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Discuss the Principle of "Federal Supremacy" and the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" in the context of the political system. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach : Write points related to Federal Supremacy and the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" briefly in the introduction. Discuss points in the context of the Principle of "Federal Supremacy". Discuss points in the context of the doctrine of "Pith and Substance". Conclusion. Answer : Introduction : The Constitution-makers of India were imbued with the supreme idea of evolving an ideal federal Constitution suitable for Indian conditions with all safeguards to surmount practical difficulties in the light of experience gained from the constitutional history of other countries. The principle of federal supremacy is the principle wherein the Centre will have predominance over states in legislative matters (any conflict between them central law will prevail). While the Doctrine of Pith and Substance signifies that if the substance of legislation falls within the legitimate power of a legislature, the legislation does not become invalid merely because it incidentally affects a matter outside its authorised sphere. The Principle of "Federal Supremacy : Under article 246, the parliament enjoys supremacy in all matters of legislation. It implies that though both the parliament and the state legislatures are supreme in their respective fields, in case of a conflict or overlap between the laws made by the two and if the enactments of the two are irreconcilable then this clause will come into force. Under this, the powers of the parliament or its legislation would prevail over the powers of the state legislature as enumerated in List III and List II. The doctrine of "Pith and Substance" : The doctrine of "Pith and Substance" is a part of the doctrine of harmonious construction. The Doctrine of Pith and Substance signifies that if the substance of legislation falls within the legitimate power of a Legislature, the legislation does not become invalid merely because it incidentally affects a matter outside its authorised sphere. When there is a conflict between two entries in the legislative list and a subject in one list of schedule 7 also touches on the subject of another list and it looks like one legislature on encroaching on the legislative list of another the doctrine of pith and substance is evoked for the purpose of determining the true nature & character and legislation in question. The court would examine the objective and the effect of the law and if the Pith and the substance of the legislation fall within one list the encroachment upon another list is considered incidental and the legislation would not be considered invalid. Two cases related to this: State of Bombay v/s F. N. Balsara. Kartar Singh v/s the state of Punjab. This doctrine is firmly supported by Article 246 of the Constitution and the Seventh Schedule. Conclusion : Although there have been multiple contentions revolving around the distribution of legislative powers of the Union & states, through both the Principle of "Federal Supremacy" as well as doctrine of "Pith and Substance", the balance of distribution of powers is maintained as the same has been examined by the court through its various judgements.
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##Question:Discuss the Principle of "Federal Supremacy" and the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" in the context of the political system. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Write points related to Federal Supremacy and the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" briefly in the introduction. Discuss points in the context of the Principle of "Federal Supremacy". Discuss points in the context of the doctrine of "Pith and Substance". Conclusion. Answer : Introduction : The Constitution-makers of India were imbued with the supreme idea of evolving an ideal federal Constitution suitable for Indian conditions with all safeguards to surmount practical difficulties in the light of experience gained from the constitutional history of other countries. The principle of federal supremacy is the principle wherein the Centre will have predominance over states in legislative matters (any conflict between them central law will prevail). While the Doctrine of Pith and Substance signifies that if the substance of legislation falls within the legitimate power of a legislature, the legislation does not become invalid merely because it incidentally affects a matter outside its authorised sphere. The Principle of "Federal Supremacy : Under article 246, the parliament enjoys supremacy in all matters of legislation. It implies that though both the parliament and the state legislatures are supreme in their respective fields, in case of a conflict or overlap between the laws made by the two and if the enactments of the two are irreconcilable then this clause will come into force. Under this, the powers of the parliament or its legislation would prevail over the powers of the state legislature as enumerated in List III and List II. The doctrine of "Pith and Substance" : The doctrine of "Pith and Substance" is a part of the doctrine of harmonious construction. The Doctrine of Pith and Substance signifies that if the substance of legislation falls within the legitimate power of a Legislature, the legislation does not become invalid merely because it incidentally affects a matter outside its authorised sphere. When there is a conflict between two entries in the legislative list and a subject in one list of schedule 7 also touches on the subject of another list and it looks like one legislature on encroaching on the legislative list of another the doctrine of pith and substance is evoked for the purpose of determining the true nature & character and legislation in question. The court would examine the objective and the effect of the law and if the Pith and the substance of the legislation fall within one list the encroachment upon another list is considered incidental and the legislation would not be considered invalid. Two cases related to this: State of Bombay v/s F. N. Balsara. Kartar Singh v/s the state of Punjab. This doctrine is firmly supported by Article 246 of the Constitution and the Seventh Schedule. Conclusion : Although there have been multiple contentions revolving around the distribution of legislative powers of the Union & states, through both the Principle of "Federal Supremacy" as well as doctrine of "Pith and Substance", the balance of distribution of powers is maintained as the same has been examined by the court through its various judgements.
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Discuss issues and problems related to groundwater pollution in India. Write various steps taken by the government to address it. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Define groundwater pollution and write a few facts related to show its levels in India. Body- Write various sources of groundwater pollution. Write various harmful impacts of groundwater pollution. Weite various steps taken by the Government to handle it. Conclusion- Suggest some measures to reduce groundwater pollution further. Answer: Groundwater pollution is the presence of certain pollutants in groundwater that are more than the limits prescribed for drinking water. A recent study conducted by Duke University, USA, and the Central Groundwater Board of India has found widespread uranium and other heavy metals contamination in groundwater from aquifers in 16 Indian states. Various contaminants found in the groundwater of India are: Arsenic: West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Assam, and Uttar Pradesh. The permissible limit according to the Indian standards for drinking water is 1.5ppm/l Fluoride: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, etc. The permissible limit according to Indian standards is 50ppb/l Uranium:16 states in north western, southern, and south-eastern India. WHO and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for uranium level for safe drinking water: 30 micrograms of uranium/liter. However, in India Uranium is not included in the list of contaminants monitored in drinking water specifications provided by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Nitrate: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, etc. The permissible level is 45 ppm/l. Various sources of groundwater pollution are: a.Beacuse of low capital cost groundwater is the most preferred water source in India. Because of overexploitation and unscientific extraction the level of contamination is increasing in groundwater. b. Natural: Groundwater naturally contains impurities due to the nature of geological formations. Natural arsenic pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates anaerobic conditions in the aquifer, thus releasing arsenic. The occurrence of fluoride is close related to the abundance and solubility of fluoride-containing minerals such as fluorite. In India, uranium concentration is also related primarily to natural causes. c. Agricultural runoff is high in nitrate and phosphate content. d. Industrial waste- Industrial effluents and municipal waste seeps through the soil and pollute the groundwater. Toxic industrial waste releases traces of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury. e. Overexploitation- Indiscriminate extraction of groundwater for irrigation purposes has led to inland salinity problems in parts of Punjab, and Haryana. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater from coastal aquifers has led to induced pollution in the form of seawater intrusion. For example: In Kachchh, Gujarat Impacts: These pollutants are harmful to humans: Fluoride(It causes teeth deformities, and skeletal fluorosis), Arsenic(it causes lung and skin cancer and Balck Foot disease), Nitrates(Blue baby syndrome), and Uranium(chronic kidney disease). Contamination of groundwater leads to a reduction in soil quality and affects productivity. High salinity has resulted in a decrease in agricultural productivity. For example in Punjab and Haryana Groundwater pollution can cause certain types of nutrients that are necessary for small amounts to become far too abundant to sustain normal life in a given ecosystem. Steps taken by the government are: 1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974- to provide for prevention, control, and abatement of water pollution and the maintenance or restoration of water resources. 2. Setting up of Arsenic Removal Units (ARUs). These were reported as one of the finest performing devices and capable to remove arsenic from a very high level of contamination. 3. The central ground water authority(CGWA) which is a regulatory body constituted under Environment Protection Act, 1986, is responsible for preserving and ensuring the quality of groundwater. Recently, GCWA came up with guidelines to regulate the extraction of groundwater, which includes: a. New and existing industries, housing societies, mining projects, and bulk water suppliers, are required to get a no-objection certificate(NOC) for withdrawal of groundwater. b. In over-exploited areas, only MSMEs are allowed to extract groundwater. c. Five categories have been exempted from getting NOC including individual domestic consumers, rural drinking water supply schemes, arm forces establishments, agricultural activities, and Micro and small industries that withdraw less than 10 meters cube per day. d. The residential societies have to install sewage treatment plants for getting NOC. e. For industries, there will be an annual water audit. f. Special focus is given to the protection of wetland areas. For non-compliance, the penalties can increase up to Rs. 10 Lacs. 4. National Project on Aquifer Management: To achieve equitable, safe, and sustainable management of India’s groundwater resources through improved systems of resource mapping, utilization, and governance. Mapping of aquifers can help determine the quantity as well as the quality of groundwater. A multipronged approach that is backed by scientific evidence and empirical policies and programs involving multi states and multi-agencies cooperation and coordination along with community awareness and participation at all levels is a must to control the serious issue of groundwater pollution in India. It is imperative to achieve Sustainable development goals related to improving health, reducing poverty & inequalities, and environmental sustainability.
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##Question:Discuss issues and problems related to groundwater pollution in India. Write various steps taken by the government to address it. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Define groundwater pollution and write a few facts related to show its levels in India. Body- Write various sources of groundwater pollution. Write various harmful impacts of groundwater pollution. Weite various steps taken by the Government to handle it. Conclusion- Suggest some measures to reduce groundwater pollution further. Answer: Groundwater pollution is the presence of certain pollutants in groundwater that are more than the limits prescribed for drinking water. A recent study conducted by Duke University, USA, and the Central Groundwater Board of India has found widespread uranium and other heavy metals contamination in groundwater from aquifers in 16 Indian states. Various contaminants found in the groundwater of India are: Arsenic: West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Assam, and Uttar Pradesh. The permissible limit according to the Indian standards for drinking water is 1.5ppm/l Fluoride: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, etc. The permissible limit according to Indian standards is 50ppb/l Uranium:16 states in north western, southern, and south-eastern India. WHO and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for uranium level for safe drinking water: 30 micrograms of uranium/liter. However, in India Uranium is not included in the list of contaminants monitored in drinking water specifications provided by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Nitrate: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, etc. The permissible level is 45 ppm/l. Various sources of groundwater pollution are: a.Beacuse of low capital cost groundwater is the most preferred water source in India. Because of overexploitation and unscientific extraction the level of contamination is increasing in groundwater. b. Natural: Groundwater naturally contains impurities due to the nature of geological formations. Natural arsenic pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates anaerobic conditions in the aquifer, thus releasing arsenic. The occurrence of fluoride is close related to the abundance and solubility of fluoride-containing minerals such as fluorite. In India, uranium concentration is also related primarily to natural causes. c. Agricultural runoff is high in nitrate and phosphate content. d. Industrial waste- Industrial effluents and municipal waste seeps through the soil and pollute the groundwater. Toxic industrial waste releases traces of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury. e. Overexploitation- Indiscriminate extraction of groundwater for irrigation purposes has led to inland salinity problems in parts of Punjab, and Haryana. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater from coastal aquifers has led to induced pollution in the form of seawater intrusion. For example: In Kachchh, Gujarat Impacts: These pollutants are harmful to humans: Fluoride(It causes teeth deformities, and skeletal fluorosis), Arsenic(it causes lung and skin cancer and Balck Foot disease), Nitrates(Blue baby syndrome), and Uranium(chronic kidney disease). Contamination of groundwater leads to a reduction in soil quality and affects productivity. High salinity has resulted in a decrease in agricultural productivity. For example in Punjab and Haryana Groundwater pollution can cause certain types of nutrients that are necessary for small amounts to become far too abundant to sustain normal life in a given ecosystem. Steps taken by the government are: 1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974- to provide for prevention, control, and abatement of water pollution and the maintenance or restoration of water resources. 2. Setting up of Arsenic Removal Units (ARUs). These were reported as one of the finest performing devices and capable to remove arsenic from a very high level of contamination. 3. The central ground water authority(CGWA) which is a regulatory body constituted under Environment Protection Act, 1986, is responsible for preserving and ensuring the quality of groundwater. Recently, GCWA came up with guidelines to regulate the extraction of groundwater, which includes: a. New and existing industries, housing societies, mining projects, and bulk water suppliers, are required to get a no-objection certificate(NOC) for withdrawal of groundwater. b. In over-exploited areas, only MSMEs are allowed to extract groundwater. c. Five categories have been exempted from getting NOC including individual domestic consumers, rural drinking water supply schemes, arm forces establishments, agricultural activities, and Micro and small industries that withdraw less than 10 meters cube per day. d. The residential societies have to install sewage treatment plants for getting NOC. e. For industries, there will be an annual water audit. f. Special focus is given to the protection of wetland areas. For non-compliance, the penalties can increase up to Rs. 10 Lacs. 4. National Project on Aquifer Management: To achieve equitable, safe, and sustainable management of India’s groundwater resources through improved systems of resource mapping, utilization, and governance. Mapping of aquifers can help determine the quantity as well as the quality of groundwater. A multipronged approach that is backed by scientific evidence and empirical policies and programs involving multi states and multi-agencies cooperation and coordination along with community awareness and participation at all levels is a must to control the serious issue of groundwater pollution in India. It is imperative to achieve Sustainable development goals related to improving health, reducing poverty & inequalities, and environmental sustainability.
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While discussing the factors responsible for the formation of tropical cyclones, explain the reason behind the absence of front formation in the case of a tropical cyclone as compared to temperate cyclones. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH - In the introduction brief definition of Tropical Cyclones - Mention factors responsible for their formation - We can briefly mention what is a front and then we can explain why fronts are seen only in temperate cyclones and not in tropical cyclones. -As this is a 10 marker, we can avoid detailed mention of the air mass. ANSWER Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving the closed circulation of air around low pressure. They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ) and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere). At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Factors responsible for their formation -Large sea surface with a temperature higher than 27° C, -Presence of the Coriolis force is enough to create a cyclonic vortex, -Small variations in the vertical wind speed, -A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation, -Upper divergence above the sea level system Fronts: Fronts are the typical features of mid-latitude weather (temperate region – 30° – 65° N and S). They are uncommon (unusual) in tropical and polar regions. They are three-dimensional boundary zone formed between two converging air masses with different physical properties. An air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform temperature and humidity. Tropical cyclones have no fronts attached to them because the temperatures around the storm are fairly uniform. This is in contrast with the extratropical cyclones that are formed in the regions where warm and cold air masses meet, and hence they see one or more fronts. The student must draw a diagram of a Tropical Cyclone. A basic diagram for an extra-tropical cyclone is desirable but not mandatory.
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##Question:While discussing the factors responsible for the formation of tropical cyclones, explain the reason behind the absence of front formation in the case of a tropical cyclone as compared to temperate cyclones. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH - In the introduction brief definition of Tropical Cyclones - Mention factors responsible for their formation - We can briefly mention what is a front and then we can explain why fronts are seen only in temperate cyclones and not in tropical cyclones. -As this is a 10 marker, we can avoid detailed mention of the air mass. ANSWER Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving the closed circulation of air around low pressure. They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ) and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere). At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Factors responsible for their formation -Large sea surface with a temperature higher than 27° C, -Presence of the Coriolis force is enough to create a cyclonic vortex, -Small variations in the vertical wind speed, -A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation, -Upper divergence above the sea level system Fronts: Fronts are the typical features of mid-latitude weather (temperate region – 30° – 65° N and S). They are uncommon (unusual) in tropical and polar regions. They are three-dimensional boundary zone formed between two converging air masses with different physical properties. An air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform temperature and humidity. Tropical cyclones have no fronts attached to them because the temperatures around the storm are fairly uniform. This is in contrast with the extratropical cyclones that are formed in the regions where warm and cold air masses meet, and hence they see one or more fronts. The student must draw a diagram of a Tropical Cyclone. A basic diagram for an extra-tropical cyclone is desirable but not mandatory.
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The government target of a $5 trillion economy is possible through investment-led growth. Critically analyze the feasibility of the Investment led growth model. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief investment-led growth and its mode to achieve the target of a $5 trillion Indian economy. In body critically analyse the feasibility of the Investment led growth model. Conclude accordingly with a way forward Answer : India wants to move from consumption to Investment led growth in order to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. This will make India the third-largest economy in the world. Investment-led growth is a model which, through investments, creates infrastructure, more employment, exports, and higher demand, while simultaneously, increasing production capacity. Investment-led growth requires the following: Infusion of capital in the economy. It has to be done both by the government and the private sector. They have to invest in the economy. The government should facilitate more so that private investors can crowd in and contribute to the economy. Development of large industrial hubs, e.g. Beijing, Shanghai, etc. in the case of China. India also needs to invest in robust Industrial hubs and parks for manufacturing for India and the world Creation of infrastructure, SEZs, for economies of scale. Reforms are required in the Indian SEZs so that export-led growth can be taken care of through the SEZs. Production of capital goods which can further produce consumption goods etc. Capital goods can lay a solid foundation for the Huge demographic dividend - India"s population is young and has to be used judiciously by providing the right education, health and skill set to be utilised properly in the economy. To attract more foreign investment in the form of FDI, FPI, etc. In the recent past, India has been seen by investors as one of the brightest spots to invest in the Indian economy. Aim of emerging as an industrialised country in the wake of Industrialisation 4.0 eg Artificial Intelligence, etc. Challenges for India with respect to Investment led growth : Challenges for India with respect to consumption - pent-up demand, credit expansion, etc Challenge with respect to export - protectionism, trade wars, de-globalisation, etc Challenge with respect to Investment and Government ie the fiscal deficit is high Other challenges include inflation, the informal economy, financial inclusion, etc Lack of research and development; technology The insufficient skill set of the young population, etc Thus, from the above, we can conclude that India is also learning from the Chinese growth story and wants to follow an investment-led growth model. It needs to remove the bottlenecks and focus on the core aspects of the economy to achieve the target of a $5 trillion economy.
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##Question:The government target of a $5 trillion economy is possible through investment-led growth. Critically analyze the feasibility of the Investment led growth model. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief investment-led growth and its mode to achieve the target of a $5 trillion Indian economy. In body critically analyse the feasibility of the Investment led growth model. Conclude accordingly with a way forward Answer : India wants to move from consumption to Investment led growth in order to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. This will make India the third-largest economy in the world. Investment-led growth is a model which, through investments, creates infrastructure, more employment, exports, and higher demand, while simultaneously, increasing production capacity. Investment-led growth requires the following: Infusion of capital in the economy. It has to be done both by the government and the private sector. They have to invest in the economy. The government should facilitate more so that private investors can crowd in and contribute to the economy. Development of large industrial hubs, e.g. Beijing, Shanghai, etc. in the case of China. India also needs to invest in robust Industrial hubs and parks for manufacturing for India and the world Creation of infrastructure, SEZs, for economies of scale. Reforms are required in the Indian SEZs so that export-led growth can be taken care of through the SEZs. Production of capital goods which can further produce consumption goods etc. Capital goods can lay a solid foundation for the Huge demographic dividend - India"s population is young and has to be used judiciously by providing the right education, health and skill set to be utilised properly in the economy. To attract more foreign investment in the form of FDI, FPI, etc. In the recent past, India has been seen by investors as one of the brightest spots to invest in the Indian economy. Aim of emerging as an industrialised country in the wake of Industrialisation 4.0 eg Artificial Intelligence, etc. Challenges for India with respect to Investment led growth : Challenges for India with respect to consumption - pent-up demand, credit expansion, etc Challenge with respect to export - protectionism, trade wars, de-globalisation, etc Challenge with respect to Investment and Government ie the fiscal deficit is high Other challenges include inflation, the informal economy, financial inclusion, etc Lack of research and development; technology The insufficient skill set of the young population, etc Thus, from the above, we can conclude that India is also learning from the Chinese growth story and wants to follow an investment-led growth model. It needs to remove the bottlenecks and focus on the core aspects of the economy to achieve the target of a $5 trillion economy.
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In the light of Aurangzeb’s expansionist and religious policies, discuss the decline of the Mughal Empire. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach to the Answer - Introduce with the downward shift of power due to the decline of the Mughals Mention Aurangzeb"s expansionist policies Mention Aurganzeb"s religious policies Conclude by giving a balanced brief remark about other factors also which were responsible for the decline Answer - The decline of the Mughals represented the downward shift of power in India. Power was transferred to successor states, rebel states, and autonomous states. Mughal Empire reached its peak but seeds of decline were also sowed during the rule of Aurangzeb. The decline of the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzeb"s expansionist policies – 50-year warfare by him for capturing Deccan. The autonomous Muslim kingdoms of Golconda (1689) and Bijapur (1685) were annexed, however, failed against the Marathas who began winning in the 1700s and continued attacks post-1707. And in the first half of the 18th century, Marathas reversed all territorial gains except Hyderabad made by Aurangzeb. Continous warfare hurt the economy due to high war expenditures. The wars also hurt trade, especially land-based trade. Wars led to high costs for Mansabdars. Therefore, Mansabdars began military corruption as they stopped maintaining the Army they were required to maintain. The decline of the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzeb"s religious policies – The religious policies divided the masses into the lines of religion leading to no or low support from one major section of the society. He applied Jizya - attacks on Non-Muslims. In 1675, executed ninth Guru Teg Bahadur. In 1689, he executed Sambhaji (Son of Shivaji) after torture for weeks. He destroyed some Hindu temples. No major repairs to Hindu temples and in some cases decreased lands allocated to temples. Aurangzeb is not the only person responsible for the decline of the Mughal empire but rather the failure of the Mughals to reform their political and economic structure of administration coupled with the worsening of succession disputes from 1707 onwards eventually led to the decline of the Mughal empire during the early 18th Century.
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##Question:In the light of Aurangzeb’s expansionist and religious policies, discuss the decline of the Mughal Empire. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach to the Answer - Introduce with the downward shift of power due to the decline of the Mughals Mention Aurangzeb"s expansionist policies Mention Aurganzeb"s religious policies Conclude by giving a balanced brief remark about other factors also which were responsible for the decline Answer - The decline of the Mughals represented the downward shift of power in India. Power was transferred to successor states, rebel states, and autonomous states. Mughal Empire reached its peak but seeds of decline were also sowed during the rule of Aurangzeb. The decline of the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzeb"s expansionist policies – 50-year warfare by him for capturing Deccan. The autonomous Muslim kingdoms of Golconda (1689) and Bijapur (1685) were annexed, however, failed against the Marathas who began winning in the 1700s and continued attacks post-1707. And in the first half of the 18th century, Marathas reversed all territorial gains except Hyderabad made by Aurangzeb. Continous warfare hurt the economy due to high war expenditures. The wars also hurt trade, especially land-based trade. Wars led to high costs for Mansabdars. Therefore, Mansabdars began military corruption as they stopped maintaining the Army they were required to maintain. The decline of the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzeb"s religious policies – The religious policies divided the masses into the lines of religion leading to no or low support from one major section of the society. He applied Jizya - attacks on Non-Muslims. In 1675, executed ninth Guru Teg Bahadur. In 1689, he executed Sambhaji (Son of Shivaji) after torture for weeks. He destroyed some Hindu temples. No major repairs to Hindu temples and in some cases decreased lands allocated to temples. Aurangzeb is not the only person responsible for the decline of the Mughal empire but rather the failure of the Mughals to reform their political and economic structure of administration coupled with the worsening of succession disputes from 1707 onwards eventually led to the decline of the Mughal empire during the early 18th Century.
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Foreign investment is a critical factor for growth, but over-dependence on foreign investment can become even more critical. Discuss (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief, Foreign investment and its link with reforms In the body mention why economic reforms are critical for growth Give the challenges for foreign investment and Conclude accordingly Answer : Post the 1991 reforms, India opened up several of its sectors to foreign investment and integrated itself more deeply with the international economy. The foreign investment flowing into India is generally classified as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which are long-term, and “Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) which are basically portfolio investment and is generally short-term and volatile. Foreign investment is a critical factor in growth: Foreign investment can help in jobs leading to increasing consumption and driving growth It will bring in modern technology which will increase efficiency, therefore, boosting exports and growth More competition with Indian industries will increase the efficiency Increase in per capita income and the revenue of the govt due to more tax collection Forex reserve will increase and the Exchange rate or Rupee value stability will increase Challenges of Foreign Investment : Competition from MNCs in the domestic market Foreign companies are having more economies of scale Flight of capital and vulnerability Regional inequality (more focussed on the western and southern part) and sector inequality ie services sector was focused on more More inequality in the country as it focuses mainly on the tertiary sector Indian economy will become more vulnerable to external shocks Thus from the above, it is clear that foreign investment is important and essential for the Indian economy to grow. However, we need to cater to its challenges and address them to achieve sustainable economic growth for the country.
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##Question:Foreign investment is a critical factor for growth, but over-dependence on foreign investment can become even more critical. Discuss (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief, Foreign investment and its link with reforms In the body mention why economic reforms are critical for growth Give the challenges for foreign investment and Conclude accordingly Answer : Post the 1991 reforms, India opened up several of its sectors to foreign investment and integrated itself more deeply with the international economy. The foreign investment flowing into India is generally classified as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which are long-term, and “Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) which are basically portfolio investment and is generally short-term and volatile. Foreign investment is a critical factor in growth: Foreign investment can help in jobs leading to increasing consumption and driving growth It will bring in modern technology which will increase efficiency, therefore, boosting exports and growth More competition with Indian industries will increase the efficiency Increase in per capita income and the revenue of the govt due to more tax collection Forex reserve will increase and the Exchange rate or Rupee value stability will increase Challenges of Foreign Investment : Competition from MNCs in the domestic market Foreign companies are having more economies of scale Flight of capital and vulnerability Regional inequality (more focussed on the western and southern part) and sector inequality ie services sector was focused on more More inequality in the country as it focuses mainly on the tertiary sector Indian economy will become more vulnerable to external shocks Thus from the above, it is clear that foreign investment is important and essential for the Indian economy to grow. However, we need to cater to its challenges and address them to achieve sustainable economic growth for the country.
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What do you understand by Contract Farming? Discuss the benefits and issues associated with contracting farming in India. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of contract farming. Bring the benefits of Contract Farming. Further, elaborate on the issue associated with Contract farming and limitation in its implementation. Conclude accordingly. Answer Contract farming is defined as agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and farmers, which establishes conditions for the production and marketing of a farm product or products. The farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific agricultural product. These should meet the quality standards of the purchaser and be supplied at the time determined by the purchaser. The buyer commits to purchase the product and, in some cases, to support production through, for example, the supply of farm inputs, land preparation, and the provision of technical advice. Benefits of the Contract Farming The availability of contract farming provides a price assurance to the farmers and protects them from the uncertainty of the market. There is a possibility of the firms providing the farmers with input materials as a part of the contract, thereby reducing their input cost and also improving the quality of the produce. It ensures a consistent supply of agricultural produce with the desired quality at the right time and lesser cost for the private players. It provides an opportunity to access new markets which would otherwise not be available to small farmers. Issues and limitations associated with Contract Farming Contract farming works only for niche commodities where the competing domestic market does not exist. It creates a placement effect where business tends to be selective towards their operational areas choosing an area with better infrastructure, availability of skilled farmers, etc. Contracting firms may choose to operate in clusters, agreeing on prices beforehand and committing to not outprice each other. They can also divide the area among themselves thereby limiting the competition. As seen from the global experiences business ends up consolidating so that the farmers enjoying the situation of multiple players initially end up facing a single buyer. The buyer gives a good price to the farmers initially but will squeeze the profit of the farmer over time. This phenomenon is known as agro-business normalization. Given the small size of farm holdings in India, it is extremely challenging and expensive for the private players to directly engaged with a large number of small farmers. An introduction of an intermediary to negotiate the contract will add to the cost and thereby lead to less price realization by the farmer. Conclusion Agricultural marketing is regulated by the States’ Agricultural Produce Marketing Regulation (APMR) Acts. In order to regulate and develop the practice of contract farming, the Government has been actively advocating to the States/ Union Territories (UTs) to reform their Agri marketing laws to provide a system of registration of contract farming sponsors, recording of their agreements, and proper dispute settlement mechanism for the orderly promotion of contract farming in the country. NABARD has also developed a special refinance package for contract farming arrangements (within and outside AEZs) aimed at promoting increased production of commercial crops and the creation of marketing avenues for the farmers. Thus in such conditions, it has become imperative that government should act as a third party, or mediator, between the parties and not be a mouthpiece for the company sponsor. Besides that, the government should have appropriate legislation to ensure that farmers’ rights can be enforced.
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##Question:What do you understand by Contract Farming? Discuss the benefits and issues associated with contracting farming in India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of contract farming. Bring the benefits of Contract Farming. Further, elaborate on the issue associated with Contract farming and limitation in its implementation. Conclude accordingly. Answer Contract farming is defined as agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and farmers, which establishes conditions for the production and marketing of a farm product or products. The farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific agricultural product. These should meet the quality standards of the purchaser and be supplied at the time determined by the purchaser. The buyer commits to purchase the product and, in some cases, to support production through, for example, the supply of farm inputs, land preparation, and the provision of technical advice. Benefits of the Contract Farming The availability of contract farming provides a price assurance to the farmers and protects them from the uncertainty of the market. There is a possibility of the firms providing the farmers with input materials as a part of the contract, thereby reducing their input cost and also improving the quality of the produce. It ensures a consistent supply of agricultural produce with the desired quality at the right time and lesser cost for the private players. It provides an opportunity to access new markets which would otherwise not be available to small farmers. Issues and limitations associated with Contract Farming Contract farming works only for niche commodities where the competing domestic market does not exist. It creates a placement effect where business tends to be selective towards their operational areas choosing an area with better infrastructure, availability of skilled farmers, etc. Contracting firms may choose to operate in clusters, agreeing on prices beforehand and committing to not outprice each other. They can also divide the area among themselves thereby limiting the competition. As seen from the global experiences business ends up consolidating so that the farmers enjoying the situation of multiple players initially end up facing a single buyer. The buyer gives a good price to the farmers initially but will squeeze the profit of the farmer over time. This phenomenon is known as agro-business normalization. Given the small size of farm holdings in India, it is extremely challenging and expensive for the private players to directly engaged with a large number of small farmers. An introduction of an intermediary to negotiate the contract will add to the cost and thereby lead to less price realization by the farmer. Conclusion Agricultural marketing is regulated by the States’ Agricultural Produce Marketing Regulation (APMR) Acts. In order to regulate and develop the practice of contract farming, the Government has been actively advocating to the States/ Union Territories (UTs) to reform their Agri marketing laws to provide a system of registration of contract farming sponsors, recording of their agreements, and proper dispute settlement mechanism for the orderly promotion of contract farming in the country. NABARD has also developed a special refinance package for contract farming arrangements (within and outside AEZs) aimed at promoting increased production of commercial crops and the creation of marketing avenues for the farmers. Thus in such conditions, it has become imperative that government should act as a third party, or mediator, between the parties and not be a mouthpiece for the company sponsor. Besides that, the government should have appropriate legislation to ensure that farmers’ rights can be enforced.
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Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: We can start by defining attitude. We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We must cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We must then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example- The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practicing compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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##Question:Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: We can start by defining attitude. We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We must cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We must then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example- The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practicing compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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Public expenditure management is a challenge to the government of India in the context of the budget during the post-liberation period. Clarify it. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief Public expenditure management (PEM) In body mention the various challenges faced by the government with regard to PEM Conclude briefly with the various steps taken by the government Answer: Public expenditure management (PEM)is an instrument of state policy and a mechanism for good governance. The broad objective of PEM is the achievement of overall fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, operational efficiency and macro-economic stability. Various challenges faced by the government with regard to PEM: Global Shocks: Global slowdown, Federal rates (for eg. reversal of quantitative easing), Trade wars, Oil prices etc. impact the budget estimates which in turn impacts the subsidies allocation and tax revenue collection. Narrow tax net: More reliance on indirect tax makes the taxation policy more regressive. It also constrains the government to increase its social spending, which is low in India as compared to other major global economies. Less capital expenditure: Budget’s capital expenditure is essential to ensure inter-generational equity and competitiveness of the economy. It has remained around 10%-12% of government expenditure. Populist tendencies: This leads to unproductive spending of scarce government resources. For eg. giving tax sops, farm loan waivers in the pre-election period. Fiscal deficit: Keeping the deficit within the desired limit is essential for maintaining fiscal prudence. Managing public debt: It is essential to ensure that the burden of the current generation’s needs doesn’t fall on the next generation. Trade deficit: It should be reduced in order to have healthier global trade and improve market competitiveness. Containing inflation: It is one of the most important objectives of monetary policy which is also impacted by the revenue and expenditure policies of the government. Estimates of revenue and expenditure: In order to have effective PEM, comprehensive and realistic estimates of revenue and expenditure are essential. Currently, there is uncertainty in providing correct budget estimates. Ensuring equitable development across regions: One of the pressing challenges faced by the government with regard to public expenditure management is to ensure equitable development across the regions. Inadequate capacity and efficiency of public institutions: Substantive portion of budget allocation towards various schemes remains unutilized and underutilized due to poor implementation and structural bottlenecks. It leads to poor efficiency and cost overruns. For e.g. stalled road projects. Government measures for effective PEM: FRBM (Amendment) Act: Government has targeted to reduce the fiscal deficit gradually and stabilize it by 2023 to 2.5%. Removing Plan/Non-plan distinction: Removing plan/non-plan distinction and instead adopting the revenue-capital classification of public expenditure will help in the allocation of more resources for the creation of capital assets which in turn will help in improving the efficiency of the economy. Monetary policy framework: Inflation targeting by the Monetary Policy Committee has helped in price stability, which is key to effective PEM. Deepening of Fiscal Federalism: More tax revenue has been devolved to states from the divisible tax pool. It would help in the better allocation of scarce resources based on the needs of states. Monitoring system framework: It has been developed at the central level to enable outcome budgeting. Also, it enables the timely assessment of resource utilization. E.g. Public Financial Management System (PFMS). With the 1991 reforms, the Indian economy was linked with the global economy. Effective PEM becomes more essential in this globalised era to meet various objectives of state policy. Various fiscal targets should be followed prudently and monitoring of resource utilization should be made robust.
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##Question:Public expenditure management is a challenge to the government of India in the context of the budget during the post-liberation period. Clarify it. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief Public expenditure management (PEM) In body mention the various challenges faced by the government with regard to PEM Conclude briefly with the various steps taken by the government Answer: Public expenditure management (PEM)is an instrument of state policy and a mechanism for good governance. The broad objective of PEM is the achievement of overall fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, operational efficiency and macro-economic stability. Various challenges faced by the government with regard to PEM: Global Shocks: Global slowdown, Federal rates (for eg. reversal of quantitative easing), Trade wars, Oil prices etc. impact the budget estimates which in turn impacts the subsidies allocation and tax revenue collection. Narrow tax net: More reliance on indirect tax makes the taxation policy more regressive. It also constrains the government to increase its social spending, which is low in India as compared to other major global economies. Less capital expenditure: Budget’s capital expenditure is essential to ensure inter-generational equity and competitiveness of the economy. It has remained around 10%-12% of government expenditure. Populist tendencies: This leads to unproductive spending of scarce government resources. For eg. giving tax sops, farm loan waivers in the pre-election period. Fiscal deficit: Keeping the deficit within the desired limit is essential for maintaining fiscal prudence. Managing public debt: It is essential to ensure that the burden of the current generation’s needs doesn’t fall on the next generation. Trade deficit: It should be reduced in order to have healthier global trade and improve market competitiveness. Containing inflation: It is one of the most important objectives of monetary policy which is also impacted by the revenue and expenditure policies of the government. Estimates of revenue and expenditure: In order to have effective PEM, comprehensive and realistic estimates of revenue and expenditure are essential. Currently, there is uncertainty in providing correct budget estimates. Ensuring equitable development across regions: One of the pressing challenges faced by the government with regard to public expenditure management is to ensure equitable development across the regions. Inadequate capacity and efficiency of public institutions: Substantive portion of budget allocation towards various schemes remains unutilized and underutilized due to poor implementation and structural bottlenecks. It leads to poor efficiency and cost overruns. For e.g. stalled road projects. Government measures for effective PEM: FRBM (Amendment) Act: Government has targeted to reduce the fiscal deficit gradually and stabilize it by 2023 to 2.5%. Removing Plan/Non-plan distinction: Removing plan/non-plan distinction and instead adopting the revenue-capital classification of public expenditure will help in the allocation of more resources for the creation of capital assets which in turn will help in improving the efficiency of the economy. Monetary policy framework: Inflation targeting by the Monetary Policy Committee has helped in price stability, which is key to effective PEM. Deepening of Fiscal Federalism: More tax revenue has been devolved to states from the divisible tax pool. It would help in the better allocation of scarce resources based on the needs of states. Monitoring system framework: It has been developed at the central level to enable outcome budgeting. Also, it enables the timely assessment of resource utilization. E.g. Public Financial Management System (PFMS). With the 1991 reforms, the Indian economy was linked with the global economy. Effective PEM becomes more essential in this globalised era to meet various objectives of state policy. Various fiscal targets should be followed prudently and monitoring of resource utilization should be made robust.
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Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks) 2021
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Approach: We can start by defining attitude. We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We must cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We must then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example- The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practicing compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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##Question:Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks) 2021##Answer:Approach: We can start by defining attitude. We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We must cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We must then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example- The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practicing compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks) 2021
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Approach: We can start by defining attitude. We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We must cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We must then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example- The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practicing compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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##Question:Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks) 2021##Answer:Approach: We can start by defining attitude. We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We must cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We must then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example- The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practicing compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks) 2021
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Approach: Intro: We can start by defining attitude. Body: We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We should cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We should then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Conclusion: Importance of Imbibing proper attitude in public servants Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example - The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practising compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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##Question:Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of the human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (150 words/10 marks) 2021##Answer:Approach: Intro: We can start by defining attitude. Body: We can then mention the importance of attitude in the development of the human being. We should cover the importance of a suitable attitude in a public servant very briefly. We should then mention the ways of instilling a proper attitude in a civil servant. Conclusion: Importance of Imbibing proper attitude in public servants Answer: Attitude refers to the learned, enduring predisposition to respond consistently either in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards an object/ event /person singularly or in combination. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude also determines how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example - The glass is half-full or half-empty as it is perceived. The proper attitude is an important component in the development of human beings because: It enables persons to find opportunities in adversity. It determines the number and warmth of interpersonal relations. Attitude allows us to think rationally and predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control. A good attitude is particularly important for public servants as it will help in instilling: Confidence in the initiative. Problem-solving approach. Courage. Compassion. A suitable attitude can be inculcated in a public servant by: Institutional conditioning: It can be very helpful in this regard because attitudes are frequently formed by the desire to maximize awards and minimize punishment. Practising compassion: As a public servant needs to work for the welfare of the masses, compassion can help build a suitable attitude. Imbibing moral values: As a public servant is expected to have high integrity honesty and is expected to act in a responsible and transparent manner, imbibing moral values in one’s life can help build a suitable attitude for a public servant. Inculcating patriotism: As public servants are supposed to uphold national interest, imbibing patriotic values can create a desirable attitude. Imbibing proper attitude in public servants is of utmost importance to justify the responsibility laid upon them. And for that purpose, institutional and interpersonal steps are needed to be taken in the training phase itself, which must continue throughout service tenure.
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Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal life and work life. (a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behaviours. (b) How can it be managed and controlled? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: We can start by defining what is anger, and how it harms both personal and work life. Body: We can then show how anger can cause negative emotions and behaviours. Then we can cover how to control anger. Conclusion: We can cover some benefits of controlling anger. Answer: Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you wrong, or a perceived provocation, hurt or threat Anger can be a good thing sometimes as it can give you a way to express negative feelings, for example, or motivate you to find solutions to problems. But excessive anger can cause problems. Increased blood pressure and other physical changes associated with anger make it difficult to think straight and harm your physical and mental health. The repercussions can be seen both at a personal and professional level. Anger can facilitate negative emotions and undesirable behaviours by: Blocking our emotional intelligence: Anger has the power of blocking the prudent thinking process that usually allows us to make the right judgement. Anger leads to an influenced, non-objective and emotional decision, which is not based on well-thought outcomes and understanding of the consequences of such decisions, which could be dangerous. This will result in actions that are both undesirable and unworthy. Ex: Slapping a friend in public for a small action that was accidental or unintentional. Creating a sense of disappointment: Negative emotions are developed in an individual if a sense of disappointment prevails due to anger. Disappointment and regret are often both the cause and results of anger. They feed into another primary emotion, sadness. Ex: when you find out that your colleague is indulging in an unethical action, you sense a feeling of anger without hearing the other side of the argument. Anger can be controlled and managed by: Mind calming techniques: The best method to control anger is using techniques to introduce calmness in the thinking process. This can be achieved by practising yoga, meditation and other forms of natural healing. This will provide that required moment of calmness that prevents our anger to overshoot, which otherwise leads to negative emotions and unruly behaviour. Physical activities: Physical activities such as exercise, jogging etc will help in reducing the frustration that builds up and is responsible for anger. By getting rid of the underlying and hidden feelings, we can at least prevent ourselves from overreacting to a situation through unruly behaviour. Tolerance: It is important to accept other views and thoughts so as to develop as a rational human being. For this, education and awareness about others’ rights also play an important role. Anger management not only keeps negative emotions from emerging but also ensures that the energy of an individual is used productively and not spent on emotional angry outbursts. Thus, in today’s world administrators need to be emotionally intelligent to act in a fair and unbiased manner.
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##Question:Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal life and work life. (a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behaviours. (b) How can it be managed and controlled? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: We can start by defining what is anger, and how it harms both personal and work life. Body: We can then show how anger can cause negative emotions and behaviours. Then we can cover how to control anger. Conclusion: We can cover some benefits of controlling anger. Answer: Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you wrong, or a perceived provocation, hurt or threat Anger can be a good thing sometimes as it can give you a way to express negative feelings, for example, or motivate you to find solutions to problems. But excessive anger can cause problems. Increased blood pressure and other physical changes associated with anger make it difficult to think straight and harm your physical and mental health. The repercussions can be seen both at a personal and professional level. Anger can facilitate negative emotions and undesirable behaviours by: Blocking our emotional intelligence: Anger has the power of blocking the prudent thinking process that usually allows us to make the right judgement. Anger leads to an influenced, non-objective and emotional decision, which is not based on well-thought outcomes and understanding of the consequences of such decisions, which could be dangerous. This will result in actions that are both undesirable and unworthy. Ex: Slapping a friend in public for a small action that was accidental or unintentional. Creating a sense of disappointment: Negative emotions are developed in an individual if a sense of disappointment prevails due to anger. Disappointment and regret are often both the cause and results of anger. They feed into another primary emotion, sadness. Ex: when you find out that your colleague is indulging in an unethical action, you sense a feeling of anger without hearing the other side of the argument. Anger can be controlled and managed by: Mind calming techniques: The best method to control anger is using techniques to introduce calmness in the thinking process. This can be achieved by practising yoga, meditation and other forms of natural healing. This will provide that required moment of calmness that prevents our anger to overshoot, which otherwise leads to negative emotions and unruly behaviour. Physical activities: Physical activities such as exercise, jogging etc will help in reducing the frustration that builds up and is responsible for anger. By getting rid of the underlying and hidden feelings, we can at least prevent ourselves from overreacting to a situation through unruly behaviour. Tolerance: It is important to accept other views and thoughts so as to develop as a rational human being. For this, education and awareness about others’ rights also play an important role. Anger management not only keeps negative emotions from emerging but also ensures that the energy of an individual is used productively and not spent on emotional angry outbursts. Thus, in today’s world administrators need to be emotionally intelligent to act in a fair and unbiased manner.
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Explain Earthquake and the different types of Earthquake waves? Enumerate the possible effects of the Earthquake? (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach: Explain the Earthquake clearly explaining the meaning of focus, hypocentre and epicentre. Explain different types of Earthquake and Earthquake waves and how they explain the Earth"s interior with the help of a diagram of shadow zones Enumerate the effects of Eearhquake (no need to describe them) Answer:- An earthquake is a shaking of the earth due to the sudden release of energy within the earth"s interior which generates the waves that travel in all directions. The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre. The energy waves travelling in different directions reach the surface. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called the epicentre. Types of Earthquake: On the basis of the depth of the Hypocentre (the place where the energy is released) - shallow focus EQ up to 70 km from the surface, Intermediate focus EQ 70-300 km from the surface, and deep focus EQ 300 to 700 km from the surface. The energy of the EQ is not decided by the depth of the Focus Naturally-Induced EQs = Tectonic EQs in all the three types of boundaries (convergent, divergent, and transform), Intraplate tectonic activity (mantle plumes), Volcanic eruptions (Acidic explosive eruptions), landslides (localized EQ), underwater slides in the continental margins, meteorites, Anthropogenically-Induced EQs = Mining (non-scientifically planned mining), excessive extraction of underground water, Dams, and reservoir (reservoir-induced seismicity, eg. Koyna in India), Explosions (Nuclear explosions, dynamite explosions, etc.) Earthquake Waves and the interior of Earth- Earthquake waves are basically of two types — body waves and surface waves. Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. Hence, the name body waves. The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. There are two types of body waves . They are called P and S-waves. P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. These are also called ‘primary waves’ The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These are called secondary waves. An important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only through solid materials This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of the interior of the earth, that is the outer core is liquid. Reflection causes waves to rebound whereas refraction makes waves move in different directions, this helps in identifying that the density inside the earth is not the same it varies from crust to core. The emergence of Shadow Zone- It was observed that seismographs located at any distance within 105° from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S-waves. However, the seismographs located beyond 145° from the epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves, but not that of S-waves this fact substantiates that there is a liquid layer inside the earth (Outer core). Effects of Earthquake: Earthquake is a natural hazard. The following are the immediate hazardous effects of the earthquake Ground Shaking Differential ground settlement Land and mudslides Soil liquefaction Ground lurching Avalanches Ground displacement Floods from the dam and levee failures Fires Structural collapse Falling objects Tsunami
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##Question:Explain Earthquake and the different types of Earthquake waves? Enumerate the possible effects of the Earthquake? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Explain the Earthquake clearly explaining the meaning of focus, hypocentre and epicentre. Explain different types of Earthquake and Earthquake waves and how they explain the Earth"s interior with the help of a diagram of shadow zones Enumerate the effects of Eearhquake (no need to describe them) Answer:- An earthquake is a shaking of the earth due to the sudden release of energy within the earth"s interior which generates the waves that travel in all directions. The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre. The energy waves travelling in different directions reach the surface. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called the epicentre. Types of Earthquake: On the basis of the depth of the Hypocentre (the place where the energy is released) - shallow focus EQ up to 70 km from the surface, Intermediate focus EQ 70-300 km from the surface, and deep focus EQ 300 to 700 km from the surface. The energy of the EQ is not decided by the depth of the Focus Naturally-Induced EQs = Tectonic EQs in all the three types of boundaries (convergent, divergent, and transform), Intraplate tectonic activity (mantle plumes), Volcanic eruptions (Acidic explosive eruptions), landslides (localized EQ), underwater slides in the continental margins, meteorites, Anthropogenically-Induced EQs = Mining (non-scientifically planned mining), excessive extraction of underground water, Dams, and reservoir (reservoir-induced seismicity, eg. Koyna in India), Explosions (Nuclear explosions, dynamite explosions, etc.) Earthquake Waves and the interior of Earth- Earthquake waves are basically of two types — body waves and surface waves. Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. Hence, the name body waves. The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. There are two types of body waves . They are called P and S-waves. P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. These are also called ‘primary waves’ The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These are called secondary waves. An important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only through solid materials This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of the interior of the earth, that is the outer core is liquid. Reflection causes waves to rebound whereas refraction makes waves move in different directions, this helps in identifying that the density inside the earth is not the same it varies from crust to core. The emergence of Shadow Zone- It was observed that seismographs located at any distance within 105° from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S-waves. However, the seismographs located beyond 145° from the epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves, but not that of S-waves this fact substantiates that there is a liquid layer inside the earth (Outer core). Effects of Earthquake: Earthquake is a natural hazard. The following are the immediate hazardous effects of the earthquake Ground Shaking Differential ground settlement Land and mudslides Soil liquefaction Ground lurching Avalanches Ground displacement Floods from the dam and levee failures Fires Structural collapse Falling objects Tsunami
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Explain Earthquakes and their type along with their distribution. Enumerate the possible effects of the Earthquake. (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach: Explain the Earthquake clearly explaining the meaning of focus, hypocentre and epicentre. Explain different types of earthquakes and EQ waves. Enumerate the effects and distribution of Eearhquake (no need to describe them) Answer:- An earthquake is a shaking of the earth due to a sudden release of energy within the earth"s interior which generates the waves that travel in all directions. The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre. The energy waves travelling in different directions reach the surface. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called the epicentre. Types of EQ: On the basis of the depth of the Hypocentre (the place where the energy is released) - shallow focus EQ up to 70 km from the surface, Intermediate focus EQ 70-300 km from the surface, and deep focus EQ 300 to 700 km from the surface. The energy of the EQ is not decided by the depth of the Focus Naturally-Induced EQs = Tectonic EQs in all the three types of boundaries (convergent, divergent, and transform), Intraplate tectonic activity (mantle plumes), Volcanic eruptions (Acidic explosive eruptions), landslides (localized EQ), underwater slides in the continental margins, meteorites, Anthropogenically-Induced EQs = Mining (non-scientifically planned mining), excessive extraction of underground water, Dams, and reservoir (reservoir-induced seismicity, eg. Koyna in India), Explosions (Nuclear explosions, dynamite explosions, etc.) Earthquake Waves and the interior of Earth- Earthquake waves are basically of two types — body waves and surface waves. Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. Hence, the name body waves. The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves. P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. These are also called ‘primary waves’ The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These are called secondary waves. An important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only through solid materials This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of the interior of the earth, that is the outer core is liquid. Reflection causes waves to rebound whereas refraction makes waves move in different directions, this helps in identifying that the density inside the earth is not the same it varies from crust to core. The emergence of Shadow Zone- It was observed that seismographs located at any distance within 105° from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S-waves. However, the seismographs located beyond 145° from the epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves, but not that of S-waves this fact substantiates that there is a liquid layer inside the earth (Outer core). Effects of Earthquake : Earthquake is a natural hazard. The following are the immediate hazardous effects of the earthquake Ground Shaking Differential ground settlement Land and mudslides Soil liquefaction Ground lurching Avalanches Ground displacement Floods from the dam and levee failures Fires Structural collapse Falling objects Tsunami Distribution of earthquakes around the world: Circum-pacific belt: For example, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia Meditarian and trans-Asiatic belt. For example, Itlay, Switzerland, Himalayas. Mid-oceanic ridges: For example Iceland, etc. East African rift valley. The study of earthquake waves and their shadow zones around the world has given a deep insight into the interior of the earth and a greater study of these waves is needed.
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##Question:Explain Earthquakes and their type along with their distribution. Enumerate the possible effects of the Earthquake. (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Explain the Earthquake clearly explaining the meaning of focus, hypocentre and epicentre. Explain different types of earthquakes and EQ waves. Enumerate the effects and distribution of Eearhquake (no need to describe them) Answer:- An earthquake is a shaking of the earth due to a sudden release of energy within the earth"s interior which generates the waves that travel in all directions. The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre. The energy waves travelling in different directions reach the surface. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called the epicentre. Types of EQ: On the basis of the depth of the Hypocentre (the place where the energy is released) - shallow focus EQ up to 70 km from the surface, Intermediate focus EQ 70-300 km from the surface, and deep focus EQ 300 to 700 km from the surface. The energy of the EQ is not decided by the depth of the Focus Naturally-Induced EQs = Tectonic EQs in all the three types of boundaries (convergent, divergent, and transform), Intraplate tectonic activity (mantle plumes), Volcanic eruptions (Acidic explosive eruptions), landslides (localized EQ), underwater slides in the continental margins, meteorites, Anthropogenically-Induced EQs = Mining (non-scientifically planned mining), excessive extraction of underground water, Dams, and reservoir (reservoir-induced seismicity, eg. Koyna in India), Explosions (Nuclear explosions, dynamite explosions, etc.) Earthquake Waves and the interior of Earth- Earthquake waves are basically of two types — body waves and surface waves. Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. Hence, the name body waves. The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves. P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. These are also called ‘primary waves’ The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These are called secondary waves. An important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only through solid materials This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of the interior of the earth, that is the outer core is liquid. Reflection causes waves to rebound whereas refraction makes waves move in different directions, this helps in identifying that the density inside the earth is not the same it varies from crust to core. The emergence of Shadow Zone- It was observed that seismographs located at any distance within 105° from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S-waves. However, the seismographs located beyond 145° from the epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves, but not that of S-waves this fact substantiates that there is a liquid layer inside the earth (Outer core). Effects of Earthquake : Earthquake is a natural hazard. The following are the immediate hazardous effects of the earthquake Ground Shaking Differential ground settlement Land and mudslides Soil liquefaction Ground lurching Avalanches Ground displacement Floods from the dam and levee failures Fires Structural collapse Falling objects Tsunami Distribution of earthquakes around the world: Circum-pacific belt: For example, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia Meditarian and trans-Asiatic belt. For example, Itlay, Switzerland, Himalayas. Mid-oceanic ridges: For example Iceland, etc. East African rift valley. The study of earthquake waves and their shadow zones around the world has given a deep insight into the interior of the earth and a greater study of these waves is needed.
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Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services. Also, highlight the differences between the two values. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief on impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Briefly write about the differences between the two. Conclude highlighting how these values can be inculcated in civil servants. Answer: Impartiality means acting without any biases, while non-partisanship is a quality of being politically neutral. Impartiality and non-partisanship are the two core values necessary for civil servants. We have seen many public servants displaying the highest levels of impartiality and non-partisanship, for instance, TN Seshan who singlehandedly changed the working of the Election Commission of India to make it an impartial body. Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to uphold the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Eg: If a public servant gives permission for holding a rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi-religious and multicultural societies such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both parties in order to maintain peace. Eg: A religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to make rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - The government is a ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with the public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Eg: Members of UPSC should keep their distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then the reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance the reputation of public officials. Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation. Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: There should be a Civil Services Board for appointments, postings and transfers to make it apolitical in nature Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that define a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services. Also, highlight the differences between the two values. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief on impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Briefly write about the differences between the two. Conclude highlighting how these values can be inculcated in civil servants. Answer: Impartiality means acting without any biases, while non-partisanship is a quality of being politically neutral. Impartiality and non-partisanship are the two core values necessary for civil servants. We have seen many public servants displaying the highest levels of impartiality and non-partisanship, for instance, TN Seshan who singlehandedly changed the working of the Election Commission of India to make it an impartial body. Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to uphold the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Eg: If a public servant gives permission for holding a rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi-religious and multicultural societies such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both parties in order to maintain peace. Eg: A religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to make rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - The government is a ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with the public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Eg: Members of UPSC should keep their distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then the reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance the reputation of public officials. Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation. Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: There should be a Civil Services Board for appointments, postings and transfers to make it apolitical in nature Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that define a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager of a large manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for your company. The deal is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of manufacturing company B offered to drop you to the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the manager was driving fast and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you are the sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your honest account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence the deal is likely to be jeopardised, which is of immense importance to your company. What are the dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation? (250 Words, 20 marks) (2017 mains)
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Approach: Introduction: We must start by mentioning the stakeholders involved in the case. Body: We must first list out the dilemmas that I will face. Then we will mention the possible responses to the situation. Conclusion: We must give the best possible solution to the case. Answer: The stakeholders involved are: o, Manager of company A, that is me and the company itself o Manager of company B o The motorcyclist In the given situation following ethical dilemmas arise:- Personal dilemma: If I give an honest account of incidents to the investigating authorities, a critical deal will be lost for my company. Moral dilemma: If I do not report the incident, fearing the loss of the deal, the defaulter will not be brought to the book and the motorcyclist will not be assured justice, who is critically injured. My conscience would prick me in the long term for not taking the right action in pursuance of selfish interests. Legal dilemma: Not giving the correct accident account would also be legally wrong since an accident has critically injured a person. Response to the situation: The situation involves the life of a person who has been critically injured and my personal interests regarding the deal, being at stake. There is also a legal dimension to it as the Manager of another company was overspeeding which led to the accident. In this situation, I would cooperate with the investigating agency, giving the correct details of the accident, and let the law take its own course. This would affect the deal thereby involving the interests of the company but it would be unethical, illegal, and immoral on my part to continue a deal with the person implicated in an accident for negligent driving and shield him from authorities, moreover, it would be wrong for the motorcyclist to be denied justice, who is critically injured despite being innocent. The growth of the company can be ensured by adhering to moral principles of truth, justice, and moral uprightness, which need to be protected.
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##Question:You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager of a large manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for your company. The deal is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of manufacturing company B offered to drop you to the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the manager was driving fast and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you are the sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your honest account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence the deal is likely to be jeopardised, which is of immense importance to your company. What are the dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation? (250 Words, 20 marks) (2017 mains)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: We must start by mentioning the stakeholders involved in the case. Body: We must first list out the dilemmas that I will face. Then we will mention the possible responses to the situation. Conclusion: We must give the best possible solution to the case. Answer: The stakeholders involved are: o, Manager of company A, that is me and the company itself o Manager of company B o The motorcyclist In the given situation following ethical dilemmas arise:- Personal dilemma: If I give an honest account of incidents to the investigating authorities, a critical deal will be lost for my company. Moral dilemma: If I do not report the incident, fearing the loss of the deal, the defaulter will not be brought to the book and the motorcyclist will not be assured justice, who is critically injured. My conscience would prick me in the long term for not taking the right action in pursuance of selfish interests. Legal dilemma: Not giving the correct accident account would also be legally wrong since an accident has critically injured a person. Response to the situation: The situation involves the life of a person who has been critically injured and my personal interests regarding the deal, being at stake. There is also a legal dimension to it as the Manager of another company was overspeeding which led to the accident. In this situation, I would cooperate with the investigating agency, giving the correct details of the accident, and let the law take its own course. This would affect the deal thereby involving the interests of the company but it would be unethical, illegal, and immoral on my part to continue a deal with the person implicated in an accident for negligent driving and shield him from authorities, moreover, it would be wrong for the motorcyclist to be denied justice, who is critically injured despite being innocent. The growth of the company can be ensured by adhering to moral principles of truth, justice, and moral uprightness, which need to be protected.
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What do you understand by Gross Value Added (GVA)? How is it different from GDP? [150Words / 10 marks]
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Approach: Briefly define GVA in the introduction Briefly explain GDP and then bring out the differences between the two. Conclude the answer based on the above analysis. Answer: As per the SNA (United Nations System of National Accounts), gross value added, is defined as the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption and is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry, or sector. At its simplest, it gives the rupee value of goods and services produced in the economy after deducting the cost of inputs and raw materials used. GVA can be described as the main entry on the income side of the nation’s accounting balance sheet, and from an economics, perspective represents the supply side. GDP -> It gives the economic output from the consumers’ side. It is the sum of private consumption, gross investment in the economy, government investment, government spending, and net foreign trade (the difference between exports and imports). Differences between the GVA and GDP: While GVA gives a picture of the state of economic activity from the producers’ side or supply side, the GDP gives the picture from the consumers’ side or demand perspective. A sector-wise breakdown provided by the GVA measure can better help the policymakers decide which sectors need incentives/stimulus or vice versa. But GDP is a key measure when it comes to making cross-country analyses and comparing the incomes of different economies. The difference between GVA and GDP is that GVA is the value added to the product to enhance the various aspects of the product whereas GDP is the total amount of products produced in the country. GVA at Basic Price + Product Tax - Product Subsidy = GDP at market price GVA is considered a better gauge of the economy. GDP fails to gauge the real economic scenario because a sharp increase in the output can be due to higher tax collections which could be on account of better compliance or coverage, rather than the real output situation. Conclusion: As with all economic statistics, the accuracy of GVA as a measure of overall national output is heavily dependent on the sourcing of data and the fidelity of the various data sources in capturing the vast labyrinth of activities that constitute a nation’s economic life. To that extent, GVA is as susceptible to vulnerabilities from the use of inappropriate or flawed methodologies as any other measure.
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##Question:What do you understand by Gross Value Added (GVA)? How is it different from GDP? [150Words / 10 marks]##Answer:Approach: Briefly define GVA in the introduction Briefly explain GDP and then bring out the differences between the two. Conclude the answer based on the above analysis. Answer: As per the SNA (United Nations System of National Accounts), gross value added, is defined as the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption and is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry, or sector. At its simplest, it gives the rupee value of goods and services produced in the economy after deducting the cost of inputs and raw materials used. GVA can be described as the main entry on the income side of the nation’s accounting balance sheet, and from an economics, perspective represents the supply side. GDP -> It gives the economic output from the consumers’ side. It is the sum of private consumption, gross investment in the economy, government investment, government spending, and net foreign trade (the difference between exports and imports). Differences between the GVA and GDP: While GVA gives a picture of the state of economic activity from the producers’ side or supply side, the GDP gives the picture from the consumers’ side or demand perspective. A sector-wise breakdown provided by the GVA measure can better help the policymakers decide which sectors need incentives/stimulus or vice versa. But GDP is a key measure when it comes to making cross-country analyses and comparing the incomes of different economies. The difference between GVA and GDP is that GVA is the value added to the product to enhance the various aspects of the product whereas GDP is the total amount of products produced in the country. GVA at Basic Price + Product Tax - Product Subsidy = GDP at market price GVA is considered a better gauge of the economy. GDP fails to gauge the real economic scenario because a sharp increase in the output can be due to higher tax collections which could be on account of better compliance or coverage, rather than the real output situation. Conclusion: As with all economic statistics, the accuracy of GVA as a measure of overall national output is heavily dependent on the sourcing of data and the fidelity of the various data sources in capturing the vast labyrinth of activities that constitute a nation’s economic life. To that extent, GVA is as susceptible to vulnerabilities from the use of inappropriate or flawed methodologies as any other measure.
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What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Explain the Freedom of Speech and Expression Main Body: List down what all has been held in the freedom of speech and expression by SC Explain in brief on what basis this right can be restricted Further, explain the case of films that why these are special cases to be dealt with. Conclusion: Conclude with SC judgment Answer: Freedom of Speech and Expression implies that every citizen has the right to express his views, opinions, belief, and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner. The Supreme Court has held that the freedom of speech and expression includes the following- (a) Right to propagate one’s views as well as views of others. (b) Freedom of the press. (c) Freedom of commercial advertisements. (d) Right against tapping of telephonic conversation. (e) Right to telecast, that is, the government has no monopoly on electronic media. (f) Right against ‘bundh’ (shut-down) called by a political party or organization. (g) Right to know about government activities. (h) Freedom of silence. (i) Right against the imposition of pre-censorship on a newspaper. (j) Right to demonstration or picketing but not right to strike. The freedom of speech and expression does not include hate speech. The State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the freedom of speech and expression on the grounds of sovereignty and integrity of India; security of the state; friendly relations with foreign states; public order, decency or morality; contempt of court, defamation, and incitement to an offense. Hate speeches are kept outside the ambit of the freedom of speech and expression, as it violates the rights of other persons/communities. The films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression because of many reasons- 1)The films are made for commercial and entertaining purposes, hence compromising the various parameter which is indispensable in nature. Films are made to address the mass audience, and thus have an impact on a greater audience. 2)There exist a rich variety in the film industry, that might include works with a lack of creativity, negligence of knowledge, and an unethical work environment. Thus, there is a need to put a regulatory framework on the films that are produced. 3)Since films are a means of entertainment for a large number of masses, who often get influenced by them, it is important that the right message is delivered through them. Films containing hate speech and defamatory content could create havoc in society. In KA Abbas Vs UoI Case SC held that pre-censorship of films is not a violation of Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution. It is very much part of reasonable restrictions. A film can, therefore, be censored on the ground mentioned in article 19(2). The court has justified the pre-censor of a film because it caters to a mass audience and it has a unique capacity to disturb and arouse fillings and has as much potential for evil as it has for good. A film can’t, therefore, be allowed to function in a free marketplace just as newspapers or magazines do.
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##Question:What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Explain the Freedom of Speech and Expression Main Body: List down what all has been held in the freedom of speech and expression by SC Explain in brief on what basis this right can be restricted Further, explain the case of films that why these are special cases to be dealt with. Conclusion: Conclude with SC judgment Answer: Freedom of Speech and Expression implies that every citizen has the right to express his views, opinions, belief, and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner. The Supreme Court has held that the freedom of speech and expression includes the following- (a) Right to propagate one’s views as well as views of others. (b) Freedom of the press. (c) Freedom of commercial advertisements. (d) Right against tapping of telephonic conversation. (e) Right to telecast, that is, the government has no monopoly on electronic media. (f) Right against ‘bundh’ (shut-down) called by a political party or organization. (g) Right to know about government activities. (h) Freedom of silence. (i) Right against the imposition of pre-censorship on a newspaper. (j) Right to demonstration or picketing but not right to strike. The freedom of speech and expression does not include hate speech. The State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the freedom of speech and expression on the grounds of sovereignty and integrity of India; security of the state; friendly relations with foreign states; public order, decency or morality; contempt of court, defamation, and incitement to an offense. Hate speeches are kept outside the ambit of the freedom of speech and expression, as it violates the rights of other persons/communities. The films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression because of many reasons- 1)The films are made for commercial and entertaining purposes, hence compromising the various parameter which is indispensable in nature. Films are made to address the mass audience, and thus have an impact on a greater audience. 2)There exist a rich variety in the film industry, that might include works with a lack of creativity, negligence of knowledge, and an unethical work environment. Thus, there is a need to put a regulatory framework on the films that are produced. 3)Since films are a means of entertainment for a large number of masses, who often get influenced by them, it is important that the right message is delivered through them. Films containing hate speech and defamatory content could create havoc in society. In KA Abbas Vs UoI Case SC held that pre-censorship of films is not a violation of Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution. It is very much part of reasonable restrictions. A film can, therefore, be censored on the ground mentioned in article 19(2). The court has justified the pre-censor of a film because it caters to a mass audience and it has a unique capacity to disturb and arouse fillings and has as much potential for evil as it has for good. A film can’t, therefore, be allowed to function in a free marketplace just as newspapers or magazines do.
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The Industrial Policy in India between 1951 to 1991 has been a mixed experience of success as well as failure. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the status of industries in India at the time of independence. Bring the positive impacts of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. Further, discuss the negative impact of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. The Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of a socialist economy, however, we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution in India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. Positive Impact of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. The share of industries increased from 16%of GDP in 1950 to 27% of GDP in 1991. Thus it shows the structural improvement in the Indian economy. In the same period, the share of agriculture declined from 54% to 29%. Increase in share of the Capital Good Industry more than 40% of total industrial production by 1991. Increase in infrastructure development at a very fast pace (mostly transport, communication, and electricity). For example, in the power sector we have increased from 2300 MW in 1950-51 to 1,04,000 MW in 1991, high growth in metal and mineral industry from Steel 1 MT in 1950 to 6 MT 1991, etc. Increase in share of public share in both total investment and role-played. PSU gradually but assuredly took the role of commanding heights in the economy (it gives them control over the complete economy). Larger industrial diversification: Compared to only 6 industrial commodities, in 1951 to more than 2000 commodities in 1991. Negative Impact of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. Excessive control by the state. A massive shortage of consumer goods. Example of the Bajaj Scooters, the connection of the BSNL, waiting period. Two of the MNCs quit India IBM and Coca-Cola. The bureaucratic interface also gave the chance of negotiating with officials and resulted in corruption. Missing Middle due to few large and smaller. Small gets reservation of production. It was due to the requirement of capital and the need of permission for any change from the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act, 1969(MRTP Act, 1969) Poor performance of the Public Sector enterprises. PSUs were not able to produce on time. Example of the Coal India. The already industrialized states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu captured most of the industrial investments. States like Bihar, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh did not get any industrial investments. These states were lacking basic administration. Though the government announced certain projects in these states, the ecosystem for industrialization was never developed. Example of the Gurugram as the best ecosystem for Industrial development. There was a huge industrial sickness as loss-making enterprises were not allowed to exit the market (the restrictive exit policy such as the Industrial Dispute Act). These loss-making companies wasted a lot of resources and added to the production cost. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 has been legislated to resolve the issue. Excessive regulation led to poor results. The backwardness of the industrial sector in the country led to the crisis in 1990. This paved the way for the opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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##Question:The Industrial Policy in India between 1951 to 1991 has been a mixed experience of success as well as failure. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the status of industries in India at the time of independence. Bring the positive impacts of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. Further, discuss the negative impact of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. The Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of a socialist economy, however, we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution in India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. Positive Impact of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. The share of industries increased from 16%of GDP in 1950 to 27% of GDP in 1991. Thus it shows the structural improvement in the Indian economy. In the same period, the share of agriculture declined from 54% to 29%. Increase in share of the Capital Good Industry more than 40% of total industrial production by 1991. Increase in infrastructure development at a very fast pace (mostly transport, communication, and electricity). For example, in the power sector we have increased from 2300 MW in 1950-51 to 1,04,000 MW in 1991, high growth in metal and mineral industry from Steel 1 MT in 1950 to 6 MT 1991, etc. Increase in share of public share in both total investment and role-played. PSU gradually but assuredly took the role of commanding heights in the economy (it gives them control over the complete economy). Larger industrial diversification: Compared to only 6 industrial commodities, in 1951 to more than 2000 commodities in 1991. Negative Impact of the industrial policy between 1951 to 1991. Excessive control by the state. A massive shortage of consumer goods. Example of the Bajaj Scooters, the connection of the BSNL, waiting period. Two of the MNCs quit India IBM and Coca-Cola. The bureaucratic interface also gave the chance of negotiating with officials and resulted in corruption. Missing Middle due to few large and smaller. Small gets reservation of production. It was due to the requirement of capital and the need of permission for any change from the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act, 1969(MRTP Act, 1969) Poor performance of the Public Sector enterprises. PSUs were not able to produce on time. Example of the Coal India. The already industrialized states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu captured most of the industrial investments. States like Bihar, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh did not get any industrial investments. These states were lacking basic administration. Though the government announced certain projects in these states, the ecosystem for industrialization was never developed. Example of the Gurugram as the best ecosystem for Industrial development. There was a huge industrial sickness as loss-making enterprises were not allowed to exit the market (the restrictive exit policy such as the Industrial Dispute Act). These loss-making companies wasted a lot of resources and added to the production cost. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 has been legislated to resolve the issue. Excessive regulation led to poor results. The backwardness of the industrial sector in the country led to the crisis in 1990. This paved the way for the opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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Discuss the circular flow of income in the National Income Accounting. Also, enlist its limitations. (15 Marks/ 250 Words)
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Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining what is a simple economy and its relation with circular economy In the body, discuss the interaction between the firms and households. Discuss its limitations in brief. Conclude appropriately. Answer: A simple economy here signifies an economy without a government, external trade, or any savings and its function. In this model of a simple economy, we are assuming that there are basically two major stakeholders i.e. the firm and the household. The households receive their payments from the firms for productive activities they perform for the latter. For example, there are fundamentally four kinds of contributions that can be made during the production of goods and services in the form of rent for land, wages for labor, interest for capital, and profit for entrepreneurship. In this simplified economy, there is only one way in which the households may dispose off their earnings – by spending their entire income on the goods and services produced by the domestic firms. The other channels of disposing of their income are closed. It is hereby assumed that the households do not save, they do not pay taxes to the government – since there is no government, and neither do they buy imported goods since there is no external trade in this simple economy. In other words, factors of production use their remunerations to buy the goods and services which they assisted in producing. The aggregate consumption by the households of the economy is equal to the aggregate expenditure on goods and services produced by the firms in the economy. The entire income of the economy, therefore, comes back to the producers in the form of sales revenue. There is no leakage from the system – there is no difference between the amount that the firms had distributed in the form of factor payments and the aggregate consumption expenditure that they receive as sales revenue. In the next period, the firms will once again produce goods and services and pay remunerations to the factors of production. These remunerations will once again be used to buy goods and services. Hence year after year we can imagine the aggregate income of the economy going through the two sectors, firms and households, in a circular way. The above mentioned is an illustration of an economy and a simplified one. Such a scenario which describes the functioning of an imaginary economy is just a macroeconomic model. It is clear that a model does not describe an actual economy in detail. This model assumes that households do not save, there is no government, no trade with other countries, etc. However, models do not want to capture an economy in its every minute detail – their purpose is to highlight some essential features of the functioning of an economic system The limitaions of Circular Flow of Income: Circular Flow of Income Model has multiple assumptions which make it oversimplistic. Limitations: (1) Incomes and Expenditure were equal ie. no savings or no avenue for Savings ie. the Financial sector. (2) It assumes no government which levies a tax on incomes or incurs expenditure in the economy. (3) Non-existence of external sector ie. no imports or exports. (4) Assumption of production is equal to sales ie. no inventory. CFIM has no practical existence and in reality there are dynamic conditions. Here comes the Multi Sector Economy Model or Dynamic Equilibrium Model which drops these assumptions. Note: Students are expected to draw a flow chart of Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy showing the transaction between firms and Households.
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##Question:Discuss the circular flow of income in the National Income Accounting. Also, enlist its limitations. (15 Marks/ 250 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining what is a simple economy and its relation with circular economy In the body, discuss the interaction between the firms and households. Discuss its limitations in brief. Conclude appropriately. Answer: A simple economy here signifies an economy without a government, external trade, or any savings and its function. In this model of a simple economy, we are assuming that there are basically two major stakeholders i.e. the firm and the household. The households receive their payments from the firms for productive activities they perform for the latter. For example, there are fundamentally four kinds of contributions that can be made during the production of goods and services in the form of rent for land, wages for labor, interest for capital, and profit for entrepreneurship. In this simplified economy, there is only one way in which the households may dispose off their earnings – by spending their entire income on the goods and services produced by the domestic firms. The other channels of disposing of their income are closed. It is hereby assumed that the households do not save, they do not pay taxes to the government – since there is no government, and neither do they buy imported goods since there is no external trade in this simple economy. In other words, factors of production use their remunerations to buy the goods and services which they assisted in producing. The aggregate consumption by the households of the economy is equal to the aggregate expenditure on goods and services produced by the firms in the economy. The entire income of the economy, therefore, comes back to the producers in the form of sales revenue. There is no leakage from the system – there is no difference between the amount that the firms had distributed in the form of factor payments and the aggregate consumption expenditure that they receive as sales revenue. In the next period, the firms will once again produce goods and services and pay remunerations to the factors of production. These remunerations will once again be used to buy goods and services. Hence year after year we can imagine the aggregate income of the economy going through the two sectors, firms and households, in a circular way. The above mentioned is an illustration of an economy and a simplified one. Such a scenario which describes the functioning of an imaginary economy is just a macroeconomic model. It is clear that a model does not describe an actual economy in detail. This model assumes that households do not save, there is no government, no trade with other countries, etc. However, models do not want to capture an economy in its every minute detail – their purpose is to highlight some essential features of the functioning of an economic system The limitaions of Circular Flow of Income: Circular Flow of Income Model has multiple assumptions which make it oversimplistic. Limitations: (1) Incomes and Expenditure were equal ie. no savings or no avenue for Savings ie. the Financial sector. (2) It assumes no government which levies a tax on incomes or incurs expenditure in the economy. (3) Non-existence of external sector ie. no imports or exports. (4) Assumption of production is equal to sales ie. no inventory. CFIM has no practical existence and in reality there are dynamic conditions. Here comes the Multi Sector Economy Model or Dynamic Equilibrium Model which drops these assumptions. Note: Students are expected to draw a flow chart of Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy showing the transaction between firms and Households.
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कुछ संदर्भों में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017), व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) से व्यापक है लेकिन विशिष्ट कारणों से भारत दोनों का विरोध करता है| चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty (2017) is broader than the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) in some aspects, but India opposes both for specific reasons. discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में परमाणु अप्रसार कूटनीति के बारे में चर्चा करते हुए इस दिशा में किये गए प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017), व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) की विशेषताओं की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में दोनों के संदर्भ में भारत के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये विश्व पर मंडराते हुए नाभिकीय खतरे, नाभिकीय प्रसार के खतरे को देखते हुए अन्तराष्ट्रीय प्रयास के रूप में परमाणु अप्रसार संधि (एनपीटी) लायी गयी थी | यह संधि संधि 1 जुलाई 1968 को लन्दन, मास्को और वाशिंगटन में प्रस्तुत की गयी, इस संधि में 5 मार्च 1970 के बाद किसी भी देश द्वारा नाभिकीय हथियार बनाने पर उसको मान्यता नहीं देने का प्रस्ताव किया गया था| इसके अतिरिक्त यह संधि परमाणु अप्रसार, निःशस्त्रीकरण एवं शांतिपूर्ण उपयोग का भी आह्वान करती है| हालाँकि विविध कारणों से इस संधि का विरोध किया गया और भारत द्वारा इसे अस्वीकार किया गया| इसी क्रम में आगे चल कर व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) और परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि-2017 जैसे प्रयास भी किये गए लेकिन भारत द्वारा इनका भी विरोध किया गया है, हालाँकि दोनों संधियों के विरोध में अलग अलग दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया गया था| व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) यह संधि 1996 में अमेरिका द्वारा प्रस्तावित की गयी,जिसके तहत व्यापक रूप से जल, थल और आकाश में परमाणु परीक्षण पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाना था पर यह संधि सम्पूर्ण प्रतिबन्ध को नहीं साधती है| इसको प्रस्तावित करने की मूलभावना थी- नाभिकीय परीक्षण पर वैश्विक प्रतिबन्ध, भविष्य में नाभिकीय हथियारों के विकास पर रोक और विश्व को नाभिकीय संकट से सुरक्षित करना| संधि के संभावित लाभ थे- उर्ध्वाधर प्रसार पर रोक, स्वामित्व के खिलाफ मानदंडों को सुदृढ़ करता है, अग्रिम अप्रसार लक्ष्य, पर्यावरण, स्वास्थ्य एवं सुरक्षा पर बेहतर प्रभाव आदि| परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017) यह संधि विश्व के अधिकाँश LDC देशों और विकासशील देशों द्वारा संयुक्त राष्ट्र सभा में 2017 में प्रस्तावित की गयी थी | इसमें विश्व के 120 से अधिक देशों ने शामिल होने में अपनी सहमति व्यक्त की है| यह संधि एक बाध्यकारी संधि है परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि की प्रमुख विशेषताएं परमाणु हथियारों का विकास, परीक्षण, उत्पादन, अधिग्रहण, स्वामित्व, भंडारण, उपयोग न करने या उपयोग करने की धमकी न देने के सम्बन्ध में एक बाध्यकारी संधि है यह परमाणु हथियारों की तैनाती या किसी भी देश को नाभिकीय बम बनाने से सहयोग करने पर रोक लगाती है परमाणु हथियारों के उपयोग से प्रभावित व्यक्ति, देश, पर्यावरण के संदर्भ में क्षतिपूर्ति का प्रावधान करती है उपरोक्त विशेषताओं से स्पष्ट है कि व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) की तुलना में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017) अधिक व्यापक है लेकिन दोनों के संदर्भ में भारत अपना विशिष्ट दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए दोनों का विरोध करता है जिसे हम निम्नलिखित विश्लेषण से समझ सकते हैं- CTBT के के संदर्भ में भारत का दृष्टिकोण अमेरिका जिसने CTBT प्रस्तावित किया है स्वयं 2000 से अधिक परीक्षण कर चुका है| वह अचानक महसूस करता है कि अब विश्व को परीक्षण की जरूरत नहीं है| CTBT के तहत जो नाभिकीय शक्ति संपन्न देश हैं उनके निःशस्त्रीकरण के लिए कोई समयबद्ध सीमा CTBT में तय नहीं की गयी है CTBT सम्पूर्ण निःशस्त्रीकरण की बात नहीं करता है उदाहरण के लिए CTBT के तहत कंप्यूटर सिमुलेशन आधारित परीक्षण पर प्रतिबन्ध नहीं लगाया गया है CTBT व्यापक प्रतिबन्ध की बात करता है पर सम्पूर्ण प्रतिबन्ध की बात नहीं करता है | अतः भारत CTBT को अस्वीकार करता है परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017) के संदर्भ में भारत का दृष्टिकोण भारत सहित विश्व के 8 परमाणु शक्ति संपन्न देशों ने इस संधि में हिस्सा नहीं लिया है अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर परमाणु निःशस्त्रीकरण से सम्बन्धित कोई भी वैश्विक संधि के लिए एक मंच बनाया गया है जिसका नाम है निःशस्त्रीकरण पर सम्मलेन (COD, जेनेवा) चूँकि यह संधि इस मंच पर व्यापक रूप से वार्ता की प्रक्रिया से नहीं गुजरी है अतः यह मानते हुए इस संधि में कुछ कमियाँ हो सकती हैं भारत ने इस संधि का प्रक्रियात्मक विरोध किया है| भारत का मानना है कि यदि संधि को COD के माध्यम से लाया जाएगा तो जिसको भविष्य में इसे और बेहतर किया जा सकता है| अतः स्पष्ट है कि कुछ संदर्भों में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017), व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) से व्यापक है लेकिन विशिष्ट कारणों से भारत दोनों का विरोध करता है|
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##Question:कुछ संदर्भों में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017), व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) से व्यापक है लेकिन विशिष्ट कारणों से भारत दोनों का विरोध करता है| चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty (2017) is broader than the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) in some aspects, but India opposes both for specific reasons. discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में परमाणु अप्रसार कूटनीति के बारे में चर्चा करते हुए इस दिशा में किये गए प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017), व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) की विशेषताओं की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में दोनों के संदर्भ में भारत के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये विश्व पर मंडराते हुए नाभिकीय खतरे, नाभिकीय प्रसार के खतरे को देखते हुए अन्तराष्ट्रीय प्रयास के रूप में परमाणु अप्रसार संधि (एनपीटी) लायी गयी थी | यह संधि संधि 1 जुलाई 1968 को लन्दन, मास्को और वाशिंगटन में प्रस्तुत की गयी, इस संधि में 5 मार्च 1970 के बाद किसी भी देश द्वारा नाभिकीय हथियार बनाने पर उसको मान्यता नहीं देने का प्रस्ताव किया गया था| इसके अतिरिक्त यह संधि परमाणु अप्रसार, निःशस्त्रीकरण एवं शांतिपूर्ण उपयोग का भी आह्वान करती है| हालाँकि विविध कारणों से इस संधि का विरोध किया गया और भारत द्वारा इसे अस्वीकार किया गया| इसी क्रम में आगे चल कर व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) और परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि-2017 जैसे प्रयास भी किये गए लेकिन भारत द्वारा इनका भी विरोध किया गया है, हालाँकि दोनों संधियों के विरोध में अलग अलग दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया गया था| व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) यह संधि 1996 में अमेरिका द्वारा प्रस्तावित की गयी,जिसके तहत व्यापक रूप से जल, थल और आकाश में परमाणु परीक्षण पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाना था पर यह संधि सम्पूर्ण प्रतिबन्ध को नहीं साधती है| इसको प्रस्तावित करने की मूलभावना थी- नाभिकीय परीक्षण पर वैश्विक प्रतिबन्ध, भविष्य में नाभिकीय हथियारों के विकास पर रोक और विश्व को नाभिकीय संकट से सुरक्षित करना| संधि के संभावित लाभ थे- उर्ध्वाधर प्रसार पर रोक, स्वामित्व के खिलाफ मानदंडों को सुदृढ़ करता है, अग्रिम अप्रसार लक्ष्य, पर्यावरण, स्वास्थ्य एवं सुरक्षा पर बेहतर प्रभाव आदि| परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017) यह संधि विश्व के अधिकाँश LDC देशों और विकासशील देशों द्वारा संयुक्त राष्ट्र सभा में 2017 में प्रस्तावित की गयी थी | इसमें विश्व के 120 से अधिक देशों ने शामिल होने में अपनी सहमति व्यक्त की है| यह संधि एक बाध्यकारी संधि है परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि की प्रमुख विशेषताएं परमाणु हथियारों का विकास, परीक्षण, उत्पादन, अधिग्रहण, स्वामित्व, भंडारण, उपयोग न करने या उपयोग करने की धमकी न देने के सम्बन्ध में एक बाध्यकारी संधि है यह परमाणु हथियारों की तैनाती या किसी भी देश को नाभिकीय बम बनाने से सहयोग करने पर रोक लगाती है परमाणु हथियारों के उपयोग से प्रभावित व्यक्ति, देश, पर्यावरण के संदर्भ में क्षतिपूर्ति का प्रावधान करती है उपरोक्त विशेषताओं से स्पष्ट है कि व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) की तुलना में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017) अधिक व्यापक है लेकिन दोनों के संदर्भ में भारत अपना विशिष्ट दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए दोनों का विरोध करता है जिसे हम निम्नलिखित विश्लेषण से समझ सकते हैं- CTBT के के संदर्भ में भारत का दृष्टिकोण अमेरिका जिसने CTBT प्रस्तावित किया है स्वयं 2000 से अधिक परीक्षण कर चुका है| वह अचानक महसूस करता है कि अब विश्व को परीक्षण की जरूरत नहीं है| CTBT के तहत जो नाभिकीय शक्ति संपन्न देश हैं उनके निःशस्त्रीकरण के लिए कोई समयबद्ध सीमा CTBT में तय नहीं की गयी है CTBT सम्पूर्ण निःशस्त्रीकरण की बात नहीं करता है उदाहरण के लिए CTBT के तहत कंप्यूटर सिमुलेशन आधारित परीक्षण पर प्रतिबन्ध नहीं लगाया गया है CTBT व्यापक प्रतिबन्ध की बात करता है पर सम्पूर्ण प्रतिबन्ध की बात नहीं करता है | अतः भारत CTBT को अस्वीकार करता है परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017) के संदर्भ में भारत का दृष्टिकोण भारत सहित विश्व के 8 परमाणु शक्ति संपन्न देशों ने इस संधि में हिस्सा नहीं लिया है अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर परमाणु निःशस्त्रीकरण से सम्बन्धित कोई भी वैश्विक संधि के लिए एक मंच बनाया गया है जिसका नाम है निःशस्त्रीकरण पर सम्मलेन (COD, जेनेवा) चूँकि यह संधि इस मंच पर व्यापक रूप से वार्ता की प्रक्रिया से नहीं गुजरी है अतः यह मानते हुए इस संधि में कुछ कमियाँ हो सकती हैं भारत ने इस संधि का प्रक्रियात्मक विरोध किया है| भारत का मानना है कि यदि संधि को COD के माध्यम से लाया जाएगा तो जिसको भविष्य में इसे और बेहतर किया जा सकता है| अतः स्पष्ट है कि कुछ संदर्भों में परमाणु हथियार निषेध संधि (2017), व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबन्ध संधि (CTBT) से व्यापक है लेकिन विशिष्ट कारणों से भारत दोनों का विरोध करता है|
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Discuss the Depositional and Erosional Landforms developed in the Coastal region. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction of Coastal Landform and agent of coastal erosion and deposition Briefly explain the Erosional Landforms and Depositional landforms Introduction Coastal Landform- Landform developed at the coastal region is called Coastal Landform Waves are the dominant agent of coastal erosion. Waves are formed due to the movement of winds that sweeps the water molecules and keeps them in a circular motion. When these waves approach the coast, they happen to break when their height is greater than the shallow depth below. The wave on breaking, water rushes onto the shore which is called ‘Swash’ while the retreat is called ‘Backwash’. Erosional Landforms The action of waves shall result in the following types of common coastal landform: (i) Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Sea Stacks, and Sea Stumps- the Hydraulic action develops a crack that eventually widens through both Hydraulic action and abrasion, to form caves. On the expansion of these caves, it breaks behind the wall and transforms itself into a Sea Arch . Over time the Sea Bridge collapses and leaves behind a single-standing rock structure called Sea Stacks. This collapse is due to the ability of the agents of erosion to collapse the stability of holding the sea bridge (The roof becomes too heavy). The stack when undercut due to the erosion activity with time it becomes a Sea Stump. (ii)Blowholes the air when compressed along the vertical weaker joints inside the Sea Caves by the Wave action. the movement of air through these cracks shall result in a whistling sound in the coastal region. This movement creates more chances of enlarging the cracks. The strong action of waves can at times lead to water sprouting at the top (marine geysers) The narrow deep intrusions mainly result in due to the headward erosion of the waves into the weaker zones (soft rock materials) further continuation into larger openings makes it a ‘ Bay or Gulf’. The Depositional landforms Wave Cut Platforms These are the platforms formed due to the action of Sea Waves. The Hydraulic Action and the Abrasion results in eroding the bottom of the cliff consistently, it starts from a notch and results in the eventual breaking of the Sea Cliff to form a wave-cut platform. Depositional Landform (i) Beach- temporary covering of Rock Debris formed due to the wave action results in the formation of beaches. If the debris is fine sediment then it results in forming sandy beaches but in case if the depositions are cobbles and pebbles it forms ‘Shingle Beach’. (ii) Bar- the deposition of sand and rock debris along the coast. When this Bar develops away from the shore, parallel to the coast it is called Barrier Bar. When one side of the Bar is connected to the coastal land it is called Spit , while if the other end develops a hook-shaped curvature towards the land it is called When a sand deposition bar develops like a ‘Sand Isthumus’ connecting the mainland and the island it is called ‘Tombolo’. The Bars happened to enclose by leaving a small water body onto the mainland site which is also called Backwaters or Lagoons.
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##Question:Discuss the Depositional and Erosional Landforms developed in the Coastal region. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction of Coastal Landform and agent of coastal erosion and deposition Briefly explain the Erosional Landforms and Depositional landforms Introduction Coastal Landform- Landform developed at the coastal region is called Coastal Landform Waves are the dominant agent of coastal erosion. Waves are formed due to the movement of winds that sweeps the water molecules and keeps them in a circular motion. When these waves approach the coast, they happen to break when their height is greater than the shallow depth below. The wave on breaking, water rushes onto the shore which is called ‘Swash’ while the retreat is called ‘Backwash’. Erosional Landforms The action of waves shall result in the following types of common coastal landform: (i) Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Sea Stacks, and Sea Stumps- the Hydraulic action develops a crack that eventually widens through both Hydraulic action and abrasion, to form caves. On the expansion of these caves, it breaks behind the wall and transforms itself into a Sea Arch . Over time the Sea Bridge collapses and leaves behind a single-standing rock structure called Sea Stacks. This collapse is due to the ability of the agents of erosion to collapse the stability of holding the sea bridge (The roof becomes too heavy). The stack when undercut due to the erosion activity with time it becomes a Sea Stump. (ii)Blowholes the air when compressed along the vertical weaker joints inside the Sea Caves by the Wave action. the movement of air through these cracks shall result in a whistling sound in the coastal region. This movement creates more chances of enlarging the cracks. The strong action of waves can at times lead to water sprouting at the top (marine geysers) The narrow deep intrusions mainly result in due to the headward erosion of the waves into the weaker zones (soft rock materials) further continuation into larger openings makes it a ‘ Bay or Gulf’. The Depositional landforms Wave Cut Platforms These are the platforms formed due to the action of Sea Waves. The Hydraulic Action and the Abrasion results in eroding the bottom of the cliff consistently, it starts from a notch and results in the eventual breaking of the Sea Cliff to form a wave-cut platform. Depositional Landform (i) Beach- temporary covering of Rock Debris formed due to the wave action results in the formation of beaches. If the debris is fine sediment then it results in forming sandy beaches but in case if the depositions are cobbles and pebbles it forms ‘Shingle Beach’. (ii) Bar- the deposition of sand and rock debris along the coast. When this Bar develops away from the shore, parallel to the coast it is called Barrier Bar. When one side of the Bar is connected to the coastal land it is called Spit , while if the other end develops a hook-shaped curvature towards the land it is called When a sand deposition bar develops like a ‘Sand Isthumus’ connecting the mainland and the island it is called ‘Tombolo’. The Bars happened to enclose by leaving a small water body onto the mainland site which is also called Backwaters or Lagoons.
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उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागरीय जलधाराओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। साथ ही, इनके द्वारा जलवायु पर होने वाले प्रभावों को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Explain the North Atlantic Ocean currents. Also, explain the effects they have on the climate. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: महासागरीय जलधारा की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागर की जलधाराओं को स्पष्ट शीर्षक देकर समझाइए, साथ ही इनके प्रवाह का मानचित्र भी बनाइए। इनेक द्वारा जलवायु पर होने वाले प्रभावों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। अंत में, इनके अतिरिक्त प्रभावों को बताकर उत्तर का अंत कीजिए। उत्तर: महासागर में नदी प्रवाह के समान हैं। ये निश्चित मार्ग व दिशा में नियमित जल प्रवाह को दर्शाती है। सागरीय संचलनों में धाराएं सर्वाधिक शक्तिशाली होती हैं क्योंकि इनके द्वारा सागरीय जल हजारों किलोमीटर तक बहा लिया जाता है। महासागरीय धाराएं पृथ्वी पर तापमान के संतुलन में पर्याप्त सहयोग प्रदान करती हैं। धारा की औसत गति 3.2 से 10 किमी प्रति घंटा होती है। अधिक गति वाली महासागरीय धाराओं को स्ट्रीम कहते हैं तथा कम गति वाली धाराओं को ड्रिफ्ट कहते हैं। उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागर की जलधाराएं:- उत्तरी विषुवतीय धारा- विस्तार- 0°-10°N अक्षांशों के मध्य, पश्चिमी अफ्रीका से ब्राजील तट तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- उत्तर पूर्वी वाणिज्यिक पवनों का प्रभाव, अधिक वर्षा, पृथ्वी के घूर्णन का प्रभाव। फ्लोरिडा की धारा- विस्तार- यूकाटान चैनल से केप हैटरस तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- उत्तर विषुवतीय जलधारा एवं मिसीसिपी मिसौरी नदी द्वारा मैक्सिको की खाड़ी में जल विसर्जन के कारण जल स्तर का उच्च होना गल्फ स्ट्रीम- विस्तार- केप हैटरस से ग्रैंड बैंक तक, उत्त्पत्ति के कारण- फ्लोरिडा जलधारा एवं एंटलीस जलधारा का मिलना, घनत्व की भिन्नता उत्तरी अटलांटिक ड्रिफ्ट- विस्तार- 45°N अक्षांश एवं 45°W देशांतर के निकट, उत्पत्ति के पश्चात् पूर्व एवं उत्तर पूर्व की ओर प्रवाह, उत्पत्ति के कारण- गल्फ स्ट्रीम धारा उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागर में उत्तरी अटलांटिक ड्रिफ्ट के नाम से जानी जाती है। दक्षिण विषुवतीय जलधारा- विस्तार- 0° से 12°S अक्षांश के बीच, अंगोला तट से ब्राजील तट तक, उत्त्पत्ति के कारण- व्यापारिक हवाओं का प्रभाव, पृथ्वी के घूर्णन का प्रभाव, अधिक वर्षो ब्राजील धारा- विस्तार- सेन रॉक अंतरीय से 40° दक्षिण अक्षांश तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- घनत्व की भिन्नता, अधिक वर्षा प्रति विषुवतीय धारा- विस्तार- ब्राजील तट से गिनी तट तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- उत्तर एवं दक्षिण विषुवतीय धाराओं का अभिसरण के कारण अधिक जलराशि एकत्रित हो जाती है कि पश्चिम से पूर्व की ओर सामान्य ढाल बन जाता है। अतः अफ्रीका तट के पास कम जलराशि की पूर्ति के लिए क्षतिपूर्ति धारा के रूप में प्रति विषुवतीय धारा का आविर्भाव हो जाता है। लैब्राडोर जलधारा- विस्तार- बैफिन की खाड़ी एवं डेविस जलडमरूमध्य से लेकर 45° उत्तरी अक्षांश तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- हिम शिलाखंडों के पिघलने से स्वच्छ जल की मात्रा में वृद्धि, लवणता की भिन्नता फॉकलैंड जलधारा- विस्तार- अर्जेंटीना के पूर्वी तट तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- घनत्व की भिन्नता हिम के पिघलने से स्वच्छ जल की प्राप्ति बेंगुएला धारा- विस्तार- दक्षिण अफ्रीका एवं नामीबिया के पश्चिमी तट पर, उत्पत्ति के कारण- स्थलीय अवरोध घनत्व की भिन्नता इन जलधाराओं के जलवायु पर प्रभाव को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- पृथ्वी के घूर्णन गति के कारण (कोरिओलिस बल), ये धारा भूमध्य रेखा के लगभग पश्चिम में चलती हैं। उत्तर अमेरिकी महाद्वीप और कोरिओलिस बल की उपस्थिति के कारण उत्तरी विषुवतीय धारा प्रारंभ में उत्तर की ओर बढ़ती है, और उसके बाद उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा ले लेती है। यह मेक्सिको की खाड़ी में प्रवेश कर गल्फ स्ट्रीम का निर्माण करती है। दक्षिण पूर्वी अमेरिका में चीन तुल्य जलवायु एवं मध्य अमेरिका में मानसून तुल्य जलवायु की उत्पत्ति मे सहायक, गर्मी में वर्षा, ग्रीष्म ऋतु में गर्म लहर का प्रकोप, शीत ऋतु में स्थलीय पवनों के कारण कम प्रभाव होता है। गल्फ स्ट्रीम उत्तरी अमेरिका के पूर्वी तट पर मौसम को प्रभावित करती है। शीत ऋतु में स्थलीय हवाओं के कारण प्रभाव नहीं होता। ग्रैंड बैंक के निकट, लैब्राडोर की ठंडी जलधारा से मिलने के कारण, कोहरा युक्त वातावरण का निर्माण एवं मत्स्य उद्योग का विकास हुआ है। पश्चिमी यूरोप में पश्चिम यूरोपीय तुल्य जलवायु की उत्पत्ति में सहायक। पश्चिमी यूरोप में वर्षभर वर्षा एवं आनन्ददायक जलवायु नार्वे का तेटवर्ती क्षेत्र वर्षभर बर्फ के प्रभाव से मुक्त रहता है। रूस का मरमस्क बंदरगाह एवं यूरोप के पश्चिमी तट उत्तरी अटलांटिक ड्रिफ्ट के गर्म जल के कारण शीतकाल में भी समुद्री बंदरगाह खुले रहते हैं। उत्तरी अटलांटिक जलमार्ग को हिम शिलाखंडों (Icebergs) के प्रभाव से मुक्त बनाए रखने में सहायक होता है। ब्राजील के तटवर्ती क्षेत्र में वर्षभर उच्च तापमान, गर्मी में वर्षा उच्च लवणता युक्त जलधारा, फॉकलैंड द्वीप के निकट फ़ॉकलैंड जलधारा से मिलने के कारण कोहरा का निर्माण, 40° दक्षिण अक्षांश से, पृथ्वी के परिभ्रमण के फलस्वरूप विक्षेप बल के कारण तथा पछुआ पवन से प्रभावित होकर पूर्व दिशा में मुड़ जाती है। कनाडा के पूर्वी तट पर शीत लहर का प्रभाव, वर्षभर तापमान में कमी, बड़े-बड़े हिम शिलाखंडों का न्यूफाउंडलैंड तक आना,गल्फ स्ट्रीम से मिलने के पश्चात् कोहरे युक्त वातावरण का निर्माण, फलस्वरूप सागरीय यातायात में अवरोध। फोकलैंड जलधारा द्वारा अंटार्कटिक क्षेत्र से हिमशिला खंड अर्जेंटीना तट तक लाए जाते हैं। पैटागोनिया मरूस्थल की उत्पत्ति में सहायक। तटवर्ती भाग में कोहरा परंतु वर्षा का अभाव, बेंगुएला धारा पूर्व की ओर बढ़ने वाली गर्म और आर्द्र हवा की सापेक्ष आर्द्रता को कम करने में सहायक है।नामीबिया एवं कालाहारी मरूस्थल का निर्माण करती है। उत्तर की ओर आगे चलकर यह धारा दक्षिण विषुवतरेखीय धारा में विलीन हो जाती है। समग्रतः इन जलधाराओं द्वारा अटलांटिक महासागर के आस-पास के क्षेत्र की जलवायु को व्यापक तौर पर प्रभावित किया जाता है। जो कि वहाँ के सामाजिक, आर्थिक विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देती है। लेकिन जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण इन पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव भी दिखाई दिया है जिससे समय रहते निपटना चाहिए।
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##Question:उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागरीय जलधाराओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। साथ ही, इनके द्वारा जलवायु पर होने वाले प्रभावों को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Explain the North Atlantic Ocean currents. Also, explain the effects they have on the climate. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: महासागरीय जलधारा की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागर की जलधाराओं को स्पष्ट शीर्षक देकर समझाइए, साथ ही इनके प्रवाह का मानचित्र भी बनाइए। इनेक द्वारा जलवायु पर होने वाले प्रभावों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। अंत में, इनके अतिरिक्त प्रभावों को बताकर उत्तर का अंत कीजिए। उत्तर: महासागर में नदी प्रवाह के समान हैं। ये निश्चित मार्ग व दिशा में नियमित जल प्रवाह को दर्शाती है। सागरीय संचलनों में धाराएं सर्वाधिक शक्तिशाली होती हैं क्योंकि इनके द्वारा सागरीय जल हजारों किलोमीटर तक बहा लिया जाता है। महासागरीय धाराएं पृथ्वी पर तापमान के संतुलन में पर्याप्त सहयोग प्रदान करती हैं। धारा की औसत गति 3.2 से 10 किमी प्रति घंटा होती है। अधिक गति वाली महासागरीय धाराओं को स्ट्रीम कहते हैं तथा कम गति वाली धाराओं को ड्रिफ्ट कहते हैं। उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागर की जलधाराएं:- उत्तरी विषुवतीय धारा- विस्तार- 0°-10°N अक्षांशों के मध्य, पश्चिमी अफ्रीका से ब्राजील तट तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- उत्तर पूर्वी वाणिज्यिक पवनों का प्रभाव, अधिक वर्षा, पृथ्वी के घूर्णन का प्रभाव। फ्लोरिडा की धारा- विस्तार- यूकाटान चैनल से केप हैटरस तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- उत्तर विषुवतीय जलधारा एवं मिसीसिपी मिसौरी नदी द्वारा मैक्सिको की खाड़ी में जल विसर्जन के कारण जल स्तर का उच्च होना गल्फ स्ट्रीम- विस्तार- केप हैटरस से ग्रैंड बैंक तक, उत्त्पत्ति के कारण- फ्लोरिडा जलधारा एवं एंटलीस जलधारा का मिलना, घनत्व की भिन्नता उत्तरी अटलांटिक ड्रिफ्ट- विस्तार- 45°N अक्षांश एवं 45°W देशांतर के निकट, उत्पत्ति के पश्चात् पूर्व एवं उत्तर पूर्व की ओर प्रवाह, उत्पत्ति के कारण- गल्फ स्ट्रीम धारा उत्तरी अटलांटिक महासागर में उत्तरी अटलांटिक ड्रिफ्ट के नाम से जानी जाती है। दक्षिण विषुवतीय जलधारा- विस्तार- 0° से 12°S अक्षांश के बीच, अंगोला तट से ब्राजील तट तक, उत्त्पत्ति के कारण- व्यापारिक हवाओं का प्रभाव, पृथ्वी के घूर्णन का प्रभाव, अधिक वर्षो ब्राजील धारा- विस्तार- सेन रॉक अंतरीय से 40° दक्षिण अक्षांश तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- घनत्व की भिन्नता, अधिक वर्षा प्रति विषुवतीय धारा- विस्तार- ब्राजील तट से गिनी तट तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- उत्तर एवं दक्षिण विषुवतीय धाराओं का अभिसरण के कारण अधिक जलराशि एकत्रित हो जाती है कि पश्चिम से पूर्व की ओर सामान्य ढाल बन जाता है। अतः अफ्रीका तट के पास कम जलराशि की पूर्ति के लिए क्षतिपूर्ति धारा के रूप में प्रति विषुवतीय धारा का आविर्भाव हो जाता है। लैब्राडोर जलधारा- विस्तार- बैफिन की खाड़ी एवं डेविस जलडमरूमध्य से लेकर 45° उत्तरी अक्षांश तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- हिम शिलाखंडों के पिघलने से स्वच्छ जल की मात्रा में वृद्धि, लवणता की भिन्नता फॉकलैंड जलधारा- विस्तार- अर्जेंटीना के पूर्वी तट तक, उत्पत्ति के कारण- घनत्व की भिन्नता हिम के पिघलने से स्वच्छ जल की प्राप्ति बेंगुएला धारा- विस्तार- दक्षिण अफ्रीका एवं नामीबिया के पश्चिमी तट पर, उत्पत्ति के कारण- स्थलीय अवरोध घनत्व की भिन्नता इन जलधाराओं के जलवायु पर प्रभाव को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- पृथ्वी के घूर्णन गति के कारण (कोरिओलिस बल), ये धारा भूमध्य रेखा के लगभग पश्चिम में चलती हैं। उत्तर अमेरिकी महाद्वीप और कोरिओलिस बल की उपस्थिति के कारण उत्तरी विषुवतीय धारा प्रारंभ में उत्तर की ओर बढ़ती है, और उसके बाद उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा ले लेती है। यह मेक्सिको की खाड़ी में प्रवेश कर गल्फ स्ट्रीम का निर्माण करती है। दक्षिण पूर्वी अमेरिका में चीन तुल्य जलवायु एवं मध्य अमेरिका में मानसून तुल्य जलवायु की उत्पत्ति मे सहायक, गर्मी में वर्षा, ग्रीष्म ऋतु में गर्म लहर का प्रकोप, शीत ऋतु में स्थलीय पवनों के कारण कम प्रभाव होता है। गल्फ स्ट्रीम उत्तरी अमेरिका के पूर्वी तट पर मौसम को प्रभावित करती है। शीत ऋतु में स्थलीय हवाओं के कारण प्रभाव नहीं होता। ग्रैंड बैंक के निकट, लैब्राडोर की ठंडी जलधारा से मिलने के कारण, कोहरा युक्त वातावरण का निर्माण एवं मत्स्य उद्योग का विकास हुआ है। पश्चिमी यूरोप में पश्चिम यूरोपीय तुल्य जलवायु की उत्पत्ति में सहायक। पश्चिमी यूरोप में वर्षभर वर्षा एवं आनन्ददायक जलवायु नार्वे का तेटवर्ती क्षेत्र वर्षभर बर्फ के प्रभाव से मुक्त रहता है। रूस का मरमस्क बंदरगाह एवं यूरोप के पश्चिमी तट उत्तरी अटलांटिक ड्रिफ्ट के गर्म जल के कारण शीतकाल में भी समुद्री बंदरगाह खुले रहते हैं। उत्तरी अटलांटिक जलमार्ग को हिम शिलाखंडों (Icebergs) के प्रभाव से मुक्त बनाए रखने में सहायक होता है। ब्राजील के तटवर्ती क्षेत्र में वर्षभर उच्च तापमान, गर्मी में वर्षा उच्च लवणता युक्त जलधारा, फॉकलैंड द्वीप के निकट फ़ॉकलैंड जलधारा से मिलने के कारण कोहरा का निर्माण, 40° दक्षिण अक्षांश से, पृथ्वी के परिभ्रमण के फलस्वरूप विक्षेप बल के कारण तथा पछुआ पवन से प्रभावित होकर पूर्व दिशा में मुड़ जाती है। कनाडा के पूर्वी तट पर शीत लहर का प्रभाव, वर्षभर तापमान में कमी, बड़े-बड़े हिम शिलाखंडों का न्यूफाउंडलैंड तक आना,गल्फ स्ट्रीम से मिलने के पश्चात् कोहरे युक्त वातावरण का निर्माण, फलस्वरूप सागरीय यातायात में अवरोध। फोकलैंड जलधारा द्वारा अंटार्कटिक क्षेत्र से हिमशिला खंड अर्जेंटीना तट तक लाए जाते हैं। पैटागोनिया मरूस्थल की उत्पत्ति में सहायक। तटवर्ती भाग में कोहरा परंतु वर्षा का अभाव, बेंगुएला धारा पूर्व की ओर बढ़ने वाली गर्म और आर्द्र हवा की सापेक्ष आर्द्रता को कम करने में सहायक है।नामीबिया एवं कालाहारी मरूस्थल का निर्माण करती है। उत्तर की ओर आगे चलकर यह धारा दक्षिण विषुवतरेखीय धारा में विलीन हो जाती है। समग्रतः इन जलधाराओं द्वारा अटलांटिक महासागर के आस-पास के क्षेत्र की जलवायु को व्यापक तौर पर प्रभावित किया जाता है। जो कि वहाँ के सामाजिक, आर्थिक विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देती है। लेकिन जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण इन पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव भी दिखाई दिया है जिससे समय रहते निपटना चाहिए।
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Discuss the composition of the atmosphere. Also, explain the variation in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the role played by it. (150 words| 10 marks)
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Discuss the composition of the atmosphere. Also, explain the variation in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the role played by it. (200 words| 10 marks) APPROACH Define the atmosphere and discuss its composition. Explain the variation in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and the role played by it Conclude briefly. ANSWER The atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth. The atmosphere is a mixture of different gases. It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants. It envelops the earth all around and is held in place by the gravity of the earth. Composition The thickness of the earth’s atmosphere is about 480 km, 99% of the thickness lies up to the height of 32 km from the earth with increasing altitude, the air pressure decreases. The atmosphere has a mixture of gases that sustains life on earth - Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), CO2 (0.04%), etc. The earth"s gravity helps hold the atmosphere in the place. The major role of the atmosphere is to contain the entry of ultraviolet rays. Variation in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the role/significance of it Water is present in the atmosphere in three forms namely – gaseous, liquid and solid. The moisture in the atmosphere is derived from water bodies through evaporation and from plants through transpiration. Water vapour in air varies from zero to four per cent by volume of the atmosphere (averaging around 2% in the atmosphere). The highest concentrations of water vapour are found near the equator over the oceans and tropical rain forests. Cold polar areas and subtropical continental deserts are locations where the volume of water vapour can approach zero per cent. It redistributes heat energy on the Earth through latent heat energy exchange. The condensation of water vapor creates precipitation that falls to the Earth"s surface providing needed fresh water for plants and animals. It helps warm the Earth"s atmosphere through the greenhouse effect. Water vapour absorbs radiation both incoming and terrestrial. It thus plays a crucial role in the earth’s heat budget. The amount of water vapour present decides the quantity of latent energy stored up in the atmosphere for the development of storms and cyclones. Water is one of the basic requirements for the survival of life, and its conservation is important for maintaining balance in nature. The government of India has launched the National Water Mission with the objective of conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management.
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##Question:Discuss the composition of the atmosphere. Also, explain the variation in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the role played by it. (150 words| 10 marks)##Answer:Discuss the composition of the atmosphere. Also, explain the variation in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the role played by it. (200 words| 10 marks) APPROACH Define the atmosphere and discuss its composition. Explain the variation in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and the role played by it Conclude briefly. ANSWER The atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth. The atmosphere is a mixture of different gases. It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants. It envelops the earth all around and is held in place by the gravity of the earth. Composition The thickness of the earth’s atmosphere is about 480 km, 99% of the thickness lies up to the height of 32 km from the earth with increasing altitude, the air pressure decreases. The atmosphere has a mixture of gases that sustains life on earth - Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), CO2 (0.04%), etc. The earth"s gravity helps hold the atmosphere in the place. The major role of the atmosphere is to contain the entry of ultraviolet rays. Variation in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the role/significance of it Water is present in the atmosphere in three forms namely – gaseous, liquid and solid. The moisture in the atmosphere is derived from water bodies through evaporation and from plants through transpiration. Water vapour in air varies from zero to four per cent by volume of the atmosphere (averaging around 2% in the atmosphere). The highest concentrations of water vapour are found near the equator over the oceans and tropical rain forests. Cold polar areas and subtropical continental deserts are locations where the volume of water vapour can approach zero per cent. It redistributes heat energy on the Earth through latent heat energy exchange. The condensation of water vapor creates precipitation that falls to the Earth"s surface providing needed fresh water for plants and animals. It helps warm the Earth"s atmosphere through the greenhouse effect. Water vapour absorbs radiation both incoming and terrestrial. It thus plays a crucial role in the earth’s heat budget. The amount of water vapour present decides the quantity of latent energy stored up in the atmosphere for the development of storms and cyclones. Water is one of the basic requirements for the survival of life, and its conservation is important for maintaining balance in nature. The government of India has launched the National Water Mission with the objective of conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management.
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There were many changes brought by powerful nobles in the successor states but ties with Mughal Empire were never broken formally. Discuss. (150 words/ 10 marks).
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Approach to the Answer - Introduce by mentioning the successor states and their nobles In Body, mention the changes in administration and revenue matters Mention the reasons for not formally breaking the ties with Mughal Empire Conclude Appropriately Answer - Later Mughals were weak and couldn’t hold the vast Mughal Empire together. Within the Mughal empire, certain powerful nobles established autonomous centres of power in form of successor states. The most important nobles of the successor states were Chin Qulich Khan or Nizam in Hyderabad, Sadat Ali Khan in Awadh, and Murshid Quli Khan in Bengal. . They gathered the support of economically powerful sections like traders/merchants, moneylenders, bankers, Ijaradars, intermediary zamindars by - By not harassing these sections. Not applying arbitrary taxes. Providing security of property and law and order stability by making them Mansabdars i.e., giving them Mansabs. The following were the changes brought by the powerful nobles in the successor states – These nobles after getting appointed as Governors consolidated power by ending the system of checks and balances, therefore, resulting in the concentration of power in themselves. Example - ensuring relatives and loyalists were appointed to important Mansabs like Diwan, War commander, deputy Nawab etc. They distributed Mansabs and Jagirs without the permission of the Mughal emperor. Independence in matters of war and peace, signing treaties with neighbours and in domestic policies. They gradually stopped reporting revenue collected to Delhi (that is books of accounts not sent to Delhi). Nobles did not send revenue regularly to Delhi and later reduced the amount of revenue sent to Delhi. They ruled autonomously but never formally broke off ties with the Mughal empire. This was because of – Legitimacy on account of the Mughal empire or Mughal emperor. Even if Mughal Empire was weak but it still had the legitimacy to rule from the masses. Personal ambitions for court politics in Delhi for greater influence by holding positions at the central level. Finally, these nobles established their dynastic rule and Mughal emperors lost power to appoint Nobles of these Subas which now came to be known as successor states.
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##Question:There were many changes brought by powerful nobles in the successor states but ties with Mughal Empire were never broken formally. Discuss. (150 words/ 10 marks).##Answer:Approach to the Answer - Introduce by mentioning the successor states and their nobles In Body, mention the changes in administration and revenue matters Mention the reasons for not formally breaking the ties with Mughal Empire Conclude Appropriately Answer - Later Mughals were weak and couldn’t hold the vast Mughal Empire together. Within the Mughal empire, certain powerful nobles established autonomous centres of power in form of successor states. The most important nobles of the successor states were Chin Qulich Khan or Nizam in Hyderabad, Sadat Ali Khan in Awadh, and Murshid Quli Khan in Bengal. . They gathered the support of economically powerful sections like traders/merchants, moneylenders, bankers, Ijaradars, intermediary zamindars by - By not harassing these sections. Not applying arbitrary taxes. Providing security of property and law and order stability by making them Mansabdars i.e., giving them Mansabs. The following were the changes brought by the powerful nobles in the successor states – These nobles after getting appointed as Governors consolidated power by ending the system of checks and balances, therefore, resulting in the concentration of power in themselves. Example - ensuring relatives and loyalists were appointed to important Mansabs like Diwan, War commander, deputy Nawab etc. They distributed Mansabs and Jagirs without the permission of the Mughal emperor. Independence in matters of war and peace, signing treaties with neighbours and in domestic policies. They gradually stopped reporting revenue collected to Delhi (that is books of accounts not sent to Delhi). Nobles did not send revenue regularly to Delhi and later reduced the amount of revenue sent to Delhi. They ruled autonomously but never formally broke off ties with the Mughal empire. This was because of – Legitimacy on account of the Mughal empire or Mughal emperor. Even if Mughal Empire was weak but it still had the legitimacy to rule from the masses. Personal ambitions for court politics in Delhi for greater influence by holding positions at the central level. Finally, these nobles established their dynastic rule and Mughal emperors lost power to appoint Nobles of these Subas which now came to be known as successor states.
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What do you understand by Human Development Index (HDI)? Do you agree that it is an adequate measure of human and economic development? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach 1. Write a short note on HDI. 2. Different determinants of HDI. 3. Write about the merits of HDi and analyze how it is not a comprehensive index. 4. Give your opinion. Answer United nations development program (UNDP) published its first human development report in 1990. The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Amartya Sen, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. The HDI framework comprises three indices: The life Expectancy Index is based on life expectancy at birth. The index is 1 when it is 85 years and 0 when it is 20 years. Education Index, based on mean years of schooling (15 is the projected maximum for 2025) and expected years of schooling (18 is the projected maximum – this is the equivalent of achieving a postgraduate degree in most countries). Income Index, based on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which considers exchange rates and inflation adjustments when determining individual wealth. The index is 1 when GNI per capita is US$75,000 or above, and 0 when it is US$100. The human development index is the geometric mean of the life expectancy index, Education index, and Income index. Together, these three indices provide, in broad-brush terms, an indication of a person’s capabilities and well-being. They provide a richer picture of progress than the gross domestic product (GDP), which relates to a country’s wealth, or even GDP per capita, which tells us something about an individual’s means but nothing about their life outcomes. Shortcomings and Critique of the Human Development Index (HDI)- For estimating the literacy rate, expected years of schooling by children at the entrance age is used which overstates the literacy rate as in many countries (including India) many children who join primary school later drop out at some stage. In preparing HDI equal weight of 1/3 is given to each of the three variables, namely, life expectancy, literacy rate, and GNI per capita. This involves some value judgment and seems to be quite arbitrary. Besides, since these three components of HDI are measured in different units, giving equal weight to each component of HDI does not make much sense. In constructing the human development index, the role of quality has been ignored. For example, there is a big difference between an extra year of life for a healthy well-educated person and an extra one-year life for a person who is bedridden and has limited capability to do work. Similarly, in constructing HDI only the number of years of schooling is taken into account while the quality of education also matters a lot for good living. Due to the lack of adequate data about the quality of health and education, it is not incorporated into the construction of HDI. But without the quality of health and education being considered, HDI does not represent the true index of human development. An important drawback of the human development index (HDI), is that it is of composite character which makes it an imperfect indicator of the development or well-being of people. If these three components are highly correlated to each other, then a single one will serve the purpose of comparing the levels of development and well-being of the people of different countries. This HDI was criticized for being average, and overlooking the inequalities prevailing in a given economy, which is why subsequently UNDP introduced Inequality-adjusted HDI or IHDI which considers inequality in all three parameters by using Gini Coefficient and Palma Ratio. If we look into the IHDI value of India it is 0.47 while HDI is 0.645. It is because India"s Gini Coefficient is almost 38% and its Palma Ratio is 1.6%. But Overall, the HDI has the potential to provide a simple impression of development that can be unpacked to indicate progress with respect to the SDGs. It can be used to complement alternative measures of development. And while factors such as conflict may not be reflected in the HDI, they may be captured in relation to their impact on wealth, access to education, and life expectancy.
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##Question:What do you understand by Human Development Index (HDI)? Do you agree that it is an adequate measure of human and economic development? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach 1. Write a short note on HDI. 2. Different determinants of HDI. 3. Write about the merits of HDi and analyze how it is not a comprehensive index. 4. Give your opinion. Answer United nations development program (UNDP) published its first human development report in 1990. The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Amartya Sen, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. The HDI framework comprises three indices: The life Expectancy Index is based on life expectancy at birth. The index is 1 when it is 85 years and 0 when it is 20 years. Education Index, based on mean years of schooling (15 is the projected maximum for 2025) and expected years of schooling (18 is the projected maximum – this is the equivalent of achieving a postgraduate degree in most countries). Income Index, based on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which considers exchange rates and inflation adjustments when determining individual wealth. The index is 1 when GNI per capita is US$75,000 or above, and 0 when it is US$100. The human development index is the geometric mean of the life expectancy index, Education index, and Income index. Together, these three indices provide, in broad-brush terms, an indication of a person’s capabilities and well-being. They provide a richer picture of progress than the gross domestic product (GDP), which relates to a country’s wealth, or even GDP per capita, which tells us something about an individual’s means but nothing about their life outcomes. Shortcomings and Critique of the Human Development Index (HDI)- For estimating the literacy rate, expected years of schooling by children at the entrance age is used which overstates the literacy rate as in many countries (including India) many children who join primary school later drop out at some stage. In preparing HDI equal weight of 1/3 is given to each of the three variables, namely, life expectancy, literacy rate, and GNI per capita. This involves some value judgment and seems to be quite arbitrary. Besides, since these three components of HDI are measured in different units, giving equal weight to each component of HDI does not make much sense. In constructing the human development index, the role of quality has been ignored. For example, there is a big difference between an extra year of life for a healthy well-educated person and an extra one-year life for a person who is bedridden and has limited capability to do work. Similarly, in constructing HDI only the number of years of schooling is taken into account while the quality of education also matters a lot for good living. Due to the lack of adequate data about the quality of health and education, it is not incorporated into the construction of HDI. But without the quality of health and education being considered, HDI does not represent the true index of human development. An important drawback of the human development index (HDI), is that it is of composite character which makes it an imperfect indicator of the development or well-being of people. If these three components are highly correlated to each other, then a single one will serve the purpose of comparing the levels of development and well-being of the people of different countries. This HDI was criticized for being average, and overlooking the inequalities prevailing in a given economy, which is why subsequently UNDP introduced Inequality-adjusted HDI or IHDI which considers inequality in all three parameters by using Gini Coefficient and Palma Ratio. If we look into the IHDI value of India it is 0.47 while HDI is 0.645. It is because India"s Gini Coefficient is almost 38% and its Palma Ratio is 1.6%. But Overall, the HDI has the potential to provide a simple impression of development that can be unpacked to indicate progress with respect to the SDGs. It can be used to complement alternative measures of development. And while factors such as conflict may not be reflected in the HDI, they may be captured in relation to their impact on wealth, access to education, and life expectancy.
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Clarify how 18th century India was beset with spectre of fragmented polity? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write an introduction mentioning the events/factor that led to rising of the Independent kingdom Main Body: write about various political units that existed at that time and also mention how despite the fragmented polity the Mughal tradition still survived Conclude: with writing the overall nature of the mid-18th century and a few wars which shaped such rise. Answer- During the first half of the eighteenth century, Aurangzeb’s misguided policies which weakened the stable Mughal polity and the failure of later Mughals like Muhammad Shah’s rule from 1719 to 1748 reshaped the boundaries of the Mughal Empire by the emergence of a number of independent kingdoms. Major Political units of that time: • Through the 18th century, the Mughal Empire gradually fragmented into a number of independent, regional states. – Successor States Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh were the three cases where provincial governors under the Mughals set up independent states. – The second group of regional states was the ‘new states’ or ‘insurgent states’ set up by rebels against the Mughals-the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, and Afghans. The independent states like Mysore, the Rajput states, and Kerala fall in this category. • The Mughal empire’s influence was not as widespread or deep as was believed. Significant parts of India, especially in the North East and South, remained outside it, as did many social groups. Despite fragmented polity, there was survival of the Mughal tradition of government, as the prestige of the emperor was quite considerable despite the increasing influence of the rebel chiefs of the Marathas and Sikhs. The third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with Maratha"s defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Aurangzeb died in 1707 and almost instantly the Mughal empire started breaking up. This break-up was followed by the establishment of a large number of independent and semi-independent or autonomous states of three types as follows: Warrior States: These were formed by the Sikhs, Jats, and Marathas in course of their rebellion against the Mughals. Local Kingdoms: Such as Rajput states, Mysore, Travancore, etc. Semi-independent or autonomous states: These were established by the Mughal nobles during the reign of Mohammad Shah (1720-1748). Such as Awadh founded by Saadat khan and Bengal founded by Murshid Quli Khan. After Aurangzeb’s death , a war of succession broke out among his sons and Muazzam emerged as victorious. He assumed royal authority under the title of Bahadur Shah I (1707-1717). He was the last Mughal emperor about whom anything considerable can be said. He followed a conciliatory and liberal policy towards Jats, Satnamis, Bundelas, Sikhs, and Rajputs. When he died in 1712 a war of succession broke out among his four sons and Jahandar Shah emerged victorious. He became the emperor with the help of an Iranian courtier named Zulfikar khan who was appointed as the wazir of the Mughal empire. Soon, he was murdered by his nephew Farrukhsiyar who became the emperor with the help of the Syed brothers from Meerut including the elder brother Abdullah khan and younger Hussain Ali. In 1719 Farrukhsiyar was murdered by the Syed brothers when he refused to be like a puppet ruler. In quick succession, the Syed brothers raised Rafiuddarzat and Rafiddaula to the throne (1719) but soon they passed away. Now the kingmaker Syed brothers appointed Mohammad Shah as the king (1720-1748). Therefore, it can be seen that the mid-eighteenth century was characterized by weak rulers and the rise of autonomous regional states who pledged only namesake loyalty to the emperor. The frequent wars of succession, invasion by foreign and neighboring rulers like nadir shah who sacked Delhi and went off with Kohinoor Diamond, the peacock throne, and three years" worth of revenue resulted in the destabilization of the country.
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##Question:Clarify how 18th century India was beset with spectre of fragmented polity? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write an introduction mentioning the events/factor that led to rising of the Independent kingdom Main Body: write about various political units that existed at that time and also mention how despite the fragmented polity the Mughal tradition still survived Conclude: with writing the overall nature of the mid-18th century and a few wars which shaped such rise. Answer- During the first half of the eighteenth century, Aurangzeb’s misguided policies which weakened the stable Mughal polity and the failure of later Mughals like Muhammad Shah’s rule from 1719 to 1748 reshaped the boundaries of the Mughal Empire by the emergence of a number of independent kingdoms. Major Political units of that time: • Through the 18th century, the Mughal Empire gradually fragmented into a number of independent, regional states. – Successor States Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh were the three cases where provincial governors under the Mughals set up independent states. – The second group of regional states was the ‘new states’ or ‘insurgent states’ set up by rebels against the Mughals-the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, and Afghans. The independent states like Mysore, the Rajput states, and Kerala fall in this category. • The Mughal empire’s influence was not as widespread or deep as was believed. Significant parts of India, especially in the North East and South, remained outside it, as did many social groups. Despite fragmented polity, there was survival of the Mughal tradition of government, as the prestige of the emperor was quite considerable despite the increasing influence of the rebel chiefs of the Marathas and Sikhs. The third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with Maratha"s defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Aurangzeb died in 1707 and almost instantly the Mughal empire started breaking up. This break-up was followed by the establishment of a large number of independent and semi-independent or autonomous states of three types as follows: Warrior States: These were formed by the Sikhs, Jats, and Marathas in course of their rebellion against the Mughals. Local Kingdoms: Such as Rajput states, Mysore, Travancore, etc. Semi-independent or autonomous states: These were established by the Mughal nobles during the reign of Mohammad Shah (1720-1748). Such as Awadh founded by Saadat khan and Bengal founded by Murshid Quli Khan. After Aurangzeb’s death , a war of succession broke out among his sons and Muazzam emerged as victorious. He assumed royal authority under the title of Bahadur Shah I (1707-1717). He was the last Mughal emperor about whom anything considerable can be said. He followed a conciliatory and liberal policy towards Jats, Satnamis, Bundelas, Sikhs, and Rajputs. When he died in 1712 a war of succession broke out among his four sons and Jahandar Shah emerged victorious. He became the emperor with the help of an Iranian courtier named Zulfikar khan who was appointed as the wazir of the Mughal empire. Soon, he was murdered by his nephew Farrukhsiyar who became the emperor with the help of the Syed brothers from Meerut including the elder brother Abdullah khan and younger Hussain Ali. In 1719 Farrukhsiyar was murdered by the Syed brothers when he refused to be like a puppet ruler. In quick succession, the Syed brothers raised Rafiuddarzat and Rafiddaula to the throne (1719) but soon they passed away. Now the kingmaker Syed brothers appointed Mohammad Shah as the king (1720-1748). Therefore, it can be seen that the mid-eighteenth century was characterized by weak rulers and the rise of autonomous regional states who pledged only namesake loyalty to the emperor. The frequent wars of succession, invasion by foreign and neighboring rulers like nadir shah who sacked Delhi and went off with Kohinoor Diamond, the peacock throne, and three years" worth of revenue resulted in the destabilization of the country.
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Discuss the role of Civil Services in India in the context of governance and efficient management of national resources. ( 150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Start with a brief introduction defining civil services. Mention the role of civil services. End the answer with a holistic conclusion. Answer: In India, civil service is a subdivision of government that helps in the functioning of the Executive. These are men and women who establish the permanent staff of the department of government. These are experts in administration. The following roles are performed by civil services in India: Policy formulation by advising the ministers and by providing them with the necessary information. Policy implementation - civil servants are responsible for the implementation of laws and policies of the government. Basis of government and administration - civil servants form the administrative ministry of the country and are responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the country administrative adjudication- settling the disputes between state and citizens. Management of resources such as land water, forest, wetlands, etc., also includes mobilization of financial resources and human resources. Providing continuity - when government changes due to elections, civil servants form the backbone of administration. Crisis management , it includes natural disaster management, acting quickly, and taking rescue operations. Though, civil service forms "the steel frame" of administration in India, it is criticized for alienation from the public as they do not have a good understanding of what people want. Such criticism can be overcome by implementing recommendations of the Second Administrative Reform Commission in true spirit.
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##Question:Discuss the role of Civil Services in India in the context of governance and efficient management of national resources. ( 150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief introduction defining civil services. Mention the role of civil services. End the answer with a holistic conclusion. Answer: In India, civil service is a subdivision of government that helps in the functioning of the Executive. These are men and women who establish the permanent staff of the department of government. These are experts in administration. The following roles are performed by civil services in India: Policy formulation by advising the ministers and by providing them with the necessary information. Policy implementation - civil servants are responsible for the implementation of laws and policies of the government. Basis of government and administration - civil servants form the administrative ministry of the country and are responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the country administrative adjudication- settling the disputes between state and citizens. Management of resources such as land water, forest, wetlands, etc., also includes mobilization of financial resources and human resources. Providing continuity - when government changes due to elections, civil servants form the backbone of administration. Crisis management , it includes natural disaster management, acting quickly, and taking rescue operations. Though, civil service forms "the steel frame" of administration in India, it is criticized for alienation from the public as they do not have a good understanding of what people want. Such criticism can be overcome by implementing recommendations of the Second Administrative Reform Commission in true spirit.
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You are heading the rescue operations in an area affected by severe natural calamity. Thousands of people are rendered homeless and deprived of food, drinking water and other basic amenities. Rescue work has been disrupted by heavy rainfall and damage to supply routes. The local people are seething with anger against the delayed limited rescue operations. When your team reaches the affected area, the people there heckle and even assault some of the team members. One of your team members is even severely injured. Faced with this crisis, some team members plead with you to call off the operations fearing threats to their life. In such trying circumstances, what will be your response? Examine the qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the situation. (250 words/20 Marks)
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The above incidence is fairly common in cases where public anger reaches its zenith. Such a case requires better management skills by the official which can complete the given task without being the victim of public anger. Qualities required for managing situation: 1. Emotional Intelligence The official needs to keep his temper in control. He must not allow his emotions to get between his duty. When all these conditions are fulfilled, he/she can handle the situation better. 2.. Empathy The official must be able to understand the emotional aspect of the incident and be sympathetic to their cause. By being empathetic, he/she can convince the public to co-operate with the authorities. This can also prevent unruly behaviour by the public or other officials towards each other. 3.. Leadership: In such circumstances, the finality of any decision lies completely on the wisdom of the leader.He/She also needs to lead the team from the front; displaying personal courage and conviction. 4. Patience and Presence of mind: A Public Servant can not afford to make spontaneous decisions in such situations. Any further course of action should be guided by considerate assessment and swift thinking. Response: 1. The safety of the public, as well as the official, is the first priority. Considering the injury of the official, he/she can be sent back for treatment, but calling off the operation is out of the question. 2. I will try to reduce the public anger by convincing them to co-operate. For this, I will talk with the community elders and tell them the reason for the delay and will promise to provide all assistance. 3. I will start the basic operation which requires urgent implementation, starting with transferring the affected to a safe place and providing them with basic items like food, water, medicine, clothes, etc. 4. A backup team containing professional disaster management experts will be sought as fast as possible. Till the weather improves, I along with the officials will stay with the community for taking care of the needs as well as a symbolic gesture of support. Leaving thousands unattended because of public anger, when they are completely dependent on government help, would be an act of timidity and self-preservation which is unbecoming of a public servant. We need to have sensitivity to the situation and not blame people for their reactions. Empathy and support are the key to rescuing people with problems.
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##Question:You are heading the rescue operations in an area affected by severe natural calamity. Thousands of people are rendered homeless and deprived of food, drinking water and other basic amenities. Rescue work has been disrupted by heavy rainfall and damage to supply routes. The local people are seething with anger against the delayed limited rescue operations. When your team reaches the affected area, the people there heckle and even assault some of the team members. One of your team members is even severely injured. Faced with this crisis, some team members plead with you to call off the operations fearing threats to their life. In such trying circumstances, what will be your response? Examine the qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the situation. (250 words/20 Marks)##Answer:The above incidence is fairly common in cases where public anger reaches its zenith. Such a case requires better management skills by the official which can complete the given task without being the victim of public anger. Qualities required for managing situation: 1. Emotional Intelligence The official needs to keep his temper in control. He must not allow his emotions to get between his duty. When all these conditions are fulfilled, he/she can handle the situation better. 2.. Empathy The official must be able to understand the emotional aspect of the incident and be sympathetic to their cause. By being empathetic, he/she can convince the public to co-operate with the authorities. This can also prevent unruly behaviour by the public or other officials towards each other. 3.. Leadership: In such circumstances, the finality of any decision lies completely on the wisdom of the leader.He/She also needs to lead the team from the front; displaying personal courage and conviction. 4. Patience and Presence of mind: A Public Servant can not afford to make spontaneous decisions in such situations. Any further course of action should be guided by considerate assessment and swift thinking. Response: 1. The safety of the public, as well as the official, is the first priority. Considering the injury of the official, he/she can be sent back for treatment, but calling off the operation is out of the question. 2. I will try to reduce the public anger by convincing them to co-operate. For this, I will talk with the community elders and tell them the reason for the delay and will promise to provide all assistance. 3. I will start the basic operation which requires urgent implementation, starting with transferring the affected to a safe place and providing them with basic items like food, water, medicine, clothes, etc. 4. A backup team containing professional disaster management experts will be sought as fast as possible. Till the weather improves, I along with the officials will stay with the community for taking care of the needs as well as a symbolic gesture of support. Leaving thousands unattended because of public anger, when they are completely dependent on government help, would be an act of timidity and self-preservation which is unbecoming of a public servant. We need to have sensitivity to the situation and not blame people for their reactions. Empathy and support are the key to rescuing people with problems.
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Trace the evolution of agriculture in India from the ancient times till the independence of India. (150 words/10 marks)
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BRIEF APPROACH : INTRODUCTION: THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA PHASE I- ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD PHASE II- From the Colonial phase till the independence of India. CONCLUSION ANSWER:- Agriculture is the science and art of cultivation of the soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock. It is also called farming. India is an agriculturally important country. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw materials for various industries. THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: Phase-01 : From ancient times till the beginning of European colonialism (1757). Crop seasons (Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid) were developed during this period. Many crops in these seasons were also decided. Wheat was not a major crop. Rather major crops were rice and a variety of millets. Different regions grew different crops. Food baskets were very wide. Millets, coarse grains, etc grown. Hence, food & nutritional security was high during this period. India was the major agricultural exporter of cotton, spices, silk, etc. Textile-cotton industry was supported by the agriculture system. Processing of spice, cotton, etc done. Wild and mulberry silks were grown. Evolution of practices: Hunters & gatherers --> Nomadic herders --> Simple subsistence --> Intensive subsistence This phase gave different crops. Indian farmers were not poor or very rich rather they were decent middle-class families. Very few or no major stances of famine, hunger, drought, etc. The focus was on food grains and cash crops. Phase-02 : The British phase (till independence in 1947). European colonial rule. What did the British need? Their goal was to access silk and cotton textile till British industrialization started. Also, they needed Spices, money (through exploitation), and cash crops (like tobacco, indigo, etc) instead of food crops. Britishers increased permanent taxation. They forced the farmers to sell crops at a lower price. British introduced a number of middlemen through different systems like the Zamindari system, Ryotwari system, etc. Zamindars became the de-facto and de-jure owners of lands. Gradually, farmers were becoming tenants. Zamindars were partners & loyal to Britishers. Farmers started becoming rural poor to poorer sections. The slow destruction of the cotton industry. Artisans became landless laborers. India cottage produce became costlier and the British cottage produce became cheaper. Poverty and disguised unemployed increased. And hence in this phase, India faced a number of famine years. Also, there was a gradual declination of ruler people. The British focused on exploitative cash crops like tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, etc. Food production declined and hence food insecurity. Nutritional insecurity The soil fertility also declined. Agriculture and soil productivity declined. Agricultural investment also declined. Zamindari system (the rural exploiting class was created by the British) was created. Crop diversity declined. Effective landholdings became small. The size of farms was small, poor quality seeds were used with no scientific inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, machines) and no irrigation facilities. Thus, the soil quality was not maintained. Also, there was a lack of development of storage, market, and transport facilities. These posed challenges for the government at that time, and paved the way for technological solutions in agriculture later on, in the name of the green revolution in the 1960s.
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##Question:Trace the evolution of agriculture in India from the ancient times till the independence of India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH : INTRODUCTION: THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA PHASE I- ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD PHASE II- From the Colonial phase till the independence of India. CONCLUSION ANSWER:- Agriculture is the science and art of cultivation of the soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock. It is also called farming. India is an agriculturally important country. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw materials for various industries. THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: Phase-01 : From ancient times till the beginning of European colonialism (1757). Crop seasons (Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid) were developed during this period. Many crops in these seasons were also decided. Wheat was not a major crop. Rather major crops were rice and a variety of millets. Different regions grew different crops. Food baskets were very wide. Millets, coarse grains, etc grown. Hence, food & nutritional security was high during this period. India was the major agricultural exporter of cotton, spices, silk, etc. Textile-cotton industry was supported by the agriculture system. Processing of spice, cotton, etc done. Wild and mulberry silks were grown. Evolution of practices: Hunters & gatherers --> Nomadic herders --> Simple subsistence --> Intensive subsistence This phase gave different crops. Indian farmers were not poor or very rich rather they were decent middle-class families. Very few or no major stances of famine, hunger, drought, etc. The focus was on food grains and cash crops. Phase-02 : The British phase (till independence in 1947). European colonial rule. What did the British need? Their goal was to access silk and cotton textile till British industrialization started. Also, they needed Spices, money (through exploitation), and cash crops (like tobacco, indigo, etc) instead of food crops. Britishers increased permanent taxation. They forced the farmers to sell crops at a lower price. British introduced a number of middlemen through different systems like the Zamindari system, Ryotwari system, etc. Zamindars became the de-facto and de-jure owners of lands. Gradually, farmers were becoming tenants. Zamindars were partners & loyal to Britishers. Farmers started becoming rural poor to poorer sections. The slow destruction of the cotton industry. Artisans became landless laborers. India cottage produce became costlier and the British cottage produce became cheaper. Poverty and disguised unemployed increased. And hence in this phase, India faced a number of famine years. Also, there was a gradual declination of ruler people. The British focused on exploitative cash crops like tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, etc. Food production declined and hence food insecurity. Nutritional insecurity The soil fertility also declined. Agriculture and soil productivity declined. Agricultural investment also declined. Zamindari system (the rural exploiting class was created by the British) was created. Crop diversity declined. Effective landholdings became small. The size of farms was small, poor quality seeds were used with no scientific inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, machines) and no irrigation facilities. Thus, the soil quality was not maintained. Also, there was a lack of development of storage, market, and transport facilities. These posed challenges for the government at that time, and paved the way for technological solutions in agriculture later on, in the name of the green revolution in the 1960s.
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निम्नलिखित पर निबंध लिखिए (600-700 शब्द; 60 अंक) भारत में मूल अधिकार के रूप में स्वास्थ्य : संभावनाएं और चुनौतियां (Health as a Fundamental Right in India : Prospects and Challenges)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका का दृष्टिकोण- इसे कहानी, कोटेशन अथवा संवाद शैली में लिख सकते हैं| इस भाग में मूल अधिकार के रूप में स्वास्थ्य का महत्त्व एवं आवश्यकता स्पष्ट करना है| 2- संभावनाओं को हितधारक दृष्टिकोण के साथ लिख सकते हैं जैसे व्यक्ति- बेहतर जीवन, बेहतर शिक्षा के अवसर, जीवन प्रत्याशा, बेहतर स्वास्थ्य, उत्पादकता बढ़ेगी, जीवन स्तर बेहतर परिवार- पारिवारिक आय में वृद्धि, जनसंख्या नियंत्रण, लैंगिक भेदभाव में कमी, आर्थिक स्थिति में सुधार समाज- सामाजिक कुरीतियों में कमी, सामाजिक संघर्ष में कमी, सामाजिक तनाव में कमी, बेहतर कानून व्यवस्था राष्ट्र- अंतिम व्यक्ति का विकास, समावेशी विकास, राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि, राष्ट्र निर्माण में सहायता, जनांकिकीय लाभांश आदि विश्व- कूटनीतिक लाभ, डायस्पोरा प्रभावी आदि 3- तीसरे भाग में चुनौतियां लिखनी हैं इसके अंतर्गत निम्नलिखित आयाम खोले जा सकते हैं- बढती जनसंख्या, जागरूकता का अभाव, अवसंरचना का अभाव अपर्याप्त भौतिक एवं मानवीय संसाधन, विषम भौगोलिक स्थितियां, वित्त की आवश्यकता, शोध क्षमता, प्रशासनिक मशीनरी की सीमाएं, वित्तीय बोझ आदि पहलू स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं 4- अंत में निष्कर्ष में समाधान प्रस्तुत करते हुए अपने निर्णय तक पहुंचना है- उपांत के अंतर्गत यहाँ समाधान के रूप में वैकल्पिक स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं, स्वास्थ्य बीमा का प्रसार, स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में विदेशी निवेश को प्रोत्साहन देना, परम्परागत चिकित्सकीय ज्ञान का प्रोत्साहन, स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा, प्रिवेंटिव हेल्थ पर बल, पोषण पर बल एवं जागरूकता प्रसार, विभिन्न सरकारी नीतियों का एकीकरण अंत में अपना दृष्टिकोण दिया जाना चाहिए- यहाँ मध्यम मार्ग का अनुसरण किया जाना चाहिए और उपलब्ध संसाधनों के आधार पर तात्कालिक और दीर्घकालिक दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं|
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##Question:निम्नलिखित पर निबंध लिखिए (600-700 शब्द; 60 अंक) भारत में मूल अधिकार के रूप में स्वास्थ्य : संभावनाएं और चुनौतियां (Health as a Fundamental Right in India : Prospects and Challenges) ##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका का दृष्टिकोण- इसे कहानी, कोटेशन अथवा संवाद शैली में लिख सकते हैं| इस भाग में मूल अधिकार के रूप में स्वास्थ्य का महत्त्व एवं आवश्यकता स्पष्ट करना है| 2- संभावनाओं को हितधारक दृष्टिकोण के साथ लिख सकते हैं जैसे व्यक्ति- बेहतर जीवन, बेहतर शिक्षा के अवसर, जीवन प्रत्याशा, बेहतर स्वास्थ्य, उत्पादकता बढ़ेगी, जीवन स्तर बेहतर परिवार- पारिवारिक आय में वृद्धि, जनसंख्या नियंत्रण, लैंगिक भेदभाव में कमी, आर्थिक स्थिति में सुधार समाज- सामाजिक कुरीतियों में कमी, सामाजिक संघर्ष में कमी, सामाजिक तनाव में कमी, बेहतर कानून व्यवस्था राष्ट्र- अंतिम व्यक्ति का विकास, समावेशी विकास, राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि, राष्ट्र निर्माण में सहायता, जनांकिकीय लाभांश आदि विश्व- कूटनीतिक लाभ, डायस्पोरा प्रभावी आदि 3- तीसरे भाग में चुनौतियां लिखनी हैं इसके अंतर्गत निम्नलिखित आयाम खोले जा सकते हैं- बढती जनसंख्या, जागरूकता का अभाव, अवसंरचना का अभाव अपर्याप्त भौतिक एवं मानवीय संसाधन, विषम भौगोलिक स्थितियां, वित्त की आवश्यकता, शोध क्षमता, प्रशासनिक मशीनरी की सीमाएं, वित्तीय बोझ आदि पहलू स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं 4- अंत में निष्कर्ष में समाधान प्रस्तुत करते हुए अपने निर्णय तक पहुंचना है- उपांत के अंतर्गत यहाँ समाधान के रूप में वैकल्पिक स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं, स्वास्थ्य बीमा का प्रसार, स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में विदेशी निवेश को प्रोत्साहन देना, परम्परागत चिकित्सकीय ज्ञान का प्रोत्साहन, स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा, प्रिवेंटिव हेल्थ पर बल, पोषण पर बल एवं जागरूकता प्रसार, विभिन्न सरकारी नीतियों का एकीकरण अंत में अपना दृष्टिकोण दिया जाना चाहिए- यहाँ मध्यम मार्ग का अनुसरण किया जाना चाहिए और उपलब्ध संसाधनों के आधार पर तात्कालिक और दीर्घकालिक दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं|
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Edward Snowden, a computer expert and former CIA administrator, released confidential Government documents to the press about the existence of Government surveillance programmes. According to many legal experts and the US Government, his action violated the Espionage act of 1971, which identified the leak of State secrets as an act of treason. Yet, despite the fact that he broke the law, Snowden argued that he had a moral obligation to act. He gave a justification for his “whistle blowing” by stating that he had a duty “to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them.” According to Snowden, the Government’s violation of privacy had to be exposed regardless of legality since more substantive issues of social action and public morality were involved here. Many agreed with Snowden. Few argued that he broke the law and compromised national security, for which he should be held accountable. Do you agree that Snowden’s actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited? Why or why not? Make an argument by weighing the competing values in this case. (250 words/20 marks).
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Approach : Introduce in brief the case study In body discussion on the aspects of the actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited Conclude briefly by weighing the competing values in this case Note - Students can have innovative points/dimensions/examples regarding the question which should be appreciated in evaluation. Answer : Individual freedom and rights on one hand and the larger interest of society or the nation on the other are perennial sources of conflict. Laws are usually in congruence with ethics as the purpose of making any law is the enforcement of societal morality. But sometimes laws may come in conflict with the morality of an individual and this creates an ethical dilemma. Ethical Dilemmas involved in this case study: Truth versus loyalty toward CIA Trust and credibility of the government Virtues of empathy and compassion towards citizens whose right to privacy has been violated • Conscience versus professional conduct The international image of nation versus justice to citizens If Edward Snowden would have followed the Espionage act of 1971 and did not leak state secrets then: Followed professional ethics and contract. Loyal to his organization, the CIA. Not allegedly put national security in jeopardy. The international reputation of his government would not have been marred. The given situation also highlights the very same fact. There are times when two competing values create dilemmas. Here the competing values are (1) morality and legality and (2) individual liberty (privacy) and national security. Morality vs Legality These both values are closely related as both seek to regulate human behavior and actions. But actions which may be legally correct may not be morally correct or vice-versa. It is an eternal dilemma which will occur in the future as well. Law is necessary to maintain order and minimum co-ordination in the society. Morality is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper. Both seek justice in different ways and help attaining stability in the society. Establishing precedence of one over other would not be a wise option. In this case, Edward Snowden has legally violated the Espionage Act, 1917, but his act must be looked with his intentions to serve the larger public good. Individual Liberty vs National Security Individual liberty (privacy) seeks to provide individual space to humans. This value respects the intricate relations of a person, personal feelings of people etc., which are essential because we are humans. National security seeks the protection of society from all kinds of threats and it is the duty of the state to protect its citizens, boundaries, economy etc. No nation becomes great by dwarfing its own individual. The surveillance programme was a gross violation of its own mandate. Snowden’s act in this case should not be considered a threat to national security. However, stand of Snowden can be justified based on the following ethical principles: As he was External whistleblowing was done only after resigning from the job (former CIA administrator given in case). (Wrong Point) As per Rousseau’s social contract theory, people do give up some of their rights to the sovereign power to protect the rest of their rights. However, how much right has to be given up will be decided by people. In this case permission of surveillance will have to be taken by the government; otherwise social contact will be broken. Socrates also advocated for “speaking truth to power” if sovereign authority is using power in an unjust manner. This will also enable value of transparency and accountability in administration. In short term, this action of Edward Snowden may harm the interest of the nation but in long term, it will only benefit the country in form of good governance. Whistleblowing is a potent tool and even in India such as Satyendra Dubey, Sanjiv Chaturvedi, Shanmugam Manjunath, etc have exposed the corrupt practices going in India. As Martin Luther King, Jr. commented in his famous letter from Birmingham Jail ie "One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." Similar ideas have also been expressed by Thomas Jefferson ie if a law is unjust, a man is not only right to disobey it, he is obligated to do so. Along similar lines, even Gandhiji questioned the salt law and evoked the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji advocated for breaking the unjust law. He said, “An unjust law is itself a species of violence”. In the above-mentioned conditions, it should be understood that all these values cannot propagate mutually exclusive to each other. There must be certain limitations or domains under which national security and individual liberty should operate. Legality and morality come to one’s conscience. Conscience can be a compass in difficult demanding conditions. In the mentioned case, Snowden was in a dilemma and surveillance was a gross violation in the name of national security, so he was right in exposing the government. Based on above analysis, Snowden’s actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited. Government cannot break the trust reposed by the people. If such surveillance is in the national interest then government must pass a law on it and inform people. This will ensure apolitical use of it, only for national interest. Mahatma Gandhi has rightly said: “Morality is the basis of things and truth is the substance of all morality.”
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##Question:Edward Snowden, a computer expert and former CIA administrator, released confidential Government documents to the press about the existence of Government surveillance programmes. According to many legal experts and the US Government, his action violated the Espionage act of 1971, which identified the leak of State secrets as an act of treason. Yet, despite the fact that he broke the law, Snowden argued that he had a moral obligation to act. He gave a justification for his “whistle blowing” by stating that he had a duty “to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them.” According to Snowden, the Government’s violation of privacy had to be exposed regardless of legality since more substantive issues of social action and public morality were involved here. Many agreed with Snowden. Few argued that he broke the law and compromised national security, for which he should be held accountable. Do you agree that Snowden’s actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited? Why or why not? Make an argument by weighing the competing values in this case. (250 words/20 marks).##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the case study In body discussion on the aspects of the actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited Conclude briefly by weighing the competing values in this case Note - Students can have innovative points/dimensions/examples regarding the question which should be appreciated in evaluation. Answer : Individual freedom and rights on one hand and the larger interest of society or the nation on the other are perennial sources of conflict. Laws are usually in congruence with ethics as the purpose of making any law is the enforcement of societal morality. But sometimes laws may come in conflict with the morality of an individual and this creates an ethical dilemma. Ethical Dilemmas involved in this case study: Truth versus loyalty toward CIA Trust and credibility of the government Virtues of empathy and compassion towards citizens whose right to privacy has been violated • Conscience versus professional conduct The international image of nation versus justice to citizens If Edward Snowden would have followed the Espionage act of 1971 and did not leak state secrets then: Followed professional ethics and contract. Loyal to his organization, the CIA. Not allegedly put national security in jeopardy. The international reputation of his government would not have been marred. The given situation also highlights the very same fact. There are times when two competing values create dilemmas. Here the competing values are (1) morality and legality and (2) individual liberty (privacy) and national security. Morality vs Legality These both values are closely related as both seek to regulate human behavior and actions. But actions which may be legally correct may not be morally correct or vice-versa. It is an eternal dilemma which will occur in the future as well. Law is necessary to maintain order and minimum co-ordination in the society. Morality is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper. Both seek justice in different ways and help attaining stability in the society. Establishing precedence of one over other would not be a wise option. In this case, Edward Snowden has legally violated the Espionage Act, 1917, but his act must be looked with his intentions to serve the larger public good. Individual Liberty vs National Security Individual liberty (privacy) seeks to provide individual space to humans. This value respects the intricate relations of a person, personal feelings of people etc., which are essential because we are humans. National security seeks the protection of society from all kinds of threats and it is the duty of the state to protect its citizens, boundaries, economy etc. No nation becomes great by dwarfing its own individual. The surveillance programme was a gross violation of its own mandate. Snowden’s act in this case should not be considered a threat to national security. However, stand of Snowden can be justified based on the following ethical principles: As he was External whistleblowing was done only after resigning from the job (former CIA administrator given in case). (Wrong Point) As per Rousseau’s social contract theory, people do give up some of their rights to the sovereign power to protect the rest of their rights. However, how much right has to be given up will be decided by people. In this case permission of surveillance will have to be taken by the government; otherwise social contact will be broken. Socrates also advocated for “speaking truth to power” if sovereign authority is using power in an unjust manner. This will also enable value of transparency and accountability in administration. In short term, this action of Edward Snowden may harm the interest of the nation but in long term, it will only benefit the country in form of good governance. Whistleblowing is a potent tool and even in India such as Satyendra Dubey, Sanjiv Chaturvedi, Shanmugam Manjunath, etc have exposed the corrupt practices going in India. As Martin Luther King, Jr. commented in his famous letter from Birmingham Jail ie "One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." Similar ideas have also been expressed by Thomas Jefferson ie if a law is unjust, a man is not only right to disobey it, he is obligated to do so. Along similar lines, even Gandhiji questioned the salt law and evoked the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji advocated for breaking the unjust law. He said, “An unjust law is itself a species of violence”. In the above-mentioned conditions, it should be understood that all these values cannot propagate mutually exclusive to each other. There must be certain limitations or domains under which national security and individual liberty should operate. Legality and morality come to one’s conscience. Conscience can be a compass in difficult demanding conditions. In the mentioned case, Snowden was in a dilemma and surveillance was a gross violation in the name of national security, so he was right in exposing the government. Based on above analysis, Snowden’s actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited. Government cannot break the trust reposed by the people. If such surveillance is in the national interest then government must pass a law on it and inform people. This will ensure apolitical use of it, only for national interest. Mahatma Gandhi has rightly said: “Morality is the basis of things and truth is the substance of all morality.”
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Explain the measurement of Inflation by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Discuss the challenges faced by it and recommendations made to improve it. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the need for the measurement of inflation. Further explain the measurement of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Further bring the challenges faced by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Enumerate the recommendation provided by the Goldar Committee and Ramesh Chand Committee. Conclude accordingly. Answer: How to measure inflation was always a concern for economists. The problem was solved by Laspyrus who said that while calculating inflation we must consider a set of commodities/basket of commodities and their respective weightage in terms of significance in day-to-day life. The whole Sale Price Index (WPI) was introduced around the 1940s. Currently, it is published by the Office of Economic Advisor under the Department for Promotion of Industries and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The current base year is 2011-12 is 100. This WPI tries to calculate the inflation at the wholesale level by dividing the total items of 692/696 into the following three categories that are (1) Primary Articles (22.6%), (2) Fuel and Power (13.2%), (3) Manufacturing (64.2%). Headline Inflation refers to the overall inflation and if we subtract fuel and food from this what we get is core inflation. If the core inflation is high, beyond the control clearly indicates structural constraint. Additionally, we have a food WPI with 24% weightage. This WPI data is released on monthly basis around the 14th of every month. Challenges to WPI It does not consider Services into it. As Goldar Committee found that in WPI we are calculating the indirect taxes also therefore any change in tax tariff will result in WPI. Thus he recommended that instead of WPI following international practices India also should calculate Producer’s Price Index (PPI). PPI is WPI without indirect taxes. Since 2017 in India although we are calling it WPI but indirect taxes are not counted. For services, Chandrashekar Committee recommended that there should be a separate Service Performance Index. Recommendations for reform of WPI: Recently one of the members of NITI Aayog Ramesh Chandra headed the committee for WPI reforms providing the following recommendations: Base years should be changed to 2017-18=100. From the existing 696/692 we should have 1296/1292 items. The weightage should be changed for the primary Article to 27%, Fuel and Power 11%, and Manufacturing 62%. There should be a separate service performance Index considering six services (Banking, insurance, Securities, telecommunication, aviation, and Railways.) Thus the government needs to bring all these needed reforms to bring a more realistic prediction of the Wholesale Price Index. It will help in better policy making to balance inflation with economic growth.
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##Question:Explain the measurement of Inflation by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Discuss the challenges faced by it and recommendations made to improve it. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the need for the measurement of inflation. Further explain the measurement of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Further bring the challenges faced by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Enumerate the recommendation provided by the Goldar Committee and Ramesh Chand Committee. Conclude accordingly. Answer: How to measure inflation was always a concern for economists. The problem was solved by Laspyrus who said that while calculating inflation we must consider a set of commodities/basket of commodities and their respective weightage in terms of significance in day-to-day life. The whole Sale Price Index (WPI) was introduced around the 1940s. Currently, it is published by the Office of Economic Advisor under the Department for Promotion of Industries and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The current base year is 2011-12 is 100. This WPI tries to calculate the inflation at the wholesale level by dividing the total items of 692/696 into the following three categories that are (1) Primary Articles (22.6%), (2) Fuel and Power (13.2%), (3) Manufacturing (64.2%). Headline Inflation refers to the overall inflation and if we subtract fuel and food from this what we get is core inflation. If the core inflation is high, beyond the control clearly indicates structural constraint. Additionally, we have a food WPI with 24% weightage. This WPI data is released on monthly basis around the 14th of every month. Challenges to WPI It does not consider Services into it. As Goldar Committee found that in WPI we are calculating the indirect taxes also therefore any change in tax tariff will result in WPI. Thus he recommended that instead of WPI following international practices India also should calculate Producer’s Price Index (PPI). PPI is WPI without indirect taxes. Since 2017 in India although we are calling it WPI but indirect taxes are not counted. For services, Chandrashekar Committee recommended that there should be a separate Service Performance Index. Recommendations for reform of WPI: Recently one of the members of NITI Aayog Ramesh Chandra headed the committee for WPI reforms providing the following recommendations: Base years should be changed to 2017-18=100. From the existing 696/692 we should have 1296/1292 items. The weightage should be changed for the primary Article to 27%, Fuel and Power 11%, and Manufacturing 62%. There should be a separate service performance Index considering six services (Banking, insurance, Securities, telecommunication, aviation, and Railways.) Thus the government needs to bring all these needed reforms to bring a more realistic prediction of the Wholesale Price Index. It will help in better policy making to balance inflation with economic growth.
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दल-बदल विरोधी कानून को परिभाषित करते हुए संगत तर्कों के माध्यम से इसकी आलोचनात्मक समीक्षा प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Defining anti-defection law, present its critical review through relevant arguments. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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एप्रोच - भूमिका में दल- बदल कानून के बारे में वर्णन कीजिये | इसके बाद दल-बदल कानून के उपबंधो की चर्चा कीजिये | अंत में दल-बदल विरोधी कानून की समीक्षा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - भारतीय संविधान की 10वीं अनुसूची जिसे लोकप्रिय रूप से "दल-बदल विरोधी कानून कहा जाता है, वर्ष 1985 में 52वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा लाया गया है| इसके अनुसार सांसदों तथा विधायकों द्वारा एक राजनीतिक दल से दूसरे दल में दल- परिवर्तन के आधार पर निरहर्ता के बारे में प्रावधान किया गया है| 10 वीं अनुसूची में दल-बदल के आधार पर सांसदों तथा विधायकों की निरहर्ताओं से सम्बंधित उपबंध अग्रलिखित है- राजनीतिक दलों के सदस्य- किसी राजनीतिक दल का सदस्य निम्न परिस्थितियों में सदन की सदस्यता हेतु अयोग्य माना जाएगा यदि - वह स्वेच्छा से राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता छोड़ दे | यदि व्यक्ति अपने राजनीतिक दल के विपक्ष में मत देता है या मतदान में अनुपस्थित रहता है तथा उसे 15 दिन के भीतर क्षमादान न मिला हो| निर्दलीय सदस्य- निर्दलीय सदस्य सदन की सदस्यता हेतु अयोग्य होगा यदि वह सदन की सदस्यता धारण करने के 6 माह बाद किसी राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता ग्रहण कर ले | मनोनीत सदस्य - मनोनीत सदस्य सदन की सदस्यता हेतु अयोग्य होगा यदि वह सदन की सदस्यता धारण करने के 6 माह बाद किसी राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता ग्रहण कर ले | दल-बदल विरोधी कानून का औचित्य या समीक्षा राजनीतिक स्थिरता को प्राप्त करने की दिशा में इस कानून का विशेष महत्व है| पुनः निर्वाचन होने की स्थिति में लोक वित्त पर अत्यधिक भार का होना| दल-बदल जनादेश का अपमान है जोकि प्रजातांत्रिक मूल्यों के अनुरूप नहीं है| एक स्वस्थ राजनीतिक वातावरण जोकि सिद्धांतों पर आधारित हो इसे सुनिश्चित करने हेतु दल-बदल को रोका जाना आवश्यक है| राजनीतिक भ्रस्टाचार के रोकथाम हेतु भी दल-बदल विरोधी कानून का विशेष औचित्य है| राजनीतिक व्यवस्था के प्रति जन-विश्वसनीयता को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु भी दल-बदल विरोधी कानून का होना आवश्यक है| परन्तु दल-बदल विरोधी कानून की व्यवहारिक सीमाओं के कारण या कानून अपने उद्देश्य को प्राप्त नहीं कर पाया है, इस कानून के माध्यम से दल-बदल को रोका जाना संभव नहीं हो पाया है परन्तु निर्वाचित सदस्यों के द्वारा असहमति व्यक्त करने से निश्चित रूप से रोका गया है| इसके व्यक्तिगत विचारों को प्रस्तुत किया जाना संभव नहीं हो पाता है जोकि राजनीतिक दल के विचारधारा से मेल नहीं खाता है| इस कानून के कारण निर्वाचित सदस्य के द्वारा खुलकर जन-अपेक्षाओं को मूल्यांकन किया जाना संभव नहीं हो पा रहा है जोकि जन-प्रतिनिधि होने के नाते उचित नहीं है| दल-बदल विरोधी कानून राजनीतिक दलों के आंतरिक प्रजातांत्रिक कार्य-प्रणाली में अवरोध उत्पन्न करते हैं| ऐसी स्थिति में राजनीतिक दलों के द्वारा प्रजातंत्र की सुदृढ़ता को प्राप्त करने हेतु जो प्रयास किया जाना है वह व्यावहारिक रूप से संभव नहीं पाता है| इस कानून के प्रावधान में सामूहिक दल-बदल की मान्यता को स्वीकार करते हुए इसे स्वीकृत किया गया है, अगर कोई कृत्य व्यक्तिगत रूप से अनुचित है तो वह सामूहिक रूप से उचित कैसे हो सकता है? इस पर पुनर्विचार किया जाना वर्तमान समय की एक मांग है| इस कानून के परिणामस्वरूप कई अवसरों पर लोकसभा के स्पीकर और राज्यसभा के अध्यक्ष के पद को राजनीतिक विवाद का सामना करना पड़ता है जोकि इन पदों के गरिमा को बनाए रखने हेतु उचित नहीं है| दल-बदल विरोधी कानून संसदीय विशेषाधिकार में हस्तक्षेप करती है, विशेषाधिकार के अंतर्गत सांसद को सदन में बोलने की स्वतंत्रता है (कुछ सीमाओं के साथ) जोकि दल-बदल विरोधी कानून के कारण प्रतिबंधित हो जाती है क्योंकि सांसदों यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि अपने बोलने की स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार का अभ्यास राजनीतिक दल के दिशा-निर्देशों के अनुसार किया जाना है| अतः समय की यह मनाग है कि दल-बदल विरोधी कानून के प्रावधानों में यथोचित आवश्यक संशोधन या परिवर्तन किया जाए ताकि यह कानून वर्तमान राजनीतिक संदर्भ में अपनी उपयोगिता या प्रासंगिकता को साबित कर सके;
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##Question:दल-बदल विरोधी कानून को परिभाषित करते हुए संगत तर्कों के माध्यम से इसकी आलोचनात्मक समीक्षा प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Defining anti-defection law, present its critical review through relevant arguments. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - भूमिका में दल- बदल कानून के बारे में वर्णन कीजिये | इसके बाद दल-बदल कानून के उपबंधो की चर्चा कीजिये | अंत में दल-बदल विरोधी कानून की समीक्षा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - भारतीय संविधान की 10वीं अनुसूची जिसे लोकप्रिय रूप से "दल-बदल विरोधी कानून कहा जाता है, वर्ष 1985 में 52वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा लाया गया है| इसके अनुसार सांसदों तथा विधायकों द्वारा एक राजनीतिक दल से दूसरे दल में दल- परिवर्तन के आधार पर निरहर्ता के बारे में प्रावधान किया गया है| 10 वीं अनुसूची में दल-बदल के आधार पर सांसदों तथा विधायकों की निरहर्ताओं से सम्बंधित उपबंध अग्रलिखित है- राजनीतिक दलों के सदस्य- किसी राजनीतिक दल का सदस्य निम्न परिस्थितियों में सदन की सदस्यता हेतु अयोग्य माना जाएगा यदि - वह स्वेच्छा से राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता छोड़ दे | यदि व्यक्ति अपने राजनीतिक दल के विपक्ष में मत देता है या मतदान में अनुपस्थित रहता है तथा उसे 15 दिन के भीतर क्षमादान न मिला हो| निर्दलीय सदस्य- निर्दलीय सदस्य सदन की सदस्यता हेतु अयोग्य होगा यदि वह सदन की सदस्यता धारण करने के 6 माह बाद किसी राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता ग्रहण कर ले | मनोनीत सदस्य - मनोनीत सदस्य सदन की सदस्यता हेतु अयोग्य होगा यदि वह सदन की सदस्यता धारण करने के 6 माह बाद किसी राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता ग्रहण कर ले | दल-बदल विरोधी कानून का औचित्य या समीक्षा राजनीतिक स्थिरता को प्राप्त करने की दिशा में इस कानून का विशेष महत्व है| पुनः निर्वाचन होने की स्थिति में लोक वित्त पर अत्यधिक भार का होना| दल-बदल जनादेश का अपमान है जोकि प्रजातांत्रिक मूल्यों के अनुरूप नहीं है| एक स्वस्थ राजनीतिक वातावरण जोकि सिद्धांतों पर आधारित हो इसे सुनिश्चित करने हेतु दल-बदल को रोका जाना आवश्यक है| राजनीतिक भ्रस्टाचार के रोकथाम हेतु भी दल-बदल विरोधी कानून का विशेष औचित्य है| राजनीतिक व्यवस्था के प्रति जन-विश्वसनीयता को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु भी दल-बदल विरोधी कानून का होना आवश्यक है| परन्तु दल-बदल विरोधी कानून की व्यवहारिक सीमाओं के कारण या कानून अपने उद्देश्य को प्राप्त नहीं कर पाया है, इस कानून के माध्यम से दल-बदल को रोका जाना संभव नहीं हो पाया है परन्तु निर्वाचित सदस्यों के द्वारा असहमति व्यक्त करने से निश्चित रूप से रोका गया है| इसके व्यक्तिगत विचारों को प्रस्तुत किया जाना संभव नहीं हो पाता है जोकि राजनीतिक दल के विचारधारा से मेल नहीं खाता है| इस कानून के कारण निर्वाचित सदस्य के द्वारा खुलकर जन-अपेक्षाओं को मूल्यांकन किया जाना संभव नहीं हो पा रहा है जोकि जन-प्रतिनिधि होने के नाते उचित नहीं है| दल-बदल विरोधी कानून राजनीतिक दलों के आंतरिक प्रजातांत्रिक कार्य-प्रणाली में अवरोध उत्पन्न करते हैं| ऐसी स्थिति में राजनीतिक दलों के द्वारा प्रजातंत्र की सुदृढ़ता को प्राप्त करने हेतु जो प्रयास किया जाना है वह व्यावहारिक रूप से संभव नहीं पाता है| इस कानून के प्रावधान में सामूहिक दल-बदल की मान्यता को स्वीकार करते हुए इसे स्वीकृत किया गया है, अगर कोई कृत्य व्यक्तिगत रूप से अनुचित है तो वह सामूहिक रूप से उचित कैसे हो सकता है? इस पर पुनर्विचार किया जाना वर्तमान समय की एक मांग है| इस कानून के परिणामस्वरूप कई अवसरों पर लोकसभा के स्पीकर और राज्यसभा के अध्यक्ष के पद को राजनीतिक विवाद का सामना करना पड़ता है जोकि इन पदों के गरिमा को बनाए रखने हेतु उचित नहीं है| दल-बदल विरोधी कानून संसदीय विशेषाधिकार में हस्तक्षेप करती है, विशेषाधिकार के अंतर्गत सांसद को सदन में बोलने की स्वतंत्रता है (कुछ सीमाओं के साथ) जोकि दल-बदल विरोधी कानून के कारण प्रतिबंधित हो जाती है क्योंकि सांसदों यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि अपने बोलने की स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार का अभ्यास राजनीतिक दल के दिशा-निर्देशों के अनुसार किया जाना है| अतः समय की यह मनाग है कि दल-बदल विरोधी कानून के प्रावधानों में यथोचित आवश्यक संशोधन या परिवर्तन किया जाए ताकि यह कानून वर्तमान राजनीतिक संदर्भ में अपनी उपयोगिता या प्रासंगिकता को साबित कर सके;
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Discuss the Issues with industrialization in India and compare them with policies of industrialization in the East Asian Countries in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the contextual Background of industrialization in India. Bring the Issues with industrialization in India. Compare with the East Asian Countries such as South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan (also bring China) Conclude accordingly Answer The Indian industries stared with stagnation by the deliberate policies of the deindustrialization of Indian industries by the British. At the initial stage of independence, the government started with the policy of the protection of infant industry concept and the state took as the commanding height. This resulted in a mixed results with different challenges for the Indian industries. Issues with industrialization in India Lack of availability of quality roads, port infrastructure, railways, etc. increases the logistic cost (13 to 14% of the GDP), thereby compromising the product competitiveness. The peak power deficiency in India is estimated at 7-8%. A significant majority of the manufacturing units have to put up 100% power backup capacities which raises capital costs and also costs 40-50% more than the electricity consumed from the grid. Factor Market Rigidities due to poor availability of land, high cost of credit, and lack of skill denuded in the industry. Poor Regulatory policies: A complex regulatory structure has been established in India to deal with safeguarding the environment, taxation laws, labour laws, etc. This increases the uncertainty and also adds to the cost. Exchange Rate Fluctuation: Increasing the Foreign Portfolio Investment and service export lead to an appreciation of rupees that results in the decline of revenue and profits for export-oriented industries. Since the FPI are volatile, their outflow from the economy can lead to a sudden depreciation of rupees which can increase the cost of imports. Demand Side Constraints: The lack of poverty alleviation and high inequality has led to market segmentation in India. The large-sized industry caters to the demand of the top 10% whereas the small-sized industry provides goods to the vast majority including the poor households. The demand for these households is constrained by the low purchasing power, therefore, the small-scale industry remains trapped in a cycle of poor quality production, outdated technology, and a lower level of profitability. The implication of this is the absence or less expansion of the industry. The liberalization of the Indian economy has resulted in the reduction of tariffs on imports of various finished goods which has led to an increase in the import intensity of manufacturing in India. Therefore, the growth opportunities for domestic industries have been reduced. Import duty is considered the export tax as it increases the cost of production. Comparison with East Asian Countries East Asian Countries started with a comparative advantage. East Asian Countries provided protection from export. They provided support for the export and forced their industries to compete. East Asian Countries provided the institutional set to stable law and order and stable policy. In addition, East Asian Countries provided education and Healthcare. At the second level, the nation needs to increase the technology coefficient of the industry. It will enhance productivity and launch new products. Indian again failed here. China opened its market in 1980 for investment in China. Japan asked the incoming companies to share their technology. They also cheated by copying the technology. Monopolies were created with local names such as Chaebol in South Korea and Zaibatsu in Japan. Indian monopolies are in the non-tradable area such as energy generation, telecom services, etc. Technology is changing very frequently. Thus we need to update our human resources with new skills with training. Thus India needs to work on its comparative advantage and need to focus on the industry such as leather, textile, and footwear that are labour intensive. Besides that, we need to implement newly amended labour laws, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, and GST in a more effective manner.
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##Question:Discuss the Issues with industrialization in India and compare them with policies of industrialization in the East Asian Countries in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual Background of industrialization in India. Bring the Issues with industrialization in India. Compare with the East Asian Countries such as South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan (also bring China) Conclude accordingly Answer The Indian industries stared with stagnation by the deliberate policies of the deindustrialization of Indian industries by the British. At the initial stage of independence, the government started with the policy of the protection of infant industry concept and the state took as the commanding height. This resulted in a mixed results with different challenges for the Indian industries. Issues with industrialization in India Lack of availability of quality roads, port infrastructure, railways, etc. increases the logistic cost (13 to 14% of the GDP), thereby compromising the product competitiveness. The peak power deficiency in India is estimated at 7-8%. A significant majority of the manufacturing units have to put up 100% power backup capacities which raises capital costs and also costs 40-50% more than the electricity consumed from the grid. Factor Market Rigidities due to poor availability of land, high cost of credit, and lack of skill denuded in the industry. Poor Regulatory policies: A complex regulatory structure has been established in India to deal with safeguarding the environment, taxation laws, labour laws, etc. This increases the uncertainty and also adds to the cost. Exchange Rate Fluctuation: Increasing the Foreign Portfolio Investment and service export lead to an appreciation of rupees that results in the decline of revenue and profits for export-oriented industries. Since the FPI are volatile, their outflow from the economy can lead to a sudden depreciation of rupees which can increase the cost of imports. Demand Side Constraints: The lack of poverty alleviation and high inequality has led to market segmentation in India. The large-sized industry caters to the demand of the top 10% whereas the small-sized industry provides goods to the vast majority including the poor households. The demand for these households is constrained by the low purchasing power, therefore, the small-scale industry remains trapped in a cycle of poor quality production, outdated technology, and a lower level of profitability. The implication of this is the absence or less expansion of the industry. The liberalization of the Indian economy has resulted in the reduction of tariffs on imports of various finished goods which has led to an increase in the import intensity of manufacturing in India. Therefore, the growth opportunities for domestic industries have been reduced. Import duty is considered the export tax as it increases the cost of production. Comparison with East Asian Countries East Asian Countries started with a comparative advantage. East Asian Countries provided protection from export. They provided support for the export and forced their industries to compete. East Asian Countries provided the institutional set to stable law and order and stable policy. In addition, East Asian Countries provided education and Healthcare. At the second level, the nation needs to increase the technology coefficient of the industry. It will enhance productivity and launch new products. Indian again failed here. China opened its market in 1980 for investment in China. Japan asked the incoming companies to share their technology. They also cheated by copying the technology. Monopolies were created with local names such as Chaebol in South Korea and Zaibatsu in Japan. Indian monopolies are in the non-tradable area such as energy generation, telecom services, etc. Technology is changing very frequently. Thus we need to update our human resources with new skills with training. Thus India needs to work on its comparative advantage and need to focus on the industry such as leather, textile, and footwear that are labour intensive. Besides that, we need to implement newly amended labour laws, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, and GST in a more effective manner.
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Why did Gandhiji feel the need to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement? How it impacted the Indian National Movement and Indian National Congress from 1930 onwards. Discuss? (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach: Give brief information about CDM in the introduction Bring out the reasons which led to the launch of CDM. Discuss how it impacted the INM and INC Conclude the answer based on the above analysis Answer: Disobedience means not obeying the commands of the authority. The Civil disobedience movement was a crucial part of the Indian freedom movement. It was led by Gandhi ji in 1930 against certain laws and commands of the ruling British Government. It started with the Dandi March, where Gandhiji walked from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and broke the salt law. Reasons for the launch of CDM: Economic grievances generated by the Great Depression 1929 eg. the crash of the price of cash crops (cotton and Jute), prices of wheat and rice also decreased, therefore income decreased but the British did not reduce land revenue demand also money lenders stopped lending and demanded repayment of loans, therefore people had to sell their lands. Workers were also impacted and aggressive under influence of communists 11 point demands that were brought by Mahatma Gandhi on middle-class issues, peasant issues, and general issues like decrease in military expenditure, and salaries, prohibition of alcohol, the release of prisoners, 50% decrease in Land Revenue, and Land revenue should be transferred subject, etc were rejected by Lord Irwin. Impact of CDM: Positives: 1. Initial Violence did not lead to the withdrawal of movement by MG therefore MG was becoming more radical 2. CDM happened at all India levels and not just non-cooperation, this was important progress in INM. Therefore masses were ready for imprisonment and British repression. 3. 1st time + massive participation of Capitalist class (especially traders who stopped importing British Clothes). There was a decline of 50% in the import of foreign clothe (like NCM 1920 - 22) 4. Get Depression (GD - 1929) contributed to a decrease in imports but the important role of traders in CDM. 5. 1st-time large-scale women participation in both Rural and urban areas and people were shocked to see huge gatherings of women. Therefore MG"s morality decreased the inhibition of Indian men and women + MG"s focus on women empowerment brought women into mainstream politics. 6. Rural and Urban areas both participated. Negatives: 1. No major worker participation expect in Sholapur and Nagpur because CPI boycotted CDM. 2. MG was also not in favor of involving workers due to fear of the movement turning violent (because of communist influence) 3. Lack of Hindu-Muslim Unity due to lack of INC-Muslim League unity contributing to low Muslim participation. (1916 Lucknow Pact) 4. Middle-Class Youth was not attracted to non-violent methods because they were inspired by Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries. 5. Govt Repression led to a decline after September 1930 + financial losses decrease capitalists" participation + confiscation of properties of peasants. Decreased peasant participation and the GD of 1929 led to a decline in prices leading to no-rent campaigns by tenants that could have hurt unity among Indians and this made MG cautious In the 2nd phase, MG launched a campaign against untouchability by setting up Harijan-Sewak Sangh 1932, Harijan Magazine 1933, Harijan Sewak Fund, 20,000 Km march to raise awareness Result of CDM 2nd Phase: 1. Low response due to demoralization after withdrawal from the 1st phase 2. Neither upper caste nor lower caste was enthusiastic about Harijan Campaign, as lower caste was becoming more radical and therefore less in favor of reconciliation. 3. Govt repression did the rest. Conclusion: Therefore CDM ended in 1934, 2nd phase was a failure but INC greatly benefitted from CDM as got great results in the 1937 elections held under GOI Act 1935.
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##Question:Why did Gandhiji feel the need to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement? How it impacted the Indian National Movement and Indian National Congress from 1930 onwards. Discuss? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give brief information about CDM in the introduction Bring out the reasons which led to the launch of CDM. Discuss how it impacted the INM and INC Conclude the answer based on the above analysis Answer: Disobedience means not obeying the commands of the authority. The Civil disobedience movement was a crucial part of the Indian freedom movement. It was led by Gandhi ji in 1930 against certain laws and commands of the ruling British Government. It started with the Dandi March, where Gandhiji walked from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and broke the salt law. Reasons for the launch of CDM: Economic grievances generated by the Great Depression 1929 eg. the crash of the price of cash crops (cotton and Jute), prices of wheat and rice also decreased, therefore income decreased but the British did not reduce land revenue demand also money lenders stopped lending and demanded repayment of loans, therefore people had to sell their lands. Workers were also impacted and aggressive under influence of communists 11 point demands that were brought by Mahatma Gandhi on middle-class issues, peasant issues, and general issues like decrease in military expenditure, and salaries, prohibition of alcohol, the release of prisoners, 50% decrease in Land Revenue, and Land revenue should be transferred subject, etc were rejected by Lord Irwin. Impact of CDM: Positives: 1. Initial Violence did not lead to the withdrawal of movement by MG therefore MG was becoming more radical 2. CDM happened at all India levels and not just non-cooperation, this was important progress in INM. Therefore masses were ready for imprisonment and British repression. 3. 1st time + massive participation of Capitalist class (especially traders who stopped importing British Clothes). There was a decline of 50% in the import of foreign clothe (like NCM 1920 - 22) 4. Get Depression (GD - 1929) contributed to a decrease in imports but the important role of traders in CDM. 5. 1st-time large-scale women participation in both Rural and urban areas and people were shocked to see huge gatherings of women. Therefore MG"s morality decreased the inhibition of Indian men and women + MG"s focus on women empowerment brought women into mainstream politics. 6. Rural and Urban areas both participated. Negatives: 1. No major worker participation expect in Sholapur and Nagpur because CPI boycotted CDM. 2. MG was also not in favor of involving workers due to fear of the movement turning violent (because of communist influence) 3. Lack of Hindu-Muslim Unity due to lack of INC-Muslim League unity contributing to low Muslim participation. (1916 Lucknow Pact) 4. Middle-Class Youth was not attracted to non-violent methods because they were inspired by Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries. 5. Govt Repression led to a decline after September 1930 + financial losses decrease capitalists" participation + confiscation of properties of peasants. Decreased peasant participation and the GD of 1929 led to a decline in prices leading to no-rent campaigns by tenants that could have hurt unity among Indians and this made MG cautious In the 2nd phase, MG launched a campaign against untouchability by setting up Harijan-Sewak Sangh 1932, Harijan Magazine 1933, Harijan Sewak Fund, 20,000 Km march to raise awareness Result of CDM 2nd Phase: 1. Low response due to demoralization after withdrawal from the 1st phase 2. Neither upper caste nor lower caste was enthusiastic about Harijan Campaign, as lower caste was becoming more radical and therefore less in favor of reconciliation. 3. Govt repression did the rest. Conclusion: Therefore CDM ended in 1934, 2nd phase was a failure but INC greatly benefitted from CDM as got great results in the 1937 elections held under GOI Act 1935.
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Question 1: Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity? (150 Words/10 Marks) OR Question 2: After 1757 there grew up the State of Bengal which was a “sponsored state” as well as a “plundered state”. (150 words/10Marks) Students only have to Answer only 1 Question from the above.
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Question 1: Approach: Introduce in brief about the condition of fragmented polity in the mid-18th century India In body, clarify with instances and examples how it created grounds for unpleasant and dangerous occurrence Conclude accordingly by relating it to the impacts it had. Answer: The 18th century in India is often regarded as the challenging times when anarchy and chaos engulfed the entire country. It was a spectre because of frequent wars/invasion by foreign and neighbouring rulers. Though some states were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military powers, none could achieve resources and power to maintain an all-India polity. There were multiple reasons for such a fragmented polity in mide-18th Century: 1. Fall of the Mughals: Weak central leadership was one of the most important reasons for fragmented polity across the country. Aurangzeb"s misguided policies had weakened the stable Mughal rule. His death was followed by weak successive rulers and wars among them. Though Muhammad Shah ruled for more quite some time but was an incompetent ruler. Rather, his incompetence led to the breaking away of members of Mughal nobility to establish their own kingdoms. 2. Multiple Successor States: Muhammad Shah’s reign witnessed the establishment of the independent states of Awadh under Saadat Khan, Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal ruler, but the establishment of virtually independent and hereditary authority by their governors/nobles showed the emergence of autonomous polity in these territories. 3. External Challenges: Weak Mughal rulers could not put a tough front against external challenges which came in the form of several invasions from the north-west ie by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali which crushed the Mughal Empire to an extent that they were no longer the dominant power in the country. This also impacted the finances of the state during that time. 4. Rise of insurgents and rebels: Insurgent states were set up by the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans. There was a continuous struggle among the Mughals, Marathas and Afghans which eventually led to the third battle of Panipat which shook the Mughal rule to the core and weakening of Marathas as alternate rulers of India. 5. Rise of Independent Kingdoms: These states came into existence majorly due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. For examples Mysore, Kerala and Rajput states. 6. Economic crisis: One of the major crisis in the Mughal economic system was the jagirdari crisis. This was caused by a shortage of jagirs and over-abundance of jagirdars, making the agrarian system more exploitative. This sparked off multiple revolts which ruined imperial stability. 7. The rise of British power: This period also transformation of the English East India Company from a trading enterprise to a political power. The lack of a strong imperial power, the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Also, they laid foundation in South India with military might and diplomatic strategy. This was evident in Anglo-Carnatic wars where the fragmented polity led to competition between the British and French. These reasons of fragmented polity created grounds for a spectre in the sense that masses had to bear the burnt. Masses suffered hardships due to heavy taxation, inflation, mass murder, etc. To finance the wars the regional rulers used to loot the standing crops and seize the prosperous states. Also, the Jagirdars and Izaradars used to exploit the agraraian economy which was impacted the farmers the most. Thus from the above it is evident that the third battle of Panipat proved significant as British significantly gained with Maratha defeat and British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Also, with the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British gained substantial resources and territory. Ironically, it was only under the colonial rule, that the fragmented nature of the Indian Polity could be unified under the imperial hold of the British crown in the 19th century. Eventually they were on the way to rule India till 1947 when finally India gained independence because of the freedom fighters OR Question 2: Approach: Introduction: The introduction should explain in short about the British’s agenda of slowly becoming a servant and later masters with a special focus on Bengal province. Body: Mention how Bengal became a plundered state after the Battle of Plassey Conclusion: Bring Conclusion. The battle of Plassey led to the consolidation of the British in Bengal and later expansion to other territories in India. The battle of Plessey (1757) was followed in the words of the Bengali poet Nabin Chandra Sen, by ‘a night of eternal gloom for India’. How Bengal Became a Plundered State: After 1757 there thus grew up a state of Bengal administered by the Nawab but where the military power was in the hands of the Company who used it to help themselves to the revenue and to give their merchants a free run of the country"s internal trade. The sponsored state became a plundered state. In a few years Bengal was ruined and the Company was brought to the verge of bankruptcy. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. The Company was granted undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. However, the state also sponsored the British stay by granting the company the Zamindari of the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, and giving handsome presents totalling 29 lakhs of rupees to the high English officials etc. King had to praise the officials of EIC by providing gifts and bribes. The situation of plundering has been further added by a massive famine in the 1770s. The abuses of the ‘Dual government and the drain of wealth led to the impoverishment and exhaustion of that unlucky province. In 1770 Bengal suffered from a famine which in its effects proved one of the most terrible famines known in human history.
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##Question:Question 1: Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity? (150 Words/10 Marks) OR Question 2: After 1757 there grew up the State of Bengal which was a “sponsored state” as well as a “plundered state”. (150 words/10Marks) Students only have to Answer only 1 Question from the above.##Answer:Question 1: Approach: Introduce in brief about the condition of fragmented polity in the mid-18th century India In body, clarify with instances and examples how it created grounds for unpleasant and dangerous occurrence Conclude accordingly by relating it to the impacts it had. Answer: The 18th century in India is often regarded as the challenging times when anarchy and chaos engulfed the entire country. It was a spectre because of frequent wars/invasion by foreign and neighbouring rulers. Though some states were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military powers, none could achieve resources and power to maintain an all-India polity. There were multiple reasons for such a fragmented polity in mide-18th Century: 1. Fall of the Mughals: Weak central leadership was one of the most important reasons for fragmented polity across the country. Aurangzeb"s misguided policies had weakened the stable Mughal rule. His death was followed by weak successive rulers and wars among them. Though Muhammad Shah ruled for more quite some time but was an incompetent ruler. Rather, his incompetence led to the breaking away of members of Mughal nobility to establish their own kingdoms. 2. Multiple Successor States: Muhammad Shah’s reign witnessed the establishment of the independent states of Awadh under Saadat Khan, Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal ruler, but the establishment of virtually independent and hereditary authority by their governors/nobles showed the emergence of autonomous polity in these territories. 3. External Challenges: Weak Mughal rulers could not put a tough front against external challenges which came in the form of several invasions from the north-west ie by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali which crushed the Mughal Empire to an extent that they were no longer the dominant power in the country. This also impacted the finances of the state during that time. 4. Rise of insurgents and rebels: Insurgent states were set up by the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans. There was a continuous struggle among the Mughals, Marathas and Afghans which eventually led to the third battle of Panipat which shook the Mughal rule to the core and weakening of Marathas as alternate rulers of India. 5. Rise of Independent Kingdoms: These states came into existence majorly due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. For examples Mysore, Kerala and Rajput states. 6. Economic crisis: One of the major crisis in the Mughal economic system was the jagirdari crisis. This was caused by a shortage of jagirs and over-abundance of jagirdars, making the agrarian system more exploitative. This sparked off multiple revolts which ruined imperial stability. 7. The rise of British power: This period also transformation of the English East India Company from a trading enterprise to a political power. The lack of a strong imperial power, the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Also, they laid foundation in South India with military might and diplomatic strategy. This was evident in Anglo-Carnatic wars where the fragmented polity led to competition between the British and French. These reasons of fragmented polity created grounds for a spectre in the sense that masses had to bear the burnt. Masses suffered hardships due to heavy taxation, inflation, mass murder, etc. To finance the wars the regional rulers used to loot the standing crops and seize the prosperous states. Also, the Jagirdars and Izaradars used to exploit the agraraian economy which was impacted the farmers the most. Thus from the above it is evident that the third battle of Panipat proved significant as British significantly gained with Maratha defeat and British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Also, with the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British gained substantial resources and territory. Ironically, it was only under the colonial rule, that the fragmented nature of the Indian Polity could be unified under the imperial hold of the British crown in the 19th century. Eventually they were on the way to rule India till 1947 when finally India gained independence because of the freedom fighters OR Question 2: Approach: Introduction: The introduction should explain in short about the British’s agenda of slowly becoming a servant and later masters with a special focus on Bengal province. Body: Mention how Bengal became a plundered state after the Battle of Plassey Conclusion: Bring Conclusion. The battle of Plassey led to the consolidation of the British in Bengal and later expansion to other territories in India. The battle of Plessey (1757) was followed in the words of the Bengali poet Nabin Chandra Sen, by ‘a night of eternal gloom for India’. How Bengal Became a Plundered State: After 1757 there thus grew up a state of Bengal administered by the Nawab but where the military power was in the hands of the Company who used it to help themselves to the revenue and to give their merchants a free run of the country"s internal trade. The sponsored state became a plundered state. In a few years Bengal was ruined and the Company was brought to the verge of bankruptcy. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. The Company was granted undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. However, the state also sponsored the British stay by granting the company the Zamindari of the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, and giving handsome presents totalling 29 lakhs of rupees to the high English officials etc. King had to praise the officials of EIC by providing gifts and bribes. The situation of plundering has been further added by a massive famine in the 1770s. The abuses of the ‘Dual government and the drain of wealth led to the impoverishment and exhaustion of that unlucky province. In 1770 Bengal suffered from a famine which in its effects proved one of the most terrible famines known in human history.
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Life on Earth has evolved from single-cell organisms to multicellular organisms, elucidate briefly with examples of both. (150 words/10 marks)
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Brief Approach:- Discuss briefly about evolution from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Include some events and features which resulted in the evolution. Mention the examples, and features of both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Answer:- Evolution from prokaryotes: Unicellular organisms or the Prokaryotes were the first to evolve around 3.8 billion years ago. These were the simple organisms, that were able to utilize sulfur, ammonia, etc., and could survive in extreme conditions. Bacteria such as the cyanobacteria evolved which could perform Photosynthesis. As the concentration of oxygen increased in the atmosphere, bacteria such as the mitochondria came into existence which utilizes atmospheric oxygen to produce energy. With further evolution, mitochondria developed a symbiotic relationship with the Prokaryotes, and eventually, they became a cell organelle in the multicellular organisms or the Eukaryotes. This process took over a million years. The evidence to support his theory stems out from the fact that the mitochondria have their own independent DNA known as the mtDNA. Features of Prokaryotes: They are unicellular organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and cell organelles. The genetic material DNA is circular and is present in the nucleoid region. For example, bacteria, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Features of Eukaryotes: They are organisms that can be both unicellular and multicellular. They have a membrane-bound nucleus and cell organelles. The Genetic material is linear and is organized in the form of rod-like structures called chromosomes. For example, plants, animals, fungi, amoeba, etc. The prokaryotes reproduce by the process of Mitosis while the Eukaryotes evolve through the process of Meiosis. The multicellular organisms also undergo the process of Apoptosis or internal cell death. These differences led to further evolution and division among the Eukaryotes and are the basis for the present diversity of life on Earth.
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##Question:Life on Earth has evolved from single-cell organisms to multicellular organisms, elucidate briefly with examples of both. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach:- Discuss briefly about evolution from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Include some events and features which resulted in the evolution. Mention the examples, and features of both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Answer:- Evolution from prokaryotes: Unicellular organisms or the Prokaryotes were the first to evolve around 3.8 billion years ago. These were the simple organisms, that were able to utilize sulfur, ammonia, etc., and could survive in extreme conditions. Bacteria such as the cyanobacteria evolved which could perform Photosynthesis. As the concentration of oxygen increased in the atmosphere, bacteria such as the mitochondria came into existence which utilizes atmospheric oxygen to produce energy. With further evolution, mitochondria developed a symbiotic relationship with the Prokaryotes, and eventually, they became a cell organelle in the multicellular organisms or the Eukaryotes. This process took over a million years. The evidence to support his theory stems out from the fact that the mitochondria have their own independent DNA known as the mtDNA. Features of Prokaryotes: They are unicellular organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and cell organelles. The genetic material DNA is circular and is present in the nucleoid region. For example, bacteria, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Features of Eukaryotes: They are organisms that can be both unicellular and multicellular. They have a membrane-bound nucleus and cell organelles. The Genetic material is linear and is organized in the form of rod-like structures called chromosomes. For example, plants, animals, fungi, amoeba, etc. The prokaryotes reproduce by the process of Mitosis while the Eukaryotes evolve through the process of Meiosis. The multicellular organisms also undergo the process of Apoptosis or internal cell death. These differences led to further evolution and division among the Eukaryotes and are the basis for the present diversity of life on Earth.
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What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (250 words)
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Approach- Introduction-write a background before the Green revolution and brief about the success of the Rice-wheat system Main Body-Explain major factors, mention supporting data, and side effects of the Rice-wheat system Conclusion-Brieflyy write the success of rive-wheat system and need to evolve solution for the issues arising out of it Answer- The rice-wheat system in India, sown in winter after the paddy crop, is one of the oldest cropping systems in the world. Experts who worked on this system in the Third Five Year Plan realized that there were several advantages of wheat over rice. In spite of success India’s agriculture has constantly faced serious problems. The success of the rice-wheat system in India resulted from its adoption as a slightly modified technology introduced by the British rulers. After independence, the government intensified the efforts to expand the area under the rice-wheat system since this cropping pattern generated substantially higher per capita GDP compared to other alternative cropping patterns. Major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system successful- i)Minimum Support Price- The biggest reason was the government support given to farmers in terms of a minimum price. Farmers would not have to worry about low prices as they had an assured income. This prompted them to develop rice and wheat crops. ii)Fertilizer and irrigation availability- Rice and wheat system was successful due to the timely availability of fertilizers and irrigation. This allowed an increase in areas under these crops. The output per acre also grew as a result of this phenomenon. iii)Hybrid variety of seeds- Research in agriculture gave birth to a new variety of seeds that were climate tolerant as well as drought resistant. Increasing output and lower growing days were also obtained through subsequent research in these crops. Increased production and productivity that characterized the “Green Revolution Period” have resulted from a combination of factors, the key ones being the expansion of the irrigated areas, the introduction of high-yielding dwarf rice and wheat varieties, and the increased use of inputs including fertilizers and crop protection chemicals. iv)Other supporting elements included expansion and strengthening of research and extension services and overall agricultural support policies- The net irrigated area increased from 2,466 million ha, in 1960-61 to 47.78 million ha, in 1990-91. During the same period, the irrigated wheat area rose from 4.23 to 19.55 and irrigated rice area from 12.56 to 19.13 million ha, respectively From 1960-61 to 1990-91, the consumption of inorganic fertilizers increased from 0.29 to 12.55 million tons and a large part of these was consumed in the rice-wheat cropping system. As a result, many, rice-wheat farmers use high doses of fertilizers, up to 4-500 kg nutrients/ha/annum Other major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success include the usage and optimization of different techniques like- -Surface seeding, the zero-till system -Reduced-till system and bed-planting technology -Adoption of new technologies in cropping pattern -The intervention of crop diversification under the aegis of AICRP-Integrated Farming Systems (AICRP-IFS) -Effective use of agricultural machinery to increase productivity and production of farm output -Inducement of new crop varieties having specific traits to improve yield and nutritional quality ensuring tolerance and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses -Adopting improved methods of irrigation and irrigation technologies; usage of optimal dose based on soil health status promotion of neem-coated urea -Biofortification to improve the nutritional quality of food crops, promotion of organic fertilizers and water-soluble fertilizers; and varied institutional reforms Side effects of the rice-wheat system- i)Mono-cropping- Excessive focus on rice and wheat crops converted the Indian agriculture system into a monocropping where a single variety occupied large areas of land. This affected land fertility. Decrease in cash crops The growing of cash crops almost vanished from certain areas of the country such as Haryana and Punjab. This also affected raw material availability for industries. ii)Decrease in groundwater levels- Rice and wheat are water guzzler crops. The water requirement for getting a kilogram of grains is too high. This has put pressure on groundwater levels in the region. Biodiversity iii)Many advances in modern plant breeding have been possible because of the wide range of genetic resources provided by the landraces. This very success now threatens the source of genetic diversity on which further progress depends. Farmers find it less rewarding to maintain landraces developed by their ancestors. The widespread use of modern varieties raises questions about the stability of production and threatens the endemic breakout of diseases or pest attacks. iv)Disease and pest problems- Disease and pest problems are now more serious than ever before. These problems are a result of continuous cropping of selected crops, e.g. rice and wheat: the carry-over of some pest and disease complexes between the two bowls of cereal poses both short and long-term problems v)It has declined the underground water table since a lot of groundwater is extracted for irrigation. It consumes the maximum percentage of irrigation water considering any other cropping pattern. The underground water quality gets deteriorated due to excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides. vi)This system has its payoffs having institutional implications because of which farmers don’t want to change their cropping pattern and welcome crop diversification. This system requires strong weed management, as weed pressure is evident in it. vii)Soil"s physical quality undergoes degradation - These crops produce a huge surplus of residues where, for farmers, burning remains the easiest option to unload. There are constraints related to nutrient sufficiencies and crop response. Today, India is the tenth largest producer in the world of rice and wheat. These are rain-fed crops whose success has resulted in the accumulation of water tables at very high levels. In plain areas, it is often more than twenty feet deep. This is a story of success. When we have normal rainfall, farmers get excess water to grow these two crops which are grown on about 55 percent area of land used for agriculture. Thus, rice and wheat growth was a story of success for India. But now it is necessary to put this behind us and work towards diversification of crops.
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##Question:What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (250 words)##Answer:Approach- Introduction-write a background before the Green revolution and brief about the success of the Rice-wheat system Main Body-Explain major factors, mention supporting data, and side effects of the Rice-wheat system Conclusion-Brieflyy write the success of rive-wheat system and need to evolve solution for the issues arising out of it Answer- The rice-wheat system in India, sown in winter after the paddy crop, is one of the oldest cropping systems in the world. Experts who worked on this system in the Third Five Year Plan realized that there were several advantages of wheat over rice. In spite of success India’s agriculture has constantly faced serious problems. The success of the rice-wheat system in India resulted from its adoption as a slightly modified technology introduced by the British rulers. After independence, the government intensified the efforts to expand the area under the rice-wheat system since this cropping pattern generated substantially higher per capita GDP compared to other alternative cropping patterns. Major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system successful- i)Minimum Support Price- The biggest reason was the government support given to farmers in terms of a minimum price. Farmers would not have to worry about low prices as they had an assured income. This prompted them to develop rice and wheat crops. ii)Fertilizer and irrigation availability- Rice and wheat system was successful due to the timely availability of fertilizers and irrigation. This allowed an increase in areas under these crops. The output per acre also grew as a result of this phenomenon. iii)Hybrid variety of seeds- Research in agriculture gave birth to a new variety of seeds that were climate tolerant as well as drought resistant. Increasing output and lower growing days were also obtained through subsequent research in these crops. Increased production and productivity that characterized the “Green Revolution Period” have resulted from a combination of factors, the key ones being the expansion of the irrigated areas, the introduction of high-yielding dwarf rice and wheat varieties, and the increased use of inputs including fertilizers and crop protection chemicals. iv)Other supporting elements included expansion and strengthening of research and extension services and overall agricultural support policies- The net irrigated area increased from 2,466 million ha, in 1960-61 to 47.78 million ha, in 1990-91. During the same period, the irrigated wheat area rose from 4.23 to 19.55 and irrigated rice area from 12.56 to 19.13 million ha, respectively From 1960-61 to 1990-91, the consumption of inorganic fertilizers increased from 0.29 to 12.55 million tons and a large part of these was consumed in the rice-wheat cropping system. As a result, many, rice-wheat farmers use high doses of fertilizers, up to 4-500 kg nutrients/ha/annum Other major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success include the usage and optimization of different techniques like- -Surface seeding, the zero-till system -Reduced-till system and bed-planting technology -Adoption of new technologies in cropping pattern -The intervention of crop diversification under the aegis of AICRP-Integrated Farming Systems (AICRP-IFS) -Effective use of agricultural machinery to increase productivity and production of farm output -Inducement of new crop varieties having specific traits to improve yield and nutritional quality ensuring tolerance and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses -Adopting improved methods of irrigation and irrigation technologies; usage of optimal dose based on soil health status promotion of neem-coated urea -Biofortification to improve the nutritional quality of food crops, promotion of organic fertilizers and water-soluble fertilizers; and varied institutional reforms Side effects of the rice-wheat system- i)Mono-cropping- Excessive focus on rice and wheat crops converted the Indian agriculture system into a monocropping where a single variety occupied large areas of land. This affected land fertility. Decrease in cash crops The growing of cash crops almost vanished from certain areas of the country such as Haryana and Punjab. This also affected raw material availability for industries. ii)Decrease in groundwater levels- Rice and wheat are water guzzler crops. The water requirement for getting a kilogram of grains is too high. This has put pressure on groundwater levels in the region. Biodiversity iii)Many advances in modern plant breeding have been possible because of the wide range of genetic resources provided by the landraces. This very success now threatens the source of genetic diversity on which further progress depends. Farmers find it less rewarding to maintain landraces developed by their ancestors. The widespread use of modern varieties raises questions about the stability of production and threatens the endemic breakout of diseases or pest attacks. iv)Disease and pest problems- Disease and pest problems are now more serious than ever before. These problems are a result of continuous cropping of selected crops, e.g. rice and wheat: the carry-over of some pest and disease complexes between the two bowls of cereal poses both short and long-term problems v)It has declined the underground water table since a lot of groundwater is extracted for irrigation. It consumes the maximum percentage of irrigation water considering any other cropping pattern. The underground water quality gets deteriorated due to excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides. vi)This system has its payoffs having institutional implications because of which farmers don’t want to change their cropping pattern and welcome crop diversification. This system requires strong weed management, as weed pressure is evident in it. vii)Soil"s physical quality undergoes degradation - These crops produce a huge surplus of residues where, for farmers, burning remains the easiest option to unload. There are constraints related to nutrient sufficiencies and crop response. Today, India is the tenth largest producer in the world of rice and wheat. These are rain-fed crops whose success has resulted in the accumulation of water tables at very high levels. In plain areas, it is often more than twenty feet deep. This is a story of success. When we have normal rainfall, farmers get excess water to grow these two crops which are grown on about 55 percent area of land used for agriculture. Thus, rice and wheat growth was a story of success for India. But now it is necessary to put this behind us and work towards diversification of crops.
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What do you mean by the concept of "Day Saving Time (DST)"? Also, discuss the need for more than one time zone in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write a short note on Day Saving Time (DST) in the Introduction. Arguments in favour of two-time Zones. Arguments against two-time Zones. Conclusion. Answer: Day Saving Time (DST) is the practice of shifting time by one hour ahead by forwarding time in the clock just before the beginning of the summer. In other words, DST, also called summer time, system for uniformly advancing clocks, so as to extend daylight hours during a conventional waking time in the summer months. In countries in the Northern Hemisphere, clocks are usually set ahead one hour in late March or in April and are set back one hour in late September or in October. Arguments in favour of two-time Zones : 1. In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. 2. In winter much more electricity has to be consumed. 3. Profs. D.P. Sengupta and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. 4. There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles rather than the one imposed by the state. Arguments against two-time Zones : 1. The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. 2. A single time, a single shared experience, no matter where you are in India, unifies the nation. 3. India’s central government is keen to retain one time zone for safety issues and to prevent confusion, specifically in regards to railway operations and flights. 4. Furthermore, there are concerns that introducing a new time zone to the northeast will force political and social divisions between the northeast and the rest of the country. Conclusion: We should never refrain from trying to implement this in an experimental basis. After the collecting, appropriate data and observing appropriate decision should be taken
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##Question:What do you mean by the concept of "Day Saving Time (DST)"? Also, discuss the need for more than one time zone in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a short note on Day Saving Time (DST) in the Introduction. Arguments in favour of two-time Zones. Arguments against two-time Zones. Conclusion. Answer: Day Saving Time (DST) is the practice of shifting time by one hour ahead by forwarding time in the clock just before the beginning of the summer. In other words, DST, also called summer time, system for uniformly advancing clocks, so as to extend daylight hours during a conventional waking time in the summer months. In countries in the Northern Hemisphere, clocks are usually set ahead one hour in late March or in April and are set back one hour in late September or in October. Arguments in favour of two-time Zones : 1. In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. 2. In winter much more electricity has to be consumed. 3. Profs. D.P. Sengupta and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. 4. There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles rather than the one imposed by the state. Arguments against two-time Zones : 1. The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. 2. A single time, a single shared experience, no matter where you are in India, unifies the nation. 3. India’s central government is keen to retain one time zone for safety issues and to prevent confusion, specifically in regards to railway operations and flights. 4. Furthermore, there are concerns that introducing a new time zone to the northeast will force political and social divisions between the northeast and the rest of the country. Conclusion: We should never refrain from trying to implement this in an experimental basis. After the collecting, appropriate data and observing appropriate decision should be taken
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Digitization of service delivery and online public interface has the potential to transform governance in India. Elaborate. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Discuss the widespread digitization in public service delivery. State how it is helpful in strengthening governance. Substantiate with examples. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Lack of efficient service delivery and absence of quick grievance redressal mechanisms are some of the biggest governance challenges in India. They lead to huge wastage of resources and high cost to the exchequer. In this context, use of digital technologies maximizes the benefits for the intended beneficiaries by minimizing leakages, corruption and targeted delivery. According to McKinsey Global Institute, 560 million Indians subscribed to the internet in 2018 and is expected to increase by 40% to between 750 million and 800 million. It provides huge potential for digitally transforming some of the key areas of governance. These include: Targeted delivery: The Public Finance Management System (PMFS) together with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ensure accurate targeting of beneficiaries and overcoming nuances of multi-layer transfer of funds, thereby eliminating pilfering, curbing leakage and duplication. Taxation: Introduction of GST Network and e-Way Bill have helped boost GST revenue collections, abolished post-dated checks, and increased tax compliance. Judiciary: The eCourts ICT system enables the courts to enhance judicial productivity and provide citizen-centric services. The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) has brought transparency to the country"s justice delivery system. Education: Programmes like National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) and SWAYAM aim to bridge the digital divide and provide quality education in every corner of the country. Also, PMGDISHA aims to make six crore persons in rural areas digitally literate. Urban governance: Internet of Things (IOT) is an important constituent of the SMART CITY Mission. Additionally, FASTag which is an RFID based payment system reduces the waiting time at toll booths, thus improving urban transport. Land management: States like Telangana and Andhra Pradesh have announced plans to digitise land records using blockchain technology. By using the technology, land ownership data records are encrypted and thus become incorruptible and transparent. Agriculture: The Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) integrates the physically dispersed markets, incorporating more number of farmers and helps traders bid transparently for farm produce. Local administration: The e-District Mission Mode Project (MMP) is envisaged to strengthen the district administrations by providing ICT support such as centralised software applications for services to the participating departments. However, to make digital welfare and governance effective, the government must improve the quality of internet services across India, especially in the rural areas. Additionally, the issues pertaining to cyber thefts, malware, data privacy and localization should be addressed. The robustness of digital infrastructure will hold the key to the success of digital governance in India and contribute to ‘Minimum government, Maximum governance’.
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##Question:Digitization of service delivery and online public interface has the potential to transform governance in India. Elaborate. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Discuss the widespread digitization in public service delivery. State how it is helpful in strengthening governance. Substantiate with examples. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Lack of efficient service delivery and absence of quick grievance redressal mechanisms are some of the biggest governance challenges in India. They lead to huge wastage of resources and high cost to the exchequer. In this context, use of digital technologies maximizes the benefits for the intended beneficiaries by minimizing leakages, corruption and targeted delivery. According to McKinsey Global Institute, 560 million Indians subscribed to the internet in 2018 and is expected to increase by 40% to between 750 million and 800 million. It provides huge potential for digitally transforming some of the key areas of governance. These include: Targeted delivery: The Public Finance Management System (PMFS) together with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ensure accurate targeting of beneficiaries and overcoming nuances of multi-layer transfer of funds, thereby eliminating pilfering, curbing leakage and duplication. Taxation: Introduction of GST Network and e-Way Bill have helped boost GST revenue collections, abolished post-dated checks, and increased tax compliance. Judiciary: The eCourts ICT system enables the courts to enhance judicial productivity and provide citizen-centric services. The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) has brought transparency to the country"s justice delivery system. Education: Programmes like National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) and SWAYAM aim to bridge the digital divide and provide quality education in every corner of the country. Also, PMGDISHA aims to make six crore persons in rural areas digitally literate. Urban governance: Internet of Things (IOT) is an important constituent of the SMART CITY Mission. Additionally, FASTag which is an RFID based payment system reduces the waiting time at toll booths, thus improving urban transport. Land management: States like Telangana and Andhra Pradesh have announced plans to digitise land records using blockchain technology. By using the technology, land ownership data records are encrypted and thus become incorruptible and transparent. Agriculture: The Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) integrates the physically dispersed markets, incorporating more number of farmers and helps traders bid transparently for farm produce. Local administration: The e-District Mission Mode Project (MMP) is envisaged to strengthen the district administrations by providing ICT support such as centralised software applications for services to the participating departments. However, to make digital welfare and governance effective, the government must improve the quality of internet services across India, especially in the rural areas. Additionally, the issues pertaining to cyber thefts, malware, data privacy and localization should be addressed. The robustness of digital infrastructure will hold the key to the success of digital governance in India and contribute to ‘Minimum government, Maximum governance’.
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After 1757 grew up the state of Bengal which was sponsored state as well as a plundered state. Discuss. (10 Marks, 200 Words)
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Approach: Introduction : Briefly mention the consolidation of British in Bengal after the Battle of Plassey Main Content : Mention how it was a sponsored state for the British as well as a plundered state by the British. Conclusion : Conclude appropriately Answer: The battle of Plassey was a watershed moment in Indian Modern History which led to the consolidation of the British in Bengal and later expansion to other territories in India. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. How Bengal was a sponsored state: 1. After the battle of Plassey, the Company granted the undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. 2. It also received the Zamindari of the 24 Parganas near Calcutta. 3. Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs. 17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the company and the traders of the city. In addition, he also paid large sums as ‘gifts’ or bribes to the high officials of the company. 4. Mir Qasim also rewarded the company the Zamindari of the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, and gave presents totalling 29 lakhs of rupees to the high English officials. How Bengal was a plundered State: 1. The British EIC plundered Bengal’s vast resources, capture its treasury, and huge money was plundered in the name of security by the British army. 2. After the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the company got the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha which further plundered the state of Bengal. 3. The company gained supreme control over the administration (or nizamat) of Bengal. In the years 1766, 1767 and 1768 alone, around £5.7 million was drained from Bengal. 4. In 1770 Bengal suffered from a famine which in its effects proved one of the most terrible famines known in human history which further led to the plundering of the state. By the end of the 18th century, the exploitative policies of the British and abuses of the ‘Dual government and the drain of wealth led to the impoverishment and exhaustion of the Bengal province which was one of the richest Mughal provinces in the first half of the 18th century.
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##Question:After 1757 grew up the state of Bengal which was sponsored state as well as a plundered state. Discuss. (10 Marks, 200 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Briefly mention the consolidation of British in Bengal after the Battle of Plassey Main Content : Mention how it was a sponsored state for the British as well as a plundered state by the British. Conclusion : Conclude appropriately Answer: The battle of Plassey was a watershed moment in Indian Modern History which led to the consolidation of the British in Bengal and later expansion to other territories in India. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. How Bengal was a sponsored state: 1. After the battle of Plassey, the Company granted the undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. 2. It also received the Zamindari of the 24 Parganas near Calcutta. 3. Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs. 17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the company and the traders of the city. In addition, he also paid large sums as ‘gifts’ or bribes to the high officials of the company. 4. Mir Qasim also rewarded the company the Zamindari of the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, and gave presents totalling 29 lakhs of rupees to the high English officials. How Bengal was a plundered State: 1. The British EIC plundered Bengal’s vast resources, capture its treasury, and huge money was plundered in the name of security by the British army. 2. After the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the company got the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha which further plundered the state of Bengal. 3. The company gained supreme control over the administration (or nizamat) of Bengal. In the years 1766, 1767 and 1768 alone, around £5.7 million was drained from Bengal. 4. In 1770 Bengal suffered from a famine which in its effects proved one of the most terrible famines known in human history which further led to the plundering of the state. By the end of the 18th century, the exploitative policies of the British and abuses of the ‘Dual government and the drain of wealth led to the impoverishment and exhaustion of the Bengal province which was one of the richest Mughal provinces in the first half of the 18th century.
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Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Introduce the answer with the concept of Capital formation and support with some related data Main Body-Explain other factors too that are important for increasing potential growth Conclude with the suggestion that better utilization of resources is required to realize the potential growth Answer: Capital formation is the most important factor that drives the economic development of a nation. It is mainly the transfer of savings from households to the business sector that leads to increased output and economic expansion. In India, savings have contributed a lot in the economic development since the Indian economy took off in 1960s and 70s. In the past few decades, it has been around 33% of GDP. However, high savings rate is a necessary condition but not a sufficient one for economic development. Many times high savings in isolation does not lead even to capital formation. One also needs sound banking and financial institutions to mobilize the savings of economy. At the same time, presence of entrepreneurship is also critical to convert savings into productive investment. Some other factors that are essential for growth potential are- Infrastructure- Sound infrastructure is needed in terms of good supply of power, electricity, roads, railways and robust means of communication. Ease of doing business- There should be hassle free environment to start and wind up the businesses in the economy. Bureaucratic hurdles in acquisition of land and licenses should also be minimized. Human Resource- Skilled labour force is essential for the improved productive capacity of economy. Capability of human resource depends upon the skills, creativity, abilities and education of the labour force. Technology- It increases the productivity and competitiveness of the economy. Today R&D in every domain is essential to be competitive in the international and domestic market. Government policies- Policies decide the pace and direction of economy. India has introduced GST recently to unify its own economy and remove the cascading effect of taxes at multiple points. India’s performance of Ease of Doing Business Index has also improved by 30 points (100th position in 2017) due to many policy initiatives. Social and political factors- Social factors involve customs, traditions, values and beliefs which contribute to the growth of economy. Political factors such as participation of people in formulation and execution of policies enhance the economic development. India which is on the verge of reaping the benefits of demographic dividend, must launch skill development initiatives to utilize the young labour force. It should also improve ease of doing business and create a conducive environment for investment, better export performance to improve productivity of the economy.
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##Question:Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer with the concept of Capital formation and support with some related data Main Body-Explain other factors too that are important for increasing potential growth Conclude with the suggestion that better utilization of resources is required to realize the potential growth Answer: Capital formation is the most important factor that drives the economic development of a nation. It is mainly the transfer of savings from households to the business sector that leads to increased output and economic expansion. In India, savings have contributed a lot in the economic development since the Indian economy took off in 1960s and 70s. In the past few decades, it has been around 33% of GDP. However, high savings rate is a necessary condition but not a sufficient one for economic development. Many times high savings in isolation does not lead even to capital formation. One also needs sound banking and financial institutions to mobilize the savings of economy. At the same time, presence of entrepreneurship is also critical to convert savings into productive investment. Some other factors that are essential for growth potential are- Infrastructure- Sound infrastructure is needed in terms of good supply of power, electricity, roads, railways and robust means of communication. Ease of doing business- There should be hassle free environment to start and wind up the businesses in the economy. Bureaucratic hurdles in acquisition of land and licenses should also be minimized. Human Resource- Skilled labour force is essential for the improved productive capacity of economy. Capability of human resource depends upon the skills, creativity, abilities and education of the labour force. Technology- It increases the productivity and competitiveness of the economy. Today R&D in every domain is essential to be competitive in the international and domestic market. Government policies- Policies decide the pace and direction of economy. India has introduced GST recently to unify its own economy and remove the cascading effect of taxes at multiple points. India’s performance of Ease of Doing Business Index has also improved by 30 points (100th position in 2017) due to many policy initiatives. Social and political factors- Social factors involve customs, traditions, values and beliefs which contribute to the growth of economy. Political factors such as participation of people in formulation and execution of policies enhance the economic development. India which is on the verge of reaping the benefits of demographic dividend, must launch skill development initiatives to utilize the young labour force. It should also improve ease of doing business and create a conducive environment for investment, better export performance to improve productivity of the economy.
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हड़प्पा सभ्यता के उदय व विस्तार पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिये । साथ ही हड़प्पाई अर्थव्यवस्था की प्रमुख विशेषताओं की भी चर्चा कीजिये । (150-200 शब्द, अंक -10) Comment briefly on the rise and expansion of the Harappan Civilization. Also, discuss the main features of the Harappan economy. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : हड़प्पा सभ्यता के उदय पर संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए । हड़प्पा सभ्यता के भौगोलिक विस्तार की संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में हड़प्पाई अर्थव्यवस्था की प्रमुख विशेषताओं की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर : हड़प्पा सभ्यता की गणना विश्व की सर्वाधिक विकसित प्राचीनतम सभ्यताओं में की जाती है । यह भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में प्रथम नगरीय क्रान्ति की अवस्था को दर्शाता है । सर्वप्रथम 1921 में जॉन मार्शल के नेतृत्व में दयाराम साहनी ने हड़प्पा में उत्खनन कार्य प्रारंभ किया और इसके बाद विश्व के समक्ष इस विकसित प्राचीनतम सभ्यता की परतें खुलने लगी । हड़प्पा सभ्यता से संबन्धित कई स्थलों के उत्खनन ने इसके संबंध में कई महत्वपूर्ण जानकारियाँ प्रदान की परंतु फिर भी इस सभ्यता के उद्भव तथा विकास के संबंध में कोई ठोस जानकारी नहीं मिल पायी है । साथ ही लिखित साक्ष्यों के अभाव में अंतिम रूप से कुछ कह पाना भी संभव नहीं है । प्रारंभ में यह मान्यता प्रचलित थी कि मेसोपोटामिया के लोगों ने इस सभ्यता का विकास किया होगा किन्तु आधुनिक शोधों में यह धारणा खंडित हुई है । दोनों के नगर नियोजन, लिपि इत्यादि में अंतर के आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि दोनों सभ्यताओं मे कई मूल अंतर थे । हाँ दोनों के बीच संपर्क को अस्वीकार नहीं किया जाता है और व्यापारिक व अन्य संपर्कों के कारण दोनों सभ्यताएं एक दूसरे से निश्चित रूप में प्रेरित व प्रभावित हुई होंगी । वर्तमान समय में सबसे स्वीकृत धारणा यह है कि हड़प्पा का उदय उस क्षेत्र की स्थानीय ताम्र पाषाण ग्रामीण संस्कृतियों के विकास का परिणाम था और इसके पक्ष में कई तर्क प्रस्तुत किए गए हैं । हड़प्पाई सभ्यता का भौगोलिक विस्तार : हड़प्पाई सभ्यता का विस्तार उत्तर पश्चिम में अफगानिस्तान से लेकर उत्तर में जम्मू के मांदा तक था । पश्चिम में इसका विस्तार बलूचिस्तान में ईरान की सीमा तक था । इसी प्रकार पूर्व में इसका विस्तार वर्तमान उत्तर प्रदेश के आलमगीरपुर तक था जबकि दक्षिण में महाराष्ट्र के दाइमाबाद तक था । विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में कुछ प्रमुख हड़प्पाई स्थलों को हम इस प्रकार देख सकते हैं; अफगानिस्तान में :बदख़शां , शोर्तघोई , मुंडीगक । सिंधु नदी क्षेत्र : मोहनजोदडों , चान्हुदड़ों , आमरी , कोटदीजी । पश्चिमी पंजाब : हड़प्पा , बलूचिस्तान : मेहरगढ़ । तटवर्ती क्षेत्र : सुत्कागेंडोर , सुत्काकोह । पंजाब : रोपड़ । राजस्थान : कालीबंगा ,हरियाणा : राखीगढ़ी, बनावली । गुजरात के कच्छ में धौलावीरा , सुरकोटदा , देसलपुर । काठियावाड़ में लोथल , रंगपुर , रोजदी , प्रभास पाटन । हड़प्पा सभ्यता की आर्थिक संरचना कृषि - इस काल के लोग गेंहू, जौ, मटर, कपास, इत्यादि का उत्पादन करते थे। रंगपुर एवं लोथल से चावल के साक्ष्य प्राप्त हुए हैं। कालीबंगा से प्राप्त हड़प्पाई स्थल पर हल से जुटे हुए खेत के साक्ष्य प्राप्त हुए हैं। पशुपालन - हडप्पा सभ्यता के लोग गाय, बैल, ऊँट, गधे आदि का उपयोग करते थे। हड़प्पावासी बाघ, गैंडे एवं हांथी से भी परिचित थे। इस काल के लोग घोड़े से परिचित थे या नहीं, इसमें इतिहासकारों के बीच मतभेद है (मोहनजोदड़ों, लोथल एवं सुरकोतदा से घोड़े के साक्ष्य मिलने का अनुमान लगाया जाता है)। शिल्प एवं उद्योग - इस सभ्यता के विकास में शिल्प एवं उद्योग का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है। मुख्य शिल्प उद्योगों में - मनका - यह मुख्य रूप से सेलखड़ी से बनाए जाते थे। लोथल एवं चान्हूदड़ो से मनका बनाने के कारखाने का साक्ष्य मिला है। इसका उपयोग आभूषणों में ताबीजों में एवं पशुओं के पहचान में किया जाता था। मुहर (सील) - यह मुख्यतः सेलखाड़ी से बनाए जाते थे, इसके अलावा चर्ट, जैस्पर, ताम्र एवं फ्रेयांस से बनाए जाते थे। इन मुहरों में मुख्यतः मानव आकृति एवं पशुओं की आकृति का चित्रण किया जाता था, इसके अलावा इनमें लिपियों का अंकन किया जाता था। उपयोग - मुख्यतः वाणिज्यिक उपयोग एवं पहचान पत्र के लिए किया जाता है। धातु - इस काल के लोगों को लोहे का ज्ञान नहीं था तथा मुख्य धातु के रूप में कांसा, सोना, ताम्बा, चांदी इत्यादि का प्रयोग करते थे। मूर्तिकला -मूर्तियों में मुख्य रूप से कांसे की मूर्ति (मोहनजोदड़ों से प्राप्त कांसे की नर्तकी की मूर्ति), पत्थरों की मूर्ति (मोहनजोदड़ों से प्राप्त पुजारी की मूर्ति) तथा हड़प्पा से प्राप्त लाल बलुआ पत्थर की मानव आकृतियाँ, टेराकोटा की मूर्तियाँ, इत्यादि। व्यापार एवं वाणिज्य - इस काल में व्यापार विकसित अवस्था में था तथा आंतरिक एवं वाह्य (विदेशी व्यापार) दोनों होता था। आंतरिक व्यापार में मुख्यतः कच्चे माल का व्यापार जैसे- सोना - कर्नाटक के कोलार से, टिन -अफगानिस्तान से एवं ताम्बा -राजस्थान से किया जाता था। विदेशी व्यापार - व्यापार मुख्यतः मेसोपोटामिया, मिस्र एवं फारस की खाड़ी के देशों के साथ होता था। नोट -सुमेरियन अभिलेख में हड़प्पा के साथ व्यापार का वर्णन मिलता है जिसमें इन्हें मेलुहा शब्द से संबोधित किया जाता था। व्यापार जल एवं थल दोनों माध्यमों से होता था। लोथल से हमें मिट्टी का बना नाव एवं पक्की ईंटो से बना बंदरगाह का साक्ष्य मिलता है। माप-तौल -इस काल के लोग मानक माप तौल की इकाई का प्रयोग करते थे जैसे- लोथल से प्राप्त हांथी दांत से बना पैमाना इत्यादि। माप-तौल मुख्यतः 16 के गुणज में होता था। इस काल के लोगों को अन्कमाला का ज्ञान एवं ज्यामितीय का ज्ञान भी था। मुद्रा - मुद्रा के साक्ष्य प्राप्त नहीं होते हैं तथा व्यापार मुख्यतः वस्तु विनिमय के द्वारा होता था। लिपि - इस काल की लिपि भाव-चित्रात्मक लिपि थी तथा इसको अभी तक पढ़ा नहीं जा पाया है (बुस्त्रोफेदान लिपि)।
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##Question:हड़प्पा सभ्यता के उदय व विस्तार पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिये । साथ ही हड़प्पाई अर्थव्यवस्था की प्रमुख विशेषताओं की भी चर्चा कीजिये । (150-200 शब्द, अंक -10) Comment briefly on the rise and expansion of the Harappan Civilization. Also, discuss the main features of the Harappan economy. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : हड़प्पा सभ्यता के उदय पर संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए । हड़प्पा सभ्यता के भौगोलिक विस्तार की संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में हड़प्पाई अर्थव्यवस्था की प्रमुख विशेषताओं की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर : हड़प्पा सभ्यता की गणना विश्व की सर्वाधिक विकसित प्राचीनतम सभ्यताओं में की जाती है । यह भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में प्रथम नगरीय क्रान्ति की अवस्था को दर्शाता है । सर्वप्रथम 1921 में जॉन मार्शल के नेतृत्व में दयाराम साहनी ने हड़प्पा में उत्खनन कार्य प्रारंभ किया और इसके बाद विश्व के समक्ष इस विकसित प्राचीनतम सभ्यता की परतें खुलने लगी । हड़प्पा सभ्यता से संबन्धित कई स्थलों के उत्खनन ने इसके संबंध में कई महत्वपूर्ण जानकारियाँ प्रदान की परंतु फिर भी इस सभ्यता के उद्भव तथा विकास के संबंध में कोई ठोस जानकारी नहीं मिल पायी है । साथ ही लिखित साक्ष्यों के अभाव में अंतिम रूप से कुछ कह पाना भी संभव नहीं है । प्रारंभ में यह मान्यता प्रचलित थी कि मेसोपोटामिया के लोगों ने इस सभ्यता का विकास किया होगा किन्तु आधुनिक शोधों में यह धारणा खंडित हुई है । दोनों के नगर नियोजन, लिपि इत्यादि में अंतर के आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि दोनों सभ्यताओं मे कई मूल अंतर थे । हाँ दोनों के बीच संपर्क को अस्वीकार नहीं किया जाता है और व्यापारिक व अन्य संपर्कों के कारण दोनों सभ्यताएं एक दूसरे से निश्चित रूप में प्रेरित व प्रभावित हुई होंगी । वर्तमान समय में सबसे स्वीकृत धारणा यह है कि हड़प्पा का उदय उस क्षेत्र की स्थानीय ताम्र पाषाण ग्रामीण संस्कृतियों के विकास का परिणाम था और इसके पक्ष में कई तर्क प्रस्तुत किए गए हैं । हड़प्पाई सभ्यता का भौगोलिक विस्तार : हड़प्पाई सभ्यता का विस्तार उत्तर पश्चिम में अफगानिस्तान से लेकर उत्तर में जम्मू के मांदा तक था । पश्चिम में इसका विस्तार बलूचिस्तान में ईरान की सीमा तक था । इसी प्रकार पूर्व में इसका विस्तार वर्तमान उत्तर प्रदेश के आलमगीरपुर तक था जबकि दक्षिण में महाराष्ट्र के दाइमाबाद तक था । विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में कुछ प्रमुख हड़प्पाई स्थलों को हम इस प्रकार देख सकते हैं; अफगानिस्तान में :बदख़शां , शोर्तघोई , मुंडीगक । सिंधु नदी क्षेत्र : मोहनजोदडों , चान्हुदड़ों , आमरी , कोटदीजी । पश्चिमी पंजाब : हड़प्पा , बलूचिस्तान : मेहरगढ़ । तटवर्ती क्षेत्र : सुत्कागेंडोर , सुत्काकोह । पंजाब : रोपड़ । राजस्थान : कालीबंगा ,हरियाणा : राखीगढ़ी, बनावली । गुजरात के कच्छ में धौलावीरा , सुरकोटदा , देसलपुर । काठियावाड़ में लोथल , रंगपुर , रोजदी , प्रभास पाटन । हड़प्पा सभ्यता की आर्थिक संरचना कृषि - इस काल के लोग गेंहू, जौ, मटर, कपास, इत्यादि का उत्पादन करते थे। रंगपुर एवं लोथल से चावल के साक्ष्य प्राप्त हुए हैं। कालीबंगा से प्राप्त हड़प्पाई स्थल पर हल से जुटे हुए खेत के साक्ष्य प्राप्त हुए हैं। पशुपालन - हडप्पा सभ्यता के लोग गाय, बैल, ऊँट, गधे आदि का उपयोग करते थे। हड़प्पावासी बाघ, गैंडे एवं हांथी से भी परिचित थे। इस काल के लोग घोड़े से परिचित थे या नहीं, इसमें इतिहासकारों के बीच मतभेद है (मोहनजोदड़ों, लोथल एवं सुरकोतदा से घोड़े के साक्ष्य मिलने का अनुमान लगाया जाता है)। शिल्प एवं उद्योग - इस सभ्यता के विकास में शिल्प एवं उद्योग का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है। मुख्य शिल्प उद्योगों में - मनका - यह मुख्य रूप से सेलखड़ी से बनाए जाते थे। लोथल एवं चान्हूदड़ो से मनका बनाने के कारखाने का साक्ष्य मिला है। इसका उपयोग आभूषणों में ताबीजों में एवं पशुओं के पहचान में किया जाता था। मुहर (सील) - यह मुख्यतः सेलखाड़ी से बनाए जाते थे, इसके अलावा चर्ट, जैस्पर, ताम्र एवं फ्रेयांस से बनाए जाते थे। इन मुहरों में मुख्यतः मानव आकृति एवं पशुओं की आकृति का चित्रण किया जाता था, इसके अलावा इनमें लिपियों का अंकन किया जाता था। उपयोग - मुख्यतः वाणिज्यिक उपयोग एवं पहचान पत्र के लिए किया जाता है। धातु - इस काल के लोगों को लोहे का ज्ञान नहीं था तथा मुख्य धातु के रूप में कांसा, सोना, ताम्बा, चांदी इत्यादि का प्रयोग करते थे। मूर्तिकला -मूर्तियों में मुख्य रूप से कांसे की मूर्ति (मोहनजोदड़ों से प्राप्त कांसे की नर्तकी की मूर्ति), पत्थरों की मूर्ति (मोहनजोदड़ों से प्राप्त पुजारी की मूर्ति) तथा हड़प्पा से प्राप्त लाल बलुआ पत्थर की मानव आकृतियाँ, टेराकोटा की मूर्तियाँ, इत्यादि। व्यापार एवं वाणिज्य - इस काल में व्यापार विकसित अवस्था में था तथा आंतरिक एवं वाह्य (विदेशी व्यापार) दोनों होता था। आंतरिक व्यापार में मुख्यतः कच्चे माल का व्यापार जैसे- सोना - कर्नाटक के कोलार से, टिन -अफगानिस्तान से एवं ताम्बा -राजस्थान से किया जाता था। विदेशी व्यापार - व्यापार मुख्यतः मेसोपोटामिया, मिस्र एवं फारस की खाड़ी के देशों के साथ होता था। नोट -सुमेरियन अभिलेख में हड़प्पा के साथ व्यापार का वर्णन मिलता है जिसमें इन्हें मेलुहा शब्द से संबोधित किया जाता था। व्यापार जल एवं थल दोनों माध्यमों से होता था। लोथल से हमें मिट्टी का बना नाव एवं पक्की ईंटो से बना बंदरगाह का साक्ष्य मिलता है। माप-तौल -इस काल के लोग मानक माप तौल की इकाई का प्रयोग करते थे जैसे- लोथल से प्राप्त हांथी दांत से बना पैमाना इत्यादि। माप-तौल मुख्यतः 16 के गुणज में होता था। इस काल के लोगों को अन्कमाला का ज्ञान एवं ज्यामितीय का ज्ञान भी था। मुद्रा - मुद्रा के साक्ष्य प्राप्त नहीं होते हैं तथा व्यापार मुख्यतः वस्तु विनिमय के द्वारा होता था। लिपि - इस काल की लिपि भाव-चित्रात्मक लिपि थी तथा इसको अभी तक पढ़ा नहीं जा पाया है (बुस्त्रोफेदान लिपि)।
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सत्यनिष्ठा की विशेषताओं की उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss the characteristics of integrity with examples. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: सत्यनिष्ठा को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर की शुरुआत कीजिए। बिन्दुवार सत्यनिष्ठा की विशेषताओं को उदाहरण देकर समझाइए। अंत में, एक सिविल सेवक के लिए सत्यनिष्ठा का महत्व बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सत्यनिष्ठा या इंटेग्रिटी लैटिन शब्द इन्टिजर(Integer) से बना है जिसका अर्थ संपूर्ण या पूर्ण होता है। नीतिशास्त्र में सत्यनिष्ठ होने का अर्थ ईमानदारी तथा अपरिवर्तनशील दृढ नैतिक सिद्धांतों का गुण रखने वाला व्यक्ति होता है। सत्यनिष्ठा को कार्यों, मूल्यों, पद्धतियों, उपायों, सिद्धांतों, अपेक्षाओं और परिणामों के साथ सामंजस्य या संगतता की अवधारणा के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है। सत्यनिष्ठा की विशेषताओं को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- सत्यनिष्ठा एक परिपूर्ण एवं व्यापक प्रकृति को दर्शाती है अर्थात एक लोकसेवक को दिए गए दायित्वों का पालन उनके उद्देश्यों के साथ परिपूर्णता से करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा विचार, वक्तव्य एवं व्यवहार या क्रियाशीलता का एकीकरण है। एक लोकसेवक को अपने विचारों, बोलने के क्रम और व्यवहार में एकरूपता रखनी चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा मूल्यों का एक मूल्य है अर्थात एक लोकसेवक को गैर-तरफदारी, वस्तुनिष्ठता, समर्पण आदि मूल्यों को रखना चाहिए। एक सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक से यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि उसका व्यवहार या आचरण आचरण संहिता नियमावली के अनुरूप हो। सत्यनिष्ठा एक परिपूर्ण अवधारणा है। सत्यनिष्ठा किसी प्रकार के समझौते से पूर्ण रूप से इंकार करती है अर्थात लोकसेवक को मूल्यों से समझौता नहीं करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा गैर-चयनित होती है जो कि परिस्थिति पर निर्भर नहीं करती है अर्थात एक लोकसेवक को निष्पक्ष रहकर कार्य करना चाहिए। एक सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक से यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि उसके द्वारा पूर्णतया जनहित की भावना से कार्य किया जाए। सत्यनिष्ठा यह अपेक्षा करती है कि लोकसेवकों द्वारा अपने कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन पूर्ण उत्तरदायित्व से किया जाए जो कि जनविश्वास को प्राप्त कर सके। सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक के द्वारा लोक संसाधनों का उपयोग अधिकतम कार्यकुशलता एवं प्रभावशीलता के आधार पर किया जाना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक के द्वारा विधि का अनुपालन एवं न्याय के प्रशासन का संरक्षण किया जाना चाहिए। लोकसेवक को कभी भी विधि का उल्लंघन नहीं करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा इस बात की मांग करती है कि सरकारी पद का दुरुपयोग निजी हितों के लिए न किया जाए। जैसे- लोकसेवकों को सरकारी संसाधनों का अपने हितों के लिए उपयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा इस बात पर बल देती है कि लोकसेवक के द्वारा किसी भी ऐसे उपहार को या फ़ायदों को प्राप्त न किया जाए जो कि उसके व्यक्तिगत निर्णय या सत्यनिष्ठा के साथ समझौता हो। एक सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक के द्वारा बिना प्राधिकार के किसी भी सरकारी सूचना को उजागर नहीं किया जाना चाहिए। यह सिद्धांत लोकसेवकों की सेवानिवृत्ति के उपरांत भी लागू होता है। सत्यनिष्ठा (Integrity) लोकसेवकों से ईमानदारी (Honesty) को बनाए रखने पर बल देती है। सत्यनिष्ठा का अनुप्रयोग मौलिक/व्यापक रूप से तीन संदर्भों में किया जा सकता है- व्यक्तिगत, पेशेवर, सामाजिक व्यक्तिगत स्तर पर सत्यनिष्ठा के दो मौलिक आयाम हैं- नैतिक, बुद्धिमत्ता सत्यनिष्ठा, बुद्धिमत्ता और ऊर्जा; अगर किसी व्यक्ति में सत्यनिष्ठा न हो तो अन्य दो गुण निरर्थक हो जाते हैं। ज्ञान के बिना सत्यनिष्ठा कमजोर एवं व्यर्थ है जबकि बिना सत्यनिष्ठा के ज्ञान खतरनाक एवं भयानक है। जैसे- साइबर अपराध। एक लोक सेवक का व्यवहार एक लोक सेवक की तरह होना चाहिए एवं इसमें किसी भी प्रकार की कमी का होना या अभाव का होना सत्यनिष्ठा की कमी को दर्शाता है। अतः सत्यनिष्ठा एक व्यापक एवं सर्वांगीण मूल्य(Value) को दर्शाती है। सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवकों की टीम द्वारा ही भारत अपने लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त कर सकेगा।
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##Question:सत्यनिष्ठा की विशेषताओं की उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss the characteristics of integrity with examples. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सत्यनिष्ठा को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर की शुरुआत कीजिए। बिन्दुवार सत्यनिष्ठा की विशेषताओं को उदाहरण देकर समझाइए। अंत में, एक सिविल सेवक के लिए सत्यनिष्ठा का महत्व बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सत्यनिष्ठा या इंटेग्रिटी लैटिन शब्द इन्टिजर(Integer) से बना है जिसका अर्थ संपूर्ण या पूर्ण होता है। नीतिशास्त्र में सत्यनिष्ठ होने का अर्थ ईमानदारी तथा अपरिवर्तनशील दृढ नैतिक सिद्धांतों का गुण रखने वाला व्यक्ति होता है। सत्यनिष्ठा को कार्यों, मूल्यों, पद्धतियों, उपायों, सिद्धांतों, अपेक्षाओं और परिणामों के साथ सामंजस्य या संगतता की अवधारणा के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है। सत्यनिष्ठा की विशेषताओं को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- सत्यनिष्ठा एक परिपूर्ण एवं व्यापक प्रकृति को दर्शाती है अर्थात एक लोकसेवक को दिए गए दायित्वों का पालन उनके उद्देश्यों के साथ परिपूर्णता से करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा विचार, वक्तव्य एवं व्यवहार या क्रियाशीलता का एकीकरण है। एक लोकसेवक को अपने विचारों, बोलने के क्रम और व्यवहार में एकरूपता रखनी चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा मूल्यों का एक मूल्य है अर्थात एक लोकसेवक को गैर-तरफदारी, वस्तुनिष्ठता, समर्पण आदि मूल्यों को रखना चाहिए। एक सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक से यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि उसका व्यवहार या आचरण आचरण संहिता नियमावली के अनुरूप हो। सत्यनिष्ठा एक परिपूर्ण अवधारणा है। सत्यनिष्ठा किसी प्रकार के समझौते से पूर्ण रूप से इंकार करती है अर्थात लोकसेवक को मूल्यों से समझौता नहीं करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा गैर-चयनित होती है जो कि परिस्थिति पर निर्भर नहीं करती है अर्थात एक लोकसेवक को निष्पक्ष रहकर कार्य करना चाहिए। एक सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक से यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि उसके द्वारा पूर्णतया जनहित की भावना से कार्य किया जाए। सत्यनिष्ठा यह अपेक्षा करती है कि लोकसेवकों द्वारा अपने कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन पूर्ण उत्तरदायित्व से किया जाए जो कि जनविश्वास को प्राप्त कर सके। सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक के द्वारा लोक संसाधनों का उपयोग अधिकतम कार्यकुशलता एवं प्रभावशीलता के आधार पर किया जाना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक के द्वारा विधि का अनुपालन एवं न्याय के प्रशासन का संरक्षण किया जाना चाहिए। लोकसेवक को कभी भी विधि का उल्लंघन नहीं करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा इस बात की मांग करती है कि सरकारी पद का दुरुपयोग निजी हितों के लिए न किया जाए। जैसे- लोकसेवकों को सरकारी संसाधनों का अपने हितों के लिए उपयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। सत्यनिष्ठा इस बात पर बल देती है कि लोकसेवक के द्वारा किसी भी ऐसे उपहार को या फ़ायदों को प्राप्त न किया जाए जो कि उसके व्यक्तिगत निर्णय या सत्यनिष्ठा के साथ समझौता हो। एक सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवक के द्वारा बिना प्राधिकार के किसी भी सरकारी सूचना को उजागर नहीं किया जाना चाहिए। यह सिद्धांत लोकसेवकों की सेवानिवृत्ति के उपरांत भी लागू होता है। सत्यनिष्ठा (Integrity) लोकसेवकों से ईमानदारी (Honesty) को बनाए रखने पर बल देती है। सत्यनिष्ठा का अनुप्रयोग मौलिक/व्यापक रूप से तीन संदर्भों में किया जा सकता है- व्यक्तिगत, पेशेवर, सामाजिक व्यक्तिगत स्तर पर सत्यनिष्ठा के दो मौलिक आयाम हैं- नैतिक, बुद्धिमत्ता सत्यनिष्ठा, बुद्धिमत्ता और ऊर्जा; अगर किसी व्यक्ति में सत्यनिष्ठा न हो तो अन्य दो गुण निरर्थक हो जाते हैं। ज्ञान के बिना सत्यनिष्ठा कमजोर एवं व्यर्थ है जबकि बिना सत्यनिष्ठा के ज्ञान खतरनाक एवं भयानक है। जैसे- साइबर अपराध। एक लोक सेवक का व्यवहार एक लोक सेवक की तरह होना चाहिए एवं इसमें किसी भी प्रकार की कमी का होना या अभाव का होना सत्यनिष्ठा की कमी को दर्शाता है। अतः सत्यनिष्ठा एक व्यापक एवं सर्वांगीण मूल्य(Value) को दर्शाती है। सत्यनिष्ठ लोकसेवकों की टीम द्वारा ही भारत अपने लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त कर सकेगा।
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What is public debt? Discuss the different types and components of it. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach Introduce a brief explanation of public debt. Explain the various types and components of public debt. Conclude with current facts of public debt. Answer: Public debt refers to the sum total of all loans taken by central and state governments which could be from internal sources called internal debt or external sources called external debt. Following are the types and components of public debt: Public debt is the total amount, including total liabilities, borrowed by the government to meet its development budget. It has to be paid from the Consolidated Fund of India. The term is also used to refer to the overall liabilities of central and state governments. Public debt can be classified in a number of different ways: (1) According to maturity Short-term - It is maturing in less than five years, often in a matter of weeks. Long-term- It is maturing in more than five years, up to an indefinite period. (2) According to the type of issuer Direct obligations -It is issued and backed by the government. Contingent obligations- It is issued typically by a governmental corporation or other quasi-governmental body but guaranteed by the government. Revenue obligation - It is backed by anticipated revenues from government-owned commercial enterprises such as toll highways, public utilities, or transit systems, and not by taxes. ( 3) According to the location of the debt Internal debt- Public loans within the country are called internal debt. Internal debt was managed by the internal debt management department of the RBI. External debt- Public borrowings from other countries are referred to as external debt. External debt is managed by the ministry of external affairs. External debt represents a claim of foreigners against the real income (GNP) of the country when it borrows from other countries and has to repay at the time of maturity. (4) According to marketability It is referred to as negotiable securitie s which are marketable. it is referred to as nonnegotiable securitie s such as the low-denomination U.S. savings bonds. It was the Jahangir Aziz committee that recommended that there should be a separate debt management agency to integrate internal and external debt management under the ministry of finance. However, the current status is that there is public debt management cell PDMC under the department of economic affairs, and the ministry of finance for providing data. Internal debt management is still under RBI effectively. Since 2010, the ministry of finance is also providing the status of public debt called a status paper. Conclusion In the current scenario, public debt is 90% of the GDP. According to the World Bank if any country is having more than a 77% of debt-GDP ratio it could of detrimental to the economy. Out of total public debt maximum lending is provided by the insurance company, commercial banks, and RBI.
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##Question:What is public debt? Discuss the different types and components of it. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduce a brief explanation of public debt. Explain the various types and components of public debt. Conclude with current facts of public debt. Answer: Public debt refers to the sum total of all loans taken by central and state governments which could be from internal sources called internal debt or external sources called external debt. Following are the types and components of public debt: Public debt is the total amount, including total liabilities, borrowed by the government to meet its development budget. It has to be paid from the Consolidated Fund of India. The term is also used to refer to the overall liabilities of central and state governments. Public debt can be classified in a number of different ways: (1) According to maturity Short-term - It is maturing in less than five years, often in a matter of weeks. Long-term- It is maturing in more than five years, up to an indefinite period. (2) According to the type of issuer Direct obligations -It is issued and backed by the government. Contingent obligations- It is issued typically by a governmental corporation or other quasi-governmental body but guaranteed by the government. Revenue obligation - It is backed by anticipated revenues from government-owned commercial enterprises such as toll highways, public utilities, or transit systems, and not by taxes. ( 3) According to the location of the debt Internal debt- Public loans within the country are called internal debt. Internal debt was managed by the internal debt management department of the RBI. External debt- Public borrowings from other countries are referred to as external debt. External debt is managed by the ministry of external affairs. External debt represents a claim of foreigners against the real income (GNP) of the country when it borrows from other countries and has to repay at the time of maturity. (4) According to marketability It is referred to as negotiable securitie s which are marketable. it is referred to as nonnegotiable securitie s such as the low-denomination U.S. savings bonds. It was the Jahangir Aziz committee that recommended that there should be a separate debt management agency to integrate internal and external debt management under the ministry of finance. However, the current status is that there is public debt management cell PDMC under the department of economic affairs, and the ministry of finance for providing data. Internal debt management is still under RBI effectively. Since 2010, the ministry of finance is also providing the status of public debt called a status paper. Conclusion In the current scenario, public debt is 90% of the GDP. According to the World Bank if any country is having more than a 77% of debt-GDP ratio it could of detrimental to the economy. Out of total public debt maximum lending is provided by the insurance company, commercial banks, and RBI.
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What do you understand by Capital ? Also, mention how the capital formation takes place?(150 words/10 marks).
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Approach: Introduction: Define Capital. Body: Discuss how capital formation takes place. Conclude accordingly Model Answer: Capital refers to anything which creates sources of income or Capital refers to anything that can be used for productive purposes by a firm or individual. Types of Capital: Physical/Economic capital: This refers to all those resources with given economic value. Economic capital may also take the form of cash or assets like real estate, commodities, equipment, vehicles, and so forth which may be disposed of for cash in the market. Human capital: This is about a skilled, healthy labor force with the will to work. Human capital refers to the skills and abilities a company"s employees bring to the operation. Social capital: Refers to trust in each other between individuals and communities creating sources of income like SHGs, cooperatives, etc. Thus, Social capital is the value of the content of the relational ties between people and not a product of the members of the network in and of itself. Capital formation is a term used to describe the net capital accumulation during an accounting period for a particular country. The term refers to additions of capital goods, such as equipment, tools, transportation assets, and electricity. How the capital formation takes place: At micro-level: Whatsoever is the factor income an individual if adjusted with tax liability gives disposable income. Factor income refers to all those incomes generated by various factors of production. Transfer payment refers to one-way payments. From the disposable income, if we subtract unavoidable expenses, it is called discretionary income. Some part of this discretionary income will be spent and some will be saved. If this saving is invested will result in capital formation and subsequently more income. This way a virtuous cycle of growth is formed. On the other hand, if the factor incomes are limited, then there will be a limited scope of saving and investment, which may result in the vicious trap of poverty. This trap can be resolved by taking finances from outside and carefully covering them with capital. Tier-1 Capital is someone"s capital while Tier-2 Capital is money coming from outside. Money from outside may come in the following 2 ways: Debt financing-Taking loans. Equity financing-To offer partnership. At macro-level: Similarly at the macro-level also, higher gross savings result in higher capital formation if invested properly, resulting in a vicious cycle of growth. If countries are not having adequate gross savings it will result in a shrinking of the economy. It was Herold and Domer who identified that low-income countries should take assistance from outside to overcome the trap of poverty. So it can be concluded that at the macro level, the gross fixed capital formation takes place in the following 3 stages. 1. Gross savings are increased. 2. Organized investment is promoted. 3. Fixed assets that are machinery, construction, and other variables except the defense items are formed. India needs to boost Gross fixed capital formation to ensure a high and sustained growth rate.
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##Question:What do you understand by Capital ? Also, mention how the capital formation takes place?(150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define Capital. Body: Discuss how capital formation takes place. Conclude accordingly Model Answer: Capital refers to anything which creates sources of income or Capital refers to anything that can be used for productive purposes by a firm or individual. Types of Capital: Physical/Economic capital: This refers to all those resources with given economic value. Economic capital may also take the form of cash or assets like real estate, commodities, equipment, vehicles, and so forth which may be disposed of for cash in the market. Human capital: This is about a skilled, healthy labor force with the will to work. Human capital refers to the skills and abilities a company"s employees bring to the operation. Social capital: Refers to trust in each other between individuals and communities creating sources of income like SHGs, cooperatives, etc. Thus, Social capital is the value of the content of the relational ties between people and not a product of the members of the network in and of itself. Capital formation is a term used to describe the net capital accumulation during an accounting period for a particular country. The term refers to additions of capital goods, such as equipment, tools, transportation assets, and electricity. How the capital formation takes place: At micro-level: Whatsoever is the factor income an individual if adjusted with tax liability gives disposable income. Factor income refers to all those incomes generated by various factors of production. Transfer payment refers to one-way payments. From the disposable income, if we subtract unavoidable expenses, it is called discretionary income. Some part of this discretionary income will be spent and some will be saved. If this saving is invested will result in capital formation and subsequently more income. This way a virtuous cycle of growth is formed. On the other hand, if the factor incomes are limited, then there will be a limited scope of saving and investment, which may result in the vicious trap of poverty. This trap can be resolved by taking finances from outside and carefully covering them with capital. Tier-1 Capital is someone"s capital while Tier-2 Capital is money coming from outside. Money from outside may come in the following 2 ways: Debt financing-Taking loans. Equity financing-To offer partnership. At macro-level: Similarly at the macro-level also, higher gross savings result in higher capital formation if invested properly, resulting in a vicious cycle of growth. If countries are not having adequate gross savings it will result in a shrinking of the economy. It was Herold and Domer who identified that low-income countries should take assistance from outside to overcome the trap of poverty. So it can be concluded that at the macro level, the gross fixed capital formation takes place in the following 3 stages. 1. Gross savings are increased. 2. Organized investment is promoted. 3. Fixed assets that are machinery, construction, and other variables except the defense items are formed. India needs to boost Gross fixed capital formation to ensure a high and sustained growth rate.
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Discuss the factors responsible for the decline of Mughals with specific reference to Jagirdari Crisis?(10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Start by writing about the expanse of the Mughal empire in the early 18th century. Discuss the various reasons behind the disintegration of the Mughal empire Conclude suitably by writing future implications of the disintegration Answer- The disintegration of the Mughal empire was a decisive event in the history of India which led to the rise of different regional powers as well as British rule for over 200 years. The beginning of the disintegration of the Mughal empire can be traced to the strong rule of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb inherited a large empire, yet he adopted a policy of extending it further to the farthest geographical limits in the south at the great expense of men and materials. 1)Role of Aurangzeb- The map is shown and the scenario of the time discussed (refer to the handout for the map) Mughal empire reached its peak territorially however seeds of decline are also sowed during his reign i)Aurangzeb engaged in constant warfare- For roughly 40 years which led to a drain of resources for the Mughal empire due to the high cost of war These wars also hurt overland trades due to law and order instability and a decline in production These wars also increased the economic burden on Mansabdars who were required to maintain an army for the emperor Aurangzeb wanted to capture the whole of Deccan He annexed Bijapur in 1685 and Golkonda in 1689 ( the two autonomous Muslim kingdoms separate from the Mughal empire However, he failed to defeat Marthas decisively and Marathas began winning from 1705, after his death in 1707 Marathas continued their warfare and in the first half of the 18th century reversed most territorial gains of Aurangzeb therefore in the end these expensive wars proved to be futile Therefore, Marathas became the main reason for the military and territorial decline of the Mughals ii)Aurangzeb"s religious divisive policies- They alienated the masses Example- Application of Jizya on Non-Muslims His policy of not repairing temples and reducing lands allocated to temples Aurangzeb executed important leaders which contributed to the alienation of the masses Example- 9th guru of Teg Bahadur of Sikhs executed in 1675 Sambha Ji elder son of Shiva Ji (1674-80) was executed after three weeks of torture in 1689 Both had refused conversion to Islam and were political rivals of the Mughals He also demolished some important Hindu temples 2)Institutional Failures/Governor"s Failure Impersonal loyalty could not develop in the Mansabdari system which was the core of the Mughal system therefore what existed was personal loyalty to the king and a patron-client relationship that is given and taken the relationship between the king and mansabdars And if the king was unable to satisfy Mansabdars with desired Mansabs and Jagirs there could be disloyalty or disaffection among Mansabadars After Aurangzeb, there were weak Mughal emperors who failed to keep Mansabadars under control and failed to maintain the balance of power among different groups of Mansabadars 3)Miltary Weakness- Poor military due to a lack of technological and organizational reforms in the military There were weak war commanders, especially after the rule of Aurangzeb Military corruption by Mansabadars-as they stopped maintaining army as per their Sawar, especially in the context of the high cost of warfare and Jagirdari crisis of the 18th century 4)Group Politics/Factionalism- After Aurangzeb, there were continuous succession disputes, and factionalism increased This also led to competition between different groups of Mansabdars as they now wanted their favorite to be the next emperorpp Plus wanted influence over the existing emperor so they could extract better Mansabs and jagirs Groups Irani group- Persian background (Shias) Turani Groups- Turkish background (Sunnis) Hindustani group- Converted Indian Muslims Hindus Rajputs Contenders to thrown also wanted the support of Mansabdars which contributed to factionalism in the Mughal court Able Mabsabdars acted selfishly and instead of strengthening the emperor focused on carving out their principality 5)Jagadhri crisis- Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur in 1685 and Golkonda in 1689 and then nobles of these kingdoms were made Mansabdars which came to be known as the Deccani group However, he converted most lands of these kingdoms into Khalisa land as he wanted to fund his future wars against Marathas therefore the number of Mansabdars increased but the land under Jagirdari did not Emperors post-Aurangzeb appointed more and more Mansabdars due to political reasons that are to win the support of different groups of Mansabadars either to come to power or to stay in power, therefore, an increase in Mansabdar there was also inequity as 5% of Mansabdars controlled 61% of Jagirdaro lands Therefore, there was insecurity among smaller MansabdarsIn the 18th century, there was inflation in luxurious goods due to an increase in exports to Europe and now smaller Mansabadrs found it hard to maintain their lifestyle adding to insecurity Impact of Jagirdari Crisis- Many Mansabdars stayed Jagirless for years, Insecurity among Mansabadars due to the frequent transfer of jagirs to other Mansabadars is the insecurity of tenure of holding Jagir Therefore, now they increased the oppression of peasants and primary zamindars as they wanted to extract as much LR as possible from Jagirs There was now a greater spread of the Ijaradari system as Mansabadrs wanted to maximize their earnings, therefore, increasing peasant oppression Due to insecurity of tenure, they had no incentives to invest in the productivity of land therefore jJagirdari crisis hurt agrarian productivity, and the incomes of peasants further came down Hence there were many peasant revolts in the 18th century led b zamindars against the Mughals Example- Jat kingdom set up by Churaman jat was the product of peasant rebellion Group politics increased among Mansabdars for jagirs Jagirdari crisis led to military corruption by Mansabdars, therefore, contributing to military weakness Mughals state was a military state therefore when the military weakened the state weakened The disintegration of the Mughal Empire made the soil fertile for colonization by the British. In 1857, Bahadur Shah II played an important symbolic role and with his death in 1862, the Mughal Empire came to an end. Thus, the decline of the economy and external incursions acted as termites in the strong wood of Mughal empire
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##Question:Discuss the factors responsible for the decline of Mughals with specific reference to Jagirdari Crisis?(10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start by writing about the expanse of the Mughal empire in the early 18th century. Discuss the various reasons behind the disintegration of the Mughal empire Conclude suitably by writing future implications of the disintegration Answer- The disintegration of the Mughal empire was a decisive event in the history of India which led to the rise of different regional powers as well as British rule for over 200 years. The beginning of the disintegration of the Mughal empire can be traced to the strong rule of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb inherited a large empire, yet he adopted a policy of extending it further to the farthest geographical limits in the south at the great expense of men and materials. 1)Role of Aurangzeb- The map is shown and the scenario of the time discussed (refer to the handout for the map) Mughal empire reached its peak territorially however seeds of decline are also sowed during his reign i)Aurangzeb engaged in constant warfare- For roughly 40 years which led to a drain of resources for the Mughal empire due to the high cost of war These wars also hurt overland trades due to law and order instability and a decline in production These wars also increased the economic burden on Mansabdars who were required to maintain an army for the emperor Aurangzeb wanted to capture the whole of Deccan He annexed Bijapur in 1685 and Golkonda in 1689 ( the two autonomous Muslim kingdoms separate from the Mughal empire However, he failed to defeat Marthas decisively and Marathas began winning from 1705, after his death in 1707 Marathas continued their warfare and in the first half of the 18th century reversed most territorial gains of Aurangzeb therefore in the end these expensive wars proved to be futile Therefore, Marathas became the main reason for the military and territorial decline of the Mughals ii)Aurangzeb"s religious divisive policies- They alienated the masses Example- Application of Jizya on Non-Muslims His policy of not repairing temples and reducing lands allocated to temples Aurangzeb executed important leaders which contributed to the alienation of the masses Example- 9th guru of Teg Bahadur of Sikhs executed in 1675 Sambha Ji elder son of Shiva Ji (1674-80) was executed after three weeks of torture in 1689 Both had refused conversion to Islam and were political rivals of the Mughals He also demolished some important Hindu temples 2)Institutional Failures/Governor"s Failure Impersonal loyalty could not develop in the Mansabdari system which was the core of the Mughal system therefore what existed was personal loyalty to the king and a patron-client relationship that is given and taken the relationship between the king and mansabdars And if the king was unable to satisfy Mansabdars with desired Mansabs and Jagirs there could be disloyalty or disaffection among Mansabadars After Aurangzeb, there were weak Mughal emperors who failed to keep Mansabadars under control and failed to maintain the balance of power among different groups of Mansabadars 3)Miltary Weakness- Poor military due to a lack of technological and organizational reforms in the military There were weak war commanders, especially after the rule of Aurangzeb Military corruption by Mansabadars-as they stopped maintaining army as per their Sawar, especially in the context of the high cost of warfare and Jagirdari crisis of the 18th century 4)Group Politics/Factionalism- After Aurangzeb, there were continuous succession disputes, and factionalism increased This also led to competition between different groups of Mansabdars as they now wanted their favorite to be the next emperorpp Plus wanted influence over the existing emperor so they could extract better Mansabs and jagirs Groups Irani group- Persian background (Shias) Turani Groups- Turkish background (Sunnis) Hindustani group- Converted Indian Muslims Hindus Rajputs Contenders to thrown also wanted the support of Mansabdars which contributed to factionalism in the Mughal court Able Mabsabdars acted selfishly and instead of strengthening the emperor focused on carving out their principality 5)Jagadhri crisis- Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur in 1685 and Golkonda in 1689 and then nobles of these kingdoms were made Mansabdars which came to be known as the Deccani group However, he converted most lands of these kingdoms into Khalisa land as he wanted to fund his future wars against Marathas therefore the number of Mansabdars increased but the land under Jagirdari did not Emperors post-Aurangzeb appointed more and more Mansabdars due to political reasons that are to win the support of different groups of Mansabadars either to come to power or to stay in power, therefore, an increase in Mansabdar there was also inequity as 5% of Mansabdars controlled 61% of Jagirdaro lands Therefore, there was insecurity among smaller MansabdarsIn the 18th century, there was inflation in luxurious goods due to an increase in exports to Europe and now smaller Mansabadrs found it hard to maintain their lifestyle adding to insecurity Impact of Jagirdari Crisis- Many Mansabdars stayed Jagirless for years, Insecurity among Mansabadars due to the frequent transfer of jagirs to other Mansabadars is the insecurity of tenure of holding Jagir Therefore, now they increased the oppression of peasants and primary zamindars as they wanted to extract as much LR as possible from Jagirs There was now a greater spread of the Ijaradari system as Mansabadrs wanted to maximize their earnings, therefore, increasing peasant oppression Due to insecurity of tenure, they had no incentives to invest in the productivity of land therefore jJagirdari crisis hurt agrarian productivity, and the incomes of peasants further came down Hence there were many peasant revolts in the 18th century led b zamindars against the Mughals Example- Jat kingdom set up by Churaman jat was the product of peasant rebellion Group politics increased among Mansabdars for jagirs Jagirdari crisis led to military corruption by Mansabdars, therefore, contributing to military weakness Mughals state was a military state therefore when the military weakened the state weakened The disintegration of the Mughal Empire made the soil fertile for colonization by the British. In 1857, Bahadur Shah II played an important symbolic role and with his death in 1862, the Mughal Empire came to an end. Thus, the decline of the economy and external incursions acted as termites in the strong wood of Mughal empire
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Write a note on the anglicists view about India and Indians. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction about the anglicists view of India in brief. Elaborate on the various postulates of anglicist views. Conclude appropriately. Answer: With the progress of the Industrial Revolution and increasing material prosperity in the west the orientalist perspective became questionable in the eyes of those westerners. This combined with the changing political scenario in India, we notice some new generalizations about India representing the Occidental or Anglicist perspective. Some of these generalizations or postulates of this view that served as effective tools of propaganda justifying the colonial rule in India are: The Indian culture is not only a different culture but also a decadent culture whose ideals, institutions, values, norms, customs & traditions, institutions, etc have lost their utility in modern times rather they are quite oppressive and exploitative towards a vast majority of the humanity. India is not a nation and it has always been a mosaic or conglomerate of different cultures and communities with hostilities towards each other. They can be kept together only by a third impartial party and in the contemporary scenario by British rule. India has always been ruled by foreigners. India is a land of oriental despotism which is different from the enlightened despotism of the west in the sense that the Indian rulers have never taken care of their subjects. A policy of cultural intervention in India to transform India on the western lines. India is a land of unchangeable land communities and so India lacks history and Indians lack historical sense. A general sense of contempt towards India & Indians and increased racial hatred. Theories like the civilizational burden or White Man"s Burden (Rudyard Kipling) are the result of this view only. Some of the famous anglicists are James Mill- The author of "History of British India" in which for the first time we noticed the major theoretical postulates of the anglicized perspective, Cornwallis, J S Mill, Lord William Bentic, Dalhousie, etc. Because of this anglicists viewpoint, the British colonial rule was justified, and the colonization was shown as the inevitable need for the betterment of Indians under the enlightened rule of the EIC or British Crown.
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##Question:Write a note on the anglicists view about India and Indians. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction about the anglicists view of India in brief. Elaborate on the various postulates of anglicist views. Conclude appropriately. Answer: With the progress of the Industrial Revolution and increasing material prosperity in the west the orientalist perspective became questionable in the eyes of those westerners. This combined with the changing political scenario in India, we notice some new generalizations about India representing the Occidental or Anglicist perspective. Some of these generalizations or postulates of this view that served as effective tools of propaganda justifying the colonial rule in India are: The Indian culture is not only a different culture but also a decadent culture whose ideals, institutions, values, norms, customs & traditions, institutions, etc have lost their utility in modern times rather they are quite oppressive and exploitative towards a vast majority of the humanity. India is not a nation and it has always been a mosaic or conglomerate of different cultures and communities with hostilities towards each other. They can be kept together only by a third impartial party and in the contemporary scenario by British rule. India has always been ruled by foreigners. India is a land of oriental despotism which is different from the enlightened despotism of the west in the sense that the Indian rulers have never taken care of their subjects. A policy of cultural intervention in India to transform India on the western lines. India is a land of unchangeable land communities and so India lacks history and Indians lack historical sense. A general sense of contempt towards India & Indians and increased racial hatred. Theories like the civilizational burden or White Man"s Burden (Rudyard Kipling) are the result of this view only. Some of the famous anglicists are James Mill- The author of "History of British India" in which for the first time we noticed the major theoretical postulates of the anglicized perspective, Cornwallis, J S Mill, Lord William Bentic, Dalhousie, etc. Because of this anglicists viewpoint, the British colonial rule was justified, and the colonization was shown as the inevitable need for the betterment of Indians under the enlightened rule of the EIC or British Crown.
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The 19th Century Indian Renaissance was both an Acceptance and Rejection of Western Values. Do you agree. (10 Marks/170-200 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: Give a brief intro about the socio-religious reforms of the 19th century. Body: Discuss how such socio-religious reforms are aimed at both acceptance and rejection of western values. Conclusion: Conclude with the positive impacts of the reforms on Indian society. Answer: The impact of modern Western culture and consciousness of defeat by a foreign power gave birth to a new awakening. Thoughtful Indians began to look for the strengths and weaknesses of their society and for ways and means of removing the weakness. While a large number of Indians refused to come to terms with the West and still put their faith in traditional Indian ideas and institutions, others gradually came to hold that elements of modern western thought had to be imbibed for the regeneration of their society. 19th Century Social Reform: 1. Both the subjects and agents of change were different. The agents mostly belonged to the Upper section of society while their subjects were the Backward class, Women and children. 2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered a Father of the Indian Renaissance and a Pioneer figure of Indian Religious reform. Though Roy was modernist in his approach, he always tried to link modernity with tradition. He attempted the creative combination of secularism and spirituality, of Western and Eastern philosophy. He opposed Idolatry, orthodox, Social practices, Supported Widow remarriage, education of women, Etc. He Founded Atmiya Sabha in 1815 to carry out his social reform agenda. In 1928, Raja Rammohan Roy: wrote "I regret to say that the present system of religion adhered by the Hindus is not well calculated to promote their political interests". 3. The Arya Samaj movement was an outcome of a reaction to western influences. They countered the Reform view and maintained that rationality is not the preserve of the west and can be very much found in the Indian textual tradition. For example Upanishads and Vedas. 4. The Theosophical Society was founded by Westerners and they developed faith in Hindu Upanishads and maintained that they are the storehouse of Wisdom. Annie Besant emphasized the Present need of India is the development of the Nationalist Spirit and an education based on Indian ideals enriched by Western thought not dominated by it. 5. Swami Vivekananda emphasized striking the balance between the materialism of the west and the spiritualism of the East. He further Maintained Change is the Law of Life and that stagnation results in degeneration. 6. The Aligarh movement tried to create a new social ethos among the Muslims by opposing polygamy and by advocating widow marriage. It stood for a liberal interpretation of the Quran and propagation of Western education. Conclusion : The conquest of India by the British during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries exposed some serious weaknesses and drawbacks of Indian social institutions. As a consequence, several individuals and movements sought to bring about changes in social and religious practices with a view to reforming and revitalizing society.
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##Question:The 19th Century Indian Renaissance was both an Acceptance and Rejection of Western Values. Do you agree. (10 Marks/170-200 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Give a brief intro about the socio-religious reforms of the 19th century. Body: Discuss how such socio-religious reforms are aimed at both acceptance and rejection of western values. Conclusion: Conclude with the positive impacts of the reforms on Indian society. Answer: The impact of modern Western culture and consciousness of defeat by a foreign power gave birth to a new awakening. Thoughtful Indians began to look for the strengths and weaknesses of their society and for ways and means of removing the weakness. While a large number of Indians refused to come to terms with the West and still put their faith in traditional Indian ideas and institutions, others gradually came to hold that elements of modern western thought had to be imbibed for the regeneration of their society. 19th Century Social Reform: 1. Both the subjects and agents of change were different. The agents mostly belonged to the Upper section of society while their subjects were the Backward class, Women and children. 2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered a Father of the Indian Renaissance and a Pioneer figure of Indian Religious reform. Though Roy was modernist in his approach, he always tried to link modernity with tradition. He attempted the creative combination of secularism and spirituality, of Western and Eastern philosophy. He opposed Idolatry, orthodox, Social practices, Supported Widow remarriage, education of women, Etc. He Founded Atmiya Sabha in 1815 to carry out his social reform agenda. In 1928, Raja Rammohan Roy: wrote "I regret to say that the present system of religion adhered by the Hindus is not well calculated to promote their political interests". 3. The Arya Samaj movement was an outcome of a reaction to western influences. They countered the Reform view and maintained that rationality is not the preserve of the west and can be very much found in the Indian textual tradition. For example Upanishads and Vedas. 4. The Theosophical Society was founded by Westerners and they developed faith in Hindu Upanishads and maintained that they are the storehouse of Wisdom. Annie Besant emphasized the Present need of India is the development of the Nationalist Spirit and an education based on Indian ideals enriched by Western thought not dominated by it. 5. Swami Vivekananda emphasized striking the balance between the materialism of the west and the spiritualism of the East. He further Maintained Change is the Law of Life and that stagnation results in degeneration. 6. The Aligarh movement tried to create a new social ethos among the Muslims by opposing polygamy and by advocating widow marriage. It stood for a liberal interpretation of the Quran and propagation of Western education. Conclusion : The conquest of India by the British during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries exposed some serious weaknesses and drawbacks of Indian social institutions. As a consequence, several individuals and movements sought to bring about changes in social and religious practices with a view to reforming and revitalizing society.
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Discuss the issues associated with the Power Sector in India. Also, suggest the ways that can be adopted to improve the health of the Power Sector. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the status of the power sector in India. Discuss the issues associated with the power sector in India Bring way forward and concluded accordingly Answer India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. India has a surplus power generation capacity but lacks adequate fuel supply, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. The average plant load factor of the thermal power plants is below 60% against the norm of 85%. India"s electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, which produced about three-quarters of the country"s electricity. The power sector in India is facing issues at all three levels i.e. generation, transmission, and distribution. Issues in the Power Sector in India Capacity Utilization of Thermal Power plants has been continuously declining. It was 78% in 2009-10, 57% in 2020-21. This is also known as the plant load factor. This means the plants have been lying idle due to various reasons such as the non-availability of fuel. Low demand of power from the DISCOMS, and disputes in PPAs due to the low prices of other sources of energy. Issues in transmission: In absence of the proper transmission network there are issues of the evacuation of power from generation units. Further, the integration of renewable energy is a huge challenge due to its intermittent generation and absence of scientific techniques for the availability of power. (The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has proposed the creation of a national Smart Grid Mission, green energy corridors, and Renewable Energy Management Centers (REMCs). Issues with distribution: Lack of revision of tariffs, cross-subsidy where domestic and agriculture sectors are provided power at cheap cost and cost for the industry is high. Further, a complex tariff structure has led to pure revenue realization for DISCOMS. The cost for the power for the DISCOMS due to their power purchasing agreement is a substantial cost burden. Due to the high cost of power and poor revenue realization, DSICOMS has an Average cost of supply and Average revenue realized gap (ACS-ARR gap) of 0.3 to 0.5 per unit. DISCOMS faces high aggregate technical and commercial losses. AT&C loss is the ratio of power for which the DISCOMS did not receive any payment to the total electricity procured by the DISCOMS. Low levels of investment in distribution have resulted in an overloaded system leading to higher technical losses. Lack of metering, poor billing and collection system, theft, and pilferage are the reasons for high commercial losses. National Average for the ATN&C loss is 22 to 25%. Way Forward Smart Metering: Advanced Metering Infrastructure. UDAY: Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana. The state government will take 75% of the debts. The Center government will provide some concessions to the state government if they take the debts of the DISCOMS. It also advocated for certain reforms such as efficiency in ACS-ARR. Separation of the content and carriage. Distribution networks will be common but the supply can be provided by more than one. It will bring competition and efficiency. The government is making efforts to increase investment in renewable energy. The government"s National Electricity Plan of 2018 states that the country does not need more non-renewable power plants in the utility sector until 2027, with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal-based power plants under construction and the addition of 275,000 MW total renewable power capacity after the retirement of nearly 48,000 MW old coal-fired plants. It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to be around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30. Thus the improvement in the power sector is necessary not only to provide quality electricity to the people but also can provide impetus to the industrial growth in India.
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##Question:Discuss the issues associated with the Power Sector in India. Also, suggest the ways that can be adopted to improve the health of the Power Sector. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the status of the power sector in India. Discuss the issues associated with the power sector in India Bring way forward and concluded accordingly Answer India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. India has a surplus power generation capacity but lacks adequate fuel supply, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. The average plant load factor of the thermal power plants is below 60% against the norm of 85%. India"s electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, which produced about three-quarters of the country"s electricity. The power sector in India is facing issues at all three levels i.e. generation, transmission, and distribution. Issues in the Power Sector in India Capacity Utilization of Thermal Power plants has been continuously declining. It was 78% in 2009-10, 57% in 2020-21. This is also known as the plant load factor. This means the plants have been lying idle due to various reasons such as the non-availability of fuel. Low demand of power from the DISCOMS, and disputes in PPAs due to the low prices of other sources of energy. Issues in transmission: In absence of the proper transmission network there are issues of the evacuation of power from generation units. Further, the integration of renewable energy is a huge challenge due to its intermittent generation and absence of scientific techniques for the availability of power. (The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has proposed the creation of a national Smart Grid Mission, green energy corridors, and Renewable Energy Management Centers (REMCs). Issues with distribution: Lack of revision of tariffs, cross-subsidy where domestic and agriculture sectors are provided power at cheap cost and cost for the industry is high. Further, a complex tariff structure has led to pure revenue realization for DISCOMS. The cost for the power for the DISCOMS due to their power purchasing agreement is a substantial cost burden. Due to the high cost of power and poor revenue realization, DSICOMS has an Average cost of supply and Average revenue realized gap (ACS-ARR gap) of 0.3 to 0.5 per unit. DISCOMS faces high aggregate technical and commercial losses. AT&C loss is the ratio of power for which the DISCOMS did not receive any payment to the total electricity procured by the DISCOMS. Low levels of investment in distribution have resulted in an overloaded system leading to higher technical losses. Lack of metering, poor billing and collection system, theft, and pilferage are the reasons for high commercial losses. National Average for the ATN&C loss is 22 to 25%. Way Forward Smart Metering: Advanced Metering Infrastructure. UDAY: Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana. The state government will take 75% of the debts. The Center government will provide some concessions to the state government if they take the debts of the DISCOMS. It also advocated for certain reforms such as efficiency in ACS-ARR. Separation of the content and carriage. Distribution networks will be common but the supply can be provided by more than one. It will bring competition and efficiency. The government is making efforts to increase investment in renewable energy. The government"s National Electricity Plan of 2018 states that the country does not need more non-renewable power plants in the utility sector until 2027, with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal-based power plants under construction and the addition of 275,000 MW total renewable power capacity after the retirement of nearly 48,000 MW old coal-fired plants. It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to be around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30. Thus the improvement in the power sector is necessary not only to provide quality electricity to the people but also can provide impetus to the industrial growth in India.
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Mentioning the shortcomings of continental drift theory examine how plate tectonics theory succeeds in removing these shortcomings.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory. Then mention the shortcomings of continental drift theory. Write the principles propounded by plate tectonics theory to overcome these shortcomings. Finally, write an optimistic conclusion in favor of plate tectonic theory. Answer: Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory. Wegener wanted to explain climate change through this theory. Much such geological evidence has been found on the earth, on the basis of which it is known that many changes have taken place in the climate at the same place from time to time. This theory is important in the context of studies about the origin of continents and oceans. The theory of plate tectonics is a unified concept that together presents a comprehensive picture of ocean floor expansion, continental drift, crust formations, and volcanic activity in the world. Drawbacks of Continental Drift Theory: The displacement of continents by tidal force can happen only if it is ten thousand million times more powerful than the current tidal force. Wegener did not explain why the division of Pangea began in the Carboniferous era itself. Wegner noted that the Rockies and Andes mountain ranges were formed during the westward flow of the Americas, but if the sial is flowing uninterrupted across the boundary, the boundary may not produce enough resistance to form fold mountains. Suess proved that Sial is not floating on Sima, hence no drift was possible. Wegener did not explain why there is so much variation in the age of the mountains. Plate tectonics theory helped to overcome these shortcomings in the following way: At the time of Wegener, it was recognized that the earth is a solid and motionless body, but the theory of tectonics proved the movement of the surface and the earth through the forces supporting the motion of the plates. On the basis of the evidence of paleomagnetism and diffusion of the ocean floor, this fact is verified that the continents and oceans are not permanent. According to this, due to the movement and flow of plates from the Carboniferous era, the present oceans were formed. Convective currents, slab bridges, and ridge push theory contributed significantly to the explanation of convective currents as auxiliary forces in the movement of continents. This was proved by tectonic theory through the explanation of the formation of ocean ridges and troughs. There were some shortcomings in the continental drift theory. But it is also true that this principle provided the basis for successive discoveries. The theory of plate tectonics played an important role in overcoming these shortcomings and adding new dimensions to the study of geology. Through this, the distribution pattern of mountain formation, earthquakes, and volcanoes have been satisfactorily explained. This theory also threw light on the formation method of oceanic and continental crust.
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##Question:Mentioning the shortcomings of continental drift theory examine how plate tectonics theory succeeds in removing these shortcomings.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory. Then mention the shortcomings of continental drift theory. Write the principles propounded by plate tectonics theory to overcome these shortcomings. Finally, write an optimistic conclusion in favor of plate tectonic theory. Answer: Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory. Wegener wanted to explain climate change through this theory. Much such geological evidence has been found on the earth, on the basis of which it is known that many changes have taken place in the climate at the same place from time to time. This theory is important in the context of studies about the origin of continents and oceans. The theory of plate tectonics is a unified concept that together presents a comprehensive picture of ocean floor expansion, continental drift, crust formations, and volcanic activity in the world. Drawbacks of Continental Drift Theory: The displacement of continents by tidal force can happen only if it is ten thousand million times more powerful than the current tidal force. Wegener did not explain why the division of Pangea began in the Carboniferous era itself. Wegner noted that the Rockies and Andes mountain ranges were formed during the westward flow of the Americas, but if the sial is flowing uninterrupted across the boundary, the boundary may not produce enough resistance to form fold mountains. Suess proved that Sial is not floating on Sima, hence no drift was possible. Wegener did not explain why there is so much variation in the age of the mountains. Plate tectonics theory helped to overcome these shortcomings in the following way: At the time of Wegener, it was recognized that the earth is a solid and motionless body, but the theory of tectonics proved the movement of the surface and the earth through the forces supporting the motion of the plates. On the basis of the evidence of paleomagnetism and diffusion of the ocean floor, this fact is verified that the continents and oceans are not permanent. According to this, due to the movement and flow of plates from the Carboniferous era, the present oceans were formed. Convective currents, slab bridges, and ridge push theory contributed significantly to the explanation of convective currents as auxiliary forces in the movement of continents. This was proved by tectonic theory through the explanation of the formation of ocean ridges and troughs. There were some shortcomings in the continental drift theory. But it is also true that this principle provided the basis for successive discoveries. The theory of plate tectonics played an important role in overcoming these shortcomings and adding new dimensions to the study of geology. Through this, the distribution pattern of mountain formation, earthquakes, and volcanoes have been satisfactorily explained. This theory also threw light on the formation method of oceanic and continental crust.
| 79,882
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Discuss the rationale/reasons for planning and the various instances of Market Failure. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the State of the Indian economy in 1947. Discuss the reason for the planning Further, elaborate on the instance of Market Failure. Conclude with recent development. Answer At the time of independence, the Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural with nearly 85% of the population living in rural villages and deriving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits using traditional low productivity techniques. The backwardness of the Indian economy is reflected in its unbalanced occupational structure with 74% of the population engaged in agriculture. (53% contribution to GDP); 10% employed in industry (Contributing 17% to GDP) and 16% in services (contributing 29% to GDP). Even with a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture, the country was not self-sufficient in food and there was a huge shortage of raw materials for the industry. There was an almost complete absence of basic industry (the raw material extraction such as mining, metallurgy, refining, etc), key industries (Physical infra industries- road, telecom, etc), and capital goods industries (machine making, heavy electrical, heavy engineering, etc). Thus it necessitated a planned development for the holistic growth of every sector. The rationale/reasons for planning The basic constraint on development was the acute deficiency of capital which prevented the introduction of productive technology. There was a need for equitable distribution of resources and prevention of concentration of wealth. There was a need for infrastructure development and establishing a diversified industrial base. Planning was required to counter the different instances of market failure. The various instances of Market Failure are Provision of Public Goods: Public goods are characterized by non-rivalrous and non-excludable consumption. Examples are national defence, roads, etc. If left to the market forces these products are unlikely to be provided for because of the problem of free riders. Market Control: The dominant role of one or two players can lead to the exploitation of consumers. Monopoly is one example of it. Information asymmetry: Information asymmetry exists when one party has more information about the goods or services as compared to others. In this scenario, the correct price cannot be determined according to the law of supply and demand. Externalities: There are some costs and benefits in the provisions of goods and services which cannot be taken into account by the market system. For example, primary education, health care facilities, sanitation, etc. have positive externalities whereas recreational drugs involve negative externalities. The market cannot be relied upon to provide for these goods and services. The tragedy of the law of commons: Given a free hand private players may neglect the well-being of the society and environment in the pursuit of profits. This pursuit can lead to overconsumption and depletion of common resources. The planned economic growth with the Five Year Plan under the Planning Commission has been a mixed experience and to improve it the government came up with the new approach of planned economic growth under NITI Aayog with the aim and objective of a balanced role in planning with respect to the union and state.
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##Question:Discuss the rationale/reasons for planning and the various instances of Market Failure. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the State of the Indian economy in 1947. Discuss the reason for the planning Further, elaborate on the instance of Market Failure. Conclude with recent development. Answer At the time of independence, the Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural with nearly 85% of the population living in rural villages and deriving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits using traditional low productivity techniques. The backwardness of the Indian economy is reflected in its unbalanced occupational structure with 74% of the population engaged in agriculture. (53% contribution to GDP); 10% employed in industry (Contributing 17% to GDP) and 16% in services (contributing 29% to GDP). Even with a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture, the country was not self-sufficient in food and there was a huge shortage of raw materials for the industry. There was an almost complete absence of basic industry (the raw material extraction such as mining, metallurgy, refining, etc), key industries (Physical infra industries- road, telecom, etc), and capital goods industries (machine making, heavy electrical, heavy engineering, etc). Thus it necessitated a planned development for the holistic growth of every sector. The rationale/reasons for planning The basic constraint on development was the acute deficiency of capital which prevented the introduction of productive technology. There was a need for equitable distribution of resources and prevention of concentration of wealth. There was a need for infrastructure development and establishing a diversified industrial base. Planning was required to counter the different instances of market failure. The various instances of Market Failure are Provision of Public Goods: Public goods are characterized by non-rivalrous and non-excludable consumption. Examples are national defence, roads, etc. If left to the market forces these products are unlikely to be provided for because of the problem of free riders. Market Control: The dominant role of one or two players can lead to the exploitation of consumers. Monopoly is one example of it. Information asymmetry: Information asymmetry exists when one party has more information about the goods or services as compared to others. In this scenario, the correct price cannot be determined according to the law of supply and demand. Externalities: There are some costs and benefits in the provisions of goods and services which cannot be taken into account by the market system. For example, primary education, health care facilities, sanitation, etc. have positive externalities whereas recreational drugs involve negative externalities. The market cannot be relied upon to provide for these goods and services. The tragedy of the law of commons: Given a free hand private players may neglect the well-being of the society and environment in the pursuit of profits. This pursuit can lead to overconsumption and depletion of common resources. The planned economic growth with the Five Year Plan under the Planning Commission has been a mixed experience and to improve it the government came up with the new approach of planned economic growth under NITI Aayog with the aim and objective of a balanced role in planning with respect to the union and state.
| 79,911
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The rule of the Pallavas witnessed a lot of cultural achievements in southern India. Discuss (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about the pallava rule in India. Highlight the contribution of pallava rule toward cultural achievements in southern India. Conclude your answer based on above points Model Answer In 6th century , 3 major powers emerged in peninsular emerged in peninsular India – Pallavas of Kanchi , Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) and Pandyas of Madurai. The Pallava dynasty started to form in the early 4th century and lasted till the late 9th century AD. They were the most influential rulers of South India and contributed enormously in the fields of religion, philosophy, art, coins and architecture. Pallavas were at their peak during the reign of Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I. Contribution of Pallava in cultural achievements in southern India The Pallava kings were orthodox Hindus and worshipped Shiva and Vishnu. They were tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism too although both these faiths lost their relevance and popularity. University of Kanchi emerged as the great centre of learning. Vatsyayana was a teacher at Kanchi University who wrote Nyay Bhasya. This time period also witnessed the emergence of Bhakti movement in Tamil Nadu . The Vaishnava and Saiva literature flourished during this period. Sanskrit was the chief language among the royals and the scholars. Some of the inscriptions are in a mix of Tamil and Sanskrit. Vedic traditions were superimposed on the local ones. Many Tamil saints belonging to either Saivite or the Vaishnavaite sects lived during the 6th and 7th centuries. Saivite saints: Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manikkawasagar. Vaishnava saint: Andal (the only female Alwar saint).These saints composed hymns in Tamil. Dravida style of architecture flourished during pallavas for eg Shore Temple at Mamallapuram is one of the UNESCO world heritage sites of India. Thus, Pallavas witnessed a lot of cultural achievements in southern India including building of great cities, centres of learning, temples, and sculptures and influenced a large part of Southeast Asia in culture.
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##Question:The rule of the Pallavas witnessed a lot of cultural achievements in southern India. Discuss (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about the pallava rule in India. Highlight the contribution of pallava rule toward cultural achievements in southern India. Conclude your answer based on above points Model Answer In 6th century , 3 major powers emerged in peninsular emerged in peninsular India – Pallavas of Kanchi , Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) and Pandyas of Madurai. The Pallava dynasty started to form in the early 4th century and lasted till the late 9th century AD. They were the most influential rulers of South India and contributed enormously in the fields of religion, philosophy, art, coins and architecture. Pallavas were at their peak during the reign of Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I. Contribution of Pallava in cultural achievements in southern India The Pallava kings were orthodox Hindus and worshipped Shiva and Vishnu. They were tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism too although both these faiths lost their relevance and popularity. University of Kanchi emerged as the great centre of learning. Vatsyayana was a teacher at Kanchi University who wrote Nyay Bhasya. This time period also witnessed the emergence of Bhakti movement in Tamil Nadu . The Vaishnava and Saiva literature flourished during this period. Sanskrit was the chief language among the royals and the scholars. Some of the inscriptions are in a mix of Tamil and Sanskrit. Vedic traditions were superimposed on the local ones. Many Tamil saints belonging to either Saivite or the Vaishnavaite sects lived during the 6th and 7th centuries. Saivite saints: Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manikkawasagar. Vaishnava saint: Andal (the only female Alwar saint).These saints composed hymns in Tamil. Dravida style of architecture flourished during pallavas for eg Shore Temple at Mamallapuram is one of the UNESCO world heritage sites of India. Thus, Pallavas witnessed a lot of cultural achievements in southern India including building of great cities, centres of learning, temples, and sculptures and influenced a large part of Southeast Asia in culture.
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Discuss different types of Modern Agriculture with their characteristics. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the meaning of modern Agriculture. Bring different types of modern agriculture practices with their characteristics. Conclude with a brief impact. Answer Modern agriculture is an evolving approach to agricultural innovations and farming practices that help farmers increase efficiency and reduce the number of natural resources like water, land, and energy necessary to meet the world’s food, fuel, and fiber needs. Organic farming, Hydroponics, Aquaponics, Aeroponics, and Vertical farming, Permaculture, Precision farming, GM crops are examples of modern Agriculture. Hydroponics Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. You can grow hydroponically all year long. Hydroponics uses less water than traditional soil-based systems. Hydroponic growing allows for faster growth and higher yields than traditional soil-based growing systems. To grow hydroponically, you need plants, a container, water, a way to anchor the plants, nutrients, and a light source. It is possible to grow vegetables hydroponically both outdoors and indoors. If growing indoors, artificial lighting will help faster growth. Vertical Farming: Hydroponics technique used in a vertical fashion. Aquaponics: If the fish is also cultured along with Hydroponics called Aquaponics. Aeroponics Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth, or aquaponics, which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients. Permaculture These areas are known for their permanent agriculture. The water is percolated to make permanent moisture in the soil. Tilling is not required. It uses bio-fertilizers. All the shaded leaves are allowed to go into the pit. Chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers are not used. Zero tillage or Zero Budget Natural Farming No tilling/plowing was done to facilitate aeration. It is used to save the topsoil to avoid erosion so that fertility is not lost. Small furrows are made. Along the seeds, the coconut coir is used. Small drills are made to sow the seeds along with water and fertilizer. Natural fertilizers are used. The seeds germinate and their roots penetrate the coconut coir. Precision Farming For precision farming, the landholding should be very large. It should be around 50 to 100 acres. The moisture of soil and atmosphere, Pest movement, a nutrient in the crop, etc. are monitored by the satellite. The supply of inputs is done only at a specific deficit or required place. Now Precision Farming is being connected with the Internet of Things. Genetic Modified/Genetically Engineering Crops Identified genes are edited and modified. It changes the characteristics of the crops. It is based on DNA technology. GM is a technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism. To produce a GM plant, new DNA is transferred into plant cells. A successful example of a GM crop in India is Bt-cotton. Bacillus thuringiensis used as the bacteria. Bt cotton plants contain one or more foreign genes derived from the soil-dwelling bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Herbicide-tolerant BT cotton is a new genetically modified crop. It created resistance against bollworms. Modern agriculture improved the affordability of food, increases the food supply, ensured food safety, increases sustainability, and also produces more biofuels. But at the same time, it also leads to environmental problems because it is based on high input–high output technique using hybrid seeds of high-yielding variety and abundant irrigation water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Thus a balance between food security and environmental sustainability is of utmost need for survival.
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##Question:Discuss different types of Modern Agriculture with their characteristics. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the meaning of modern Agriculture. Bring different types of modern agriculture practices with their characteristics. Conclude with a brief impact. Answer Modern agriculture is an evolving approach to agricultural innovations and farming practices that help farmers increase efficiency and reduce the number of natural resources like water, land, and energy necessary to meet the world’s food, fuel, and fiber needs. Organic farming, Hydroponics, Aquaponics, Aeroponics, and Vertical farming, Permaculture, Precision farming, GM crops are examples of modern Agriculture. Hydroponics Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. You can grow hydroponically all year long. Hydroponics uses less water than traditional soil-based systems. Hydroponic growing allows for faster growth and higher yields than traditional soil-based growing systems. To grow hydroponically, you need plants, a container, water, a way to anchor the plants, nutrients, and a light source. It is possible to grow vegetables hydroponically both outdoors and indoors. If growing indoors, artificial lighting will help faster growth. Vertical Farming: Hydroponics technique used in a vertical fashion. Aquaponics: If the fish is also cultured along with Hydroponics called Aquaponics. Aeroponics Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth, or aquaponics, which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients. Permaculture These areas are known for their permanent agriculture. The water is percolated to make permanent moisture in the soil. Tilling is not required. It uses bio-fertilizers. All the shaded leaves are allowed to go into the pit. Chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers are not used. Zero tillage or Zero Budget Natural Farming No tilling/plowing was done to facilitate aeration. It is used to save the topsoil to avoid erosion so that fertility is not lost. Small furrows are made. Along the seeds, the coconut coir is used. Small drills are made to sow the seeds along with water and fertilizer. Natural fertilizers are used. The seeds germinate and their roots penetrate the coconut coir. Precision Farming For precision farming, the landholding should be very large. It should be around 50 to 100 acres. The moisture of soil and atmosphere, Pest movement, a nutrient in the crop, etc. are monitored by the satellite. The supply of inputs is done only at a specific deficit or required place. Now Precision Farming is being connected with the Internet of Things. Genetic Modified/Genetically Engineering Crops Identified genes are edited and modified. It changes the characteristics of the crops. It is based on DNA technology. GM is a technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism. To produce a GM plant, new DNA is transferred into plant cells. A successful example of a GM crop in India is Bt-cotton. Bacillus thuringiensis used as the bacteria. Bt cotton plants contain one or more foreign genes derived from the soil-dwelling bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Herbicide-tolerant BT cotton is a new genetically modified crop. It created resistance against bollworms. Modern agriculture improved the affordability of food, increases the food supply, ensured food safety, increases sustainability, and also produces more biofuels. But at the same time, it also leads to environmental problems because it is based on high input–high output technique using hybrid seeds of high-yielding variety and abundant irrigation water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Thus a balance between food security and environmental sustainability is of utmost need for survival.
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What do you mean by economic planning? Give an account of the rationale and long term impact of the goal of planning in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief economic planning in India In body give the rationale and long-term impact of the goal of planning Conclude accordingly Answer : Economic Planning refers to the allocation of resources in a comprehensive manner to achieve the predetermined objectives with optimum utilisation of resources. In India, economic planning was adopted in 1951 in an economic system characterised by the co-existence of the public and private sectors. For 4 decades, the public sector was considered the engine of growth. However, with the beginning of the liberalisation process, the govt started withdrawing from direct involvement in productive activities and hence the private sector has now become the dominant sector and the public sector is nearly adjoint to the former ie the private sector. The common perception at the time of independence was that economic planning if adopted in India"s democratic framework can place this country into a high growth trajectory The rationale of Economic Planning: Failure of Market Mechanism: When India got independence in 1947, it was economically backward and was keen to develop rapidly in a short period. It was believed that the market mechanism alone will not be sufficient. Therefore, India adopted a mixed economic model driven by a centralised planning process Ensuring Social Justice: In a free market economy, the benefits of economic growth rarely trickle down. Hence, in an underdeveloped country like India, state intervention to handle poverty, problems of unemployment, etc was a necessity Mobilisation and allocation of resources : As India lacks resources, it has to be careful about the optimum utilisation of resources. Resources should be pushed into socially low-priority areas to make the growth egalitarian Need to strike a change equation with developed countries: India wanted to focus on self-reliance and it was decided that planned intervention by the state-regulated both trade and the movement of capital. Thereby providing a developing country with an equation with the industrialised world which is less exploitative Long Terms goal of planning: Economic Growth : India was able to Cross the Hindu rate of growth ie which was less than 3.5%. We achieved economic growth at the cost of a high trade deficit and increased borrowings of government (fiscal deficit). India"s growth process was not inclusive due to the failure of the trickle-down theory. The manufacturing sector was also stagnant in contribution to the growth process and also the creation of jobs. Removal of unemployment: Our growth process was capital-intensive rather than labour-intensive. There was no specific employment strategy clearly mentioned in the 5-year plan. Challenges of License Raj, labour laws, stagnation of manufacturing, and informalisation of the economy were also responsible for the lack of job creation. Most MSMEs that are expected to create jobs remain as dwarfs (ie 10 years in existence but less than 100 permanent jobs) Reducing Income Inequalities : LPG reforms increased income inequalities. Over-tertiarization of the Indian economy was also responsible for an increase in Income inequalities. Inappropriate implementation of govt schemes (problems of targeting, corruption). Over-dependence on agriculture leads to labour dualism. Distinguished unemployment Rural-urban migration due to a lack of focus on agriculture and allied services. Failure to trickle down. Direct implementation of LPG without a regulatory mechanism in place Elimination of poverty : Over-focus on growth as a strategy to handle poverty. No specific focus on poverty alleviation till the 6th FYP. Lack of inclusive growth. Problems of unemployment. Excessive marketisation of basic services like primary healthcare and education Thus, from the above, we see that economic planning is quintessential for India. It has played a pivotal role in India"s growth and development since independence.
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##Question:What do you mean by economic planning? Give an account of the rationale and long term impact of the goal of planning in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief economic planning in India In body give the rationale and long-term impact of the goal of planning Conclude accordingly Answer : Economic Planning refers to the allocation of resources in a comprehensive manner to achieve the predetermined objectives with optimum utilisation of resources. In India, economic planning was adopted in 1951 in an economic system characterised by the co-existence of the public and private sectors. For 4 decades, the public sector was considered the engine of growth. However, with the beginning of the liberalisation process, the govt started withdrawing from direct involvement in productive activities and hence the private sector has now become the dominant sector and the public sector is nearly adjoint to the former ie the private sector. The common perception at the time of independence was that economic planning if adopted in India"s democratic framework can place this country into a high growth trajectory The rationale of Economic Planning: Failure of Market Mechanism: When India got independence in 1947, it was economically backward and was keen to develop rapidly in a short period. It was believed that the market mechanism alone will not be sufficient. Therefore, India adopted a mixed economic model driven by a centralised planning process Ensuring Social Justice: In a free market economy, the benefits of economic growth rarely trickle down. Hence, in an underdeveloped country like India, state intervention to handle poverty, problems of unemployment, etc was a necessity Mobilisation and allocation of resources : As India lacks resources, it has to be careful about the optimum utilisation of resources. Resources should be pushed into socially low-priority areas to make the growth egalitarian Need to strike a change equation with developed countries: India wanted to focus on self-reliance and it was decided that planned intervention by the state-regulated both trade and the movement of capital. Thereby providing a developing country with an equation with the industrialised world which is less exploitative Long Terms goal of planning: Economic Growth : India was able to Cross the Hindu rate of growth ie which was less than 3.5%. We achieved economic growth at the cost of a high trade deficit and increased borrowings of government (fiscal deficit). India"s growth process was not inclusive due to the failure of the trickle-down theory. The manufacturing sector was also stagnant in contribution to the growth process and also the creation of jobs. Removal of unemployment: Our growth process was capital-intensive rather than labour-intensive. There was no specific employment strategy clearly mentioned in the 5-year plan. Challenges of License Raj, labour laws, stagnation of manufacturing, and informalisation of the economy were also responsible for the lack of job creation. Most MSMEs that are expected to create jobs remain as dwarfs (ie 10 years in existence but less than 100 permanent jobs) Reducing Income Inequalities : LPG reforms increased income inequalities. Over-tertiarization of the Indian economy was also responsible for an increase in Income inequalities. Inappropriate implementation of govt schemes (problems of targeting, corruption). Over-dependence on agriculture leads to labour dualism. Distinguished unemployment Rural-urban migration due to a lack of focus on agriculture and allied services. Failure to trickle down. Direct implementation of LPG without a regulatory mechanism in place Elimination of poverty : Over-focus on growth as a strategy to handle poverty. No specific focus on poverty alleviation till the 6th FYP. Lack of inclusive growth. Problems of unemployment. Excessive marketisation of basic services like primary healthcare and education Thus, from the above, we see that economic planning is quintessential for India. It has played a pivotal role in India"s growth and development since independence.
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The taxation system of any country is based upon certain canons in order to be efficient. Elucidate. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach Answer: Write a brief introduction about Taxation in India and the canons of taxation. Highlight various canons of taxation used in an economy. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer: Arthshastra highlights tax is the base of revenue. According to Adam Smith, the taxation system of any country is based upon certain canons in order to be efficient. These canons are: Canon of equality: A good taxation system should be based upon equality means one is paying tax in terms of income Canon of economy it says that a prudent taxation system must consider this canon of the economy which advocates that tax collection on a given head must be sizably bigger than the amount spent in order to collect that tax. Canon of Certainty It advocates that it should be predictable and certain both for the taxpayer and the tax collecting authorities that how much of amount and what will be the timing regarding a given taxes. Canon of Convenience This canon advocate that tax structure should be defined in such a way that it is convenient for the taxpayer. Additionally, there are some more canons of taxation like as below: Canon of Productivity It advocated that tax structure must not be suppressive to the economy. Canon of Expediency According to this, tax should be having economic, political, and social expediency. In simplest terms, expediency refers to the practicality and feasibility of any given thing. Canon of Elasticity It says that the taxation system should work in those domains where introducing tax or revising tax rates, tax revenue is increasing. Thus, for an effective, efficient, and productive taxation system, an economy needs to follow the above-given canons of taxation.
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##Question:The taxation system of any country is based upon certain canons in order to be efficient. Elucidate. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach Answer: Write a brief introduction about Taxation in India and the canons of taxation. Highlight various canons of taxation used in an economy. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer: Arthshastra highlights tax is the base of revenue. According to Adam Smith, the taxation system of any country is based upon certain canons in order to be efficient. These canons are: Canon of equality: A good taxation system should be based upon equality means one is paying tax in terms of income Canon of economy it says that a prudent taxation system must consider this canon of the economy which advocates that tax collection on a given head must be sizably bigger than the amount spent in order to collect that tax. Canon of Certainty It advocates that it should be predictable and certain both for the taxpayer and the tax collecting authorities that how much of amount and what will be the timing regarding a given taxes. Canon of Convenience This canon advocate that tax structure should be defined in such a way that it is convenient for the taxpayer. Additionally, there are some more canons of taxation like as below: Canon of Productivity It advocated that tax structure must not be suppressive to the economy. Canon of Expediency According to this, tax should be having economic, political, and social expediency. In simplest terms, expediency refers to the practicality and feasibility of any given thing. Canon of Elasticity It says that the taxation system should work in those domains where introducing tax or revising tax rates, tax revenue is increasing. Thus, for an effective, efficient, and productive taxation system, an economy needs to follow the above-given canons of taxation.
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Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British Policy toward colonial India. OR To what extent did the moderates prepare the ground for the future mass movement? Discuss (10 Marks, 200 Words)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about the revolt of 1857. Discuss the evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857. Conclude appropriately Answer: The revolt of 1857 marked the first major struggle against British colonialism and shook the roots of British in India. The revolt compelled the British authorities to revamp and overhaul their policies in India to further promote their interest. Evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857: 1. Introduction of British Crown rule in India: The British East India Company rule was brought to an end and the British Crown directly established its rule in India to check further revolts and rebellions. 2. Policy of Divide and rule: The British started by bringing the religious differences between Hindus and Muslims. They introduced the partition of Bengal to further amplify differences and supported divisive groups among both religions and also separate electorate was introduced for Sikhs and Muslims. 3. Induction of Indians into the Political Process: The Indian Council Act of 1861 and 1891 allowed Indians to contest elections for the legislature. This implied greater sensitivity in policy making. 4. Changes in military administration: The Military had undergone a transformation. The ratio of British to Indian Soldiers improved, also caste-based regiments were promoted. 5. Carrot and stick Policy: Cycles of Mild Repression – Incentives – Suppression was utilised to control the rising demands of Indians. 6. Relations with the Princely States: Loyalty of Princely States was now rewarded with the announcement that their right to adopt heirs would be respected and the integrity of their territories guaranteed against future annexation. Hence, in essence, the uprising in 1857 was an important mark from which the British government started consolidating its hold over India, with an aim of having a long-lasting empire. OR Approach: Give a brief introduction about the moderates in the Indian National Congress. Discuss how moderates prepared the ground for the future mass movement. Comment upon the issues/challenges in moderates’ ways of action and how they largely failed to achieve the larger goal. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Moderates were the early nationalist leaders associated with the Indian National Congress. They believed in the methods of petitions, prayers and applications to bring reforms in the Indian administration and economy. Contribution of the Moderates in preparing the ground for the future mass movement: 1. Moderates laid down the foundation of the broad platform for the freedom movement which was used and evolved further into the All India Platform by upcoming nationalist leaders. 2. Moderates for the first time provided a National platform to voice grievances of the common people, along with it came the beginning of Modern Politics and modern political Institutions. 3. Moderates provided the conceptual basis for opposing the British Raj by providing an Economic Critique of their predatory policies. 4. Moderate channelized previously uninterested educated youth in mainstream politics & national struggle. 5. They adopted more moderate demands like reforms in legislative and administrative structure, demands via resolutions, sending petitions, etc. Issues/challenges associated with Moderates: 1. They failed to understand the colonial nature of British rule. 2. They lacked a wider or broad mass base for the national movement. The early nationalists lacked political faith in the masses; they felt that there were numerous divisions and subdivisions in Indian society, and the masses were generally ignorant and had conservative ideas and thoughts. 3. Because of the lack of mass participation, the Moderates could not take militant political positions against the authorities. 4. Pray, petition and protest types of politics could not turn out to be effective. Although the moderates failed to appeal to the wider population and convince the government, they laid a crucial foundation base, on which the future of the freedom struggle was based. Extremists, Gandhi and other freedom fighters used this base to finally achieve independence in 1947.
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##Question:Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British Policy toward colonial India. OR To what extent did the moderates prepare the ground for the future mass movement? Discuss (10 Marks, 200 Words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about the revolt of 1857. Discuss the evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857. Conclude appropriately Answer: The revolt of 1857 marked the first major struggle against British colonialism and shook the roots of British in India. The revolt compelled the British authorities to revamp and overhaul their policies in India to further promote their interest. Evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857: 1. Introduction of British Crown rule in India: The British East India Company rule was brought to an end and the British Crown directly established its rule in India to check further revolts and rebellions. 2. Policy of Divide and rule: The British started by bringing the religious differences between Hindus and Muslims. They introduced the partition of Bengal to further amplify differences and supported divisive groups among both religions and also separate electorate was introduced for Sikhs and Muslims. 3. Induction of Indians into the Political Process: The Indian Council Act of 1861 and 1891 allowed Indians to contest elections for the legislature. This implied greater sensitivity in policy making. 4. Changes in military administration: The Military had undergone a transformation. The ratio of British to Indian Soldiers improved, also caste-based regiments were promoted. 5. Carrot and stick Policy: Cycles of Mild Repression – Incentives – Suppression was utilised to control the rising demands of Indians. 6. Relations with the Princely States: Loyalty of Princely States was now rewarded with the announcement that their right to adopt heirs would be respected and the integrity of their territories guaranteed against future annexation. Hence, in essence, the uprising in 1857 was an important mark from which the British government started consolidating its hold over India, with an aim of having a long-lasting empire. OR Approach: Give a brief introduction about the moderates in the Indian National Congress. Discuss how moderates prepared the ground for the future mass movement. Comment upon the issues/challenges in moderates’ ways of action and how they largely failed to achieve the larger goal. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Moderates were the early nationalist leaders associated with the Indian National Congress. They believed in the methods of petitions, prayers and applications to bring reforms in the Indian administration and economy. Contribution of the Moderates in preparing the ground for the future mass movement: 1. Moderates laid down the foundation of the broad platform for the freedom movement which was used and evolved further into the All India Platform by upcoming nationalist leaders. 2. Moderates for the first time provided a National platform to voice grievances of the common people, along with it came the beginning of Modern Politics and modern political Institutions. 3. Moderates provided the conceptual basis for opposing the British Raj by providing an Economic Critique of their predatory policies. 4. Moderate channelized previously uninterested educated youth in mainstream politics & national struggle. 5. They adopted more moderate demands like reforms in legislative and administrative structure, demands via resolutions, sending petitions, etc. Issues/challenges associated with Moderates: 1. They failed to understand the colonial nature of British rule. 2. They lacked a wider or broad mass base for the national movement. The early nationalists lacked political faith in the masses; they felt that there were numerous divisions and subdivisions in Indian society, and the masses were generally ignorant and had conservative ideas and thoughts. 3. Because of the lack of mass participation, the Moderates could not take militant political positions against the authorities. 4. Pray, petition and protest types of politics could not turn out to be effective. Although the moderates failed to appeal to the wider population and convince the government, they laid a crucial foundation base, on which the future of the freedom struggle was based. Extremists, Gandhi and other freedom fighters used this base to finally achieve independence in 1947.
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वाणिज्यवाद से आप क्या समझते हैं? साथ ही इसके सिद्धांतों या मान्यताओं की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by commercialism? Also discuss its principles or beliefs. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत वाणिज्यवाद को परिभाषित करते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात वाणिज्यवाद की मान्यताओं को बताते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में वाणिज्यवाद के परिणाम को संक्षिप्त में बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| वाणिज्यवाद वाणिज्यवाद को आधुनिक व्यापारिक क्रांति से सम्बन्धित माना जाता है जिसके सिद्धांतों या मान्यताओं को आधुनिक व्यापारिक कम्पनियों तथा अन्य व्यापारिक निकायों एवं आधुनिक राष्ट्र-राज्यों के आर्थिक क्रियाकलापों के आधार पर पर सुनिश्चित किया गया है| वाणिज्यवाद का सम्बन्ध पूँजीवाद की आरम्भिक अवस्था से भी है तथा इसे आधुनिक राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था के विकास में आरंभिक चरण का प्रतिनिधि माना जाता है| वाणिज्यवाद की मान्यताएं या सिद्धांत वाणिज्यवादी सिद्धांतों तथा मान्यताओं का सम्बन्ध आधुनिक औपनिवेशिक साम्राज्यवाद से निम्नलिखित आधारों पर स्थापित होता है- 1- राष्ट्र की संपत्ति उस राष्ट्र के पास उपलब्ध बहुमूल्य धातुओं जैसे- सोना, चांदी (बुलियन) में निहित है| 2- राष्ट्र की संपत्ति का सीधा सम्बन्ध राष्ट्र की प्रतिष्ठा से है| 3- राष्ट्र-राज्यों को राष्ट्रीय संपत्ति एवं राष्ट्रीय प्रतिष्ठा के संरक्षण एवं वृद्धि के लिए आर्थिक गतिविधियों में हस्तक्षेप करने का अधिकार है| 4- बुलियन की मात्रा प्रकृति में सीमित है एवं इसके कारण एक देश का लाभ अन्य देशों की हानि है| 5- विभिन्न देशों के राष्ट्रीय हितों के टकराव के कारण अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों विशेषकर आर्थिक सम्बन्धों में सामंजस्य स्थापित नहीं हो सकता| 6- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय आर्थिक प्रतिस्पर्धा अवश्यम्भावी है| 7- राज्य द्वारा आर्थिक गतिविधियों विशेषकर व्यापारिक गतिविधियों का नियमन एवं नियंत्रण जिसका उद्देश्य बुलियन की प्राप्ति को बढ़ावा देना तथा उसके निर्यात को प्रतिबंधित करना था| 8- व्यापारिक गतिविधियों के नियमन या नियंत्रण के लिए आयात तथा निर्यात करों या शुल्कों का राष्ट्रीय हित में निर्धारण| 9- राष्ट्र-राज्यों द्वारा व्यापारिक निकायों को एकाधिकार प्रदान किया जाना जिससे कि खरीद के क्षेत्रों में मूल्यों को कम किया जा सके. आदि| राष्ट्र-राज्यों तथा व्यापारिक कम्पनियों के बीच घाल-मेल (NEXUS) तथा व्यापारिक कम्प नियों को राष्ट्र-राज्यों द्वारा अन्य देशों की कम्पनियों के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा में पूर्ण सहयोग- व्यापारिक कम्पनियों को कुछ संप्रभु अधिकार दिया जाना जिसमें युद्ध की घोषणा, शान्ति की स्थापना, सैनिक संगठन तथा हथियारों के रख-रखाव, क्षेत्रों की प्राप्ति तथा उन क्षेत्रों को शासित करने का अधिकार, इत्यादि सम्मिलित थे| इन अधिकारों ने यूरोपीय व्यापारिक कम्पनियों की प्रकृति को परिवर्तित करना प्रारंभ किया तथा वे अधिक आक्रामक एवं महत्वाकांक्षी हो उठी| देशी राज्यों के आंतरिक मामलों में हस्तक्षेप जिसका उद्देश्य आरम्भ में व्यापारिक सुविधाओं की प्राप्ति तथा कालान्तर में संसाधनों के साथ-साथ क्षेत्रीय लाभों की प्राप्ति भी सम्मिलित हो गयी, आदि|
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##Question:वाणिज्यवाद से आप क्या समझते हैं? साथ ही इसके सिद्धांतों या मान्यताओं की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by commercialism? Also discuss its principles or beliefs. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत वाणिज्यवाद को परिभाषित करते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात वाणिज्यवाद की मान्यताओं को बताते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में वाणिज्यवाद के परिणाम को संक्षिप्त में बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| वाणिज्यवाद वाणिज्यवाद को आधुनिक व्यापारिक क्रांति से सम्बन्धित माना जाता है जिसके सिद्धांतों या मान्यताओं को आधुनिक व्यापारिक कम्पनियों तथा अन्य व्यापारिक निकायों एवं आधुनिक राष्ट्र-राज्यों के आर्थिक क्रियाकलापों के आधार पर पर सुनिश्चित किया गया है| वाणिज्यवाद का सम्बन्ध पूँजीवाद की आरम्भिक अवस्था से भी है तथा इसे आधुनिक राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था के विकास में आरंभिक चरण का प्रतिनिधि माना जाता है| वाणिज्यवाद की मान्यताएं या सिद्धांत वाणिज्यवादी सिद्धांतों तथा मान्यताओं का सम्बन्ध आधुनिक औपनिवेशिक साम्राज्यवाद से निम्नलिखित आधारों पर स्थापित होता है- 1- राष्ट्र की संपत्ति उस राष्ट्र के पास उपलब्ध बहुमूल्य धातुओं जैसे- सोना, चांदी (बुलियन) में निहित है| 2- राष्ट्र की संपत्ति का सीधा सम्बन्ध राष्ट्र की प्रतिष्ठा से है| 3- राष्ट्र-राज्यों को राष्ट्रीय संपत्ति एवं राष्ट्रीय प्रतिष्ठा के संरक्षण एवं वृद्धि के लिए आर्थिक गतिविधियों में हस्तक्षेप करने का अधिकार है| 4- बुलियन की मात्रा प्रकृति में सीमित है एवं इसके कारण एक देश का लाभ अन्य देशों की हानि है| 5- विभिन्न देशों के राष्ट्रीय हितों के टकराव के कारण अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों विशेषकर आर्थिक सम्बन्धों में सामंजस्य स्थापित नहीं हो सकता| 6- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय आर्थिक प्रतिस्पर्धा अवश्यम्भावी है| 7- राज्य द्वारा आर्थिक गतिविधियों विशेषकर व्यापारिक गतिविधियों का नियमन एवं नियंत्रण जिसका उद्देश्य बुलियन की प्राप्ति को बढ़ावा देना तथा उसके निर्यात को प्रतिबंधित करना था| 8- व्यापारिक गतिविधियों के नियमन या नियंत्रण के लिए आयात तथा निर्यात करों या शुल्कों का राष्ट्रीय हित में निर्धारण| 9- राष्ट्र-राज्यों द्वारा व्यापारिक निकायों को एकाधिकार प्रदान किया जाना जिससे कि खरीद के क्षेत्रों में मूल्यों को कम किया जा सके. आदि| राष्ट्र-राज्यों तथा व्यापारिक कम्पनियों के बीच घाल-मेल (NEXUS) तथा व्यापारिक कम्प नियों को राष्ट्र-राज्यों द्वारा अन्य देशों की कम्पनियों के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा में पूर्ण सहयोग- व्यापारिक कम्पनियों को कुछ संप्रभु अधिकार दिया जाना जिसमें युद्ध की घोषणा, शान्ति की स्थापना, सैनिक संगठन तथा हथियारों के रख-रखाव, क्षेत्रों की प्राप्ति तथा उन क्षेत्रों को शासित करने का अधिकार, इत्यादि सम्मिलित थे| इन अधिकारों ने यूरोपीय व्यापारिक कम्पनियों की प्रकृति को परिवर्तित करना प्रारंभ किया तथा वे अधिक आक्रामक एवं महत्वाकांक्षी हो उठी| देशी राज्यों के आंतरिक मामलों में हस्तक्षेप जिसका उद्देश्य आरम्भ में व्यापारिक सुविधाओं की प्राप्ति तथा कालान्तर में संसाधनों के साथ-साथ क्षेत्रीय लाभों की प्राप्ति भी सम्मिलित हो गयी, आदि|
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The 1857 uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding 100 years of British rule. Elucidate. (Max-200 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction regarding the nature of revolts prior to 1857. Mention the various rebellion in this phase. Conclude appropriately. Answer: British policies of land revenue settlement, interference in socio-cultural traditions of the people including tribals, and policies like subsidiary alliance led to huge resentment and anger among the people of India. It gave rise to a number of big and small rebellions in the nature of: 1. Politico-religious rebellion These included the rebellions like the Sanyasi and Fakir uprising when British authority imposed restrictions on their movement and they were not allowed to visit holy places . Kuka or Namdhari movement- It was initiated by Bhagat Jawahar Mal in 1840 as a religious reform movement in Sikhism. After the annexation of Punjab, they turned against British authority. Fairazi movement - The original Fairazi movement was initiated by Haji Shariatullah in 1819 as a religious reform movement. His son Dadu Mian took up the cause of the peasants against the exploitation of zamindar and British authority. 2. Tribal uprisings These included the uprisings of Khasi, Kols, Santhal revolt , etc. The major grievances included an introduction of a large number of outsiders by the British threatening their socio-cultural order. 3. Political uprisings These included the Paika rebellion- the British revoked the rent-free estates of Paika. In this situation, Paikas organized the rebellion under the leadership of Bakshi Jagbandhu. Under the Revolt of Vizianagaram, the Raja revolted against the British demand of 3 lakh rupees for recognition of revenue collection rights. Ahom revolt: British pledged that after the end of the first Burma war (1824-26) they will withdraw from the Ahom area but after the end of the war, their actions were otherwise. In this situation, Ahoms organized a successful revolt after which the British restored the upper Assam area to the Ahoms. Revolt of Dewan Veluthampi: Travancore signed the Subsidiary Alliance system after the annexation of Mysore by the British. British adopted a very high-handed attitude towards the people of Travancore. As such, Dewan Veluthampi revolted Ultimately, the British Authority introduced a new Enfield rifle where the paper was to be bitten off from the cartridge. It was alleged that the paper was smeared with cow and pig fat. It hurt the religious sentiments of both Muslim and Hindu sepoys. This episode provided the context for the outbreak of the revolt.
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##Question:The 1857 uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding 100 years of British rule. Elucidate. (Max-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction regarding the nature of revolts prior to 1857. Mention the various rebellion in this phase. Conclude appropriately. Answer: British policies of land revenue settlement, interference in socio-cultural traditions of the people including tribals, and policies like subsidiary alliance led to huge resentment and anger among the people of India. It gave rise to a number of big and small rebellions in the nature of: 1. Politico-religious rebellion These included the rebellions like the Sanyasi and Fakir uprising when British authority imposed restrictions on their movement and they were not allowed to visit holy places . Kuka or Namdhari movement- It was initiated by Bhagat Jawahar Mal in 1840 as a religious reform movement in Sikhism. After the annexation of Punjab, they turned against British authority. Fairazi movement - The original Fairazi movement was initiated by Haji Shariatullah in 1819 as a religious reform movement. His son Dadu Mian took up the cause of the peasants against the exploitation of zamindar and British authority. 2. Tribal uprisings These included the uprisings of Khasi, Kols, Santhal revolt , etc. The major grievances included an introduction of a large number of outsiders by the British threatening their socio-cultural order. 3. Political uprisings These included the Paika rebellion- the British revoked the rent-free estates of Paika. In this situation, Paikas organized the rebellion under the leadership of Bakshi Jagbandhu. Under the Revolt of Vizianagaram, the Raja revolted against the British demand of 3 lakh rupees for recognition of revenue collection rights. Ahom revolt: British pledged that after the end of the first Burma war (1824-26) they will withdraw from the Ahom area but after the end of the war, their actions were otherwise. In this situation, Ahoms organized a successful revolt after which the British restored the upper Assam area to the Ahoms. Revolt of Dewan Veluthampi: Travancore signed the Subsidiary Alliance system after the annexation of Mysore by the British. British adopted a very high-handed attitude towards the people of Travancore. As such, Dewan Veluthampi revolted Ultimately, the British Authority introduced a new Enfield rifle where the paper was to be bitten off from the cartridge. It was alleged that the paper was smeared with cow and pig fat. It hurt the religious sentiments of both Muslim and Hindu sepoys. This episode provided the context for the outbreak of the revolt.
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हालाँकि एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करना चुनौतीपूर्ण है लेकिन यह भारत के लिए अपरिहार्य होता जा रहा है| कथन की विवेचना करते हुए एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड के व्यवस्थित विकास के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा किये जा रहे प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Although it is challenging to develop an integrated theater command, it is becoming indispensable for India. Discussing the statement, discuss the efforts being made by the Government of India for the systematic development of Integrated Theater Command (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका मेंएकीकृत थिएटर कमांड के बारे में सामान्य जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग मेंएकीकृत थिएटर कमांड का महत्त्व स्पष्ट करते हुए इसकी अपरिहार्यता को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने की चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने के लिए सरकार द्वारा उठाये क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिये 5- अंतिम में एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड के लाभों को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| ऐसी कमांड जो तीनों सेनाओं को एक स्थान में एक ही कमांड के अधीन करती है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड वस्तुतः अपनी क्षमता के अधीन किसी भी विपरीत परिस्थितियों में तीनों सेनाओं को सरलतापूर्वक सरलतापूर्वक परिचालन, संसाधनों की उपलब्धता को सुनिश्चित करने के उद्देश्य से परिकल्पित की गयी है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड गठित करने की सिफारिश कारगिल समीक्षा समिति और DB सेटकर समिति की सिफारिशों पर की जा रही है| वर्तमान में भारत 6 एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित कर रहा है जो वर्ष 2023 तक संभावित है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड की अपरिहार्यता चीन जैसे राष्ट्र व्यापक तौर पर सैन्य गतिविधियों को आधुनिकीकृत कर रहे हैं ऐसी स्थिति में भारत के लिए एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड आवश्यक हो जाते हैं| वर्तमान युद्ध की बदलती प्रकृति एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को अपरिहार्य बना रही हैं अर्थात संगठित अपराध, साइबर अपराध और सीमाओं पर घुसपैठ आदि समन्वित रूप धारण कर रहे हैं जिनका मुकाबला एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड से ही संभव है| इससे संसाधनों का संयुक्त साझाकरण और उचित प्रयोग करने में आसानी होगी त्वरित निर्णय लेना सरल हो सकेगा आदि| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने की चुनौतियां कमांड की संरचना में स्पष्टता लाना एक बड़ी चुनौती है| इसके अंतर्गत विशेष रूप से सेवा प्रमुखों सहित कर्मियों और मशीनरी का परिचालन आरंभिक तौर पर जटिल हो सकता है| सैनिकों और उपकरणों के बीच परस्पर संचालन की चुनौती उत्पन्न होगी इससे अंतरासेवा प्रतिद्वंद्विता बढेगा निवेश को लेकर जटिलताएं उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं अर्थात एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने के लिए नवीन अवसंरचनाएं तैयार करनी होंगीं जिसके लिए अतिरिक्त वित्त की आवश्यकता होगी उदाहरण के लिए भारतीय वायुसेना में आनुपातिक रूप से लड़ाकू बेड़े (स्क्वाड्रन) ताकि वे सेना के अनुपात में उचित हों| भारत में अभी तक एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड की विशेषज्ञता नहीं है जिसके लिए हमें दुसरे राष्ट्रों पर निर्भर रहना होगा| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने हेतु सरकार द्वारा किये जा रहे प्रयास उपरोक्त चिंताओं को दूर करने के लिए पूर्व CDS ने 8 सदस्यीय पैनल का गठन किया है जो इस संदर्भ में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत करेगा इसके साथ ही भारत सरकार ने इन चुनौतियों को दूर करने के लिए कुछ अतिरिक्त कदम भी उठायें हैं जैसे- 1- भारत की रक्षा क्षमताओं को बढाने के लिए एक मजबूत और जीवंत रक्षा औद्योगिक निर्माण परिषद् का गठन किया जा रहा है 2- युद्ध की बदलती प्रकृति की पहचान के लिए संरचनाएं और तकनीकी क्षमताओं को विकसित किया जा रहा है 3- वित्त की समस्याओं को दूर करने के लिए मेक इन इंडिया कार्यक्रम के तहत राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय निवेश को बढ़ावा दिया जा रहा है 4- निर्णयन प्रक्रिया को सुव्यवस्थित करने के उद्देश्य से तीनों सेनाओं की समन्वित समितियां और CDS के नेतृत्व में गठित 8 सदस्यीय पैनल कार्य कर रहा है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड विकसित हो जाने से भारत चीन और पाकिस्तान दोनों से एक साथ मुकाबला करने में सक्षम हो सकेगा| वर्तमान में वैयक्तिक कमांड होने के कारण सेनाओं के बीच तालमेल की कमी है, जिसे ठीक किया जा सकेगा संसाधनों के एकीकृत होने से उनका समय पर उपयोग और सही उपयोग सुनिश्चित हो सकेगा| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड लोजिस्टिक सहयोग को विकसित करने में सक्षम साबित होगा | हथियार खरीद के प्रति एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण अपनाने में क्षमता प्राप्त होगी| एकीकृत थियेटर कमांड जन शक्ति के वास्तविक उपयोग को सुनिश्चित करेगा जिसे सेना बल सुदृढ़ होगा| अतः स्पष्ट है कि एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड भारत के लिए अपरिहार्य है|
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##Question:हालाँकि एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करना चुनौतीपूर्ण है लेकिन यह भारत के लिए अपरिहार्य होता जा रहा है| कथन की विवेचना करते हुए एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड के व्यवस्थित विकास के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा किये जा रहे प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Although it is challenging to develop an integrated theater command, it is becoming indispensable for India. Discussing the statement, discuss the efforts being made by the Government of India for the systematic development of Integrated Theater Command (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका मेंएकीकृत थिएटर कमांड के बारे में सामान्य जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग मेंएकीकृत थिएटर कमांड का महत्त्व स्पष्ट करते हुए इसकी अपरिहार्यता को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने की चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने के लिए सरकार द्वारा उठाये क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिये 5- अंतिम में एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड के लाभों को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| ऐसी कमांड जो तीनों सेनाओं को एक स्थान में एक ही कमांड के अधीन करती है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड वस्तुतः अपनी क्षमता के अधीन किसी भी विपरीत परिस्थितियों में तीनों सेनाओं को सरलतापूर्वक सरलतापूर्वक परिचालन, संसाधनों की उपलब्धता को सुनिश्चित करने के उद्देश्य से परिकल्पित की गयी है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड गठित करने की सिफारिश कारगिल समीक्षा समिति और DB सेटकर समिति की सिफारिशों पर की जा रही है| वर्तमान में भारत 6 एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित कर रहा है जो वर्ष 2023 तक संभावित है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड की अपरिहार्यता चीन जैसे राष्ट्र व्यापक तौर पर सैन्य गतिविधियों को आधुनिकीकृत कर रहे हैं ऐसी स्थिति में भारत के लिए एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड आवश्यक हो जाते हैं| वर्तमान युद्ध की बदलती प्रकृति एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को अपरिहार्य बना रही हैं अर्थात संगठित अपराध, साइबर अपराध और सीमाओं पर घुसपैठ आदि समन्वित रूप धारण कर रहे हैं जिनका मुकाबला एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड से ही संभव है| इससे संसाधनों का संयुक्त साझाकरण और उचित प्रयोग करने में आसानी होगी त्वरित निर्णय लेना सरल हो सकेगा आदि| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने की चुनौतियां कमांड की संरचना में स्पष्टता लाना एक बड़ी चुनौती है| इसके अंतर्गत विशेष रूप से सेवा प्रमुखों सहित कर्मियों और मशीनरी का परिचालन आरंभिक तौर पर जटिल हो सकता है| सैनिकों और उपकरणों के बीच परस्पर संचालन की चुनौती उत्पन्न होगी इससे अंतरासेवा प्रतिद्वंद्विता बढेगा निवेश को लेकर जटिलताएं उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं अर्थात एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने के लिए नवीन अवसंरचनाएं तैयार करनी होंगीं जिसके लिए अतिरिक्त वित्त की आवश्यकता होगी उदाहरण के लिए भारतीय वायुसेना में आनुपातिक रूप से लड़ाकू बेड़े (स्क्वाड्रन) ताकि वे सेना के अनुपात में उचित हों| भारत में अभी तक एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड की विशेषज्ञता नहीं है जिसके लिए हमें दुसरे राष्ट्रों पर निर्भर रहना होगा| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड को विकसित करने हेतु सरकार द्वारा किये जा रहे प्रयास उपरोक्त चिंताओं को दूर करने के लिए पूर्व CDS ने 8 सदस्यीय पैनल का गठन किया है जो इस संदर्भ में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत करेगा इसके साथ ही भारत सरकार ने इन चुनौतियों को दूर करने के लिए कुछ अतिरिक्त कदम भी उठायें हैं जैसे- 1- भारत की रक्षा क्षमताओं को बढाने के लिए एक मजबूत और जीवंत रक्षा औद्योगिक निर्माण परिषद् का गठन किया जा रहा है 2- युद्ध की बदलती प्रकृति की पहचान के लिए संरचनाएं और तकनीकी क्षमताओं को विकसित किया जा रहा है 3- वित्त की समस्याओं को दूर करने के लिए मेक इन इंडिया कार्यक्रम के तहत राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय निवेश को बढ़ावा दिया जा रहा है 4- निर्णयन प्रक्रिया को सुव्यवस्थित करने के उद्देश्य से तीनों सेनाओं की समन्वित समितियां और CDS के नेतृत्व में गठित 8 सदस्यीय पैनल कार्य कर रहा है| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड विकसित हो जाने से भारत चीन और पाकिस्तान दोनों से एक साथ मुकाबला करने में सक्षम हो सकेगा| वर्तमान में वैयक्तिक कमांड होने के कारण सेनाओं के बीच तालमेल की कमी है, जिसे ठीक किया जा सकेगा संसाधनों के एकीकृत होने से उनका समय पर उपयोग और सही उपयोग सुनिश्चित हो सकेगा| एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड लोजिस्टिक सहयोग को विकसित करने में सक्षम साबित होगा | हथियार खरीद के प्रति एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण अपनाने में क्षमता प्राप्त होगी| एकीकृत थियेटर कमांड जन शक्ति के वास्तविक उपयोग को सुनिश्चित करेगा जिसे सेना बल सुदृढ़ होगा| अतः स्पष्ट है कि एकीकृत थिएटर कमांड भारत के लिए अपरिहार्य है|
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Discuss the reasons for the formation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), tracing them from the economic situations after Second World War. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Menton briefly about WTO. Trace the situation related to the origin of GATT, etc. Uruguay Round, Dunkel Draft, etc. can be mentioned. Finally, the formation of WTO, its aims, and objectives can be mentioned. Answer: World Trade Organization (WTO): It is an international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. WTO agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Formation of WTO: Need to regulate post-WW2 trade: The formation of the WTO can be traced back to the economic situation immediately after Second World War. International economic cooperation was a necessity and to achieve this goal a number of international organizations were formed under the Bretton Woods Conference, 1944. Apart from the formation of the World Bank and IMF, an organization called ITO (International Trade Organization) was also proposed to tackle trade barriers and other issues related to trade. Formation of GATT: Although ITO was never formed due to a lack of consensus, another agreement called GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) was signed by 23 countries in Geneva. GATT came into force on 1st January 1948, and till the formation of WTO, in 1995, GATT was the only multilateral agreement governing international trade. Totally eight multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) were held under GATT. The multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs): The MTNs tried to tackle some of the basic issues related to international trade, like tariff and non-tariff barriers. But within 40 years of operation of GATT, its members felt that the system was inefficient to handle problems of the globalizing world economy. Uruguay Round: These issues came to the forefront during the 8th MTN of GATT, in Uruguay. During the Uruguay Round, the talks took place on many new areas of the trading system, like trade in services, IPRs, etc. Apart from the emergence of these new issues, differences also arose among member countries on issues like agricultural subsidies. Dunkel Draft and formation of WTO: To tackle this deadlock Sir Arthur Dunkel (DG of GATT) proposed Dunkel Draft. On the basis of this draft, an act was signed by 123 nations, including India on April 15th, 1994 at Marakesh. As a result of the Marakesh Agreement, WTO came into existence on 1st January 1995 with its headquarters in Geneva. WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, thus contributing to economic growth and development. The WTO also provides a legal and institutional framework for the implementation and monitoring of these agreements, as well as for settling disputes arising from their interpretation and application.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons for the formation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), tracing them from the economic situations after Second World War. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Menton briefly about WTO. Trace the situation related to the origin of GATT, etc. Uruguay Round, Dunkel Draft, etc. can be mentioned. Finally, the formation of WTO, its aims, and objectives can be mentioned. Answer: World Trade Organization (WTO): It is an international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. WTO agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Formation of WTO: Need to regulate post-WW2 trade: The formation of the WTO can be traced back to the economic situation immediately after Second World War. International economic cooperation was a necessity and to achieve this goal a number of international organizations were formed under the Bretton Woods Conference, 1944. Apart from the formation of the World Bank and IMF, an organization called ITO (International Trade Organization) was also proposed to tackle trade barriers and other issues related to trade. Formation of GATT: Although ITO was never formed due to a lack of consensus, another agreement called GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) was signed by 23 countries in Geneva. GATT came into force on 1st January 1948, and till the formation of WTO, in 1995, GATT was the only multilateral agreement governing international trade. Totally eight multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) were held under GATT. The multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs): The MTNs tried to tackle some of the basic issues related to international trade, like tariff and non-tariff barriers. But within 40 years of operation of GATT, its members felt that the system was inefficient to handle problems of the globalizing world economy. Uruguay Round: These issues came to the forefront during the 8th MTN of GATT, in Uruguay. During the Uruguay Round, the talks took place on many new areas of the trading system, like trade in services, IPRs, etc. Apart from the emergence of these new issues, differences also arose among member countries on issues like agricultural subsidies. Dunkel Draft and formation of WTO: To tackle this deadlock Sir Arthur Dunkel (DG of GATT) proposed Dunkel Draft. On the basis of this draft, an act was signed by 123 nations, including India on April 15th, 1994 at Marakesh. As a result of the Marakesh Agreement, WTO came into existence on 1st January 1995 with its headquarters in Geneva. WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, thus contributing to economic growth and development. The WTO also provides a legal and institutional framework for the implementation and monitoring of these agreements, as well as for settling disputes arising from their interpretation and application.
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Give an account of Prebisch Singer Hypothesis and the origin of World Trade Organisation (WTO). (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in breif about Prebisch Singer Hypothesis. In body mention the origin of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Conclude accordingly Answer : The terms of trade for underdeveloped countries, relative to the developed countries, had deteriorated over time. The underdeveloped countries were able to purchase fewer and fewer manufactured goods from the developed countries in exchange for a given quantity of their raw materials exports. This idea is known as the Singer-Prebisch hypothesis. Explanation of Prebisch Singer Hypothesis: The traditional theory of free trade proposed by Adam Smith and David Ricardo stated that free trade should result in higher profits for all the nations engaged That is, it is virtually impossible for any nation to produce all their consumption requirements themselves at the least possible costs A particular country will find it profitable in producing commodities with a comparative advantage. It should export such commodities and import other commodities on the basis of economic principle The developed countries often argue for free trade through organisations like WTO But the conclusions of the above theory can change when we look at empirical evidence with respect to LDCs For most of the LDCs, their comparative advantage lies in the production of agriculture and other primary products such as cotton, coffee, sugar, etc It has been empirically proved that the income elasticity of demand is lower for these products. In constant, income elasticity for manufacturing goods is higher The result of these two effects leads to a decline in the relative price of primary products. This decline does not lead to a significant rise in demand These two phenomena together make export earnings of LDCs highly unstable Thus making free trade harmful for them. The above finding is popularly known as Prebisch Singer Hypothesis This finding is the issue of conflict between developed and developing countries on aspects related to international trade Apart from this, developed countries are protecting their agricultural markets by giving massive subsidies, which are adversely affecting developing countries" markets The empirical evidence collected by UNCTAD has supported it. The studies made by UNCTAD for the 1950-61 and 1960-73 periods showed that there was a relative decline in the terms of trade of LDCs vis-a-vis the developed countries. Origin of WTO: The formation of the WTO can be traced back to the economic situation immediately after 2nd World War International economic cooperation was necessary and to achieve this goal a number of international organisations were formed under the Bretton-Woods Conference in 1944 Apart from the formation of WB and IMF, an organisation called ITO was also proposed to tackle trade barriers and other issues related to trade Although, ITO was never formed due to a lack of consensus. Another agreement called General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) was signed by 23 countries in Geneva GATT came into existence on 1st January 1948 and till the formation of WTO in 1995, GATT was the only multi-lateral institution, governing international trade Totally 8 Multilateral Negotiations MTNs were held under GATT MTNs tried to tackle some of the Basic issues related to international trade like the tariff and the non-tariff barriers But within 40 years of operation of GATT, its members felt that the system was inefficient to handle problems of the globalising world economy These issues can to the forefront during the 8th MTN of GATT in Uruguay During the Uruguay round, the talks took place on many new areas of the trading system like Trade in Services, IPRs, etc Apart from the emergence of these new issues, differences also arose among member countries on issues like agricultural subsidies, etc To tackle the deadlock, Sir Arthur Dunkel, who was Director General (DG) of GATT proposed Dunkel Draft On the basis of this draft, an act was signed by 123 nations including India on April 15th 1994 at Marrakesh Hence, as a result of the Marrakesh Agreement, WTO came into existence on 1st January 1995 with its headquarters in Geneva. Currently, the WTO has 164 members with Ngozi Okonjo-Iwela as the current head of the WTO.
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##Question:Give an account of Prebisch Singer Hypothesis and the origin of World Trade Organisation (WTO). (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in breif about Prebisch Singer Hypothesis. In body mention the origin of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Conclude accordingly Answer : The terms of trade for underdeveloped countries, relative to the developed countries, had deteriorated over time. The underdeveloped countries were able to purchase fewer and fewer manufactured goods from the developed countries in exchange for a given quantity of their raw materials exports. This idea is known as the Singer-Prebisch hypothesis. Explanation of Prebisch Singer Hypothesis: The traditional theory of free trade proposed by Adam Smith and David Ricardo stated that free trade should result in higher profits for all the nations engaged That is, it is virtually impossible for any nation to produce all their consumption requirements themselves at the least possible costs A particular country will find it profitable in producing commodities with a comparative advantage. It should export such commodities and import other commodities on the basis of economic principle The developed countries often argue for free trade through organisations like WTO But the conclusions of the above theory can change when we look at empirical evidence with respect to LDCs For most of the LDCs, their comparative advantage lies in the production of agriculture and other primary products such as cotton, coffee, sugar, etc It has been empirically proved that the income elasticity of demand is lower for these products. In constant, income elasticity for manufacturing goods is higher The result of these two effects leads to a decline in the relative price of primary products. This decline does not lead to a significant rise in demand These two phenomena together make export earnings of LDCs highly unstable Thus making free trade harmful for them. The above finding is popularly known as Prebisch Singer Hypothesis This finding is the issue of conflict between developed and developing countries on aspects related to international trade Apart from this, developed countries are protecting their agricultural markets by giving massive subsidies, which are adversely affecting developing countries" markets The empirical evidence collected by UNCTAD has supported it. The studies made by UNCTAD for the 1950-61 and 1960-73 periods showed that there was a relative decline in the terms of trade of LDCs vis-a-vis the developed countries. Origin of WTO: The formation of the WTO can be traced back to the economic situation immediately after 2nd World War International economic cooperation was necessary and to achieve this goal a number of international organisations were formed under the Bretton-Woods Conference in 1944 Apart from the formation of WB and IMF, an organisation called ITO was also proposed to tackle trade barriers and other issues related to trade Although, ITO was never formed due to a lack of consensus. Another agreement called General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) was signed by 23 countries in Geneva GATT came into existence on 1st January 1948 and till the formation of WTO in 1995, GATT was the only multi-lateral institution, governing international trade Totally 8 Multilateral Negotiations MTNs were held under GATT MTNs tried to tackle some of the Basic issues related to international trade like the tariff and the non-tariff barriers But within 40 years of operation of GATT, its members felt that the system was inefficient to handle problems of the globalising world economy These issues can to the forefront during the 8th MTN of GATT in Uruguay During the Uruguay round, the talks took place on many new areas of the trading system like Trade in Services, IPRs, etc Apart from the emergence of these new issues, differences also arose among member countries on issues like agricultural subsidies, etc To tackle the deadlock, Sir Arthur Dunkel, who was Director General (DG) of GATT proposed Dunkel Draft On the basis of this draft, an act was signed by 123 nations including India on April 15th 1994 at Marrakesh Hence, as a result of the Marrakesh Agreement, WTO came into existence on 1st January 1995 with its headquarters in Geneva. Currently, the WTO has 164 members with Ngozi Okonjo-Iwela as the current head of the WTO.
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What do you understand by Non-performing Assets? Discuss the different classifications of assets on the basis of repayment discipline. (150 words/ 10 marks).
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Approach - Define NPA in the intro Discuss various assets on the basis of repayment discipline Answer: An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for a period of 90 days. Different classifications of assets on the basis of repayment discipline Whatever loans provided by any financial intermediary can be considered an asset for the given financial intermediary. On the basis of repayment disciplines, these assets can be classified in the following ways- 1. Standard Asset - where the asset of the bank is performing well and it can be further subdivided into the following two categories - a) Regular assets - when the repayments are on due dates b) Stressed assets - can be further subdivided into - SMA-0 (when the delay is from 0 to 30 days) SMA- 1 = when the delay is from 31 days to 60 days SMA -2 = when the delay is from 61 days to 90 days. If the stressed assets are for genuine reasons then before they get into NPA restructuring of the stressed assets is a preferred root. During the COVID time, it was done at a large scale recommended by Kamath Committee. 2. Non-Performing Asset (NPA) - refers to those assets which are not responding/performing in terms of repayment and can be further subdivided into - a) Sub-standard assets - when it is from 3 months to 1 year b) doubtful loans - 1 year to 2 years c) lost asset - 2 years to 3 years And finally 1 more year of wait it is written off. Writing off simply means that the said asset is no longer considered an asset. Before writing off bank also may try for 1-time settlement with a haircut. In the case of agricultural advances/loans, the NPA is considered on the basis of the tenure of two consecutive crops. Conclusion: RBI is continuously striving to develop this prudential discipline in financial institutions. Since July 2021 it is now completely automated.
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##Question:What do you understand by Non-performing Assets? Discuss the different classifications of assets on the basis of repayment discipline. (150 words/ 10 marks).##Answer:Approach - Define NPA in the intro Discuss various assets on the basis of repayment discipline Answer: An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for a period of 90 days. Different classifications of assets on the basis of repayment discipline Whatever loans provided by any financial intermediary can be considered an asset for the given financial intermediary. On the basis of repayment disciplines, these assets can be classified in the following ways- 1. Standard Asset - where the asset of the bank is performing well and it can be further subdivided into the following two categories - a) Regular assets - when the repayments are on due dates b) Stressed assets - can be further subdivided into - SMA-0 (when the delay is from 0 to 30 days) SMA- 1 = when the delay is from 31 days to 60 days SMA -2 = when the delay is from 61 days to 90 days. If the stressed assets are for genuine reasons then before they get into NPA restructuring of the stressed assets is a preferred root. During the COVID time, it was done at a large scale recommended by Kamath Committee. 2. Non-Performing Asset (NPA) - refers to those assets which are not responding/performing in terms of repayment and can be further subdivided into - a) Sub-standard assets - when it is from 3 months to 1 year b) doubtful loans - 1 year to 2 years c) lost asset - 2 years to 3 years And finally 1 more year of wait it is written off. Writing off simply means that the said asset is no longer considered an asset. Before writing off bank also may try for 1-time settlement with a haircut. In the case of agricultural advances/loans, the NPA is considered on the basis of the tenure of two consecutive crops. Conclusion: RBI is continuously striving to develop this prudential discipline in financial institutions. Since July 2021 it is now completely automated.
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What do you understand by sustainable agriculture? Mention various methods to achieve sustainable agriculture in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Explain the concept of Sustainable Agriculture in the introduction briefly. In the body, mention various methods to achieve sustainable agriculture in India. Conclude by writing a few challenges or some government initiatives in this direction. Answer: Sustainable Agriculture is a form of agriculture that attempts to produce sufficient food to meet the needs of the present-day population without exhausting soil fertility and damaging the environment. The main principles of sustainable agriculture are environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability. Various benefits of Sustainable Agriculture: Environmental Protection: Sustainable Agriculture emphasizes methods and processes that improve soil productivity while minimizing harmful effects on the climate, soil, water, air, biodiversity, and human health. Saving Energy: It emphasizes minimizing the use of inputs from nonrenewable sources and petroleum-based products and replacing them with those from renewable resources Food security: It seeks to ensure that the basic nutritional requirements of current and future generations are met in both quantity and quality terms. Economic profitability: It not only ensures the sustainable increase in agricultural production but also reduces the agricultural sector’s vulnerability to adverse natural conditions (e.g. climate), socioeconomic factors (e.g. strong price fluctuations), and other risks. Economic and social equity: It seeks to ensure long-term employment, an adequate income, and dignified and equal working and living conditions for people involved in the agriculture value chain It also focuses on local people and their needs, knowledge, skills, socio-cultural values, and institutional structures. Various methods to achieve sustainable agriculture in India: a. Mixed Cropping/diverse cropping: Two or more crops are grown together at the same time in a field. If by any chance one crop fails the other crops cover the risk of total failure. Water and nutritional requirements are different for these crops. Generally, a leguminous crop is grown along with the main crop. b. Crop rotation: It is the practice of growing different crops in regular succession in the same fields. Generally, soil can not sustain continuous cropping with a single crop beacuse certain nutrients will be exhausted. Sowing a leguminous crop as a rotational crop is useful beacuse it enhances the fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. c. Use of Biofertilizers: It is essential to use renewable inputs which has zero or minimal damage to the environment. Certain microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, etc fix atmospheric Nitrogen, solubilize Phosphorus, and enhance the organic material. d. Vermicomposting: It is a technique for recycling animal wastes, crop residues, and other agricultural wastes. Earthworms are used to produce vermicompost from organic waste. e. Organic farming(OF): It avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and livestock feed additives, and relies on crop rotation, crop residues, animal manure, bio-fertilizers, etc. f. Integrated Pest Management(IPM): In this approach each crop and its pests are evaluated as a part of an ecological system, then farmers develop a controlled program that includes cultivation, biological, and chemical methods, applied in proper sequence and timing. For example, initially, natural predators of pests can be used, then insecticides of plant origin such as Neem oil can be used, and as a last resort, a small number of chemical pesticides can be used. g. Genetically Modified Crops(GMC): Pests and disease-resistant crop plants can be produced by genetic engineering. h. Mulching: Mulch is a protective layer on the top layer of the soil. It can be organic or inorganic. It enriches and protects soil, conserves moisture, prevents wheat growth, and maintains an even temperature. i. Zero Tillage: It is a practice where any type of mechanical digging, overturning, or any disturbance to soil is prohibited. It has many benefits such as reduction in inputs, increased organic matter in the soil, carbon sequestration, prevention of soil erosion, etc. j. Hydroponics: It is the cultivation of plants without soil. If a plant root is exposed directly to water & nutrition, the pant does not have to exert any energy in sustaining itself. Hydroponics help in reducing undesirable land use change and growth of pants in a controlled environment which reduces many risk factors. However, there are some challenges related to these methods like an initial drop in productivity and associated risk to food security, fall in farmer"s income, small land holding, lack of adequate cold storage infrastructure, lack of adequate irrigation facilities, standardization, and stable export policies, etc. If these challenges can be addressed then sustainable agriculture can play a vital role in ensuring future food security and agricultural income in the context of the fast-changing climate and challenges associated with it.
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##Question:What do you understand by sustainable agriculture? Mention various methods to achieve sustainable agriculture in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Explain the concept of Sustainable Agriculture in the introduction briefly. In the body, mention various methods to achieve sustainable agriculture in India. Conclude by writing a few challenges or some government initiatives in this direction. Answer: Sustainable Agriculture is a form of agriculture that attempts to produce sufficient food to meet the needs of the present-day population without exhausting soil fertility and damaging the environment. The main principles of sustainable agriculture are environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability. Various benefits of Sustainable Agriculture: Environmental Protection: Sustainable Agriculture emphasizes methods and processes that improve soil productivity while minimizing harmful effects on the climate, soil, water, air, biodiversity, and human health. Saving Energy: It emphasizes minimizing the use of inputs from nonrenewable sources and petroleum-based products and replacing them with those from renewable resources Food security: It seeks to ensure that the basic nutritional requirements of current and future generations are met in both quantity and quality terms. Economic profitability: It not only ensures the sustainable increase in agricultural production but also reduces the agricultural sector’s vulnerability to adverse natural conditions (e.g. climate), socioeconomic factors (e.g. strong price fluctuations), and other risks. Economic and social equity: It seeks to ensure long-term employment, an adequate income, and dignified and equal working and living conditions for people involved in the agriculture value chain It also focuses on local people and their needs, knowledge, skills, socio-cultural values, and institutional structures. Various methods to achieve sustainable agriculture in India: a. Mixed Cropping/diverse cropping: Two or more crops are grown together at the same time in a field. If by any chance one crop fails the other crops cover the risk of total failure. Water and nutritional requirements are different for these crops. Generally, a leguminous crop is grown along with the main crop. b. Crop rotation: It is the practice of growing different crops in regular succession in the same fields. Generally, soil can not sustain continuous cropping with a single crop beacuse certain nutrients will be exhausted. Sowing a leguminous crop as a rotational crop is useful beacuse it enhances the fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. c. Use of Biofertilizers: It is essential to use renewable inputs which has zero or minimal damage to the environment. Certain microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, etc fix atmospheric Nitrogen, solubilize Phosphorus, and enhance the organic material. d. Vermicomposting: It is a technique for recycling animal wastes, crop residues, and other agricultural wastes. Earthworms are used to produce vermicompost from organic waste. e. Organic farming(OF): It avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and livestock feed additives, and relies on crop rotation, crop residues, animal manure, bio-fertilizers, etc. f. Integrated Pest Management(IPM): In this approach each crop and its pests are evaluated as a part of an ecological system, then farmers develop a controlled program that includes cultivation, biological, and chemical methods, applied in proper sequence and timing. For example, initially, natural predators of pests can be used, then insecticides of plant origin such as Neem oil can be used, and as a last resort, a small number of chemical pesticides can be used. g. Genetically Modified Crops(GMC): Pests and disease-resistant crop plants can be produced by genetic engineering. h. Mulching: Mulch is a protective layer on the top layer of the soil. It can be organic or inorganic. It enriches and protects soil, conserves moisture, prevents wheat growth, and maintains an even temperature. i. Zero Tillage: It is a practice where any type of mechanical digging, overturning, or any disturbance to soil is prohibited. It has many benefits such as reduction in inputs, increased organic matter in the soil, carbon sequestration, prevention of soil erosion, etc. j. Hydroponics: It is the cultivation of plants without soil. If a plant root is exposed directly to water & nutrition, the pant does not have to exert any energy in sustaining itself. Hydroponics help in reducing undesirable land use change and growth of pants in a controlled environment which reduces many risk factors. However, there are some challenges related to these methods like an initial drop in productivity and associated risk to food security, fall in farmer"s income, small land holding, lack of adequate cold storage infrastructure, lack of adequate irrigation facilities, standardization, and stable export policies, etc. If these challenges can be addressed then sustainable agriculture can play a vital role in ensuring future food security and agricultural income in the context of the fast-changing climate and challenges associated with it.
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Among several factors for India"s potential growth, savings is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (UPSC 2017) (10Marks/150 Words)
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INTRODUCTION: Briefly describe India"s growth model. BODY: Explain how savings play an important role in the growth of the country. Describe in brief the other factors that are available for growth in the country. CONCLUSION: Conclude appropriately ANSWER: Growth in a country is dependent upon several factors among which Investment is the most important. The source of investments in a country may be external or internal. The External sources of investment include Foreign Investments, whereas Internal sources include domestic Savings. The growth model of Indian economy is heavily dependent on Savings-Public as well as Private: Arguments in favour- Gross savings (% of GDP) in India was reported at 30.23 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Since the inception of economic planning in India, the emphasis has been on saving and investment as the primary instruments of economic growth and increase in national income. To increase the production, capital formation is considered as the crucial determinant; and capital formation has to be backed by the appropriate volume of saving. Increase in saving, use of the increased saving for increased capital formation, use of the increased capital formation for increasing saving, and use of the increased saving for a further increase in capital formation constituted the strategy behind economic growth. Domestic Savings to Investment gap in India has been kept at low levels and India has managed to finance a predominant part of its capital formation from domestic savings. Therefore it can be said that India"s growth is dependednt on the savings upto a large extent. However, it would be necessary to point out there are other determinants to the growth as well. Other factors that are available for growth in an economy: (1) Demographics of the country: The potential of reaping demographic dividend is high in India. India"s population has an average of 28.4 years which means a productive population which can contribute to the economy. (2) Strength of the manufacturing sector: Manufacturing has huge growth potential due to its labour intensive nature. (3) Openness of the economy: An open economy ensures invetsment & exports in the country. We have seen in the case of China that how a FDI based export oriented economy saw sustained double digit growth. (4) Trade balance and economic strength of the country: A positive trade balance has a direct relationship with the growth of the economy. It further ensures the competitiveness of the goods produced in the economy, strengthening its forex reserves and sound status. (5) Consumer behavior: The consumer behaviour impacts growth by impacting the demand in the economy. A country with propensity to consume and save shall see the multilpier effects of growth. There are different theories to explain the factors that determine the growth in an economy. There have been studies based on Classical, Keynesian, Solow, Lewis and other models. Concrete establishment of one factor having a causal relationship between the factors has not been the case.
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##Question:Among several factors for India"s potential growth, savings is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (UPSC 2017) (10Marks/150 Words)##Answer:INTRODUCTION: Briefly describe India"s growth model. BODY: Explain how savings play an important role in the growth of the country. Describe in brief the other factors that are available for growth in the country. CONCLUSION: Conclude appropriately ANSWER: Growth in a country is dependent upon several factors among which Investment is the most important. The source of investments in a country may be external or internal. The External sources of investment include Foreign Investments, whereas Internal sources include domestic Savings. The growth model of Indian economy is heavily dependent on Savings-Public as well as Private: Arguments in favour- Gross savings (% of GDP) in India was reported at 30.23 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Since the inception of economic planning in India, the emphasis has been on saving and investment as the primary instruments of economic growth and increase in national income. To increase the production, capital formation is considered as the crucial determinant; and capital formation has to be backed by the appropriate volume of saving. Increase in saving, use of the increased saving for increased capital formation, use of the increased capital formation for increasing saving, and use of the increased saving for a further increase in capital formation constituted the strategy behind economic growth. Domestic Savings to Investment gap in India has been kept at low levels and India has managed to finance a predominant part of its capital formation from domestic savings. Therefore it can be said that India"s growth is dependednt on the savings upto a large extent. However, it would be necessary to point out there are other determinants to the growth as well. Other factors that are available for growth in an economy: (1) Demographics of the country: The potential of reaping demographic dividend is high in India. India"s population has an average of 28.4 years which means a productive population which can contribute to the economy. (2) Strength of the manufacturing sector: Manufacturing has huge growth potential due to its labour intensive nature. (3) Openness of the economy: An open economy ensures invetsment & exports in the country. We have seen in the case of China that how a FDI based export oriented economy saw sustained double digit growth. (4) Trade balance and economic strength of the country: A positive trade balance has a direct relationship with the growth of the economy. It further ensures the competitiveness of the goods produced in the economy, strengthening its forex reserves and sound status. (5) Consumer behavior: The consumer behaviour impacts growth by impacting the demand in the economy. A country with propensity to consume and save shall see the multilpier effects of growth. There are different theories to explain the factors that determine the growth in an economy. There have been studies based on Classical, Keynesian, Solow, Lewis and other models. Concrete establishment of one factor having a causal relationship between the factors has not been the case.
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Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British Policy toward colonial India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about the revolt of 1857. Discuss the evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857. Conclude appropriately Answer: The revolt of 1857 marked the first major struggle against British colonialism and shook the roots of British in India. The revolt compelled the British authorities to revamp and overhaul their policies in India to further promote their interest. Evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857: Political changes - EIC was blamed for mismanagement of Indian affairs in Britain and public pressure increased in favour of ending absentee sovereignty. The GoI Act of 1858 declared Queen Victoria as sovereign ruler of India with direct rule over British India and relationship of paramountcy between the Crown and Indian princes. Therefore, Queen was now "Kaiser-i-Hind" that is Empress of India. Administrative changes – The Police Act established structure and functions of police which continued till 1947. Provincial police was to be under an Inspector General who reported to Governor. District police under Superintendent of Police who reported to District Collector/District Magistrate. Thanas/ Police stations under Sub-Inspector who reported to SP. Therefore, for the first time, proper hierarchy of specialists with proper chain of command implemented. Changes to Civil Services - Exam was introduced under Charter Act of 1853 but now it was not to be held simultaneously in India and the maximum age of eligibility was kept low that is between 19 to 23 that is to prevent Indians from clearing the exam In 1870, statutory civil services idea came but implemented in 1878 by Lytton 7680. Under this, Indians could now be nominated to some posts earlier held by CCS (Covenanted Civil Services) officers but only loyal elites were chosen. Military Changes - Peel Commission after 1857 revolt led to many changes in military - a) prevent homogeneity by having heterogeneous mix of different castes and nationalities in a regiment. b) Martial races were initiated as recruitment was done on the basis of race. Ideological Changes - Indians were now considered racially inferior and beyond reforms and British did not want Indians in senior positions in bureaucracy, police, military and did not want to share power with Indians, therefore became more autocratic. Hence, in essence, the uprising in 1857 was an important mark from which the British government started consolidating its hold over India, with an aim of having a long-lasting empire.
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##Question:Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British Policy toward colonial India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about the revolt of 1857. Discuss the evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857. Conclude appropriately Answer: The revolt of 1857 marked the first major struggle against British colonialism and shook the roots of British in India. The revolt compelled the British authorities to revamp and overhaul their policies in India to further promote their interest. Evolution of the British Policy toward colonial India after the Revolt of 1857: Political changes - EIC was blamed for mismanagement of Indian affairs in Britain and public pressure increased in favour of ending absentee sovereignty. The GoI Act of 1858 declared Queen Victoria as sovereign ruler of India with direct rule over British India and relationship of paramountcy between the Crown and Indian princes. Therefore, Queen was now "Kaiser-i-Hind" that is Empress of India. Administrative changes – The Police Act established structure and functions of police which continued till 1947. Provincial police was to be under an Inspector General who reported to Governor. District police under Superintendent of Police who reported to District Collector/District Magistrate. Thanas/ Police stations under Sub-Inspector who reported to SP. Therefore, for the first time, proper hierarchy of specialists with proper chain of command implemented. Changes to Civil Services - Exam was introduced under Charter Act of 1853 but now it was not to be held simultaneously in India and the maximum age of eligibility was kept low that is between 19 to 23 that is to prevent Indians from clearing the exam In 1870, statutory civil services idea came but implemented in 1878 by Lytton 7680. Under this, Indians could now be nominated to some posts earlier held by CCS (Covenanted Civil Services) officers but only loyal elites were chosen. Military Changes - Peel Commission after 1857 revolt led to many changes in military - a) prevent homogeneity by having heterogeneous mix of different castes and nationalities in a regiment. b) Martial races were initiated as recruitment was done on the basis of race. Ideological Changes - Indians were now considered racially inferior and beyond reforms and British did not want Indians in senior positions in bureaucracy, police, military and did not want to share power with Indians, therefore became more autocratic. Hence, in essence, the uprising in 1857 was an important mark from which the British government started consolidating its hold over India, with an aim of having a long-lasting empire.
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The 1991 Economic Reforms were a paradigm shift in economic policy and governance. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with contextual background and reasons for the paradigm shift. Analyze the paradigm shift on the basis of the external sector and domestic sector. Further, forward the discussion with help of bringing the positive and negative aspects of the shift. Conclude accordingly. Answer The 1991 economic reform was taken in the immediate contextual and historical background of the economic crisis faced by India in the 1990s. It was the need and demand of the time and also has some influence of international institutions such as the World Bank and IMF. The 1991 Economic reforms were a paradigm shift in economic policy and governance because: The essential objective of Economic growth was now combined with economic efficiency, the earlier concerns about equity were subsumed in the pursuit of growth on the premise that it would reduce poverty. There was a conscious decision to reduce the role of the state and rely on the market for development. The government would no longer guide the allocation of scarce investable resources. The degree of openness of the economy in trade, investment, and technology was sought to be increased significantly and rapidly. The idea was to enforce cost discipline on the supply side. Positives of the 1991 reform for the External Sector The massive increase in the export both in Goods and Services. A large inflow of both FDIs and FIIs. We are able to build up abundant foreign exchange reserves. It gives the sufficient capacity to withstand the shocks. Increased inflow of remittance. Joint venture in other countries. Challenges/Problems due to the 1991 Reforms for the External Sectors Import and Technology Dependence due to the lack of technology transfer. Volatility in the economy due to the FFI inflow and outflow. FII is also known as Hot money. Tax Evasion due to easy access to tax havens. FDI inflow only in a few sectors and few areas. For example- Mewat is 50 Km from Gurugram but is the poorest district in the country. Positives of the 1991 reform for the Domestic Sector The High growth rate we have achieved is 7-8% on average between 1993 to 2015. Product boom: The easy availability of a range of goods and services. It enhanced the choice for the people. Black marketing and smuggling in India have been reduced. Poverty alleviation: In 1993-94, 45% of the population was poor whereas, in 2011, 21.9% of the population was in poverty. Revenue Growth for the government has increased. Thus government has now more money to spend and provide service delivery. It improved the standard of living of the people. Negatives/Challenges of the 1991 reform for the Domestic Sector Poor employment generation: It was stagnant and the quality of jobs created was poor with less social security. Neglect of agriculture as there was no reform in agriculture. Domestic industry either stagnated or took premature deindustrialization. The biggest problem of the market is heightened inequality and increased vulnerability to poverty. The growth happened for 10% of people. Now one shock is enough to bring poverty to the people. For example Demonetization, the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability issue: Loss of biodiversity due to the exploitation of resources. The pollution of the water, air, and forest increased. Tax evasion: The tax collection is very low. Crony capitalism: Regulation favouring only people who are close to the government. The state has nexus with a few private players. Poor State Capacity to deliver education, healthcare, sanitation, and electricity. Thus, 1991 economic reforms have provided a ground to bounce on its economic growth track and made the Indian economy resilient to any shocks as proved by the persistent growth registered by India during the 2008 economic crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. However, we still need to work on reducing the growing inequality and trade deficit with countries like China by boosting our manufacturing sector through the ground-level implementation of the Atmnirbhar Bharat initiative of the government.
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##Question:The 1991 Economic Reforms were a paradigm shift in economic policy and governance. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with contextual background and reasons for the paradigm shift. Analyze the paradigm shift on the basis of the external sector and domestic sector. Further, forward the discussion with help of bringing the positive and negative aspects of the shift. Conclude accordingly. Answer The 1991 economic reform was taken in the immediate contextual and historical background of the economic crisis faced by India in the 1990s. It was the need and demand of the time and also has some influence of international institutions such as the World Bank and IMF. The 1991 Economic reforms were a paradigm shift in economic policy and governance because: The essential objective of Economic growth was now combined with economic efficiency, the earlier concerns about equity were subsumed in the pursuit of growth on the premise that it would reduce poverty. There was a conscious decision to reduce the role of the state and rely on the market for development. The government would no longer guide the allocation of scarce investable resources. The degree of openness of the economy in trade, investment, and technology was sought to be increased significantly and rapidly. The idea was to enforce cost discipline on the supply side. Positives of the 1991 reform for the External Sector The massive increase in the export both in Goods and Services. A large inflow of both FDIs and FIIs. We are able to build up abundant foreign exchange reserves. It gives the sufficient capacity to withstand the shocks. Increased inflow of remittance. Joint venture in other countries. Challenges/Problems due to the 1991 Reforms for the External Sectors Import and Technology Dependence due to the lack of technology transfer. Volatility in the economy due to the FFI inflow and outflow. FII is also known as Hot money. Tax Evasion due to easy access to tax havens. FDI inflow only in a few sectors and few areas. For example- Mewat is 50 Km from Gurugram but is the poorest district in the country. Positives of the 1991 reform for the Domestic Sector The High growth rate we have achieved is 7-8% on average between 1993 to 2015. Product boom: The easy availability of a range of goods and services. It enhanced the choice for the people. Black marketing and smuggling in India have been reduced. Poverty alleviation: In 1993-94, 45% of the population was poor whereas, in 2011, 21.9% of the population was in poverty. Revenue Growth for the government has increased. Thus government has now more money to spend and provide service delivery. It improved the standard of living of the people. Negatives/Challenges of the 1991 reform for the Domestic Sector Poor employment generation: It was stagnant and the quality of jobs created was poor with less social security. Neglect of agriculture as there was no reform in agriculture. Domestic industry either stagnated or took premature deindustrialization. The biggest problem of the market is heightened inequality and increased vulnerability to poverty. The growth happened for 10% of people. Now one shock is enough to bring poverty to the people. For example Demonetization, the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability issue: Loss of biodiversity due to the exploitation of resources. The pollution of the water, air, and forest increased. Tax evasion: The tax collection is very low. Crony capitalism: Regulation favouring only people who are close to the government. The state has nexus with a few private players. Poor State Capacity to deliver education, healthcare, sanitation, and electricity. Thus, 1991 economic reforms have provided a ground to bounce on its economic growth track and made the Indian economy resilient to any shocks as proved by the persistent growth registered by India during the 2008 economic crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. However, we still need to work on reducing the growing inequality and trade deficit with countries like China by boosting our manufacturing sector through the ground-level implementation of the Atmnirbhar Bharat initiative of the government.
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The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act, 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives an independent and powerful authority like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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##Question:The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act, 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives an independent and powerful authority like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives an independent and powerful authority like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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##Question:The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives an independent and powerful authority like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act, 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives an independent and powerful authority like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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##Question:The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act, 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives an independent and powerful authority like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, of 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze.(150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives, independent and powerful authorities like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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##Question:The recent amendment to the Right to Information Act, of 2005 will weaken the act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Analyze.(150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the objective of the Right to Information Act 2005. Compare the original provisions with the amended provisions. Then discuss how amendments will weaken the Act and undermine the authority of Information Commissioners. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The grassroots campaign for the introduction of RTI was started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) for more transparency in governance and accountability at every level of government and bureaucratic action. The main objective of the Right to Information (RTI) was to Empower the citizens, Promote transparency & accountability in the working of the government, Contain corruption, Make our democracy work for the people in the real sense, An informed citizenry will be better equipped, Government more accountable to the governed. To achieve these (above-mentioned) objectives, independent and powerful authorities like CIC and ICs were constituted. The recent amendments to the RTI Act amend the terms and conditions of appointment of CIC and ICs both at the Center and in states and empower the Union government to set their tenure and remuneration. Comparison of Amendments in Act with the original Act In the original Act, the CIC and other ICs (appointment at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. With the recent amendment, the Central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs. By the original Act, the salary of CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively (which is equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court). Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) was equivalent to the salary paid to the election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary of the state government, respectively. In the recent amendment salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of the service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. Concern regarding the Amendment The RTY mechanism prospers when there is freedom from interference and pressure from the executive. By bringing the CIC and ICs under its control, it can be argued that the government has effectively subverted the RTI regime. The amendment will provide an upper hand to the executive over CIC thus, undermining their position. It is also argued that controlling the state information commissioners is also against the federal nature of Indian democracy. The genesis of the RTI comes from Supreme Court rulings on how the right to information is a pre-condition for informed voting and therefore, the parity between information and election commissioners is not an anomaly. It is incumbent on the government to protect and preserve this natural and democratic right which would require strong institutional support. Instead of diluting the powers, changes in the RTI Act should address real challenges faced by these institutions such as pendency of applications, vacancies, and qualitative decline in adjudication standards.
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आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध’ स्वयं को एक-दूसरे से सर्वश्रेष्ठ साबित करने का संघर्ष था, जिसमें अंततः अंग्रेज़ों की विजय हुई। चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The "Anglo-Maratha War" was a struggle to prove themselves superior to each other, in which the British eventually won. discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत आंग्ल-मराठा सम्बन्धों का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात प्रथम और द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध की चर्चा करते उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में तृतीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध का वर्णन करते हुए तथा अंग्रेजों की विजय बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध 1 8वीं शताब्दी में मुगल साम्राज्य के खंडहरों पर मराठों का साम्राज्य मजबूत हुआ था। उन्हीं परिस्थितियों में अंग्रेज़ी कंपनी भी एक शक्तिशाली संगठन के रूप में अपने पैर जमा चुकी थी। अब इन दोनों शक्तियों के मध्य मुद्दा स्वयं के अधिकारों में वृद्धि करने, क्षेत्र पर वर्चस्व स्थापित करने और स्वयं को सर्वश्रेष्ठ साबित करने का था। प्रथम आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध बाम्बे काउन्सिल के इस निर्णय को बंगाल की काउंसिल ने स्वीकार नहीं किया जिसे 1773 के रेग्युलेटिंग एक्ट के माध्यम से युद्ध तथा शांति सम्बन्धी मामलों में अन्य रेजीडेंसियों पर नियंत्रण का अधिकार दिया गया था| गवर्नर जनरल वारेन हेस्टिंग्स सूरत की संधि के पक्ष में था जिसके सम्बन्ध उसकी काउंसिल से मैत्रीपूर्ण नहीं थे| बाम्बे काउंसिल ने अभी भी सीधे निदेशक मंडल से निर्देश लेने की परंपरा को बनाए रखा| अंततः निदेशक मंडल ने बाम्बे काउंसिल तथा गवर्नर जनरल वारेन हेस्टिंग्स के निर्णयों का समर्थन किया| इस प्रकार बाम्बे काउंसिल ने पूना की रीजेंसी के साथ युद्ध छेड़ दिया एवं प्रथम आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध की शुरुआत हुई| इस युद्ध का समापन 1782 में सालबाई की संधि के माध्यम से हुआ जिसके अंतर्गत अंग्रेजों ने राघोबा (रघुनाथराव) का साथ छोड़ दिया तथा माधवराव नारायण को पेशवा स्वीकार किया| हालाँकि इस युद्ध में दोनों ही पक्ष बराबरी पर रहे फिर भी अंग्रेजों को साल्सेट का द्वीप प्राप्त हुआ, फिर भी यह कहा जा सकता है कि इस युद्ध के बाद कम्पनी मराठा क्षेत्रों में भी मराठों से लड़कर अपना अस्तित्व बनाए रखने में सफल रही थी| इस संधि ने दोनों ही पक्षों में 20 वर्षों तक शांति बनाये रखी जिससे अंग्रेजों को लाभ हुआ| ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी ने इस अवधि को एक अवसर की तरह प्रयोग किया तथा अपनी स्थिति काफी सुदृढ़ कर ली परन्तु इस दौरान मराठे अपनी शक्ति लगातार खोते रहे जिसका मुख्य कारण उनका पारस्परिक संघर्ष था| द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध आंग्ल-मराठा दोनों ही पक्षों के बीच दूसरा युद्ध 1803 से प्रारम्भ होकर 1805 तक चला| इस युद्ध की पृष्ठभूमि पेशवा के साथ हुए बसीन की संधि (1802) ने तैयार की जिसे पेशवा बाजीराव द्वितीय ने होल्कर के आक्रमण से बचने के लिए स्वीकार की थी| इस संधि की प्रकृति एक सहायक संधि की थी जिसने मराठा परिसंघ के मुखिया को ही ब्रिटिश संरक्षण में ला दिया| इस संधि का प्रभाव मराठा परिसंघ के प्रमुख सरदारों (सिंधिया, होलकर, गायकवाड, भोसले) पर भी पड़ने वाला था तथा न सिर्फ पेशवा बल्कि वे भी ब्रिटिश संरक्षण में वैधानिक रूप से आ गया| यह कहा जाता है कि बसीन की संधि में भारत में अंग्रेजों की वैधानिक स्थिति को परिवर्तित कर दिया, साथ ही यह भी कहा जाता है कि बसीन की संधि ने अपने प्रत्यक्ष तथा अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभावों से भारत का साम्राज्य अंग्रेजों को प्रदान कर दिया| इस संधि का मराठा सरदारों ने विरोध किया जिसने द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध का रूप लिया, इस युद्ध में गायकवाड को छोड़कर सभी मराठा सरदारों ने भाग लिया परन्तु उनका प्रतिरोध एकीकृत नहीं हो सका| इस युद्ध में ब्रिटिश सेना का नेतृत्व उत्तर में लार्ड लेक ने किया जबकि दक्षिण में आर्थर वेलेजली ने किया| इस दौरान एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना लार्ड लेक द्वारा 1803 में दिल्ली पर नियंत्रण करना था| भोसले के साथ देव-गाँव की संधि हुई जबकि सिंधिया के साथ सुर्जीअर्जुन गाँव की संधि हुई, ये दोनों ही संधियाँ सहायक संधि थी| होलकर ने सबसे अधिक दिनों तक प्रतिरोध किया जिसमें उसे भरतपुर के शासक से भी सहायता मिली, रणजीत सिंह ने सहायता देने से मना कर दिया था| इसी बीच लार्ड वेलेजली को उसकी आक्रामक नीतियों से तंग आकर वापस बुला लिया गया| इसके बाद ब्रिटिश नीति थोड़े समय के लिए अविस्तारवादी हो चली तथा होलकर के साथ भी राजपुरघाट की संधि के माध्यम से शान्ति स्थापित कर ली गयी| इसी दौरान लार्ड कार्नवालिस दूसरी बार गवर्नर जनरल बनकर भारत आया किन्तु शीघ्र ही भारत में उसकी मृत्यु हो गयी| इस प्रकार द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध के बाद मराठों पर अंग्रेजों का नियंत्रण स्थापित हो चुका था हालाँकि मराठा शक्ति अभी पूरी तरह से समाप्त नहीं हुई थी| तृतीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध यह युद्ध लार्ड हेस्टिंग्स के पिंडारियों के विरुद्ध अभियान का परिणाम माना जाता है| पिंडारी मध्य -भारत के कुछ क्षेत्रों में लूट-मार की गतिविधियों में संलग्न थे जिनके दमन को लार्ड हेस्टिंग्स ने अपना दायित्व माना| इसके लिए उसने मराठों के साथ हुई संधियों को और कठोर बनाते हुए उनके सहयोग तथा उनके संसाधनों को प्राप्त करने की कोशिश की| इस प्रयास का मराठों ने विरोध किया जिसकी शुरुआत पेशवा बाजीराव द्वितीय ने पूना की रेजीडेंसी पर आक्रमण कर किया| इसके साथ ही तीसरे युद्ध का प्रारंभ हुआ जिसमें मराठे पूर्ण रूप से पराजित हुए| पेशवा को पेंशन देकर कानपुर के पास बिठूर निर्वासित कर दिया गया जहाँ कालांतर में पेशवा के दत्तक पुत्र नानासाहब ने 1857 में ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध होने वाले प्रतिरोध का नेतृत्व किया| पेशवा के राज्य को अधिग्रहित कर लिया गया परन्तु एक छोटे से क्षेत्र में (सतारा) में शिवाजी के वंशजों को बिठाया गया, इसका उद्देश्य मराठा भावनाओं को तुष्ट करना था| इस प्रकार अपनी आंतरिक व बाह्य दुर्बलताओं के कारण मराठों ने अपने से अधिक मजबूत व अनुशासित संगठन के समक्ष घुटने टेक दिये तथा मराठा साम्राज्य पर कंपनी का प्रभुत्व स्थापित हुआ।
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##Question:आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध’ स्वयं को एक-दूसरे से सर्वश्रेष्ठ साबित करने का संघर्ष था, जिसमें अंततः अंग्रेज़ों की विजय हुई। चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The "Anglo-Maratha War" was a struggle to prove themselves superior to each other, in which the British eventually won. discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत आंग्ल-मराठा सम्बन्धों का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात प्रथम और द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध की चर्चा करते उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में तृतीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध का वर्णन करते हुए तथा अंग्रेजों की विजय बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध 1 8वीं शताब्दी में मुगल साम्राज्य के खंडहरों पर मराठों का साम्राज्य मजबूत हुआ था। उन्हीं परिस्थितियों में अंग्रेज़ी कंपनी भी एक शक्तिशाली संगठन के रूप में अपने पैर जमा चुकी थी। अब इन दोनों शक्तियों के मध्य मुद्दा स्वयं के अधिकारों में वृद्धि करने, क्षेत्र पर वर्चस्व स्थापित करने और स्वयं को सर्वश्रेष्ठ साबित करने का था। प्रथम आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध बाम्बे काउन्सिल के इस निर्णय को बंगाल की काउंसिल ने स्वीकार नहीं किया जिसे 1773 के रेग्युलेटिंग एक्ट के माध्यम से युद्ध तथा शांति सम्बन्धी मामलों में अन्य रेजीडेंसियों पर नियंत्रण का अधिकार दिया गया था| गवर्नर जनरल वारेन हेस्टिंग्स सूरत की संधि के पक्ष में था जिसके सम्बन्ध उसकी काउंसिल से मैत्रीपूर्ण नहीं थे| बाम्बे काउंसिल ने अभी भी सीधे निदेशक मंडल से निर्देश लेने की परंपरा को बनाए रखा| अंततः निदेशक मंडल ने बाम्बे काउंसिल तथा गवर्नर जनरल वारेन हेस्टिंग्स के निर्णयों का समर्थन किया| इस प्रकार बाम्बे काउंसिल ने पूना की रीजेंसी के साथ युद्ध छेड़ दिया एवं प्रथम आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध की शुरुआत हुई| इस युद्ध का समापन 1782 में सालबाई की संधि के माध्यम से हुआ जिसके अंतर्गत अंग्रेजों ने राघोबा (रघुनाथराव) का साथ छोड़ दिया तथा माधवराव नारायण को पेशवा स्वीकार किया| हालाँकि इस युद्ध में दोनों ही पक्ष बराबरी पर रहे फिर भी अंग्रेजों को साल्सेट का द्वीप प्राप्त हुआ, फिर भी यह कहा जा सकता है कि इस युद्ध के बाद कम्पनी मराठा क्षेत्रों में भी मराठों से लड़कर अपना अस्तित्व बनाए रखने में सफल रही थी| इस संधि ने दोनों ही पक्षों में 20 वर्षों तक शांति बनाये रखी जिससे अंग्रेजों को लाभ हुआ| ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी ने इस अवधि को एक अवसर की तरह प्रयोग किया तथा अपनी स्थिति काफी सुदृढ़ कर ली परन्तु इस दौरान मराठे अपनी शक्ति लगातार खोते रहे जिसका मुख्य कारण उनका पारस्परिक संघर्ष था| द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध आंग्ल-मराठा दोनों ही पक्षों के बीच दूसरा युद्ध 1803 से प्रारम्भ होकर 1805 तक चला| इस युद्ध की पृष्ठभूमि पेशवा के साथ हुए बसीन की संधि (1802) ने तैयार की जिसे पेशवा बाजीराव द्वितीय ने होल्कर के आक्रमण से बचने के लिए स्वीकार की थी| इस संधि की प्रकृति एक सहायक संधि की थी जिसने मराठा परिसंघ के मुखिया को ही ब्रिटिश संरक्षण में ला दिया| इस संधि का प्रभाव मराठा परिसंघ के प्रमुख सरदारों (सिंधिया, होलकर, गायकवाड, भोसले) पर भी पड़ने वाला था तथा न सिर्फ पेशवा बल्कि वे भी ब्रिटिश संरक्षण में वैधानिक रूप से आ गया| यह कहा जाता है कि बसीन की संधि में भारत में अंग्रेजों की वैधानिक स्थिति को परिवर्तित कर दिया, साथ ही यह भी कहा जाता है कि बसीन की संधि ने अपने प्रत्यक्ष तथा अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभावों से भारत का साम्राज्य अंग्रेजों को प्रदान कर दिया| इस संधि का मराठा सरदारों ने विरोध किया जिसने द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध का रूप लिया, इस युद्ध में गायकवाड को छोड़कर सभी मराठा सरदारों ने भाग लिया परन्तु उनका प्रतिरोध एकीकृत नहीं हो सका| इस युद्ध में ब्रिटिश सेना का नेतृत्व उत्तर में लार्ड लेक ने किया जबकि दक्षिण में आर्थर वेलेजली ने किया| इस दौरान एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना लार्ड लेक द्वारा 1803 में दिल्ली पर नियंत्रण करना था| भोसले के साथ देव-गाँव की संधि हुई जबकि सिंधिया के साथ सुर्जीअर्जुन गाँव की संधि हुई, ये दोनों ही संधियाँ सहायक संधि थी| होलकर ने सबसे अधिक दिनों तक प्रतिरोध किया जिसमें उसे भरतपुर के शासक से भी सहायता मिली, रणजीत सिंह ने सहायता देने से मना कर दिया था| इसी बीच लार्ड वेलेजली को उसकी आक्रामक नीतियों से तंग आकर वापस बुला लिया गया| इसके बाद ब्रिटिश नीति थोड़े समय के लिए अविस्तारवादी हो चली तथा होलकर के साथ भी राजपुरघाट की संधि के माध्यम से शान्ति स्थापित कर ली गयी| इसी दौरान लार्ड कार्नवालिस दूसरी बार गवर्नर जनरल बनकर भारत आया किन्तु शीघ्र ही भारत में उसकी मृत्यु हो गयी| इस प्रकार द्वितीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध के बाद मराठों पर अंग्रेजों का नियंत्रण स्थापित हो चुका था हालाँकि मराठा शक्ति अभी पूरी तरह से समाप्त नहीं हुई थी| तृतीय आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध यह युद्ध लार्ड हेस्टिंग्स के पिंडारियों के विरुद्ध अभियान का परिणाम माना जाता है| पिंडारी मध्य -भारत के कुछ क्षेत्रों में लूट-मार की गतिविधियों में संलग्न थे जिनके दमन को लार्ड हेस्टिंग्स ने अपना दायित्व माना| इसके लिए उसने मराठों के साथ हुई संधियों को और कठोर बनाते हुए उनके सहयोग तथा उनके संसाधनों को प्राप्त करने की कोशिश की| इस प्रयास का मराठों ने विरोध किया जिसकी शुरुआत पेशवा बाजीराव द्वितीय ने पूना की रेजीडेंसी पर आक्रमण कर किया| इसके साथ ही तीसरे युद्ध का प्रारंभ हुआ जिसमें मराठे पूर्ण रूप से पराजित हुए| पेशवा को पेंशन देकर कानपुर के पास बिठूर निर्वासित कर दिया गया जहाँ कालांतर में पेशवा के दत्तक पुत्र नानासाहब ने 1857 में ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध होने वाले प्रतिरोध का नेतृत्व किया| पेशवा के राज्य को अधिग्रहित कर लिया गया परन्तु एक छोटे से क्षेत्र में (सतारा) में शिवाजी के वंशजों को बिठाया गया, इसका उद्देश्य मराठा भावनाओं को तुष्ट करना था| इस प्रकार अपनी आंतरिक व बाह्य दुर्बलताओं के कारण मराठों ने अपने से अधिक मजबूत व अनुशासित संगठन के समक्ष घुटने टेक दिये तथा मराठा साम्राज्य पर कंपनी का प्रभुत्व स्थापित हुआ।
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Briefly discuss the permanent land revenue systems adopted by the British in India. Analyze the effects of its land revenue policy. (150words)
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Approach Introduction: Give a brief about the Permanent land revenue system. Main body: Write its features and purpose Write about the impact of the Permanent land revenue system. Conclusion: Write how it overall affected the situation of peasants and gave rise to civil and tribal uprisings. Answer : The permanent settlement called Zamindari bandobast was initiated by Cornwallis in 1793 in the area of Bihar, Bengal Later it was further extended to Odisha, the northern districts of Madras and Banaras. It covered about 19% area of British India. The features of The permanent settlement are The revenue for the British on annual basis was permanently fixed. Revenue collection rights were given to Zamindars and sharing mechanism between the British and zamindars was 10/11 for the British and 1/11 for zamindars The land ownership right was given to zamindars. It was hereditary and transferrable. The ultimate ownership of land was British authority. Under the sunset clause if Zamindars did not make a payment on time then their land ownership right was to be snatched. In the law, there was no provision of relief to peasants during any natural calamities. The tax rates were at the discretion of Zamindars. Purpose of its implementation: To minimise expense in revenue collection. To create a new class of zamindars in India who is not only friendly but also a loyal supporter of the British raj. The permanent amount was fixed keeping in mind that it would generate sustained continuous permanent income for British authority. Impact of settlements are as follows: impact on Britishers: 1)It created sufficient for brish authority for a longer period of time. 2)It also minimised the administrative expense in revenue collection but British authority could not increase a single pie even when there is increased production as it was inherent in the law the r revenue was permanently fixed for the British. I mpact on Zamindars: 1)Though some of the zamindars lost their land ownership right due to the sunset clause majority of them reaped huge benefits. 2)It leads to a process of subfeudalisation in Bengal and the rise of a large number of intermediaries and absentee landlords. I mpact on Peasants: 1)The peasantry of Bihar, Bengal Odisha was highly oppressed. 2)Their existence became worse than hand-to-mouth. 3)To pay revenue on time they often took loans from money lenders at the exorbitant interest rate. 4)Over the period they were caught in a vicious cycle of debt. 5)Many times, the only obvious solution for peasants was committing suicide. 6)The ultimate tragedy was the fertility of the land. 7)There was no investment from side British authority, the Zamindars. Conclusion: Moreover, the peasant was not in a situation to invest in the fertility of the land as such it started to deteriorate. British authority suggested zamindars before imposing taxes must try to bring peasants into consensus. The economic decline of the peasantry often resulted in many civil and tribal uprisings against British authority.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the permanent land revenue systems adopted by the British in India. Analyze the effects of its land revenue policy. (150words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Give a brief about the Permanent land revenue system. Main body: Write its features and purpose Write about the impact of the Permanent land revenue system. Conclusion: Write how it overall affected the situation of peasants and gave rise to civil and tribal uprisings. Answer : The permanent settlement called Zamindari bandobast was initiated by Cornwallis in 1793 in the area of Bihar, Bengal Later it was further extended to Odisha, the northern districts of Madras and Banaras. It covered about 19% area of British India. The features of The permanent settlement are The revenue for the British on annual basis was permanently fixed. Revenue collection rights were given to Zamindars and sharing mechanism between the British and zamindars was 10/11 for the British and 1/11 for zamindars The land ownership right was given to zamindars. It was hereditary and transferrable. The ultimate ownership of land was British authority. Under the sunset clause if Zamindars did not make a payment on time then their land ownership right was to be snatched. In the law, there was no provision of relief to peasants during any natural calamities. The tax rates were at the discretion of Zamindars. Purpose of its implementation: To minimise expense in revenue collection. To create a new class of zamindars in India who is not only friendly but also a loyal supporter of the British raj. The permanent amount was fixed keeping in mind that it would generate sustained continuous permanent income for British authority. Impact of settlements are as follows: impact on Britishers: 1)It created sufficient for brish authority for a longer period of time. 2)It also minimised the administrative expense in revenue collection but British authority could not increase a single pie even when there is increased production as it was inherent in the law the r revenue was permanently fixed for the British. I mpact on Zamindars: 1)Though some of the zamindars lost their land ownership right due to the sunset clause majority of them reaped huge benefits. 2)It leads to a process of subfeudalisation in Bengal and the rise of a large number of intermediaries and absentee landlords. I mpact on Peasants: 1)The peasantry of Bihar, Bengal Odisha was highly oppressed. 2)Their existence became worse than hand-to-mouth. 3)To pay revenue on time they often took loans from money lenders at the exorbitant interest rate. 4)Over the period they were caught in a vicious cycle of debt. 5)Many times, the only obvious solution for peasants was committing suicide. 6)The ultimate tragedy was the fertility of the land. 7)There was no investment from side British authority, the Zamindars. Conclusion: Moreover, the peasant was not in a situation to invest in the fertility of the land as such it started to deteriorate. British authority suggested zamindars before imposing taxes must try to bring peasants into consensus. The economic decline of the peasantry often resulted in many civil and tribal uprisings against British authority.
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Discuss the cause and impact of the Battle of Plassey, 1757 in the evolution of the British empire in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of the Battle of Plassey. Further, elaborate on the causes of the Battle of Plassey. Then discuss the impact. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Battle of Plassey happened on 23 June 1757, in Bengal with the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ad-doula pitched against the East India Company. The origin of the Battle can be traced back to the Royal Farman issued by Farrukhsiyar in 1717. Causes for Battle of Plassey Misuse of Dastaks: The Dastaks were permits issued by EIC officials certifying that Goods were the EIC Goods and therefore entitled to duty-free trade. Therefore Dastaks operationalized the duty-free trade privileges. Nawab of Bengal lost a huge amount of revenue due to the misuse of dastaks. EIC officials also sold dastaks at a high price to other merchants. Anglo-French Rivalry: The Anglo-French rivalry in South Asia, particularly in the Carnatic region became acute as Duplex, the French Military Commander was keen on expanding the French presence in the region and especially keen on getting the British out. The assertiveness of Siraj-ud-Daulah: Siraj-ud-Daulah was an assertive ruler who asked the East India Company not to interfere in the political affairs of the state, to stop fortifying the area and to pay the revenues to the state. Role of Jagat Seth Brothers: Jagat Seth Brothers used to dictate terms for trade policies and favoured East India Company. But they were not able to exert control on Siraj-ud-daula as he didn"t budge over their demands. This led to the Jagat Seth Brothers conspiring with EIC to overthrow Siraj-ud-daula. Black Hole Tragedy: After the Company refused to accept Siraj-ud-Daulah’s demands, Siraj marched with his army to Kassim Bazar and imposed his writ. He also took over the fort at Calcutta. Siraj imprisoned a handful of EIC Officers in a small dungeon in Calcutta, where they died by suffocation. This triggered the EIC who sought out to wage a war against Bengal. Impact of the Battle of Plassey Political Impact: It was the Battle of Plassey that exposed the subcontinent’s internal conflicts, destroying the native dynasties than in power. Economic Impact: ‘The Plassey Plunder,’ as the aftermath of the battle came to be known, had the English navy and army each receiving a tribute of £275,000. This impacted the economy of imperial Bengal severely. British Supremacy: Mir Jafar became a mere ‘puppet ruler’ and the power rested with the British. On every matter, he depended on the English. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for the beginning of their empire. Impact on other Kingdoms: The British gained confidence and continued to wage wars in South India(Deccan and Hyderabad) in the late 1700s. Hence, the British East India Company became a dominant power in the region. This is considered the first step toward the British imperialism policy to conquer entire India.
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##Question:Discuss the cause and impact of the Battle of Plassey, 1757 in the evolution of the British empire in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of the Battle of Plassey. Further, elaborate on the causes of the Battle of Plassey. Then discuss the impact. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Battle of Plassey happened on 23 June 1757, in Bengal with the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ad-doula pitched against the East India Company. The origin of the Battle can be traced back to the Royal Farman issued by Farrukhsiyar in 1717. Causes for Battle of Plassey Misuse of Dastaks: The Dastaks were permits issued by EIC officials certifying that Goods were the EIC Goods and therefore entitled to duty-free trade. Therefore Dastaks operationalized the duty-free trade privileges. Nawab of Bengal lost a huge amount of revenue due to the misuse of dastaks. EIC officials also sold dastaks at a high price to other merchants. Anglo-French Rivalry: The Anglo-French rivalry in South Asia, particularly in the Carnatic region became acute as Duplex, the French Military Commander was keen on expanding the French presence in the region and especially keen on getting the British out. The assertiveness of Siraj-ud-Daulah: Siraj-ud-Daulah was an assertive ruler who asked the East India Company not to interfere in the political affairs of the state, to stop fortifying the area and to pay the revenues to the state. Role of Jagat Seth Brothers: Jagat Seth Brothers used to dictate terms for trade policies and favoured East India Company. But they were not able to exert control on Siraj-ud-daula as he didn"t budge over their demands. This led to the Jagat Seth Brothers conspiring with EIC to overthrow Siraj-ud-daula. Black Hole Tragedy: After the Company refused to accept Siraj-ud-Daulah’s demands, Siraj marched with his army to Kassim Bazar and imposed his writ. He also took over the fort at Calcutta. Siraj imprisoned a handful of EIC Officers in a small dungeon in Calcutta, where they died by suffocation. This triggered the EIC who sought out to wage a war against Bengal. Impact of the Battle of Plassey Political Impact: It was the Battle of Plassey that exposed the subcontinent’s internal conflicts, destroying the native dynasties than in power. Economic Impact: ‘The Plassey Plunder,’ as the aftermath of the battle came to be known, had the English navy and army each receiving a tribute of £275,000. This impacted the economy of imperial Bengal severely. British Supremacy: Mir Jafar became a mere ‘puppet ruler’ and the power rested with the British. On every matter, he depended on the English. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for the beginning of their empire. Impact on other Kingdoms: The British gained confidence and continued to wage wars in South India(Deccan and Hyderabad) in the late 1700s. Hence, the British East India Company became a dominant power in the region. This is considered the first step toward the British imperialism policy to conquer entire India.
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What is the significance of the concept of “separation of powers” in a democracy? Discuss the reasons behind India not following the doctrine in the strict sense. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the concept of the Separation of power. Further, elaborate on the significance of the Separation of Power in a democracy. Discuss the reasons behind India not opting for the strict sense of separation of power. Further, bring the important provision of the Indian constitution that promotes the Separation of power. Conclude accordingly. Answer The concept of separation of power can be traced back to Aristotle. It was provided in its modern sense by Montesquieu. Montesquieu published his book “Spirit of Laws” in 1748 which advocated that it is very necessary to divide the state into three organs (Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary). It defines their power and function. It mandated that no person can be a member of more than one organ. It further elaborated that one organ of the government should not exercise the functions assigned to any other organ. Besides that, one organ of the government should not interfere with any other organ of the government. It has the following significances in a democracy: It ensures that power is not concentrated in a single person’s hand or a group of people. It ensures government of law rather than the wills and whims of the officials. It ensures an independent judiciary and hence a fair government and proper justice to the people. It ensures checks and balances in the system. In India, separation of power has been considered as one of the basic features of the Indian Constitution. The provisions in Indian Constitution related to the Separation of Power Separation of judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. The conduct of the Supreme Court and High Court judges cannot be discussed in the Parliament and State legislature. Parliamentary proceedings cannot be called in the question of any court. Anything said or voted on the floor of the house shall not be liable to any proceedings in any court. However, functional and personnel overlap can be observed, such as: The executive is part of the Legislature and is responsible to its lower house. Judiciary can declare legislation and executive action as void or unconstitutional. The executive has a role to play in the appointment of judges. The legislature may also perform judicial functions, for example, if the President is to be impeached both houses of Parliament are to take an active participatory role. This shows that instead of adopting a rigid separation of power like that in the USA, India adopted a unique separation of power with sufficient checks and balances. The followings are the reasons behind it: Indian Constitution gives more emphasis on responsibility rather than stability at the executive level. A non-parliamentary executive tends to be less responsive to the legislature. The functions of each of the organs of the government have been differentiated in a very clear-cut manner in the constitution and no organ can usurp the power of the other. The doctrine of separation of power in its true sense is very rigid. Thus the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution have made it more fluid by ensuring the sufficient number of checks and balances on the power of the organs of the government.
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##Question:What is the significance of the concept of “separation of powers” in a democracy? Discuss the reasons behind India not following the doctrine in the strict sense. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the concept of the Separation of power. Further, elaborate on the significance of the Separation of Power in a democracy. Discuss the reasons behind India not opting for the strict sense of separation of power. Further, bring the important provision of the Indian constitution that promotes the Separation of power. Conclude accordingly. Answer The concept of separation of power can be traced back to Aristotle. It was provided in its modern sense by Montesquieu. Montesquieu published his book “Spirit of Laws” in 1748 which advocated that it is very necessary to divide the state into three organs (Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary). It defines their power and function. It mandated that no person can be a member of more than one organ. It further elaborated that one organ of the government should not exercise the functions assigned to any other organ. Besides that, one organ of the government should not interfere with any other organ of the government. It has the following significances in a democracy: It ensures that power is not concentrated in a single person’s hand or a group of people. It ensures government of law rather than the wills and whims of the officials. It ensures an independent judiciary and hence a fair government and proper justice to the people. It ensures checks and balances in the system. In India, separation of power has been considered as one of the basic features of the Indian Constitution. The provisions in Indian Constitution related to the Separation of Power Separation of judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. The conduct of the Supreme Court and High Court judges cannot be discussed in the Parliament and State legislature. Parliamentary proceedings cannot be called in the question of any court. Anything said or voted on the floor of the house shall not be liable to any proceedings in any court. However, functional and personnel overlap can be observed, such as: The executive is part of the Legislature and is responsible to its lower house. Judiciary can declare legislation and executive action as void or unconstitutional. The executive has a role to play in the appointment of judges. The legislature may also perform judicial functions, for example, if the President is to be impeached both houses of Parliament are to take an active participatory role. This shows that instead of adopting a rigid separation of power like that in the USA, India adopted a unique separation of power with sufficient checks and balances. The followings are the reasons behind it: Indian Constitution gives more emphasis on responsibility rather than stability at the executive level. A non-parliamentary executive tends to be less responsive to the legislature. The functions of each of the organs of the government have been differentiated in a very clear-cut manner in the constitution and no organ can usurp the power of the other. The doctrine of separation of power in its true sense is very rigid. Thus the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution have made it more fluid by ensuring the sufficient number of checks and balances on the power of the organs of the government.
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In the case of India-Nepal relations, examine the treaty of friendship 1950 as a source of cooperation and contention. (10Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduction: Introduce by highlighting the background of the treaty. Body: Explain significant provisions of the treaty. Also, highlight how the treaty has been a source of both cooperation and contention. Conclude with a way forward. ANSWER: The Government of India and the Government of Nepal, recognising the ancient ties which happily existed between the two countries; Desiring still further to strengthen and develop these ties and to perpetuate peace between the two countries; resolved, therefore, to enter into a Treaty of Peace and Friendship with each other in July 1950. The treaty allows free movement of people and goods between the two nations and a close relationship and collaboration on matters of defense and foreign policy. The treaty provides for everlasting peace and friendship between the two countries and the two governments agree mutually to acknowledge and respect the complete sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of each other. Indo-Nepal Friendship Treaty: Symbol of cooperation between the countries: India and Nepal have granted, on a reciprocal basis, to the nationals of one country in the territories of the other, the same privileges in the matter of residence, ownership of property, participation in trade and commerce, movement and other privileges of a similar nature. As per the treaty, Nepal would consult India whenever they undertake any arms imports from any nation other than India. As per the treaty, either party can ask for a change in the treaty whenever demanded. Nepali citizens can sit for Civil Service Examination in India. There is a special Gorkha regiment for citizens of Nepal in India. While the treaty of 1950 makes the region a special one, it is also a source of contention among both, especially among the new generation. Nepal initially complained that when the treaty was concluded in 1950, India concluded the treaty with a Rana ruler. Nepal alleges that India signed the treaty with the Rana who had become unpopular. The fact that the treaty was signed on India’s behalf by someone who was in lesser designation compared to the Prime Minister of Nepal was seen by Kathmanduas an insult and disrespect for protocol. This treaty is called unequal by most Nepalese since Nepalese law does not permit an open border, and Indians, by law, should not be able to buy lands and properties in Nepal or carry out businesses in their names. In 1994, the UML (political party in Nepal) had successfully generated an anti-India plank in the election. Since then, raising anti-India slogans and alleging that the Indo–Nepal Treaty of 1950 favours India more than Nepal has become a norm for gaining political mileage. Absence of consensus in Nepal on issues that need revision prevents any meaningful engagement about the issue. Increasing Chinese interference in Nepal along with the gain in popularity of China as a neighbour among the new generation Nepal open up a door of introspection for India. It is imperative that both the countries maintain a fruitful alliance and respect each other"s sovereignty.
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##Question:In the case of India-Nepal relations, examine the treaty of friendship 1950 as a source of cooperation and contention. (10Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction: Introduce by highlighting the background of the treaty. Body: Explain significant provisions of the treaty. Also, highlight how the treaty has been a source of both cooperation and contention. Conclude with a way forward. ANSWER: The Government of India and the Government of Nepal, recognising the ancient ties which happily existed between the two countries; Desiring still further to strengthen and develop these ties and to perpetuate peace between the two countries; resolved, therefore, to enter into a Treaty of Peace and Friendship with each other in July 1950. The treaty allows free movement of people and goods between the two nations and a close relationship and collaboration on matters of defense and foreign policy. The treaty provides for everlasting peace and friendship between the two countries and the two governments agree mutually to acknowledge and respect the complete sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of each other. Indo-Nepal Friendship Treaty: Symbol of cooperation between the countries: India and Nepal have granted, on a reciprocal basis, to the nationals of one country in the territories of the other, the same privileges in the matter of residence, ownership of property, participation in trade and commerce, movement and other privileges of a similar nature. As per the treaty, Nepal would consult India whenever they undertake any arms imports from any nation other than India. As per the treaty, either party can ask for a change in the treaty whenever demanded. Nepali citizens can sit for Civil Service Examination in India. There is a special Gorkha regiment for citizens of Nepal in India. While the treaty of 1950 makes the region a special one, it is also a source of contention among both, especially among the new generation. Nepal initially complained that when the treaty was concluded in 1950, India concluded the treaty with a Rana ruler. Nepal alleges that India signed the treaty with the Rana who had become unpopular. The fact that the treaty was signed on India’s behalf by someone who was in lesser designation compared to the Prime Minister of Nepal was seen by Kathmanduas an insult and disrespect for protocol. This treaty is called unequal by most Nepalese since Nepalese law does not permit an open border, and Indians, by law, should not be able to buy lands and properties in Nepal or carry out businesses in their names. In 1994, the UML (political party in Nepal) had successfully generated an anti-India plank in the election. Since then, raising anti-India slogans and alleging that the Indo–Nepal Treaty of 1950 favours India more than Nepal has become a norm for gaining political mileage. Absence of consensus in Nepal on issues that need revision prevents any meaningful engagement about the issue. Increasing Chinese interference in Nepal along with the gain in popularity of China as a neighbour among the new generation Nepal open up a door of introspection for India. It is imperative that both the countries maintain a fruitful alliance and respect each other"s sovereignty.
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Mention the sources of information for the Mauryan Empire. Also, give an account of Ashoka"s major rock edicts. (150 words/10 marks)
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The approach of the Answer - Briefly introduce the Mauryan Empire and sources of information Mention the sources of information Highlight the major Rock Edicts by Ashoka Conclude appropriately Answer - The Mauryan empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. It dominated ancient India from 322 BCE to 187 BCE. It became one of the largest empires of its time. The capital city of the empire was Pataliputra (now Patna,) and the empire extended across Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plan towards the east. Different kinds of sources, literary and archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic have enlightened us about the history of the empire. Sources of information for the Mauryan Empire - 1) Arthshashtra by Kautilya - It consists of 15 books called Adhikarans. The first five deal with internal administration called "Tantra", the next eight deal with inter-state relations called "Avapa" and the rest deal with miscellaneous topics. It is considered to be the most important literary source of Mauryan history and chronology. The entire discussion is from the point of view of Vijigishu "a conqueror". 2) Megasthenes Indica - Megasthenes was representative of Seleucus I Nicator at the court of Chandragupta Maurya. The original work has been significantly lost, historians are dependent upon later interpretations from Greek writers such as Strabo, Ariana, and Pliny. 3) Ashokan Inscriptions - There are 14 major rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts mainly written in Brahmi scripts and Prakrit language. Through his edicts, Ashoka was directly communicating with his subjects. Major Rock Edicts by Ashoka - Rock Edict I prohibits animal slaughter. Rock Edict II provides for care for both man and animals. Rock Edict III talks about generosity to Brahmins. Rock Edict IV talks about the supremacy of Dhammaghosh over Bherighosh. Rock Edict V shows concerns for slaves (Das and Dasi). Rock Edicts VI describes King"s desire to constantly get informed about people"s conditions. Rock Edict VII requests tolerance for all religions. Rock Edict VIII describes Ashoka"s dhammayatra to Bodhgaya and Bodhi tree. Rock Edict IX condemns popular ceremonies and stresses the popularity of Dhamma. Rock Edict X condemns the desire for fame and glory. Rock Edict XI talks about respect for elders and concerns for slaves and servants. Rock Edict XII directs and requests tolerance among different religions. Rock Edict XIII is the largest inscription. It talks about Ashoka"s victory over Kalinga and mentions the high number of casualties in that war. Rock Edict XIV- It describes the engraving of inscriptions in different parts of the country. There are both contemporary as well as later sources (mostly literary) for Mauryan history. However, Researchers and historians generally consider archaeological and epigraphic sources as more authentic than others.
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##Question:Mention the sources of information for the Mauryan Empire. Also, give an account of Ashoka"s major rock edicts. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:The approach of the Answer - Briefly introduce the Mauryan Empire and sources of information Mention the sources of information Highlight the major Rock Edicts by Ashoka Conclude appropriately Answer - The Mauryan empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. It dominated ancient India from 322 BCE to 187 BCE. It became one of the largest empires of its time. The capital city of the empire was Pataliputra (now Patna,) and the empire extended across Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plan towards the east. Different kinds of sources, literary and archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic have enlightened us about the history of the empire. Sources of information for the Mauryan Empire - 1) Arthshashtra by Kautilya - It consists of 15 books called Adhikarans. The first five deal with internal administration called "Tantra", the next eight deal with inter-state relations called "Avapa" and the rest deal with miscellaneous topics. It is considered to be the most important literary source of Mauryan history and chronology. The entire discussion is from the point of view of Vijigishu "a conqueror". 2) Megasthenes Indica - Megasthenes was representative of Seleucus I Nicator at the court of Chandragupta Maurya. The original work has been significantly lost, historians are dependent upon later interpretations from Greek writers such as Strabo, Ariana, and Pliny. 3) Ashokan Inscriptions - There are 14 major rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts mainly written in Brahmi scripts and Prakrit language. Through his edicts, Ashoka was directly communicating with his subjects. Major Rock Edicts by Ashoka - Rock Edict I prohibits animal slaughter. Rock Edict II provides for care for both man and animals. Rock Edict III talks about generosity to Brahmins. Rock Edict IV talks about the supremacy of Dhammaghosh over Bherighosh. Rock Edict V shows concerns for slaves (Das and Dasi). Rock Edicts VI describes King"s desire to constantly get informed about people"s conditions. Rock Edict VII requests tolerance for all religions. Rock Edict VIII describes Ashoka"s dhammayatra to Bodhgaya and Bodhi tree. Rock Edict IX condemns popular ceremonies and stresses the popularity of Dhamma. Rock Edict X condemns the desire for fame and glory. Rock Edict XI talks about respect for elders and concerns for slaves and servants. Rock Edict XII directs and requests tolerance among different religions. Rock Edict XIII is the largest inscription. It talks about Ashoka"s victory over Kalinga and mentions the high number of casualties in that war. Rock Edict XIV- It describes the engraving of inscriptions in different parts of the country. There are both contemporary as well as later sources (mostly literary) for Mauryan history. However, Researchers and historians generally consider archaeological and epigraphic sources as more authentic than others.
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What do you understand by age of enlightenment. Mention its various characteristics. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Explain briefly about the age of enlightenment. Discuss its characteristics. Concluded accordingly. Answer - Both the 18th and 19th centuries in European history are seen or identified as centuries of enlightenment. During this period, we find the emergence of new ideas in different walks of life propounded by thinkers and philosophers of the time. These ideas came to constitute the ideological or philosophical foundations for the transition towards modernity. They initially affected the European countries, particularly the countries of western Europe but in due course of time, we find their spread or diffusion even beyond Europe. Characteristics of the age of enlightenment - Deism - It accepted the existence of God who was also accepted as the creator of the Universe and the maker of the laws of the universe/nature. But it negated the day-to-day interferences of God in worldly affairs i.e., in shaping the course of history or determining personal fortunes or misfortunes. Thus we find a shift from prayers to human efforts. Naturalism - It involves greater acceptance of the natural instincts of man. It also involves the essence of appreciation for nature/ beauties and bounties. Nature came to be seen as friendly, benign and even predictable. Positivism - It involves the scientific method of acquiring knowledge involving observation, measurement and analysis. This method can create a universal system of knowledge benefitting humanity. Rationalism - consolidation of critical thinking. It involves not only the glorification of reason but also accepts that every individual is or every man is rational, capable of taking rational decisions for the fulfilment of his enlightened self-interest. Individualism - It involves individualism and concerns for ht welfare of the individual whose relation with customs, traditions, and social institutions even estate came to be redefined. It also acknowledged the need for the fulfilment of the enlightened self-interest of the individual for his self-realisation or actualisation. It also created more space for the assertion of individual aims and objectives. Hedonism - Involves an emphasis on human happiness, accepting the nature of the man to be a hedonist. Optimism - It involves a belief in the progress of both the moral and material, progress of man and the world. Romanticism - It involves the critique of reason (pure reason) which is at times also called the critique of enlightenment. This stream was represented by Kant and Rousseau. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture. The Enlightenment brought political modernization to the West, in terms of introducing democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies.
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##Question:What do you understand by age of enlightenment. Mention its various characteristics. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Explain briefly about the age of enlightenment. Discuss its characteristics. Concluded accordingly. Answer - Both the 18th and 19th centuries in European history are seen or identified as centuries of enlightenment. During this period, we find the emergence of new ideas in different walks of life propounded by thinkers and philosophers of the time. These ideas came to constitute the ideological or philosophical foundations for the transition towards modernity. They initially affected the European countries, particularly the countries of western Europe but in due course of time, we find their spread or diffusion even beyond Europe. Characteristics of the age of enlightenment - Deism - It accepted the existence of God who was also accepted as the creator of the Universe and the maker of the laws of the universe/nature. But it negated the day-to-day interferences of God in worldly affairs i.e., in shaping the course of history or determining personal fortunes or misfortunes. Thus we find a shift from prayers to human efforts. Naturalism - It involves greater acceptance of the natural instincts of man. It also involves the essence of appreciation for nature/ beauties and bounties. Nature came to be seen as friendly, benign and even predictable. Positivism - It involves the scientific method of acquiring knowledge involving observation, measurement and analysis. This method can create a universal system of knowledge benefitting humanity. Rationalism - consolidation of critical thinking. It involves not only the glorification of reason but also accepts that every individual is or every man is rational, capable of taking rational decisions for the fulfilment of his enlightened self-interest. Individualism - It involves individualism and concerns for ht welfare of the individual whose relation with customs, traditions, and social institutions even estate came to be redefined. It also acknowledged the need for the fulfilment of the enlightened self-interest of the individual for his self-realisation or actualisation. It also created more space for the assertion of individual aims and objectives. Hedonism - Involves an emphasis on human happiness, accepting the nature of the man to be a hedonist. Optimism - It involves a belief in the progress of both the moral and material, progress of man and the world. Romanticism - It involves the critique of reason (pure reason) which is at times also called the critique of enlightenment. This stream was represented by Kant and Rousseau. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture. The Enlightenment brought political modernization to the West, in terms of introducing democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies.
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To what extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2021)
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Approach: Introduce with the foundation of the INC and the contextual background of the evolution of the Indian National Movement (INM) Further, elaborate on the contextual background under which moderates of the Indian National Congress worked. Substantiate with arguments for the role of moderates to prepare a base for the wider freedom movement. Conclude accordingly. Answer In 1885, a national fund was formed for the political campaigns in India and London. It helped to overcome the difference between regional leaders to form an All India Organization. At this initial stage, the British would have not allowed the formation of an All-Indian Organization at the national level with extremist tendency due to that, early nationalists took the moderate methods to protest and opposition of the British. The moderates used methods of petitions, questioning, and debate to vocalize India’s national subjugation and the need for its amelioration. Role of moderates in widening the base of India’s freedom movement: INC declared its goal as building national unity. Each session was held in different parts of the country and the President is not to be from the region where the session was held. Therefore, they built national leadership and inter-regional unity. They tried for unity between different religions. For example, the 1888 decision that no resolution to be passed if Hindu or Muslim members do not agree with that resolution. 1889, minority clause: In future council reform there should be reservations for minorities in proportion to their percentage in the population. (Even for Hindus in Muslim majority provinces.) Therefore they were secular. They focus only on those issues which were common to all Indians. For example, in 1886 rule by Dadabhai Naoroji was that INC would limit itself to the political questions common to all Indians and not take up social questions and class questions as they could divide Indians. They built a culture of Parliamentary politics as INC sessions were held like a Parliament. They supported Indian capitalists as capitalism in India was in a nascent stage and under High competition from British import and British businesses in India. Thus, they wanted the Indian economy to modernize on lines of the western capitalist model. Their biggest contribution was drain theory: Through this, they developed an economic critique of British rule and intellectually proved that British rule exploits economically. Moderates provided an ideological base for the growth of the freedom movement. For example, Dada Bhai Naoroji’s economic critique of colonial rule created a conviction about the exploitative nature of British rule in India. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi and inspired him to travel around India to learn about the condition and needs of the nation. Gandhi would later catalyze the biggest mass movements in the history of the world. Moderates created an understanding of the common political, economic, and cultural interests of Indians across the length and breadth of the country. Council reforms such as the Indian Council Acts 1892, expanded the scope of political participation for Indians. The lack of success of moderates’ methods, unintentionally provoked the rise of the extremist factions, which aroused masses against the British such as during the Swadeshi movement. However, moderates’ achievement in mobilizing the masses was limited as shown below: Moderates came from a homogenous background of upper castes and professionals like lawyers. They neither provided substantive nor descriptive representation of the masses. Many of the moderates were convinced about the benevalent nature of British rule. However despite the limited role played by moderates they created a base and foundation on which later Mahatma Gandhi was able to mobilize the masses for the freedom struggle which ultimately led to Indian independence in 1947.
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##Question:To what extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2021)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the foundation of the INC and the contextual background of the evolution of the Indian National Movement (INM) Further, elaborate on the contextual background under which moderates of the Indian National Congress worked. Substantiate with arguments for the role of moderates to prepare a base for the wider freedom movement. Conclude accordingly. Answer In 1885, a national fund was formed for the political campaigns in India and London. It helped to overcome the difference between regional leaders to form an All India Organization. At this initial stage, the British would have not allowed the formation of an All-Indian Organization at the national level with extremist tendency due to that, early nationalists took the moderate methods to protest and opposition of the British. The moderates used methods of petitions, questioning, and debate to vocalize India’s national subjugation and the need for its amelioration. Role of moderates in widening the base of India’s freedom movement: INC declared its goal as building national unity. Each session was held in different parts of the country and the President is not to be from the region where the session was held. Therefore, they built national leadership and inter-regional unity. They tried for unity between different religions. For example, the 1888 decision that no resolution to be passed if Hindu or Muslim members do not agree with that resolution. 1889, minority clause: In future council reform there should be reservations for minorities in proportion to their percentage in the population. (Even for Hindus in Muslim majority provinces.) Therefore they were secular. They focus only on those issues which were common to all Indians. For example, in 1886 rule by Dadabhai Naoroji was that INC would limit itself to the political questions common to all Indians and not take up social questions and class questions as they could divide Indians. They built a culture of Parliamentary politics as INC sessions were held like a Parliament. They supported Indian capitalists as capitalism in India was in a nascent stage and under High competition from British import and British businesses in India. Thus, they wanted the Indian economy to modernize on lines of the western capitalist model. Their biggest contribution was drain theory: Through this, they developed an economic critique of British rule and intellectually proved that British rule exploits economically. Moderates provided an ideological base for the growth of the freedom movement. For example, Dada Bhai Naoroji’s economic critique of colonial rule created a conviction about the exploitative nature of British rule in India. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi and inspired him to travel around India to learn about the condition and needs of the nation. Gandhi would later catalyze the biggest mass movements in the history of the world. Moderates created an understanding of the common political, economic, and cultural interests of Indians across the length and breadth of the country. Council reforms such as the Indian Council Acts 1892, expanded the scope of political participation for Indians. The lack of success of moderates’ methods, unintentionally provoked the rise of the extremist factions, which aroused masses against the British such as during the Swadeshi movement. However, moderates’ achievement in mobilizing the masses was limited as shown below: Moderates came from a homogenous background of upper castes and professionals like lawyers. They neither provided substantive nor descriptive representation of the masses. Many of the moderates were convinced about the benevalent nature of British rule. However despite the limited role played by moderates they created a base and foundation on which later Mahatma Gandhi was able to mobilize the masses for the freedom struggle which ultimately led to Indian independence in 1947.
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What do you understand by Green Revolution? Discuss the ecological and socio-economic issues associated with Green Revolution in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- First explain what is a green revolution, when it started and the strategies adopted. Mention the negative impacts under the two headings i.e ecological impacts and socio-economic impacts In the way forward, mention some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer: The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when Indian Agriculture was converted into an industrial system. In India, the Green Revolution was mainly led by M.S. Swaminathan. it started in the year 1965. Several strategies like the use of HYV (high yield variety) of seeds, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, dependence on irrigation facilities, mechanization, etc. were adopted. The Green Revolution resulted in a great increase in the production of food grains (especially wheat and rice), but it also led to the negative impacts such as Ecological impacts/issues: Loss of biodiversity- Food basket was limited to wheat and paddy (RICE-WHEAT cycle). Due to the increase in productivity of these crops, the farmer earned more money, which led to a shift towards wheat and rice and thereby, diversity in the food basket got reduced. Loss of genetic diversity- For example - wheat - only 4 varieties of HYV were introduced example - macaroni, durum, splint, and winter. this led to the loss of genetic variation. The same happened with the rice crop Soil toxication- Soils became barren, the soil became saline, and soil was not responding to the traditional practices Biomagnification- Due to toxic soil, the toxins started entering the product, after the consumption of such products by humans, they got transferred to humans. Due to such transfer, this toxin got magnified. Eutrophication- Due to the discharge of agricultural waste into the water body, the issue of algal bloom and more biological oxygen demand became prominent. Soil and water pollution- Due to the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, contamination of soil and water happened Groundwater depletion- Due to the overuse of underground water, the water level is depleted. Socio-economic impacts/issues: Regional disparity- It has increased the regional imbalances and also increased the intra-regional imbalances. Social cleavages/fissures- Led to the SON OF SOIL theory and SOCIAL CLEAVAGES (division in society). It created a divide between haves and have-nots Health Hazards- The large-scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides such as Phorate, glyphosate, etc resulted in a number of critical health illnesses including cancer, renal failure, stillborn babies, and birth defects. Unemployment- Except in Punjab, and to some extent in Haryana, farm mechanization under the Green Revolution created widespread unemployment among agricultural laborers in the rural areas. Way Forward India needs a Green Revolution 2.0 or Evergreen Revolution which must harness the connections among the stakeholders across the entire value chain. farmers, academicians, scientists, government, food manufacturers, distributors, retailers, technology companies, the public sector, and NGOs must work together to alleviate the bottlenecks that arose by the Green revolution. The green revolution transformed the "nation with a Begging Bowl" into "India as the Food Basket of the world", thus India must take significant steps to resolve the ecological and socio-economic issues. the introduction of NANO UREA is a step in this direction, which optimizes the use of fertilizers.
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##Question:What do you understand by Green Revolution? Discuss the ecological and socio-economic issues associated with Green Revolution in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- First explain what is a green revolution, when it started and the strategies adopted. Mention the negative impacts under the two headings i.e ecological impacts and socio-economic impacts In the way forward, mention some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer: The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when Indian Agriculture was converted into an industrial system. In India, the Green Revolution was mainly led by M.S. Swaminathan. it started in the year 1965. Several strategies like the use of HYV (high yield variety) of seeds, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, dependence on irrigation facilities, mechanization, etc. were adopted. The Green Revolution resulted in a great increase in the production of food grains (especially wheat and rice), but it also led to the negative impacts such as Ecological impacts/issues: Loss of biodiversity- Food basket was limited to wheat and paddy (RICE-WHEAT cycle). Due to the increase in productivity of these crops, the farmer earned more money, which led to a shift towards wheat and rice and thereby, diversity in the food basket got reduced. Loss of genetic diversity- For example - wheat - only 4 varieties of HYV were introduced example - macaroni, durum, splint, and winter. this led to the loss of genetic variation. The same happened with the rice crop Soil toxication- Soils became barren, the soil became saline, and soil was not responding to the traditional practices Biomagnification- Due to toxic soil, the toxins started entering the product, after the consumption of such products by humans, they got transferred to humans. Due to such transfer, this toxin got magnified. Eutrophication- Due to the discharge of agricultural waste into the water body, the issue of algal bloom and more biological oxygen demand became prominent. Soil and water pollution- Due to the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, contamination of soil and water happened Groundwater depletion- Due to the overuse of underground water, the water level is depleted. Socio-economic impacts/issues: Regional disparity- It has increased the regional imbalances and also increased the intra-regional imbalances. Social cleavages/fissures- Led to the SON OF SOIL theory and SOCIAL CLEAVAGES (division in society). It created a divide between haves and have-nots Health Hazards- The large-scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides such as Phorate, glyphosate, etc resulted in a number of critical health illnesses including cancer, renal failure, stillborn babies, and birth defects. Unemployment- Except in Punjab, and to some extent in Haryana, farm mechanization under the Green Revolution created widespread unemployment among agricultural laborers in the rural areas. Way Forward India needs a Green Revolution 2.0 or Evergreen Revolution which must harness the connections among the stakeholders across the entire value chain. farmers, academicians, scientists, government, food manufacturers, distributors, retailers, technology companies, the public sector, and NGOs must work together to alleviate the bottlenecks that arose by the Green revolution. The green revolution transformed the "nation with a Begging Bowl" into "India as the Food Basket of the world", thus India must take significant steps to resolve the ecological and socio-economic issues. the introduction of NANO UREA is a step in this direction, which optimizes the use of fertilizers.
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How the structure of Indian Economy changed since Independence and what are the reasons behind it. Also write what are the reasons for stagnant Industrial sector even after 1991 reforms. (250 words/15 marks)
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Approach : Introduction – Explain the structure of the Indian Economy at the times of independence. Main Body – Explain how this structure has changed in recent times and also give reasons behind this change sector-wise. Give reasons for the stagnant industrial sector even after the 1991 reforms Conclusion- way forward for each sector of the Indian economy. Answer : At the time of independence, the Indian economy was a primarily agrarian country with agriculture constituting more than 50% of the Indian Economy in terms of GDP contribution and around 75 % in terms of employment. This situation has changed now, with a major transition that came after the 1991 Economic Reforms when the manufacturing and services sector grew and as a result services sector now constitutes more than 50% of Indian GDP and Industries now constitute around a quarter of Indian GDP. Change in Structure of Indian Economy since Independence. Agriculture The share of agriculture in GDP has reduced from 50% to around 20% in recent years. The decrease of share in agriculture and allied activities is due to shift of Indian economy from agrarian to industry and services dominated. Despite the decrease in share in GDP, agriculture production and productivity has risen (the production of foodgrains has risen from 20 million tonnes in 1950-51 to a record high of more than 300 million tonnes in 2021). Industry The industry sector remains almost stagnant from 16% in 1951 to around 26-29% in recent years, due to different reasons ranging from government intervention, license-quota raj, demotivating private investment and foreign investment during pre-reforms era, to lack of infrastructure and lack of capital investment in recent years. Services The share of services in GDP moved up from 39% in 1950-51 to around 54% in recent years. It is mainly due to structural changes in economy. Services sectors got a boost in overall production (GDP) and export especially after 2000 at the advent of computer, internet, and IT along with the availability of required skill forces in terms of better knowledge of computer, internet, and English language at a relatively low cost Reasons for stagnant Industrial sector after 1991 Reforms 1. Labour market rigidities 2. Infrastructural bottlenecks 3. Incomplete financial integration. 4. Promoting high skill intensive industries, which discourages labour intensive manufacturing. 5. Average Indian firms tend to be smaller as workers cannot be fired when labour is increased to a certain number and thus unable to reap the advantages of economies of scale 6. High cost of doing business in India. In response to these challenges of industrial sector, the government is taking several initiatives to overcome these challenges and increase the share of manufacturing sector in GDP and employment so as to provide well paid and productive employment to youth in labour-intensive industries . Many such initiatives are Make in India, Atma Nirbhar Bharat.
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##Question:How the structure of Indian Economy changed since Independence and what are the reasons behind it. Also write what are the reasons for stagnant Industrial sector even after 1991 reforms. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduction – Explain the structure of the Indian Economy at the times of independence. Main Body – Explain how this structure has changed in recent times and also give reasons behind this change sector-wise. Give reasons for the stagnant industrial sector even after the 1991 reforms Conclusion- way forward for each sector of the Indian economy. Answer : At the time of independence, the Indian economy was a primarily agrarian country with agriculture constituting more than 50% of the Indian Economy in terms of GDP contribution and around 75 % in terms of employment. This situation has changed now, with a major transition that came after the 1991 Economic Reforms when the manufacturing and services sector grew and as a result services sector now constitutes more than 50% of Indian GDP and Industries now constitute around a quarter of Indian GDP. Change in Structure of Indian Economy since Independence. Agriculture The share of agriculture in GDP has reduced from 50% to around 20% in recent years. The decrease of share in agriculture and allied activities is due to shift of Indian economy from agrarian to industry and services dominated. Despite the decrease in share in GDP, agriculture production and productivity has risen (the production of foodgrains has risen from 20 million tonnes in 1950-51 to a record high of more than 300 million tonnes in 2021). Industry The industry sector remains almost stagnant from 16% in 1951 to around 26-29% in recent years, due to different reasons ranging from government intervention, license-quota raj, demotivating private investment and foreign investment during pre-reforms era, to lack of infrastructure and lack of capital investment in recent years. Services The share of services in GDP moved up from 39% in 1950-51 to around 54% in recent years. It is mainly due to structural changes in economy. Services sectors got a boost in overall production (GDP) and export especially after 2000 at the advent of computer, internet, and IT along with the availability of required skill forces in terms of better knowledge of computer, internet, and English language at a relatively low cost Reasons for stagnant Industrial sector after 1991 Reforms 1. Labour market rigidities 2. Infrastructural bottlenecks 3. Incomplete financial integration. 4. Promoting high skill intensive industries, which discourages labour intensive manufacturing. 5. Average Indian firms tend to be smaller as workers cannot be fired when labour is increased to a certain number and thus unable to reap the advantages of economies of scale 6. High cost of doing business in India. In response to these challenges of industrial sector, the government is taking several initiatives to overcome these challenges and increase the share of manufacturing sector in GDP and employment so as to provide well paid and productive employment to youth in labour-intensive industries . Many such initiatives are Make in India, Atma Nirbhar Bharat.
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Explain the salient features of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies. (150Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about the Pre-historic phase of history. Explain the salient features of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies. Model Answer: Prehistory deals with prehistoric cultures or prehistoric times. The prehistoric cultures are the cultures without any system of writing (script). All of the stages of the stone age such as the Paleolithic (Old stone age), the Mesolithic (Middle stone age), the Neolithic (New stone age), and some of the stages of the Indian metal age such as Chalcolithic (Copper age) and Megalithic (Iron age) were supposed to be prehistoric. Paleolithic is considered to be the oldest & longest phase of prehistory and the Mesolithic (Middle stone age) is considered to be the shortest of all stone ages. The features of these phases can be further described below: Paleolithic (Old stone age) Phase & Chronology The oldest/ longest phase of prehistory. Two Million years ago (mya) to around 10,000 BP (Before present). Three Sub-Cultural phases are known as the lower, middle, and upper paleolithic. The lower Paleolithic Period is the longest among these. Tools i) Lower Paleolithic tools- Chopper, chopping, Hand-axes, Cleavers. Two industries: Sohan / Soan & Madras. ii) Middle Paleolithic Tools These tools are known as flakes ii) Upper Paleolithic Tools The tools of the upper paleolithic are known as blades (Baked blades) and the burins. Climate Throughout the paleolithic age, we find the continuation of the Pleistocene (also known as the ice age) type of climate. During this period, the climate was cold and dry and also characterized by some alternate phases of glaciation and inter-glaciation. Most parts of the earth"s surface are covered with ice sheets and even habitation was possible mainly in the areas near the equator. Resources of the earth were covered under ice sheets and even floral and faunal resources were not fit for human consumption. This explains an extremely slow pace of development in the paleolithic age. Human Species All the three sub-cultural phases of the paleolithic are associated with the following human species respectively: Homo-Erectus (Lower paleolithic Age) Homo-Sapiens (Middle paleolithic Age) Homo-Sapiens-Sapiens (Upper paleolithic Age) ---> Also called as Modern Man Subsistence Patterns Throughout the paleolithic, we find the reliance upon hunting, food gathering, and scavenging. Sites The paleolithic site has been found in almost all parts of the subcontinent except the Indus and Gangetic planes, the Malabar coast, and the northeastern regions. Ecology Upper river basins i.e on the top of hills, banks of rivers Habitational Structure No evidence of habitational structure (Artificial dwelling units) Mesolithic (Middle stone age) (2.25 PM Phase & Chronology The shortest of all stone ages. A phase of transition between paleolithic and neolithic. Also known as the Epi-paleolithic age. 12000 BP to around 5000 BP. Tools Mesolithic tools are known as micro-liths which are tools of extremely small-sized stones. They are mostly in a geometrical shape. They were found by archaeologist A.L.L. Carlyle in the hills near Mirzapur (the 1860s). Incidentally, he was the first to discover rock paintings as well which are mainly associated with the mesolithic age. (Note: Rock paintings started in the upper paleolithic age. The upper paleolithic is also associated with the earliest use of hearth fire.) Some other remarkable developments in the mesolithic period are as below: 1) Bone tools 2) Composite tools 3) Missile Technology - Bow & Arrow Continuation of Mesolithic Period Climate The mesolithic age witnessed a change in the pattern of climate from Pleistocene to Holocene which was unlike the Pleistocene, warm & Wet. We have the beginning of the hydrological cycle - rainfall, the formation of water bodies like lakes, rivers, and the appearance of new resources like fisheries. More and more space became available for human habitation. Due to the melting of the glaciers, more and more parts of the surface of the earth got exposed to both sunlight and rainfall. In such circumstances, we find new types of organic activities or organic processes giving birth to new species of plants and animals which were more fit for domestication. Human Species Homo-Sapiens-Sapiens (Modern man) Subsistence Patterns The beginning of the domestication of animals along with fishing. The Adamgarh situated in Madhya Pradesh and Bagor situated in Rajasthan are supposed to be the earliest sites producing the evidence of domestication of animals. Settlement Patterns & Other changes Some of the essential changes in the settlement pattern and other aspects are mentioned below: Geographical distribution almost remains the same but there was a shift in the ecological basins of the mesolithic sites which are now found even in the plain areas (Plains near hills). In this context, particularly noticeable is Belan Valley in the eastern UP which has produced the earliest evidence of mesolithic settlements in the plain areas. The area is also known for its long tradition of historical continuity. Evidence of Artificial dwelling units (Habitational Structures) for the 1st time. This is evident from the discovery of post-hols with raised floors in the Belan valley. It is believed that these post-holes once contained posts/pillars providing support to some roof-like structures made of wattle and daub and tree twigs. Intentional disposal of the dead bodies for the 1st time. The earliest evidence of the burial system comes from the Belan Valley. In some of the graves, we noticed food grains that suggested some sort of belief in the continuity of life even after death. Evidence of double burials for the 1st time: This is suggestive of the emergence of the notion related to some permanent bond between two individuals. An increase in the population.
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##Question:Explain the salient features of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies. (150Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about the Pre-historic phase of history. Explain the salient features of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies. Model Answer: Prehistory deals with prehistoric cultures or prehistoric times. The prehistoric cultures are the cultures without any system of writing (script). All of the stages of the stone age such as the Paleolithic (Old stone age), the Mesolithic (Middle stone age), the Neolithic (New stone age), and some of the stages of the Indian metal age such as Chalcolithic (Copper age) and Megalithic (Iron age) were supposed to be prehistoric. Paleolithic is considered to be the oldest & longest phase of prehistory and the Mesolithic (Middle stone age) is considered to be the shortest of all stone ages. The features of these phases can be further described below: Paleolithic (Old stone age) Phase & Chronology The oldest/ longest phase of prehistory. Two Million years ago (mya) to around 10,000 BP (Before present). Three Sub-Cultural phases are known as the lower, middle, and upper paleolithic. The lower Paleolithic Period is the longest among these. Tools i) Lower Paleolithic tools- Chopper, chopping, Hand-axes, Cleavers. Two industries: Sohan / Soan & Madras. ii) Middle Paleolithic Tools These tools are known as flakes ii) Upper Paleolithic Tools The tools of the upper paleolithic are known as blades (Baked blades) and the burins. Climate Throughout the paleolithic age, we find the continuation of the Pleistocene (also known as the ice age) type of climate. During this period, the climate was cold and dry and also characterized by some alternate phases of glaciation and inter-glaciation. Most parts of the earth"s surface are covered with ice sheets and even habitation was possible mainly in the areas near the equator. Resources of the earth were covered under ice sheets and even floral and faunal resources were not fit for human consumption. This explains an extremely slow pace of development in the paleolithic age. Human Species All the three sub-cultural phases of the paleolithic are associated with the following human species respectively: Homo-Erectus (Lower paleolithic Age) Homo-Sapiens (Middle paleolithic Age) Homo-Sapiens-Sapiens (Upper paleolithic Age) ---> Also called as Modern Man Subsistence Patterns Throughout the paleolithic, we find the reliance upon hunting, food gathering, and scavenging. Sites The paleolithic site has been found in almost all parts of the subcontinent except the Indus and Gangetic planes, the Malabar coast, and the northeastern regions. Ecology Upper river basins i.e on the top of hills, banks of rivers Habitational Structure No evidence of habitational structure (Artificial dwelling units) Mesolithic (Middle stone age) (2.25 PM Phase & Chronology The shortest of all stone ages. A phase of transition between paleolithic and neolithic. Also known as the Epi-paleolithic age. 12000 BP to around 5000 BP. Tools Mesolithic tools are known as micro-liths which are tools of extremely small-sized stones. They are mostly in a geometrical shape. They were found by archaeologist A.L.L. Carlyle in the hills near Mirzapur (the 1860s). Incidentally, he was the first to discover rock paintings as well which are mainly associated with the mesolithic age. (Note: Rock paintings started in the upper paleolithic age. The upper paleolithic is also associated with the earliest use of hearth fire.) Some other remarkable developments in the mesolithic period are as below: 1) Bone tools 2) Composite tools 3) Missile Technology - Bow & Arrow Continuation of Mesolithic Period Climate The mesolithic age witnessed a change in the pattern of climate from Pleistocene to Holocene which was unlike the Pleistocene, warm & Wet. We have the beginning of the hydrological cycle - rainfall, the formation of water bodies like lakes, rivers, and the appearance of new resources like fisheries. More and more space became available for human habitation. Due to the melting of the glaciers, more and more parts of the surface of the earth got exposed to both sunlight and rainfall. In such circumstances, we find new types of organic activities or organic processes giving birth to new species of plants and animals which were more fit for domestication. Human Species Homo-Sapiens-Sapiens (Modern man) Subsistence Patterns The beginning of the domestication of animals along with fishing. The Adamgarh situated in Madhya Pradesh and Bagor situated in Rajasthan are supposed to be the earliest sites producing the evidence of domestication of animals. Settlement Patterns & Other changes Some of the essential changes in the settlement pattern and other aspects are mentioned below: Geographical distribution almost remains the same but there was a shift in the ecological basins of the mesolithic sites which are now found even in the plain areas (Plains near hills). In this context, particularly noticeable is Belan Valley in the eastern UP which has produced the earliest evidence of mesolithic settlements in the plain areas. The area is also known for its long tradition of historical continuity. Evidence of Artificial dwelling units (Habitational Structures) for the 1st time. This is evident from the discovery of post-hols with raised floors in the Belan valley. It is believed that these post-holes once contained posts/pillars providing support to some roof-like structures made of wattle and daub and tree twigs. Intentional disposal of the dead bodies for the 1st time. The earliest evidence of the burial system comes from the Belan Valley. In some of the graves, we noticed food grains that suggested some sort of belief in the continuity of life even after death. Evidence of double burials for the 1st time: This is suggestive of the emergence of the notion related to some permanent bond between two individuals. An increase in the population.
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Write a short note on the American war of independence. Highlight the dimensions of the same. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Briefly discuss the American war of Independence. Highlight the dimensions of the same. Conclude accordingly. Answer - In the American war of independence, the British colonies situated on the eastern coast of North America got united against the mother country and secured their independence. This is seen as the earliest instance of decolonisation in world history. The colonies declared their independence in the second Philadelphia congress in 1776. The American war of Independence started in the year 1775 and the conflicts continued till 1781 when the royal army was led by Lord Cornwallis whereas the militia of the colonists came to be led by George Washington. The war resulted in the defeat of the royal army and in the Paris peace treaty of 1783 England accepted the independence of the Colonies which decided to stay together even after their independence. By 1789 the constitution of the USA had been made accepted and even amended to include the famous bill of rights. Dimensions - The American revolution had three dimensions. American revolution included the American war of independence, the emergence of a new nation-state - the USA based on a new experiment of Federalism and making adoption and even amendments of the American constitution the first modern constitution of the world. The American revolution is important for translating the abstract attitudes and ideas of the age of Renaissance and enlightenment into concrete realities making them even more inspiring and legitimate. The American revolution created a new socio-political and economic system in the new world based on new ideas which became a model of modernity inspiring similar changes across the world in due course of time. Conclusion - The American war of independence unline the Indian war of Independence and took the form of an open armed conflict between two armies and so can be seen as an elite military affair. The Indian national movement or Indian war of independence largely developed in the form of non-violent mass struggle. In the Indian war of Independence, we also notice greater concerns for internal socio-economic restructuring on the modern lines.
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##Question:Write a short note on the American war of independence. Highlight the dimensions of the same. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Briefly discuss the American war of Independence. Highlight the dimensions of the same. Conclude accordingly. Answer - In the American war of independence, the British colonies situated on the eastern coast of North America got united against the mother country and secured their independence. This is seen as the earliest instance of decolonisation in world history. The colonies declared their independence in the second Philadelphia congress in 1776. The American war of Independence started in the year 1775 and the conflicts continued till 1781 when the royal army was led by Lord Cornwallis whereas the militia of the colonists came to be led by George Washington. The war resulted in the defeat of the royal army and in the Paris peace treaty of 1783 England accepted the independence of the Colonies which decided to stay together even after their independence. By 1789 the constitution of the USA had been made accepted and even amended to include the famous bill of rights. Dimensions - The American revolution had three dimensions. American revolution included the American war of independence, the emergence of a new nation-state - the USA based on a new experiment of Federalism and making adoption and even amendments of the American constitution the first modern constitution of the world. The American revolution is important for translating the abstract attitudes and ideas of the age of Renaissance and enlightenment into concrete realities making them even more inspiring and legitimate. The American revolution created a new socio-political and economic system in the new world based on new ideas which became a model of modernity inspiring similar changes across the world in due course of time. Conclusion - The American war of independence unline the Indian war of Independence and took the form of an open armed conflict between two armies and so can be seen as an elite military affair. The Indian national movement or Indian war of independence largely developed in the form of non-violent mass struggle. In the Indian war of Independence, we also notice greater concerns for internal socio-economic restructuring on the modern lines.
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The 1857 uprising was the culmination of recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding 100 years of British rule. Elucidate. (10 Marks, 200 Words)
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Approach: Briefly introduce the revolt of 1857 and rebellions prior to it. Mention how the revolt of 1857 was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the 100 years preceding the Revolt of 1857 along with examples. Conclude appropriately Answer: Though many people consider the 1857 Uprising as the first major resentment against British rule, however, there were many incidents before the 1857 revolt that indicated a building resentment against the rule of Britishers. The century before 1857 witnessed more than 40 major rebellions apart from hundreds of minor ones. How the revolt of 1857 was a culmination of recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the 100 years preceding the Revolt of 1857: Civil Rebellions and their causes: 1. Sanyasi revolt(1763-1800) 2. Paika rebellion(1817) 3. Ahom revolt(1828) 4. Poligars revolt(1795-1805) Causes: 1. Rapid changes in the economy like deindustrialization, unemployment etc. filled people with resentment against colonial rule. 2. Zamindars and Poligars lost their land and revenue rights which made them rise against British rule. 3. Contemptuous treatment of native people created hatred towards British rule. 4. Dispossession of Rajas and ill-treatment of Princes forced them to resist against British to regain their territories and authority. 5. The imposition of restrictions on the religious activities of Indians and increased activities of Christian missionaries in India. Peasant movements and their causes: 1. Pagal panthis(1825-1835) 2. Moplah uprisings(1836-1854) Causes: 1. The imposition of exploitative land revenue settlements pushed peasants into poverty and made their conditions miserable. 2. The eviction of peasants from their lands and loss of control over their land filled peasants with resentment against British rule. 3. Further commercialization of agriculture and an Increase in rents of land led to the growth of peasant movements. Tribal Revolts and their causes: 1. Santhal rebellion(1855-1856) 2. Bhil revolts(1817-1819) 3. Kol Uprising(1829-1839) Causes: 1. Tribals lost their land and forests due to restrictions imposed by the British authorities. 2. Influx of non-tribals into the tribal areas threatening their distinct identities and culture. 3. Curbing of Shifting cultivation further threatened their livelihood. The culmination to1857 revolt: 1. Simmering discontent among the peasants, tribals, civilians etc. 2. The cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation and administrative innovations over the years had adversely affected the positions of all rulers of Indian states, sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans etc. 3. The introduction of greased cartridges in the army provided the immediate spark to this cumulative discontentment which finally culminated in the revolt of 1857. Thus, the uprisings of pre-1857 culminated in the revolt of 1857. The pre-1857 and 1857 rebellions sowed the seeds of nationalism and broke the myth of British invincibility. They motivated future leaders and masses in our nationalist movement.
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##Question:The 1857 uprising was the culmination of recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding 100 years of British rule. Elucidate. (10 Marks, 200 Words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the revolt of 1857 and rebellions prior to it. Mention how the revolt of 1857 was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the 100 years preceding the Revolt of 1857 along with examples. Conclude appropriately Answer: Though many people consider the 1857 Uprising as the first major resentment against British rule, however, there were many incidents before the 1857 revolt that indicated a building resentment against the rule of Britishers. The century before 1857 witnessed more than 40 major rebellions apart from hundreds of minor ones. How the revolt of 1857 was a culmination of recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the 100 years preceding the Revolt of 1857: Civil Rebellions and their causes: 1. Sanyasi revolt(1763-1800) 2. Paika rebellion(1817) 3. Ahom revolt(1828) 4. Poligars revolt(1795-1805) Causes: 1. Rapid changes in the economy like deindustrialization, unemployment etc. filled people with resentment against colonial rule. 2. Zamindars and Poligars lost their land and revenue rights which made them rise against British rule. 3. Contemptuous treatment of native people created hatred towards British rule. 4. Dispossession of Rajas and ill-treatment of Princes forced them to resist against British to regain their territories and authority. 5. The imposition of restrictions on the religious activities of Indians and increased activities of Christian missionaries in India. Peasant movements and their causes: 1. Pagal panthis(1825-1835) 2. Moplah uprisings(1836-1854) Causes: 1. The imposition of exploitative land revenue settlements pushed peasants into poverty and made their conditions miserable. 2. The eviction of peasants from their lands and loss of control over their land filled peasants with resentment against British rule. 3. Further commercialization of agriculture and an Increase in rents of land led to the growth of peasant movements. Tribal Revolts and their causes: 1. Santhal rebellion(1855-1856) 2. Bhil revolts(1817-1819) 3. Kol Uprising(1829-1839) Causes: 1. Tribals lost their land and forests due to restrictions imposed by the British authorities. 2. Influx of non-tribals into the tribal areas threatening their distinct identities and culture. 3. Curbing of Shifting cultivation further threatened their livelihood. The culmination to1857 revolt: 1. Simmering discontent among the peasants, tribals, civilians etc. 2. The cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation and administrative innovations over the years had adversely affected the positions of all rulers of Indian states, sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans etc. 3. The introduction of greased cartridges in the army provided the immediate spark to this cumulative discontentment which finally culminated in the revolt of 1857. Thus, the uprisings of pre-1857 culminated in the revolt of 1857. The pre-1857 and 1857 rebellions sowed the seeds of nationalism and broke the myth of British invincibility. They motivated future leaders and masses in our nationalist movement.
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In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s): The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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##Question:In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s): The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s): The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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##Question:In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s): The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s) The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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##Question:In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s) The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s) The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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##Question:In the Neo-Liberal paradigm, the state has a minimal role and there is a gradual retreat of the state. Do you agree with such a view? Substantiate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, one can start with the role of the state. In the body part, show how the government was providing the goods and services. Then show how the rollback of state happened Then show the situation in the neo-liberal paradigm. Conclude accordingly Answer: As per the social contract theory, the state part of the contract is to provide essential goods and services and protect the interests of vulnerable groups. After independence, India adopted the socialistic model of planning and the role of the state was to provide goods and services. Role of state in early 1970-80: In the 1960s the focus was on the ends rather than on the means, The government was acting like a Paternalistic state i.e state was deciding about the citizen"s wants, and the government was providing each service. Publicness in government was increasing. The government focussed on providing Service and not on efficiency At an early stage, we started distributing which lead to the "Precocious and Cleavaged India " i.e it lead to Leakages and social fissures [economic survey] This approach failed to give the desired result as it was not pragmatic and the individual choice was less focused. The economic survey called this period as "Socialism with Restricted Entry" i.e the period of License Raj. the state failed in its welfare responsibility and citizens now wanted CHOICE and ACCOUNTABILITY of the state. citizen demanded "Institutional pluralism". Rollback of state (1990"s) The government adopted a new approach to providing goods and services, Contracting out - liberalization, privatization, etc Decentralize and democratize i.e decreasing the government and increasing the governance Competition increased and it was according to customer orientation This approach also failed, because of the East Asian crisis, global recession, 2G scam, coal scam, and rise in inequality. the private sector was working only for profit and neglected the negative externalities. The economic survey called this period as "Marketism without Exit" Role of state in neo-liberal paradigm: 1) Minimal role of the state Active role of citizen - robust social contract to hold the government accountable Focus on HUMAN FACE - value citizens and not the enterprise, for example- focus on Ease of Living, Ease of Doing Business The government should only Serve and not Steer, for example- disinvestment of the public sector units. 2) Gradual Retreat of state Collaborative government approach - for example, the Amul model Boundaries between private and public sectors are decreasing - PPP model, CAG can audit the private sector as well. Inter-organizational relationship is increasing - cooperative and competitive federalism Focus is more on democratic values and shared values, for example- The hybrid annuity model. Social democracy and participatory democracy are increasing. Recently, Honorable PM made a strong case for the privatization of Public Sector Units that burdened the taxpayer, and stressed that the government has "no business to be in business". it was also emphasized that the government must work towards the mantra of "monetize or modernize" to benefit citizens. thus in a neo-liberal paradigm government must focus on effective governance.
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Define Pressure groups. Highlight the techniques used by Pressure groups and their role in governance/society. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach - Write a short note on Pressure groups. Highlight the techniques used by pressure groups. Discuss briefly the types of pressure groups. Conclude accordingly. Answer Pressure groups are organised associations, unions or organisations of people having common interests. Their aim is to seek better conditions for their members through organised efforts. They try to influence the legislature and executive for policy changes, legislation etc. Pressure groups are also known as interest groups. Mostly the pressure groups function outside the government but some pressure groups are institutional ones which exert pressure from inside like civil services officers" associations, doctors "s associations etc. Techniques used by pressure groups - Lobbying - In politics, lobbying, persuasion or interest representation is the act of lawfully attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of government officials, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Campaigning - to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something. Propogandising - To tell propaganda to someone in an attempt to influence one"s views. Online campaigns - Campaigning by online means, like some countries has a convention that if 10,000 signatures are received on an issue/aspect then the government has to bring legislation on the same. Role - They improved the quality of Governance by providing critical inputs and feedback to the government. They act as a bridge between the government and the citizens. They ensure constructive criticism by highlighting governmental shortcomings. They concretize democracy by providing an avenue to vent grievances. They concretize democracy by providing an avenue to vent grievances. They through PILs have successfully led to various landmark supreme court verdicts that changed the socio-political-economic and other landscape. Many social groups promote harmony and fraternity in society. Conclusion - Any democratic polity requires a limited and responsible government. It must be based on the spirit of constitutionalism. Pressure groups act as the gatekeepers in a democracy and keep raising issues of common interest, which highlights governmental shortcomings and also provides critical inputs in governance through their research and other initiatives.
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##Question:Define Pressure groups. Highlight the techniques used by Pressure groups and their role in governance/society. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach - Write a short note on Pressure groups. Highlight the techniques used by pressure groups. Discuss briefly the types of pressure groups. Conclude accordingly. Answer Pressure groups are organised associations, unions or organisations of people having common interests. Their aim is to seek better conditions for their members through organised efforts. They try to influence the legislature and executive for policy changes, legislation etc. Pressure groups are also known as interest groups. Mostly the pressure groups function outside the government but some pressure groups are institutional ones which exert pressure from inside like civil services officers" associations, doctors "s associations etc. Techniques used by pressure groups - Lobbying - In politics, lobbying, persuasion or interest representation is the act of lawfully attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of government officials, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Campaigning - to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something. Propogandising - To tell propaganda to someone in an attempt to influence one"s views. Online campaigns - Campaigning by online means, like some countries has a convention that if 10,000 signatures are received on an issue/aspect then the government has to bring legislation on the same. Role - They improved the quality of Governance by providing critical inputs and feedback to the government. They act as a bridge between the government and the citizens. They ensure constructive criticism by highlighting governmental shortcomings. They concretize democracy by providing an avenue to vent grievances. They concretize democracy by providing an avenue to vent grievances. They through PILs have successfully led to various landmark supreme court verdicts that changed the socio-political-economic and other landscape. Many social groups promote harmony and fraternity in society. Conclusion - Any democratic polity requires a limited and responsible government. It must be based on the spirit of constitutionalism. Pressure groups act as the gatekeepers in a democracy and keep raising issues of common interest, which highlights governmental shortcomings and also provides critical inputs in governance through their research and other initiatives.
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Mention the factors given by Weber which determine the location of the industry. Why the Iron and steel industry is mostly located in the Chota Nagpur region? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach In the introduction, one can mention how the location of the industry is important for the optimum utilization of resources. secondly, give a heading and mention the factors given by weber Then mention why the iron and steel industry is mostly located in the Chota Nagpur region using the concept given by weber One can also include the exception- with the advent of new technology how this model is not relevant (this is for value addition) Conclude accordingly Answer - The location of an industry depends on the availability of the factor inputs such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneur. the location of the industry is important for the optimum utilization of the resources and profit generation. Alfred weber gave a broad framework to determine the location of the industry. Alfred Weber"s model Alfred weber"s least cost model gives a very great strategy for the location of industry in order to maximize the profits. According to him, there are three important strategies 1). Location triangle- Any industry needs to be located within the triangle with the base connecting the raw material available zones and markets at the apex. Within the location triangle, the industry should be located according to the type of raw material. the raw material is of two types- weight-losing and weight gaining if the raw materials are weigh-losing then the industry should be established close to the raw material if the raw material is weight-gaining then the industry should be close to the market 2). Isodapane- These are the Imaginary lines connecting the places of equal cost of labor. Identify the least isodapane and draw the labors from that place which is called Critical Isodapane Critical isodapane is the area between high-cost isodpanae and low-cost isodapane. 3). Agglomeration when an industry is established then the other industries are also attracted to that place because of forward and backward linkages. draw the isodapane for each industry, and the overlapping region of three isodapane will be called primary agglomeration from where the skill and manpower can be extracted the overlapping areas of two isodapane will be called secondary agglomeration and from there market access can be taken. Why the iron and steel industry is located in the Chota Nagpur region 1). Iron and steel are weight losing hence located near the source of raw material 2). Coal, which is used as raw material, is also weight losing, hence, close to the raw material 3). It is engaging the labor from Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa. which is a part of critical isodapane thus cost of production is less 4). Falling in the transportation area, i.e. Delhi to Calcutta highway- rail, road, and conveyer belt connectivity is present 5). Damodar Valley Corporation provides water and electricity. 6). The region has immense potential for growth in the local markets like Kolkata, Patna, Ranchi, etc. Although Weber"s model is a broad framework for determining the location of industries but with the advent of shipping routes many industries are located near the ports (import of raw materials can be easily done) and near the market(so that scrap material can be purchased). this is why the regions such as Japan became the net steel producer. The areas like Delhi are also witnessing the industry setup because of the easy availability of scrap metal. Thus to conclude, it can be said that the location triangle, critical isodapane, and agglomeration are important tools to determine the location of an industry,
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##Question:Mention the factors given by Weber which determine the location of the industry. Why the Iron and steel industry is mostly located in the Chota Nagpur region? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach In the introduction, one can mention how the location of the industry is important for the optimum utilization of resources. secondly, give a heading and mention the factors given by weber Then mention why the iron and steel industry is mostly located in the Chota Nagpur region using the concept given by weber One can also include the exception- with the advent of new technology how this model is not relevant (this is for value addition) Conclude accordingly Answer - The location of an industry depends on the availability of the factor inputs such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneur. the location of the industry is important for the optimum utilization of the resources and profit generation. Alfred weber gave a broad framework to determine the location of the industry. Alfred Weber"s model Alfred weber"s least cost model gives a very great strategy for the location of industry in order to maximize the profits. According to him, there are three important strategies 1). Location triangle- Any industry needs to be located within the triangle with the base connecting the raw material available zones and markets at the apex. Within the location triangle, the industry should be located according to the type of raw material. the raw material is of two types- weight-losing and weight gaining if the raw materials are weigh-losing then the industry should be established close to the raw material if the raw material is weight-gaining then the industry should be close to the market 2). Isodapane- These are the Imaginary lines connecting the places of equal cost of labor. Identify the least isodapane and draw the labors from that place which is called Critical Isodapane Critical isodapane is the area between high-cost isodpanae and low-cost isodapane. 3). Agglomeration when an industry is established then the other industries are also attracted to that place because of forward and backward linkages. draw the isodapane for each industry, and the overlapping region of three isodapane will be called primary agglomeration from where the skill and manpower can be extracted the overlapping areas of two isodapane will be called secondary agglomeration and from there market access can be taken. Why the iron and steel industry is located in the Chota Nagpur region 1). Iron and steel are weight losing hence located near the source of raw material 2). Coal, which is used as raw material, is also weight losing, hence, close to the raw material 3). It is engaging the labor from Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa. which is a part of critical isodapane thus cost of production is less 4). Falling in the transportation area, i.e. Delhi to Calcutta highway- rail, road, and conveyer belt connectivity is present 5). Damodar Valley Corporation provides water and electricity. 6). The region has immense potential for growth in the local markets like Kolkata, Patna, Ranchi, etc. Although Weber"s model is a broad framework for determining the location of industries but with the advent of shipping routes many industries are located near the ports (import of raw materials can be easily done) and near the market(so that scrap material can be purchased). this is why the regions such as Japan became the net steel producer. The areas like Delhi are also witnessing the industry setup because of the easy availability of scrap metal. Thus to conclude, it can be said that the location triangle, critical isodapane, and agglomeration are important tools to determine the location of an industry,
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Discuss how despite being similar the French and the American revolutions were very different in nature. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Briefly talk about both the revolution. Compare both. Conclude briefly. Answer French revolution like the American revolution proved to be quite inspiring for modern transitions not only in Europe but also in the whole world throughout the modern age. The French revolutionary slogans and principles have been the guiding principle in most of the modern constitutional experiments including the Indian constitution. The American and French rebellions both championed the desire for a republican government and principles of liberty. Americans fought for freedom from high taxes while the French wanted a better government that could rule them equally. Both nations realized that they needed the power to bring democracy back. Differences - The French revolution is usually compared with the American revolution through both revolutions took place in the general intellectual climate of the enlightenment and experimented with modern ideas and institutions yet the following differences can be easily noticed - The American revolution created a new world and the French Revolution is known for destroying the old system and its evils such as autocracy, aristocratic privileges, religious orthodoxy and superstitious practices, domination of the Church etc in the old world that was Europe. The American revolution represents an instance of decolonisation whereas the French revolution involved internal restructuring. The American revolution took the form of an open armed conflict between two armies and so relied upon violent means. Even the French revolution was a violent revolution and came to involve armed conflict with other European nations. But, it also involved internal violence on a large scale which went to the extent of a civil war. The American revolution is perceived mainly as an economic revolution but the French revolution was mainly a socio-political upheaval. The American revolution started with a definite goal a declaration of independence. But, in the French revolution, the aims and objectives or goals developed along the course of the revolution. In the American revolution, we do notice spontaneous tendencies but they appear to be on the higher side in the French revolution. The American revolution had been an elite military and political affair whereas the French revolution is particularly known for the participation of the masses. Conclusion - In a nutshell, both revolutions were against tyranny and the arbitrariness of the ruling system. Both seek to provide freedom to personally to ensure his/her welfare, for instance, Fundamental rights gave birth to the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity whereas, the American revolution gave freedom of life, equality of opportunity and the value of democracy to ensure the well-being of a person, hence, We Indian incorporated these great values in our fundamental law of the land.
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##Question:Discuss how despite being similar the French and the American revolutions were very different in nature. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly talk about both the revolution. Compare both. Conclude briefly. Answer French revolution like the American revolution proved to be quite inspiring for modern transitions not only in Europe but also in the whole world throughout the modern age. The French revolutionary slogans and principles have been the guiding principle in most of the modern constitutional experiments including the Indian constitution. The American and French rebellions both championed the desire for a republican government and principles of liberty. Americans fought for freedom from high taxes while the French wanted a better government that could rule them equally. Both nations realized that they needed the power to bring democracy back. Differences - The French revolution is usually compared with the American revolution through both revolutions took place in the general intellectual climate of the enlightenment and experimented with modern ideas and institutions yet the following differences can be easily noticed - The American revolution created a new world and the French Revolution is known for destroying the old system and its evils such as autocracy, aristocratic privileges, religious orthodoxy and superstitious practices, domination of the Church etc in the old world that was Europe. The American revolution represents an instance of decolonisation whereas the French revolution involved internal restructuring. The American revolution took the form of an open armed conflict between two armies and so relied upon violent means. Even the French revolution was a violent revolution and came to involve armed conflict with other European nations. But, it also involved internal violence on a large scale which went to the extent of a civil war. The American revolution is perceived mainly as an economic revolution but the French revolution was mainly a socio-political upheaval. The American revolution started with a definite goal a declaration of independence. But, in the French revolution, the aims and objectives or goals developed along the course of the revolution. In the American revolution, we do notice spontaneous tendencies but they appear to be on the higher side in the French revolution. The American revolution had been an elite military and political affair whereas the French revolution is particularly known for the participation of the masses. Conclusion - In a nutshell, both revolutions were against tyranny and the arbitrariness of the ruling system. Both seek to provide freedom to personally to ensure his/her welfare, for instance, Fundamental rights gave birth to the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity whereas, the American revolution gave freedom of life, equality of opportunity and the value of democracy to ensure the well-being of a person, hence, We Indian incorporated these great values in our fundamental law of the land.
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Compare and contrast Hindustani classical music with Carnatic music. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce the answer with some information on classical music. In the body give points on similarities and differences between Hindustani and Carnatic music. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The tradition of music in India has longstanding roots. Broadly we can divide the music under two different schools viz. Carnatic and Hindustani Classical music. While during the initial years both sprung from the same sources later they evolved to be in their present forms becuase of foreign influence, regional differences and patronage etc. Hindustani Classical vs. Carnatic Classical Music: The two music have various points of convergence which can be seen under the follwoing points: Evolution: Carnatic Music originated in the Bhakti movement, while Hindustani music originated during the Vedic period. Therefore both have a great link with religion. Both the music developed with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions. Devotional in nature: Both the forms of music had their earliest expression towards devotion to the god. Importance of Ragas: Both the kinds of music give huge importance to ragas which denotes rather a cultural phenomenon rather than just being about a combination of notes. Use of instruments: Both use flute and sitar as instruments accompanying the music. The two forms of music however also have points of contrast which can be seen under: Basis Hindustani Music Carnatic Music Influence Post Islamic invasion in 13th century the Hindustani music was influenced by Arab, Persian and Afghan traditions. Indegenous Freedom Scope for artists to improvise. No freedom to improvise. Gharanas There are several sub-styles which have led to creation of Gharanas, for instance-Lucknow, Gwalior, etc. No such gharanas are there and there is only one prescribed form of singing. Instruments In Hindustani instruments are equally important to vocals. In Carnatic music vocals are more important. Ragas 6 major ragas 72 ragaas Time Adheres to time. There is no limit of time. Major instruments used Tabla, sarangi, sitar, and santoor. Veena, Mridangam, and melodin. Region North India South India The present form of Indian music has seen an adevent of mixture of both Hindustani and Carnatic music along with the folk music. However, the essence of the classical music still remains the same.
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##Question:Compare and contrast Hindustani classical music with Carnatic music. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce the answer with some information on classical music. In the body give points on similarities and differences between Hindustani and Carnatic music. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The tradition of music in India has longstanding roots. Broadly we can divide the music under two different schools viz. Carnatic and Hindustani Classical music. While during the initial years both sprung from the same sources later they evolved to be in their present forms becuase of foreign influence, regional differences and patronage etc. Hindustani Classical vs. Carnatic Classical Music: The two music have various points of convergence which can be seen under the follwoing points: Evolution: Carnatic Music originated in the Bhakti movement, while Hindustani music originated during the Vedic period. Therefore both have a great link with religion. Both the music developed with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions. Devotional in nature: Both the forms of music had their earliest expression towards devotion to the god. Importance of Ragas: Both the kinds of music give huge importance to ragas which denotes rather a cultural phenomenon rather than just being about a combination of notes. Use of instruments: Both use flute and sitar as instruments accompanying the music. The two forms of music however also have points of contrast which can be seen under: Basis Hindustani Music Carnatic Music Influence Post Islamic invasion in 13th century the Hindustani music was influenced by Arab, Persian and Afghan traditions. Indegenous Freedom Scope for artists to improvise. No freedom to improvise. Gharanas There are several sub-styles which have led to creation of Gharanas, for instance-Lucknow, Gwalior, etc. No such gharanas are there and there is only one prescribed form of singing. Instruments In Hindustani instruments are equally important to vocals. In Carnatic music vocals are more important. Ragas 6 major ragas 72 ragaas Time Adheres to time. There is no limit of time. Major instruments used Tabla, sarangi, sitar, and santoor. Veena, Mridangam, and melodin. Region North India South India The present form of Indian music has seen an adevent of mixture of both Hindustani and Carnatic music along with the folk music. However, the essence of the classical music still remains the same.
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BIMSTEC has to face many obstacles and challenges in developing into an effective regional organization. Explaining the statement, offer some solutions in this context.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Explain the nature of BIMSTEC in its role. In the first part, explain the challenges and obstacles before BIMSTEC. In the second part, present some solutions to overcome the above challenges. End the answer by giving a positive conclusion at the end. Answer: BIMSTEC is a regional multilateral organization and has members located in the coastal and adjoining areas of the Bay of Bengal, which are a symbol of regional integration. This sub-regional organization came into existence in the year 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration. Of its 7 members, 5 are from South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka and two - Myanmar and Thailand - from South-East Asia. BIMSTEC not only provides connectivity between South and Southeast Asia but also links the ecology of the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Its main objectives are to create an environment for rapid economic development, accelerate social progress and promote cooperation on matters of common interest in the region. But due to various challenges, BIMSTEC is not able to develop into an effective regional organization. Challenges of BIMSTEC All BIMSTEC countries have different internal politics. We are facing economic inequality which hinders the strengthening of BIMSTEC. BIMSTEC nations lack technical and financial resources Since BIMSTEC is an India very regional organization. In such a situation, India is seen from an imperialist point of view. Despite the announcement of the Gujral Doctrine by India, the attitude of other nations towards India could not be changed. The North-Eastern states are of utmost importance in broadening the connectivity among the BIMSTEC nations. But the Siliguri Corridor being a narrow route creates hurdles in developing connectivity routes. There are many international issues like extremism, drug trafficking, and the Rohingya crisis that hinder the development of collectivity among nations. Lack of a strong and clear political commitment, adequate financial resources, sub-optimal participation of trade and industry, and optimum participation of civil society have been major impediments. The formation of another sub-regional initiative "Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar Forum with an active membership of China raises doubts about the special potential of BIMSTEC. The biggest challenge in the progress of this organization is in relation to financial resources and human capacity There is no consensus on free trade for the development of commercial activities. There is a lack of mutual coordination. Thailand and Myanmar attach more importance to ASEAN. An example of this is the separation of Bhutan from the BBIM. Suggestions or solutions to develop BIMSTEC as an effective organization: The BIMSTEC nations need to bring orderliness to the law-making process i.e. All nations should, first of all, make policies on common issues After that, the issues of bilateral cooperation and conflict should be identified and found a way to solve. Increasing connectivity, especially completing the pending projects. All nations have their own political commitments that prevent regional organizations from progressing. In such a situation, it is necessary for nations to change their commitments on the basis of collective welfare by incorporating political commitments with regional interests. BIMSTEC nations should emphasize economic interdependence. For which there is a need to improve physical and digital connectivity, construction of ports and economic corridors, etc. India should focus on innovative initiatives such as enhancing cultural coordination with Myanmar, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka while accelerating plans such as the Buddhist circuit. BIMSTEC still needs to take more initiatives in the institutional sector. That is, organizations like BIMSTEC Working Group Business Forum and Economic Forum should provide proactive feasibility. It will be necessary for all the countries of BIMSTEC to increase mutual cooperation in developing democratic values while respecting each other"s sovereignty, borders, and territorial integrity. Indian outlook on the region must be focused on securing national interests, with the pursuits being guided by Gujaral Doctrine & Panchsheel.
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##Question:BIMSTEC has to face many obstacles and challenges in developing into an effective regional organization. Explaining the statement, offer some solutions in this context.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Explain the nature of BIMSTEC in its role. In the first part, explain the challenges and obstacles before BIMSTEC. In the second part, present some solutions to overcome the above challenges. End the answer by giving a positive conclusion at the end. Answer: BIMSTEC is a regional multilateral organization and has members located in the coastal and adjoining areas of the Bay of Bengal, which are a symbol of regional integration. This sub-regional organization came into existence in the year 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration. Of its 7 members, 5 are from South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka and two - Myanmar and Thailand - from South-East Asia. BIMSTEC not only provides connectivity between South and Southeast Asia but also links the ecology of the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Its main objectives are to create an environment for rapid economic development, accelerate social progress and promote cooperation on matters of common interest in the region. But due to various challenges, BIMSTEC is not able to develop into an effective regional organization. Challenges of BIMSTEC All BIMSTEC countries have different internal politics. We are facing economic inequality which hinders the strengthening of BIMSTEC. BIMSTEC nations lack technical and financial resources Since BIMSTEC is an India very regional organization. In such a situation, India is seen from an imperialist point of view. Despite the announcement of the Gujral Doctrine by India, the attitude of other nations towards India could not be changed. The North-Eastern states are of utmost importance in broadening the connectivity among the BIMSTEC nations. But the Siliguri Corridor being a narrow route creates hurdles in developing connectivity routes. There are many international issues like extremism, drug trafficking, and the Rohingya crisis that hinder the development of collectivity among nations. Lack of a strong and clear political commitment, adequate financial resources, sub-optimal participation of trade and industry, and optimum participation of civil society have been major impediments. The formation of another sub-regional initiative "Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar Forum with an active membership of China raises doubts about the special potential of BIMSTEC. The biggest challenge in the progress of this organization is in relation to financial resources and human capacity There is no consensus on free trade for the development of commercial activities. There is a lack of mutual coordination. Thailand and Myanmar attach more importance to ASEAN. An example of this is the separation of Bhutan from the BBIM. Suggestions or solutions to develop BIMSTEC as an effective organization: The BIMSTEC nations need to bring orderliness to the law-making process i.e. All nations should, first of all, make policies on common issues After that, the issues of bilateral cooperation and conflict should be identified and found a way to solve. Increasing connectivity, especially completing the pending projects. All nations have their own political commitments that prevent regional organizations from progressing. In such a situation, it is necessary for nations to change their commitments on the basis of collective welfare by incorporating political commitments with regional interests. BIMSTEC nations should emphasize economic interdependence. For which there is a need to improve physical and digital connectivity, construction of ports and economic corridors, etc. India should focus on innovative initiatives such as enhancing cultural coordination with Myanmar, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka while accelerating plans such as the Buddhist circuit. BIMSTEC still needs to take more initiatives in the institutional sector. That is, organizations like BIMSTEC Working Group Business Forum and Economic Forum should provide proactive feasibility. It will be necessary for all the countries of BIMSTEC to increase mutual cooperation in developing democratic values while respecting each other"s sovereignty, borders, and territorial integrity. Indian outlook on the region must be focused on securing national interests, with the pursuits being guided by Gujaral Doctrine & Panchsheel.
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Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
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Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
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##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
| 80,856
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Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
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Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
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##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
| 80,857
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Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
|
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
|
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
| 80,858
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Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
|
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
|
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
| 80,859
|
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
|
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
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##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
| 80,860
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