Instruction,Input,Output Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Start a new process in the background,& Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Create an alias •,alias Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search Help manual pages (man -k),apropos Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu),apt Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu),apt-get Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu),aptitude Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Spell Checker,aspell Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Schedule a command to run once at a particular time,at Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index",awk Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Strip directory and suffix from filenames,basename Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output,base32 Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output,base64 Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,GNU Bourne-Again SHell,bash Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Arbitrary precision calculator language,bc Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Send to background,bg Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Set or display readline key and function bindings •,bind Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Exit from a loop •,break Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run a shell builtin,builtin Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Compress or decompress named file(s),bzip2 Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display a calendar,cal Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Return the context of any active subroutine call •,caller Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Conditionally perform a command,case Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Concatenate and print (display) the content of files,cat Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Change Directory,cd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Partition table manipulator for Linux,cfdisk Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Change file attributes on a Linux file system,chattr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Change group ownership,chgrp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Change access permissions,chmod Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Change file owner and group,chown Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Update passwords in batch mode,chpasswd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run a command with a different root directory,chroot Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,System services (runlevel),chkconfig Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print CRC checksum and byte counts,cksum Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Compare two files,cmp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Compare two sorted files line by line,comm Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run a command - ignoring shell functions •,command Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Resume the next iteration of a loop •,continue Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Copy one or more files to another location,cp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Copy files to and from archives,cpio Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Daemon to execute scheduled commands,cron Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Schedule a command to run at a later time,crontab Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Split a file into context-determined pieces,csplit Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Transfer data from or to a server,curl Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Divide a file into several parts,cut Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display or change the date & time,date Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Desk Calculator,dc Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Data Duplicator - convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records",dd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Data recovery tool,ddrescue Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Declare variables and give them attributes •,declare Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display free disk space,df Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display the differences between two files,diff Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Show differences among three files,diff3 Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,DNS lookup,dig Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Briefly list directory contents,dir Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Colour setup for 'ls',dircolors Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Convert a full pathname to just a path,dirname Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display list of remembered directories,dirs Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Windows/MAC to UNIX text file format converter,dos2unix Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print kernel & driver messages,dmesg Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Package manager (Debian/Ubuntu).,dpkg Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Estimate file space usage,du Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display message on screen •,echo Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression,egrep Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Eject removable media,eject Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Enable and disable builtin shell commands •,enable Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Environment variables,env Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Evaluate several commands/arguments,eval Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Execute a command,exec Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Exit the shell,exit Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Convert tabs to spaces,expand Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Set an environment variable,export Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Evaluate expressions,expr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Do nothing, unsuccessfully",false Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Low-level format a floppy disk,fdformat Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Partition table manipulator for Linux,fdisk Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Send job to foreground,fg Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string,fgrep Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Determine file type,file Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search for files that meet a desired criteria,find Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Reformat paragraph text,fmt Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Wrap text to fit a specified width,fold Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Expand words, and execute commands",for Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,File system consistency check and repair,fsck Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,File Transfer Protocol,ftp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Define Function Macros,function Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file,fuser Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Find and Replace text within file(s),gawk Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Parse positional parameters,getopts Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Get file access control lists,getfacl Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern,grep Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Add a user security group,groupadd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Delete a group,groupdel Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Modify a group,groupmod Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print group names a user is in,groups Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Compress or decompress named file(s),gzip Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remember the full pathname of a name argument,hash Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Output the first part of file(s),head Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Command History,history Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print or set system name,hostname Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Interactive process viewer,htop Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Convert the character set of a file,iconv Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print user and group id's,id Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Conditionally perform a command,if Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Configure a network interface,ifconfig Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Stop a network interface,ifdown Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Start a network interface up,ifup Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Capture an X server screen and save the image to file,import Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Copy files and set attributes,install Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Report CPU and i/o statistics,iostat Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Routing, devices and tunnels",ip Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List active jobs •,jobs Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Join lines on a common field,join Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Kill a process by specifying its PID,kill Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Kill processes by name,killall Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List cached Kerberos tickets,klist Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display output one screen at a time,less Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Perform arithmetic on shell variables •,let Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Create a link to a file,link Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Create a symbolic link to a file,ln Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Create a function variable •,local Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Find files,locate Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print current login name,logname Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Exit a login shell •,logout Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display lines beginning with a given string,look Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Line printer control program,lpc Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print files,lpr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remove jobs from the print queue,lprm Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List file attributes on a Linux second extended file system,lsattr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List block devices,lsblk Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List information about file(s),ls Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List open files,lsof Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List all PCI devices,lspci Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Help manual,man Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Read lines from standard input into an indexed array variable •,mapfile Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Create new folder(s),mkdir Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Make FIFOs (named pipes),mkfifo Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Make a file,mkfile Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Make block or character special files,mknod Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Make a temporary file,mktemp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display output one screen at a time,more Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Browse or page through a text file,most Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Mount a file system,mount Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Manipulate MS-DOS files,mtools Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping),mtr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Move or rename files or directories,mv Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Mass Move and rename (files),mmv Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Netcat, read and write data across networks",nc Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Networking connections/stats,netstat Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,nftables for packet filtering and classification,nft Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Set the priority of a command or job,nice Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Number lines and write files,nl Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run a command immune to hangups,nohup Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Send desktop notifications,notify-send Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Query Internet name servers interactively,nslookup Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Open a file in its default application,open Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Operator access,op Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Modify a user password,passwd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Merge lines of files,paste Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Performance analysis tools for Linux,Perf Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Test a network connection,ping Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List processes by name,pgrep Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Kill processes by name,pkill Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Restore the previous value of the current directory,popd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Prepare files for printing,pr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print environment variables,printenv Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Format and print data •,printf Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Process status,ps Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Save and then change the current directory,pushd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Monitor the progress of data through a pipe,pv Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print Working Directory,pwd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display disk usage and limits,quota Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Scan a file system for disk usage,quotacheck Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,ram disk device,ram Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Archive files with compression,rar Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Copy files between two machines,rcp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Read a line from standard input •,read Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Read from stdin into an array variable •,readarray Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Mark variables/functions as readonly,readonly Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Rename files,rename Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Exit a shell function,return Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Reverse lines of a file,rev Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remove files,rm Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remove folder(s),rmdir Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees),rsync Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh",screen Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Secure copy (remote file copy),scp Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Merge two files interactively,sdiff Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Stream Editor,sed Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Accept user choices via keyboard input,select Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print numeric sequences,seq Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Manipulate shell variables and functions,set Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Set file access control lists.,setfacl Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Compute and check SHA256 (256-bit) checksums,sha256sum Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Shift positional parameters,shift Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Shell Options,shopt Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Generate random permutations,shuf Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Shutdown or restart linux,shutdown Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Delay for a specified time,sleep Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Find files,slocate Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Sort text files,sort Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run commands from a file '.'  •,source Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Split a file into fixed-size pieces,split Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Socket Statistics,ss Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Secure Shell client (remote login program),ssh Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Display file or file system status,stat Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Trace system calls and signals,strace Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Substitute user identity,su Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Execute a command as another user,sudo Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print a checksum for a file,sum Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Suspend execution of this shell •,suspend Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Synchronize data on disk with memory,sync Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Set tabs on a terminal,tabs Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Output the last part of a file,tail Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Store, list or extract files in an archive",tar Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Redirect output to multiple files,tee Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Evaluate a conditional expression,test Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Measure Program running time,time Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run a command with a time limit,timeout Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,User and system times,times Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Terminal multiplexer,tmux Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Change file timestamps,touch Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List processes running on the system,top Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Set terminal-dependent capabilities, color, position",tput Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Trace Route to Host,traceroute Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Execute a command when the shell receives a signal •,trap Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters",tr Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Do nothing, successfully",true Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Topological sort,tsort Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print filename of terminal on stdin,tty Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Describe a command •,type Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Limit user resources •,ulimit Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Users file creation mask,umask Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remove an alias •,unalias Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print system information,uname Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Convert spaces to tabs,unexpand Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Uniquify files,uniq Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Convert units from one scale to another,units Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,UNIX to Windows or MAC text file format converter,unix2dos Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Extract files from a rar archive,unrar Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Remove variable or function names,unset Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Unpack shell archive scripts,unshar Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Execute commands (until error),until Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Create new user account,useradd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Delete a user account,userdel Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Modify user account,usermod Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,List users currently logged in,users Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Encode a binary file,uuencode Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Decode a file created by uuencode,uudecode Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Text Editor,vi Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Report virtual memory statistics,vmstat Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Show who is logged on and what they are doing,w Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Wait for a process to complete •,wait Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Execute/display a program periodically,watch Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Print byte, word, and line counts",wc Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program",whereis Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Search the user's $path for a program file,which Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Execute commands,while Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print all usernames currently logged in,who Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print the current user id and name ('id -un'),whoami Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Send a message to another user,write Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,"Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)",xargs Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.,xdg-open Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Make a hexdump or do the reverse,xxd Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files,xz Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Print a string until interrupted,yes Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Package and compress (archive) files,zip Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run a command script in the current shell,. Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Run the last command again,!! Respond with the appropriate Linux command for the user's question.,Comment / Remark,###