title stringlengths 0 901 | abstract stringlengths 3 9.89k | PMID int64 22 25.3M | embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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Immunologic aspects of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors in rats. | Investigation of immunologic aspects of colon tumors induced in rats by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine demonstrated that: 1) An antigen in an extract of colon tumors was not detected in the normal colon. It was related to antigens in rat fetuses and did not cross-react immunologically with carcinoembryonic antigen. 2) Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the colon were significantly associated spatially with lymphoid follicles. | 165,314 | [
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Oncogenic transformation of murine lymphoid cells by in vitro infection with Abelson leukemia virus. | Spleen cell cultures stimulated to DNA synthesis by antigen or mitogen were infected with Abelson virus, a C-type RNA virus inducing nonthymic lymphomas in mice. After 3 days the cells were transferred to mice and caused 100 percent incidence of lymphomas in as few as 29 days. That a number of the tumors were of donor origin, as shown by female karyotypes in recipient male mice, indicated that cells infected by virus in vitro were transformed. The process depended upon both virus and stimulation of lymphocytes in culture. Lymphoid tumors did not develop in mice receiving cells from virus-infected cultures not exposed to antigen or mitogen. | 165,315 | [
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Human plasma triglyceride labeling after high sucrose feeding. II. Study on triglyceride kinetics and postheparin lipolytic activity. | Kinetic studies of the very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) turnover by endogenous labeling with glycerol-2-3-H were performed in 13 patients in the postabsorptive state, first after 10-14 days on a low-sucrose high-starch diet, then again after 10-14 days of isocaloric high-sucrose low-starch diet (HSD). After HSD, a significant decrease in the fractional turnover rates of VLDL-TG was observed, as well as a modest but significant increase in its pool size, but the net turnover rates remained unchanged. Using Michaelis-Menten formulation, we have further calculated the Vmax and Km's of the removal system for VLDL-TG and found that the Vmax and Km's do not differ significantly between the two dietary periods. These results suggest that the removal mechanism for VLDL-TG has not changed after 10-14 days on the HSD, at least when the patients are studied in the postabsorptive state. Measurements of postheparin lipolytic acitivty under fed condition in 17 patients (including the 13 patients above) have shown a decrease after HSD. However, a defect in the removal of plasma-TG related to decreased activity of tissue-lipoprotein lipase in the fed state has not been conclusively uncovered by the kinetic studies performed in the postabsorptive state, and cannot contribute significantly to the expansion of VLDL-TG pool. | 165,366 | [
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In vitro cultivation of cells from the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. | By treatment of chorioallantoic membranes from embryonated eggs with collagenase and hyaluronidase before the conventional application of trypsin cells could be grown in culture which supported growth of a large variety of myxoviruses, herpesviruses, avian reoviruses and the infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. The cultures could be used for sensitive plaque assays and neutralization tests. | 165,393 | [
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Mononeuropathy multiplex as a complication of amphetamine angiitis. | A patient who abused multiple drugs developed a rapidly progressive mononeuropathy multiplex, which appeared to respond to corticosteroid therapy with partial resolution. Intravenous methamphetamine had been used almost exclusively from the fourth month prior to the onset of symptoms. Biopsy material revealed a necrotizing angiitis involving medium and small sized arteries, capillaries, and venules, typical of a hypersensitivity-type angiopathy, rather than the previously reported polyarteritis nodosa-type lesions secondary to illicit drugs. The apparent response to corticosteroids suggests that these agents might be useful in the treatment of some complications of drug abuse. | 165,440 | [
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Determination of the 3' terminal nucleotide of DNA fragments. | A new method for determining the 3'-terminal nucleotide of a DNA strand is presented. Use is made of the fact that one (and only one) 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleotide can be added to the 3'-end of a DNA fragment with calf thymus terminal transferase. Addition of more than one nucleotide analog per strand is impossible due to the absence of a 3'-terminal hydroxyl group. If the terminatind dideoxyribonucleotide contains an (alpha 32p) label, the resulting 3'-blocked strand can be digested by "nearest neighbor" techniques and the original 3'-endgroup determined. Picomole quantities of DNA strands can be labeled and the 3'-end determined. | 165,468 | [
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Antiviral activity of polynucleotides: copolymers of inosinic acid and N2-dimethylguanylic of 2-methylthioinosinic acid. | Complexes of poly(C) with copolymers of inosinic acid containing various amounts of mismatched bases (see journal for formula) have been examined for direct resistance to virus infection, interferon induction and toxicity in two different cell cultures (primary rabbit kidney cells and mouse L-929 cells). Complexes in which 20% of the hypoxanthine bases were replaced by (see journal for formula) or ms-2I were partially active whereas complexes in which 40% or more of the hypoxanthine bases were replaced by the odd bases were entirely inactive. The decrease in biological activity observed upon intrusion of (see journal for formula) or ms-2I in the poly(I) strand of poly(I) with poly(C) closely paralleled the amount of odd bases introduced irrespective of the system employed to assess the biological activity (resistance to virus infection, interferon induction or toxicity). | 165,469 | [
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Induction of erythroid differentiation in murine virus infected eythroleukemia cells by highly polar compounds. | Murine-virus-infected erythroleukemia cells cultured in a medium with dimethylsulfoxide or N,N-dimethylformamide are induced to differentiate to erythroid cells. A number of highly polar compounds have a similar effect in inducing erythroid differentiation of the virus-infected cells, as assayed by the appearance of hemoglobin. These compounds are 1-methyl-1-2-piperidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-methylacetamide, 2-pyrrolidinone, propionamide, pyridine-N-oxide, piperidone, N-methylformamide, acetamide, and triethylene glycol. It has been previously reported that dimethylsulfoxide must be present during DNA synthesis and, possibly, shortly therafter, to induce differentiation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dimethylsulfoxide and related polar compounds act by changing the conformation of DNA or a DNA-protein complex, causing an alteration in transcription that leads to the expression of the program of erythroid differentiation. | 165,480 | [
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[Stimulation of the protein synthesizing capacity of thyroid gland polyribosomes in vitro under the influence of cyclic adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate]. | It was shown that cAMP increased the capacity of polyribosomes of the thyroid glands to the labeled phenylalanine incorporation into the protein by 51 per cent. Preincubation of microsomes or ribosomes with cAMP in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system also increased the incorporation of the labeled amino acids into the protein by 54 and 49 per cent, respectively. The optimal effect occurred with the concentration of cAMP of 0.2 mg/ml. cAMP in a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml inhibited the incorporation of the labeled amino acids by 32 per cent. This can possibly be attributed to the forming products of cAMP degradation. Modification of the protein-synthesizing system (ATP--1 mM. GTP--1.6 mM) led to the fact of an increase in the level of the labeled amino acid incorporation into the protein by 54 per cent; the simulating effect of cAMP persisted. In the absence of ATP in the incubation medium addition of cAMP failed to stimulate the protein synthesis. Thus, cAMP stimulated protein synthesis in the thyroid gland in vitro, with utilization of ribonucleoproteid particles. | 165,479 | [
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Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: sequential transition of polypeptide synthesis requires functional viral polypeptides. | It was previously shown that virus-specific polypeptides made in HEp-2 cells infected with herpes simplex 1 form three groups designated alpha, beta, and gamma whose synthesis is coordinately regulated and sequentially ordered. This report shows that one or more functional alpha polypeptides are necessary to turn on the synthesis of beta and gamma groups, and conversely, one or more polypeptides in the latter groups turn off the synthesis of alpha polypeptides. Specifically, infected cells maintained in medium containing either canavanine, an analogue of arginine, or azetidine-2-carboxylic acid an analogue of proline and hydroxyproline, synthesized alpha polypeptide at rates comparable to maximal rates in untreated infected cells but did not undergo the normal transition to beta and gamma polypeptide synthesis. The transition to gamma polypeptide synthesis and shut-off of synthesis of earlier polypeptide groups proceeded normally if addition of canavanine was delayed until at least 4-5 hr after infection. Addition of canavanine after the onset of beta and gamma polypeptide synthesis, i.e., between 2 and 3.5 hr after infection, resulted in sustained, simultaneous synthesis of all three polypeptide groups, a phenomenon not seen in untreated infected cells. Canavanine-treated infected cells, synthesizing alpha polypeptides, recovered the capacity to make beta and gamma polypeptides after removal of the analogue, but only after a 1-to 2-hr delay compared with infected untreated cells. The data indicate that the on and off controls inherent in the cascade regulation of viral polypeptide synthesis are mediated by one or more polypeptides in each group at transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. | 165,503 | [
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Cytotoxic effector cells specific for B Cell lines transformed by Epstein-Barr virus are present in patients with infectious mononucleosis. | Peripheral lymphoid cells, from 12 cases of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM), were tested in a micro chromium-51 release assay for cytotoxic activity against a variety of cell lines that did or did not carry the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome. Unfractionated lymphocytes from these patients were cytotoxic to both types of cell lines, as were lymphocytes from healthy individuals. If, however, lymphocytes bearing complement receptors were removed, the residual IM lymphocyte fraction was specifically cytotoxic for EBV-genome-carrying cell lines. The residual lymphocyte fraction in normal donors had no such effect. Heterophile-positive IM is caused by EBV, and these results indicate that, during the acute phase of this disease, patients harbor killer cells, probably T cells, which specifically kill EBV-genome-carrying B cells in vitro. No such specificity for EBV-genome-psitive target cells was found in normal lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with autologous EBV-genome-positive lymphoblastoid cells. Such stimulated cells were highly cytotoxic to both genome-positive and negative lines after removal of complement receptor-positive lymphocytes. | 165,518 | [
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Functional intermediates in reaction of cytochrome oxidase with oxygen. | The development of a low temperature kinetic method for the flash photolysis of the compounds of membrane-bound cytochrome a3 with carbon monoxide in the presence of oxygen affords evidence for three categories of functional intermediate compounds of cytochrome a3 and oxygen. The three classes are identified as follows: Compounds of Type A are considered to be "oxy" compounds of the ferrous heme. They have the composition a3-2+. O2. Compounds of Type B are considered to be peroxide compounds (CU-2+A3-3+ O-2= or CU-2+A3-3+ O2H2) or the equivalent heme Fe-Cu peroxide bridge structures. Compounds of Type C are formed from the ferricyanide pretreated oxidase and may involve higher oxidation states of the heme iron such as quadrivalent iron, and peroxide. Kinetic and equilibrium studies show these compounds to be functional in oxygen reduction in the sequence A yields B yield cytochromes a, c, c1, etc. | 165,519 | [
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An improved method of fixation for immunofluorescent detection of SV40 T-antigen in infected human fibroblasts. | Improved fixation for immunofluorescence staining in the SV40 T-antigen test has been developed utilizing ethanol in place of acetone. The modified method improves resolution, results in smaller variability of cell numbers, and reduces the time of assay, while maintaining its sensitivity in discriminating between normal and cancer prone groups. | 165,531 | [
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Effects of endurance exercise on serum enzyme activities in the dog, pig and man. | Daily levels of GOT, GPT, AK and LDH did not change consistently with exercise in any species. The level of CPK each day before exercise presented a consistent rise during the week of exercise in the dog and man but not in the pig. By the third day of resting, all enzyme activities were at control levels. The probable tissue of origin for AK and LDH at rest as well as after exercise was the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and kidney in all three species. Serum CPK was the most sensitive index of acute exercise stress in the trained dogs and men. We have shown that the pig, which exhibits responses to exercise resembling those of man, can be exercise trained. The pig may, therefore, be the more appropriate model for endurance exercise studies. | 165,535 | [
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Stress polycythemia--a pathophysiologic study. | Two patients with "Gaisböck syndrome" (stress polycythemia) were found to have been under chronic "stress" with REM sleep decrease, decreased nocturnal ADH-like activity and consequent nocturnal water loss. The role of REM decrease with chronic "stress" in causing secondary decrease in nocturnal ADH-like activity was emphasized as the means by which "stress" caused the blood volume changes seen with these two patients. Some factors that possibly could play a role in the pathophysiology of this syndrome were ruled out and other factors not studied here were considered for future investigation. | 165,576 | [
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The in vivo uptake of tritiated estradiol in carcinoma of the breast. | In human beings, the uptake of radiolabeled estradiol suppressed by carcinomatous breast tissue in vivo in relation to adipose breast tissue has been studied in 20 patients. The ratio of tumor uptake to fat tissue uptake was correlated with the age of the patient, menopausal status, presence of axillary metastases at time of mastectomy, and the response to endocrine therapy if metastases were presented. There was no correlation between a higher uptake of estradiol by the tumor and age of the patient, menopausal status, or presence of axillary metastases at time of mastectomy. Patients with a higher uptake of estradiol tended to respond favorably to endocrine treatment. | 165,580 | [
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Glandular tumors of the palate. | Salivary gland tumors of the palate originate in the minor salivary glands located in the glandular zone of the palate. Approximately 7 per cent of all tumors of the salivary gland occur in the palate, and approximately one-half of such tumors are cancers. The salivary gland tumor is more often found in the hard palate. Of the 90 salivary gland tumors of the palate reported herein, 49 per cent were benign, and all were pleomorphic adenomas. Of the cancers, 70 per cent were cylindromas, 15 per cent mucoepidermoid cancers, and the remaining 15 per cent included acinic cell carcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and papillary adenocarcinomas. There is a 50 per cent likelihood of a lump in the palate in the glandular zone being a cancer. The simplistic diagnosis of a cyst should be considered only after other lesions have been excluded. The recommended form of treatment is surgical excision. Fenestration of the palate is a potential consequence of excision in 30 to 60 per cent of patients, depending upon whether or not the lesion is benign or malignant. The results of surgical treatment are good, but fenestration shoud be accepted as a necessary result of adequate treatment. Surgical treatment of cylindromas continues to be most difficult and demands the utmost of that intangible essence known as surgical judgment. Radiotherapy has been considered as a palliative agent for the treatment of inoperable and recurring cancers, especially cylindromas. | 165,581 | [
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The sarcoma arising in giloblastoma: clinico-pathological report of two cases. | Two cases of primary brain tumor composed of an admixture of sarcomatous and gliomatous tissues are reported together with their clinical courses and neurosurgical examination. There is no difference in clinical course nor in the result of examination between the usual glioblastoma multiforme and these admixture tumor. The histological examination at the surgical biopsy and autopsy suggested that enoplastic change of the sarcomatous element occurs markedly on hyperplastic blood vessels in the glioblastoma multiforme. The neoplastic change observed on hyperplastic blood vessels is not affected by radiation therapy. | 165,588 | [
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Alterations in cyclic necleotides in dogs after triiodothyronine. | The effects of triiodothyronine (T3) on plasma and tissue levels (liver, adipose tissue, muscle) of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) were determined in Mongrel dogs. Plasma cyclic AMP increased to a mean plateau value 165% greater than control values in response to a single intravenous injection of T3 (100-200 mug/kg body weight). This treatment resulted in no increase in plasma cyclic GMP. In liver, cyclic AMP concentration decreased 54%, while cyclic GMP increased 137%. Adipose tissue cyclic AMP levels decreased in control animals during the experimental procedure. On the other hand, animals given T3 had stable or (in one case) increasing adipose tissue cyclic AMP levels. Hence, T3, actually maintained higher levels than that expected, in comparison to the control. Cyclic GMP levels in adipose tissue were not affected by T3. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were unchanged in muscle. In all cases, a time lag occurred (30-45 min) between administration of T3 and subsequent alterations in cyclic nucleotide levels. It was concluded that T3 is capable of altering concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in vivo and that cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP patterns of response are completely different. In liver, a converse relation of the two nucleotides is present. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that some of T3's action may be explained by its effects upon either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. | 165,647 | [
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Age dependence of plasma oestrogen response to HCG and ACTH in men. | Twelve men, 19-40 years old, and 12 men, 60-86 years old, were given ACTH and in a second test series, HCG. Oestrone, oestradiol-17beta and cortisol were measured in the plasma before and after stimulation. Under basal conditions oestrone and oestradiol as well as the percentage binding of testosterone increased significantly with age, whereas cortisol remained unchanged. The administration of HCG resulted in higher levels of both plasma oestrone and oestradiol in older subjects than in younger ones, although the percentage increase was smaller. ACTH stimulation leads to higher levels of oestrone in the older group, whereas oestradiol remained unchanged. Cortisol rose 3.5 fold in both groups. Regarding absolute concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol the ability of the adrenals and of the testes to respond to exogenous gonadotrophin and adrenocorticotrophin appeared to be preserved despite ageing, though the relative responses of oestrone and oestradiol after HCG and of oestrone after ACTH were decreased in old as compared to young men. | 165,649 | [
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Virus antibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with optic neuritis. | Virus antibody levels were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 58 patients with optic neuritis and 58 control patients with no indication of multiple sclerosis (MS) or infectious disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The specimens were tested against three different structural components of measles virus with measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI), measles hemolysis inhibition (HLI) and gel precipitation (GP) tests. Measles antibodies occurred in 62 per cent of CSF specimens from patients with optic neuritis, and 21 per cent of the controls. In the specimens from patients with optic neuritis, the positive rate figures were: for rubella HI test 35, parainfluenza-1 HI 16, and Epstein-Barr virus immunofuorescence (IF) 53 per cent. The frequencies in the control group were 10, 10 and 26 per cent, respectively. Serum/CSF antibody ratios below 80 occurred in measles tests in 45 per cent of patients with optic neuritis and 16 per cent of the control group. Some patients with optic neuritis (but none from the control group) had a reduced serum/CSF antibody ratio in more than one measles antibody test, The patients with optic neuritis had a higher frequency of low serum/CSF albumin ratios indicating blood brain barrier damage, There were, however, several patients with a normal serum/CSF albumin ratio but low serum/CSF immunoglobulin G and measles antibody ratios. This supports the hypothesis that local production of measles antibodies takes place in CNS in some patients with optic neuritis as well as in MS patients. The CSF specimens were further tested against 12 other viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae complement fixation, but there were no positive specimens. New CSF specimens were taken from five patients during optic neuritis, and from seven patients later on during the follow-up because of the appearance of new neurological symptoms. There were no changes in virus antibody levels, except for two patients with an increase of measles virus antibody titres. | 165,653 | [
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Relationship between cyclic AMP metabolism and inotropic response of perfused rat hearts to phenylephrine and other adrenergic amines. | A positive correlation between inotropic response and increment of cyclic AMP levels and labeling (from 14-C-adenine in the perfusate) was found after isoprenaline, dopamine, and phenylephrine alone, and after isoprenaline in the presence of chlorpromazine. 2. a lack of correlation between contractile activity and cyclic AMP levels and labeling was found when the hearts were exposed to phenylephrine in the presence of propranolol. The contractile activity increased, but the parameters for cyclic AMP did not change. These resuls together with findings by other workers indicate that the inotropic response to beta-stimulation always is associated with cyclic AMP accumulation, while the inotropic response to alpha-stimulation (when present) is not correlated to cyclic AMP elevation. Other differences between alpha- and beta-adrenergic effects on heart (course of development of the inotropic response, effect of theophylline on the response, effects on relaxing processes, action potential, and on refractory period) also indicate different mechanisms of action. On the basis of the available data we suggest as a conclusion that the inotropic response after alpha-adrenergic stimulation does not involve cyclic AMP as a mediator whereas beta-adrenergic effects are mediated by cyclic AMP. This means that the naturally occurring adrenergic amines norepinephrine and epinephrine, both of which are able to stimulate both alpha and beta myocardial receptors (twenzel and Su, 1966), elicit the inotropic response through two different mechanisms. Usually the beta-adrenergic effect on the heart is the more important. The contribution from alpha-stimulation, however, may increase under certain conditions: hypothyroidism or proplythiouracil treatment per se (Nakashima et al., 1971) or hypothermia (Kunos and Szentiványi, 1968; Buckley and Jordan. 1970; Benfey et al., 1973; Kunos, Yong, and Nickerson, 1973; Nickerson, 1973). Thus a single physiologic response may be mediated by more than one mechanism. Multiple mechanisms of action for one agent might have more general biologic significance; e.g., they may serve to maintain the responsiveness of a tissue under various conditions. | 165,678 | [
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Regulation of cyclic AMP content in normal and malignant brain cells. | Pharmacologic characterization of the neurotransmitter-sensitive cyclic AMP-second messenger systems of brain has proven to be a complex and difficult endeavor. At least two types of receptor appear to be involved in the mediation of the effects of NE on cyclic AMP content. One of these receptor systems appears to mediate the potentiation by NE of the effect of adenosine of cyclic AMP accumulation. The cellular heterogeneity of brain has retarded the determination of the mechanism underlying the synergistic interaction of catecholamines and adenosine. An attempt to use clonal cell lines to examine the action of NE and adenosine on cyclic AMP content has resulted in the demonstration that adenosine acts in a hormone-like fashion to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity. However, the studies did not shed light on the mechanism of synergism. An increasing number of reports are appearing which support the idea that the responsiveness of cells to neuronally released NE may involve adaptive changes in the responsiveness of the cyclic AMP-second messenger system which compensate for chronic over- or underproduction of the first messenger, NE. Evidence was presented that such a regulatory process may be operative in rat cerebral cortex. Our studies of catecholamine-induced loss of responsiveness in human astrocytoma cells have led us to the conclusion that the loss in the capacity of the cells to accumulate cyclic AMP is a result of a loss in the capacity to synthesize cyclic AMP. However, it is probable that different cells make use of different mechanisms (e.g., changes in phosphodiesterase activity) to regulate their ability to respond to hormones or neurotransmitters. The physiologic importance of this level of regulation of responsiveness to hormones is not known at this time. | 165,690 | [
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Comparisons of major cell-surface proteins of normal and transformed cells. | Transformation of the chick fibroblast surface has been studied in cells infected with Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus and the temperature-sensitive mutant of this virus, TS-68. Major findings following transformation induced by a shift from nonpermissive (41 C.) to permissive (36 C.) temperature in TS-68 infected cells were: (1) rapid cessation or slowing of the synthesis of a protein, M.W. 100-200,000, localization uncertain; (2) cessation or slowing of the synthesis of a plasma membrane protein, M.W. 45,000, within 2-4 hours; (3) cessation or slowing of the synthesis of a large trypsin- and collagenase- sensitive protein (M.W. greater than 200,000) only after an extended period of morphologic transformation. In addition, increased quantities of type-specific viral antigen in the membranes of infected cells were observed in TS-68-infected cells at 41 compared with 36 C. | 165,707 | [
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Composition of membranes of cells transformed by tumorigenic DNA and RNA viruses. | Continuous cell lines obtained from mouse and hamster embryonic tissue and human lung contain a homologous series of acidic glycolipids known as gangliosides. These complex lipids are highly concentrated in plasma cell membranes. The ganglioside pattern becomes greatly simplified when cells are transformed by tumorigenic DNA and RNA viruses. Non-transforming viruses and lytic infection of cells by tumorigenic viruses without neoplastic tranformation do not cause changes in gangliosides. The alterations of ganglioside composition are the result of specific blocks in the biosynthesis of these lipids. The significance of these impairments of membrane glycolipid formation and the nature of the regulatory site(s) involved are considered with regard to the altered social behavior of transformed cells. | 165,709 | [
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Cholagiocarcinoma in a patient previously given thorotrast. | The long-term effects of thorotrast administration include local granulomas, blood cell abnormalities, and cancer. To date, more than 100 cases of liver cancer have been reported in patients previously given this radioactive contrast material, with a latency period of approximately 22 years. We report such a case; the patient not only had a thorotrast-induced cholangiocarcinoma, but also showed striking morphologic changes in the red blood cells secondary to splenic dysfunction. | 165,715 | [
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Crohn's disease of the colon. III. Toxic dilatation of the colon in Crohn's colitis. | In a group of 160 patients with Crohn's disease involving the colon, there were seven patients with toxic dilatation, four with granulomatous colitis and three with ileocolitis, all successfully treated without mortality. This complications is more common than previously recognized in Crohn's colitis. In Crohn's disease, toxic dilatation is less likely to proceed to perforation of the bowel, because of the nature of the pathology and is more likely to respond to conservative measures: intubation, with decompression, corticotropin, steroids and high-dose antibiotic administration. Although patients do recover from this life-threatening complication with conservative management, the majority of patients, if not all, will ultimately come to surgical excision of the colon. If surgery is mandatory, it should be carried out early, rather than late, in the patient who is failing to respond to medical therapy, certainly before the development of perforation, massive hemorrhage, or gram negative sepsis with shock. The surgical therapy will depend upon the state of the bowel at laparotomy. Thus, an intact bowel in a young patient, would favor subtotal colectomy or proctocolectomy; a sealed perforation, a diverting ileostomy with skin level colostomy decompression as suggested by Turnbull and a free perforation, the minimum adequate procedure which will tide the patient over the early postoperative period. Diverting ileostomy alone has been effective in two of our patients but should be avoided in ulcerative colitis. The critically ill patient with the ominous finding of "disintegrating colitis" and multiple leaks, will require nothing less than total radical excision of the diseased bowel in the hope of immediate salvage. | 165,716 | [
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Afferent aortic nerve fibers with their pathways in cardiac sympathetic nerves. | The effect of mechanical and chemical stimulation on activity of afferent aortic nerve fibers with pathways in the cardiac sympathetic nerves has been examined. Action potentials were derived from the second or third thoracic communicating ramus of the left side of anesthetized dogs. Thirty myelinated and 19 unmyelinated fibers responded to tapping the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. Both groups of fibers also responded to a rise as well as to a fall in aortic pressure. Spontaneous discharge of myelinated fibers was related to aortic pressure pulse whereas that of unmyelinated fibers was related to respiration. Asphyxia caused excitation of unmyelinated fibers but not of myelinated fibers. Both groups of fibers responded to topical application of lactic acid. Mechanical and chemical stimulation of the aorta after vagotomy caused a rise in systemic blood pressure and extension of the limbs. The results indicate the existence of afferent aortic fibers in the cardiac sympathetic nerves that cause circulatory and somatic responses. | 165,728 | [
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Actions of a new muscle relaxant (AH8165) on neuromuscular transmission. | The effects of a new muscle relaxant, AH8165, on miniature endplate potential (MEPP) amplitude and frequency, endplate sensitivity to acetylcholine, and muscle twitch tension were studied in vitro in the frog sartorius muscle. Nerve terminal effects were studied in vivo in the cat soleus muscle and its ventral root fibers. AH8165 stimulates the nerve terminal, as evidenced by increased MEPP frequency and the appearance of post-drug repetitive activity. In the same concentration range at which MEPP frequency is increased, MEPP amplitude, endplate sensitivity to acetylcholine, and twitch tension are decreased. This suggests that AH8165 produces muscle relaxation by blocking postsynaptic cholinergic receptors. (Key works: Neuromuscular relaxants, AH8165.). | 165,756 | [
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Thymosin-induced differentiation of murine thymocytes in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. | Calf thymosin is shown to enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with allogeneic mitomycin-C- treated C57BL/J6 spleen cells. Thymosin does not enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with syngeneic mitomucin-C-treated spleen cells. Based on this finding we present a relatively simple, rapid and quantitative in vitro microculture hioassay for inducers of T-cell differentiation and propose that thymosin treatment, when accompanied by antigen presentation, induces the two-step maturational sequence of pre-T yields T1 yields T2. | 165,764 | [
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Value of special auditory tests in the latero-medial inferior pontine syndrome. | Results from a special battery of auditory tests are used to document, for the first time, recovery from a total unilateral hearing loss occurring as part of a latero-medial inferior pontine syndrome. Although sensitivity for pure tones and speech was regained within two months of onset, definite retrocochlear signs persisted for nine months. The tests which best demonstrated the lingering retrocochlear abnormality were binaural masking level difference procedures for 500 Hz pure tones and speech and examination of the amplitude of the acoustic reflex over a ten second time period. The relative sensitivity of other speech and pure tone tasks in detecting the retrocochlear problem is detailed. | 165,772 | [
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Sexual precocity associated with a hypothalamic tumour. Effects of sex hormone therapy. | A case of sexual precocity of unusually early onset and associated with a hypothalamic tumour is described. The effects of ethinyl oestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment have been monitored by plasma testosterone, FSH, and LH estimations. The results suggested a partial suppression of the tumour's influence, the mechanism of which is discussed. | 165,785 | [
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Bone changes in congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease. | We report the case of a female infant born with cytomegalic inclusion disease, in whom bone changes were present in x-rays of the tibiae and femora. She was the mother's first child and was born 8 days postmature after a normal delivery; birthweight 2.52 kg. Many infarcts were seen in the placenta. The mother had a feverish illness at the 7th month of gestation, diagnosed by family doctor as influenza. No drugs had been given. | 165,786 | [
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Collagen metabolism in rat lungs during chronic intermittent exposure to oxygen. | Collagen metabolism was studied in rat lungs during prolonged intermittent exposure to oxygen. After an initial of 2-d exposure to oxygen, the rats alternately breathed air and oxygen in 24-h periods up to 30 d. Lung histology showed perivascular edema as an early sign of oxygen toxicity. Increased capillary permeability was followed by a marked perivascular leukocytosis that was prominent between the 5th and 11th d of the treatment. During the further course of the experiment, the inflammatory response gradually diminished, and finally a network of collagen fibres filled the perivascular areas. The inflammatory process elevated the amounts of DNA and RNA in lung tissue, and the ratio of RNA to DNA was maximal on the 5th day. Studies on metabolism of lung collagen with intraperitoneally injected 3H-proline as label showed that, after the initial inflammatory reaction, both synthesis and degration of collagen were increased in oxygen-treated lungs. The increase in synthesis exceeded the rise in degradation and, therefore, collagen was accumulated. The activation of lung collagen synthesis coincided in time with a rise in the activity of lung protocollagen proline hydroxylase. | 165,807 | [
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An examination of octanol and octanal metabolism to octanoic acid by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. | The kinetics of the horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol: NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.1) catalyzed metabolism of octanol and octanal to octanoic acid have been examined. On incubation of octanol with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD+, NADH as well as octanal and octanoic acid were seen as the initial products. However, on continued incubation, the octanal concentration progressively decreased to where only negligible quantities were present in the incubation after 10 min. The production of NADH was biphasic. An initial phase was followed in about 2 min with a slower but linear rate of NADH production. The production of octanoic acid was approximately linear throughout the 10 min incubation period. Since octanal is an intermediate in the oxidation of octanol to octanoic acid, the ability of semicarbazide to inhibit the metabolism of octanol to octanoic acid was examined. At a concentration of semicarbazide which was 63 times the concentration of octanol in the incubation media, the rate of formation of octanoic acid was inhibited by only 30%. The results of these experiments suggest that in the oxidation of octanol to octanoic acid a portion of the octanal formed from octanol is not released from the enzyme but, in the presence of NAD+, is oxidized to octanoic acid. | 165,828 | [
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Role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the isoprenaline-induced relaxation of the oestrogen dominated rabbit uterus. | 1. The role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the relaxation produced by isoprenaline in muscle strips from the oestrogen dominated rabbit uterus has been investigated. 2. Isoprenaline 2 times 10- minus 8 M produced an inhibition of the mechanical activity but no increase in cyclic AMP. Isoprenaline 2 times 10- minus 6 M produced both inhibition of mechanical activity and increase in cyclic AMP. 3. The increase in cyclic AMP, but not the inhibition of mechanical activity, was blocked by propranolol 3.4 X 10-MINUS 6 M. 4. Dibutyryl-ccylic AMP produced a relaxation which mimicked that produced by isoprenaline, in that the longitudinal strips were more sensitive than the circular ones. 5. It is concluded that cyclic AMP may be a mediator of the beta-adrenergic effect in the oestrogen dominated rabbit myometrium. However, it seems not to be an obligatory link between stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors and relaxation. Other mechanisms may also exist. | 165,846 | [
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Peripheral neuropathy and indomethacin. | A patient with seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis developed a predominantly motorperipheral neuropathy associated with the use of indomethacin. Three other cases of peripheral neuropathy associated with indomethacin treatment have been reported to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. In all cases the neuropathy regressed when indomethacinwas stopped. Peripheral neuropathy should be recognized as a rare complication of indomethacin therapy and considered in the differential diagnosis of a neuropathy accompanyingrheumatoid arthritis. | 165,855 | [
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Enzymes of fructose metabolism in human kidney. | Activities of enzymes involved in fructose metabolism were measured in samples of human kidney cortex and medulla. The enzymes are ketohexokinase, aldolase, NAD- and NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, triokinase and glycerate kinase; hexose biphosphatase and sorbitol dehydrogenase were also investigated. With the exception of glycerate kinase, all enzymes involved in fructose metabolism were found in the human cortex and medulla. The enzyme levels in the medulla were low in comparison with the cortex. | 165,931 | [
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Gastric acid secretion and sleep stages during natural night sleep. | Gastric acid secretion during natural sleep was studied in 4 healthy female volunteers for 11 nights. Acid output was measured by means of intragastric titration and a telemetering capsule, and sleep was monitored continuously by recording EEG and eye movements. Compared to the waking state, sleep was found to be associated with significantly lower levels of acid secretion. Although there were no significant differences between acid secretion during sleep stages 1 to 4 and rapid eye movement (REM), acid secretion decreased with deeper stages of sleep. During all REM phases only small amounts of acid were produced. Arousal or periods of waking in the course of the night, as well as waking in the morning, were associated with an increase in acid output. | 166,004 | [
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-0.03872221... |
Interaction of collagen with serum complement: inhibition of complement-mediated hemolysis. | Collagens from various vertebrate tissues were tested for their ability to consume complement (C) activity upon incubation in human serum or with isolated components of complement. 10 of 12 collagens tested had anticomplementary activity. The heat-denatured form of collagen, gelatin, was found weakly anticomplementary, but elastin was found inactive in the interaction with C. Inactivation of C is a reaction which is dependent on the time of incubation and the collagen concentration and partially dependent on the temperature of incubation. Most collagens depleted C from human serum in presence of cation chelators, EDTA and EGTA, whereas the large part of anticomplementary activity of soluble collagens obtained from rat skin was abolished in presence of EDTA. Evidence is presented that two different principles in collagens play a role in inactivation of C. A factor, contained in insoluble collagens and inhibitable by mild oxidation with periodate, inactivates C1 directly even in presence of chelating agents. Another principle, contained in soluble and insoluble collagen and resistant to periodate treatment, depletes C in serum by utilization of C via the alternate pathway (the C3 shunt). | 166,040 | [
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Muscle fiber and motor end plate involvement in the extraocular muscles of the myotonic mouse. | The extraocular muscles of the C57BL/6Jdy-2j myotonic mouse were studied by phase and electron microscopy. The most susceptible ocular muscle was the levator palpebrae; the other muscles manifested scattered abnormalities to varying degrees. Central nucleation and fiber splitting were prominent. Junctional abnormalities consisted of a reduction in post-junctional folding, excessive numbers of axonal terminals on hypertrophic fibers, and the presence of dense granules between axon and muscle. This study demonstrates the affection of both muscle fiber and motor end plate in mouse myotonic dystrophy. | 166,048 | [
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Effects of 5-fluorouracil on exocrine glands. III. Fine structure of Brunner's glands of rats. | Effects of a pyrimidine analogue, 5-fluorouracil (Fur), have been studied by electron microscopy and by electron microscopic cytochemical techniques. Previous studies have demonstrated that rats show serious gastrointestinal disturbances 5 days after 3 daily injections of FUR (50 mg/kg). The present investigation demonstrates that Brunner's glands under the same conditions suffer certain cytological changes involving the Golgi apparatus, where a notable reduction in the number of Golgi stacks is observed. The vacuolar components in the Golgi complex appear empty. Cytochemical localizations of uridine diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activities, however, are normal. The reaction products are localized in the distal two or three lamellae of the Golgi stack and within the secretory granules nearby. In addition reaction products are present along the apical plasma membrane on the luminal side, suggesting a possible movement of these membranes from the Golgi stack, via secretory granules, to the apical plasma membrane. | 166,061 | [
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Adrenal function in hirsutism I. Diurnal change and response of plasma androstenedione, testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, LH and FSH to dexamethasone and 1/2 unit of ACTH. | ACTH dependency of plasma androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T) was determined in normal and hirsute women by measuring the magnitude of change of A and T between the time of the cortisol (F) peak and F nadir in a diurnal study. There was a significant diurnal rhythm of A synchronous with F in both normal and hirsute women (P less than 0.01). Five of 12 hirsute women had a greater than normal diurnal swing of A (P less than 0.05), but only 2 of the 12 had a greater than normal diurnal swing of T. Responsiveness of A and T to 1/2 unit of intravenous ACTH was determined after dexamethasone 1 mg was given the night before. Plasma A and T were elevated in most of the hirsute women during acute ACTH suppression by dexamethasone, indicating ACTH-independent hypersecretion of androgens. Nine of 17 hirsute women had a greater than normal A response to ACTH (P less than 0.05). Those who had an exaggerated diurnal swing of A also had hyper-responsiveness of A secretion to ACTH. Only 2 hirsute women had an exaggerated T response to ACTH. Some T levels were decreased by ACTH. Seven of the 9 hiruste women who had an exaggerated A response to ACTH had a normal maximum F response, but a greater than normal 17-hydroxy-progesterone (17-OHP) response to ACTH with a high 17-OHP to F ratio, suggesting they have a mild but compensated reduction in 21-hydroxylase or 11beta-hydroxylase activity. Two women with hyper-responsiveness of A secretion had low F and 17-OHP responses to ACTH suggesting reduced C21 but intact C19 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-delta-5,-4 isomerase activity. These apparent reduced enzyme activity may not be congenital, but induced by an altered hormonal milieu such as an abnormal androgen-estrogen ratio. It is concluded that ACTH uniformly stimulated A secretion but not T secretion and that approximately 50% of the hirsute women had ACTH-dependent hypersecretion of A, but most of these also had concurrent ACTH-independent hypersecretion of androgens. | 166,091 | [
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Physiological variation in abundance of oestrogen specific high-affinity binding sites in hypothalamus, pituitary and uterus of the rat. | High-affinity binding of [2,4,6,7-3-H]oestradiol-17 beta has been studied in cytosols prepared from hypothalami, pituitaries and uteri of female rats killed at different stages of the oestrous cycle, and in cytosols prepared from the hypothalami and pituitaries of male rats. In all cases the equilibrium dissociation constant of reaction was of the order of 10- minus 10 mol/1. The number of available high affinity sites per tissue (n) varied with physiological state. In females, n fluctuated with the oestrus cycle. In hypothalamus and pituitary, n fell by about 60 and 40% respectively in pro-oestrus, replenishment occurred during oestrus but could be delayed by phenobarbitone administration during the afternoon of pro-oestrus. In the uterus, n varied biphasically, there being peaks during dioestrus and oestrus, and troughs at pro-oestrus and metoestrus. The numbers of available sites at metoestrus were 12-5 times 10-9, 10-6 times 10-10 and 24-4 times times 10-10 for hypothalamus, pituitary and uterus respectively. In male rats, values for n were similar to those obtained for females at pro-oestrus (n/hypothalamus equals 6-8 times 10-9, n/pituitary equals 4-2 times 10-10). Binding was oestrogen specific in all the tissues studied. | 166,131 | [
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Development of parthenogenetic membranes in double-yolked and injected chicken eggs. | Development of parthenogenetic eggs is expressed in a Dark Cornish stock by either membrane or embryo formation. Double-yolked eggs have membranes developing in zero, one, or two yolks. The incidence of double-yolked eggs with two membranes was higher than expected when compared with the incidence of single-yolked eggs from the same hens. Membrane formation was increased over that of the controls by injecting saline, Ringer's solution, or ground crude membranes. Yolk and membranes filtered through a 3 mu filter or autoclaved did not increase membrane formation over that of the controls. Fertile membranes behaved like parthenogenetic membranes. | 166,142 | [
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The physiological function of nitrate reduction in Clostridium perfringens. | Fermentation-balance studies have been carried out on Clostridium perfringens grown in the presence and absence of nitrate in the medium. Nitrate is able to serve as an electron acceptor for these bacteria, permitting increased growth yields over those obtained in its absence. This increase is due to an increase in the proportion of metabolite molecules which can participate in substrate-level phosphorylation reactions when an inorganic acceptor is available. The nitrate reduction can be regarded as a primitive form of anaerobic respiration in these bacteria, since it is clearly coupled to their energy metabolism and is not assimilative in function. We believe that the existence of this kind of energy metabolism in these bacteria has significant evolutionary implications. | 166,143 | [
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Timed-release depot for anticancer agents. | The timed-release of anticancer agents from composities with poly (lactic acid) was studied in rats. In the case of cyclophosphamide-poly (lactic acid) composites, 67% of the administered dose was released within 34 days. With cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), the amount of drug released was only 9.3% within the same period. This difference might be attributed to the different solubilities of these two drugs in the polymer. Electron spectroscopy chemical analysis, a new tool, was used to investigate the extent of diffusion of drugs in polymer films. | 166,155 | [
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Behavior modification approach in a partial day treatment center. | Since the beginning of the program in September 1970, we have found that a combined behavioral program of individual therapy, home intervention, and group therapy to be the most effective for maintaining a person in his community. In addition, we have not seen a need for a full eight-hour day in the clinic. Rather, we operate on the principle that it is more adaptive to keep a patient functioning in the community (natural environment) with support from us. For the extremely or severely disorganized person, we have found the application of behavior modification principles to be the most useful in the terms of establishing and maintaining adaptive behaviors, of interruptin and decreasing maladaptive behaviors and of offering support and guidance (generalization) to patients and families. We have also increased the amount of individual therapy and intensified the home intervention program. These changes have been based upon subjective data as well as objective data (change in patient behavior while receiving and following a particular mode of therapy). The program has undergone many changes since its inception. We have found the behavior modification modality to be effective for establishing a program that patients can generalize to their community setting. Our constant thrust is to utilize already existing agencies in the community and to optimally assist the patient so that he may remain in his community. We have gone from an eclectic program to a systematic behavior modification program. The present behavioral program has been demonstrated to be an effective modality for the training of personnel. We are grateful to our staff for their cooperation and suggestions in making the program successful. In addition, we are indebted to our late Director, Curtis W; Gifford--a loyal and dedicated friend. We particularly appreciate his administrative skills and encouragement in developing an autonomous program. | 166,169 | [
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Clinicopathologic characterization of Herpesvirus saimiri malignant lymphoma in New Zealand white rabbits. | Twenty-two of 39 rabbits inoculated with Herpesvirus saimiri developed malignant lymphoma and either died or were killed between 17 and 165 days after inoculation. No clinical signs were present in animals developing the disease before 46 days, but all other rabbits had a severe conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, and dyspnea resulting from a lymphocytic invasion of the ocular and nasal tissues. Four rabbits developed terminal leukemia. Pathologically, the disease resembled H. saimiri malignant lymphoma in nonhuman primates; there was extensive diffuse infiltration of most organs and tissues with either a lymphocytic or lymphoblastic infiltrate. Tumor nodules or masses seen in some forms of malignant lymphoma were not present. In contrast to nonhuman primates, all affected rabbits showed invasion of the skin of the nose and eyelids, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, and choroid. In 3 rabbits there was slight infiltration into the brain, not noted in nonhuman primates. The susceptibility of rabbits extended the host range of H. saimiri beyond the order Primates. | 166,191 | [
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R-type virus-like particles in avian sarcoma virus-induced rat central nervous system tumors. | Morphologically distinct virus-like particles (VLP), similar to R-type VLP, were observed by electron microscopy in experimental rat central nervous system tumors induced with the B-77-C strain of avian sarcoma virus (ASV). R-type VLP have a characteristic internal radial structure and were observed previously only in hamster cells and in an established bovine cell line. They were not observed in the B-77 ASV inoculum used to induce the rat tumors or in the B-77 induced hamster glioma cells from which the B-77 was rescued. Nevertheless, the genome of an endogenous hamster R-type particle also might have been rescued and carried in the B-77 inoculum. Alternatively, R-type VLP may exist in a number of animal species, including the rat, and may be expressed in certain conditions such as neoplastic transformation. | 166,194 | [
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[The value of pyrophosphate scintigraphy for the assessment of the activity of spondylarthritis ankylopoietica (author's transl)]. | Seriological and scintigraphic activity was compared in 29 patients with spondylarthritis ankylopoietica (Bechterew's disease). Among our cases, 11 serologically active patients also had positive scans. the details being: cervical vertebral column in 5, thoracic vertebral column in 7 cases and the lumbar vertebral column and iliosacral joint in all 11 patients. In the group of 16 serologically inactive patients, 12 cases could be confirmed radiologically, in the remaining 4 early detection of ankylosing spondylarthritis was possible from the scintigraphic findings in combination with the clinical symptoms. The clinically suspected diagnosis of an incipient Bechterew's disease could not be justified in the remaining 2 patients who had no positive scintigraphic or serological results. | 166,299 | [
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Hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, and homocitrullinuria associated with decreased carbamyl phosphate synthetase I activity. | Six subjects from three sibships with hyperornithinemia, homocitrullinuria, and hyperammonemia are described. Assays of liver biopsy in one showed decreased CPS I and leukocyte assays indicate a similar defect in all six. Loading studies with ornithine and citrulline are consistent with a block early in the urea cycle between ornithine and citrulline. They thus support the results of the enzymatic assays. Similar studies with lysine and homocitrulline indicate there is excessive homocitrulline biosynthesis that is related to lysine intake, but there is no evidence of a block in the main lysine catabolic pathway. The younger more severely affected patients require protein restriction to 1.2 and 1.5 g/kg/24 hr to control hyperammonemia; hyperornithinemia remains unaffected. Adult subjects avoid large protein meals but tolerate a diet that is almost normal. The mode of inheritance of this disorder appears to be autosomal recessive. The fine structure of liver shows the presence of large and abnormally configurated mitochondria. There is a peculiar periodic structure situated closely to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and it is possible that the presence of this may be related to the impairment of transport of ornithine into the mitochondria; this in turn may give rise to hyperornithinemia. This disorder adds to the metabolic errors that suggest that there are close links of lysine metabolism to the urea cycle but the details are yet to be defined. | 166,348 | [
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A comparative study of iodine and potassium perchlorate metabolism in the laying hen. 1. incorporation of I-131 in chicken ova. | The uptake of 131-I in chicken ova was studied for 3 hours after a single intramuscular dose. There was uptake as early as 10 minutes and it continued throughout the 3 hours in spite of a rapid decrease in blood activity. The fast growing ova, weightin 0.5 to 2.0 grams, were the most efficient in the uptake of 131-I per unit weight. Autoradiograms of the topographic distribution of 131-I showed a peripheral deposition. When multiple doses were given, concentric rings in the growing ovocytes were seen. | 166,365 | [
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[The clinical value of contrast-less mammography in endocrine diseases]. | The authors analyze the X-ray picture of the changes occurring in the mammary glands in women with various endocrine diseases and in men with gynecomastia. Contrastless mammagraphy was carried out in 189 persons. In studying the mammagrams in patients with endocrine diseases assessment was made of the state of the subcutaneous-adipose cellular tissue, total dimensions of the organ. The majority of the endocrine diseases were accompanied at the initial stages of their development by changes in the endocrine gland, this serving as a direct indication for the use of contrastless roentgenography for the purpose of earlier and proper choice of the therapeutic method. | 166,370 | [
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Methylated simian virus 40-specific RNA from nuclei and cytoplasm of infected BSC-1 cells. | Host cell and virus-specific poly(A)-containing RNAs isolated from nuclei and cytoplasm of monkey kidney cells infected with simian virus 40 contain different methylated nucleotides. In the cytoplasmic simian virus 40-specific RNA, about 75% of the radioactivity derived from (methyl-3-H)methionine was in N-6-methyladenosine (N-6mA) after digestion with Penicillium nuclease and bacterial alkaline phosphatase. The remainder was in a negatively charge component with properties of 5'-terminal structures, i.e., digestion with nucleotide pyrophosphatase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase released 2'-O-methyladenosine (A-m), 2'-O-methylguanosine (G-m), and 7-methylguanosine (m-7-G), consistent with a 5'-terminal structure of the type, m7-GpppNm. The nuclear virus-specific RNA contained N6mA, GM, 2'-O-methyluridine (U-m), and a smaller proportion (10%) of nuclease-, phosphatase-resistant presumptive 5' termini that also yielded A-m, G-m, and m7-G upon further hydrolysis. The infected cell nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs that did not hybridize to DNA of simian virus 40 contained all four 2'-O-methylnucleosides. The possible role of methylation in the processing and translation of simian virus 40-specific mRNA is discussed. | 166,375 | [
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Properties of cytoplasmic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with specific lesions in cytochrome oxidase. | Two mutants with specific defects in cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.9.3.1) have been isolated from cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to the mutagens ethyl-methane sulfonate and Mn++. The mutations have been shown to be extranuclear by two criteria. The phenotype persists in diploids formed by a cross with a p-o strain of yeast of the opposite mating type. Tetrad analysis indicates a non-Mendelian segregation (4:0 and 0:4) of the mutations. Both mutants show a total absence of cytochrome oxidase activity and of spectral cytochromes a and as. One of the mutants has been shown to be missing a polypeptide synthesized by mitochondria. The migration of this protein on polyacrylamide gels corresponds to the highest-molecular-weight subunit of cytochrome oxidase. | 166,377 | [
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Neutron scattering study of human serum low density lipoprotein. | Regions of different proton density in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle from human serum have been determined by neutron scattering. From measurements in various H2O/D2O mixtures, the LDL particle appears to be quasi-spherical, with the centers of gravity of the hydrocarbon and polar regions coinciding. The average volume occupied by a particle was found to be 3.2 X 10-6 A-3, with the volume fraction occupied by the hydrocarbons being 60%. The ratius of gyration of the hydrocarbon region was 64 A, while that of the polar region was 100 A. consequently, the core of LDL is predominantly occupied by the hydrocarbon chains, while the outer shell is sparsely occupied by protein emerging from the lipid core. | 166,382 | [
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Action of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and synthesis of prostaglandin in the pituitary gland. | The possibility that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) may play a role in luteinizing hormone (LH) release was examined using an in vitro model. Addition of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) to the culture medium stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and LH-release by incubated hemipituitaries, but did not affect the level of PGE2 or prostaglandin synthetase activity in the gland. Aspirin and indomethacin reduced both prostaglandin synthetase activity and PGE2 or prostaglandin synthetase activity in the gland. Aspirin and indomethacin reduced both prostaglandin synthetase activity and PGE2 content in the pituitary, but did not impair the stimulatory action of LH-RH on either cyclic AMP accumulation or LH-release. Flufenamic acid on its own caused LH-release, but the drug abolished the effect of LH-RH on cyclic AMP accumulation. The mechanism of this action of flufenamic acid is not understood. It is concluded that the stimulatory action of LH-RH on pituitary cyclic AMP production and LH release is not mediated by prostaglandins. | 166,417 | [
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Pseudorabies virus - induced neural hyperreactivity following occular and skin infections in the rat. | The types of functional disturbances caused by a neurotropic virus was investigated by means of neurophysiological techniques. Two types of neurophysiologic lesions were produced in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and sural nerve in rats infected with two distinct strains of pseudorabies virus. The pruritus-producing strain following intraocular inoculation displayed spontaneous activity in the ganglia both in vivo and in vitro. This activity was susceptible to the actions of ATP, AMP, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Following intradermal inoculation, spontaneous activity and pruritus were seen along the sural nerve. The non- pruritus producing strain caused meningoencephalitis with impaired sympathetic synaptic conduction. The relationship of these pathopharmacologic findings to pathogenesis of syndromes naturally or experimentally occurring in viral infection was assessed. | 166,421 | [
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Induced adhesion in Crassostrea virginica larvae. | Normal motile veliger larvae of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, were observed swimming in pairs or trios. Adhesion between animals is firm and has a specific orientation. This adhesion can be induced in low frequencies by culturing larvae at high densities, and in much higher frequencies by inclusion of an antibiotic mix in the seawater culture medium. | 166,435 | [
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[2 cases of hepatorenal polycystosis]. | The authors report two cases of polycystic liver andkidney in two women. They were unusual in that the liver first gave risr to symptoms and the renal lesions were completely latent. Both hepatic and renal lesions were well tolerated in spite of hepatomegally. They emphasize the interest of laparoscopy and biopsy of the liver under direct vision, and selective aortography, in the diagnosis. They discuss the basic differences between polycystic liver and kidney in adults, from that in children ornewborn, and caroli's disease. Finally, they emphasize the usually poor prognosis dominated by progressive renal failure which should guide treatment. The latter depends on periodic supervision of the patient for the disease usually evolves slowly. Treatment should therefore be conservative. Tn some cases, however, renal transplantaton should be considered before irreversible renal failure in young subjects, at an age when it is still possible. On the other hand, the liver lesions do not require any radical treatment, unless there is intercurrent infection or pressure on neighbouringorgans. | 166,438 | [
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Ultrastructural-morphometric analysis of the rat prostate (ventral lobe). | A morphometric model, which provides information on the structure of the normal gland (ventral lobe) has been developed for the rat prostate. The model consists of morphologically defined space and membrane compartments, which are used to describe the specific components of the protein and enzyme synthesizing and secreting glandular cells. The results presented are relative to a cubic centimeter of prostatic tissue, a cubic centimeter of acinar parenchyma and glandular cell cytoplasm. Special interest was given to the cell compartments which are involved in protein and enzyme synthesis. | 166,474 | [
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[Study of glycogen metabolism in the liver in type III glycogenosis (limit dextrinosis)]. | Data on biochemical study of a patient with glycogenosis of the III type (limit dextrinosis) are presented. In a punctate of liver tissue absence of amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity and significant accumulation of glycogen, which was anomalous in structure, were noted. Loading with galactose and adrenaline caused alterations typical for the III type of glycogenosis. Content of glucose and lactate in blood were also studied in response to the peroral administration of glucose and protein. In erythrocytes of the patient the polysaccharide structure was shown to be anomalous; it resembled the structure of a polysaccharide from liver tissue of the patient. | 166,513 | [
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A study on the influence of papovavirus upon encephalitis caused by SSPE agent. | To investigate a possible interaction between the SSPE agent and papovaviruses, histopathological and statistical evaluations were made of encephalitis induced in hamsters by intracerberal inoculation with isolates from SSPE and PML patients, and with BK virus, alone or in combination. With SSPE virus alone, hamster brains showed a reduction of susceptibility to encephalitis with increasing age. A modification of the pathology of SSPE encephalitis was observed after administration of the PML isolate or BK virus: encephalitis was either enhanced or inhibited depending on the time the papovaviruses were administered. A possible mechanism of interaction between SSPE and papovaviruses is briefly discussed. | 166,547 | [
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Experimentally induced malakoplakia. | Malakoplakia was induced experimentally by introducing large amounts of crude endotoxin-antigen comples of 075 Escherichia coli (E. coli 12797 CDC 0 group 75) into the kidneys and testes of rats. First leukocytes, then granulation tissue composed mainly of characteristic macrophages, the so-called Hansemann cells, appeared around the endotoxin-antigen mass. On the eighth day following the injection, deposition of calcium phosphate into the cytosegresomes of macrophages began and acused the formation of the Michaelis-Gutmann bodies necessary for the diagnosis of malakoplakia. The induction of the same process in humans by E coli endotoxin seems to be possible. | 166,563 | [
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Seizure activity and anticonvulsant drug concentration. | Current methods permit frequent, accurate serum anticonvulsant drug concentration measurements and continuous, 24-hour electroencephalographic recording with minimal environmental restriction. These techniques were used to perform longitudinal, 24-hour recordings of electroencephalographic paroxysmal activity and sleep-wake state concurrently with frequent measurements of serum anticonvulsant drug concentrations in two patients with poorly controlled convulsions. Drug administration was designed with the intent of producing high serum concentrations at times of maximum electroencephalographic paroxysmal activity. The suppression of clinical seizures coincided with decreased numbers of paroxysmal bursts in the electroencephalogram and increased serum anticonvulsant drug concentration. | 166,630 | [
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Phosphorylation of the lysine-rich histones throughout the cell cycle. | The phosphorylating of the lysine-rich histone at various stages in the cell cycle has been studied. In rapidly dividing cell populations the lysine-rich histone is phosphorylated rapidly after synthesis and more slowly once bound to the chromosome. The half-life of hydrolysis of such interphase phosphorylation in 5 hr except during mitosis when the phosphata hydrolysis increases almost three-fold. During mitosis there is extensive phosphorylation at sites different from those phosphorylated during interphase and a smaller measure of sites common to both mitotic and interphase cells. The sites of mitotic phosphorylation are most critically distinguished from those phosphorylated in interphase by the rapidly hydrolysis of M-phase phosphohistone when the cells divide and enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle. | 166,660 | [
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EPR studies on the respiratory chain of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mutants with a deficiency in succinate dehydrogenase. | 1. Three nuclear mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in succinate dehydrogenase have been isolated. Two of these mutants are allelic. 2. The amount of covalently bound flavin of submitochondrial particles of the two allelic mutants is about 14% and that of the third mutant about 50% of the amount in wild-type particles. The turnover number of succinate dehydrogenase of particles is decreased in all mutants. The turnover number of fumarate reductase is increased in the two allelic mutants, but decreased in the third mutant. 3. EPR spectra, measured at 82 degrees K, show that the amplitude of the g equals 1.93 signal in particles of the two allelic mutants is less than 10% of that in wild-type particles. It is concluded that iron-sulphur centres other than those of succinate dehydrogenase make only a negligible contribution to the line at g equals 1.93 in wild-type particles. 4. EPR measurements below 20 degrees K show that the amplitude of the signal at g equals 2.01 detected in oxidized particles is decreased in particles of the two allelic mutants. 5. A signal with lines at g equals 2.027 and g equals 1.933 is detected at low temperatures in all particle preparations, even in those from a cytoplasmic petite mutant. It is suggested that this signal is derived from a contaminant and not from the inner membrane. | 166,668 | [
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Spin label evidence for the role of lysoglycerophosphatides in cellular membranes of hibernating mammals. | The phospholipid composition of ground squirrel heart muscle changes during hibernation: more lysoglycerophosphatides are found in the hibernating state than in the active state. Phase transitions inferred from spin label motion occur in the usual manner typical of mammalian mitochondria for the mitochondria and mitochondrial lipids from active squirrels. However, a conspicuous absence of a spin label-detectable phase transition is observed in equivalent preparations from hibernating animals. The addition of lysolecithin to preparations from active squirrels removes the break and induces a straight line in the Arrhenius plot. The lack of a spin label-detectable phase transition in hibernating animals, therefore, is attributed to an increased content of lysoglycerophosphatides present in the phospholipids during hibernation. | 166,691 | [
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The control of anaerobic glycolysis by glucose transport and ouabain in slices of hepatoma 3924A. | 1. The activities of glycolysis and K-+ transport have been studied in slices of Morris hepatoma 3924A incubated under anaerobic conditions in the presence of different concentrations of glucose (1-50 mM). 2. Ouabain-sensitive net transport of K-+ was observed at all glucose concentrations greater than 1 mM; ouabain reduced the rate of glycolysis by about 25% at all glucose concentrations able to support ion transport. 3. The net entry of glucose into the intracellular phase was studied at varying glucose concentrations. The rate of glucose entry was similar to the rate of glucose utilisation by anaerobic glycolysis at medium concentrations of 10 mM and less, but exceeded the rate of glycolysis at 20 mM and above. 4. The glucose entry was not Na-+-dependent and was not inhibited by ouabain. 5. The results suggest (a) that the reduction in glycolytic activity caused by ouabain is not due to an inhibition of glucose transport and (b) that the glucose transport system of this poorly differentiated hepatoma has properties similar to that of normal liver. | 166,693 | [
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Tissue fractionation in rat brain, kidney and liver. I. Intracellular localization of a 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid requiring enzyme. | The intracellular distribution of N-methyl-transferase requiring 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid (5 MT-NMT) was studied in brain, kidney and liver of rats. Among these different tissues, the kidney displayed the highest enzyme activity, more than 20 times the activity detected in the brain. As the striatum and, to a lesser extent the hypothalamus, were found to contain slightly higher 5 MT-NMT than other cerebral regions, they were also selected for the study of the subcellular localization. Tissue fractionation was performed by differential centrifugation yielding five different fractions which were analyzed for their enzymatic content not only of 5 MT-NMT but also of marker enzymes, such as cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase and inosine diphosphatase. In all the tissues studied, 5 MT-NMT was recovered in the supernatant fraction. Therefore one may consider this enzyme to belong to the cytosol. Although a neuronal localization cannot be excluded, it is beyond doubt that the enzyme is contained in other cellular types. In the brain fractionation, the five fraction procedure seems to be very useful especially when the subcellular distribution of a given enzyme is compared to that obtained in other tissues like liver or kidney. Finally 5 MT-NMT may be considered a good marker enzyme for the supernatant fraction. | 166,705 | [
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Effect of chronic marijuana administration of stages of primate sleep-wakefulness. | The effects of the repeated administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sleep-wakefulness patterns were studied in adult male squirrel monkeys. The percent time spent in slow wave sleep was reduced with chronic treatment and failed to return to base line levels after 30 days of recovery. The amount of time spent in Stage 1 or drowsy state increased with repeated treatment and remained elevated through recovery. Changes observed in other stages of sleep-wakefulness were sensitive to repeated treatment with marijuana but were found to return to base line levels during recovery. | 166,711 | [
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Electron microscopic findings of cells with inclusion bodies in experimental hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. | The spleen, liver, bone marrow and intestines of two turkeys in which hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys was experimentally reproduced were examined electron-microscopically. Intranuclear inclusion bodies as described in a previous report were found in all the tissues examined. These occupied most of the area in affected nuclei and were composed of viral particles with morphological characteristics of an adenovirus. The cells with the inclusions were divided into two types of cells, immature and reticular cells. There was some variety in the stage of differentiation of the former cells. As the viral particles developed the cells degenerated and disintegrated. A few particles had been released into the cytoplasm of the degenerated cells but no particles were present in intercellular spaces. | 166,739 | [
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Response of hepatic carbohydrate and cyclic AMP metabolism to cadmium treatment in rats. | Daily intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (0.25 or 1 mg/kg) for 21 or 45 days into rats significantly stimulated the activities of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, increased the concentrations of glucose and urea in the blood, and decreased the levels of glycogen in the liver. Whereas chronic cadmium treatment failed to alter adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) activity, the endogenous levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and the activity of basal- and fluoride-stimulated forms of hepatic adenylate cyclase (AC) were markedly increased in cadmium-injected animals. Treatment with the higher dose (1.0 mg/kg) of cadmium chloride for 45 days produced greater metabolic alterations in hepatic tissue than those seen with the lower dose (0.25 mg/kg) given for a shorter period of time (21 days). Discontinuation of cadmium administration for 14 days in rats previously injected with cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg per day) for 21 days, failed to reverse the observed changes in hepatic cAMP or carbohydrate metabolism. A similar persistence of metabolic alterations was noted in rats treated with cadmium (1 mg/kg per day) for 45 days and subsequently maintained without additional treatment for 28 days. Administration of an acute dose of cadmium chloride (60 mg/kg) decreased hepatic phosphodiesterase activity and glycogen content 1 h after the injection. In addition, acute cadmium exposure increased blood glucose, serum urea, and hepatic cAMP levels, and produced an augmentation of basal- and fluoride-activated AC. However, the activities of various hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes remained unaffected in animals given an acute dose of cadmium chloride (60 mg/kg). Data provide evidence that suggests that the gluconeogenic potential of liver is markedly enhanced following chronic exposure to cadmium and that the cadmium-induced changes in carbohydrate metabolism may be associated with an enhanced synthesis of cAMP. In addition, the present study shows that the cadmium-induced metabolic alterations persist even after the cessation of cadmium treatment for a period of 28 days. | 166,749 | [
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Leoprosy- clinical aspectos of nerve involvement. | Leprosy is the cause of the commonest peripheral neuropathy. The predilection of Mycobacterium leprae for nerve tissue accounts for the clinical features that are most dreaded and most characteristic of the disease. Were it not for the progressive destruction of peripheral nerve trunks and the consequences of this, leprosy would largely remain a cutaneous condition of cosmetically unsightly hypopigmented or erythematous areas and aggregations of nodular thickenings. The neurologic damage in leprosy is confined to postganglionic changes. The central nervous system is protected, although rarely in experimental situations organisms have been reported in cerebral tissues. | 166,794 | [
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Leprosy--histopathologic aspects of nerve involvement. | The most striking single feature of the clinical manifestations of leprosy is the very wide range of appearances shown by the skin lesions. These include the vague, hypopigmented macules of indeterminate leprosy; the large, sharply defined hypopigmented anaesthetic lesions of tuberculoid leprosy; the nodules and diffuse infiltration of lepromatous leprosy; and a wide range of plaques and annular lesions of the intermediate (borderline or dimorphous) types of disease. From superficial appearances it would be impossible to say that these were manifestations of the same infection. Moreover, histologically there is a similar wide range of appearances, including minimal lymphocyte infiltration around the neurovascular bundles in indeterminate leprosy; epithelioid granulomata with Langhans' giant cells and virtually no bacilli to be seen in tuberculoid cases; and in lepromatous leprosy, histiocytic infiltration occupying the whole thickness of the dermis, with massive parasitisation by Mycobacterium leprae, of which there may be up to 10-9 per gram of tissue. Strain differences have been recognised, but appear not to be responsible for this remarkable range of manifestations; they are caused by variations in the soil, not in the seed. Leprosy is almost unique among infectious diseases in the importance that host factors play in its development. The different clinical appearances shown by different types of leprosy can be graded into a continuous series, forming a spectrum from the single or scanty lesions of tuberculoid leprosy to the total body involvement o lepromatous; and the patient with leprosy can indeed truly be said to wear his skin lesions like medals displaying his capacity to resist Myco. leprate. The histopathologic features of the developed disease have a similar spectrum, from an epithelioid granuloma to infiltration with histiocytes that are full of bacilli and are ultimately converted to foam cells (Virchow cells)... | 166,795 | [
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Red cell enzymes. | As compared to other cells of the body, the mammalian red cell has one of the simplest structural organizations. As a result, this cell has been extensively used in studies involving the structure, function, and integrity of cell membranes as well as cytoplasmic events. Additionally, the metabolic activities of the red blood cell are also relatively simple. During the past quarter century or so, an ocean of knowledge has been gathered on various aspects of red cell metabolism and function. The fields of enzymes, hemoglobin, membrane, and metabolic products comprise the major portion of this knowledge. These advances have made valuable contributions to biochemistry and medicine. Despite these favorable aspects of this simple, anucleated cell, it must be conceded that our knowledge about the red cell is far from complete. We are still in the dark concerning the mechanism involved in several aspects of its membrane, hemoglobin, enzymes, and a large number of other constituents. For example, a large number of enzymes with known catalytic activity but with unknown function have eluded investigators despite active pursuit. This review will be a consolidation of our present knowledge of human red cell enzymes, with particular reference to their usefulness in the diagnosis and therapy of disease. Owing to the multitude of publications by prominent investigators on each of the approximately 50 enzymes discussed in this review, it was impossible to cite a majority of them. | 166,798 | [
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Contraceptive steroid binding to the human uterine progesterone-receptor. | Using an equilibrium dialysis method, the competition was investigated between tritated-progesterone and a range of synthetic steroids for binding to 20,000 g. supernatants of human uterine endometrium and myometrium. Both types of uterine tissue showed similar patterns of progestogen binding and probably contain similar, or even identical, progesterone receptors. The gonane progestogen norgestrel binds strongly to the uterine receptors, but only the d-isomer is active. All three pregnane progestogens used in this study (chlormadinone acetate, medroxprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate) also showed significant binding to receptors, but for the estrane progestogens, norethisterone was the only compound to show a high binding capacity. Other estranes (ethynodiol diacetate, lynestrenol, norethisterone acetate, norethynodrel) showed insignificant binding to the receptors and probably require prior metabolic activation to norethisterone before they can induce progestogenic effects. | 166,800 | [
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A method for determination of the specific activity of receptor-bound human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). | Precise knowledge of the specific activity (S.A., muc/mug) of the receptor bound radiolabelled hormone is required for study of the stoichiometry of peptide hormone-receptor interactios. A radioligand receptor assay using 131-I-hCG as tracer and transplantable mouse luteoma homogenates (Biol. Reprod. 8:550, 1973) as a source of receptor was used as a model to determine the specific activity of receptor bound 125-I-hCG. Progressive saturation of the gonadotropin receptor by 125-I-hCG suggests the presence of a high affinity-low capacity binding event (saturating between 14 and 37 ng/100 mg homogenate) that does not distinguish between non-radioactive hCG and 125-I-hCG, and a low affinity-high capacity binding event (saturating between 240 and 270 ng/100 mg homogenate) that shows a preference for non-radioactive hCG over 125-I-hCG. Parallelism between bound 125-I-hCG and non-radioactive hCG in terms of competition with tracer 131-I-hCG could only be demonstrated for the high affinity event. | 166,818 | [
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Stimulation of division of Y1 adrenal cells by a growth factor isolated from bovine pituitary glands. | The effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) on the initiation of DNA synthesis and on the rate of division of the Y1 adrenal cell line has been investigated. In sparse populations of Y1 cells (4 times 10- minus 3 cells/cm2) maintained in 0.2 percent calf serum, FGF was able to initiate DNA synthesis to the same extent that an optimal concentration of serum could. Cells maintained in 0.2 percent calf serum sustained continuous growth when given 5 ng/ml of FGF daily. Cultures fixed and stained with crystal violet showed FGF colonies to be of equivalent size and quantity as those with serum alone. Insulin had no mitogenic activity of its own at concentrations as high as 500 ng/ml nor did it have any potentiating effect on the mitogenic activity of FGF. Glucocorticoids (0.1 mug/ml to 1 mug/ml) inhibited (25 percent) the initiation of DNA synthesis as well as the rate of division induced by FGF. ACTH (0.75 IU/ml) was clearly inhibitory. Not only did it reduce the rate of division of cells in serum but it also reduced the rate of DNA synthesis and inhibited division in the presence of FGF. | 166,822 | [
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The effect of LH/FSH, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and prostaglandins on the production of estrogens by rabbit granulosa cells in vitro. | The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of trophic hormones on the production of estrogens by rabbit granulosa cells. A pure population of these cells was isolated from preovulatory follicles (1-15 mm in diameter) of estrous rabbits, and cultured for 6 days with either one or a combination of the following hormones: androstenedione, Pergonal (LH/FSH), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bu2cAMP), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The medium was collected every 2 days and progesterone (P), estrone (E1) and estradiol-17 beta (E2beta) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Granulosa cells cultured as controls (i.e., without exogenous trophic hormones) secreted P spontaneously and its secretion was stimulated 100 to 1,000 fold with LH/FSH and Bu2cAMP, but not with PGF2alpha or PGE2. Androstenedione, either alone or with trophic hormones had no apparent effect on the cytology of the granulosa cells or their ability to secrete P. In the absence of exogenous androstenedione, the cultures produced very small amounts of E1 or E2beta (smaller than 100 pg/ml), either spontaneously or in response to LH/FSH, B12cAMP, PGF2alpha, or PGE2. Incubating granulosa cells with exogenous androstenedione (1 mug/ml) resulted in a 30- to 150-fold increase in E2beta production, which was stimulated an additional 3- to 5-fold with LH/FSH and Bu2cAMP, but not with PGF2alpha or PGE2. In most cultures, E2beta production was restricted to the first 2 days in vitro. Bu2cAMP, however, maintained E2beta production at relatively high levels throughout the duration of the experiment, but there was a progressive decrease in its production. The production of E1 was only 5 percent of E2beta, but the pattern of secretion was similar for both estrogens. These results suggest that cyclic AMP could have a role in regulating the synthesis of estrogens by rabbit granulosa cells. | 166,823 | [
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Effects of TSH on iodide transport by mouse thyroid lobes in vitro. | Thyroidal iodide concentration by in vitro mouse thyroid lobes was studied by determining the equilibrium tissue/medium iodide, concentration ratio (T/M[I-]), THYROIDAL I- influx, and thyroidal I-efflux in the presence and absence of ClO4-. Chronic thyroid stimulation by low dietary iodine increased the T/M[I-], and the increase was linearly related to I- influx. There was no difference in efflux rate when animals fed low and high iodine diets were compared, although the efflux with C104- added to block influx was increased by low iodine diet. Addition of TSH in vitro caused a delayed fall in T/M[I-] with a similar TSH concentration-dependence as colloid droplet formation. The TSH effect was mimicked by exogenous cyclic AMP but could be dissociated from stimulation of hormone release by colchicine. Thyroidal I- efflux was increased up to 20-fold by C104-. In the presence of C104- short-term and equilibrium-labeled I- exited at the same rate, but in the absence of C104- short-term-labeled I- efflux was consistently higher. The TSH-induced fall in T/M I- could be accounted for by increased iodide efflux. As TSH also increased efflux when influx was blocked by C104-, the TSH effect would seem due to an increased intrinsic follicular leakiness. | 166,827 | [
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The effect of dietary rape-seed oil on cholesterol-ester metabolism and cholesterol-ester-hydrolase activity in the rat adrenal. | The effects of stock diet and stock diet supplemented by olive oil and rape seed on rat adrenal cholesterol ester metabolism have been studied. Rats fed rape seed oil failed to gain weight at the same rate as rats fed olive oil. A prominent feature of the rats fed rape seed oil was an accumulation of high concentrations of cholesterol erucate in the adrenal lipid droplets. When these rats were subjected to an ether stress no percentage decrease in the amount of cholesterol erucate was observed. Adrenal cholesterol ester hydrolase activity was higher in rats fed the olive oil and rape seed oil diets than rats fed the stock diet. In rats fed stock or olive oil diets, a ten-minute ether anaesthesia stress resulted in a two-fold increase in activity of adrenal cholesterol ester hydrolase. Cofactor addition of ATP, cyclic AMP and MgCl-2 in vitro resulted in a stimulation of cholesterol ester hydrolase to a similar activity in both quiescent and ether-stressed rats. By contrast rats fed the rape seed oil diet gave no significant stimulation of cholesterol ester hydrolase activity when given an ether stress or when cofactors were added in vitro. Cholesterol erucate was hydrolysed at only 25% to 30% of the rate of cholesterol oleate in vitro in all groups of animals. Oleic acid added in vitro gave an inhibition of cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in rats fed stock diet while erucic acid activated the enzyme. The accumulation of cholesterol erucate in the adrenal when rats are fed rape seed oil could be due to the reduced ability of cholesterol ester hydrolase to hydrolyse this ester. | 166,839 | [
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The detection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA) by anticomplement immunofluorescence. Immunoglobulin class of antibodies and role of complement. | The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) was detected by anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) in Raji lymphoblastoid cell line, and the mechanism of the reaction explored, using Ig fractions of anti-EBNA sera and purified components of complement. Following fractionation of serum from 13 donors, anti-EBNA antibodies were always found to be associated with IgG, but were also detectable in the IgM fraction of four sera. Sequential addition of functionally pure complement components in the ACIF reaction showed that the classical sequence of complement activation in involved. Anti-EBNA antibody reactions in Raji cell nuclei can also be detected by anti-Ig immunofluorescence with a low level of sensitivity. The same pattern of granular fluorescence was observed when C3 (beta1A/beta1C), or C4 or IgG anti-EBNA antibodies were revealed with the corresponding flurescein-conjugated reagents. Blocking of the ACIF reaction was achieved with Fab 2 anti-EBNA antibody fragments, which therefore provided an appropriate specificity control for the detection of EBNA. | 166,939 | [
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Interference of pregnancy steroid hormones with FPN test for estimation of phenothiazine derivatives in urine. | Interference of pregnancy steroid hormones with FPN test for estimation of some phenothiazine derivatives in urine has been investigated. The FPN test was positive in 97.9% of urine samples obtained from pregnant women. It is supposed that metabolites of estrogens and progestagens present in higher amounts in urine samples of these women are responsible for this positivity. | 166,958 | [
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Multiple forms of cytochrome b in Mycobacterium phlei: kinetics of reduction. | The kinetics of reduction of the b-type cytochromes in the electron transport particles (ETP) from Mycobacterium phlei were studied with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) or succinate as electron donors. There appeared to be three active cytochromes b in the ETP,bS563 and bS559, which were reducible by either substrate, and bN563, which was reducible by NADH but not by succinate. In the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a substantial increase in b563 reduction was observed with succinate at anaerobiosis. This was followed by a decrease in absorption. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate did not effect an increase in cytochrome b563 reduction at transition with NADH, but the occurrence of a secondary decrease in absorption was reflected in a decrease in total enzymatic reduction. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate effect was altered in trypsin-treated ETP, and abolished by uncoupling agents or by removal of the coupling factor-latent adenosine triphosphatase. In the presence of a supernatant fraction obtained during the preparation of the ETP, b563 reduction with succinate was greatly increased. A smaller increase was observed with NADH. Cytochrome b reduction was also studied in ETP inhibited by 2-n-nonylhydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, which appears to inhibit at bS563. On the basis of these data the interrelationships among the b-type cytochromes can be described in relation to the M. phlei electron transport chain. | 166,977 | [
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Mechanism of the isomerization of isopentenyl pyrophosphate in Rhodotorual rubra-1. | Stereospecifically labeled mevalonic acid was incorporated into the carotenoids of Rhodotorula. The randomized results are discussed in relation to mechanisms proposed for the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and the prenol transferase enzyme system to Rhondotorula rubra. | 166,981 | [
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Electron paramagnetic resonance and water proton relaxation rate studies of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase-manganous ion complexes. Evidence for involvement of substrates in the promotion of a catalytically competent active site. | Conformational properties of the active site of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium cylindrosorum have been examined by EPR spectroscopy and by solvent proton relaxation rate (PPR) studies of manganous complexes with the enzyme. Ternary enzyme-Mn-nucleotide complexes give EPR spectra which are very similar to those for the binary Mn-nucleotide complexes. However, upon addition of tetrahydrofolate to form the quaternary complexes, enzyme-MnADP-tetrahydrofolate and enzyme MnATP-tetrahydrofolate the EPR line shapes are changed substantially. Spectra for the quaternary complexes exhibit narrow line widths, and the splitting patterns are characteristic of a slightly asymmetric electronic environment for the bound Mn(II). Addition of formate to the ADP quatenary complex induces a further significant narrowing of the EPR line widths, although in the absence of tetrahydrofolate, formate does not influence the EPR spectrum for the enzyme-MnADP species. Both Pi and nitrate cause changes in the EPR patterns for the higher complexes of the enzyme which involve both ADP and tetrahydololate. However, the Pi effect is not influenced by the presence of formate whereas the characteristic effect of nitrate is potentiated only when formate is present. EPR sectra for the thernary complex with the beta, gamma-methylene analog of ATP App(CH2)p differ significantly from spectra for the binary App(CH)p complex is not influenced by further additions of tetrahydrofolate and of tetrahydorfolate and formate. The failure of spectra for the App(CH)p complex to respond to additions of the other substrates for the reaction is in marked contrast to the behavior found for the natural nucleotide substrates and is tentatively attributed to the lack of a protein-mediated interaction between the nucleotide and tetrahydrofolate binding sites in the analog complex. The frequency dependence of solvent PRR in the presence of the various complexes allows an estimate of the correlation times for electron-nuclear dipolar interaction and thereby the extent of hydration of the bound Mn(II) among the various complexes.. | 166,989 | [
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The role of Ca-2+ and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in insulin release induced in vitro by the divalent cation ionophore A23187. | Insulin release from isolated perifused pancreatic islets was stimulated by the divalent ionophore A23187 in the absence of exogenous glucose. In addition, A23187 produced a 2-fold elevation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels in isolated perifused islets. The elevation of cAMP levels coincided with peak insulin release. Ionophore-induced insulin release was unaffected by pretreatment of the islets with theophylline (5 mM). Stimulation of insulin release produced by the ionophore occurred either in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca-2+; however, cAMP accumulation required the presence of extracellular Ca-2+. The ionophore (10 muM) had no effect on adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates of isolated islets. The results of this study are interpreted as indicating that intracellular Ca-2+ has an essential role in the insulin releasing mechanism, whereas the cAMP system has a modulatory effect on this process. | 166,996 | [
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Rapid identification of amino acid derivatives from the sequenator. | A simple procedure is described for converting thiazolinones, from the protein sequenator, to the more stable phenylthiohydantoins without using the conventional HCI conversion procedure. The thiazolinones are applied to a silica gel plate and converted to phenylthiohydantoins by heating at 140 for 5-10 min, in the presence of heptafluorobutyric acid, prior to chromatography. After chromatography, measurements of the yields of the derivatives on the plate can be made with a variable-wave-length thin-layer chromatography scanner. This is shown to be a useful adjunct for identifications. | 167,051 | [
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Analysis for organophosphorus insecticides and metabolites. | Extraction and cleanup methods used for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides are similar to those used for chlorinated hydrocarbons but differ in some important details. Many organophosphates are lost during extraction of acetonitrile solutions containing organophosphates with petroleum ether; dichloromethane is substituted. Also, cleanup by column chromatography on mixed adsorbents containing charcoal results in better recoveries than can be obtained on Florisil alone. The detectors used for measurement of organophosphates by GLC are almost unique for this group of compounds. TLC is very useful for confirming the identities of the compounds, and several promising optical methods are available for their measurement. Methods for the analysis of metabolites of this group are basically similar, since all organophosphates undergo dealkylation reactions and cleavage of the acid anhydride bond. However, measurement of the polar group which is removed during phosphorylation or other reactions involving cleavage of the acid anhydride bond is a problem unique for each compound. | 167,052 | [
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Transport of dietary cholesterol into blood and milk of the goat. | Position 4 labeled carbon-14 cholesterol was placed in abomasums (stomachs) of two lactating goats. Blood and milk samples were collected from the animals for 5 to 13 days. Specific activities of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in various fractions of blood serum and milk were determined to reveal pathways by which dietary cholesterol enters milk. Results with the two animals showed similar trends. Within 24 h both cholesterol and cholesteryl esters of the three principal serum lipoproteins of the goat were labeled, and this labeling persisted in substantial degree for the 13-day experiment. Specific acities for cholesteryl esters in milk fat globules exhibited several remarkable attributes: they fluctuated in intensity with a 3-to 4-day cycle reaching a maximum at 7 to 8 days after tracer injection; they exceeded cholesteryl ester specific activity in the skim milk by an order of magnitude; and at their maximum they exceeded all specific activities for serum components. The results of this investigation exemplify the ease with which dietary cholesterol enters and crosses membranes in the animal body. | 167,066 | [
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The pituitary-adrenal system of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. | Adult genetically obese (ob/ob) mice which are characterized by adrenal hypertrophy and increased secretion of corticosteroids have considerably increased levels of ACTH in the pituitary gland. At 5 weeks of age there is no difference in the pituitary ACTH content of lean and obese animals and dietary restriction, sufficient to maintain body weight at normal values, reduces the pituitary ACTH content of adult obese mice from 14 times the level found in lean litter-mate controls to almost normal values. Using an in-vitro perifusion system, the release of ACTH from isolated pituitary glands was studied. Pituitaries from lean and obese mice responded similarly to stimulation with a crude extract of hypothalamic tissue containing coticotrophin releasing factor (CRF). The CRF content of the hypothalamus in both groups appears to be similar. In contrast with the high pituitary content, plasma values for ACTH in unstressed obese mice are not increased. The results are discussed in relation to other evidence for a hypothalamic disorder in ob/ob mice. | 167,093 | [
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Ultrastructural aspects of BK virus uptake and replication in human fibroblasts. | After exposure of human embryonic fibroblasts to BK virus, virus particles adsorbed to the plasma membrane were engulfed by pinocytosis or captured by vesicles, possibly originating from the endoplasmic reticulum, within 2 h after infection. Most of the virus particles were then transported into lysosomes or into the nucleus, while a small amount of virus was found free in the cytoplasm. Virus particles entered the nucleus between 2 and 12 h after infection, were still detectable in the nucleus at 24 h after infectionand becamse morphologically undiscernible at 30 h after infection, suggesting that a nuclear uncoating mechanism was active between 24 and 30 h after infection. Virus progeny started to appear in the nucleus of infected cells at 4 days after infection, but not until 7 to 8 days after infection did the virus escape into the cytoplasm and cell degeneration became evident. The possible explanations for the long replicative cycle of BK virus are discussed. | 167,108 | [
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-... |
Location and abundance of poly (A) sequences in Sendai virus messenger RNA molecules. | Adenine-rich sequences from 18S Sendai virus messenger RNA species were 99% adenylate, 3'-OH terminal, and were present in at least 50% of the RNA molecules. Intact virus messenger RNA molecules were resistant to exonucleolytic attack by polynucleotide phosphorylase, suggesting that their 3'-termini are masked. | 167,113 | [
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The lact of antiviral effect of (polyinosinic acid): (polycytidylic acid) when attached to insoluble supports. | A local antiviral effect can be observed when (poly rI)-(poly rC), bound to Visking discs by u.v. irradiation, is incubated with monolayers of human foreskin fibroblast cells. Radioactive labelling of cytosine residues in (poly rI)-(poly rC) with -125I, has provided a much more sensitive method for determining the fate of the insoluble (poly rI)-(poly rC) than has been available hitherto. The antiviral effect is not related to the amount of (poly rI)-(POLY RC) present on the insoluble support but rather to the amount of polynucleotide lost from the support during incubation. Treatment of (poly rI)-(poly rC) which had been bound to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose with eigher dilute alkali or pancreatic ribonuclease released virtually all the polynucleotide. A small amount of (poly rI)-(poly rC) is released from the insoluble matrix in the presence of serum-free Minimum Eagle's Medium. | 167,121 | [
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Continuous intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure recording in hydrocephalic children during wakefulness and sleep. | Continuous 24-hour recordings of intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity were made on five hydrocephalic children in whom, in the resting wakefulness state, the intracranial pressure (ICP) was considered normal. An increase in both the mean ICP and its oscillations related to cardiac systole was recorded during slow-wave sleep. Further episodic increases, up to a factor of 7 compared to wakefulness values, occurred during sleep. In three patients it was possible to correlate such episodic increases to the rapid eye movement phases of sleep. The authors discuss these phenomena and their possible implication in the progression of hydrocephalus. | 167,135 | [
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The sensitivity of adrenal responses to synthetic adrenocorticotrophin in the conscious unrestrained calf. | 1. Changes in cortisol and corticosterone output and blood flow from the adrenal gland have been determined in the conscious unrestrained calf during I.V. infusions of synthetic adrenocorticotrophin (Synacthen) at 0-5 ng-kg(-1) min- minus 1 (low dose), 5 ng-kg- minus 1 (medium dose), 50 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1 (high dose) and 500 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1 (medium dose), 50 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1 (high dose) and 500 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1(very high dose). 2. Infusions at the low dose produced a rise in adrenal output of both cortisol and corticosterone to maximum values of approximately 100 and 30 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1 respectively. Mean output of both steroids was significantly increased within 5 min, reached a maximum within 10 min and had fallen to resting levels 10 min after the infusion was discontinued. 3. The effects of infusions at both the high and very high doses were closely similar; maximal cortisol outputs were within the range 600-800 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1 and corticosterone 350-500 ng-kg- minus 1 min- minus 1 in both groups. 4. When the infusions were terminated, pronounced differences were observed in the rates at which steroid outputs declined. Basal levels were restored within 10 min following the low dose and within 60 min in medium dose animals, but both cortisol and corticosterone output were still elevated 2 hr after infusion in high dose animals. In calves infused at the very high dose, cortisol output did not fall significantly during 2 hr period. The ratio of cortisol: corticosterone released from the adrenal gland immediately before infusion (3-2 +/- 0-3) approximated to the proportions in which the two steroids were found in the arterial plasma, but fell progressively to a minimum (1-3 +/- 0-1) with increasing doses of Synacthen. Conversely, the ratio of the steroids in the arterial plasma was increased during infusions at the low dose, but not at the higher doses. 6. No significant change in adrenal blood flow occurred during Synacthen infusion in low dose animals despite the increase in steroid output. In medium dose animals blood flow through the gland rose during infusion by approximately 75 per cent while in both high and very high dose animals the flow increased by up to 300 percent. 7. In the three groups in which adrenal hyperaemia occurred, blood flow had fallen to within the resting range 45 min after infusion: in each case this fall was much more rapid than the fall in steroid output. No significant increase in aortic blood pressure or heart rate accompanied infusion of Synacthen, indicating that adrenal hyperaemia was dependent upon vasodilatation with the gland. 8. Administration of cycloheximide (10 mg/kg) by I.V. injection either before or during an infusion of Synacthen, inhibited steroidogenesis without affecting the vasodilator response. | 167,157 | [
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Evidence for the existence of protomers in the assembly of encephalomyocarditis virus. | Two capsid precursor subunits, which sediment on glycerol gradients at 13S and 14S, respectively, have been identified in cytoplasmic extracts of encephalomyocarditis virus-infected HeLa cells. The 13S subunit, which was detected after a 10-min pulse label with -3H-labeled amino acids, contained only capsid precursor chain A (mol wt 100,000). When the 10-min pulse label in such cells was chased for 20 min, the A-containing 13S subunit in the cytoplasmic extracts was replaced by a 14S subunit containing equimolar proportions of three chains: epsilon, gamma, and alpha. This (epsilon, gamma, alpha)-containing 14S subunit could be dissociated into 6S subunits with the same polypeptide composition. The sedimentation properties and the polypeptide stoichiometry of these three precursor subunits, when compared with those of the 13S, (beta, gamma, alpha)(5), and 5S, (beta, gamma, alpha), subunits derived by acid dissociation of purified virions, suggest the following structural assignments: 13S, (A)(5); 14S, (epsilon, gamma, alpha)(5), 6S, (epsilon, gamma, alpha). The molecular weights of the individually isolated capsid chains were determined by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride to be: epsilon, 36,000; alpha, 32,000; beta, 29,500; gamma, 26,500; and delta, 7,800. With the exception of the delta-chain, these values are in reasonable agreement with the values previously determined by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gels. These data support the hypothesis that picornavirus capsids are assembled from identical protomers according to the following scheme: (A) leads to (A)(5) leads to (epsilon, gamma, alpha)(5) leads to (delta, beta, gamma, alpha)60-n(epsilon, gamma, alpha)n where n is the number of immature protomers per virion. | 167,183 | [
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Post-transcriptional restriction of human adenovirus expression in monkey cells. | Infection of the continuous simian cell lines CV-1 and BSC-1 with human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) is abortive. However, the restriction of Ad2 reproduction in these cells can be overcome by increasing the Ad2 infectious dose or by coinfection with simian virus 40. Vero, another established simian cell line free of detectable endogenous simian virus 40 DNA, is not restricted in its ability to promote Ad2 growth even at low input multiplicities of Ad2 and in the absence of SV40 helper. The amount of structural Ad2 proteins in total cell extracts of enhanced BSC-1 cells is at least two orders of magnitude higher than that of unenhanced cells. In contrast, comparable quantities of Ad2 mRNA specifying these proteins are found in both the enhanced and the unenhanced cell. Both sets of mRNA can be translated in a cell-free system with equal efficiency. | 167,185 | [
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... |
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