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2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 5 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Cover
Welcome to the world's foremost open content<br>Organic Chemistry Textbook<br>on the web!
The Study of Organic Chemistry.
Organic chemistry is primarily devoted to the unique properties of the carbon atom and its compounds. These compounds play a critical role in biology and ecology... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 7 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry
The purpose of this section is to review topics from freshman chemistry and build the foundation for further studies in organic chemistry.
| Alkanes » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 10 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkenes
« Haloalkanes |Alkenes| Alkynes »
Alkenes are aliphatic hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds and general formula CnH2n.
=Naming Alkenes=
Alkenes are named as if they were alkanes, but the "-ane" suffix is changed to "-ene". If the alkene contains only one double bond and that do... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 12 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=12"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Chirality
Introduction.
Chirality (pronounced kie-RAL-it-tee) is the property of "handedness". If you attempt to superimpose your right hand on top of your left, the two do not match up in the sense that your right hand's thumb overlays your left hand's pinky finger. Your two hands cannot be superimp... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 13 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=13"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Dienes
In alkene chemistry, we demonstrated that allylic carbon could maintain a cation charge because the double bond could de-localize to support the charge. What of having two double bonds separated by a single bond? What of having a compound that alternates between double bond and single bond? In... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 21 | {
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"revid": "3345774",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=21"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry
Brief History.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a physician by trade, first coined the term "organic chemistry" in 1806 for the study of compounds derived from biological sources. Up through the early 19th century, naturalists and scientist... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 32 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=32"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Files to be harvested
This is a list of files that have been uploaded to serve as sources for text and images for the textbook project. Material from these can be used freely on this project.
Make sure you use other resources in a wise and legal way: | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 47 | {
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"revid": "3119624",
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure
Atomic Structure.
Atoms are made up of a nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons.
The nucleus.
The nucleu... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 53 | {
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"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=53"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Bonding
Ionic Bonding.
Ionic bonding is when positively and negatively charged ions stick to each other through electrostatic force. These bonds are " slightly weaker than covalent bonds" and stronger than Van der Waals bonding or hydrogen bonding.
In ionic ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 54 | {
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"revid": "4230132",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=54"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Resonance
Resonance.
Resonance refers to structures that are not easily represented by a single electron dot structure but that are intermediates between two or more drawn structures.
Resonance is easily misunderstood in part because of the way certain chemi... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 55 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=55"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases
Arrhenius Definition: Hydroxide and Hydronium Ions.
The first and earliest definition of acids and bases was proposed in the 1800s by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, who said that an acid was anything that dissolved in water to yield H+ i... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 56 | {
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"revid": "66908",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=56"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Electron dot structures
Electron Dot Structures.
Electron dot structures, also called "Lewis structures", give a representation of the valence electrons surrounding an atom.
Each valence electron is represented by one dot, thus, a lone atom of hydrogen would... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 57 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=57"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Overview of addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement reactions
The real heart of organic chemistry is the reactions. Everything that you study is geared to prepare you for organic syntheses and other chemical transformations performed in the lab. This chapter gi... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 58 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=58"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Polar and radical reactions
Homolytic vs heterolytic cleavage.
Two bonded atoms can come apart from each other in one of two ways. Either
In homolytic cleavage, each atom leaves with one-half of the shared electrons (one electron for a single bond, or two for double bonds).... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 64 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Introduction to functional groups
« Introduction to reactions | Introduction to functional groups | Overview of Functional Groups » | Alkenes » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 69 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Vital force theory
« Foundational concepts | Synthesis of urea »
Long ago, people observed the differences between compounds that were derived from living things and those that were not. There seemed to be an impassable gap betw... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 70 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=70"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Synthesis of urea
« Vital force theory | Organic vs inorganic chemistry » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 71 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Organic vs inorganic chemistry
« Synthesis of urea | Atomic structure » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 72 | {
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"revid": "27565",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=72"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Nucleus and electrons
« Atomic structure | Shells and orbitals »
Atoms are made up of a nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus. An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons. If it gains or loses ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 73 | {
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"revid": "3099964",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=73"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Shells and orbitals
« Nucleus and electrons | Filling electron shells »
Electron orbitals.
Electrons orbit atoms in clouds of distinct shapes and sizes. The electron clouds are layered one inside the other into units called shells (think ne... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 74 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=74"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Filling electron shells
« Shells and orbitals | Octet rule and exceptions »
When an atom or ion receives electrons into its orbitals, the orbitals and shells fill up in a particular manner.
There are three principles that govern this proces... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 82 | {
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"revid": "3384033",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=82"
} | wikipedia | Linear Algebra
This book discusses proof-based linear algebra. The book was designed specifically for students who had not previously been exposed to mathematics as mathematicians view it. That is, as a subject whose goal is to "rigorously" prove theorems starting from clear consistent definitions. This book attempts ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 119 | {
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"revid": "3181019",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=119"
} | wikipedia | Calculus/Introduction
What is calculus?
Calculus is the broad area of mathematics dealing with such topics as instantaneous rates of change, areas under curves, and sequences and series. Underlying all of these topics is the concept of a limit, which consists of analyzing the behavior of a function at points ever clos... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 122 | {
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"revid": "3396112",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=122"
} | wikipedia | Calculus/Functions
Functions are everywhere, from a simple correlation between distance and time to complex heat waves. This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of functions: the definition, basic concepts, and other defining aspects. It is very concept-heavy, and expect a lot of reading and understanding. However, th... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 123 | {
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"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=123"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Vectors
Math Tutorial -- Vectors.
Figure 1: Displacement vectors in a plane.
Vector formula_1 represents the displacement of George from Mary, while vector formula_2 represents the displacement of Paul from George. Vector formula_3 represents the displacement of Paul from Mary and formula_4. The quantities form... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 150 | {
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"revid": "1176064",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=150"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Reflection and Refraction
Reflection and Refraction.
Most of what we need to know about geometrical optics can be summarized in two rules, the laws of reflection and refraction. These rules may both be inferred by considering what happens when a plane wave segment impinges on a flat surface. If the surface is po... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 174 | {
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"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=174"
} | wikipedia | Special Relativity/Spacetime
The modern approach to relativity.
Although the special theory of relativity was first proposed by Einstein in 1905, the modern approach to the theory depends upon the concept of a four-dimensional universe, that was first proposed by Hermann Minkowski in 1908.
Minkowski's contribution app... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 188 | {
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"revid": "655051",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=188"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Transverse, Longitudinal and Torsional waves
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves.
With the exception of light, waves are undulations in some material medium. For instance, waves on a slinky are either "transverse", in that the motion of the material of the slinky is perpendicular to the orientation of the slinky, ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 189 | {
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"revid": "688817",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=189"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Sine Waves
Sine Waves.
A particularly simple kind of wave, the sine wave, is illustrated in figure 1.2. This has the mathematical form:
where
Figure 1.2: Definition sketch for a sine wave, showing the wavelength λ and the amplitude formula_2 and the phase φ at various points.
So far we have only considered a sin... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 190 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=190"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Types of Waves
Types of Waves.
In order to make the above material more concrete, we now examine the characteristics of various types of waves which may be observed in the real world.
Ocean Surface Waves.
<br>
Figure 1.3: Wave on an ocean of depth formula_1. The wave is moving to the right and the partic... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 191 | {
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"revid": "2134232",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=191"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Sound Waves
""'
Sound Waves.
Sound is a longitudinal compression-expansion wave through matter. The wave speed is
where formula_2 and formula_3 are constants and formula_4 is the "absolute temperature". The absolute temperature is measured in Kelvins and is numerically given by
where formula_6 is the temperature... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 192 | {
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"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=192"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Light
Light.
Light moves in a vacuum at a speed of formula_1. In transparent materials it moves at a speed less than formula_2 by a factor formula_3 which is called the "refractive index" of the material:
Often the refractive index takes the form
where formula_6 is the wavenumber and formula_7 and formula_8 are ... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Waves/Superposition
Superposition Principle.
It is found empirically that as long as the amplitudes of waves in most media are small, two waves in the same physical location don't interact with each other. Thus, for example, two waves moving in the opposite direction simply pass through each other without their shapes... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 194 | {
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"revid": "3295899",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=194"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Beats
Beats.
Suppose two sound waves of slightly different frequencies impinge on your ear at the same time. The displacement perceived by your ear is the superposition of these two waves, with time dependence
formula_1 (2.19)
where we now have formula_2 and formula_3. What you actually hear is a tone with angul... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 195 | {
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"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=195"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Interferometers
Interferometers.
An interferometer is a device which splits a beam of light into two sub-beams, shifts the phase of one sub-beam with respect to the other, and then superimposes the sub-beams so that they interfere constructively or destructively, depending on the magnitude of the phase shift bet... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 196 | {
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"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=196"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Thin Films
Thin Films.
<br>
Figure 1.14: Plane light wave normally incident on a transparent thin film of thickness formula_1 and index of refraction formula_2. Partial reflection occurs at the front surface of the film, resulting in beam A, and at the rear surface, resulting in beam B. Much of the wave p... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 197 | {
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"revid": "3127385",
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} | wikipedia | Waves/Derivatives
Math Tutorial -- Derivatives.
<br>
Figure 1.15: Estimation of the derivative, which is the slope of the tangent line. When point B approaches point A, the slope of the line AB approaches the slope of the tangent to the curve at point A.
This section provides a quick introduction to the idea o... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 198 | {
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} | wikipedia | Waves/Group Velocity
Group Velocity.
We now ask the following question: How fast do wave packets move? Surprisingly, we often find that wave packets move at a speed very different from the phase speed, formula_1, of the wave composing the wave packet.
We shall find that the speed of motion of wave packets, referred to... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 200 | {
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} | wikipedia | Waves/1D Examples
Examples.
We now illustrate some examples of phase speed and group velocity by showing the displacement resulting from the superposition of two sine waves, as given by equation (1.38), in the formula_1-formula_2 plane. This is an example of a spacetime diagram, of which we will see many examples late... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 201 | {
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=201"
} | wikipedia | Waves/1D Problems
Problems.
<br>
Figure 1.19: Sketch of a police radar.
<br>
Figure 1.20: Sketch of a Fabry-Perot interferometer.
<br>
Figure 1.21: Sketch of a weird dispersion relation. | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 202 | {
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} | wikipedia | Waves
The wave is a physical phenomenon that is found in a variety of contexts, a perturbation in the medium. You undoubtedly know about ocean waves and have probably played with a stretched slinky toy, producing undulations which move rapidly along the slinky. Other examples of waves are sound, vibrations in solids, ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 208 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Methane
=Methane=
« Foundational concepts | Ethane »
Methane, CH4 is the simplest organic molecule. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and is a carbon atom with four hydrogen atoms bonded to it in a tetrahedral shape.
This is a flattened, two-dimensional representation of methan... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 209 | {
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"revid": "2568538",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=209"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Ethane
=Ethane=
« Methane | Propane thru decane »
Ethane (/ˈɛθeɪn/ or /ˈiːθeɪn/) is a chemical compound, or hydrocarbon with a chemical formula of C2H6. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. Ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas, and a... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 212 | {
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} | wikipedia | Optics
All help is welcome.
Optics.
"about this book"
Contents.
X-ray optics
/Authors/
External Resources.
__NOEDITSECTION__ | v0 |
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"revid": "3029678",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=214"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Textbook planning
Note: See also Wikiversity page for discussion of Wikiversity / WikiU.
The following areas were recently suggested in the mailing list as important to resolve in regards to the textbook project.
When applicable, list your username to vote for (a) particular opinion(s).
Write arguments for y... | v0 |
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:46",
"revid": "75960",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=215"
} | wikipedia | Computer Programming/Tools
Wikify.
Wikify is a program written by Josh Ferguson specifically designed to turn a standard text file into a html/wiki format. It is being used to do the color syntax highlighting for the C++ code in the C++ section of this textbook.
Author's Statement:
Wikify can not yet wikify itself, du... | v0 |
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"length": 512,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:47",
"revid": "847443",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=217"
} | wikipedia | BASIC Programming
Derivative BASIC.
BASIC was developed in 1963 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire as a teaching language. The acronym BASIC stands for Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in ... | v0 |
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:48",
"revid": "74163",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=218"
} | wikipedia | Pascal Programming
Pascal is an influential computer programming language named after the mathematician .
It was invented by in 1968 as a research project into the nascent field of compiler theory.
The backronym PASCAL standing for "primary algorithmic scientific commercial application language" highlights its suitabi... | v0 |
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:49",
"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=220"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Octet rule and exceptions
« Filling electron shells | Molecular orbitals »
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell.
The main exception to the rule is hydrogen, which is at lowes... | v0 |
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"revid": "1406991",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=221"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases/Proton donors and acceptors
« Acids and bases | Electron donors and acceptors »
The first and earliest definition of acids and bases was proposed in the 1800s by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, who said that an acid was anything that diss... | v0 |
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"revid": "99248",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=222"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Molecular orbitals
In organic chemistry we look at the hybridization of electron orbitals in to something called molecular orbitals.
The s and p orbitals in a carbon atom combine into four hybridized orbitals that repel each other in a shap... | v0 |
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=224"
} | wikipedia | D Programming
The goal for this book is to create a complete, free, open-content, well-organized online book for the D programming language.
D is a programming language being designed as a successor to C++. Until this page gets better written and more informative, the D home can be found here.
Introduction.
This book ... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Propane thru decane
« Ethane | Stereoisomers »
Many more linear alkanes can be formed by adding one additional carbon to the end of a chain of carbons. Ethane is the shortest chain with two carbons but DNA is known to have carbon chains containing millions of linked carbons.
Alkanes are named... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes
Alkanes are the simplest organic molecules, consisting solely of singly-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkanes are used as the basis for naming the majority of organic compounds (their nomenclature). Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2. Although their reactivities are often rather uni... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases/Electron donors and acceptors
Proton donors and acceptors » | Electrophiles and nucleophiles »
The Lewis definition of acids and bases describes an acid as an electron acceptor and a base as an electron donator.
« Foundational concepts | « Ac... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases/Electrophiles and nucleophiles
« Electron donors and acceptors | pKa and acidity »
Electrophiles are "electron-lovers". (The suffix -phile means "lover of", as "bibliophile" means "lover of books"). Electrophiles seek electrons.
Nucleophiles,... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases/PKa and acidity
« Electrophiles and nucleophiles | Alkanes »
To measure acid strength of a compound, scientist typically use a quantity called pKa. It is defined as
formula_1
where Ka is the acid dissociation constant. Stronger acids have sma... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers
Stereoisomer of 2-bromo-3-hexanol
</noinclude>
= Stereoisomers =
Stereoisomers are a type of isomer where the order of the atoms in the two molecules is the same but their arrangement in space is different.
To understand this we need to take a look at the ways that organic... | v0 |
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=234"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Places to buy organic chemistry models
The links below will search on the named sites for the terms "organic chemistry model kit": | v0 |
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"revid": "3345774",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=237"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or more rings. (Alkanes without rings are referred to as aliphatic.)
→ + H2
Under certain reaction conditions, propane can be transformed into cyclopropane. (H2 comes off as a sideproduct.)
Cyclopropane (unstable, lots of ring strain... | v0 |
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"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=240"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Chirality/Enantiomers
Enantiomers.
Main article: Chirality
In chemistry, two stereoisomers are said to be enantiomers if they are mirror images of each other. Much as a left and right hand are different but one is the mirror image of the other, enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsup... | v0 |
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"revid": "3561251",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=258"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Textbook considerations
The page is intended as a guideline for contributors and editors.
As of July, 2003 it is very much a proposal, for editing and update.
Textbook Defined.
A textbook is an organized body of material useful for the formal study of a subject area. A good textbook is distinguished by:
Text... | v0 |
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"revid": "169232",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=267"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Textbook development process
"This is still very much of a proposed set of Guidelines. As Wikitext gains some experience and material, they will become better organized, more explicit, and clearer. You can help with that process by editing this page."
The development and maintenance of a useful textbook can ... | v0 |
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"revid": "3256233",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=271"
} | wikipedia | Investing
Investing involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money.
Before proceeding, make sure that you understand the concepts of Personal Finance. Topics
covered here are:
Many excellent resources available on the web: | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Periodic table
Some of the good news about organic chemistry is that it focuses on a subset of the periodic table, so there are fewer elements to worry about. These are the main elements with which we must concern ourselves, although occasionally a few others will be used in reactions. | v0 |
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=287"
} | wikipedia | Calculus/Limits/An Introduction to Limits
Limits, the first step into calculus, explain the complex nature of the subject. It is used to define the process of derivation and integration. It is also used in other circumstances to intuitively demonstrate the process of "approaching".
Introduction.
Intuitive Look into Li... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Copyrights
Note: This page must remain for legal reasons.
All text is irrevocably licensed to the public under one or several liberal licenses, and is copyrighted by contributors to Wikibooks unless otherwise noted (for example; public domain text or other text where permission was given or obtained). Most o... | v0 |
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"revid": "169232",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=292"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License
__NOEDITSECTION__
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE.
... | v0 |
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} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission
This page is intended as boilerplate text for requesting permission to re-use somebody else's content in Wikibooks. Usually, to do this, they must re-license it under the CC-BY-SA license. For more, read .
<AUTHOR | WEBMASTER>,
I really liked your <CONTENT>! I f... | v0 |
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"revid": "169232",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=301"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Talk page
What is a talk page?
A talk page is a special page containing discussion about the contents of its associated "subject" page. To view the talk page of a (or any other page in Wikibooks), click on the "Discuss this page" link in the sidebar or at the bottom of the screen. When you are in the talk pa... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 304 | {
"length": 107,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:71",
"revid": "75960",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=304"
} | wikipedia | Artificial Intelligence
Welcome to the Wikibook about Artificial Intelligence.
Book Contents.
The following is a first proposal for a basic layout. This is not yet complete, ideas are welcome. Discuss on the talk page or just add them here.
The book is laid out into 5 sections, with increasing detail and complexity. ... | v0 |
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"revid": "141944",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=345"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Editing guideline
Perfection not required; or, the joy of editing.
It is a wonderful thing when someone adds a complete, well-written, final draft to Wikibooks. This should always be encouraged.
However, one of the great advantages of the wiki system is that incomplete, poorly-written first drafts of textboo... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 353 | {
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"revid": "3410236",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=353"
} | wikipedia | Spanish/Lesson 1
Introduction.
This is the very first lesson in learning a second language, the Spanish language!
This lesson begins with simple greetings, and covers important ideas of the Spanish language. Throughout education, methods of teaching Spanish have changed greatly. Years ago, the Spanish language was tau... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 371 | {
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"revid": "1025921",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=371"
} | wikipedia | Spanish/Lesson 2
Díalogo 1: El salón de clase.
"La profesora entra en el salón."
"Profesora": Buenos días alumnos. Hoy estudiamos los objetos en el salón de clase. ¿Cuántos libros hay?
"Carlos": Hay catorce estudiantes. Hay catorce libros.
"Profesora": Bien Carlos. Marianela, ¿Hay un mapa en el salón?
"Marianela": Sí,... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 372 | {
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"revid": "23545",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=372"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Contact us
Most general discussion takes place on-wiki in the reading rooms. See for an overview of these.
If your question or comment is about a particular page, then use the "" link that is displayed when you are viewing that page (it is by default in one of the tabs near the top-left of the page).
If you... | v0 |
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"revid": "2084549",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=378"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Etiquette
Wikibookians have different backgrounds and hold widely different views. When interacting with respect, users can cooperate effectively to develop free educational textbooks. In the vast majority of cases, people seem to get along, but occasionally people bump up against one another.
Like any commu... | v0 |
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"revid": "99248",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=383"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Deletion policy
Wikibookians are expected to follow this policy when performing deletion-related activities (including undeletion requests).
Only can delete and restore pages. Deletion removes access, and undeletion restores access to a page's content and revision history. Keeping track of deletions can be h... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 385 | {
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"revid": "3332924",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=385"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Requests for deletion
= Undeletion =
Creator's request: misguided effort I do not intend to continue. -- ( • ) 23:39, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
Minesweeper.
This book was deleted way back in 2010 back when strategy guides for video games were not allowed. I have stumbled upon the archived discussion , and I think... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 392 | {
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"revid": "3332924",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=392"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Protected page
Wikibooks have the ability to "protect" pages such that editing of those pages is restricted. This ability is only to be used in limited circumstances, as described in this policy.
Appropriate use.
This ability is used semi-permanently in some cases:
This ability is also intended to be used te... | v0 |
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"revid": "2882103",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=403"
} | wikipedia | Algebra/Arithmetic/Numerical Axioms
Numerical Axioms.
It is possible to define a regular set of numbers in a formal fashion. The set of "Peano axioms" define the series of numbers known as the natural numbers. They are as follows:
Let us attempt to motivate these axioms. We want these axioms to eliminate any set which... | v0 |
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"revid": "3098672",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=405"
} | wikipedia | Discrete Mathematics/Introduction
The subject of mathematics is commited to rigorous reasoning. This book aims to raise your confidence in the manipulation and interpretation of formal notations, as well as to train you to solve problems that are fundamentally discrete: problems like chess, in which the moves you make... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 413 | {
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"revid": "3392840",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=413"
} | wikipedia | Lojban
"This is currently a pre-draft textbook. Therefore some information is inaccurate."
Coi! This book will help you learn Lojban.
Old Table Of Contents.
Appendices | v0 |
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=415"
} | wikipedia | Lojban/Sounds and alphabet
Lojban has a 24-letter alphabet (23 of which come from the Roman alphabet):<br>
<br>
' a b c d e f g i j k l m n o p r s t u v x y z<br>
<br>
And two special symbols:<br>
<br>
, .<br>
<br>
This includes most of the traditional English alphabet ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 417 | {
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"revid": "3033010",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=417"
} | wikipedia | Lojban/Cmene
In Lojban names are called "cmene" (pronouced shmen-eh, IPA /ʃme.ne/), and are transliterated to use only Lojban sounds. In Lojban all words end in a vowel, and so to avoid any possible confusion all cmene end in a consonant; if a transliterated name would end in a vowel, it is usual to add an s to the en... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 423 | {
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"revid": "1025921",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=423"
} | wikipedia | Spanish/Lesson 4
Stem Changing Verbs.
In Spanish, some verbs change their stems when they are conjugated. These verbs are known as "stem-changing verbs". Many of these verbs are important and often used. There are three different types of stem changing verbs in Spanish:
The stem changes for all conjugations, excepting... | v0 |
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"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=424"
} | wikipedia | Spanish/Lesson 3
Text.
Here are a couple of sentences and short dialogs about people planning/doing leisure activities. Besides the new vocabulary you should also have a look at how the verbs are conjugated depending on the subject of the sentence.
As you may see, each verb is bolded. These verbs are "conjugated", tha... | v0 |
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"revid": "75960",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=427"
} | wikipedia | Lojban/Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH) is a hypothesis in linguistics, stating that there are notable differences in thought patterns of speakers of different languages, and that the way people's brains function is strongly affected by their native languages. It's a very controversial theory, c... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 428 | {
"length": 1703,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:88",
"revid": "134830",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=428"
} | wikipedia | Lojban/Introduction to Lojban
Loglan.
In 1955, sociologist from Philippines Dr. James Cooke Brown began work on Loglan, a constructed language designed for linguistic research, particularly investigation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a theory stating that linguistic structures affect people's thoughts. The object was... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 430 | {
"length": 348,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:89",
"revid": "1770740",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=430"
} | wikipedia | Lojban/Attitudinals
Attitudinals are markers of attitude or emotion, modifying the word (brivla, cmavo, cmene, sumti, or tanru) directly before it. For example, the simple « "mlatu" » for "cat" can become « "mlatu .ui" » for "cat (happiness!/:D)". At the beginning of a sentence (after the place of .i) they modify the ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 431 | {
"length": 1340,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:90",
"revid": "2133188",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=431"
} | wikipedia | Lojban/Vocatives
Since {ki'e} means approximately "Thank you," it might seem appropriate to respond by saying {fi'i}, seemingly corresponding to the English "You're welcome." However, {fi'i} means "welcome" in the sense of an invitation/acceptance only. In order to respond, {je'e} should be used.
"ju'i" can be used as... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 438 | {
"length": 3153,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:91",
"revid": "3982591",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=438"
} | wikipedia | Discrete Mathematics/Set theory
Introduction.
Set Theory starts very simply: it examines whether an object "belongs", or does "not belong", to a "set" of objects which has been described in some non-ambiguous way. From this simple beginning, an increasingly complex (and useful!) series of ideas can be developed, which... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 441 | {
"length": 311,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:92",
"revid": "75960",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=441"
} | wikipedia | Biochemistry/Introduction
Intro: What Is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of, and relating to, biological organisms. It forms a bridge between biology and chemistry by studying how complex chemical reactions and chemical structures give rise to life and life's processes. Biochemistry is sometim... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 442 | {
"length": 2359,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:93",
"revid": "3226541",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=442"
} | wikipedia | Biochemistry/Catalysis
Catalysis refers to the acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction by a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself unchanged by the overall reaction. Catalysis is crucial for any known form of life, as it makes chemical reactions happen much faster than they would "by themselves", sometim... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 449 | {
"length": 100,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:94",
"revid": "3394753",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=449"
} | wikipedia | HyperText Markup Language
This is a guide to HTML, a standard for web pages. A text editor and a web browser is all you need to create web pages, view your handiwork, and share information with others all over the world.
This book covers simple HTML syntax. For dynamic behavior in websites, see the JavaScript wikibook... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 460 | {
"length": 42,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:95",
"revid": "77154",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=460"
} | wikipedia | World History/California Content Standard
http://www.cde.ca.gov/re/pn/fd/documents/hist-social-sci-frame.pdf
http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/hstgrades9through12.asp | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 461 | {
"length": 242,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:96",
"revid": "3394331",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=461"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Welcome
Wikibooks is a for collaboratively writing open-content that anyone, including "you", can edit right now by clicking on the "edit" link that appears near the top of each Wikibooks page. Wikibooks has two subprojects; ' which is aimed at children and the ' which is our collection of recipes and culina... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 464 | {
"length": 1002,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:97",
"revid": "3078616",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=464"
} | wikipedia | Spanish/How to study Spanish
To study Spanish or any non-native language you should determine your goals. Many people study a language in school to fulfill a requirement. Others do it generally as a "broadening" experience. Still others do it so that they can speak with others in their own language.
Number one tip: s... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 470 | {
"length": 441,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:98",
"revid": "1749874",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=470"
} | wikipedia | Spanish/Lesson 5
Grammar - Questions.
Unlike English, yes/no questions in Spanish are not usually formed by switching
the position of subject and verb (if the subject is explicit). To recognize a sentence as affirmative or as a question one must pay attention to the intonation pattern. Unlike English, Spanish uses a r... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 473 | {
"length": 1791,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:99",
"revid": "847443",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=473"
} | wikipedia | General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Chordates
The phylum Chordata includes three subphyla. These include vertebrates and invertebrate chordates.
Shared characteristics.
Non-synapomorphic characteristics (not limited to chordates):
Subphylum Urochordata.
The tunicates are located in this ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 474 | {
"length": 64,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:100",
"revid": "1009988",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=474"
} | wikipedia | General Biology/Tissues
General Biology
=Vertebrate tissues =
Definition of tissue: an aggregation of cells, usually of the same kind, organized to perform a common function. A group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit (Raven/Johnson). Primary categories of adult tissues (non-dogmatic cate... | v0 |
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