstances is considered and include '(1) whether the suspect has been formally arrested; (2) absent formal arrest, the length of the detention; (3) the location; (4) the ratio of officers to suspects; and (5) the demeanor of the officer, including the nature of the questioning.' [Citation.] Additional factors are whether the officer informed the person he or she was considered a witness or suspect, whether there were restrictions on the suspect's freedom of movement, whether the police were aggressive, confrontational, and/or accusatory, and whether the police used interrogation techniques to pressure the suspect. [Citation.]" (People v. Davidson, supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at pp. 971-972.) The question is whether, under the circumstances surrounding the interrogation, "'a reasonable person in [the] defendant's position would have felt free to end the questioning and leave' [citation]." (People v. Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1400; see People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 341.)

To be properly raised on appeal, the issue whether a defendant was in custody at the time he or she made statements to the police which arguably are incriminating must first be raised in the trial court. Thus, under Evidence Code section 353, subdivision (a), "a judgment can be reversed because of an erroneous admission of evidence only if the record contains an objection both '"timely made and so stated as to make clear the specific ground of the objection"' or motion. [Citation.] If a defendant fails to make a timely objection on the precise ground asserted on appeal, the error is not cognizable on appeal. [Citation.]" (People v. Polk (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1183, 1194.)

Failure to timely and specifically raise a Miranda claim in the trial court waives that issue on appeal. (People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 667.) "The reason for the rule is clear—failure to identify the specific ground of objection denies the opposing party the opportunity to offer evidence to cure the asserted defect. (People v. Wright (1990) 52 Cal.3d 367, 404 . . . .) 'While no particular form of objection is required [citation], the objection must be made in such a way as to alert the trial court to the nature of the anticipated evidence and the basis on which exclusion is sought, and to afford the People an opportunity to establish its admissibility.' (People v. Williams (1988) 44 Cal.3d 883, 906 . . . .)" (Id. at pp. 666-667; accord, People v. Polk, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 1194.)

"'"'The purpose of the general doctrine of waiver is to encourage a defendant to bring errors to the attention of the trial court, so that they may be corrected or avoided and a fair trial had . . . .'" [Citation.] "'No procedural principle is more familiar to this Court than that a constitutional right,' or a right of any other sort, 'may be forfeited in criminal as well as civil cases by the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having jurisdiction to determine it.'"' [Citation.]" (People v. Polk, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 1194.)

2. Additional facts

In a pre-trial conference, the trial court specifically asked defendant's counsel if he intended to challenge the voluntariness of the statements made to the sheriff's deputies during the August 2015 meeting at the sheriff's station.

The court: "All right. The prosecution intends to introduce the defendant's tape-recorded admissions. According to the prosecution's memo, it's a non-custodial interview. So do you [addressing defense counsel] agree there's no Miranda issues we need to address?"

Defense counsel: "I mean, I would argue they claim non-custodial. . . ."

The court: "Well, it's either a duck or a goose. Either you're raising the issue or not. If you're raising a Miranda issue . . . , then we need to address it before trial. . . . Think about it and let me know."

Defense counsel did not raise any objection, whether to introduction of the tape of the interview of defendant while at the sheriff's station in August 2015, to the testimony offered by one of the sheriff's deputies who witnessed the interview, or to the written apology defendant wrote to the victims while he was at the station. Instead, defense counsel focused on the opinion testimony of the defense expert witness (Dr. Blandon-Gitlin) with respect to techniques for interviews and interrogations, in particular, on her opinion on the lack of reliability of confessions obtained using particular interview techniques.

3. Application of Principles

It is undisputed that defendant failed to object to the contents of his interviews on Miranda grounds. His failure to do so constituted waiver of any claim of violation of his Fifth Amendment rights. (People v. Holt, supra, 15 Cal.4th at pp. 666667; People v. Polk, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 1194.) Therefore, defendant's attempt to raise a Miranda issue for the first time on appeal is rejected. B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

Because we conclude defendant waived this issue, we do not discuss his contention regarding the voluntariness of his statements to the sheriff's deputies.

Defendant utilizes the circumstances surrounding his taking a polygraph exam and speaking with the sheriff's deputies for approximately two hours and the testimony of his expert witness to support his second contention, that his trial counsel was ineffective and that reversal of his conviction is required. We do not agree.

1. Applicable law

"To establish a violation of the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show both that his counsel's performance was deficient when measured against the standard of a reasonably competent attorney and that counsel's deficient performance resulted in prejudice to defendant in the sense that it 'so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.' (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 686 [104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674]; see also People v. Wader (1993) 5 Cal.4th 610, 636 . . . .) If a defendant has failed to show that the challenged actions of counsel were prejudicial, a reviewing court may reject the claim on that ground without determining whether counsel's performance was deficient. (Strickland v. Washington, supra, . . . at p. 697 . . . .) If the record contains no explanation for the challenged behavior, an appellate court will reject the claim of ineffective assistance 'unless counsel was asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there simply could be no satisfactory explanation.' (People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412, 426 . . . .)" (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 366-367.)

Further, "[t]o demonstrate deficient performance, [the] defendant bears the burden of showing that counsel's performance '"'"fell below an objective standard of reasonableness . . . under prevailing professional norms."'"' [Citation.] To demonstrate prejudice, [the] defendant bears the burden of showing a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. [Citations.]" (People v. Mickel (2016) 2 Cal.5th 181, 198, italics added; accord, Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694 [It is the obligation of the defense to affirmatively establish prejudice by demonstrating "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome"].)

We "'defer to counsel's reasonable tactical decisions in examining a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel [citation], and there is a "strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." [Citation.] Defendant's burden is difficult to carry on direct appeal, as [the Supreme Court has] observed: "'Reviewing courts will reverse convictions [on direct appeal] on the ground of inadequate counsel only if the record on appeal affirmatively discloses that counsel had no rational tactical purpose for [his or her] act or omission.'" [Citation.]" [Citation.] If the record on appeal '"'sheds no light on why counsel acted or failed to act in the manner challenged[,] . . . unless counsel was asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there simply could be no satisfactory explanation,' the claim on appeal must be rejected,"' and the 'claim of ineffective assistance in such a case is more appropriately decided in a habeas corpus proceeding.' [Citation.]" (People v. Vines (2011) 51 Cal.4th 830, 876, overruled in part on another ground in People v. Hardy (2018) 5 Cal.5th 56, 104; accord, People v. Mickel, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 198.)

2. Application of principles

We have discussed above that defense counsel was asked to consider—but never did—make an objection to introduction of defendant's inculpatory statements to the sheriff's deputies or to introduction of his written apology to the victims. The trial transcript instead reveals a defense strategy of reliance on the testimony of the defense expert witness to challenge the confession and the written apology which defendant had given to the sheriff's deputies during the interview.

Rather than his being ineffective, the facts and circumstances fully support the conclusion that defense counsel made a strategic choice: to seek to convince the jury that defendant's admissions were to be distrusted—that they were obtained after an interrogation of a person who had had nothing to eat or drink for several hours. There was even testimony that defendant was diabetic and that that condition may have affected the statements he made to the deputies. The defense strategy was to use this testimony and these circumstances to establish that the statements and apology were not genuine; that defendant's protestations of innocence should be believed instead.

By contrast, the People point to testimony by Detective Zuniga that defendant did not appear to be in any physical discomfort, and she would have provided him with food, water, or medical assistance if defendant appeared to have needed it, or if he had requested it.

It is the defense's burden to demonstrate "a reasonable probability that . . . the result of the proceeding would have been different"; such a probability must be one "sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome," here in the verdicts of guilty on all four counts. (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S., at p. 694.) Defendant did not and cannot meet that burden.

Setting aside his statements to the police and his written apology, each of the victims gave compelling testimony. Stephanie and Arianna each testified as to how defendant had molested them on numerous occasions. Thus, as the People argue, even without defendant's confession, there was no probability of a different outcome, let alone "a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.) C. Order that Defendant Submit to AIDS Testing

Defendant contends, and the People agree, that the trial court erred in ordering him to submit to AIDS testing without first having made the statutorily-required probable cause determination. We agree.

Section 1202.1, subdivision (a), provides that "the court shall order every person who is convicted of . . . a sexual offense listed in subdivision (e), whether or not a sentence or fine is imposed or probation is granted, to submit to a blood or oral mucosal transudate saliva test for evidence of antibodies to the probable causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) within 180 days of the date of conviction. . . ." Section 1202.1, subdivision (e)(6)(A)(iii) and (v), require testing of defendants convicted of lewd or lascivious conduct with a child in violation of section 288 or continuous sexual abuse of a child in violation of section 288.5, "if the court finds that there is probable cause to believe that blood, semen, or any other bodily fluid capable of transmitting HIV has been transferred from the defendant to the victim." Section 1202.1, subdivision (e)(6)(B), requires that the finding regarding probable exchange of bodily fluids be entered in the minutes of the court.

Because "involuntary HIV testing is strictly limited by statute and . . . section 1202.1 conditions a testing order upon a finding of probable cause, a defendant may challenge the sufficiency of the evidence [to support such a testing order on appeal] even in the absence of an objection [in the trial court]. Without evidentiary support the order is invalid." (People v. Butler (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1119, 1123.) If there is no substantial evidence in the record on appeal to support the order, the appropriate remedy is to remand for further proceedings, at the election of the prosecution, to allow the prosecution to present any additional evidence it may have to establish the requisite probable cause or to strike the testing order. (Id. at p. 1129.)

Here, the record contains no substantial evidence that defendant transferred bodily fluids to Stephanie or Arianna and no probable cause assessment. Therefore, the testing order must be stricken, with the matter remanded to the trial court for further proceedings as required by section 1202.1, subdivision (e)(6)(A), at the election of the prosecution. (People v. Butler, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 1129.)

The judgment is affirmed. The matter is remanded to the trial court which is directed to give the People the opportunity to establish probable cause to believe that bodily fluids capable of transmitting HIV were transferred from defendant to the victims. If the People fail to do so, the trial court is directed to strike the testing order.

GOODMAN, J. We concur:

Retired Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution. --------

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Is Blue Light Wrecking Your Night?

by Samantha K. McPherson, OD, FAAO // January - February - March 2019

Blue light exposure is a growing public health concern. However, many people do not really understand exactly what blue light is and why the concern is mounting. Most of us are familiar with UV light and the harm that it can do to our eyes and skin. UV light and blue light are not the same. UV contains longer wavelengths than blue light and is part of the light spectrum that we cannot see. Blue light is visible light and has the shortest wavelengths and highest energy of all of the visible light spectrum. Sunlight is the main source of it, and being outdoors during daylight is where many of us are most exposed to blue light. But there are also many man-made, indoor sources of blue light, including fluorescent and LED lighting and flat-screen televisions. The display screens of computers, smartphones, and other digital devices emit significant amounts of blue light, although still only a fraction of that found in sunlight.

But the amount of time people spend using these devices, especially in the evening hours, has many eye doctors and other health care professionals concerned about possible long-term effects of blue light on overall health – and more specifically, eye health.

One deleterious effect of blue light exposure is poor sleep quality. Until recent modern times, people spent their evenings in relative darkness. Nowadays, many of us spend our evenings basking in the blue light that is coming from our smartphones, televisions, and other digital devices. This is problematic for our circadian rhythms, as they are thrown off by light exposure at night. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates wakefulness and your circadian rhythms. As bedtime approaches, your brain increases melatonin production in preparation for a good night’s rest. However, blue light exposure has been found to be a potent inhibitor of melatonin production. Decreased melatonin levels will cause you to sleep for shorter periods. Less sleep has been linked to increased risk for depression, as well as diabetes and cardiovascular problems. In one study, people in a sleep lab who read from an e-reader at night saw their nighttime melatonin levels drop by 55% after five days, took longer to fall asleep, had less restorative rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and felt more groggy the next day than those reading a paper book.

The retina is the delicate layer of nerve cells lining the back wall of the eyeball. This layer senses light and sends signals to the brain so that visual images can be formed. The cornea and the lens are structures at the front of the human eye that are very effective at blocking UV rays from reaching the retina at the back of the eyeball. However, blue light generally passes freely through these structures and is absorbed by the central retina, otherwise known as the macula. Laboratory studies have shown that excessive blue light exposure can damage light-sensitive cells in the retina, potentially increasing one’s risk for developing macular degeneration. Macular degeneration is a debilitating eye condition that can result in poor central vision. People with advanced AMD have blurred and distorted central vision. They are unable to drive, read, or see details on faces. An estimated 1.8 million Americans have vision loss associated with advanced AMD, while another 7.3 million are at substantial risk. Although more research is needed to determine how much blue light is too much for optimal retinal health, many eye doctors are concerned that excessive blue light exposure might increase one’s risk for developing macular degeneration in later stages of life.

Not all blue light exposure is bad. In fact, some blue light exposure during the day helps to boost alertness, improve memory and cognitive function, and elevate mood. Outside play time is highly recommended for kids as blue light exposure from the sun is thought to be protective against the development of nearsightedness. However, you should take measures to protect yourself from excessive blue light exposure during the day, and especially at night. Avoid looking at bright screens beginning two to three hours before bed. If you must look at a device in the evening, consider using the setting on your phone or laptop that shifts your screen to more orange-red longer-wavelength lights at night. If your phone has this capability, it might be called “Night Shift” or “Night Mode.” An app such as f.lux will achieve similar results on your desktop. A variety of blue-light blocking anti-reflective coatings and lenses are available in both prescription and non-prescription varieties. Lutein and zeaxanthin are pigments that are found in the macula. They are powerful internal blue light blockers, stopping the blue light from being absorbed by the macula. Lutein and zeaxanthin are not produced by your body and must come from your diet. They are most abundant in dark green leafy vegetables such as kale, collard greens, turnip greens, and spinach. Broccoli, peas, and avocados are also good sources of this powerful antioxidant duo. If you are curious about your levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, some eye doctors have equipment that can indirectly measure the amounts in your macula. If your levels are low, you can increase your intake of lutein and zeaxanthin-rich fods or you can take supplements.

Research on blue light and its effects on our eye and overall health is still in early stages. However, being aware of your blue light exposure is an important first step, and reducing your blue light exposure can very well help to improve your sleep quality and possibly reduce your risk for blinding eye conditions in the future.

Samantha K. McPherson, OD, FAAO

Founder of Dry Eye Center of NC, a subspecialty clinic of McPherson Family Eye Care.


expand on the concepts presented in the articles

1)make sure to include information from the course (use the book as the reference) to expand on the concepts presented in the articles. YOU MUST REFERENCE COURSE MATERIAL.

2) Summarize (about 1.5 double spaced pages each) the article and be sure to include how it relates to the topic covered in class.
3) Make sure that you include in-text citations along with a reference page -in proper APA style.  You should have references for the book and the articles

article1: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/health/depression-treatment-research.html?fbclid=IwAR12e2GJuxuAQ-XvFTz7LWW9dQ1_XVvVI5JHoXSpQsfxPPQOeTeSIYsu3pg

article2: https://www.bustle.com/p/grief-depression-are-different-but-heres-how-the-line-between-them-gets-blurred-according-to-experts-8012849?fbclid=IwAR3ow76oWxdIe4paNFYi15qUgXWHIDaJ4n76Y2y361uP5J6gkwJB19Gubp0

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Kindergarten learns the art of letter writing

Edmunds students in Miss B’s classroom practiced informative writing by writing letters to friends in their class. Students began the week by reading stories involving letters so they could hear some good examples. Next, the class wrote some letters together and used some of the letter writing tips from the stories. Finally, the students were ready to put their letter writing to the test. Each student picked a friend in the classroom and wrote them a letter. They put their letter in an envelope addressed to their friend and were able to hand deliver it! The students were proud of their letter writing and also proud of their personalized letters to take home and read to their families!

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Why does my dog eat grass and should I stop it?

jack russell terrier eating grass outside

Your dog may have a tendency to eat grass now and then. Does that mean that they'll be swearing off kibble? We can assure you that will never happen.

But, why do dogs eat grass and should you stop them? Let's dive in!

What is the main reason why my dog eats grass?

Veterinarians have yet to agree on a single cause for your dog to begin nibbling on your grass, but do have a number of ideas.

One of the most common theories is that your pup may begin eating grass when they don't feel well or to cause them to throw up. While many veterinarians and pet owners believe that this is a likely reason for their dogs to eat grass, other experts dismiss this claim by arguing that there has been no scientific evidence to support dogs being able to self-medicate. Often, they cite figures from existing studies that indicate that less than 25% of dogs observed eating grass will vomit afterwards. In fact, less than 10% of pet owners surveyed claim to have noticed any signs that their dog was feeling unwell prior to eating grass.

Another theory that is quickly gaining support among veterinarians is that your dog may be turning to grass to address some unmet nutritional need. Veterinarians who share this opinion often cite examples of dogs that were eating grass and stopped after changes were made to their diet. One such example involved a miniature poodle that ate grass and vomited every day for 7 years. Once the dog was placed on a high-fiber diet, they stopped eating grass completely.

Should I stop my dog from eating grass?

If you notice that your dog has begun eating grass, it's more important to try to determine why they are doing it. Are they not feeling well? Is their dog food not meeting their nutritional needs? Are they bored? Once you've determined why your dog took to nibbling on your lawn, you should be able to address the problem so that they don't feel a need to do so any longer. Don't hesitate to speak to your vet and discuss your dog's dietary needs and behavioral changes that you may notice.

If your dog isn't feeling well from eating grass

Pay close attention to their symptoms. Is their stomach just a bit upset, or are they showing signs of more severe gastrointestinal distress? If they are showing signs of depression, lethargy, loss of coordination, or anxiety, it's always best to consult a veterinarian. If however, their stomach just appears to be a bit upset, you could allow them to eat the grass or give them some water to see if that helps settle things.

Is your dog eating grass because of a nutritional issue?

You may want to try switching your dog to another dog food, perhaps one that is high in fiber to see if that helps. You may find that your dog forgets all about grass entirely. As always, sudden changes in your dog's diet can result in short term digestive upset and diarrhea. So, it's recommended to slowly transition them to a new dog food.

Is your dog eating grass out of boredom?

Try giving them something else to do. You could try playing ball, giving them a new chew toy, or taking them on a walk.

Can my dog be harmed by fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides?

One final thing to consider, when it comes to your dog eating grass, is what products you may be using on your lawn. Many fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides can be extremely dangerous if they're ingested by your dog, even in small amounts. As a result, you should under no circumstances allow your dog to eat grass that has previously been treated by any chemical. If you feel that your dog has eaten grass that has been treated by a fertilizer, herbicide, or pesticide, take them to your veterinarian or local animal hospital immediately.

We hope you found this information helpful, but most of all we hope your pooch is feeling better. Please consult your local Veterinarian for solutions specific to your dog.


Secretaria de Cultura y Turismo

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Why Choose Our Destination?

Santiago de Cali usually known by its short name "Cali" is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in western Colombia. It is the main sports center of Colombia, being the only Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the region was inhabited by many indigenous tribes, mostly speakers of Cariban languages. In the region between the Cauca River and the Western Cordillera, the Gorrones established themselves between the present day Roldanillo and Santiagop de Cali. Santiago de Cali offers historical areas with cultural variety and other attractions. In downtown Cali there are many historic churches such as La Merced and La Ermita. Cali contains a well preserved historical center. There is a variety of nightclubs and restaurants. In the city you can find whole districts dedicated to tourism.

Distance from airport

  • Aeropuerto Internacional Alfonso Bonilla Aragón de

    20 km from city center

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Boris Amar

Forbidden Fruit

Liquid flame, undaunted in its flow,
I'll extinguish the mesmeric ethereal bodies
disseminated across the flawless nocturnal sky..
I savor the mineral taste
as I search for the precious, miniscule stone
buried deep beneath your mine.
It bears godlikeness, an imminent sense of urgency
to exorcize the haunting demons of beauty with crushing tenderness.
The cryptic conduit that leads to its soporific attributes.

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Why Aren't You Listening to Me!

Every parent has said these words to their kids at some point.  And if you don’t have kids, you’ve likely said these words to a loved one.  In the business world, it’s a widespread complaint that people don’t listen.  Why is it so hard?

Countless business gurus teach “deep listening”, and “active listening”, they tell people to listen fully without thinking about what they are going to say next.  But as much as we can tell people this, real listening is still a rare find.

Here are some tips to improve your listening skills.

You have to actually care about the other person and what they are saying.  That’s right if you truly don’t care what the other person is saying, it’s impossible to listen fully.  If you truly don’t care, put both of you out of your misery, and just end the discussion. Let them go talk to someone who cares.

Commit to focusing on what they are saying.  Experts talk about “level 3 listening”.

  • Level 1: Listening to your internal voice
  • Level 2: Listening intently to another person
  • Level 3: Listening to others in the context of their surroundings.

Can you quiet your mind to listen fully to the other person, and allow the surroundings and context to emerge?  It’s a bit like meditation in that you need to train your mind to focus. Meditation is a great practice to help you focus on listening.

Let go of planning your response.  Free your mind from thinking about what to say next, and you will be able to fully listen.  Most of us find this very difficult. One way to practice letting go of planning is through Improv.  In Improvisational theater, or Impro, there’s no way to know what the other players will say, so there is no way to plan your next line.  You start to see that when you don’t plan, you build the confidence that the answer will come, and usually, it’s better than what you would have planned.  Once you get used to the line or the answer is there for you, you stop trying to plan.

What if the other person is not listening?  You can’t force someone to listen.  But you can model the behavior you want to receive.  It’s cliche, but true, “Be the change you want to see”.

How have you tuned you listening behavior?  Let us know!


Ayurvedic Healing

In Kerala, Ayurveda is not just a healthcare system but it is a part and parcel of every aspect of life, in fact it is a lifestyle in Kerala so to speak. The miracles like paralysed people walk, incurable diseases cured etc. that happen even today inspires respect and awe for the Ayurvedic Doctors of Kerala.

Kerala possesses an unbroken tradition of Ayurveda that has surpassed the many invasions and intrusions both foreign and native. For hundreds of years the Ayurveda Vaidyras (traditional practitioners of Ayurveda) were almost the only access for people seeking healing from every kind of disease in Kerala. In fact, today, Kerala is the only State in India which practices this system of medicine with absolute dedication. The ideal geographic location of Kerala and its salubrious climate has made external purification and rejuvenation therapies most effective for treatment of many psychosomatic disorders. The high humidity in Kerala helps to open up the body pores and the medicinal oils used in massaging get easily absorbed into the body there by increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. Sirodhara, Pizhichil, Navarakizhi, Thalapothichil, Pachakizhi and Podikizhi are some of the kerala special ayurvedic procedures.

THREKA is in tie up with leading Ayurveda Hospitals and Ayurveda Health Centers in the state where modern pharmaceutical procedures and classical Ayurvedic traditions blended perfectly and heal you better. So do come to Gods Own Country for rejuvenation therapy, as well as seeking treatments for specific diseases, with a memorable holiday.

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Madrid Naval Museum

Spain has a rich naval history dating back to Catholic monarchs and the famous Spanish Armada.  From early explorers to key naval battles, and even to Columbus’ discovery of America, much of Spanish naval history is also monumental world history. The country’s maritime legacy is on display at the Museo Naval, tucked away behind a sleek facade in the middle of downtown Madrid.

There are several rooms to explore with over 10,000 museum pieces on display, presented in chronological order. Visitor can see historic navigation instruments, paintings, charts, naval weapons, and even pieces of old ships. The collection also features artifacts from the historic Battle of Trafalgar.

A large map wall shows all of the maritime journeys of Spain from the 15th to the 18th century.  Perhaps the highlight of the collection is the Juan de la Cosa map, which is the oldest known preserved map of the Americas.
Adresse: Paseo del Prado, 5, Madrid, Spain, Spanien
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This organisation strives to make the lives of the disabled citizens of Ireland a fairer one. Their main hope is that one day everyone will be equally valued, regardless of their special needs. They do this by actively listening to the people who deal with these issues on a day to day basis. They then do their most to make this voice heard by the general public.

They estimate that there are currently over half a million people in Ireland who have a form of disability. The organisation sees themselves as a force for change. They recognise that the current culture around disability is not fit for purpose and that there needs to be many changes in the coming years.

They have looked into a number of issues that affect disabled people. This includes education. According to the Disability Federation Of Ireland, children with special needs find it much harder to get a place in the education system. They also have difficulty learning due to the fact that schools do not cater to their own individual special needs.

Image result for Disability Federation Of IrelandEmployment is also a major issue. There are many disabled people in Ireland who have great difficulty both finding and holding onto a job. This has major consequences for their quality of life and the lives of those who care for them. Without a sufficient income to live on, there are a large number of disabled Irish citizens who are currently living in poverty.

One of the biggest problems faced by the broad population of disabled Irish citizens is accessibility. There are many buildings in the country that are simply not accessible to those with mobility issues. The organisation looks at each of these problems and are vocal at how they need to be remedied in order to improve the lives of many people.


  chemical and physical separations methods of iron ore

chemical and physical separations methods of iron ore

Mineral Dressing Test

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Iron Ore ScienceDirect

2 - Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore . Often, a chemical separation is the only method able to remove phosphorus from iron ores.

Which physical separation methods are suggested for

Which physical separation methods are suggested for decreasing the tailing And we want to decrease the volume of the ore in order to process in wifley table.

Iron Ore - 1st Edition - Elsevier

2: Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore 9: Developments in the physical separation of iron ore: magnetic separation ore for the sintering process; 14.4 Recent developments in iron ore sintering; 14.5 Conclusions.

Iron Ore Magnetic Separation - 911 Metallurgist

The magnetic iron ores found in different localities vary in their iron content, but also in their physical structure.

Physical separation - MINTEK MINTEK

The beneficiation of chromite and iron ore using gravity and magnetic separation and vermiculite upgrading by dry separation techniques, have become

The Extraction of Iron - Chemistry LibreTexts

Nov 29, 2015 Extracting iron from iron ore using a Blast Furnace . This section deals with the types of iron and steel which are produced as a result of the

Processes for Beneficiation of Iron Ores ispatguru.com

Mar 28, 2015 Mining of iron ores requires drilling, blasting, crushing, screening, and blending all of the methods used to process ore to improve its chemical, physical and . Roughers are used to make a coarse separation of iron bearing

Oct 1, 2009 The unit operations involved include crushing, grinding, separation, dewatering, for many low-grade ores that are resistant to physical concentration. For example, many ores contain iron oxide in a nonmagnetic form and are so than can be achieved from difficult-to-process ores by conventional means.

Recovery Improvement of Fine Iron Ore Particles by - CiteSeerX

Abstract: Conventional gravity separation process of iron mineral fines is not very Detailed mineralogical, physical and chemical characteristics of a goethitic-.

Processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore - a review - Scielo.br

Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. by physical processes flotation and selective agglomeration, chemical able to completely remove the phosphorus present in some types of iron ore when trying . The gravity separation by jigging achieved an acceptable enrichment of iron

Separation of Iron from Cobalt or Nickel - Analytical Chemistry ACS

Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. , 1943, 15 1, pp 26–27. Publication Date: January 1943. ACS Legacy Archive. Cite this:Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 15, 1, 26-27.

Metallurgical Testing for Iron Ore - SGS

For the iron ore exploration and mining industries minerals and chemical industries in the design and All physical separation techniques can be tested at

6 Steel Industry Separation Technologies for the Industries of the

The first is called the integrated segment because iron ore and coke made from . Obviously, better separation methods for removing copper and other residual . chemical and physical quality of iron-bearing materials for blast furnace feed

Physical Separation

FILTRATION is the process of removing or "straining" a solid the chemical term mixture, they can decide what physical separation techniques will best allow . 4 points A student is given a 6.216 g mixture of iron filings, calcium chloride and.

Iron ore - Wikipedia

Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. There are four main types of iron-ore deposits worked currently, depending on Taconite tailings are mostly the mineral quartz, which is chemically inert. efficient magnetic separation to provide a high purity magnetite concentrate.

Mineral processing - Wikipedia

In the field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing, also known as ore dressing, is the A later example was the Cornish stamps, consisting of a series of iron The simplest method of separating ore from gangue consists of picking out the and surface chemical properties; and dewatering – solidliquid separation.

Mining of mineral resources - mstworkbooks.co.za

Minerals are useful chemical compounds for making new materials that we can use . In South Africa, this method is used to mine for iron, copper, chromium, .. You might remember some of the different methods of physical separation from

Mineral processing metallurgy Britannica.com

It is the first process that most ores undergo after mining in order to provide a more iron or steel balls that are caused to tumble, under the influence of gravity, and electrostatic separation, and physicochemical flotation separation.

BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Methods of extracting metals

Ores are naturally occurring rocks that contain metal or metal compounds in sufficient The method used to extract metals from the ore in which they are found depends However, chemical reactions may be needed to remove other elements that might Music Physical Education Religious Studies Science Spanish.

Characterisation and Processing of Some Iron Ores of India

Maximizing the recovery of fine iron ore using magnetic separation

The beneficiation of fine iron ore will increase in importance in the future because a pelletizing concentrate with very strict chemical and physical specifications. . and submitted for X-ray diffraction XRD analysis, using the Rietveld method.

Hematite is the most important ore of iron and it has been used by people as a Oolites are tiny round spheres of chemically precipitated hematite. investments allow companies to efficiently mine and process the ore. preparations for heavy media separation, radiation shielding, ballast, and many other products.

Separation of Sand, Iron, and Salt Department of Chemistry

The components of a mixture are separated based on their physical properties. concept that we use in many chemical analysis and synthesis techniques.

Metallurgy - 2012 Book Archive

Other methods that take advantage of unusual physical or chemical properties of Metallurgy depends on the separation of a metal compound from its ore and

Dephosphorization Treatment of High Phosphorus Iron Ore by Pre

the low temperature carbothermic reduction process of high phosphorus Table 1. Chemical composition of the high phosphorus iron ore Hamersley used in this investigation mass%. effect of fine, medium and course screen separation on the .. 6 Physical and Chemical Data Book for Iron- and Steelmaking Iron-.

WO2013138889A1 - A process and system for dry recovery of iron

The present invention solves the problems of magnetic separation processes that A process and system for dry recovery of iron-ore fines and superfines and a .. With a view to make a physicochemical characterization of a known pile of

Desulfurization of Iron Ores: Processes and Challenges

May 24, 2018 Desulfurization of Iron Ores: Processes and Challenges physical separation methods, and magnetic separation technique are discussed.

Part-1 - Indian Bureau of Mines

well as the fourth most abundant 5% of the, for iron ores of specific chemical Iron ore and physical structure, almost all iron ores deposits containing up to 70% iron and steel and direct reduced iron DRI. separation methods are used to

is mostly used method for enrichment of iron ores. Method for separation is based on different Chemical composition of the raw siderite ore is presented in

mineralogical and separation characteristics of iron ore fines from

Physical separation methods were 27. Table 1. Typical chemical composition of ore. Constituent. Weight,%. Fe. 55.0- in mineralogy, chemical composition,.

Concentration of Ores: Hydraulic Washing, Froth Flotation with

So nearly all rocks on the planet have some metal or mineral content. However The correct method is chosen based on the physical and chemical properties of the metal. So we use the principle of gravity separation to separate the two.

Reduction of Sulphur Content of AGBAJA Iron Ore using

Reduction; Sulphur content; AGBAJA; Iron ore and hydrochloric acid HCL . from iron ores involves smelting process, physical separation and chemical

removal of phosphorus through roasting of oolitic iron ore with

concentration of acid and to a less extent duration of the leaching process. Attempts for physical separation of phosphorus from similar Australian iron ore . Chemical analysis of the concentrate before and after leaching has been done

Beneficiation Plants and Pelletizing Plants for Utilizing Low Grade

beneficiation plants for upgrading iron ore and pelletizing plants for physical separation technique, and a number of existing mines Iron ores can be classified in different ways. The . adding a chemical collector agent that is adsorbed.

Iron Ore Flotation, Reverse Cationic Flotation, Reverse Anionic

important to process intermediate- and low-grade iron ore in an attempt to meet the rapidly growing demand on the repeated magnetic or hydraulic separation, due to the . The physicochemical fundamentals of starch gelatinization.

Iron - Department of Energy

The chemical element iron is the fourth most common element in the Earths crust and the second most There are two basic methods of mining iron ore. These are: . Using the magnetic properties of magnetite, magnetic-separation is the principal choice for taconite. The final adjustment in the physical and chemical

physical methods used to mine gold

physical methods of separation of iron Xinhai Mining the gold chemical or physical separation methods used the chemical or physical separation method used

Mineral Mixtures and Mining - Dig Into Mining

Mixture of iron filings, sand, beads that will float in water-but too small to pick out by There are several physical and chemical separation techniques that are.

Ma$netic separations in chemistry and biochemistrY - Whitesides

techniques. . Magnetic separations are inf reqtrently used in chemistry. How is it that chemistry, which has cheerfully exploited separations based on almost every type of physical .. Beneficiation of iron ore requires a continuous separator.

Physical Separation 11 Sponsored by: - Minerals Engineering

Jun 23, 2011 11.10 Preconcentration applied to a low grade iron ore deposit . Decanter centrifuges are used widely in the chemical and process industries

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Jenna Maurer

Jenna has had a passion for hair and the beauty industry since she was very young. Since graduating, she enjoys improving her skills by taking advanced education classes to expand her knowledge and techniques for her clients. Staying up to date on new trends and styles is something she believes is very important. She is always excited to try new things and Aveda allows her to step outside the box to create something beautiful. She thoroughly enjoys balayage/ombre, foiling, men's cutting, and skin care. She prides herself in listening and understanding her client's needs to give them the best possible salon experience.
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Primary 6 Problem Sums/Word Problems - Try FREE

Score :

Question 1 of 3

Kathy, Alice and Mary have some marbles.

The ratio of the total number of marbles Alice and Mary have to the number of marbles Kathy has is 15:28.

Also, the ratio of the number of marbles Alice has to the total number of marbles that Kathy and Mary have is 9:34.

If Mary has 36 marbles, how many marbles do they have altogether?

The correct answer is : 258


Friday, 18 January, 2019

White House says tax refunds will go out on time

White House says tax refunds ‘will go out’ but tax professionals say be prepared White House says tax refunds ‘will go out’ but tax professionals say be prepared
Nellie Chapman | 10 January, 2019, 04:38

The Internal Revenue Service plans to pay tax refunds in the coming weeks, administration officials say, after the White House decided Monday it was legally permissible to process tax returns during a government shutdown.

According to the Wall Street Journal, Russell Vought, the acting OMB director, told reporters, the administration is trying to make the government shutdown as "painless as possible consistent with the law".

CBS News says White House officials announced tax refunds will go out and will not be affected by the shutdown.

"There's also a lot of opportunities with different corporations or different tax places in the area that do offer what's called the advance on returns".

Concern has been growing that hundreds of billions of dollars in refunds would be delayed until the shutdown ends because funding for them wouldn't be available.

It is nearing the time of year when many of us start receiving our W-2 forms and begin to search through the files or shoeboxes for the receipts and other documents in that annual chore known as filing our taxes.

April 15 is the deadline for most taxpayers to submit 2018 tax returns, taxpayers who live in ME or MA have until April 17 to file due to state holidays.

The shift from the White House comes as officials prepare for an extended shutdown.

"[The] longer the shutdown lasts, the more government services will grind to a halt".

That's what will happen if the shutdown continues past the opening date for tax returns. If the tax filing season opens later than last year-on January 29, 2019-please explain the delay and whether the lapse in government funding played a role.

According to IRS data through April 2018, the IRS processed over 130 million individual tax returns and issued close to 100 million refunds that totaled $275 billion.


Simply: A Lifetime

 'They have to be old; it takes almost a lifetime to learn how to do a thing simply.' - Old Mr. Flood, (regarding the subject of chefs), Joseph Mitchell

'I believe I do better photography when shooting in black and white and not getting confused by any other medium. I’ve refined it to a point where I know what I want to shoot, how to handle the camera and keep it relatively simple.' - Andy Summers, The Leica Camera Blog