Julio Ozores

2014-03-27_7-19-49Julio Ozores is a colleague who regularly lectures in the Langley Porter Mood Disorders Clinic, a staff psychiatrist at the University of California, Berkeley, Health Center and someone with a sharp intelligence and curiosity who has been interested for many years in the application of Evolutionary Psychology to the understanding of mood disorders.

He has worked as a psychiatrist for 26 years. After psychiatry training at the University of California San Francisco, he has had private practices in San Francisco and the East Bay and is currently on staff at University Health Services, UC Berkeley Counseling Center, where he specializes in the evaluation, psychotherapy and psychopharmacological treatment of young adults/college students, and in working with Latino and other underrepresented populations.

Pursuing his other interests in teaching biology, evolutionary psychology and cognitive science in the service of professional development, he has been a guest lecturer at The Pacific Center for Human Growth, The Wright Institute, UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare and UC Berkeley Integrative Biology Departments, the University of Guanajuato and at UCSF Department of Psychiatry, where he has taught practical psychopharmacology and topics surrounding the interface between evolutionary theory and psychiatry. He has special interests in philosophy of mind and in helping clinicians articulate their clinical work with a biological, evolutionary and ecological account of human nature.

Dr. Ozores, How does Evolutionary Psychology help us understand depression?

Evolutionary hypotheses of depression have posited several “purposes” for depressed mood, so I’ll try to answer by approximating what they have in common. Generally, evolutionary (or, more precisely, adaptationist) hypotheses of depressed mood understand it as existing because it served some function to keep our ancestors – perhaps our very, very ancient ancestors, for example, other species – safe in the midst of adversity. Another way of thinking about it is that the capacity for mood variation – whether “up” or down” – is crucial for organisms like us to negotiate environments that are always changing with respect to their propitiousness versus their risks and disadvantages. Mood regulates our behavior. And, for highly, intrinsically social species like we are, this shows up mainly as regulating our social behavior.

Darwin offered this view of depression that might represent the earliest “evolutionary psychology” understanding –

“Pain or suffering of any kind, if long continued, causes depression and lessens the power of action; 2014-03-27_8-03-03yet it is well adapted to make a creature guard itself against any great or sudden evil.”

The epidemiology of depression confirms that the onset of many episodes of depression is associated with life stressors. This already is consistent with adaptationist hypotheses. But also the type and meaning of the stressors are of the kind that evolutionary hypotheses lead you to expect: life stressors of defeat, humiliation, entrapment, and loss.

The idea is that after certain painful experiences, such as having suffered defeats, or disruptions in attachment (lost relationships), humiliations, or drops in social status, the changes in behavior that depression causes may have a purpose. For instance, the incapacity of depression, the decreased performance, the tendency to shrink from social interactions, the low self confidence, the “I can’t” mindset, the deeming oneself less-than, are all effective ways to keep the organism out of risky endeavors, temporarily. The tendency towards undervaluing positive outcomes  (anhedonia) or overvaluing negative outcomes(pessimism) also tend to pull one out of the game when one is 2014-03-27_7-39-40not in good shape.

Even if depressed mood becomes stuck or dysfunctional, or takes on “a life of its own” and becomes a diagnosable illness, it can help to see it as a glitch in a purposeful, functional system. And in cases where depressed mood is reactive,  proportionate and self-limited, an adaptationist perspective  that understands it as a normal state is perhaps the most effective way to “destigmatize” depression. If we can see depressed mood in some cases as not an illness (for instance, in reactive, proportionate and self-limited bouts of depressed mood) – or, even in cases where it has become an illness, as a phenomenon that constitutes a dysfunction in the regulation of a normal mechanism, we can reduce moralistic self-blame and societal rejection.

What are the clinical implications of these theories?

One clinical implication of this has to do with fostering a kind of self-forgiveness about finding oneself depressed.  Making sense of the misery one feels is the first step in healing. Clinicians have already learned this in the treatment of panic disorder, for example: the first step in the CBT for panic disorder involves understanding the fight or flight reaction, the logic of how it’s adaptive in certain circumstances. Only then does one begin to examine how it has become dysregulated or maladaptive if it’s happening all the time in situations that do not call for it.

For clinicians, one implication of always keeping in mind that mood variation is not only reactive – what our common sense  folk psychology already tells us – but also functional , is an affirmation of a the importance of a holistic assessment. To understand someone who’s troubled, you have to understand what’s troubling him or her and what their trouble is – that is, their realistic psychosocial predicament.   Clinicians can get lost with symptom checklists and rating scales and reviewing what medications have been tried and neglect trying to understand what’s happening in the patient’s life.

Evolutionary explanations of depression also fit quite well with understanding what the ingredients are in a successful psychotherapy. Research shows that a good predictor of effectiveness in psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship, in other words, the relationship matters more than the specific techniques used. This is consistent with evolutionary hypotheses that would predict that finding oneself with an ally – thus, accepted and feeling more powerful – would be help in recovery from depression.

How do evolutionary hypotheses fit into a biological understanding of the mechanisms of depression?

There is a way to fit together evolutionary hypotheses with some of the latest thinking about depression and inflammation. The key here is to see depressed mood in the really long phylogenetic view, as part of the regulation of behavior in response to many kinds of adversity, not just the social adversities that are so salient for us extremely social animals. A number of other adverse events, for example having an infection,2014-03-27_7-56-39 being lame or injured, or suffering from parasites, would all be “expected to” modulate behavior towards safety and low risk taking. It’s conceivable that very ancient mechanisms that had to do with sickness behavior are the primitive “stub”, so to speak, from which fancy mechanisms to deal with social adversity evolved. In other words, the body’s inflammatory processes are intended to deal with acute threats such as infection, perhaps depression evolved from those processes to also deal with social threats.

So, does an evolutionary perspective mean that we should understand depression as a “normal” state, and if so how does that fit with the notion of “treating” depression?

It’s a mistake to consider most of the case of depression that lead people to seek treatment as “non pathological” just because there is a way to understand a certain kind and degree of depressed mood as non pathological. Some evolutionary psychologists, I think, have gone off the deep end here.

It’s also important to realize that even a non-disordered depressed mood deserves help and attention. Even if it played some helpful role modulating behavior in ancestral environments, it may not be doing any good for a particular person in this day and age.  Furthermore, at best the “functions” of depressed mood all have to do with temporary strategies to keep safe, to bide time, to allow other processes to pull one out of a bad circumstance, but do not play any function in improving one’s lot per se.

How does an evolutionary perspective view the relationship between depression and traumatic stress (PTSD)?

Regarding a relationship to PTSD, the most salient factor would be that evolutionary accounts conceptualize depressed mood as a response or reaction to adversity, so they understand depressed mood as a kind of stress response.

The difference with the environmental cause of PTSD is that PTSD is triggered by predicaments or adversity that trigger fear, terror, horror, with the ensuing flood of activation of the freeze, fight or flee response.

Another difference is that PTSD may be caused by brief, acute stressors, whereas the triggers for depression presuppose a kind of prolonged helplessness vis a vis the current situation. We know of course that not all stress is bad, and that stressors that are brief, or that pose a challenge that one can do something about, can lead to a ‘proactive’ stress response that’s adaptive and does not trigger subsequent suffering nor illness.   It’s the prolonged and uncontrollable kind of stress that leads to what’s been called in animal research “passive coping” (for instance, a rat just floating as opposed to swimming), “conservation-withdrawal”, i.e. states similar to depression

Evolutionary accounts may throw some light on the frequent comorbidity of PTSD and depression. Having a condition like PTSD is really like suffering daily defeats and being trapped and helpless with regard to a monkey on your back: flashbacks, hyper-vigilance, avoidance, nightmares, etc.  Illness number one then triggers a secondary illness number two, depression.  Of course this may apply to the comorbidity of depression and other psychiatric and general medical illnesses. One implication of this is that if condition number one is treated and gets better, condition number two may improve, via a feedback that goes thru a psychological assessment of one’s lot.

Readers interested in more on this topic might find this presentation by Dr. Ozores of interest: Depression in the Light of Evolution Part Two Public Jan 17 2013


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Nicolaus Copernicus - Essay Example

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Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful…
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1. Orbits and celestial spheres do not have a unique, common, center.
2. The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of the Earth's mass and of the lunar orbit.
3. All the planets move along orbits whose center is the Sun, therefore the Sun is the center of the World. (Copernicus was never certain whether the Sun moved or not, claiming that the center of the World is "in the Sun, or near it.")
4. The distance between the Earth and the Sun, compared with the distance between the Earth and the fixed stars, is very small.
5. The daytime motion of the Sun is only apparent, and represents the effect of a rotation that the Earth makes every 24 hours around its axis, always parallel to itself.
6. The Earth (together with its Moon, and just like the other planets) moves around the...
Copernicus' major work, was the result of decades of labor. It opened with an originally anonymous preface by Andreas Osiander, a theologian friend of Copernicus, who urged that the theory did not necessarily have implications outside the limited realm of astronomy. Copernicus' actual book began with a letter from his (by then deceased) friend, the Archbishop of Capua, urging Copernicus to publish his theory. Then, in a lengthy introduction, Copernicus dedicated the book to Pope Paul III, explaining his ostensible motive in writing the book as relating to the inability of earlier astronomers to agree on an adequate theory of the planets, and noting that if his system increased the accuracy of astronomical predictions it would allow the Church to develop a more accurate calendar (calendar reform then being an important question and one of the major reasons for Church funding of astronomy. ...Download file to see next pagesRead More
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Two, some psychic mediums can hear spirits. In this method, the spirits actually talk to the psychic medium verbally. The psychic medium may hear the communication in their mind (like hearing thoughts), or they may hear the spirit the way they would hear you or I talking to them. Unfortunately, some spirits are not the greatest communicators and what the psychic medium actually hears may sound more like a faint radio station than a clear telephone signal. This is one reason why some readings are so detailed and accurate while others are sketchy. Just try talking to someone using a cheap set of walkie-talkies and you’ll experience what it’s like chatting with a weak communicator from the spirit world.

The tarot (/ˈtæroʊ/; first known as trionfi and later as tarocchi, tarock and tarot) is a pack of playing cards, used from the mid-15th century in various parts of Europe to play games such as Italian tarocchini, French tarot and Austrian Königrufen. Many of these tarot card games are still played today. In the late 18th century, some Tarot packs began to be used in parallel for divination in the form of tarotology and cartomancy and, later, specialist packs were developed for such occult purposes.

The "three-card spread" is one of the most simple and effective tarot spreads. You can adjust the categories to accommodate any situation (past, present, future; yourself, the other person, the relationship; opportunities, challenges, outcomes; mind, body, spirit). The cards and their corresponding positions will effortlessly expose bonds and dynamics. But before reading the straightforward explanation of each card, take a moment to create your own story based on observation. How do the cards you drew make you feel? What are the colors and symbols? If there are characters, are they facing towards or away from each other? Do the illustrations seem cohesive or disjointed?

Love is for many people the most important thing in life. Love and relationships bring happiness and security and gives life a greater meaning. We spend a lot of time thinking about meeting our soul mate and when we will find love. For many people who are lonely, finding love is the key to stopping the loneliness and the greatest goal becomes having a happy relationship with someone. But what happens when love and relationships run less smooth or you ...

Psychic Four was very motherly, constantly calling me "darling" and telling me how sorry she was for my loss. Her method of Emily-contact was a mix of prayer and coffee-dregs reading. She made me a small cup of Turkish coffee and when I finished the liquid, she placed the saucer on top of the cup, had me hold it with both hands while moving my arms in a circle three times and then flip the cup and saucer over and put it on the table. She put a blue glass cube with white circles on all six sides on top of the overturned cup and had me to put my finger on the cube and make a wish. I did, and she asked me for the photo. I handed her my phone. She put a small statue of a Turkish philosopher and an angel snow globe in front of me and told me to hold on to both and praying while she turned on her laptop and started playing weird reverb-heavy New Age music featuring a man and woman speaking about being intoxicated on love (not Beyonce style, unfortunately). She was going to ask Emily to make herself known to me.

The medium Henry Slade was caught in fraud many times throughout his career. In a séance in 1876 in London Ray Lankester and Bryan Donkin snatched his slate before the "spirit" message was supposed to be written, and found the writing already there.[75] Slade also played an accordion with one hand under the table and claimed spirits would play it. The magician Chung Ling Soo revealed how Slade had performed the trick.[76]
"A good place for students to start who cannot find a local class would be with the Rider-Waite deck and a thorough book, such as "The Ultimate Guide to Tarot," Weintraub told INSIDER. "There are many online sources as well to guide students through the deck and the card meanings. Essentially, tarot tells The Fool's Journey, and decks consist of major and minor arcana. There are 78 total cards."
Firstly, you need to decide what kind of reading you want. Are you hoping to connect with a loved one? Are you interested in forging your spiritual path and need a little guidance? Are you wondering what energies are around you? Would you like a little advice from the angels? There are many psychics who devote their time to one or more of these practices. You will have to do a little research to find the one that can help you.

^ Frank Podmore. (1902). Modern Spiritualism: A History and a Criticism. Volume 2. Methuen & Company. pp. 283-287 "It seems reasonable to conclude that all the marvels reported at [Moses] seances were, in fact, produced by the medium's own hands: that it was he who tilted the table and produced the raps, that the scents, the seed pearls, and the Parian statuettes were brought into the room in his pockets: and that the spirit lights were, in fact, nothing more than bottles of phosphorised oil. Nor would the feats described have required any special skill on the medium's part."
The trance medium will enter into a kind of hypnosis, or “trance”, in order to commune with spirits, angels, demons, or whatever entity the medium desires. The spirit then takes over the physical body of the medium and speaks and behaves through that body. Trance mediums are not as common these days — a good actor could pull off a convincing enough trance reading — but you’ll find plenty of parodies and imitations of trance mediums in popular culture and on the freak show circuit.

A Spiritual Medium has the ability to link with the spirit world and connect with your loved ones who have passed over, giving reassuring evidence of who they are & how they relate to you. A Spiritual Medium acts like a middle person, similar to a translator – interpreting messages and guidance from spirit and loved ones in the spirit world and passing them on to the living.

Spiritualists often set March 31, 1848, as the beginning of their movement. On that date, Kate and Margaret Fox, of Hydesville, New York, reported that they had made contact with a spirit that was later claimed to be the spirit of a murdered peddler whose body was found in the house, though no record of such a person was ever found. The spirit was said to have communicated through rapping noises, audible to onlookers. The evidence of the senses appealed to practically-minded Americans, and the Fox sisters became a sensation. As the first celebrity mediums, the sisters quickly became famous for their public séances in New York.[13] However, in 1888 the Fox sisters admitted that this "contact" with the spirit was a hoax, though shortly afterward they recanted that admission.[1][2]

Open readings address the larger aspects of your life rather than a specific problem area or question. They're usually done when you're entering a new phase of life, such as getting married, graduating from college or starting a family. You can somewhat direct the reading if you have a general area you want to cover, such as your career or health, but that's as specific as the direction gets.
Read slowly and with attention. "'Nourish your soul,' says St. Augustine, 'with divine lectures.'" To be nourished, he said, one must chew and well and ponder well, and apply the teachings to oneself. "And when what you have read has made a lively impression on you, St. Ephrem counsels you to read it a second time...Besides, when you receive any special light in reading, or any instruction that penetrates the heart, it will be very useful to stop, and to raise the mind to God by making a good resolution, or a good act, or a fervent prayer. St. Bernard says, that it is useful then to interrupt the reading, and to offer a prayer, and to continue to pray as long as the lively impression lasts."
There is no shortage of stunning, dynamic tarot decks. Since the mid-twentieth century, hundreds — if not thousands — of beautiful decks have been published. The Tarot de Marseille deck is an elegant reproduction of a classic French deck; the Motherpeace deck perfectly captures the ethereal spirit of the 1970s; the Black Power deck spotlights famous black luminaries.
Hi, My name is Tara Arnold. I am a Conscious/ Trance Channel Medium, which means I can be in deep trance and conscious at the same time. When I am doing this the right brain and left brain work together to translate light language into English. The spirit guide blends their energies with mine so they can use my voice box, hand movements, body etc to translate their messages. The deeper I go into trance the more of their personality is present. If interested in viewing my Conscious / Trance Channelling videos Visit my you tube page -Channelling St. Germain-Tara Arnold

Now that I’ve explained a bit about Psychics and Mediums…I am a SPIRITUAL Medium. I am a Medium aligned with the Holy Spirit, a dedicated person doing work with the intention of achieving the greater good. Most of us never become famous. But the highest reward for this work comes to us on a soul level. Sure, we have bills to pay. But bringing hope and closure to people and giving them peace lifts us higher than money possibly could.


Famous Menominee

Famous Menominee Chiefs and Leaders

Apesanahkwat – actor who starred in Babylon 5 and films

Chrystos – a Two-Spirit-identified poet

Ada Deer – activist and Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, 1993–1997

Billie Frechette – lover of 1930s serial bank robber John Dillinger

Mitchell Oshkenaniew – advocate for sovereignty and recognition by federal government.

Chief Oshkosh -  (1795–August 29, 1858) He was chief of the Menominee tribe from 1827 until his death in 1858. He played a key role in treaty negotiations as the Menominee tried to protect their lands in Wisconsin from being granted to Oneida and other Indians from New York state and European-American pioneers.

Sheila Tousey – actress, Thunderheart (1995)

Ingrid Washinawatok – Co-Founder, Fund for the Four Directions, indigenous activist; killed in 1999 in Colombia by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.


Joshua J. Mark
published on 01 April 2014
Tutankhamun (by wikipedia user: dalbera)

Tutankhamun (also known as Tutankhamen and `King Tut') is the most famous and instantly recognizable Pharaoh in the modern world. His golden sarcophagus is now a symbol almost synonymous with Egypt. His name means `living image of [the god] Amun’. He was born in the year 11 of the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (better known as Akhenaten) c. 1345 BCE and died, some claim mysteriously, in 1327 BCE at the age of 17 or 18. He became the celebrity pharaoh he is today in 1922 CE when the archaeologist Howard Carter discovered his almost-intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings. While it was initially thought that Tutankhamun was a minor ruler, whose reign was of little consequence, opinion has changed as further evidence has come to light. Today Tutankhamun is recognized as an important pharaoh who returned order to a land left in chaos by his father's political-religious reforms and who would no doubt have made further impressive contributions to Egypt's history if not for his early death.

Tutankhamun's Youth & Rise to Power

Tutankhamun's father was Amenhotep IV (reigned 1353-1336 BCE) of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt whose wife, Nefertiti, is as equally famous and recognizable as her step-son. Tutankhamun's mother was the Lady Kiya, one of Amenhotep's lesser wives, and was not Nefertiti (though this is a common misconception). It has also been suggested that Tutankhamun was the son of Amenhotep III and his queen Tiye but most scholars reject this theory. Amenhotep III ruled over a land whose priesthood, centered on the god Amun, had been steadily growing in power for centuries. By the time Amenhotep IV came to power, the priests of Amun were on almost equal standing with the royal house in terms of wealth and influence. In either the 9th or the 5th year of his reign, Amenhotep IV outlawed the old religion, closed the temples, and proclaimed himself the living incarnation of a single, all-powerful, deity known as Aten. He moved his seat of power from the traditional palace at Thebes to one he built at the city he founded, Akhetaten (`The Horizon of Aten', later known as Amarna) and proceeded to concentrate on his new religion, often to the detriment of the people of Egypt. Akhenaten’s religious reforms, and their impact during his reign, would also define the later rule of his son.

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Tutankhamun's reforms would have an immense impact on the people of Egypt.

Tutankhamun was named Tutankhaten (`living image of Aten') when he was born and, while still a child, was engaged to the fourth daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten, his half-sister Ankhesenpaaten (`her life is from Aten' or `her life is of Aten'). Ankhesenpaaten must have been older than Tutankhaten, however, as she was previously married to her father and may have had a daughter by him. The historian Margaret Bunson claims she was five years older than Tutankhaten citing inscriptions which indicate she was thirteen when her half-brother took the throne at age eight (23). It is believed that the Lady Kiya died early in Tutankhaten's life and he lived with his father, step-mother, and half-siblings in the palace at Amarna. Egyptologist Zahi Hawass writes:

The two children must have grown up together and perhaps playing together in the palace gardens. The royal children would have had lessons from teachers and scribes, who would have given them instruction in wisdom and knowledge about the new religion of the Aten. It is likely that Akhenaten wanted his children to continue with the worship of Aten, not to go back to the old religion dedicated to Amun...Tutankhaten and Ankhesenpaaten would probably have been married to one another at a very young age, almost certainly for reasons of state, but perhaps they also loved one another. To judge from their portrayal in the art that fills the golden king's tomb, this was certainly the case. We can feel the love between them as we see the queen standing in front of her husband giving him flowers and accompanying him while he was hunting (51).

Tutankhaten came to the throne upon the death of his father in 1338 or 1336 BCE at the age of eight or nine. Miniature symbols of royalty (such as the crook and flail, royal staff) were found in his tomb and it seems likely he played with these as a young child as he was being groomed for future rule. Hawass writes, "A number of these [items] were inscribed with his birth name, demonstrating that he was crowned as Tutankhaten" (51). Between the death of Akhenaten and the ascent of Tutankhaten there was an interim pharaoh named Smenkhkare about whom little is known. It has been suggested, however, since Smenkhkare's throne name was identical to that of Akhenaten's coregent, that this pharaoh was Nefertiti who ruled while Akhenaten's health may have been in decline and Tutankhaten was still too young to assume the throne (Hawass, 47). Nefertiti seems to have assumed the male persona of `Smenkhkare' as ruler in order to avoid the same kinds of problems which arose after the death of Hatshepsut centuries earlier when, in an effort to restore harmony to the land (since females were not supposed to rule) her successor Tuthmosis III had her name and memory erased from all public monuments and stele. Smenkhkare died two years into his (her) reign and Tutankhaten was crowned king.

Tutankhaten Becomes Tutankhamun

Early in his reign, Tutankhaten either decided for himself (or, more probably was forced) to return Egypt to the old religious practices which his father had outlawed and suppressed. Hawass writes:

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His advisors, clearly with the support of the priests of Amun, either convinced or forced the young king once again to give Amun his place as the universal god of Egypt and abandon the cult of the Aten. The name of the child-pharaoh was changed from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun, and his queen became Ankhsenamun. At some point, the court left Amarna, and Tutankhamun and Ankhsenamun took up primary residence at the traditional capitals of Thebes and Memphis. A stele from the young king's reign called the Restoration Decree of Tutankhamun describes a country in chaos at the death of Akhenaten. It tells us that the cults of the gods had been abolished, their temples abandoned, and that as a result they no longer heard the prayers of the people. Tutankhamun claims to have carried out repairs on the derelict temples and put things back to rights (54).

The ideal of ma'at, universal harmony, was the most important spiritual concept in ancient Egypt. It was believed that the land of Egypt was a mirror image of the celestial land and individuals had a responsibility to behave in a certain way on earth to keep balance with the higher realm. By abandoning the old gods and the ancient practices, Akhenaten would have upset this balance and destroyed the harmony between the people and their gods. When the people were forced to abandon their gods, it was thought, the gods abandoned the people. Tutankhamun's reforms, then, would have had an immense impact on the people of Egypt with his restoration of universal harmony. The temples were rebuilt and the priests who had hidden the iconography and texts relating to the old religion brought them back to their rightful places.

With balance restored, Tutankhamun turned his attention to rule and to those activities befitting a king such as horseback riding, hunting, training in military skills, and enjoying leisure time with his young wife (Hawass, 54). The historian Barbara Watterson writes, "He was said to be a king who `spent his life making images of the gods', and it was during his reign that work on the colonnade in Luxor Temple with its superb scenes of the Opet Festival, was undertaken" (112-113). Tutankhamun also officiated at the Opet Festival with his queen and commissioned his treasurer to carry out a fiscal inspection of all the temples of the land.  The palace at Thebes which he shared with Ankhsenamun:

...would have been built of mud brick and beautifully painted. It would have consisted of many large rooms and columned halls surrounded by smaller suites of rooms. The largest of these would have contained a series of larger halls leading to a throne room. These would have been decorated with lively scenes of birds and natural motifs. There would have been gardens and pools, all designed to soothe and delight the royal eyes and ears (Hawass, 55).

Even though balance had been restored and temples and palaces rebuilt, Egypt was still recovering from the disorder Akhenaten had plunged the country into. Hawass writes, "By the reign of Tutankhamun the situation in the Near East had changed drastically since the golden days of the Egyptian empire" (56). The army, whose training and equipping had been neglected by Akhenaten, was no longer the effectual fighting force it had been under the reign of Tutankhamun's grandfather Amenhotep III. The commander of the army, Horemheb, who was held in high regard as one of Tutankhamun's chief advisors, was repeatedly unsuccessful in his campaigns against the Hittites. Egypt failed to regain Kadesh and also lost a number of other vassal states. The Hittites grew more powerful as Tutankhamun struggled to restore Egypt to its former glory and, no longer having to fear intervention from the Egyptian military, the Hittites destroyed the kingdom of the Mitanni, who had formerly been an ally of Egypt. It should be kept in mind that Tutankhamun, at this time, was around the age of 16 and was tasked with the enormous responsibility of revitalizing the country his father had single-handedly devastated. Even with the help of the elder counselors who surrounded him, the teen-age king must have found his position daunting but, still, he seems to have done his best to redeem the country's present from its recent past. What he might have accomplished in a longer reign will never be known as he died before reaching the age of twenty.

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Tutankhamun & Ankhsenamun

Tutankhamun's Death & Aftermath

The death of the young king has been called `mysterious' for centuries but there really is no mystery involved. Many people died young in the ancient world just as many do in the present day. The damage to Tutankhamun's skull, which early historians cited as proof that he was murdered, has come to be understood as the work of the embalmers who removed the brain; and the injuries to the body of the skeleton are the result of its removal from the sarcophagus during the 1922 CE excavation when the head was removed from the body and the skeleton was violently pried loose because it was stuck to the bottom of the sarcophagus with resin. It has also been speculated that Tutankhamun died of an untreated abscessed tooth or infection from a broken leg but these theories have also been disproved. Another theory is that Tutankhamun was the product of an incestuous union and so was simply not genetically disposed to a long life. Historians who support this theory point to the two children of Tutankhamun and Ankhsenamun who were both stillborn (their mummies were buried with their father and discovered in his tomb) as physical evidence of the incestuous practices of Egyptian royalty of the 18th dynasty. Whether Akhenaten and Kiya were related, however, is not known and so this theory also cannot be confirmed. All that is clearly known is that Tutankhamun died in January of 1327 BCE and that his death was unexpected as evidenced by the hasty construction of his tomb. Hawass notes:

The country would have fallen in disorder at the sudden death of Tutankhamun, who left the land with no heir. At the moment of his death, it is possible that Egypt was engaged in battle with the Hittites, in which case it is likely that Horemheb, who might otherwise have been expected to take the throne, was in the north leading the troops. Another high official, [named] Ay, supervised the king's trip to the afterlife instead. Ay bore the titles of Commander of Chariotry and Fanbearer at the King's Right Hand...By burying Tutankhamun, Ay proclaimed himself the next king (58-61).

Ankhsenamun was now expected to marry Ay in order to ensure the continued balance of the land but she clearly had other ideas. She wrote to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I for help:

My husband has died and I have no son. They say that you have many sons. You might give me one of your sons and he might become my husband. I would not want to take one of my servants. I am loath to make him my husband (Hawass, 67).

While Egyptian pharaohs often married foreign women, it was unheard of for an Egyptian woman, especially one of royal blood, to marry a foreigner. This would have been as much an affront to universal harmony as Akhenaten's reforms had been. In fact, it was a long-standing practice in Egypt to refuse to send women as wives to foreign countries and this would have been understood by Ankhsenamun even as she wrote her letters. That she would make this gesture, in defiance of tradition and the concept of ma'at, shows her desperate circumstances but why, exactly, she was so desperate is not clear. The letters of Ankhsenamun, however, have been cited by those who support the theory that Tutankhamun was murdered by Ay or through a plot involving both Ay and Horemheb. The Hittite king was more than happy to oblige Ankhsenamun and sent one of his sons, Zananza, to Egypt; but the prince never arrived. He was killed at some point before reaching Egypt's borders and it has long been suggested that this was the work of Horemheb and, perhaps, Ay. Whether Ankhsenamun married Ay is not known. She disappears from the historical record after the incident with the Hittite king.

Ay ruled Egypt for three years and died without an heir. Horemheb then took the throne. As he was not of royal blood, he needed something to legitimize his reign and he chose religion as the most effective means in this. Claiming that he had been chosen by the god Horus of Hutsenu to restore Egypt to prominence and glory, he instituted a program of return to orthodox religious practices. He destroyed all public records and monuments erected by Akhenaten and erased the memory of Tutankhamun. Hawass points out that, "He tried, in fact, to erase all evidence of Akhenaten and his immediate successors from the pages of history" (69). Horemheb would rule Egypt for the next 27-28 years and, in that time, did return Egypt to its former status as a great power. Tutankhamun's tomb was buried by the sands and his name was forgotten until Howard Carter and his team discovered the site in 1922 CE.

The tomb was broken into twice during the reign of Ay and resealed and then, because Horemheb had erased Tutankhamun's name from the records, the tomb was overlooked by grave robbers and remained intact until its discovery in the 20th century CE. Hawass writes, "By effectively wiping the name of Tutankhamun from the annals of the pharaohs, Horemheb actually succeeded in insuring that the name of the golden king would resound through the corridors of time" (69). The treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun have regularly drawn crowds in Egypt and also whenever they have gone on exhibit outside of their present home at the National Museum in Cairo. Prior to the tomb's discovery, the most famous ruler of ancient Egypt was probably Cleopatra VII, Nefertiti, or Rameses the Great but, since 1922 CE, it has been Tutankhamun.

Howard Carter

Tutankhamun’s Enduring Fame

His fame rests mainly on the magnificent artifacts found in his tomb and the sensational discovery (which was headline news worldwide) on 4 November 1922 CE. The `Mummy’s Curse’, or `Curse of Tutankhamun’, has only amplified his celebrity. The curse myth comes from a misinterpretation of an inscription found in the tomb. In the 1920’s CE the inscription was thought to read: “I will kill all of those who cross this threshold into the sacred precincts of the royal king who lives forever.” This was found on the door of the treasury room in Tutankhamun’s tomb. The 1922 CE translation has been found to be wrong, however, and the inscription actually reads, “I am the one who prevents the sand from blocking the secret chamber” (the `I’ in the sentence referencing the door and the spirits which would have been invoked to keep the door sealed). The curse myth spread quickly and seemed corroborated by an event which took place a few months after the tomb was opened. The English Lord Carnarvon, who funded Carter’s excavation, died `mysteriously’ on 6 May 1923 CE and the international press seemed intent on ascribing his death to the tomb’s opening and this ancient curse. After Carnarvon, the death of anyone who was in any way involved in opening the tomb was blamed on the curse. Regarding this, Hawass writes:

In fact, there were no real mysteries surrounding the death of Carnarvon. He died of blood poisoning triggered by [an] infected mosquito bite, which he had cut open with his razor while shaving…the mortality rate of the people most closely associated with the tomb was very low. Arthur Mace died in 1928, but he had been sickly for a long time. Carter himself lived until 1939, Breasted died in 1935; Lucas died in 1945; Gardiner lived until 1963; and Lady Evelyn died in 1980 at the age of seventy-nine (146).

The curse, which was never a curse to begin with, is still associated with Tutankhamun and this, along with the story of the discovery of his tomb and its splendor, has made his name famous around the world and kept his memory alive. Unfortunately, this focus on the curse and the tomb’s artifacts has obscured the very real accomplishments of Tutankhamun during his short reign; accomplishments made all the more impressive when one considers the young age of the king at the time of his death.

About the Author

Joshua J. Mark

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Mark, J. J. (2014, April 01). Tutankhamun. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Tutankhamun/

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Mark, Joshua J. "Tutankhamun." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified April 01, 2014. https://www.ancient.eu/Tutankhamun/.

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Mark, Joshua J. "Tutankhamun." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 01 Apr 2014. Web. 19 Jan 2019.

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Join us in Italy’s Tuscan Islands for Sea, Sailing and Wine

Price is $5,000 per cabin based on double occupancy, master cabin is $5,400.

52’ Yacht
Captain and Mate
Fuel top off
Starter Provisions for breakfast and lunch
Linens and Towels
Custom Sailing Welcome

Not included are marina fees, additional provisions, wine tours and dinners ashore.  Week one, we will be joined by an Italian Wine expert who is arranging tours and tastings for us with her many contacts.

When you think of Tuscany, odds are you are picturing idyllic rolling patchwork hills, olive groves, sunflower fields, vineyards, and walled hilltop cities. Take a sailing holiday in the Tuscan Islands and you can experience all this and more.

Legend has it that the Venus of the Tyrrhenian sea let slip seven pearls from her necklace as she emerged from the sea to ‘embrace the sunset’. These pearls then transformed themselves into the islands of the Tuscan Archipelago.

This group of seven totally unique islands called the “Seven Sisters” extends over an area of approximately 115.8 sq. miles between the Tuscan coast and Corsica. Following your flight to Pisa or Florence, you transfer via train or bus south to our starting point on the beautiful Tuscan Coast.

Elba (province of Livorno) is the largest island and faces the gulf of Follonica just 6 miles off Piombino on the Tuscan Coast. It is also the most visited island and the richest in life, villages, natural beauties, historical monuments and tourism.  This is also where we are arranging a private tour of one of Elba’s top vineyards followed by a wine tasting.  The following day we will have a tasting from a Tuscan wine distributor.  Here 100’s of wines are available to try along with a traditional Italian meal.

The other islands are: Giglio (province of Grosseto), a diving paradise lying in front of the Argentario peninsula; nearby Giannutri, with its enchanting coves and suggestive remains of old Roman villas; Capraia, an island of volcanic origin which is the closest island to Corsica; Gorgona, a tiny isle which lies in the sea in front of Livorno; Pianosa, a small, flat island not far from the isle of Elba; and the rocky and ragged isle of Montecristo which lies further south between Elba and the Argentario.

The Islands of Elba

Its sandy beaches and ragged crags make Elba the isle for everyone. Thanks to its 86 sq. miles it is also the largest of Italy’s minor islands. At its widest it is 16.7 miles from Capo d’Ortano to Punta Nera and narrowest 11 miles from Capo San Vito to Punta dei Ripalti. To see the entire panorama you can climb (if you have the energy) Monte Capanne. The views are breathtaking.

Portoferraio is the main city of Elba, which is divided into three parts: the western side is of volcanic origin and higher in elevation; the central part is flat or with low hills; the eastern side includes the millenary area. Its millenary history was written by the Etruscans and by the Romans. The Etruscans were the first to exploit its metals, while the Romans called it “Ilva” and built sumptuous villas on it (the best example is Villa delle Grotte in Portoferraio).

But it was undoubtedly Napoleon who left the most significant mark on the island, after being exiled there in 1814. Today it is a top tourist destination. Portoferraio was founded in 1514 on the remains of a Roman port and was protected by Forte del Falcone, Forte Stella and by Torre Linguella. There are 7 other villages nearby: Campo dell’Elba, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina, Marciana, Capoliveri, Marciana Marina and Rio nell’Elba. The island has a total population of 28000 inhabitants and there is a paved road network of 99.4miles.

The southernmost of the Tuscany islands, Giannutri has a surface of just two square kilometres and a handful of inhabitants. Its coasts are ragged and full of fascinating coves. There are two landing places: Cala Maestra on the western side and Cala dello Spalmatoio, where the built-up area is developing.  Although you’re not allowed to stay overnight on the island unless you have rented accommodation, the island still deserves to be visited for the incredible beauty of its sea and the unspoilt nature; the island is both a natural reserve and a marine park.

Isola del Giglio

This island is an enormous mass of grey granite covered with deep-green vegetation and lying 14 kilometres from the Argentario promontory. Its steep coasts alternate with small beaches. There are three developed areas: Giglio Porto (ferries from Porto Santo Stefano berth here), Giglio Castello (a fortified village built by a colony from the city of Pisa) and Campese (with the most beautiful beach). The island had already been inhabited by the Greeks and by the Etruscans, and was subsequently exploited by the Romans for its granite caves. Its name (‘Giglio’ means lily in Italian) has nothing to do with the flowers, but derived from the Greek word “Aegilion” which means “the place of the goats” because of the high number of these animals living here. Local restaurants offer delicious dishes, mainly based on fish and seafood.

This is the Tuscan island which lies closest to the isle of Elba; however, a permit from the Direzione Generale degli Istituti di Prevenzione e Pena (Head Office of Prevention and Detention facilities) of the Italian Ministry of Justice is required before landing, as there is a prison on it. Pianosa is bordered by enchanting beaches and looks like a tropical island. The most beautiful beach is Cala Giovanna. Archaeological finds of the Roman age are visible on the sea-bed around the island.

This wild and hilly island is the farthest from the Tuscan coast and the closest to Corsica. It is the only one of volcanic origin and the only island with a lake ‘Lo Stagnone’. This island with a surface of 7.72 sq. miles is covered with brushwood, has 18.6 miles of coastline and is part of the Tuscan Islands National Park.

Weather and Winds

The climate is typically Mediterranean where summers are warm, dry and breezy. During the summer months the prevailing wind is W – NW and it rarely reaches gale force.  Around Capraia, Elba, and down the mainland coast to Giannutri there will often be SE winds with frequent periods of calm.  At night there is often a light W or SW wind.
How to get there

To explore the Tuscan Islands you can choose to fly into Pisa, Florence or even Rome.  It is easier to get there from Pisa or Florence, Rome takes a bit longer.

The Yacht

We will be sailing on a Comet 52.  She is sleek and fast.  Equipped with one large master stateroom with ensuite WC and two double cabins aft she is a joy to sail.  She has a generator and  AC as well as all the latest safety gear and navigation equipment.


Sunday Documentary film: Poetic Pilgrimage

Redpath Museum Auditorium, 859 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C4, CA

Hip Hop Hijabis is a 2015 Al Jazeera documentary about Poetic Pilgrimage, directed by filmmaker Mette Reitzel. The aim of the documentary is to educate a chosen demographic about the constraints of being female within the Hip Hop genre. Al-Jazeera called it "a universal story about friendship, love and idealism, and two young women finding their place in the world." The documentary explores the origins of the duo, how the music they listened to whilst growing up impacted on the style of music they make, and how the adjustment in their religious practices affects their lifestyle.


Once you’ve established the goal for your video, it’s time to put on your creativity hat and start working on your storyboard. A storyboard is like a blueprint for your video and serves as an outline for the shoot. You’ve probably even seen one before. Storyboards look a bit like comic strips and include rough sketches of different scenes paired with short descriptive information about the scene, camera position and motion, and dialogue. They vary in the level of detail included, but your storyboard should, at the very least, include:
Before you start filming video content, you’ll need to set up your YouTube channel. This can get a bit complicated. As you probably know, YouTube is owned by Google. As a result, when you sign up for a Gmail account, you’ll automatically have access to a YouTube account, a Google+ account, and much more. Depending on your business, you may not want to tie your email to your business’s YouTube channel, especially if you need to share access to the account with team members or an agency partner. We suggest that you create a common email account that can be used by multiple people.


AUTHORSigal, Leon V.
TITLEDisarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea
PUBLISHERPrinceton University Press
CITYPrinceton, NJ

This book is a history from 1988 to 1995 of negotiations between the United States and North Korea concerning the proliferation threat posed by the latter country's nuclear program. The author argues throughout the book that the United States should cooperate and negotiate with North Korea in order to prevent that country from building nuclear weapons. He asserts that the use of coercion by the United States led to the brink of war. The book follows the efforts of former President Jimmy Carter to bring both sides back to the negotiating table. The resulting negotiations produced the Agreed Framework, which called for North Korea to freeze the most sensitive parts of its nuclear activities (those able to produce plutonium for nuclear arms) in exchange for nuclear power reactors and oil shipments. One chapter in the book discusses the role of the media in forming foreign policy. The appendices include a timeline showing the negotiations and responses between the United States and North Korea, and several key documents, including the text of the Agreed Framework.

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I am using a copy of the WrapPanel code mentioned in an earlier post. The wrap panel measures UIElement items and then adds columns as needed to hold all objects at their desired size.

The flaw in the existing WrapPanel code is that there is no way to resize an item to fill all available space. I accomplished this by making a few changes to the wrappanel.cs code. The changes can be seen in the code below:

Any item that I want to be adjustable must have its its MinHeight value set to a non-zero value. This appears to only work with a Grid element with at least one row set to “*”. Without the MinHeight value, the code would not recognize that it can adjust the size of this item. For a UserControl derived class, the user control itself must have the MinHeight value set, not the Grid within it.

Note that this does not work with a StackPanel because the StackPanel will not shrink any item in it if it is shrunk.

The code does a few things. First it lets the item measure itself. Then it detects that there is a MinHeight value set, and in anticipation of the item fitting in the space, sets the item height to the remaining column space. I could have moved this code later and not done this twice, but I just wrote it and don’t want to experiment anymore tonight.

Anyhow, the code then detects if the item is too tall to fit. The Item.DesiredSize.height value will be the minimum size when the test is performed. If it is too tall, The item is moved to the next column. The item is then resized and re-measured using the full column height.

I have not published the user control changes needed for this to work. Let me know if you want to see that XAML file, and I’ll post it.


Saturday, 12 November 2011

Assignment 4 : The Pugh Method

·         Overcome negative features or shortcomings of design
·         Find different ideas to satisfy criteria
·         Exploring alternatives

This method was invented by Stuart Pugh. The Pugh method also decision-matrix method,  Pugh Concept Selection is a quantitative technique used to rank the multi-dimensional alternatives of an option set. It is commonly used in engineering for making design decisions but can also be used to rank investment options, vendor options, product options or any other set of multidimensional entities.
The Pugh Method is a creative design idea or concept evaluation technique that uses criteria derived from the “voice of customer” in ad advantage-disadvantage matrix. Each concept is evaluated against a datum using a three way evaluation scheme which are:
·         + ; means substantially better
·         - ; means clearly worse (or flawled)
·         S ; means more or less the same
The method is associated with the QFD method and is a form of prioritization matrix. It is implemented by establishing an evaluation team and constructing the matrix which contains evaluation criteria versus alternative concepts. A baseline concept is selected and the other concepts are scored against the criteria relative to the baseline.
Pugh concept is parts of evaluation methods been used to decide mainly in design concept. This methods compare the design alternatives for redesign process. In easy word, it is a relative comparison technique. There are three series of absolute filters that must be passed by concept of design where will be included in the Pugh Concept. The series of absolute filters are listed below.

Pugh Method can be done by below processes and it has two phases.

Develop list of evaluation criteria
Design Concept
Original design concept brainstormed
Evaluation matrix
Each design evaluated against datums, and add concepts
Analyze each round, adjustment, and establish new datum, repeat.

Better Design
Weak designs dropped, continue process, designs developed in more depth/detail, criteria refined
Superior Concept
Process converge on a strong consensus, team committed

Figure: Pugh Method Process
The steps in the Pugh concept selection method as given by Clausing are :
1.      Choose the criteria by which the concepts will be evaluated.
-          The QFD is the starting place to develop the criteria. The criteria will be based on the engineering characteristics which listed in the House of Quality. Other than engineering characteristics, there are also customer requirements that will be compared to the engineering requirement. Both of them will lead to the best decision making. Each team member need to be at list create 15 to 20 criteria but really to be based on QFD and functional analysis. Next , the list of criteria need to be combined, being discusses and prioritized.

2.      Formulate the decision matrix
-          The criteria next been entered into the matrix as the raw heading while the concepts into the column headings of  the matrix. It is important that concepts to be compared be the same level of abstraction.

3.      Clarify the design concepts
-          Common level of understanding resulted as a goal which brought the team member into it. A good team discussion regarding on the concepts is a creative experience. New ideas often come into view and used to improve concepts or entirely create new idea (concepts).

4.      Choose the datum concept
-          One concept is selected by the team as a datum for the first round which means the reference concept with all other concepts being compared. A poor choice of datum would cause all of the concepts to be positive. For a redesign, the datum is the existing design reduced to the same level of idea as the other concepts.

5.      Run the matrix
-          After completing the steps before, comparative evaluation will take its part. Each concept is compared to with the datum for each criterion. The first criterion is applied to each concept and so on. Three level of scale is used where better concept will be assigned (+), worse (-) and about the same (=).

-          The team discussion often arouse new ideas that lead to additional improved concepts. A major advantage of Pugh concept is it helps the team to develop better approaching into the types of features that strongly gratify the design requirements.

6.      Evaluate the ratings
-          Once the comparison matrix is completed, the sum of scales is determined. Few positive features in the concepts may be gems that that could be choose and apply in another concepts. Highly rated concepts verify their strengths are and what criteria they treat poorly. If most concepts get the same rating on a certain criterion, examine it to see whether it is stated clearly or not uniformly evaluated from concept to concept.
7.      Establish a new datum and rerun the matrix
-          The concept that received the highest rating in the first round usually been selected as a new datum. The lowest rating concept been eliminated. The use of a different datum will give a different perspective at each comparison that will help clarify relative strengths and weaknesses of the concepts.

8.      Examine the selected concept for improvement opportunities
-          Once the main concept is identified, each criterion that perform worse than reference concept been considered. New approaches emerge where negative scores can change to positive scores.

Selection method of Pugh can be explained briefly in the figure shown below.

Figure: Pugh Concept Selection Method

The method is very effective for comparing concepts that are not refined enough for direct comparison with engineering requirement. Basic table should be follow is shown below.
Idea for Comparison (Step 2)
Criteria for comparison         (Step 1)
Generate Score (Step 3)
Total (Step 4)

Below is the example of table which characterized concepts for both customer requirement and engineering concept that need to be compared.

Engineering Characteristics
Maintenance and testability provision
Strengthens of Material
Ergonomic Factor
Force to turning handle
Tendency to break
Customer Requirement
Light weight

Crack Resistant

Scratch resistance

Ease of removing handle

Ease of installing new handle

Other benefits of Pugh Method are as follows :
1.      Discussions reveal arbitary criteria. Team members gain insight into the problem and clearly understand the criteria which become better defined.
2.      The discussion also leads to creative leaps between different concepts and idea synthesis, as flaws are attacked together and the team experiences synergy.
3.      The team develops consensus about the best solution.
4.      The resulting new concepts are better than the original ideas. No flaws are overlooked; engineering changes are eliminated and invulnerable products are developed that will succeed in the marketplace.
5.      The method results in cost savings:
·         Reduce cost in design process
·         Limit change later by better design
·         Invest effort early, benefits later

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A phase II study of heavy metal contamination in the area of Ptolemais-Kozani Basin in Greece

Greece is the fifth largest world producer of lignite and the second largest within the European Community. The Western Macedonia Lignite Center (WMLC) produces annually more than 50 million tons of lignite. The WMLC in Greeceis located in the basin of Ptolemais-Kozani region (400 Km2), formed between the mounts of Vermion (east) and Askio (west). It is the richest lignite-field of the country, containing the 65-70% of his total lignite deposits (Sahanidis et al. 2001). Today located in the same area, exist many lignite open-pit mines, and 6 power plants operated by the Public Power Corporation SA (PPC), using lignite as solid fuel and providing the country with about 70% of its total electricity consumption.

The exploitation of the lignite deposits of the region for the generation of electricity began in 1956 by a privet company and in 1974 the property passed to the PPC. Until today more than 150 Km2 have been expropriated for excavation of lignite. The environmental protection is a major task for all mining companies, and the WMLC apply a program of reclamation for agricultural and forest uses in the areas that are gradually released from mining. Many researchers have shown interest for this area (Kolovos et al, 2002; Georgakopoulos et al, 2002; Filipidis et al, 2002; Pendari et al, 2006).

The soil can be considered as a kind of geochemical sink for contamination. Maintenance however of the ecological and agricultural capacity of soil is necessary for its productivity, which is indispensable for the survival of mankind. The composition of soils is extremely diverse from a place to another and depends on many factors including its parent material (weathering and pedogenic processes of underlying rocks), climatic conditions and human activities (Alina Kabata-Pendias 2002). The metal content of the soil is the sum of metals originating from natural processes and human activities. Generally, it has being supported that the contribution of metals from natural sources is lower than that of the anthropogenic origin, as a consequence of the increasing industrial production throughout the world (Nriagu et al. 1998). However, it is often difficult to assign the source or the sources of trace elements to a particular location and sometimes too much emphasis is given to anthropogenic sources (Swaine, 2001). The metals enter the soil by different pathways, including aerial deposition, decomposition of the aboveground parts of plants, waste material and application of pesticides and fertilizers (Alina Kabata-Pendias 2002).

The lignite is composed not only of those elements generally considered to be organic (C, H, O and N), but also contains significant quantities of inorganic elements. Trace elements are inorganic elements whose concentration is less than 0.02% wt (200 ppm). The concentration and the distribution of trace elements in coal is not the same in all coal deposits, and is determined by geological parameters such as the natural and geochemical characteristics of rocks, the climate, the hydrological pattern and leaching processes near the coal bearing formation (Swaine DJ and Goodarzi F., 1995).

 Georgakopoulos, A., Kolovos, N., Filipidis, A., Kavouridis, C., 2002, The effects on the Mined Lignite Quality Characteristics by the Intercalated Thin Layers of Carbonates in Ptolemais Mines, Northern Greece, Energy sources, 24; 761-772.

Filipidis, A, Georgakopoulos, A., Kassoli, A, Iordanidis, A., Fernandez-Turiel, J., Gimeno, D., 2002, Environmentally important elements in Fly ashes and their leachates of the Power stations of Greece, Energy sources, 24; 83-91.

Kabata-Pendias,A, 2002, Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Third edition, CRC Press, 126, 225-230, 253-260, 289-291, 299-302, 314-320p.

Kolovos, N., Georgakopoulos, A., Fillipidis, A., Kavouridis, C. Environmental Effects of Lignite and Intermediate Steriles Coexcavation in the Southern Lignite Field Mine of Ptolemais, Northern Greece, Energy Sources, 2002, 24 (6), 561.

Niagu JO et al., Quantitative assessment of worldwide pollution of air water & soils by trace metals. Nature 333, 134-130, 1998.

Pentari, D., Typou, J., Goodatzi, F., Foskolos, A.E., 2006, Comparison of elements of environmental concern in regular and reclaimed soils, near abandoned coal mines Ptolemais-Amynteon, northern Greece: Impact on wheat crops, International Journal of Coal Geology, 65, 51-58.

Sachanidis, C. et al., 2001, Proceeding of the 9th International Congress, Athens.

Swaine, D.J., 2001, Why trace elements are important, Fuel Processing Technology, 65-66, 21-33.

Swaine, DJ, Goodarzi, F., 1995, Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal, Kluwer.

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Doing History From The Bottom Up On E P Thompson Howard Zinn And Rebuilding The Labor Movement From Below -

e p thompson wikipedia - early life e p thompson was born in oxford to methodist missionary parents his father edward john thompson 1886 1946 was a poet and admirer of the nobel prize winning poet tagore his older brother was william frank thompson 1919 1944 a british officer in world war ii who was captured and shot aiding the bulgarian anti fascist partisans, the vietnam war peace history united states foreign - this essay delves deeply into the origins of the vietnam war critiques u s justifications for intervention examines the brutal conduct of the war and discusses the antiwar movement with a separate section on protest songs, patriots question 9 11 responsible criticism of the 9 11 - martin sheen 12 time nominated and 3 time emmy award winning and golden globe winning actor star of numerous movies in his 46 year career he s best known for his roles in the movies apocalypse now and the execution of private slovak and the television series west wing father of actors emilio est vez ram n luis est vez charlie sheen and ren e est vez, russians ride fast by israel shamir the unz review - the area around the central moscow tube stations looks like aleppo after an air raid ruins destroyed buildings bulldozers gathering the shambles, investigate 911 urgent scientists discover nano - must see two minute clip from the hit documentary esoteric agenda which masterfully illustrates how the owners of our corporatocracy use their mediaopoly to cover up this criminal agenda 2 min the solution is a mass awakening of we the people who must unite and organize truth squads to literally sound thousands of liberty bells that our freedom is in grave danger


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Interleaving allows distributing the effect of a single cosmic ray potentially upsetting multiple physically neighboring bits across multiple words by associating neighboring bits to different words. An alternate approach for error control is hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), which is a combination of ARQ and error-correction coding. Many communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be introduced during transmission from the source to a receiver. Applications where the transmitter immediately forgets the information as soon as it is sent (such as most television cameras) cannot use ARQ; they must use FEC because when an error occurs,

Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes. This increase in the information rate in a transponder comes at the expense of an increase in the carrier power to meet the threshold requirement for existing antennas. He has written numerous books on data communication, system design, and networking, and he is the publisher of MIS Quarterly, a scholarly quarterly lodged in the Information Systems department at Indiana The Voyager 2 craft additionally supported an implementation of a Reed–Solomon code: the concatenated Reed–Solomon–Viterbi (RSV) code allowed for very powerful error correction, and enabled the spacecraft's extended journey to Uranus

Durch die Nutzung unserer Dienste erklären Sie sich damit einverstanden, dass wir Cookies setzen.Mehr erfahrenOKMein KontoSucheMapsYouTubePlayNewsGmailDriveKalenderGoogle+ÜbersetzerFotosMehrShoppingDocsBooksBloggerKontakteHangoutsNoch mehr von GoogleAnmeldenAusgeblendete - Over the past few years, many fundamental changes have occurred Good error control performance requires the scheme to be selected based on the characteristics of the communication channel. IIE Transactions on Quality and Reliability, 34(6), pp. 529-540. ^ K. But when the AC flows in the other direction,...Wird in 3 Büchern von 1960 bis 1989 erwähntSeite 47 - A mechanical chopper is simply a synchronized switch.

Filesystems such as ZFS or Btrfs, as well as some RAID implementations, support data scrubbing and resilvering, which allows bad blocks to be detected and (hopefully) recovered before they are used. See also[edit] Computer science portal Berger code Burst error-correcting code Forward error correction Link adaptation List of algorithms for error detection and correction List of error-correcting codes List of hash functions For example, to send the bit pattern "1011", the four-bit block can be repeated three times, thus producing "1011 1011 1011". Tests conducted using the latest chipsets demonstrate that the performance achieved by using Turbo Codes may be even lower than the 0.8 dB figure assumed in early designs.

The resulting output voltage is equal to half of the input voltage during half of the AC cycle, and is equal to half of the amount of the input voltage but Three types of ARQ protocols are Stop-and-wait ARQ, Go-Back-N ARQ, and Selective Repeat ARQ. The IPv4 header contains a checksum protecting the contents of the header. An increasing rate of soft errors might indicate that a DIMM module needs replacing, and such feedback information would not be easily available without the related reporting capabilities.

This comprehensive, hands-on, and practical guide to serial interface programming enables you to develop sophisticated interfaces and apply them in real-world applications.Each chapter addresses a language and how it can be It is a very simple scheme that can be used to detect single or any other odd number (i.e., three, five, etc.) of errors in the output. Forward error correction (FEC): The sender encodes the data using an error-correcting code (ECC) prior to transmission. The Windows Serial Port Programming Handbook illustrates the principles and methods of developing various serial port interfaces using multiple languages.

Contents 1 Definitions 2 History 3 Introduction 4 Implementation 5 Error detection schemes 5.1 Repetition codes 5.2 Parity bits 5.3 Checksums 5.4 Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) 5.5 Cryptographic hash functions 5.6 However, ARQ requires the availability of a back channel, results in possibly increased latency due to retransmissions, and requires the maintenance of buffers and timers for retransmissions, which in the case Alan R. [email protected] - rootear android, guia cómo el rootear, tutorial cómo a parpadear android, error, last, problém, resolve Related Posts Cómo hacer root al DEXP Ixion X LTE 4.5 (firmware) Real opiniones

OkNo, thanks ERROR The requested URL could not be retrieved The following error was encountered while trying to retrieve the URL: Connection to failed. Hybrid schemes[edit] Main article: Hybrid ARQ Hybrid ARQ is a combination of ARQ and forward error correction. Modern hard drives use CRC codes to detect and Reed–Solomon codes to correct minor errors in sector reads, and to recover data from sectors that have "gone bad" and store that Rap MusicThis is a comparison between Shakespeare's writings and Hip Hop/Rap MusicCopy of Shakespeare vs Hip HopMezuzah Prezzi More prezis by author Popular presentationsSee more popular or the latest prezis

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in business economics and master's degree in business economics from the Claremont Graduate School, an MBA from the University of Santa Clara, and a B.A. Thus, when the AC flows in one direction, its magnetizing force is aided by that of the DC, and the vibrating arm is attracted. History[edit] The modern development of error-correcting codes in 1947 is due to Richard W. Bibliografische InformationenTitelThe Windows Serial Port Programming HandbookAutorYing BaiAusgabeillustriertVerlagCRC Press, 2004ISBN0203341961, 9780203341964Länge824 Seiten  Zitat exportierenBiBTeXEndNoteRefManÜber Google Books - Datenschutzerklärung - AllgemeineNutzungsbedingungen - Hinweise für Verlage - Problem melden - Hilfe - Sitemap -

The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect errors resulting in all-zero messages. Generated Thu, 13 Oct 2016 15:50:59 GMT by s_ac4 (squid/3.5.20) ERROR The requested URL could not be retrieved The following error was encountered while trying to retrieve the URL: Connection Some file formats, particularly archive formats, include a checksum (most often CRC32) to detect corruption and truncation and can employ redundancy and/or parity files to recover portions of corrupted data. Stand out and be remembered with Prezi, the secret weapon of great presenters.

Checksums[edit] Main article: Checksum A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). Error detection techniques allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original data in many cases. Linux kernel documentation. Applications[edit] Applications that require low latency (such as telephone conversations) cannot use Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ); they must use forward error correction (FEC).

Error correction is the detection of errors and reconstruction of the original, error-free data. Costello, Jr. (1983). As long as a single event upset (SEU) does not exceed the error threshold (e.g., a single error) in any particular word between accesses, it can be corrected (e.g., by a Common channel models include memory-less models where errors occur randomly and with a certain probability, and dynamic models where errors occur primarily in bursts.

The explanation which follows refers to the illustration to the right above. Every block of data received is checked using the error detection code used, and if the check fails, retransmission of the data is requested – this may be done repeatedly, until This 'checksum' is used to detect and correct errors.Advantages• More accurate than parity checks• Detects error and asks for retransmission • Complex CRC’s error detection almost 100%Advantages• Can detect and correct A code with minimum Hamming distance, d, can detect up to d − 1 errors in a code word.

Applications that use ARQ must have a return channel; applications having no return channel cannot use ARQ. Without knowing the key, it is infeasible for the attacker to calculate the correct keyed hash value for a modified message. Repetition codes[edit] Main article: Repetition code A repetition code is a coding scheme that repeats the bits across a channel to achieve error-free communication.

You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. The arm thus vibrates at the frequency of the AC.


Mental Educational Brain Games
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  •         Intelligence games that contribute to the development of mental thinking skills. Easy (simple) fun (surprise egg), educational (educational), visual intelligen...

Mental Educational Brain Games

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Intelligence games that contribute [详情]

Intelligence games that contribute to the development of mental thinking skills. Easy (simple) fun (surprise egg), educational (educational), visual intelligence game. It can improve the ability to perform fast processing, compare results (cause result). Kids, adults, games that appeal to every age group are easy and difficult (pattern, memory difficult, jigsaw, puzzle 8) games. Mathematical games (such as number addition, number subtraction, number division, number multiplication, multiplication table, counting animals). Learning audio and visual animals. Handicrafts, hand muscles developing (painting, educational painting) games. Painting games contribute to the development of thinking skills. Draw new figures that are not in the picture. For example, they can add extra drawings such as garden, tree, animal (cat, dog, bird, fish) We recommend using tablet pens or phone pens in painting games. Mental educational intelligence game (mental intelligence developer), easy (simple), understandable, educational and fun (Surprise eggs, painting, educational painting, drawing, drawing), games for kids and adults. Games that contribute to their educational life. At school, on exams, games that help them become more successful in the tests. (Puzzles, educational lines, incomplete picture puzzles), logic games (educational painting), math games (memory, face finding, memory toy shadow matching), attention games (smiley faces, sudoku, minefield) addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, multiplication table, number counting, number writing) Minefield (minesweeper), Children's Sudoku (Sudoku for children) games for attention development. There are many games in which they can play without being bored. Games include memory, attention enhancer and visual intelligence games. There are educational intelligence games that reduce the distraction of children. It is written not only for children, but also to prevent them from progressing in diseases like MS, Dementia, Alzheimer. Especially students who are 3 years old, 4 years old, 5 years old, 6 years old, 7 years old, 8 years old, 9 years old, 10 years old, mother class, 1st class 2nd class, 3rd class, 4th class (kindergarten, kindergarten, Improved intelligence game. Many intelligences are a useful game in preparation for the talent and competency exams. These games will be more successful in the test of intelligence. It will contribute to your child's superior ability to move to a higher level. The mental game of intelligence is a scientific, educational and entertaining game. Free games. Voice and visual learning game. It's an intelligent, animated, educational, funny intelligence game. A lot of free games for kids. Games that teach amusing. The game that teaches the writing of numbers. Teaching games that develop personal skills. Games that enhance mental development. Games that bring your intelligence up. Many free intelligence exercises in one single vote. Free games for girls and boys. mind games intelligence games development games mental games

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4 小小三国2 策略 76883 下载
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sinecine ISSN: 1309-5838

Performative Gender and Masculinity: Küf, Yozgat Blues and Ben O Değilim

In the frame of Judith Butler’s performative gender theory, this article analyzes the male characters, represented by Ercan Kesal, in Küf (Ali Aydın, 2012), Yozgat Blues (Mahmut Fazıl Coşkun, 2013) and Ben O Değilim (Tayfun Pirselimoğlu, 2013) to show that masculinity is not innate and predetermined, but multiple, subject to change and resignification. The article focuses on how these male characters use performative gender with reference to iteration and new intelligibility by the end of each film, subsequent to the changes they have experienced. As a result of their success and/or failure, the characters are left with the possibility of resignification, showing that masculinity is not stable, but multiple and inclined to change.

Keywords: Performative gender, iteration, intelligibility, resignification, masculinity.


Gifts for everyone

Found 7 gift ideas
Clothing and shoes
$10 - $150
Cozy and warm night clothing is a good gift for close people. Different materials, designs and shapes can make home dressing like a catwalk.
Clothing and shoes
$10 - $895
Clothing and shoes
$69 - $350
For rainy days and nights, when you need to show your care.
Clothing and shoes
$8 - $43
Sweatshirts and hoodies are no longer exclusively for sports. Cozy and warm sweatshirts is a great alternative to the sweaters.
Clothing and shoes
$25 - $1250
A gentle, cozy and warm bathrobe will impress your recepient any way. A spare bathrobe is always a good idea.
Clothing and shoes
$20 - $120
Slippers is a top last-minute gift, are divided to winter and summer types.
Clothing and shoes
$20 - $46

When you are thinking about buying gifts for everyone it can be a difﬁcult task. Everyone in your life has different personalities with different tastes. They all want different things and it takes time to buy online or at different stores for everyone. This article will serve as a guideline in helping you make those all too important decisions while making your gift buying experience a little less stressful.

The first thing to do is to create a gift wish list for everyone. Make a ﬁnal determination of who you will be buying for. Are you just buying for the children in your family this year or are these special gifts for a special occasion? All of these can be written down on a gift wish list that you can use for buying the right gifts for everyone.

If your gift list is not too long, then determine what everyone likes. If they are family or good friends and you know them well, pick one gift that they would enjoy from you. Everyone buys the toasters and other things. Let your gift be different and stand out from the others. You want your gift to be functional and yet unique from everyone else's gifts. Use probing questions on those you are thinking about buying a gift for. Ask them to list three things that they would want. They don't even have to know that you are thinking about buying them a gift. Do it in a way that is not telling to them. Remember when buying gifts for everyone, it is essential to know that something special that each person would want.

If all else fails, then you can always resort to giving everyone money or gift certiﬁcates to their favorite stores. Make this the last resort because there is not much thought put into giving this type of gift. There is an old saying that it is the thought that counts. Let people know that you put thought into your gift buying this year. But again, if you run into a rough patch and cannot think of what to give them, most people will be pleased with money or gift certiﬁcates. Money and gift certiﬁcates can always be apart of your gifts for everyone.


Flying High in 2019

Breaking away from old patterns, negative people and difficult situations, 2019 brings a sense of adventure, new energy and promise to all those who seek a new beginning.

Adventure calls in many ways.  Be open to exploring both your inner self and the world around you. A new path emerges, as the old one fades away.

Fly into the unknown and brave the future.

Adventure is calling…

Chicken Therapy

Not Just for Your Dinner Plate!

I was familiar with Equine Therapy with horses but had not heard of Chicken Therapy until I met a woman who has eleven pet chickens.  The chickens are a variety of colors and breeds and all have their own individual pet names.  According to Heidi, the owner, she said that the chickens have distinct personalities and similar to people, have their own pecking order. Some chickens get bullied, while others are more dominant and take the lead role, others are curious, some are playful or adventurous, but all chickens are uniquely different.

Having experienced a stressful weekend, I asked if I could hold one of the chickens, and was handed a beautiful soft golden brown bird.  As I held the feathery clucking chicken in my arms, I felt an immediate sense of peace and calm, which lead to a conversation about how the chickens, like therapy horses, or other therapy animals, are helpful for a variety of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and dementia.  Chicken Therapy is not commonly known, but it exists, and research confirms that chickens make great therapy animals.

We love our pets because they make us feel better on rough days, they sit on our laps, lick our faces and cuddle with us when we feel sad.  They calm us down when we feel angry and give us unconditional love.  There is no question that animals are healing and therapeutic both emotionally and physically.

Next time you’re having a rough day, feeling, sad, anxious or frustrated, try some Chicken Therapy!

Therapeutic Landscapes

Did you know that different geographical locations or landscapes can be spiritually or physically healing? The mountains, forests, oceans, and deserts of the world offer you the opportunity to explore both your interior and exterior worlds.

The next time you travel, tune into the elements.  Each geographical location will have its own energy, its own ecosystem, and its own natural vibration.

These include:

Mountains represent strength and stability.  By connecting to mountain energy, we can generate inner strength to withstand emotional and physical problems or barriers.  Mountains remind us to feel centered and grounded.

Mountains can be chipped away at; holes or tunnels can be carved deeply into its core, but they always remain solid.  Mountains are reminders to be strong in body and mind.

Sometimes our problems may appear like mountains, huge obstacles that we can’t get around or over, but with each step, we eventually climb the summit, overcoming personal struggles or difficulties.  Mountains remind us that we can get through the rough terrain, the tough times, and reach our goals.

The Desert has been known to be an ancient and sacred place throughout history.  People have been known to go into the desert to find themselves, or to seek a connection with God, spirit or the universe.

The desert offers a stillness that we often struggle to find within.  In the desert, the landscape can seem quite harsh and barren, and where we find we have nowhere else to go, but within.

The desert is a place of emptiness and solitude.  It can represent our feelings of loneliness and isolation, but in the desert, if you listen, you will hear the whispers of the winds who continually blow, forever moving and changing the landscape. If you find yourself in a barren and desolate inner desert, go within, seek connection, and remember that the winds of change will guide you safely out again.

Forests are magical places that for centuries, people have written stories about mythical creatures that live deep within its foliage.  Forest symbolism represents our unconscious, and getting lost in the forest can represent our own inner search for direction and meaning.

Green plants and trees have been known to heal body, mind, and spirit while reducing daily stressors and tension.  Psychologically, green forests can offset angry and aggressive feelings.  Next time you feel irritable or upset, take a walk in the forest, chances are, by the end of your journey, your anger will subside.

The ocean has been a source of healing for centuries.  Saltwater replenishes our spirit, while salt air cleanses our lungs.  The sound of waves can induce a meditative state, helping to leave worries and cares behind, while the color blue instills a sense of peace and tranquility.

The ocean is symbolic of life in many cultures. Psychologically, water is symbolic of emotions, often fluid and flowing, changing with the tides, sometimes volatile and sometimes calm and serene.

One of my favorite places is the Gulf of Mexico.  A natural thinker by nature, I find that the expanse of the ocean clears my mind and brings about a sense of clarity and focus.

The next time you plan a trip, think about geographical locations, and let your body, mind, and spirit guide you…

Solo Traveling for Your Soul

me beach

Traveling Solo

Have you ever tried going solo?  It’s a great experience that everyone should do at some point in their lifetime.  Traveling solo allows you the chance to get to know yourself better in several different ways.  Sometimes traveling alone can be a challenge, but more often, it is a wonderful experience that can open up your life in ways that you could never imagine.  I often take trips alone, meeting new and interesting people, exploring beautiful natural places and most of all, traveling solo allows my soul the chance to grow.

Solo spiritual traveling…. your soul needs it.