[ { "id": "0", "type": "chemical", "text": "Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during low dose intermittent dobutamine treatment in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "1", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors describe the case of a 56 - year - old woman with chronic , severe heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy and absence of significant ventricular arrhythmias who developed QT prolongation and torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during one cycle of intermittent low dose ( 2 . 5 mcg / kg per min ) dobutamine .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "2", "type": "chemical", "text": "This report of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during intermittent dobutamine supports the hypothesis that unpredictable fatal arrhythmias may occur even with low doses and in patients with no history of significant rhythm disturbances .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "3", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mechanisms of proarrhythmic effects of Dubutamine are discussed .", "entities": [ "Dubutamine" ] }, { "id": "4", "type": "chemical", "text": "Positive skin tests in late reactions to radiographic contrast media .", "entities": [ "contrast media" ] }, { "id": "5", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the last few years delayed reactions several hours after the injection of radiographic and contrast materials ( PRC ) have been described with increasing frequency .", "entities": [ "contrast materials", "PRC" ] }, { "id": "6", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors report two observations on patients with delayed reactions in whom intradermoreactions ( IDR ) and patch tests to a series of ionic and non ionic PRC were studied .", "entities": [ "PRC" ] }, { "id": "8", "type": "chemical", "text": "The skin tests revealed positive delayed reactions of 24 hours and 48 hours by IDR and patch tests to only some PRC with common chains in their structures .", "entities": [ "PRC" ] }, { "id": "10", "type": "chemical", "text": "Risk of transient hyperammonemic encephalopathy in cancer patients who received continuous infusion of 5 - fluorouracil with the complication of dehydration and infection .", "entities": [ "5 - fluorouracil" ] }, { "id": "11", "type": "chemical", "text": "From 1986 to 1998 , 29 cancer patients who had 32 episodes of transient hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to continuous infusion of 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) were identified .", "entities": [ "5 - fluorouracil", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "14", "type": "chemical", "text": "Plasma ammonium level ranged from 248 to 2387 microg % ( mean : 626 + / - 431 microg % ) .", "entities": [ "ammonium" ] }, { "id": "16", "type": "chemical", "text": "Higher plasma ammonium levels and more rapid onset of hyperammonemia were seen in 18 patients with bacterial infections ( p = 0 . 003 and 0 . 0006 , respectively ) and in nine patients receiving high daily doses ( 2600 or 1800 mg / m2 ) of 5 - FU ( p = 0 . 0001 and < 0 . 0001 , respectively ) .", "entities": [ "ammonium", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "17", "type": "chemical", "text": "In 25 out of 32 episodes ( 78 % ) , plasma ammonium levels and mental status returned to normal within 2 days after adequate management .", "entities": [ "ammonium" ] }, { "id": "18", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , hyperammonemic encephalopathy can occur in patients receiving continuous infusion of 5 - FU .", "entities": [ "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "20", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is therefore important to recognize this condition in patients receiving continuous infusion of 5 - FU .", "entities": [ "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "21", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of quinine and 4 - aminopyridine on conditioned place preference and changes in motor activity induced by morphine in rats .", "entities": [ "quinine", "4 - aminopyridine", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "23", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of two unselective potassium ( K ( + ) - ) channel blockers , quinine ( 12 . 5 , 25 and 50 mg / kg ) and 4 - aminopyridine ( 1 and 2 mg / kg ) , on conditioned place preference and biphasic changes in motor activity induced by morphine ( 10 mg / kg ) were tested in Wistar rats .", "entities": [ "potassium", "K", "quinine", "4 - aminopyridine", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "24", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quinine is known to block voltage - , calcium - and ATP - sensitive K ( + ) - channels while 4 - aminopyridine is known to block voltage - sensitive K ( + ) - channels .", "entities": [ "Quinine", "calcium", "ATP", "K", "4 - aminopyridine", "K" ] }, { "id": "26", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the counterbalanced method , quinine attenuated morphine - induced place preference , whereas 4 - aminopyridine was ineffective .", "entities": [ "quinine", "morphine", "4 - aminopyridine" ] }, { "id": "27", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the motor activity test measured with an Animex - activity meter neither of the K ( + ) - channel blockers affected morphine - induced hypoactivity , but both K ( + ) - channel blockers prevented morphine - induced secondary hyperactivity .", "entities": [ "K", "morphine", "K", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "29", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest the involvement of quinine - sensitive but not 4 - aminopyridine - sensitive K ( + ) - channels in morphine reward .", "entities": [ "quinine", "4 - aminopyridine", "K", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "30", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is also suggested that the blockade of K ( + ) - channels sensitive to these blockers is not sufficient to prevent morphine - induced hypoactivity whereas morphine - induced hyperactivity seems to be connected to both quinine - and 4 - aminopyridine - sensitive K ( + ) - channels .", "entities": [ "K", "morphine", "morphine", "quinine", "4 - aminopyridine", "K" ] }, { "id": "31", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nociceptin / orphanin FQ and nocistatin on learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice .", "entities": [ "Nociceptin", "orphanin FQ", "nocistatin", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "33", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nociceptin , also known as orphanin FQ , is an endogenous ligand for the orphan opioid receptor - like receptor 1 ( ORL1 ) and involves in various functions in the central nervous system ( CNS ) .", "entities": [ "Nociceptin", "orphanin FQ" ] }, { "id": "34", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the other hand , nocistatin is recently isolated from the same precursor as nociceptin and blocks nociceptin - induced allodynia and hyperalgesia .", "entities": [ "nocistatin", "nociceptin", "nociceptin" ] }, { "id": "38", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study was designed to investigate whether nociceptin / orphanin FQ and nocistatin could modulate impairment of learning and memory induced by scopolamine , a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist , using spontaneous alternation of Y - maze and step - down type passive avoidance tasks in mice .", "entities": [ "nociceptin", "orphanin FQ", "nocistatin", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "40", "type": "chemical", "text": "While nocistatin ( 0 . 5 - 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) administered 30 min before spontaneous alternation performance or the training session of the passive avoidance task , had no effect on spontaneous alternation or passive avoidance behaviours , a lower per cent alternation and shorter median step - down latency in the retention test were obtained in nociceptin ( 1 . 5 and / or 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) - treated normal mice .", "entities": [ "nocistatin", "nociceptin" ] }, { "id": "42", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of nocistatin ( 1 . 5 and / or 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) 30 min before spontaneous alternation performance or the training session of the passive avoidance task , attenuated the scopolamine - induced impairment of spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance behaviours .", "entities": [ "nocistatin", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "44", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results indicated that nocistatin , a new biologically active peptide , ameliorates impairments of spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance induced by scopolamine , and suggested that these peptides play opposite roles in learning and memory .", "entities": [ "nocistatin", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "45", "type": "chemical", "text": "Meloxicam - induced liver toxicity .", "entities": [ "Meloxicam" ] }, { "id": "46", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report the case of a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis who developed acute cytolytic hepatitis due to meloxicam .", "entities": [ "meloxicam" ] }, { "id": "47", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recently introduced in Belgium , meloxicam is the first nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with selective action on the inducible form of cyclooxygenase 2 .", "entities": [ "meloxicam" ] }, { "id": "48", "type": "chemical", "text": "The acute cytolytic hepatitis occurred rapidly after meloxicam administration and was associated with the development of antinuclear antibodies suggesting a hypersensitivity mechanism .", "entities": [ "meloxicam" ] }, { "id": "49", "type": "chemical", "text": "This first case of meloxicam related liver toxicity demonstrates the potential of this drug to induce hepatic damage .", "entities": [ "meloxicam" ] }, { "id": "50", "type": "chemical", "text": "Induction of apoptosis by remoxipride metabolites in HL60 and CD34 + / CD19 - human bone marrow progenitor cells : potential relevance to remoxipride - induced aplastic anemia .", "entities": [ "remoxipride", "remoxipride" ] }, { "id": "51", "type": "chemical", "text": "The antipsychotic agent , remoxipride [ ( S ) - ( - ) - 3 - bromo - N - [ ( 1 - ethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinyl ) methyl ] - 2 , 6 - dimethoxybenz amide ] has been associated with acquired aplastic anemia .", "entities": [ "remoxipride", "( S ) - ( - ) - 3 - bromo - N - [ ( 1 - ethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinyl ) methyl ] - 2 , 6 - dimethoxybenz amide" ] }, { "id": "52", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have examined the ability of remoxipride , three pyrrolidine ring metabolites and five aromatic ring metabolites of the parent compound to induce apoptosis in HL60 cells and human bone marrow progenitor ( HBMP ) cells .", "entities": [ "remoxipride", "pyrrolidine" ] }, { "id": "54", "type": "chemical", "text": "Apoptosis was assessed by fluorescence microscopy in Hoechst 33342 - and propidium iodide stained cell samples .", "entities": [ "Hoechst 33342", "propidium iodide" ] }, { "id": "56", "type": "chemical", "text": "The catechol and hydroquinone metabolites , NCQ436 and NCQ344 , induced apoptosis in HL60 and HBMP cells in a time - and concentration dependent manner , while the phenols , NCR181 , FLA873 , and FLA797 , and the derivatives formed by oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring , FLA838 , NCM001 , and NCL118 , had no effect .", "entities": [ "catechol", "hydroquinone", "NCQ436", "NCQ344", "phenols", "FLA797", "pyrrolidine" ] }, { "id": "57", "type": "chemical", "text": "No necrosis was observed in cells treated with NCQ436 but NCQ344 had a biphasic effect in both cell types , inducing apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations .", "entities": [ "NCQ436", "NCQ344" ] }, { "id": "58", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data show that the catechol and hydroquinone metabolites of remoxipride have direct toxic effects in HL60 and HBMP cells , leading to apoptosis , while the phenol metabolites were inactive .", "entities": [ "catechol", "hydroquinone", "remoxipride", "phenol" ] }, { "id": "59", "type": "chemical", "text": "Similarly , benzene - derived catechol and hydroquinone , but not phenol , induce apoptosis in HBMP cells [ Moran et al . , Mol . Pharmacol . , 50 ( 1996 ) 610 - 615 ] .", "entities": [ "benzene", "catechol", "hydroquinone", "phenol" ] }, { "id": "60", "type": "chemical", "text": "We propose that remoxipride and benzene may induce aplastic anemia via production of similar reactive metabolites and that the ability of NCQ436 and NCQ344 to induce apoptosis in HBMP cells may contribute to the mechanism underlying acquired aplastic anemia that has been associated with remoxipride .", "entities": [ "remoxipride", "benzene", "NCQ436", "NCQ344", "remoxipride" ] }, { "id": "61", "type": "chemical", "text": "Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological investigations of 1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents in mice .", "entities": [ "1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine" ] }, { "id": "63", "type": "chemical", "text": "The synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of a series of potential atypical antipsychotic agents based on the structure of 1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine ( 7 ) is described .", "entities": [ "1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine" ] }, { "id": "64", "type": "chemical", "text": "Compound 7e , 5 - { 2 - [ 4 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazinyl ] ethyl } - 2 , 3 - dihy dro - 1H - indol - 2 - one , from this series showed significant affinities at the 5 - HT1A and 5 - HT2A receptors and moderate affinity at the D2 receptor .", "entities": [ "5 - { 2 - [ 4 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazinyl ] ethyl } - 2 , 3 - dihy dro - 1H - indol - 2 - one" ] }, { "id": "65", "type": "chemical", "text": "7e exhibits a high reversal of catalepsy induced by haloperidol indicating its atypical antipsychotic nature .", "entities": [ "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "66", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sub - chronic inhibition of nitric - oxide synthesis modifies haloperidol - induced catalepsy and the number of NADPH - diaphorase neurons in mice .", "entities": [ "nitric - oxide", "haloperidol", "NADPH" ] }, { "id": "67", "type": "chemical", "text": "RATIONALE : NG - nitro - L - arginine ( L - NOARG ) , an inhibitor of nitric - oxide synthase ( NOS ) , induces catalepsy in mice .", "entities": [ "NG - nitro - L - arginine", "L - NOARG", "nitric - oxide" ] }, { "id": "68", "type": "chemical", "text": "This effect undergoes rapid tolerance , showing a significant decrease after 2 days of sub - chronic L - NOARG treatment .", "entities": [ "L - NOARG" ] }, { "id": "69", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nitric oxide ( NO ) has been shown to influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum .", "entities": [ "Nitric oxide", "NO" ] }, { "id": "70", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol , which block dopamine receptors , also cause catalepsy in rodents .", "entities": [ "haloperidol", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "71", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : To investigate the effects of subchronic L - NOARG treatment in haloperidol - induced catalepsy and the number of NOS neurons in areas related to motor control .", "entities": [ "L - NOARG", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "72", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Male albino Swiss mice were treated sub - chronically ( twice a day for 4 days ) with L - NOARG ( 40 mg / kg i . p . ) or haloperidol ( 1 mg / kg i . p . ) .", "entities": [ "L - NOARG", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "74", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - diaphorase ( NADPH - d ) histochemistry was also employed to visualize NOS as an index of enzyme expression in mice brain regions related to motor control .", "entities": [ "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate", "NADPH" ] }, { "id": "75", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : L - NOARG sub - chronic administration produced tolerance of L - NOARG and of haloperidol - induced catalepsy .", "entities": [ "L - NOARG", "L - NOARG", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "76", "type": "chemical", "text": "It also induced an increase in the number of NADPH - d - positive cells in the dorsal part of the caudate and accumbens nuclei compared with haloperidol and in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus compared with saline .", "entities": [ "NADPH", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "77", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , there was a decrease in NADPH - d neuron number in the substantia nigra , pars compacta in both haloperidol - treated and L - NOARG - treated animals .", "entities": [ "NADPH", "haloperidol", "L - NOARG" ] }, { "id": "78", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The results give further support to the hypothesis that NO plays a role in motor behavior control and suggest that it may take part in the synaptic changes produced by antipsychotic treatment .", "entities": [ "NO" ] }, { "id": "79", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prolonged left ventricular dysfunction occurs in patients with coronary artery disease after both dobutamine and exercise induced myocardial ischaemia .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "81", "type": "chemical", "text": "DESIGN : A randomised crossover study of recovery time of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function after exercise and dobutamine induced ischaemia .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "83", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTERVENTIONS : Treadmill exercise and dobutamine stress were performed on different days .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "87", "type": "chemical", "text": "After exercise , ejection fraction was reduced at 15 and 30 minutes compared with baseline ( mean ( SEM ) , - 5 . 6 ( 1 . 5 ) % , p < 0 . 05 ; and - 6 . 1 ( 2 . 2 ) % , p < 0 . 01 ) , and at 30 and 45 minutes after dobutamine ( - 10 . 8 ( 1 . 8 ) % and - 5 . 5 ( 1 . 8 ) % , both p < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "88", "type": "chemical", "text": "Regional analysis showed a reduction in the worst affected segment 15 and 30 minutes after exercise ( - 27 . 9 ( 7 . 2 ) % and - 28 . 6 ( 5 . 7 ) % , both p < 0 . 01 ) , and at 30 minutes after dobutamine ( - 32 ( 5 . 3 ) % , p < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "90", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : In patients with coronary artery disease , dobutamine induced ischaemia results in prolonged reversible left ventricular dysfunction , presumed to be myocardial stunning , similar to that seen after exercise .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "91", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dobutamine induced ischaemia could therefore be used to study the pathophysiology of this phenomenon further in patients with coronary artery disease .", "entities": [ "Dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "94", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recently , fenfluramine appetite suppressants became widely used in the United States but were withdrawn in September 1997 because of concerns over adverse effects .", "entities": [ "fenfluramine" ] }, { "id": "98", "type": "chemical", "text": "A history of drug exposure also was taken with special attention on the use of antidepressants , anorexigens , and amphetamines .", "entities": [ "amphetamines" ] }, { "id": "101", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , of the medications surveyed , only the fenfluramines had a significant preferential association with PPH as compared with SPH ( adjusted odds ratio for use > 6 months , 7 . 5 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1 . 7 to 32 . 4 ) .", "entities": [ "fenfluramines" ] }, { "id": "104", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The magnitude of the association with PPH , the increase of association with increasing duration of use , and the specificity for fenfluramines are consistent with previous studies indicating that fenfluramines are causally related to PPH .", "entities": [ "fenfluramines", "fenfluramines" ] }, { "id": "106", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinical aspects of heparin - induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis and other side effects of heparin therapy .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "107", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heparin , first used to prevent the clotting of blood in vitro , has been clinically used to treat thrombosis for more than 50 years .", "entities": [ "Heparin" ] }, { "id": "108", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although several new anticoagulant drugs are in development , heparin remains the anticoagulant of choice to treat acute thrombotic episodes .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "109", "type": "chemical", "text": "The clinical effects of heparin are meritorious , but side effects do exist .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "110", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bleeding is the primary untoward effect of heparin .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "111", "type": "chemical", "text": "Major bleeding is of primary concern in patients receiving heparin therapy .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "112", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , additional important untoward effects of heparin therapy include heparin - induced thrombocytopenia , heparin - associated osteoporosis , eosinophilia , skin reactions , allergic reactions other than thrombocytopenia , alopecia , transaminasemia , hyperkalemia , hypoaldosteronism , and priapism .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "113", "type": "chemical", "text": "These side effects are relatively rare in a given individual , but given the extremely widespread use of heparin , some are quite common , particularly HITT and osteoporosis .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "114", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although reasonable incidences of many of these side effects can be \" softly \" deduced from current reports dealing with unfractionated heparin , at present the incidences of these side effects with newer low molecular weight heparins appear to be much less common .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparins" ] }, { "id": "116", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of bilateral optic neuropathy in a patient on tacrolimus ( FK506 ) therapy after liver transplantation .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus", "FK506" ] }, { "id": "117", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To report a case of bilateral optic neuropathy in a patient receiving tacrolimus ( FK 506 , Prograf ; Fujisawa USA , Inc , Deerfield , Illinois ) for immunosuppression after orthotropic liver transplantation .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus", "FK 506" ] }, { "id": "119", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a 58 - year - old man receiving tacrolimus after orthotropic liver transplantation , serial neuro - ophthalmologic examinations and laboratory studies were performed .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "121", "type": "chemical", "text": "Deterioration of vision occurred despite discontinuation of the tacrolimus .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "122", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Tacrolimus and other immunosuppressive agents may be associated with optic nerve toxicity .", "entities": [ "Tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "124", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recent findings in a bipolar patient receiving maintenance lithium therapy who developed hypercalcemia and severe bradyarrhythmia prompted the authors to conduct a retrospective study of bipolar patients with lithium - associated hypercalcemia .", "entities": [ "lithium", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "126", "type": "chemical", "text": "After eliminating spurious hypercalcemias or those associated with intravenous fluids , the authors identified 18 non - lithium - treated patients with hypercalcemias related to malignancies and other medical conditions ( group A ) and 12 patients with lithium - associated hypercalcemia ( group B ) .", "entities": [ "lithium", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "128", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , two control groups were generated : group C1 , which included age - and sex - comparable lithium - treated bipolar normocalcemic patients , and group C2 , which included bipolar normocalcemic patients treated with anticonvulsant mood stabilizers .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "131", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients with hypercalcemia resulting from medical diseases and bipolar patients with lithium - associated hypercalcemia had significantly higher frequencies of conduction defects .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "134", "type": "chemical", "text": "Attenuation of nephrotoxicity by a novel lipid nanosphere ( NS - 718 ) incorporating amphotericin B .", "entities": [ "amphotericin B" ] }, { "id": "135", "type": "chemical", "text": "NS - 718 , a lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B , is effective against pathogenic fungi and has low toxicity .", "entities": [ "amphotericin B" ] }, { "id": "136", "type": "chemical", "text": "We compared the toxicity of NS - 718 with that of Fungizone ( amphotericin B - sodium deoxycholate ; D - AmB ) in vitro using renal cell cultures and in vivo by biochemical analysis , histopathological study of the kidney and pharmacokinetic study of amphotericin B following intravenous infusion of the formulation in rats .", "entities": [ "Fungizone", "amphotericin B - sodium deoxycholate", "D - AmB", "amphotericin B" ] }, { "id": "137", "type": "chemical", "text": "Incubation with NS - 718 resulted in significantly less damage of cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells compared with D - AmB .", "entities": [ "D - AmB" ] }, { "id": "138", "type": "chemical", "text": "Serum blood urea and creatinine concentrations increased significantly in rats given an iv infusion of D - AmB 3 mg / kg but not in those given the same dose of NS - 718 .", "entities": [ "urea", "creatinine", "D - AmB" ] }, { "id": "139", "type": "chemical", "text": "Histopathological examination of the kidney showed tubular necrosis in D - AmB - treated rats but no change in NS - 718 - treated rats .", "entities": [ "D - AmB" ] }, { "id": "140", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amphotericin B concentrations in the kidney in NS - 718 - treated rats were higher than those in D - AmB - treated rats .", "entities": [ "Amphotericin B", "D - AmB" ] }, { "id": "141", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest that incorporation of amphotericin B into lipid nanospheres of NS - 718 attenuates the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B .", "entities": [ "amphotericin B", "amphotericin B" ] }, { "id": "142", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patterns of sulfadiazine acute nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "sulfadiazine" ] }, { "id": "143", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sulfadiazine acute nephrotoxicity is reviving specially because of its use in toxoplasmosis in HIV - positive patients .", "entities": [ "Sulfadiazine" ] }, { "id": "145", "type": "chemical", "text": "Under treatment with sulfadiazine they developed oliguria , abdominal pain , renal failure and showed multiple radiolucent renal calculi in echography .", "entities": [ "sulfadiazine" ] }, { "id": "149", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment with sulfadiazine requires exquisite control of renal function , an increase in water ingestion and possibly the alcalinization of the urine .", "entities": [ "sulfadiazine" ] }, { "id": "153", "type": "chemical", "text": "Downbeat nystagmus associated with intravenous patient - controlled administration of morphine .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "154", "type": "chemical", "text": "IMPLICATIONS : This case documents a patient who developed dizziness with downbeating nystagmus while receiving a relatively large dose of IV patient - controlled analgesia morphine .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "155", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although there have been case reports of epidural morphine with these symptoms and signs , this has not been previously documented with IV or patient - controlled analgesia morphine .", "entities": [ "morphine", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "156", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone and amiodarone in animals with a healed myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "dronedarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "157", "type": "chemical", "text": "The hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone , a noniodinated compound structurally related to amiodarone , were compared with those of amiodarone after prolonged oral administration , both at rest and during sympathetic stimulation in conscious dogs with a healed myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "dronedarone", "amiodarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "158", "type": "chemical", "text": "All dogs ( n = 6 ) randomly received orally dronedarone ( 10 and 30 mg / kg ) , amiodarone ( 10 and 30 mg / kg ) , and placebo twice daily for 7 days , with a 3 - week washout between consecutive treatments .", "entities": [ "dronedarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "159", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heart rate ( HR ) , mean arterial pressure ( MBP ) , positive rate of increase of left ventricular pressure ( + LVdP / dt ) , echocardiographically assessed left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF ) , and fractional shortening ( FS ) , as well as chronotropic response to isoproterenol and exercise - induced sympathetic stimulation were evaluated under baseline and posttreatment conditions .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "160", "type": "chemical", "text": "Resting values of LVEF , FS , + LVdP / dt , and MBP remained unchanged whatever the drug and the dosing regimen , whereas resting HR was significantly and dose - dependently lowered after dronedarone and to a lesser extent after amiodarone .", "entities": [ "dronedarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "161", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both dronedarone and amiodarone significantly reduced the exercise - induced tachycardia and , at the highest dose , decreased the isoproterenol - induced tachycardia .", "entities": [ "dronedarone", "amiodarone", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "162", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , dronedarone and amiodarone displayed a similar level of antiadrenergic effect and did not impair the resting left ventricular function .", "entities": [ "dronedarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "163", "type": "chemical", "text": "Consequently , dronedarone might be particularly suitable for the treatment and prevention of various clinical arrhythmias , without compromising the left ventricular function .", "entities": [ "dronedarone" ] }, { "id": "164", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phase 2 trial of liposomal doxorubicin ( 40 mg / m ( 2 ) ) in platinum / paclitaxel - refractory ovarian and fallopian tube cancers and primary carcinoma of the peritoneum .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "platinum", "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "165", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Several studies have demonstrated liposomal doxorubicin ( Doxil ) to be an active antineoplastic agent in platinum - resistant ovarian cancer , with dose limiting toxicity of the standard dosing regimen ( 50 mg / m ( 2 ) q 4 weeks ) being severe erythrodysesthesia ( \" hand - foot syndrome \" ) and stomatitis .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "Doxil", "platinum" ] }, { "id": "166", "type": "chemical", "text": "We wished to develop a more tolerable liposomal doxorubicin treatment regimen and document its level of activity in a well - defined patient population with platinum / paclitaxel - refractory disease .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "platinum", "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "167", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS AND MATERIALS : Patients with ovarian or fallopian tube cancers or primary peritoneal carcinoma with platinum / paclitaxel - refractory disease ( stable or progressive disease following treatment with these agents or previous objective response < 3 months in duration ) were treated with liposomal doxorubicin at a dose of 40 mg / m ( 2 ) q 4 weeks .", "entities": [ "platinum", "paclitaxel", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "173", "type": "chemical", "text": "The median number of courses of liposomal doxorubicin administered on this protocol was 2 ( range : 1 - 12 ) .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "175", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : This modified liposomal doxorubicin regimen results in less toxicity ( stomatitis , hand - foot syndrome ) than the standard FDA - approved dose schedule .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "176", "type": "chemical", "text": "Definite , although limited , antineoplastic activity is observed in patients with well - defined platinum - and paclitaxel - refractory ovarian cancer .", "entities": [ "platinum", "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "177", "type": "chemical", "text": "Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania : a double - blind , placebo - controlled study .", "entities": [ "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "178", "type": "chemical", "text": "The Olanzipine HGGW Study Group .", "entities": [ "Olanzipine" ] }, { "id": "179", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : We compared the efficacy and safety of olanzapine vs placebo for the treatment of acute bipolar mania .", "entities": [ "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "181", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 115 patients with a DSM - IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder , manic or mixed , were randomized to olanzapine , 5 to 20 mg / d ( n = 55 ) , or placebo ( n = 60 ) .", "entities": [ "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "185", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Olanzapine - treated patients demonstrated a statistically significant greater mean ( + / - SD ) improvement in Y - MRS total score than placebo - treated patients ( - 14 . 8 + / - 12 . 5 and - 8 . 1 + / - 12 . 7 , respectively ; P < . 001 ) , which was evident at the first postbaseline observation 1 week after randomization and was maintained throughout the study ( last observation carried forward ) .", "entities": [ "Olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "186", "type": "chemical", "text": "Olanzapine - treated patients demonstrated a higher rate of response ( 65 % vs 43 % , respectively ; P = . 02 ) and euthymia ( 61 % vs 36 % , respectively ; P = . 01 ) than placebo - treated patients .", "entities": [ "Olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "188", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , olanzapine - treated patients had a statistically significant greater mean ( + / - SD ) weight gain than placebo - treated patients ( 2 . 1 + / - 2 . 8 vs 0 . 45 + / - 2 . 3 kg , respectively ) and also experienced more treatment - emergent somnolence ( 21 patients [ 38 . 2 % ] vs 5 [ 8 . 3 % ] , respectively ) .", "entities": [ "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "189", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Olanzapine demonstrated greater efficacy than placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar mania and was generally well tolerated .", "entities": [ "Olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "190", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of pupil dilation with tropicamide on vision and driving simulator performance .", "entities": [ "tropicamide" ] }, { "id": "192", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : A series of tests on various parameters of visual function and driving simulator performance were performed on 12 healthy drivers , before and after pupil dilation using guttae tropicamide 1 % .", "entities": [ "tropicamide" ] }, { "id": "204", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies ( anotia and Taussig - Bing malformation ) due to exposure to isotretinoin within the first trimester .", "entities": [ "isotretinoin" ] }, { "id": "205", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this paper we aim to draw to the fact that caution is needed when prescribing vitamin A - containing drugs to women of childbearing years .", "entities": [ "vitamin A" ] }, { "id": "206", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effect of methoxamine on maximum urethral pressure in women with genuine stress incontinence : a placebo - controlled , double - blind crossover study .", "entities": [ "methoxamine" ] }, { "id": "209", "type": "chemical", "text": "Half log incremental doses of intravenous methoxamine or placebo ( saline ) were administered to a group of women with genuine stress incontinence while measuring maximum urethral pressure ( MUP ) , blood pressure , heart rate , and symptomatic side effects .", "entities": [ "methoxamine" ] }, { "id": "210", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methoxamine evoked non - significant increases in MUP and diastolic blood pressure but caused a significant rise in systolic blood pressure and significant fall in heart rate at maximum dosage .", "entities": [ "Methoxamine" ] }, { "id": "213", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hyperglycemic effect of amino compounds structurally related to caproate in rats .", "entities": [ "amino", "caproate" ] }, { "id": "214", "type": "chemical", "text": "The chronic feeding of small amounts ( 0 . 3 - 3 % of diet weight ) of certain amino derivatives of caproate resulted in hyperglycemia , an elevated glucose tolerance curve and , occasionally , glucosuria .", "entities": [ "amino", "caproate", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "215", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effective compounds included norleucine , norvaline , glutamate , epsilon - aminocaproate , methionine , and leucine .", "entities": [ "norleucine", "norvaline", "glutamate", "epsilon - aminocaproate", "methionine", "leucine" ] }, { "id": "216", "type": "chemical", "text": "Toleration of high doses of angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure : results from the ATLAS trial .", "entities": [ "angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors" ] }, { "id": "217", "type": "chemical", "text": "The Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival .", "entities": [ "Lisinopril" ] }, { "id": "218", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Treatment with angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) , but most affected patients are not receiving these agents or are being treated with doses lower than those found to be efficacious in trials , primarily because of concerns about the safety and tolerability of these agents , especially at the recommended doses .", "entities": [ "angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors" ] }, { "id": "219", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study examines the safety and tolerability of high - compared with low - dose lisinopril in CHF .", "entities": [ "lisinopril" ] }, { "id": "220", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : The Assessment of Lisinopril and Survival study was a multicenter , randomized , double - blind trial in which patients with or without previous ACE inhibitor treatment were stabilized receiving medium - dose lisinopril ( 12 . 5 or 15 . 0 mg once daily [ OD ] ) for 2 to 4 weeks and then randomized to high - ( 35 . 0 or 32 . 5 mg OD ) or low - dose ( 5 . 0 or 2 . 5 mg OD ) groups .", "entities": [ "Lisinopril", "ACE inhibitor", "lisinopril" ] }, { "id": "223", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Of 405 patients not previously receiving an ACE inhibitor , doses in only 4 . 2 % could not be titrated to the medium doses required for randomization because of symptoms possibly related to hypotension ( 2 . 0 % ) or because of renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia ( 2 . 3 % ) .", "entities": [ "ACE inhibitor" ] }, { "id": "226", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subgroups presumed to be at higher risk for ACE inhibitor intolerance ( blood pressure , < 120 mm Hg ; creatinine , > or = 132 . 6 micromol / L [ > or = 1 . 5 mg / dL ] ; age , > or = 70 years ; and patients with diabetes ) generally tolerated the high - dose strategy .", "entities": [ "ACE inhibitor", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "227", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : These findings demonstrate that ACE inhibitor therapy in most patients with CHF can be successfully titrated to and maintained at high doses , and that more aggressive use of these agents is warranted .", "entities": [ "ACE inhibitor" ] }, { "id": "228", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cocaine , ethanol , and cocaethylene cardiotoxity in an animal model of cocaine and ethanol abuse .", "entities": [ "Cocaine", "ethanol", "cocaethylene" ] }, { "id": "231", "type": "chemical", "text": "Their combined cardiac toxicity may be due to independent effects of each drug ; however , they may also be due to cocaethylene ( CE ) , a cocaine metabolite formed only in the presence of ethanol .", "entities": [ "cocaethylene", "CE", "cocaine", "ethanol" ] }, { "id": "232", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of CE in the combined cardiotoxicity of cocaine and ethanol in a model simulating their abuse .", "entities": [ "CE", "cocaine", "ethanol" ] }, { "id": "233", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Twenty - three dogs were randomized to receive either 1 ) three intravenous ( IV ) boluses of cocaine 7 . 5 mg / kg with ethanol ( 1 g / kg ) as an IV infusion ( C + E , n = 8 ) , 2 ) three cocaine boluses only ( C , n = 6 ) , 3 ) ethanol infusion only ( E , n = 5 ) , or 4 ) placebo boluses and infusion ( n = 4 ) .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "ethanol", "cocaine", "ethanol" ] }, { "id": "236", "type": "chemical", "text": "The most dramatic hemodynamic changes occurred after each cocaine bolus in the C + E and C only groups ; however , persistent hemodynamic changes occurred in the C + E group .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "237", "type": "chemical", "text": "Peak CE levels were associated with a 45 % ( SD + / - 22 % , 95 % CI = 22 % to 69 % ) decrease in cardiac output ( p < 0 . 05 ) , a 56 % ( SD + / - 23 % , 95 % CI = 32 % to 80 % ) decrease in dP / dt ( max ) ( p < . 006 ) , and a 23 % ( SD + / - 15 % , 95 % CI = 7 % to 49 % ) decrease in SVO ( 2 ) ( p < 0 . 025 ) .", "entities": [ "CE" ] }, { "id": "239", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Cocaine and ethanol in combination were more toxic than either substance alone .", "entities": [ "Cocaine", "ethanol" ] }, { "id": "241", "type": "chemical", "text": "Peak serum cocaethylene concentrations were associated with prolonged myocardial depression .", "entities": [ "cocaethylene" ] }, { "id": "242", "type": "chemical", "text": "Worsening of Parkinsonism after the use of veralipride for treatment of menopause : case report .", "entities": [ "veralipride" ] }, { "id": "243", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe a female patient with stable Parkinson ' s disease who has shown a marked worsening of her motor functions following therapy of menopause related symptoms with veralipride , as well as the improvement of her symptoms back to baseline after discontinuation of the drug .", "entities": [ "veralipride" ] }, { "id": "244", "type": "chemical", "text": "We emphasize the anti - dopaminergic effect of veralipride .", "entities": [ "veralipride" ] }, { "id": "245", "type": "chemical", "text": "Viracept and irregular heartbeat warning .", "entities": [ "Viracept" ] }, { "id": "246", "type": "chemical", "text": "A group of doctors in Boston warn that the protease inhibitor Viracept may cause an irregular heart beat , known as bradycardia , in people with HIV .", "entities": [ "Viracept" ] }, { "id": "247", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bradycardia occurred in a 45 - year - old male patient who was Viracept in combination with other anti - HIV drugs .", "entities": [ "Viracept" ] }, { "id": "249", "type": "chemical", "text": "Frequency of appearance of myeloperoxidase - antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( MPO - ANCA ) in Graves ' disease patients treated with propylthiouracil and the relationship between MPO - ANCA and clinical manifestations .", "entities": [ "propylthiouracil" ] }, { "id": "250", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( MPO - ANCA ) - positive vasculitis has been reported in patients with Graves ' disease who were treated with propylthiouracil ( PTU ) .", "entities": [ "propylthiouracil", "PTU" ] }, { "id": "251", "type": "chemical", "text": "The appearance of MPO - ANCA in these cases was suspected of being related to PTU because the titres of MPO - ANCA decreased when PTU was stopped .", "entities": [ "PTU", "PTU" ] }, { "id": "252", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nevertheless , there have been no studies on the temporal relationship between the appearance of MPO - ANCA and vasculitis during PTU therapy , or on the incidence of MPO - ANCA in untreated Graves ' disease patients .", "entities": [ "PTU" ] }, { "id": "254", "type": "chemical", "text": "PATIENTS : We investigated 102 untreated patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves ' disease for the presence of MPO - ANCA , and for the development vasculitis after starting PTU therapy .", "entities": [ "PTU" ] }, { "id": "255", "type": "chemical", "text": "Twenty - nine of them were later excluded because of adverse effects of PTU or because the observation period was less than 3 months .", "entities": [ "PTU" ] }, { "id": "260", "type": "chemical", "text": "Three ( 4 . 1 % ) of the 73 patients were positive for MPO - ANCA at 13 , 16 and 17 months , respectively , after the start of PTU therapy .", "entities": [ "PTU" ] }, { "id": "261", "type": "chemical", "text": "In two of them , the MPO - ANCA titres transiently increased to 12 . 8 and 15 . 0 U / ml , respectively , despite continued PTU therapy , but no vasculitic disorders developed .", "entities": [ "PTU" ] }, { "id": "262", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the third patient , the MPO - ANCA titre increased to 204 U / ml and she developed a higher fever , oral ulcers and polyarthralgia , but the symptoms resolved 2 weeks after stopping PTU therapy , and the MPO - ANCA titre decreased to 20 . 7 U / ml by 4 months after discontinuing PTU .", "entities": [ "PTU", "PTU" ] }, { "id": "263", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : PTU therapy may be related to the appearance of MPO - ANCA , but MPO - ANCA does not appear to be closely related to vasculitis .", "entities": [ "PTU" ] }, { "id": "264", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prevalence of heart disease in asymptomatic chronic cocaine users .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "265", "type": "chemical", "text": "To determine the prevalence of heart disease in outpatient young asymptomatic chronic cocaine users , 35 cocaine users and 32 age - matched controls underwent resting and exercise electrocardiography ( ECG ) and Doppler echocardiography .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "269", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that coronary artery or myocardial disease is common ( 38 % ) in young asymptomatic chronic cocaine users .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "271", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardioprotective effects of Picrorrhiza kurroa against isoproterenol - induced myocardial stress in rats .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "272", "type": "chemical", "text": "The cardioprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa rhizomes and roots ( PK ) on isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction in rats with respect to lipid metabolism in serum and heart tissue has been investigated .", "entities": [ "ethanol", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "273", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oral pre - treatment with PK ( 80 mg kg ( - 1 ) day ( - 1 ) for 15 days ) significantly prevented the isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction and maintained the rats at near normal status .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "275", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : This study examined the role of phase 2 early afterdepolarization ( EAD ) in producing a trigger to initiate torsade de pointes ( TdP ) with QT prolongation induced by dl - sotalol and azimilide .", "entities": [ "sotalol", "azimilide" ] }, { "id": "278", "type": "chemical", "text": "dl - Sotalol preferentially prolonged action potential duration ( APD ) in M cells dose - dependently ( 1 to 100 micromol / L ) , leading to QT prolongation and an increase in TDR .", "entities": [ "Sotalol" ] }, { "id": "279", "type": "chemical", "text": "Azimilide , however , significantly prolonged APD and QT interval at concentrations from 0 . 1 to 10 micromol / L but shortened them at 30 micromol / L .", "entities": [ "Azimilide" ] }, { "id": "280", "type": "chemical", "text": "Unlike dl - sotalol , azimilide ( > 3 micromol / L ) increased epicardial APD markedly , causing a diminished TDR .", "entities": [ "sotalol", "azimilide" ] }, { "id": "281", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although both dl - sotalol and azimilide rarely induced EADs in canine left ventricles , they produced frequent EADs in rabbits , in which more pronounced QT prolongation was seen .", "entities": [ "sotalol", "azimilide" ] }, { "id": "282", "type": "chemical", "text": "An increase in TDR by dl - sotalol facilitated transmural propagation of EADs that initiated multiple episodes of spontaneous TdP in 3 of 6 rabbit left ventricles .", "entities": [ "sotalol" ] }, { "id": "283", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of note , although azimilide ( 3 to 10 micromol / L ) increased APD more than dl - sotalol , its EADs often failed to propagate transmurally , probably because of a diminished TDR .", "entities": [ "azimilide", "sotalol" ] }, { "id": "285", "type": "chemical", "text": "A pilot study to assess the safety of dobutamine stress echocardiography in the emergency department evaluation of cocaine - associated chest pain .", "entities": [ "dobutamine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "286", "type": "chemical", "text": "STUDY OBJECTIVE : Chest pain in the setting of cocaine use poses a diagnostic dilemma .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "287", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dobutamine stress echocardiography ( DSE ) is a widely available and sensitive test for evaluating cardiac ischemia .", "entities": [ "Dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "288", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because of the theoretical concern regarding administration of dobutamine in the setting of cocaine use , we conducted a pilot study to assess the safety of DSE in emergency department patients with cocaine - associated chest pain .", "entities": [ "dobutamine", "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "290", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients were eligible for DSE if they had used cocaine within 24 hours preceding the onset of chest pain and had a normal ECG and tropinin I level .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "291", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients exhibiting signs of continuing cocaine toxicity were excluded from the study .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "297", "type": "chemical", "text": "Further suggesting lack of exaggerated adrenergic response , 13 ( 65 % ) of 20 patients required supplemental atropine to reach their target heart rates .", "entities": [ "atropine" ] }, { "id": "298", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : No exaggerated adrenergic response was detected when dobutamine was administered to patients with cocaine - related chest pain .", "entities": [ "dobutamine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "299", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prenatal cocaine exposure and cranial sonographic findings in preterm infants .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "300", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked with subependymal hemorrhage and the formation of cysts that are detectable on cranial sonography in neonates born at term .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "301", "type": "chemical", "text": "We sought to determine if prenatal cocaine exposure increases the incidence of subependymal cysts in preterm infants .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "303", "type": "chemical", "text": "Infants were categorized into 1 of 2 groups : those exposed to cocaine and those not exposed to cocaine .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "304", "type": "chemical", "text": "Infants were assigned to the cocaine - exposed group if there was a maternal history of cocaine abuse during pregnancy or if maternal or neonatal urine toxicology results were positive at the time of delivery .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "307", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence of subependymal cysts in infants exposed to cocaine prenatally was 44 % ( 8 of 18 ) compared with 8 % ( 8 of 99 ) in the unexposed group ( p < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "308", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : We found an increased incidence of subependymal cyst formation in preterm infants who were exposed to cocaine prenatally .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "310", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thalidomide neuropathy in patients treated for metastatic prostate cancer .", "entities": [ "Thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "311", "type": "chemical", "text": "We prospectively evaluated thalidomide - induced neuropathy using electrodiagnostic studies .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "312", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sixty - seven men with metastatic androgen - independent prostate cancer in an open - label trial of oral thalidomide underwent neurologic examinations and nerve conduction studies ( NCS ) prior to and at 3 - month intervals during treatment .", "entities": [ "androgen", "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "316", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thalidomide was discontinued in 55 patients for lack of therapeutic response .", "entities": [ "Thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "317", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of 67 patients initially enrolled , 24 remained on thalidomide for 3 months , 8 remained at 6 months , and 3 remained at 9 months .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "321", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuropathy may thus be a common complication of thalidomide in older patients .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "323", "type": "chemical", "text": "Overexpression of copper / zinc - superoxide dismutase protects from kanamycin - induced hearing loss .", "entities": [ "copper", "zinc", "superoxide", "kanamycin" ] }, { "id": "324", "type": "chemical", "text": "The participation of reactive oxygen species in aminoglycoside - induced ototoxicity has been deduced from observations that aminoglycoside - iron complexes catalyze the formation of superoxide radicals in vitro and that antioxidants attenuate ototoxicity in vivo .", "entities": [ "oxygen", "aminoglycoside", "aminoglycoside", "iron", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "325", "type": "chemical", "text": "We therefore hypothesized that overexpression of Cu / Zn - superoxide dismutase ( h - SOD1 ) should protect transgenic mice from ototoxicity .", "entities": [ "Cu", "Zn", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "327", "type": "chemical", "text": "Transgenic and nontransgenic littermates received kanamycin ( 400 mg / kg body weight / day ) for 10 days beginning on day 10 after birth .", "entities": [ "kanamycin" ] }, { "id": "329", "type": "chemical", "text": "In nontransgenic animals , the threshold in the kanamycin - treated group was 45 - 50 dB higher than in saline - injected controls .", "entities": [ "kanamycin" ] }, { "id": "330", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the transgenic group , kanamycin increased the threshold by only 15 dB over the respective controls .", "entities": [ "kanamycin" ] }, { "id": "332", "type": "chemical", "text": "The protection by overexpression of superoxide dismutase supports the hypothesis that oxidant stress plays a significant role in aminoglycoside - induced ototoxicity .", "entities": [ "superoxide", "aminoglycoside" ] }, { "id": "334", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fatty liver induced by tetracycline in the rat .", "entities": [ "tetracycline" ] }, { "id": "336", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dose - response relationships , biochemical mechanisms , and sex differences in the experimental fatty liver induced by tetracycline were studied in the intact rat and with the isolated perfused rat liver in vitro .", "entities": [ "tetracycline" ] }, { "id": "337", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the intact male and female rat , no direct relationship was observed between dose of tetracycline and hepatic accumulation of triglyceride .", "entities": [ "tetracycline", "triglyceride" ] }, { "id": "338", "type": "chemical", "text": "With provision of adequate oleic acid as a substrate for the isolated perfused liver , a direct relationship was observed between dose of tetracycline and both accumulation of triglyceride in the liver and depression of output of triglyceride by livers from male and female rats .", "entities": [ "oleic acid", "tetracycline", "triglyceride", "triglyceride" ] }, { "id": "339", "type": "chemical", "text": "Marked differences were observed between female and male rats with regard to base line ( control ) hepatic concentration of triglyceride and output of triglyceride .", "entities": [ "triglyceride", "triglyceride" ] }, { "id": "340", "type": "chemical", "text": "Accumulation of hepatic triglyceride , as a per cent of control values , in response to graded doses of tetracycline , did not differ significantly between male , female and pregnant rat livers .", "entities": [ "triglyceride", "tetracycline" ] }, { "id": "341", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , livers from female , and especially pregnant female rats , were strikingly resistant to the effects of tetracycline on depression of output of triglyceride under these experimental conditions .", "entities": [ "tetracycline", "triglyceride" ] }, { "id": "342", "type": "chemical", "text": "These differences between the sexes could not be related to altered disposition of tetracycline or altered uptake of oleic acid .", "entities": [ "tetracycline", "oleic acid" ] }, { "id": "343", "type": "chemical", "text": "Depressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride accounted only for 30 to 50 % of accumulated hepatic triglyceride , indicating that additional mechanisms must be involved in the production of the triglyceride - rich fatty liver in response to tetracycline .", "entities": [ "triglyceride", "triglyceride", "triglyceride", "tetracycline" ] }, { "id": "344", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prednisone induces anxiety and glial cerebral changes in rats .", "entities": [ "Prednisone" ] }, { "id": "345", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To assess whether prednisone ( PDN ) produces anxiety and / or cerebral glial changes in rats .", "entities": [ "prednisone", "PDN" ] }, { "id": "347", "type": "chemical", "text": "The moderate - dose group received 5 mg / kg / day PDN released from a subcutaneous implant .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "348", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the high - dose group , implants containing PDN equivalent to 60 mg / kg / day were applied .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "349", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the control group implants contained no PDN .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "352", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Anxiety was documented in both groups of PDN treated rats compared with controls .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "353", "type": "chemical", "text": "The magnitude of transformation of the microglia assessed by the number of intersections was significantly higher in the PDN groups than in controls in the prefrontal cortex ( moderate - dose , 24 . 1 ; high - dose , 23 . 6 ; controls 18 . 7 ; p < 0 . 01 ) and striatum ( moderate - dose 25 . 6 ; high - dose 26 . 3 ; controls 18 . 9 ; p < 0 . 01 ) , but not in hippocampus .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "354", "type": "chemical", "text": "The number of stained microglia cells was significantly higher in the PDN treated groups in the prefrontal cortex than in controls ( moderate - dose , 29 . 1 ; high - dose , 28 . 4 ; control , 17 . 7 cells per field ; p < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "356", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Subacute exposure to PDN induced anxiety and reactivity of microglia .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "357", "type": "chemical", "text": "The relevance of these features for patients using PDN remains to be elucidated .", "entities": [ "PDN" ] }, { "id": "358", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phase II study of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix .", "entities": [ "carboplatin", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "359", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : The activity of the combination of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin was tested in a Phase II study of patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma .", "entities": [ "carboplatin", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "360", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : The combination of carboplatin ( area under the concentration curve [ AUC ] , 5 ) and liposomal doxorubicin ( Doxil ; starting dose , 40 mg / m ( 2 ) ) was administered intravenously every 28 days to 37 patients with recurrent squamous cell cervical carcinoma to determine antitumor activity and toxicity profile .", "entities": [ "carboplatin", "doxorubicin", "Doxil" ] }, { "id": "364", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four patients had five infusion - related reactions during the infusion of liposomal doxorubicin , leading to treatment discontinuation in three patients .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "366", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The combination of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin has modest activity in patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma .", "entities": [ "carboplatin", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "371", "type": "chemical", "text": "There were 6 cases implicating clarithromycin , 13 implicating isoniazid , and 1 case each implicating erythromycin and amoxicillin .", "entities": [ "clarithromycin", "isoniazid", "erythromycin", "amoxicillin" ] }, { "id": "373", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of these , clarithromycin was implicated in 23 ( 27 . 6 % ) cases , ciprofloxacin in 12 ( 14 . 4 % ) cases , and ofloxacin in 10 ( 12 % ) cases .", "entities": [ "clarithromycin", "ciprofloxacin", "ofloxacin" ] }, { "id": "374", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cotrimoxazole , metronidazole , and erythromycin were involved in 15 reported manic episodes .", "entities": [ "Cotrimoxazole", "metronidazole", "erythromycin" ] }, { "id": "375", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cases reported by the FDA showed clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin to be the most frequently associated with the development of mania .", "entities": [ "clarithromycin", "ciprofloxacin" ] }, { "id": "381", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levodopa - induced ocular dyskinesias in Parkinson ' s disease .", "entities": [ "Levodopa" ] }, { "id": "382", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levodopa - induced ocular dyskinesias are very uncommon .", "entities": [ "Levodopa" ] }, { "id": "384", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report on a patient with leftward and upward deviations of gaze during the peak effect of levodopa , and hypothesize that a severe dopaminergic denervation in the caudate nucleus is needed for the appearance of these levodopa - induce ocular dyskinesias .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "385", "type": "chemical", "text": "A comparison of glyceryl trinitrate with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea : an open , randomized , cross - over trial .", "entities": [ "glyceryl trinitrate", "diclofenac" ] }, { "id": "386", "type": "chemical", "text": "Primary dysmenorrhea is a syndrome characterized by painful uterine contractility caused by a hypersecretion of endometrial prostaglandins ; non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are the first choice for its treatment .", "entities": [ "prostaglandins" ] }, { "id": "387", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that myometrial cells are also targets of the relaxant effects of nitric oxide ( NO ) .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide", "NO" ] }, { "id": "388", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) , an NO donor , in the resolution of primary dysmenorrhea in comparison with diclofenac ( DCF ) .", "entities": [ "glyceryl trinitrate", "GTN", "NO", "diclofenac", "DCF" ] }, { "id": "390", "type": "chemical", "text": "In an open , cross - over , controlled design , patients were randomized to receive either DCF per os or GTN patches the first days of menses , when menstrual cramps became unendurable .", "entities": [ "DCF", "GTN" ] }, { "id": "392", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients received up to 3 doses / day of 50 mg DCF or 2 . 5 mg / 24 h transdermal GTN for the first 3 days of the cycle , according to their needs .", "entities": [ "DCF", "GTN" ] }, { "id": "395", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both treatments significantly reduced DPI by the 30th minute ( GTN , - 12 . 8 + / - 17 . 9 ; DCF , - 18 . 9 + / - 16 . 6 ) .", "entities": [ "GTN", "DCF" ] }, { "id": "396", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , DCF continued to be effective in reducing pelvic pain for two hours , whereas GTN scores remained more or less stable after 30 min and significantly higher than those for DFC ( after one hour : GTN , - 12 . 8 + / - 17 . 9 ; DFC , - 18 . 9 + / - 16 . 6 and after two hours : GTN , - 23 . 7 + / - 20 . 5 ; DFC , - 59 . 7 + / - 17 . 9 , p = 0 . 0001 ) .", "entities": [ "DCF", "GTN", "GTN", "GTN" ] }, { "id": "398", "type": "chemical", "text": "Headache was significantly increased by GTN but not by DCF .", "entities": [ "GTN", "DCF" ] }, { "id": "399", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eight patients stopped using GTN because headache - - attributed to its use - - became intolerable .", "entities": [ "GTN" ] }, { "id": "400", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings indicate that GTN has a reduced efficacy and tolerability by comparison with DCF in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea .", "entities": [ "GTN", "DCF" ] }, { "id": "401", "type": "chemical", "text": "Temocapril , a long - acting non - SH group angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor , modulates glomerular injury in chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis .", "entities": [ "Temocapril", "angiotensin", "puromycin aminonucleoside" ] }, { "id": "402", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of the present study was to determine whether chronic administration of temocapril , a long - acting non - SH group angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitor , reduced proteinuria , inhibited glomerular hypertrophy and prevented glomerulosclerosis in chronic puromycin aminonucleoside ( PAN ) - induced nephrotic rats .", "entities": [ "temocapril", "angiotensin", "puromycin aminonucleoside", "PAN" ] }, { "id": "403", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nephrosis was induced by injection of PAN ( 15mg / 100g body weight ) in male Sprague - Dawley ( SD ) rats .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "404", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four groups were used , i ) the PAN group ( 14 ) , ii ) PAN / temocapril ( 13 ) , iii ) temocapril ( 14 ) and iv ) untreated controls ( 15 ) .", "entities": [ "PAN", "PAN", "temocapril", "temocapril" ] }, { "id": "405", "type": "chemical", "text": "Temocapril ( 8 mg / kg / day ) was administered to the rats which were killed at weeks 4 , 14 or 20 .", "entities": [ "Temocapril" ] }, { "id": "407", "type": "chemical", "text": "Systolic BP in the PAN group was significantly high at 4 , 14 and 20 weeks , but was normal in the PAN / temocapril group .", "entities": [ "PAN", "PAN", "temocapril" ] }, { "id": "408", "type": "chemical", "text": "Urinary protein excretion in the PAN group increased significantly , peaking at 8 days , then decreased at 4 weeks , but rose again significantly at 14 and 20 weeks .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "409", "type": "chemical", "text": "Temocapril did not attenuate proteinuria at 8 days , but it did markedly lower it from weeks 4 to 20 .", "entities": [ "Temocapril" ] }, { "id": "410", "type": "chemical", "text": "The glomerulosclerosis index ( GSI ) was 6 . 21 % at 4 weeks and respectively 25 . 35 % and 30 . 49 % at 14 and 20 weeks in the PAN group .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "412", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ratio of glomerular tuft area to the area of Bowman ' s capsules ( GT / BC ) in the PAN group was significantly increased , but it was significantly lower in the PAN / temocapril group .", "entities": [ "PAN", "PAN", "temocapril" ] }, { "id": "413", "type": "chemical", "text": "It appears that temocapril was effective in retarding renal progression and protected renal function in PAN neprotic rats .", "entities": [ "temocapril", "PAN" ] }, { "id": "414", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pulmonary hypertension after ibuprofen prophylaxis in very preterm infants .", "entities": [ "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "415", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report three cases of severe hypoxaemia after ibuprofen administration during a randomised controlled trial of prophylactic treatment of patent ductus arteriosus with ibuprofen in premature infants born at less than 28 weeks of gestation .", "entities": [ "ibuprofen", "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "417", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypoxaemia resolved quickly on inhaled nitric oxide therapy .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide" ] }, { "id": "418", "type": "chemical", "text": "We suggest that investigators involved in similar trials pay close attention to pulmonary pressure if hypoxaemia occurs after prophylactic administration of ibuprofen .", "entities": [ "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "419", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hyponatremia and syndrome of inappropriate anti - diuretic hormone reported with the use of Vincristine : an over - representation of Asians ?", "entities": [ "Vincristine" ] }, { "id": "420", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : This retrospective study used a pharmaceutical company ' s global safety database to determine the reporting rate of hyponatremia and / or syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti - diuretic hormone ( SIADH ) among vincristine - treated patients and to explore the possibility of at - risk population subgroups .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "421", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHOD : We searched the Eli Lilly and Company ' s computerized adverse event database for all reported cases of hyponatremia and / or SIADH as of 1 November 1999 that had been reported during the use of vincristine .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "422", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : A total of 76 cases of hyponatremia and / or SIADH associated with vincristine use were identified .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "427", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Our data suggest that Asian patients may be at increased risk of hyponatremia and / or SIADH associated with vincristine use .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "428", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although the overall reported rate of SIADH associated with vincristine is very low , physicians caring for Asian oncology patients should be aware of this potential serious but reversible adverse event .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "429", "type": "chemical", "text": "Delayed toxicity of cyclophosphamide on the bladder of DBA / 2 and C57BL / 6 female mouse .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "430", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study describes the delayed development of a severe bladder pathology in a susceptible strain of mice ( DBA / 2 ) but not in a resistant strain ( C57BL / 6 ) when both were treated with a single 300 mg / kg dose of cyclophosphamide ( CY ) .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "CY" ] }, { "id": "431", "type": "chemical", "text": "Inbred DBA / 2 and C57BL / 6 female mice were injected with CY , and the effect of the drug on the bladder was assessed during 100 days by light microscopy using different staining procedures , and after 30 days by conventional electron microscopy .", "entities": [ "CY" ] }, { "id": "432", "type": "chemical", "text": "Early CY toxicity caused a typical haemorrhagic cystitis in both strains that was completely repaired in about 7 - 10 days .", "entities": [ "CY" ] }, { "id": "433", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 30 days of CY injection ulcerous and non - ulcerous forms of chronic cystitis appeared in 86 % of DBA / 2 mice but only in 4 % of C57BL / 6 mice .", "entities": [ "CY" ] }, { "id": "439", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results indicate that delayed toxicity of CY in female DBA / 2 mice causes a bladder pathology that is not observed in C57BL / 6 mice .", "entities": [ "CY" ] }, { "id": "441", "type": "chemical", "text": "High - dose 5 - fluorouracil / folinic acid in combination with three - weekly mitomycin C in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer .", "entities": [ "5 - fluorouracil", "folinic acid", "mitomycin C" ] }, { "id": "443", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : The 24 - hour continuous infusion of 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) and folinic acid ( FA ) as part of several new multidrug chemotherapy regimens in advanced gastric cancer ( AGC ) has shown to be effective , with low toxicity .", "entities": [ "5 - fluorouracil", "5 - FU", "folinic acid", "FA" ] }, { "id": "444", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a previous phase II study with 3 - weekly bolus 5 - FU , FA and mitomycin C ( MMC ) we found a low toxicity rate and response rates comparable to those of regimens such as ELF , FAM or FAMTX , and a promising median overall survival .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "FA", "mitomycin C", "MMC" ] }, { "id": "445", "type": "chemical", "text": "In order to improve this MMC - dependent schedule we initiated a phase II study with high - dose 5 - FU / FA and 3 - weekly bolus MMC .", "entities": [ "MMC", "5 - FU", "FA", "MMC" ] }, { "id": "446", "type": "chemical", "text": "PATIENTS AND METHODS : From February , 1998 to September , 2000 we recruited 33 patients with AGC to receive weekly 24 - hour 5 - FU 2 , 600 mg / m ( 2 ) preceded by 2 - hour FA 500 mg / m ( 2 ) for 6 weeks , followed by a 2 - week rest period .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "FA" ] }, { "id": "447", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bolus MMC 10 mg / m ( 2 ) was added in 3 - weekly intervals .", "entities": [ "MMC" ] }, { "id": "456", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : High - dose 5 - FU / FA / MMC is an effective and well - tolerated outpatient regimen for AGC ( objective response rate 54 . 6 % ) .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "FA", "MMC" ] }, { "id": "457", "type": "chemical", "text": "It may serve as an alternative to cisplatin - containing regimens ; however , it has to be considered that possibly HUS may occur .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "458", "type": "chemical", "text": "Persistent sterile leukocyturia is associated with impaired renal function in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 - infected children treated with indinavir .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "459", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Prolonged administration of indinavir is associated with the occurrence of a variety of renal complications in adults .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "461", "type": "chemical", "text": "DESIGN : A prospective study to monitor indinavir - related nephrotoxicity in a cohort of 30 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 - infected children treated with indinavir .", "entities": [ "indinavir", "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "462", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Urinary pH , albumin , creatinine , the presence of erythrocytes , leukocytes , bacteria and crystals , and culture were analyzed every 3 months for 96 weeks .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "463", "type": "chemical", "text": "Serum creatinine levels were routinely determined at the same time points .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "464", "type": "chemical", "text": "Steady - state pharmacokinetics of indinavir were done at week 4 after the initiation of indinavir .", "entities": [ "indinavir", "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "466", "type": "chemical", "text": "Persistent sterile leukocyturia was frequently associated with a mild increase in the urine albumin / creatinine ratio and by microscopic hematuria .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "467", "type": "chemical", "text": "The cumulative incidence of serum creatinine levels > 50 % above normal was 33 % after 96 weeks .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "468", "type": "chemical", "text": "Children with persistent sterile leukocyturia more frequently had serum creatinine levels of 50 % above normal than those children without persistent sterile leukocyturia .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "470", "type": "chemical", "text": "A higher cumulative incidence of persistent leukocyturia was found in children with an area under the curve > 19 mg / L x h or a peak serum level of indinavir > 12 mg / L .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "471", "type": "chemical", "text": "In 4 children , indinavir was discontinued because of nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "472", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subsequently , the serum creatinine levels decreased , the urine albumin / creatinine ratios returned to zero , and the leukocyturia disappeared within 3 months .", "entities": [ "creatinine", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "473", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Children treated with indinavir have a high cumulative incidence of persistent sterile leukocyturia .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "474", "type": "chemical", "text": "Children with persistent sterile leukocyturia more frequently had an increase in serum creatinine levels of > 50 % above normal .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "477", "type": "chemical", "text": "Indinavir - associated nephrotoxicity must be monitored closely , especially in children with risk factors such as persistent sterile leukocyturia , age < 5 . 6 years , an area under the curve of indinavir > 19 mg / L x h , and a C ( max ) > 12 mg / L .", "entities": [ "Indinavir", "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "478", "type": "chemical", "text": "Utility of troponin I in patients with cocaine - associated chest pain .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "479", "type": "chemical", "text": "Baseline electrocardiogram abnormalities and market elevations not associated with myocardial necrosis make accurate diagnosis of myocardial infarction ( MI ) difficult in patients with cocaine - associated chest pain .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "481", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To assess outcomes based on troponin positivity in patients with cocaine chest pain admitted for exclusion of MI .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "482", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Outcomes were examined in patients admitted for possible MI after cocaine use .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "483", "type": "chemical", "text": "All patients underwent a rapid rule - in protocol that included serial sampling of creatine kinase ( CK ) , CK - MB , and cardiac troponin I ( cTnI ) over eight hours .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "490", "type": "chemical", "text": "Troponin appears to have an equivalent diagnostic accuracy compared with CK - MB for diagnosing necrosis in patients with cocaine - associated chest pain and suspected MI .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "491", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute interstitial nephritis due to nicergoline ( Sermion ) .", "entities": [ "nicergoline", "Sermion" ] }, { "id": "492", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of acute interstitial nephritis ( AIN ) due to nicergoline ( Sermion ) .", "entities": [ "nicergoline", "Sermion" ] }, { "id": "494", "type": "chemical", "text": "Before admission , he had been taking nicergoline and bendazac lysine due to retinal vein occlusion at ophthalmologic department .", "entities": [ "nicergoline", "bendazac lysine" ] }, { "id": "497", "type": "chemical", "text": "A lymphocyte transformation test demonstrated a positive result against nicergoline .", "entities": [ "nicergoline" ] }, { "id": "498", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment was consisted of withdrawal of nicergoline and intravenous methylprednisolone , and his renal function was completely recovered .", "entities": [ "nicergoline", "methylprednisolone" ] }, { "id": "499", "type": "chemical", "text": "To our knowledge , this is the first report of nicergoline - associated AIN .", "entities": [ "nicergoline" ] }, { "id": "501", "type": "chemical", "text": "A patient with chronic renal failure ( CRF ) developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( NMS ) after administration of risperidone and levomepromazine .", "entities": [ "risperidone", "levomepromazine" ] }, { "id": "507", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adrenaline - induced hypertension was used to destroy the BBB , which was evaluated using triphenyltetrazolium ( TTC ) staining of the brain slices just after giving adrenaline for 30 s .", "entities": [ "Adrenaline", "triphenyltetrazolium", "TTC", "adrenaline" ] }, { "id": "508", "type": "chemical", "text": "In normal rats , the whole brain sections exhibited complete staining with TTC .", "entities": [ "TTC" ] }, { "id": "509", "type": "chemical", "text": "After adrenaline infusion for 30 s , there were large unstained areas in the left brain in right - pawed animals , and vice versa in left - pawed animals .", "entities": [ "adrenaline" ] }, { "id": "513", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carvedilol protects against doxorubicin - induced mitochondrial cardiomyopathy .", "entities": [ "Carvedilol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "514", "type": "chemical", "text": "Several cytopathic mechanisms have been suggested to mediate the dose - limiting cumulative and irreversible cardiomyopathy caused by doxorubicin .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "516", "type": "chemical", "text": "The objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that carvedilol , a nonselective beta - adrenergic receptor antagonist with potent antioxidant properties , protects against the cardiac and hepatic mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction associated with subchronic doxorubicin toxicity .", "entities": [ "carvedilol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "517", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heart and liver mitochondria were isolated from rats treated for 7 weeks with doxorubicin ( 2 mg / kg sc / week ) , carvedilol ( 1 mg / kg ip / week ) , or the combination of the two drugs .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "carvedilol" ] }, { "id": "518", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heart mitochondria isolated from doxorubicin - treated rats exhibited depressed rates for state 3 respiration ( 336 + / - 26 versus 425 + / - 53 natom O / min / mg protein ) and a lower respiratory control ratio ( RCR ) ( 4 . 3 + / - 0 . 6 versus 5 . 8 + / - 0 . 4 ) compared with cardiac mitochondria isolated from saline - treated rats .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "519", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mitochondrial calcium - loading capacity and the activity of NADH - dehydrogenase were also suppressed in cardiac mitochondria from doxorubicin - treated rats .", "entities": [ "calcium", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "520", "type": "chemical", "text": "Doxorubicin treatment also caused a decrease in RCR for liver mitochondria ( 3 . 9 + / - 0 . 9 versus 5 . 6 + / - 0 . 7 for control rats ) and inhibition of hepatic cytochrome oxidase activity .", "entities": [ "Doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "521", "type": "chemical", "text": "Coadministration of carvedilol decreased the extent of cellular vacuolization in cardiac myocytes and prevented the inhibitory effect of doxorubicin on mitochondrial respiration in both heart and liver .", "entities": [ "carvedilol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "522", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carvedilol also prevented the decrease in mitochondrial Ca ( 2 + ) loading capacity and the inhibition of the respiratory complexes of heart mitochondria caused by doxorubicin .", "entities": [ "Carvedilol", "Ca", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "523", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carvedilol by itself did not affect any of the parameters measured for heart or liver mitochondria .", "entities": [ "Carvedilol" ] }, { "id": "524", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that this protection by carvedilol against both the structural and functional cardiac tissue damage may afford significant clinical advantage in minimizing the dose - limiting mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyopathy that accompanies long - term doxorubicin therapy in cancer patients .", "entities": [ "carvedilol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "525", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cocaine - induced hyperactivity is more influenced by adenosine receptor agonists than amphetamine - induced hyperactivity .", "entities": [ "Cocaine", "adenosine", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "526", "type": "chemical", "text": "The influence of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on cocaine - and amphetamine - induced hyperactivity was examined in mice .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "cocaine", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "527", "type": "chemical", "text": "All adenosine receptor agonists significantly decreased the locomotor activity in mice , and the effects were dose - dependent .", "entities": [ "adenosine" ] }, { "id": "528", "type": "chemical", "text": "It seems that adenosine A1 and A2 receptors might be involved in this reaction .", "entities": [ "adenosine" ] }, { "id": "529", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , all adenosine receptor agonists : 2 - p - ( 2 - carboxyethyl ) phenethylamino - 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ( CGS 21680 ) , A2A receptor agonist , N6 - cyclopentyladenosine ( CPA ) , A1 receptor agonist , and 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ( NECA ) , A2 / A1 receptor agonist significantly and dose - dependently decreased cocaine - induced locomotor activity .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "2 - p - ( 2 - carboxyethyl ) phenethylamino - 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine", "CGS 21680", "N6 - cyclopentyladenosine", "CPA", "5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine", "NECA", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "530", "type": "chemical", "text": "CPA reduced cocaine action at the doses which , given alone , did not influence motility , while CGS 21680 and NECA decreased the action of cocaine at the doses which , given alone , decreased locomotor activity in animals .", "entities": [ "CPA", "cocaine", "CGS 21680", "NECA", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "531", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest the involvement of both adenosine receptors in the action of cocaine although agonists of A1 receptors seem to have stronger influence on it .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "532", "type": "chemical", "text": "The selective blockade of A2 adenosine receptor by DMPX ( 3 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 - propargylxanthine ) significantly enhanced cocaine - induced locomotor activity of animals .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "DMPX", "3 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 - propargylxanthine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "533", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caffeine had similar action but the effect was not significant .", "entities": [ "Caffeine" ] }, { "id": "534", "type": "chemical", "text": "CPT ( 8 - cyclopentyltheophylline ) - - A1 receptor antagonist , did not show any influence in this test .", "entities": [ "CPT", "8 - cyclopentyltheophylline" ] }, { "id": "535", "type": "chemical", "text": "Similarly , all adenosine receptor agonists decreased amphetamine - induced hyperactivity , but at the higher doses than those which were active in cocaine - induced hyperactivity .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "amphetamine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "536", "type": "chemical", "text": "The selective blockade of A2 adenosine receptors ( DMPX ) and non - selective blockade of adenosine receptors ( caffeine ) significantly increased the action of amphetamine in the locomotor activity test .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "DMPX", "adenosine", "caffeine", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "537", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our results have shown that all adenosine receptor agonists ( A1 and A2 ) reduce cocaine - and amphetamine - induced locomotor activity and indicate that cocaine - induced hyperactivity is more influenced by adenosine receptor agonists ( particularly A1 receptors ) than amphetamine - induced hyperactivity .", "entities": [ "adenosine", "cocaine", "amphetamine", "cocaine", "adenosine", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "538", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone and the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacemaker in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and prior myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "539", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation ( AF ) increases the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "540", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Reports of severe bradyarrhythmia during amiodarone therapy are infrequent and limited to studies assessing the therapy ' s use in the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "543", "type": "chemical", "text": "Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio ( OR ) of pacemaker insertion associated with amiodarone use , controlling for baseline risk factors and exposure to sotalol , Class I antiarrhythmic agents , beta - blockers , calcium channel blockers , and digoxin .", "entities": [ "amiodarone", "sotalol", "calcium", "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "544", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : amiodarone use was associated with an increased risk of pacemaker insertion ( OR : 2 . 14 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1 . 30 to 3 . 54 ) .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "546", "type": "chemical", "text": "Digoxin was the only other medication associated with an increased risk of pacemaker insertion ( OR : 1 . 78 , 95 % CI : 1 . 37 to 2 . 31 ) .", "entities": [ "Digoxin" ] }, { "id": "547", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : This study suggests that the use of amiodarone in elderly patients with AF and a previous MI increases the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "548", "type": "chemical", "text": "The finding of an augmented risk of pacemaker insertion in elderly women receiving amiodarone requires further investigation .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "549", "type": "chemical", "text": "Indomethacin - induced morphologic changes in the rat urinary bladder epithelium .", "entities": [ "Indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "550", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the morphologic changes in rat urothelium induced by indomethacin .", "entities": [ "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "552", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition to tiaprofenic acid , indomethacin has been reported to be associated with this condition .", "entities": [ "tiaprofenic acid", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "553", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Three groups were established : a control group ( n = 10 ) , a high - dose group ( n = 10 ) , treated with one intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin 20 mg / kg , and a therapeutic dose group ( n = 10 ) in which oral indomethacin was administered 3 . 25 mg / kg body weight daily for 3 weeks .", "entities": [ "indomethacin", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "556", "type": "chemical", "text": "When compared with the control group , both indomethacin groups revealed statistically increased numbers of mast cells in the mucosa ( P < 0 . 0001 ) and penetration of lanthanum nitrate through intercellular areas of the epithelium .", "entities": [ "indomethacin", "lanthanum nitrate" ] }, { "id": "558", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Indomethacin resulted in histopathologic findings typical of interstitial cystitis , such as leaky bladder epithelium and mucosal mastocytosis .", "entities": [ "Indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "560", "type": "chemical", "text": "An open - label phase II study of low - dose thalidomide in androgen - independent prostate cancer .", "entities": [ "thalidomide", "androgen" ] }, { "id": "561", "type": "chemical", "text": "The antiangiogenic effects of thalidomide have been assessed in clinical trials in patients with various solid and haematological malignancies .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "562", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thalidomide blocks the activity of angiogenic agents including bFGF , VEGF and IL - 6 .", "entities": [ "Thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "563", "type": "chemical", "text": "We undertook an open - label study using thalidomide 100 mg once daily for up to 6 months in 20 men with androgen - independent prostate cancer .", "entities": [ "thalidomide", "androgen" ] }, { "id": "565", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients underwent regular measurement of prostate - specific antigen ( PSA ) , urea and electrolytes , serum bFGF and VEGF .", "entities": [ "urea" ] }, { "id": "571", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the seven men who completed six months on thalidomide , subclinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found in four before treatment , but in all seven at repeat testing .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "572", "type": "chemical", "text": "The findings indicate that thalidomide may be an option for patients who have failed other forms of therapy , provided close follow - up is maintained for development of peripheral neuropathy .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "573", "type": "chemical", "text": "Central nervous system toxicity following the administration of levobupivacaine for lumbar plexus block : A report of two cases .", "entities": [ "levobupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "575", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levobupivacaine , the pure S ( - ) enantiomer of bupivacaine , was developed to improve the cardiac safety profile of bupivacaine .", "entities": [ "Levobupivacaine", "bupivacaine", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "576", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe 2 cases of grand mal seizures following accidental intravascular injection of levobupivacaine .", "entities": [ "levobupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "578", "type": "chemical", "text": "Immediately after the administration of levobupivacaine 0 . 5 % with epinephrine 2 . 5 microgram / mL , the patients developed grand mal seizures , despite negative aspiration for blood and no clinical signs of intravenous epinephrine administration .", "entities": [ "levobupivacaine", "epinephrine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "579", "type": "chemical", "text": "The seizures were successfully treated with sodium thiopental in addition to succinylcholine in 1 patient .", "entities": [ "sodium thiopental", "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "581", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both patients were treated preoperatively with beta - adrenergic antagonist medications , which may have masked the cardiovascular signs of the unintentional intravascular administration of levobupivacaine with epinephrine .", "entities": [ "levobupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "582", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Although levobupivacaine may have a safer cardiac toxicity profile than racemic bupivacaine , if adequate amounts of levobupivacaine reach the circulation , it will result in convulsions .", "entities": [ "levobupivacaine", "bupivacaine", "levobupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "584", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone - induced torsade de pointes during bladder irrigation : an unusual presentation - - a case report .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "585", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors present a case of early ( within 4 days ) development of torsade de pointes ( TdP ) associated with oral amiodarone therapy .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "586", "type": "chemical", "text": "Consistent with other reports this case of TdP occurred in the context of multiple exacerbating factors including hypokalemia and digoxin excess .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "589", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors speculate that the increased vagal tone during bladder irrigation , a vagal maneuver , in the context of amiodarone therapy resulted in amiodarone - induced proarrhythmia .", "entities": [ "amiodarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "590", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the absence of amiodarone therapy , a second bladder irrigation did not induce TdP despite hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "592", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myotonia congenita ( MC ) is caused by a defect in the skeletal muscle chloride channel function , which may cause sustained membrane depolarisation .", "entities": [ "chloride" ] }, { "id": "593", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe a previously healthy 32 - year - old woman who developed a life - threatening muscle spasm and secondary ventilation difficulties following a preoperative injection of suxamethonium .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "603", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here we sought to generate information with regard to the interictal period in animals with pilocarpine - induced epilepsy .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "607", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The hyperventilation maneuver caused a decrease in spontaneous ventilation in pilocarpine - treated and control rats .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "612", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The data indicate that pilocarpine - treated animals have an altered ability to react to ( or compensate for ) blood gas changes with changes in ventilation and suggest that it is centrally determined .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "614", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fatal myeloencephalopathy due to intrathecal vincristine administration .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "615", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vincristine was accidentally given intrathecally to a child with leukaemia , producing sensory and motor dysfunction followed by encephalopathy and death .", "entities": [ "Vincristine" ] }, { "id": "616", "type": "chemical", "text": "Separate times for administering vincristine and intrathecal therapy is recommended .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "617", "type": "chemical", "text": "Progesterone potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity in pentobarbital - anesthetized rats and beating rat heart cell cultures .", "entities": [ "Progesterone", "bupivacaine", "pentobarbital" ] }, { "id": "618", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of progesterone treatment on bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity in beating rat heart myocyte cultures and on anesthetized rats were determined .", "entities": [ "progesterone", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "619", "type": "chemical", "text": "After determining the bupivacaine AD50 ( the concentration of bupivacaine that caused 50 % of all beating rat heart myocyte cultures to become arrhythmic ) , we determined the effect of 1 - hour progesterone HCl exposure on myocyte contractile rhythm .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "bupivacaine", "HCl" ] }, { "id": "620", "type": "chemical", "text": "Each concentration of progesterone ( 6 . 25 , 12 . 5 , 25 , and 50 micrograms / ml ) caused a significant and concentration - dependent reduction in the AD50 for bupivacaine .", "entities": [ "progesterone", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "621", "type": "chemical", "text": "Estradiol treatment also increased the arrhythmogenicity of bupivacaine in myocyte cultures , but was only one fourth as potent as progesterone .", "entities": [ "Estradiol", "bupivacaine", "progesterone" ] }, { "id": "622", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neither progesterone nor estradiol effects on bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity were potentiated by epinephrine .", "entities": [ "progesterone", "estradiol", "bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "623", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic progesterone pretreatment ( 5 mg / kg / day for 21 days ) caused a significant increase in bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity in intact pentobarbital - anesthetized rats .", "entities": [ "progesterone", "bupivacaine", "pentobarbital" ] }, { "id": "625", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results of this study indicate that progesterone can potentiate bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity both in vivo and in vitro .", "entities": [ "progesterone", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "626", "type": "chemical", "text": "Potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmia in myocyte cultures suggests that this effect is at least partly mediated at the myocyte level .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "627", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased serum soluble Fas in patients with acute liver failure due to paracetamol overdose .", "entities": [ "paracetamol" ] }, { "id": "633", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levels were significantly greater in patients with acute liver failure due to paracetamol overdose ( median , 28 . 7 U / mL ; range , 12 . 8 - 52 . 7 U / mL , n = 17 ) than those due to non - A to E hepatitis ( median , 12 . 5 U / mL ; range , 6 . 9 - 46 . 0 U / mL , n = 7 , P < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "paracetamol" ] }, { "id": "635", "type": "chemical", "text": "A significant correlation was observed between serum sFas levels and aspartate aminotransferase ( r = 0 . 613 , P < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "aspartate" ] }, { "id": "640", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHOD : Twenty - three patients suffering from severe Parkinson ' s disease ( Stages III - V on Hoehn and Yahr scale ) and , particularly bradykinesia , rigidity , and levodopa - induced dyskinesias underwent bilateral implantation of electrodes in the STN .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "645", "type": "chemical", "text": "The average levodopa dose decreased from 813 mg to 359 mg .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "649", "type": "chemical", "text": "It reduces the severity of \" off \" phase symptoms , improves the axial symptoms and reduces levodopa requirements .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "650", "type": "chemical", "text": "The reduction in the levodopa dose is useful in controlling drug - induced dyskinesias .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "651", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute renal failure occurring during intravenous desferrioxamine therapy : recovery after haemodialysis .", "entities": [ "desferrioxamine" ] }, { "id": "652", "type": "chemical", "text": "A patient with transfusion - dependent thalassemia was undergoing home intravenous desferrioxamine ( DFX ) treatment by means of a totally implanted system because of his poor compliance with the nightly subcutaneous therapy .", "entities": [ "desferrioxamine", "DFX" ] }, { "id": "655", "type": "chemical", "text": "From the results obtained , haemodialysis can therefore be suggested as a useful therapy in rare cases of progressive acute renal failure caused by desferrioxamine .", "entities": [ "desferrioxamine" ] }, { "id": "656", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ocular motility changes after subtenon carboplatin chemotherapy for retinoblastoma .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "657", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Focal subtenon carboplatin injections have recently been used as a presumably toxicity - free adjunct to systemic chemotherapy for intraocular retinoblastoma .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "658", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To report our clinical experience with abnormal ocular motility in patients treated with subtenon carboplatin chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "659", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : We noted abnormal ocular motility in 10 consecutive patients with retinoblastoma who had received subtenon carboplatin .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "662", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Limitation of ocular motility was detected in all 12 eyes of 10 patients treated for intraocular retinoblastoma with 1 to 6 injections of subtenon carboplatin as part of multimodality therapy .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "665", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Subtenon carboplatin chemotherapy is associated with significant fibrosis of orbital soft tissues , leading to mechanical restriction of eye movements and making subsequent enucleation difficult .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "666", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subtenon carboplatin is not free of toxicity , and its use is best restricted to specific indications .", "entities": [ "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "667", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ethambutol and optic neuropathy .", "entities": [ "Ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "668", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To demonstrate the association between ethambutol and optic neuropathy .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "669", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHOD : Thirteen patients who developed optic neuropathy after being treated with ethambutol for tuberculosis of the lung or lymph node at Siriraj Hospital between 1997 and 2001 were retrospectively reviewed .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "671", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : All patients had optic neuropathy between 1 to 6 months ( mean = 2 . 9 months ) after starting ethambutol therapy at a dosage ranging from 13 to 20 mg / kg / day ( mean = 17 mg / kg / day ) .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "674", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Early recognition of optic neuropathy should be considered in patients with ethambutol therapy .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "676", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment of compensatory gustatory hyperhidrosis with topical glycopyrrolate .", "entities": [ "glycopyrrolate" ] }, { "id": "678", "type": "chemical", "text": "Current options of treatment include oral anticholinergic drugs , the topical application of anticholinergics or aluminum chloride , and the injection of botulinum toxin .", "entities": [ "aluminum chloride" ] }, { "id": "679", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thirteen patients have been treated to date with 1 . 5 % or 2 % topical glycopyrrolate .", "entities": [ "glycopyrrolate" ] }, { "id": "681", "type": "chemical", "text": "After applying topical glycopyrrolate , the subjective effect was excellent ( no sweating after eating hot spicy food ) in 10 patients ( 77 % ) , and fair ( clearly reduced sweating ) in 3 patients ( 23 % ) .", "entities": [ "glycopyrrolate" ] }, { "id": "683", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adverse effects included a mildly dry mouth and a sore throat in 2 patients ( 2 % glycopyrrolate ) , a light headache in 1 patient ( 1 . 5 % glycopyrrolate ) .", "entities": [ "glycopyrrolate", "glycopyrrolate" ] }, { "id": "684", "type": "chemical", "text": "The topical application of a glycopyrrolate pad appeared to be safe , efficacious , well tolerated , and a convenient method of treatment for moderate to severe symptoms of gustatory hyperhidrosis in post transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy or sympathicotomy patients , with few side effects .", "entities": [ "glycopyrrolate" ] }, { "id": "685", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuroleptic - associated hyperprolactinemia .", "entities": [ "Neuroleptic" ] }, { "id": "686", "type": "chemical", "text": "Can it be treated with bromocriptine ?", "entities": [ "bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "687", "type": "chemical", "text": "Six stable psychiatric outpatients with hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea / oligomenorrhea associated with their neuroleptic medications were treated with bromocriptine .", "entities": [ "neuroleptic medications", "bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "689", "type": "chemical", "text": "One woman , however , developed worsened psychiatric symptoms while taking bromocriptine , and it was discontinued .", "entities": [ "bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "690", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , three of six patients had their menstrual irregularity successfully corrected with bromocriptine .", "entities": [ "bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "691", "type": "chemical", "text": "This suggests that bromocriptine should be further evaluated as potential therapy for neuroleptic - associated hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea / galactorrhea .", "entities": [ "bromocriptine", "neuroleptic" ] }, { "id": "692", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ethacrynic acid - induced convulsions and brain neurotransmitters in mice .", "entities": [ "Ethacrynic acid" ] }, { "id": "693", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intracerebroventricular injection of ethacrynic acid ( 50 % convulsive dose ; 50 micrograms / mouse ) accelerated the synthesis / turnover of 5 - hydroxytryptamine ( 5 - HT ) but suppressed the synthesis of gamma - aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine in mouse brain .", "entities": [ "ethacrynic acid", "5 - hydroxytryptamine", "5 - HT", "gamma - aminobutyric acid", "acetylcholine" ] }, { "id": "694", "type": "chemical", "text": "These effects were completely antagonized by pretreatment with a glutamate / N - methyl - D - aspartate antagonist , aminophosphonovaleric acid .", "entities": [ "glutamate", "N - methyl - D - aspartate", "aminophosphonovaleric acid" ] }, { "id": "695", "type": "chemical", "text": "In ethacrynic acid - induced convulsions , these neurotransmitter systems may be differentially modulated , probably through activation of glutaminergic neurons in the brain .", "entities": [ "ethacrynic acid" ] }, { "id": "696", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pharmacology of gamma - aminobutyric acidA receptor complex after the in vivo administration of the anxioselective and anticonvulsant beta - carboline derivative abecarnil .", "entities": [ "gamma - aminobutyric acidA", "beta - carboline", "abecarnil" ] }, { "id": "697", "type": "chemical", "text": "In rodents , the effect of the beta - carboline derivative isopropyl - 6 - benzyloxy - 4 - methoxymethyl - beta - carboline - 3 - carboxylate ( abecarrnil ) , a new ligand for benzodiazepine receptors possessing anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties , was evaluated on the function of central gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) A receptor complex , both in vitro and in vivo .", "entities": [ "beta - carboline", "isopropyl - 6 - benzyloxy - 4 - methoxymethyl - beta - carboline - 3 - carboxylate", "abecarrnil", "benzodiazepine", "gamma - aminobutyric acid", "GABA" ] }, { "id": "698", "type": "chemical", "text": "Added in vitro to rat cortical membrane preparation , abecarnil increased [ 3H ] GABA binding , enhanced muscimol - stimulated 36Cl - uptake and reduced the binding of t - [ 35S ] butylbicyclophosphorothionate ( [ 35S ] TBPS ) .", "entities": [ "abecarnil", "GABA", "muscimol", "t - [ 35S ] butylbicyclophosphorothionate", "[ 35S ] TBPS" ] }, { "id": "699", "type": "chemical", "text": "These effects were similar to those induced by diazepam , whereas the partial agonist Ro 16 - 6028 ( tert - butyl - ( S ) - 8 - bromo - 11 , 12 , 13 , 13a - tetrahydro - 9 - oxo - 9H - imidazo [ 1 , 5 - a ] - pyrrolo - [ 2 , 1 - c ] [ 1 , 4 ] benzodiazepine - 1 - carboxylate ) showed very weak efficacy in these biochemical tests .", "entities": [ "diazepam", "Ro 16 - 6028", "tert - butyl - ( S ) - 8 - bromo - 11 , 12 , 13 , 13a - tetrahydro - 9 - oxo - 9H - imidazo [ 1 , 5 - a ] - pyrrolo - [ 2 , 1 - c ] [ 1 , 4 ] benzodiazepine - 1 - carboxylate" ] }, { "id": "700", "type": "chemical", "text": "After i . p . injection to rats , abecarnil and diazepam decreased in a time - dependent and dose - related ( 0 . 25 - 20 mg / kg i . p . ) manner [ 35S ] TBPS binding measured ex vivo in the cerebral cortex .", "entities": [ "abecarnil", "diazepam", "[ 35S ] TBPS" ] }, { "id": "701", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , both drugs at the dose of 0 . 5 mg / kg antagonized completely the convulsant activity and the increase of [ 35S ] TBPS binding induced by isoniazide ( 350 mg / kg s . c . ) as well as the increase of [ 35S ] TBPS binding induced by foot - shock stress .", "entities": [ "[ 35S ] TBPS", "isoniazide", "[ 35S ] TBPS" ] }, { "id": "702", "type": "chemical", "text": "To better correlate the biochemical and the pharmacological effects , we studied the action of abecarnil on [ 35S ] TBPS binding , exploratory motility and on isoniazid - induced biochemical and pharmacological effects in mice .", "entities": [ "abecarnil", "[ 35S ] TBPS", "isoniazid" ] }, { "id": "703", "type": "chemical", "text": "In these animals , abecarnil produced a paralleled dose - dependent ( 0 . 05 - 1 mg / kg i . p . ) reduction of both motor behavior and cortical [ 35S ] TBPS binding .", "entities": [ "abecarnil" ] }, { "id": "704", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , 0 . 05 mg / kg of this beta - carboline reduced markedly the increase of [ 35S ] TBPS binding and the convulsions induced by isoniazid ( 200 mg / kg s . c . ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS )", "entities": [ "beta - carboline", "[ 35S ] TBPS", "isoniazid" ] }, { "id": "705", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recurrent myocardial infarction in a postpartum patient receiving bromocriptine .", "entities": [ "bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "708", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bromocriptine has been implicated in several previous case reports of myocardial infarction in the puerperium .", "entities": [ "Bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "710", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although generally regarded as \" safe , \" possible serious cardiac effects of bromocriptine should be acknowledged .", "entities": [ "bromocriptine" ] }, { "id": "711", "type": "chemical", "text": "Asterixis induced by carbamazepine therapy .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "713", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this report we present four patients treated with a combination of different psychotropic drugs , in whom asterixis was triggered either by adding carbamazepine ( CBZ ) to a treatment regimen , or by increasing its dosage .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine", "CBZ" ] }, { "id": "714", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neither dosage nor serum levels of CBZ were in a higher range .", "entities": [ "CBZ" ] }, { "id": "715", "type": "chemical", "text": "We consider asterixis to be an easily overlooked sign of neurotoxicity , which may occur even at low or moderate dosage levels , if certain drugs as lithium or clozapine are used in combination with CBZ .", "entities": [ "lithium", "clozapine", "CBZ" ] }, { "id": "716", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pharmacodynamics of the hypotensive effect of levodopa in parkinsonian patients .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "717", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blood pressure effects of i . v . levodopa were examined in parkinsonian patients with stable and fluctuating responses to levodopa .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "718", "type": "chemical", "text": "The magnitude of the hypotensive effect of levodopa was concentration dependent and was fit to an Emax model in fluctuating responders .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "721", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa temporally correlated with blood pressure changes .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "722", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phenylalanine , a large neutral amino acid ( LNAA ) competing with levodopa for transport across the blood - brain barrier , reduced the hypotensive and antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa .", "entities": [ "Phenylalanine", "amino acid", "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "723", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that levodopa has a central hypotensive action that parallels the motor effects in fluctuating patients .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "725", "type": "chemical", "text": "Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone after infusional vincristine .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "726", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 77 - year - old woman with refractory multiple myeloma was treated with a 4 - day continuous intravenous infusion of vincristine and doxorubicin and 4 days of oral dexamethasone .", "entities": [ "vincristine", "doxorubicin", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "728", "type": "chemical", "text": "Evaluation revealed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone , which was attributed to the vincristine infusion .", "entities": [ "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "729", "type": "chemical", "text": "After normal serum sodium levels returned , further doxorubicin and dexamethasone chemotherapy without vincristine did not produce this complication .", "entities": [ "sodium", "doxorubicin", "dexamethasone", "vincristine" ] }, { "id": "732", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite extensive clinical experience the role of digoxin is still not well defined .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "733", "type": "chemical", "text": "In patients with atrial fibrillation digoxin is beneficial for ventricular rate control .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "735", "type": "chemical", "text": "Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic : toxic ratio and concentrations are affected by a number of drugs .", "entities": [ "Digoxin" ] }, { "id": "736", "type": "chemical", "text": "Also , digoxin has undesirable effects such as increasing peripheral resistance and myocardial demands , and causing arrhythmias .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "739", "type": "chemical", "text": "More convincing evidence is required showing that digoxin improves symptoms or exercise capacity .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "741", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pooled analysis of the effects of other inotropic drugs shows an excess mortality and there is a possibility that digoxin may increase mortality after myocardial infarction ( MI ) .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "742", "type": "chemical", "text": "Angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors should be used first as they are safer , do not require blood level monitoring , modify progression of disease , relieve symptoms , improve exercise tolerance and reduce mortality .", "entities": [ "Angiotensin" ] }, { "id": "743", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caution should be exercised in using digoxin until large mortality trials are completed showing either benefit or harm .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "744", "type": "chemical", "text": "Until then digoxin should be considered a third - line therapy .", "entities": [ "digoxin" ] }, { "id": "745", "type": "chemical", "text": "Isradipine treatment for hypertension in general practice in Hong Kong .", "entities": [ "Isradipine" ] }, { "id": "746", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 6 - week open study of the introduction of isradipine treatment was conducted in general practice in Hong Kong .", "entities": [ "isradipine" ] }, { "id": "749", "type": "chemical", "text": "The main side - effects were headache , dizziness , palpitation and flushing and these were not more frequent than reported in other studies with isradipine or with placebo .", "entities": [ "isradipine" ] }, { "id": "754", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pharmacological characteristics and side effects of a new galenic formulation of propofol without soyabean oil .", "entities": [ "propofol" ] }, { "id": "755", "type": "chemical", "text": "We compared the pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics and safety profile of a new galenic formulation of propofol ( AM149 1 % ) , which does not contain soyabean oil , with a standard formulation of propofol ( Disoprivan 1 % ) .", "entities": [ "propofol", "propofol", "Disoprivan" ] }, { "id": "756", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a randomised , double - blind , cross - over study , 30 healthy volunteers received a single intravenous bolus injection of 2 . 5 mg . kg - 1 propofol .", "entities": [ "propofol" ] }, { "id": "757", "type": "chemical", "text": "Plasma propofol levels were measured for 48 h following drug administration and evaluated according to a three - compartment model .", "entities": [ "propofol" ] }, { "id": "763", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pain on injection ( 80 vs . 20 % , p < 0 . 01 ) and thrombophlebitis ( 93 . 3 vs . 6 . 6 % , p < 0 . 001 ) occurred more frequently with AM149 than with Disoprivan .", "entities": [ "Disoprivan" ] }, { "id": "765", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pure red cell aplasia , toxic dermatitis and lymphadenopathy in a patient taking diphenylhydantoin .", "entities": [ "diphenylhydantoin" ] }, { "id": "766", "type": "chemical", "text": "A patient taking diphenylhydantoin for 3 weeks developed a generalized skin rash , lymphadenopathy and pure red cell aplasia .", "entities": [ "diphenylhydantoin" ] }, { "id": "768", "type": "chemical", "text": "Skin rash is a well - known complication of diphenylhydantoin treatment as is benign and malignant lymphadenopathy .", "entities": [ "diphenylhydantoin" ] }, { "id": "769", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pure red cell aplasia associated with diphenylhydantoin medication has been reported in 3 patients .", "entities": [ "diphenylhydantoin" ] }, { "id": "770", "type": "chemical", "text": "The exact mechanism by which diphenylhydantoin exerts its toxic effects is not known .", "entities": [ "diphenylhydantoin" ] }, { "id": "771", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this patient the time relation between the ingestion of diphenylhydantoin and the occurrence of the skin rash , lymphadenopathy and pure red cell aplasia is very suggestive of a direct connection .", "entities": [ "diphenylhydantoin" ] }, { "id": "772", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vinorelbine - related cardiac events : a meta - analysis of randomized clinical trials .", "entities": [ "Vinorelbine" ] }, { "id": "773", "type": "chemical", "text": "Several cases of cardiac adverse reactions related to vinorelbine ( VNR ) have been reported in the literature .", "entities": [ "vinorelbine", "VNR" ] }, { "id": "774", "type": "chemical", "text": "In order to quantify the incidence of these cardiac events , we performed a meta - analysis of clinical trials comparing VNR with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of various malignancies .", "entities": [ "VNR" ] }, { "id": "775", "type": "chemical", "text": "Randomized clinical trials comparing VNR with other drugs in the treatment of cancer were searched in Medline , Embase , Evidence - based Medicine Reviews databases and the Cochrane library from 1987 to 2002 .", "entities": [ "VNR" ] }, { "id": "777", "type": "chemical", "text": "We found 19 trials , involving 2441 patients treated by VNR and 2050 control patients .", "entities": [ "VNR" ] }, { "id": "778", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence of cardiac events with VNR was 1 . 19 % [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ( 0 . 75 ; 1 . 67 ) ] .", "entities": [ "VNR" ] }, { "id": "779", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was no difference in the risk of cardiac events between VNR and other drugs [ odds ratio : 0 . 92 , 95 % CI ( 0 . 54 ; 1 . 55 ) ] .", "entities": [ "VNR" ] }, { "id": "780", "type": "chemical", "text": "The risk of VNR cardiac events was similar to vindesine ( VDS ) and other cardiotoxic drugs [ fluorouracil , anthracyclines , gemcitabine ( GEM ) em leader ] .", "entities": [ "VNR", "vindesine", "VDS", "fluorouracil", "anthracyclines", "gemcitabine", "GEM" ] }, { "id": "782", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vinorelbine - related cardiac events concern about 1 % of treated patients in clinical trials .", "entities": [ "Vinorelbine" ] }, { "id": "783", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the risk associated with VNR seems to be similar to that of other chemotherapeutic agents in the same indications .", "entities": [ "VNR" ] }, { "id": "785", "type": "chemical", "text": "We present magnetic resonance imaging findings of a 5 - year - old girl who had a rapidly installing hemolytic anemia crisis induced by trimethoprim - sulfomethoxazole , resulting in cerebral anoxia leading to permanent damage .", "entities": [ "trimethoprim - sulfomethoxazole" ] }, { "id": "789", "type": "chemical", "text": "The natural history of Vigabatrin associated visual field defects in patients electing to continue their medication .", "entities": [ "Vigabatrin" ] }, { "id": "790", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To determine the natural history of visual field defects in a group of patients known to have Vigabatrin - associated changes who elected to continue the medication because of good seizure control .", "entities": [ "Vigabatrin" ] }, { "id": "791", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : All patients taking Vigabatrin alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs for at least 5 years ( range 5 - 12 years ) were entered into a visual surveillance programme .", "entities": [ "Vigabatrin" ] }, { "id": "797", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Established visual field defects presumed to be due to Vigabatrin therapy did not usually progress in spite of continuing use of the medication .", "entities": [ "Vigabatrin" ] }, { "id": "798", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data give support to the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of Vigabatrin - associated visual field defects may be an idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction rather than dose - dependent toxicity .", "entities": [ "Vigabatrin" ] }, { "id": "799", "type": "chemical", "text": "Induction of rosaceiform dermatitis during treatment of facial inflammatory dermatoses with tacrolimus ointment .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "800", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Tacrolimus ointment is increasingly used for anti - inflammatory treatment of sensitive areas such as the face , and recent observations indicate that the treatment is effective in steroid - aggravated rosacea and perioral dermatitis .", "entities": [ "Tacrolimus", "steroid" ] }, { "id": "801", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report on rosaceiform dermatitis as a complication of treatment with tacrolimus ointment .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "802", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBSERVATIONS : Six adult patients with inflammatory facial dermatoses were treated with tacrolimus ointment because of the ineffectiveness of standard treatments .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "807", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Our observations suggest that the spectrum of rosaceiform dermatitis as a complication of treatment with tacrolimus ointment is heterogeneous .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "808", "type": "chemical", "text": "A variety of factors , such as vasoactive properties of tacrolimus , proliferation of Demodex due to local immunosuppression , and the occlusive properties of the ointment , may be involved in the observed phenomena .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "810", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intravascular hemolysis and acute renal failure following intermittent rifampin therapy .", "entities": [ "rifampin" ] }, { "id": "811", "type": "chemical", "text": "Renal failure is a rare complication associated with the use of rifampin .", "entities": [ "rifampin" ] }, { "id": "812", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intravascular hemolysis leading to acute renal failure following rifampin therapy is extremely rare .", "entities": [ "rifampin" ] }, { "id": "813", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two patients with leprosy who developed hemolysis and acute renal failure following rifampin are reported .", "entities": [ "rifampin" ] }, { "id": "814", "type": "chemical", "text": "Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "815", "type": "chemical", "text": "We visualize , for the first time , the profile of structural deficits in the human brain associated with chronic methamphetamine ( MA ) abuse .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine", "MA" ] }, { "id": "816", "type": "chemical", "text": "Studies of human subjects who have used MA chronically have revealed deficits in dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and cerebral metabolic abnormalities .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "817", "type": "chemical", "text": "Using magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and new computational brain - mapping techniques , we determined the pattern of structural brain alterations associated with chronic MA abuse in human subjects and related these deficits to cognitive impairment .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "818", "type": "chemical", "text": "We used high - resolution MRI and surface - based computational image analyses to map regional abnormalities in the cortex , hippocampus , white matter , and ventricles in 22 human subjects who used MA and 21 age - matched , healthy controls .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "819", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cortical maps revealed severe gray - matter deficits in the cingulate , limbic , and paralimbic cortices of MA abusers ( averaging 11 . 3 % below control ; p < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "820", "type": "chemical", "text": "On average , MA abusers had 7 . 8 % smaller hippocampal volumes than control subjects ( p < 0 . 01 ; left , p = 0 . 01 ; right , p < 0 . 05 ) and significant white - matter hypertrophy ( 7 . 0 % ; p < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "822", "type": "chemical", "text": "MRI - based maps suggest that chronic methamphetamine abuse causes a selective pattern of cerebral deterioration that contributes to impaired memory performance .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "823", "type": "chemical", "text": "MA may selectively damage the medial temporal lobe and , consistent with metabolic studies , the cingulate - limbic cortex , inducing neuroadaptation , neuropil reduction , or cell death .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "825", "type": "chemical", "text": "These brain substrates may help account for the symptoms of MA abuse , providing therapeutic targets for drug - induced brain injury .", "entities": [ "MA" ] }, { "id": "826", "type": "chemical", "text": "Disruption of hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice after amiodarone treatment is associated with peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor - alpha target gene activation .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "827", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone , an efficacious and widely used antiarrhythmic agent , has been reported to cause hepatotoxicity in some patients .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "828", "type": "chemical", "text": "To gain insight into the mechanism of this unwanted effect , mice were administered various doses of amiodarone and examined for changes in hepatic histology and gene regulation .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "829", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone induced hepatomegaly , hepatocyte microvesicular lipid accumulation , and a significant decrease in serum triglycerides and glucose .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone", "triglycerides", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "830", "type": "chemical", "text": "Northern blot analysis of hepatic RNA revealed a dose - dependent increase in the expression of a number of genes critical for fatty acid oxidation , lipoprotein assembly , and lipid transport .", "entities": [ "fatty acid" ] }, { "id": "832", "type": "chemical", "text": "The absence of induction of these genes as well as hepatomegaly in PPARalpha knockout [ PPARalpha - / - ] mice indicated that the effects of amiodarone were dependent upon the presence of a functional PPARalpha gene .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "833", "type": "chemical", "text": "Compared to wild - type mice , treatment of PPARalpha - / - mice with amiodarone resulted in an increased rate and extent of total body weight loss .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "834", "type": "chemical", "text": "The inability of amiodarone to directly activate either human or mouse PPARalpha transiently expressed in human HepG2 hepatoma cells indicates that the effects of amiodarone on the function of this receptor were indirect .", "entities": [ "amiodarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "835", "type": "chemical", "text": "Based upon these results , we conclude that amiodarone disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and that the increased expression of PPARalpha target genes is secondary to this toxic effect .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "836", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results provide important new mechanistic information regarding the hepatotoxic effects of amiodarone and indicate that PPARalpha protects against amiodarone - induced hepatotoxicity .", "entities": [ "amiodarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "837", "type": "chemical", "text": "Safety and compliance with once - daily niacin extended - release / lovastatin as initial therapy in the Impact of Medical Subspecialty on Patient Compliance to Treatment ( IMPACT ) study .", "entities": [ "niacin extended - release / lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "838", "type": "chemical", "text": "Niacin extended - release / lovastatin is a new combination product approved for treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia .", "entities": [ "Niacin extended - release / lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "839", "type": "chemical", "text": "This open - labeled , multicenter study evaluated the safety of bedtime niacin extended - release / lovastatin when dosed as initial therapy and patient compliance to treatment in various clinical practice settings .", "entities": [ "niacin extended - release / lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "841", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients were treated with 1 tablet ( 500 mg of niacin extended - release / 20 mg of lovastatin ) once nightly for 4 weeks and then 2 tablets for 8 weeks .", "entities": [ "niacin", "lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "842", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients also received dietary counseling , educational materials , and reminders to call a toll - free number that provided further education about dyslipidemia and niacin extended - release / lovastatin .", "entities": [ "niacin extended - release / lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "845", "type": "chemical", "text": "Compliance to niacin extended - release / lovastatin was 77 % , with 3 , 245 patients completing the study .", "entities": [ "niacin extended - release / lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "848", "type": "chemical", "text": "Incidence of increased aspartate aminotransferase and / or alanine aminotransferase > 3 times the upper limit of normal was < 0 . 3 % .", "entities": [ "aspartate", "alanine" ] }, { "id": "849", "type": "chemical", "text": "An increase of creatine phosphokinase to > 5 times the upper limit of normal occurred in 0 . 24 % of patients , and no cases of drug - induced myopathy were observed .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "850", "type": "chemical", "text": "Niacin extended - release / lovastatin 1 , 000 / 40 mg , dosed as initial therapy , was associated with good compliance and safety and had very low incidences of increased liver and muscle enzymes .", "entities": [ "Niacin extended - release / lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "851", "type": "chemical", "text": "Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against experimental myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol .", "entities": [ "Terminalia chebula", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "852", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardioprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruits ( 500 mg / kg body wt ) was examined in isoproterenol ( 200 mg / kg body wt ) induced myocardial damage in rats .", "entities": [ "ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruits", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "853", "type": "chemical", "text": "In isoproterenol administered rats , the level of lipid peroxides increased significantly in the serum and heart .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "peroxides" ] }, { "id": "856", "type": "chemical", "text": "T . chebula extract pretreatment was found to ameliorate the effect of isoproterenol on lipid peroxide formation and retained the activities of the diagnostic marker enzymes .", "entities": [ "T . chebula extract", "isoproterenol", "peroxide" ] }, { "id": "857", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of postoperative anxiety due to low dose droperidol used with patient - controlled analgesia .", "entities": [ "droperidol" ] }, { "id": "859", "type": "chemical", "text": "Postoperatively , she was given a patient - controlled analgesia device delivering boluses of diamorphine 0 . 5 mg and droperidol 0 . 025 mg .", "entities": [ "diamorphine", "droperidol" ] }, { "id": "861", "type": "chemical", "text": "The diagnosis of droperidol - induced psychological disturbance was not made straight away although on subsequent close questioning the patient gave a very clear history .", "entities": [ "droperidol" ] }, { "id": "862", "type": "chemical", "text": "After she had received a total of only 0 . 9 mg droperidol , a syringe containing diamorphine only was substituted and her unease resolved completely .", "entities": [ "droperidol", "diamorphine" ] }, { "id": "867", "type": "chemical", "text": "The nursing staff , by reviewing the patient ' s health history with his family , discovered a history of polydipsia and long - standing lithium use .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "868", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lithium is implicated in drug - induced nephrogenic DI , and because the patient had not received lithium since being admitted to the hospital , his treatment changed to focus on nephrogenic DI .", "entities": [ "Lithium", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "869", "type": "chemical", "text": "By combining information from the patient history , the physical examination , and radiologic and laboratory studies , the critical care team demonstrated that the patient had been self - treating his lithium - induced nephrogenic DI and developed neurogenic DI secondary to brain trauma .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "871", "type": "chemical", "text": "Factors contributing to ribavirin - induced anemia .", "entities": [ "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "872", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND AND AIM : Interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C produces hemolytic anemia .", "entities": [ "Interferon", "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "873", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study was conducted to identify the factors contributing to ribavirin - induced anemia .", "entities": [ "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "874", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Eighty - eight patients with chronic hepatitis C who received interferon - alpha - 2b at a dose of 6 MU administered intramuscularly for 24 weeks in combination with ribavirin administered orally at a dose of 600 mg or 800 mg participated in the study .", "entities": [ "interferon - alpha - 2b", "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "875", "type": "chemical", "text": "A hemoglobin concentration of < 10 g / dL was defined as ribavirin - induced anemia .", "entities": [ "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "876", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Ribavirin - induced anemia occurred in 18 ( 20 . 5 % ) patients during treatment .", "entities": [ "Ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "880", "type": "chemical", "text": "Such factors as sex ( female ) , age ( > or = 60 years old ) , and the ribavirin dose by body weight ( 12 mg / kg or more ) were significant by univariate analysis .", "entities": [ "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "881", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Careful administration is necessary in patients > or = 60 years old , in female patients , and in patients receiving a ribavirin dose of 12 mg / kg or more .", "entities": [ "ribavirin" ] }, { "id": "883", "type": "chemical", "text": "Zidovudine - induced hepatitis .", "entities": [ "Zidovudine" ] }, { "id": "884", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of acute hepatitis induced by zidovudine in a 38 - year - old patient with AIDS is presented .", "entities": [ "zidovudine" ] }, { "id": "886", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the patient tolerated well an alternative reverse transcriptase inhibitor , 2 ' 3 ' dideoxyinosine .", "entities": [ "2 ' 3 ' dideoxyinosine" ] }, { "id": "888", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oxidative damage precedes nitrative damage in adriamycin - induced cardiac mitochondrial injury .", "entities": [ "adriamycin" ] }, { "id": "889", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of the present study was to determine if elevated reactive oxygen ( ROS ) / nitrogen species ( RNS ) reported to be present in adriamycin ( ADR ) - induced cardiotoxicity actually resulted in cardiomyocyte oxidative / nitrative damage , and to quantitatively determine the time course and subcellular localization of these postulated damage products using an in vivo approach .", "entities": [ "oxygen", "nitrogen", "adriamycin", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "890", "type": "chemical", "text": "B6C3 mice were treated with a single dose of 20 mg / kg ADR .", "entities": [ "ADR" ] }, { "id": "891", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ultrastructural damage and levels of 4 - hydroxy - 2 - nonenal ( 4HNE ) - protein adducts and 3 - nitrotyrosine ( 3NT ) were analyzed .", "entities": [ "4 - hydroxy - 2 - nonenal", "4HNE", "3 - nitrotyrosine", "3NT" ] }, { "id": "893", "type": "chemical", "text": "Analysis of 4HNE protein adducts by immunogold electron microscopy showed appearance of 4HNE protein adducts in mitochondria as early as 3 hours , with a peak at 6 hours and subsequent decline at 24 hours .", "entities": [ "4HNE", "4HNE" ] }, { "id": "894", "type": "chemical", "text": "3NT levels were significantly increased in all subcellular compartments at 6 hours and subsequently declined at 24 hours .", "entities": [ "3NT" ] }, { "id": "895", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our data showed ADR induced 4HNE - protein adducts in mitochondria at the same time point as when mitochondrial injury initially appeared .", "entities": [ "ADR", "4HNE" ] }, { "id": "898", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sotalol - induced coronary spasm in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy associated with sustained ventricular tachycardia .", "entities": [ "Sotalol" ] }, { "id": "900", "type": "chemical", "text": "After the administration of nifekalant hydrochloride , sustained VT was terminated .", "entities": [ "nifekalant hydrochloride" ] }, { "id": "901", "type": "chemical", "text": "An alternate class III agent , sotalol , was also effective for the prevention of VT .", "entities": [ "sotalol" ] }, { "id": "902", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , one month after switching over nifekalant to sotalol , a short duration of ST elevation was documented in ECG monitoring at almost the same time for three consecutive days .", "entities": [ "nifekalant", "sotalol" ] }, { "id": "903", "type": "chemical", "text": "ST elevation with chest discomfort disappeared since he began taking long - acting diltiazem .", "entities": [ "diltiazem" ] }, { "id": "904", "type": "chemical", "text": "Coronary vasospasm may be induced by the non - selective beta - blocking properties of sotalol .", "entities": [ "sotalol" ] }, { "id": "905", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of the antidepressant trazodone , a 5 - HT 2A / 2C receptor antagonist , on dopamine - dependent behaviors in rats .", "entities": [ "trazodone", "5 - HT", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "906", "type": "chemical", "text": "RATIONALE : 5 - Hydroxytryptamine , via stimulation of 5 - HT 2C receptors , exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on dopaminergic neurotransmission , whereas activation of 5 - HT 2A receptors enhances stimulated DAergic neurotransmission .", "entities": [ "5 - Hydroxytryptamine", "5 - HT", "5 - HT" ] }, { "id": "907", "type": "chemical", "text": "The antidepressant trazodone is a 5 - HT 2A / 2C receptor antagonist .", "entities": [ "trazodone", "5 - HT" ] }, { "id": "908", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the effect of trazodone treatment on behaviors dependent on the functional status of the nigrostriatal DAergic system .", "entities": [ "trazodone" ] }, { "id": "909", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : The effect of pretreatment with trazodone on dexamphetamine - and apomorphine - induced oral stereotypies , on catalepsy induced by haloperidol and apomorphine ( 0 . 05 mg / kg , i . p . ) , on ergometrine - induced wet dog shake ( WDS ) behavior and fluoxetine - induced penile erections was studied in rats .", "entities": [ "trazodone", "dexamphetamine", "apomorphine", "haloperidol", "apomorphine", "ergometrine", "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "910", "type": "chemical", "text": "We also investigated whether trazodone induces catalepsy in rats .", "entities": [ "trazodone" ] }, { "id": "911", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Trazodone at 2 . 5 - 20 mg / kg i . p . did not induce catalepsy , and did not antagonize apomorphine ( 1 . 5 and 3 mg / kg ) stereotypy and apomorphine ( 0 . 05 mg / kg ) - induced catalepsy .", "entities": [ "Trazodone", "apomorphine", "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "912", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , pretreatment with 5 , 10 and 20 mg / kg i . p . trazodone enhanced dexamphetamine stereotypy , and antagonized haloperidol catalepsy , ergometrine - induced WDS behavior and fluoxetine - induced penile erections .", "entities": [ "trazodone", "dexamphetamine", "haloperidol", "ergometrine", "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "913", "type": "chemical", "text": "Trazodone at 30 , 40 and 50 mg / kg i . p . induced catalepsy and antagonized apomorphine and dexamphetamine stereotypies .", "entities": [ "Trazodone", "apomorphine", "dexamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "914", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Our results indicate that trazodone at 2 . 5 - 20 mg / kg does not block pre - and postsynaptic striatal D2 DA receptors , while at 30 , 40 and 50 mg / kg it blocks postsynaptic striatal D2 DA receptors .", "entities": [ "trazodone" ] }, { "id": "915", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , at 5 , 10 and 20 mg / kg , trazodone blocks 5 - HT 2A and 5 - HT 2C receptors .", "entities": [ "trazodone", "5 - HT", "5 - HT" ] }, { "id": "916", "type": "chemical", "text": "We suggest that trazodone ( 5 , 10 and 20 mg / kg ) , by blocking the 5 - HT 2C receptors , releases the nigrostriatal DAergic neurons from tonic inhibition caused by 5 - HT , and thereby potentiates dexamphetamine stereotypy and antagonizes haloperidol catalepsy .", "entities": [ "trazodone", "5 - HT", "5 - HT", "dexamphetamine", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "919", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of this study was to characterize the oropharyngeal dynamics in PD patients with and without levodopa - induced dyskinesia .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "922", "type": "chemical", "text": "Deglutition was assessed using modified barium swallow with videofluoroscopy .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "925", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients who were using a higher dose of levodopa had a greater OPSE and a trend toward a smaller oral transit time ( Pearson ' s correlation , P = 0 . 01 and 0 . 08 , respectively ) .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "927", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the current study , dyskinetic patients performed better in swallowing function , which could be explained on the basis of a greater levodopa dose .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "928", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our results suggest a role for levodopa in the oral phase of deglutition and confirm that dysphagia is not a good predictor of deglutition alterations in PD .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "929", "type": "chemical", "text": "Inhibition of nuclear factor - kappaB activation attenuates tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by gentamicin .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "930", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Animals treated with gentamicin can show residual areas of interstitial fibrosis in the renal cortex .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "931", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study investigated the expression of nuclear factor - kappaB ( NF - kappaB ) , mitogen - activated protein ( MAP ) kinases and macrophages in the renal cortex and structural and functional renal changes of rats treated with gentamicin or gentamicin + pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ( PDTC ) , an NF - kappaB inhibitor .", "entities": [ "gentamicin", "gentamicin", "pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate", "PDTC" ] }, { "id": "932", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : 38 female Wistar rats were injected with gentamicin , 40 mg / kg , twice a day for 9 days , 38 with gentamicin + PDTC , and 28 with 0 . 15 M NaCl solution .", "entities": [ "gentamicin", "gentamicin", "PDTC", "NaCl" ] }, { "id": "936", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Gentamicin - treated rats presented a transitory increase in plasma creatinine levels .", "entities": [ "Gentamicin", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "937", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased ED - 1 , MAP kinases and NF - kappaB staining were also observed in the renal cortex from all gentamicin - treated rats compared to control ( p < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "939", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment with PDTC reduced the functional and structural changes induced by gentamicin .", "entities": [ "PDTC", "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "940", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : These data show that inhibition of NF - kappaB activation attenuates tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by gentamicin .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "941", "type": "chemical", "text": "Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic agents : a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal model analysis .", "entities": [ "Glucose", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "942", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : While the incidence of new - onset diabetes mellitus may be increasing in patients with schizophrenia treated with certain atypical antipsychotic agents , it remains unclear whether atypical agents are directly affecting glucose metabolism or simply increasing known risk factors for diabetes .", "entities": [ "glucose" ] }, { "id": "943", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To study the 2 drugs most clearly implicated ( clozapine and olanzapine ) and risperidone using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "944", "type": "chemical", "text": "DESIGN : A cross - sectional design in stable , treated patients with schizophrenia evaluated using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and the Bergman minimal model analysis .", "entities": [ "glucose" ] }, { "id": "946", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients Fifty subjects signed informed consent and 41 underwent the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test .", "entities": [ "glucose" ] }, { "id": "947", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thirty - six nonobese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder , matched by body mass index and treated with either clozapine , olanzapine , or risperidone , were included in the analysis .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "948", "type": "chemical", "text": "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Fasting plasma glucose and fasting serum insulin levels , insulin sensitivity index , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance , and glucose effectiveness .", "entities": [ "glucose", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "949", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The mean + / - SD duration of treatment with the identified atypical antipsychotic agent was 68 . 3 + / - 28 . 9 months ( clozapine ) , 29 . 5 + / - 17 . 5 months ( olanzapine ) , and 40 . 9 + / - 33 . 7 ( risperidone ) .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "950", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fasting serum insulin concentrations differed among groups ( F ( 33 ) = 3 . 35 ; P = . 047 ) ( clozapine > olanzapine > risperidone ) with significant differences between clozapine and risperidone ( t ( 33 ) = 2 . 32 ; P = . 03 ) and olanzapine and risperidone ( t ( 33 ) = 2 . 15 ; P = . 04 ) .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone", "clozapine", "risperidone", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "951", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was a significant difference in insulin sensitivity index among groups ( F ( 33 ) = 10 . 66 ; P < . 001 ) ( clozapine < olanzapine < risperidone ) , with subjects who received clozapine and olanzapine exhibiting significant insulin resistance compared with subjects who were treated with risperidone ( clozapine vs risperidone , t ( 33 ) = - 4 . 29 ; P < . 001 ; olanzapine vs risperidone , t ( 33 ) = - 3 . 62 ; P = . 001 [ P < . 001 ] ) .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone", "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone", "clozapine", "risperidone", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "952", "type": "chemical", "text": "The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance also differed significantly among groups ( F ( 33 ) = 4 . 92 ; P = . 01 ) ( clozapine > olanzapine > risperidone ) ( clozapine vs risperidone , t ( 33 ) = 2 . 94 ; P = . 006 ; olanzapine vs risperidone , t ( 33 ) = 2 . 42 ; P = . 02 ) .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone", "clozapine", "risperidone", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "953", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was a significant difference among groups in glucose effectiveness ( F ( 30 ) = 4 . 18 ; P = . 02 ) ( clozapine < olanzapine < risperidone ) with significant differences between clozapine and risperidone ( t ( 30 ) = - 2 . 59 ; P = . 02 ) and olanzapine and risperidone ( t ( 30 ) = - 2 . 34 , P = . 03 ) .", "entities": [ "glucose", "clozapine", "olanzapine", "risperidone", "clozapine", "risperidone", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "954", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Both nonobese clozapine - and olanzapine - treated groups displayed significant insulin resistance and impairment of glucose effectiveness compared with risperidone - treated subjects .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine", "glucose", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "955", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients taking clozapine and olanzapine must be examined for insulin resistance and its consequences .", "entities": [ "clozapine", "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "956", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thoracic hematomyelia secondary to coumadin anticoagulant therapy : a case report .", "entities": [ "coumadin" ] }, { "id": "960", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mania associated with fluoxetine treatment in adolescents .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "961", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fluoxetine , a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor , is gaining increased acceptance in the treatment of adolescent depression .", "entities": [ "Fluoxetine", "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "962", "type": "chemical", "text": "Generally safe and well tolerated by adults , fluoxetine has been reported to induce mania .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "963", "type": "chemical", "text": "The cases of five depressed adolescents , 14 - 16 years of age , who developed mania during pharmacotherapy with fluoxetine , are reported here .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "964", "type": "chemical", "text": "Apparent risk factors for the development of mania or hypomania during fluoxetine pharmacotherapy in this population were the combination of attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder and affective instability ; major depression with psychotic features ; a family history of affective disorder , especially bipolar disorder ; and a diagnosis of bipolar disorder .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "965", "type": "chemical", "text": "Further study is needed to determine the optimal dosage and to identify risk factors that increase individual vulnerability to fluoxetine induced mania in adolescents .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "966", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute renal insufficiency after high - dose melphalan in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis during stem cell transplantation .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "969", "type": "chemical", "text": "High - dose intravenous melphalan followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplant ( PBSCT ) appears to be the most promising therapy , but treatment mortality can be high .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "970", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors have noted the development of acute renal insufficiency immediately after melphalan conditioning .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "973", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute renal insufficiency ( ARI ) after high - dose melphalan was defined by a minimum increase of 0 . 5 mg / dL ( 44 micromol / L ) in the serum creatinine level that is greater than 50 % of baseline immediately after conditioning .", "entities": [ "melphalan", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "975", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Of the 80 patients studied , ARI developed in 18 . 8 % of the patients after high - dose melphalan .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "978", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients who had ARI after high - dose melphalan underwent dialysis more often ( P = 0 . 007 ) , and had a worse 1 - year survival ( P = 0 . 03 ) .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "979", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The timing of renal injury strongly suggests melphalan as the causative agent .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "980", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ongoing tubular injury may be a prerequisite for renal injury by melphalan as evidenced by the active urinary sediment .", "entities": [ "melphalan" ] }, { "id": "983", "type": "chemical", "text": "Focal cerebral ischemia in rats : effect of phenylephrine - induced hypertension during reperfusion .", "entities": [ "phenylephrine" ] }, { "id": "984", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 180 min of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats , the effect of phenylephrine - induced hypertension on ischemic brain injury and blood - brain barrier permeability was determined .", "entities": [ "phenylephrine" ] }, { "id": "986", "type": "chemical", "text": "Part A , for eight rats in each group brain injury was evaluated by staining tissue using 2 , 3 , 5 - triphenyltetrazolium chloride and edema was evaluated by microgravimetry .", "entities": [ "2 , 3 , 5 - triphenyltetrazolium chloride" ] }, { "id": "990", "type": "chemical", "text": "Evans Blue ( mug g - 1 of brain tissue ) was greater in the 90 / HTN group ( 24 . 4 + / - 6 . 0 ) versus the control group ( 12 . 3 + / - 4 . 1 ) , which was in turn greater than the 15 / HTN group ( 7 . 3 + / - 3 . 2 ) .", "entities": [ "Evans Blue" ] }, { "id": "992", "type": "chemical", "text": "People aged over 75 in atrial fibrillation on warfarin : the rate of major hemorrhage and stroke in more than 500 patient - years of follow - up .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "993", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : To determine the incidence of major hemorrhage and stroke in people aged 76 and older with atrial fibrillation on adjusted - dose warfarin who had been recently been admitted to hospital .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "996", "type": "chemical", "text": "PARTICIPANTS : Two hundred thirty - five patients aged 76 and older admitted to a major healthcare network between July 1 , 2001 , and June 30 , 2002 , with atrial fibrillation on warfarin were enrolled .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "997", "type": "chemical", "text": "MEASUREMENTS : Information regarding major bleeding episodes , strokes , and warfarin use was obtained from patients , relatives , primary physicians , and medical records .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "999", "type": "chemical", "text": "Total follow - up on warfarin was 530 years ( mean 28 months ) .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "1001", "type": "chemical", "text": "The annual stroke rate after initiation of warfarin was 2 . 6 % .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "1002", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The rate of major hemorrhage was high in this old , frail group , but excluding fatalities , resulted in no long - term sequelae , and the stroke rate on warfarin was low , demonstrating how effective warfarin treatment is .", "entities": [ "warfarin", "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "1003", "type": "chemical", "text": "Safety of celecoxib in patients with adverse skin reactions to acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) and nimesulide associated or not with common non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs .", "entities": [ "celecoxib", "acetaminophen", "paracetamol", "nimesulide" ] }, { "id": "1004", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Acetaminophen ( paracetamol - - P ) and Nimesulide ( N ) are widely used analgesic - antipyretic / anti - inflammatory drugs .", "entities": [ "Acetaminophen", "paracetamol", "P", "Nimesulide", "N" ] }, { "id": "1007", "type": "chemical", "text": "Celecoxib ( CE ) is a novel drug , with high selectivity and affinity for COX - 2 enzyme .", "entities": [ "Celecoxib", "CE" ] }, { "id": "1008", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : We evaluated the tolerability of CE in a group of patients with documented history of adverse cutaneous reactions to P and N associated or not to classic NSAIDs .", "entities": [ "CE", "P", "N" ] }, { "id": "1009", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : We studied 9 patients with hypersensitivity to P and N with or without associated reactions to classic NSAIDs .", "entities": [ "P", "N" ] }, { "id": "1010", "type": "chemical", "text": "The diagnosis of P and N - induced skin reactions was based in vivo challenge .", "entities": [ "P", "N" ] }, { "id": "1012", "type": "chemical", "text": "After three days , a cumulative dosage of 200 mg of CE in refracted doses were given .", "entities": [ "CE" ] }, { "id": "1016", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : No reaction was observed with placebo and eight patients ( 88 . 8 % ) tolerated CE .", "entities": [ "CE" ] }, { "id": "1018", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Only one hypersensitivity reaction to CE was documented among 9 P and N - highly NSAIDs intolerant patients .", "entities": [ "CE", "P", "N" ] }, { "id": "1019", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , we conclude that CE is a reasonably safe alternative to be used in subjects who do not tolerate P and N .", "entities": [ "CE", "P", "N" ] }, { "id": "1021", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Studies on the association between the long - term use of aspirin and other analgesic and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) have given conflicting results .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1029", "type": "chemical", "text": "For specific groups of drugs , the risks were 1 . 56 ( 1 . 05 - 2 . 30 ) for aspirin , 1 . 03 ( 0 . 60 - 1 . 76 ) for pyrazolones , 0 . 80 ( 0 . 39 - 1 . 63 ) for paracetamol , and 0 . 94 ( 0 . 57 - 1 . 56 ) for nonaspirin NSAIDs .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "pyrazolones", "paracetamol" ] }, { "id": "1030", "type": "chemical", "text": "The risk of ESRD associated with aspirin was related to the cumulated dose and duration of use , and it was particularly high among the subset of patients with vascular nephropathy as underlying disease [ 2 . 35 ( 1 . 17 - 4 . 72 ) ] .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1032", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the chronic use of aspirin may increase the risk of ESRD .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1033", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two cases of amisulpride overdose : a cause for prolonged QT syndrome .", "entities": [ "amisulpride" ] }, { "id": "1034", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two cases of deliberate self - poisoning with 5 g and 3 . 6 g of amisulpride , respectively , are reported .", "entities": [ "amisulpride" ] }, { "id": "1036", "type": "chemical", "text": "The QT prolongation appeared to respond to administration of i . v . calcium gluconate .", "entities": [ "calcium gluconate" ] }, { "id": "1037", "type": "chemical", "text": "Growth - associated protein 43 expression in hippocampal molecular layer of chronic epileptic rats treated with cycloheximide .", "entities": [ "cycloheximide" ] }, { "id": "1039", "type": "chemical", "text": "To investigate how GAP43 expression ( GAP43 - ir ) correlates with MFS , we assessed the intensity ( densitometry ) and extension ( width ) of GAP43 - ir in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus ( IML ) of rats subject to status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine ( Pilo ) , previously injected or not with cycloheximide ( CHX ) , which has been shown to inhibit MFS .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine", "Pilo", "cycloheximide", "CHX" ] }, { "id": "1040", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : CHX was injected before the Pilo injection in adult Wistar rats .", "entities": [ "CHX", "Pilo" ] }, { "id": "1041", "type": "chemical", "text": "The Pilo group was injected with the same drugs , except for CHX .", "entities": [ "Pilo", "CHX" ] }, { "id": "1043", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Densitometry showed no significant difference regarding GAP43 - ir in the IML between Pilo , CHX + Pilo , and control groups .", "entities": [ "Pilo", "CHX", "Pilo" ] }, { "id": "1044", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the results of the width of the GAP43 - ir band in the IML showed that CHX + Pilo and control animals had a significantly larger band ( p = 0 . 03 ) as compared with that in the Pilo group .", "entities": [ "CHX", "Pilo", "Pilo" ] }, { "id": "1045", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Our current finding that animals in the CHX + Pilo group have a GAP43 - ir band in the IML , similar to that of controls , reinforces prior data on the blockade of MFS in these animals .", "entities": [ "CHX", "Pilo" ] }, { "id": "1046", "type": "chemical", "text": "The change in GAP43 - ir present in Pilo - treated animals was a thinning of the band to a very narrow layer just above the granule cell layer that is likely to be associated with the loss of hilar cell projections that express GAP - 43 .", "entities": [ "Pilo" ] }, { "id": "1047", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nicotine antagonizes caffeine - but not pentylenetetrazole - induced anxiogenic effect in mice .", "entities": [ "Nicotine", "caffeine", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "1048", "type": "chemical", "text": "RATIONALE : Nicotine and caffeine are widely consumed licit psychoactive drugs worldwide .", "entities": [ "Nicotine", "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1051", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : The present study investigates the effects of nicotine on anxiety induced by caffeine and another anxiogenic drug , pentylenetetrazole , in mice .", "entities": [ "nicotine", "caffeine", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "1053", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Adult male Swiss Webster mice ( 25 - 32 g ) were given nicotine ( 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 mg / kg s . c . ) or saline 10 min before caffeine ( 70 mg / kg i . p . ) or pentylenetetrazole ( 15 and 30 mg / kg i . p . ) injections .", "entities": [ "nicotine", "caffeine", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "1056", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Nicotine ( 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 mg / kg ) itself did not produce any significant effect in the EPM test , whereas caffeine ( 70 mg / kg ) and pentylenetetrazole ( 30 mg / kg ) produced an anxiogenic effect , apparent with decreases in open - arm time and entry .", "entities": [ "Nicotine", "caffeine", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "1057", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nicotine ( 0 . 25 mg / kg ) pretreatment blocked the caffeine - but not pentylenetetrazole - induced anxiety .", "entities": [ "Nicotine", "caffeine", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "1059", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Our results suggest that the antagonistic effect of nicotine on caffeine - induced anxiety is specific to caffeine , instead of a non - specific anxiolytic effect .", "entities": [ "nicotine", "caffeine", "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1060", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , it may extend the current findings on the interaction between nicotine and caffeine .", "entities": [ "nicotine", "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1067", "type": "chemical", "text": "SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomised double - blind trials of HT ( oestrogens with or without progestogens ) versus placebo , taken for at least one year by perimenopausal or postmenopausal women .", "entities": [ "oestrogens", "progestogens" ] }, { "id": "1074", "type": "chemical", "text": "Long - term oestrogen - only HT also significantly increased the risk of stroke and gallbladder disease .", "entities": [ "oestrogen" ] }, { "id": "1079", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , one trial analysed subgroups of 2839 relatively healthy 50 to 59 year - old women taking combined continuous HT and 1637 taking oestrogen - only HT , versus similar - sized placebo groups .", "entities": [ "oestrogen" ] }, { "id": "1089", "type": "chemical", "text": "The antiinfective group of drugs was the more frequently incriminated , amoxicillin - clavulanate accounting for the 12 . 8 % of the whole series .", "entities": [ "amoxicillin - clavulanate" ] }, { "id": "1092", "type": "chemical", "text": "Factors associated with the development of fulminant hepatic failure were female sex ( OR = 25 ; 95 % CI : 4 . 1 - 151 ; P < . 0001 ) , hepatocellular damage ( OR = 7 . 9 ; 95 % CI : 1 . 6 - 37 ; P < . 009 ) , and higher baseline plasma bilirubin value ( OR = 1 . 15 ; 95 % CI : 1 . 09 - 1 . 22 ; P < . 0001 ) .", "entities": [ "bilirubin" ] }, { "id": "1094", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amoxicillin - clavulanate stands out as the most common drug related to DILI .", "entities": [ "Amoxicillin - clavulanate" ] }, { "id": "1095", "type": "chemical", "text": "Morphological evaluation of the effect of d - ribose on adriamycin - evoked cardiotoxicity in rats .", "entities": [ "d - ribose", "adriamycin" ] }, { "id": "1096", "type": "chemical", "text": "The influence of d - ribose on adriamycin - induced myocardiopathy in rats was studied .", "entities": [ "d - ribose", "adriamycin" ] }, { "id": "1097", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adriamycin in the cumulative dose of 25 mg / kg evoked fully developed cardiac toxicity .", "entities": [ "Adriamycin" ] }, { "id": "1098", "type": "chemical", "text": "D - ribose in the multiple doses of 200 mg / kg did not influence ADR cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "D - ribose", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1099", "type": "chemical", "text": "In vivo evidences suggesting the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of vancomycin - induced nephrotoxicity : protection by erdosteine .", "entities": [ "vancomycin", "erdosteine" ] }, { "id": "1100", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aims of this study were to examine vancomycin ( VCM ) - induced oxidative stress that promotes production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and to investigate the role of erdosteine , an expectorant agent , which has also antioxidant properties , on kidney tissue against the possible VCM - induced renal impairment in rats .", "entities": [ "vancomycin", "VCM", "oxygen", "erdosteine", "VCM" ] }, { "id": "1101", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rats were divided into three groups : sham , VCM and VCM plus erdosteine .", "entities": [ "VCM", "VCM", "erdosteine" ] }, { "id": "1102", "type": "chemical", "text": "VCM was administrated intraperitoneally ( i . p . ) with 200mgkg ( - 1 ) twice daily for 7 days .", "entities": [ "VCM" ] }, { "id": "1103", "type": "chemical", "text": "Erdosteine was administered orally .", "entities": [ "Erdosteine" ] }, { "id": "1104", "type": "chemical", "text": "VCM administration to control rats significantly increased renal malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and urinary N - acetyl - beta - d - glucosaminidase ( NAG , a marker of renal tubular injury ) excretion but decreased superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase ( CAT ) activities .", "entities": [ "VCM", "malondialdehyde", "MDA", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "1105", "type": "chemical", "text": "Erdosteine administration with VCM injections caused significantly decreased renal MDA and urinary NAG excretion , and increased SOD activity , but not CAT activity in renal tissue when compared with VCM alone .", "entities": [ "Erdosteine", "VCM", "MDA", "VCM" ] }, { "id": "1106", "type": "chemical", "text": "Erdosteine showed histopathological protection against VCM - induced nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "Erdosteine", "VCM" ] }, { "id": "1107", "type": "chemical", "text": "There were a significant dilatation of tubular lumens , extensive epithelial cell vacuolization , atrophy , desquamation , and necrosis in VCM - treated rats more than those of the control and the erdosteine groups .", "entities": [ "VCM", "erdosteine" ] }, { "id": "1108", "type": "chemical", "text": "Erdosteine caused a marked reduction in the extent of tubular damage .", "entities": [ "Erdosteine" ] }, { "id": "1109", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that oxidative tubular damage plays an important role in the VCM - induced nephrotoxicity and the modulation of oxidative stress with erdosteine reduces the VCM - induced kidney damage both at the biochemical and histological levels .", "entities": [ "VCM", "erdosteine", "VCM" ] }, { "id": "1110", "type": "chemical", "text": "Gemfibrozil - lovastatin therapy for primary hyperlipoproteinemias .", "entities": [ "Gemfibrozil", "lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "1111", "type": "chemical", "text": "The specific aim of this retrospective , observational study was to assess safety and efficacy of long - term ( 21 months / patient ) , open - label , gemfibrozil - lovastatin treatment in 80 patients with primary mixed hyperlipidemia ( 68 % of whom had atherosclerotic vascular disease ) .", "entities": [ "gemfibrozil", "lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "1112", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because ideal lipid targets were not reached ( low - density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol less than 130 mg / dl , high - density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol greater than 35 mg / dl , or total cholesterol / HDL cholesterol less than 4 . 5 mg / dl ) with diet plus a single drug , gemfibrozil ( 1 . 2 g / day ) - lovastatin ( primarily 20 or 40 mg ) treatment was given .", "entities": [ "cholesterol", "cholesterol", "cholesterol", "cholesterol", "gemfibrozil", "lovastatin" ] }, { "id": "1113", "type": "chemical", "text": "Follow - up visits were scheduled with 2 - drug therapy every 6 to 8 weeks , an average of 10 . 3 visits per patient , with 741 batteries of 6 liver function tests and 714 creatine phosphokinase levels measured .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "1115", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of the 714 creatine phosphokinase levels , 9 % were high ; only 1 ( 0 . 1 % ) was greater than or equal to 3 times the upper normal limit .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "1116", "type": "chemical", "text": "With 2 - drug therapy , mean total cholesterol decreased 22 % from 255 to 200 mg / dl , triglyceride levels decreased 35 % from 236 to 154 mg / dl , LDL cholesterol decreased 26 % from 176 to 131 mg / dl , and the total cholesterol / HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 24 % from 7 . 1 to 5 . 4 , all p less than or equal to 0 . 0001 .", "entities": [ "cholesterol", "triglyceride", "cholesterol", "cholesterol", "cholesterol" ] }, { "id": "1117", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myositis , attributable to the drug combination and symptomatic enough to discontinue it , occurred in 3 % of patients , and in 1 % with concurrent high creatine phosphokinase ( 769 U / liter ) ; no patients had rhabdomyolysis or myoglobinuria . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS )", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "1118", "type": "chemical", "text": "Does domperidone potentiate mirtazapine - associated restless legs syndrome ?", "entities": [ "domperidone", "mirtazapine" ] }, { "id": "1120", "type": "chemical", "text": "For example , the symptoms of RLS can be dramatically improved by levodopa and dopamine agonists , whereas central dopamine D2 receptor antagonists can induce or aggravate RLS symptoms .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "dopamine", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1121", "type": "chemical", "text": "To our knowledge , there is no previous report regarding whether domperidone , a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist , can also induce or aggravate symptoms of RLS .", "entities": [ "domperidone", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1122", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mirtazapine , the first noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant ( NaSSA ) , has been associated with RLS in several recent publications .", "entities": [ "Mirtazapine" ] }, { "id": "1123", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors report here a depressed patient comorbid with postprandial dyspepsia who developed RLS after mirtazapine had been added to his domperidone therapy .", "entities": [ "mirtazapine", "domperidone" ] }, { "id": "1124", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our patient started to have symptoms of RLS only after he had been treated with mirtazapine , and his RLS symptoms resolved completely upon discontinuation of his mirtazapine .", "entities": [ "mirtazapine", "mirtazapine" ] }, { "id": "1125", "type": "chemical", "text": "Such a temporal relationship between the use of mirtazapine and the symptoms of RLS in our patient did not support a potentiating effect of domperione on mirtazapine - associated RLS .", "entities": [ "mirtazapine", "domperione", "mirtazapine" ] }, { "id": "1126", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , physicians should be aware of the possibility that mirtazapine can be associated with RLS in some individuals , especially those receiving concomitant dopamine D2 receptor antagonists .", "entities": [ "mirtazapine", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1129", "type": "chemical", "text": "MATERIALS AND METHODS : We studied with a 2 . 5 years follow - up the changes in plasma cholesterols ( C ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , lipoproteins ( LP ) , and apolipoproteins ( Apo ) B - 100 , A - I , and A - II pro fi les in 24 patients of mean age 60 years with low risk prostate cancer ( stage : T1cN0M0 , Gleason score : 2 - 5 ) during treatment with cyproterone acetate ( CPA ) without surgical management or radiation therapy .", "entities": [ "cholesterols", "C", "triglycerides", "TG", "cyproterone acetate", "CPA" ] }, { "id": "1130", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Significant decreases of HDL - C , Apo A - I and Apo A - II and an increase of triglyceride levels in VLDL were induced by CPA .", "entities": [ "triglyceride", "CPA" ] }, { "id": "1131", "type": "chemical", "text": "After a period of 2 . 5 years on CPA treatment , four patients out of twenty - four were found to be affected by coronary heart disease .", "entities": [ "CPA" ] }, { "id": "1132", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Ischaemic coronary arteriosclerosis with an incidence rate of 16 . 6 % as caused by prolonged CPA therapy is mediated through changes in HDL cholesterol , Apo A - I and Apo A - II pro fi les , other than the well - known hyperglyceridemic effect caused by estrogen .", "entities": [ "CPA", "cholesterol", "estrogen" ] }, { "id": "1133", "type": "chemical", "text": "5 - Fluorouracil cardiotoxicity induced by alpha - fluoro - beta - alanine .", "entities": [ "5 - Fluorouracil", "alpha - fluoro - beta - alanine" ] }, { "id": "1134", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiotoxicity is a rare complication occurring during 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) treatment for malignancies .", "entities": [ "5 - fluorouracil", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "1135", "type": "chemical", "text": "We herein report the case of a 70 - year - old man with 5 - FU - induced cardiotoxicity , in whom a high serum level of alpha - fluoro - beta - alanine ( FBAL ) was observed .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "alpha - fluoro - beta - alanine", "FBAL" ] }, { "id": "1137", "type": "chemical", "text": "After admission , the patient received a continuous intravenous infusion of 5 - FU ( 1000 mg / day ) , during which precordial pain with right bundle branch block occurred concomitantly with a high serum FBAL concentration of 1955 ng / ml .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "FBAL" ] }, { "id": "1138", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both the precordial pain and the electrocardiographic changes disappeared spontaneously after the discontinuation of 5 - FU .", "entities": [ "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "1139", "type": "chemical", "text": "As the precordial pain in this patient was considered to have been due to 5 - FU - induced cardiotoxicity , the administration of 5 - FU was abandoned .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "1140", "type": "chemical", "text": "Instead , oral administration of S - 1 ( a derivative of 5 - FU ) , at 200 mg / day twice a week , was instituted , because S - 1 has a strong inhibitory effect on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase , which catalyzes the degradative of 5 - FU into FBAL .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "dihydropyrimidine", "5 - FU", "FBAL" ] }, { "id": "1141", "type": "chemical", "text": "The serum FBAL concentration subsequently decreased to 352 ng / ml , the same as the value measured on the first day of S - 1 administration .", "entities": [ "FBAL" ] }, { "id": "1144", "type": "chemical", "text": "The experience of this case , together with a review of the literature , suggests that FBAL is related to 5 - FU - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "FBAL", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "1145", "type": "chemical", "text": "S - 1 may be administered safely to patients with 5 - FU - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "1146", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hepatocellular carcinoma in Fanconi ' s anemia treated with androgen and corticosteroid .", "entities": [ "androgen", "corticosteroid" ] }, { "id": "1147", "type": "chemical", "text": "The case of an 11 - year - old boy is reported who was known to have Fanconi ' s anemia for 3 years and was treated with androgens , corticosteroids and transfusions .", "entities": [ "androgens", "corticosteroids" ] }, { "id": "1150", "type": "chemical", "text": "This case contributes to the previous observations that non - metastasizing hepatic neoplasms and peliosis can develop in patients with androgen - and corticosteroid - treated Fanconi ' s anemia .", "entities": [ "androgen", "corticosteroid" ] }, { "id": "1151", "type": "chemical", "text": "The influence of the time interval between monoHER and doxorubicin administration on the protection against doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity in mice .", "entities": [ "monoHER", "doxorubicin", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "1152", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : Despite its well - known cardiotoxicity , the anthracyclin doxorubicin ( DOX ) continues to be an effective and widely used chemotherapeutic agent .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1153", "type": "chemical", "text": "DOX - induced cardiac damage presumably results from the formation of free radicals by DOX .", "entities": [ "DOX", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1154", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reactive oxygen species particularly affect the cardiac myocytes because these cells seem to have a relatively poor antioxidant defense system .", "entities": [ "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "1155", "type": "chemical", "text": "The semisynthetic flavonoid monohydroxyethylrutoside ( monoHER ) showed cardioprotection against DOX - induced cardiotoxicity through its radical scavenging and iron chelating properties .", "entities": [ "monohydroxyethylrutoside", "monoHER", "DOX", "iron" ] }, { "id": "1156", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because of the relatively short final half - life of monoHER ( about 30 min ) , it is expected that the time interval between monoHER and DOX might be of influence on the cardioprotective effect of monoHER .", "entities": [ "monoHER", "monoHER", "DOX", "monoHER" ] }, { "id": "1158", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Six groups of 6 BALB / c mice were treated with saline , DOX alone or DOX ( 4 mg / kg i . v . ) preceded by monoHER ( 500 mg / kg i . p . ) with an interval of 10 , 30 , 60 or 120 min .", "entities": [ "DOX", "DOX", "monoHER" ] }, { "id": "1161", "type": "chemical", "text": "Microscopic evaluation revealed that treatment with DOX alone induced significant cardiac damage in comparison to the saline control group ( P < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1162", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The number of damaged cardiomyocytes was 9 . 6 - fold ( 95 % CI 4 . 4 - 21 . 0 ) higher in mice treated with DOX alone than that in animals of the control group .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1163", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ratio of aberrant cardiomyocytes in mice treated with DOX preceded by monoHER and those in mice treated with saline ranged from 1 . 6 to 2 . 8 ( mean 2 . 2 , 95 % CI 1 . 2 - 4 . 1 , P = 0 . 019 ) .", "entities": [ "DOX", "monoHER" ] }, { "id": "1164", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean protective effect by adding monoHER before DOX led to a significant 4 . 4 - fold reduction ( P < 0 . 001 , 95 % CI 2 . 3 - 8 . 2 ) of abnormal cardiomyocytes .", "entities": [ "monoHER", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1165", "type": "chemical", "text": "This protective effect did not depend on the time interval between monoHER and DOX administration ( P = 0 . 345 ) .", "entities": [ "monoHER", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1166", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The results indicate that in an outpatient clinical setting monoHER may be administered shortly before DOX .", "entities": [ "monoHER", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1167", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinical evaluation of adverse effects during bepridil administration for atrial fibrillation and flutter .", "entities": [ "bepridil" ] }, { "id": "1168", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Bepridil hydrochloride ( Bpd ) has attracted attention as an effective drug for atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and atrial flutter ( AFL ) .", "entities": [ "Bepridil hydrochloride", "Bpd" ] }, { "id": "1170", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS AND RESULTS : Adverse effects of Bpd requiring discontinuation of treatment were evaluated .", "entities": [ "Bpd" ] }, { "id": "1171", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bpd was administered to 459 patients ( 361 males , 63 + / - 12 years old ) comprising 378 AF and 81 AFL cases .", "entities": [ "Bpd" ] }, { "id": "1178", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Careful observation of serum potassium concentration and the ECG should always be done during Bpd administration , particularly in elderly patients .", "entities": [ "potassium", "Bpd" ] }, { "id": "1179", "type": "chemical", "text": "Enhanced isoproterenol - induced cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic rats with low brain angiotensinogen .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "1180", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have previously shown that a permanent deficiency in the brain renin - angiotensin system ( RAS ) may increase the sensitivity of the baroreflex control of heart rate .", "entities": [ "angiotensin" ] }, { "id": "1181", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study we aimed at studying the involvement of the brain RAS in the cardiac reactivity to the beta - adrenoceptor ( beta - AR ) agonist isoproterenol ( Iso ) .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "Iso" ] }, { "id": "1183", "type": "chemical", "text": "In isolated hearts , Iso induced a significantly greater increase in left ventricular ( LV ) pressure and maximal contraction ( + dP / dt ( max ) ) in the TGR than in the Sprague - Dawley ( SD ) rats .", "entities": [ "Iso" ] }, { "id": "1184", "type": "chemical", "text": "LV hypertrophy induced by Iso treatment was significantly higher in TGR than in SD rats ( in g LV wt / 100 g body wt , 0 . 28 + / - 0 . 004 vs . 0 . 24 + / - 0 . 004 , respectively ) .", "entities": [ "Iso" ] }, { "id": "1186", "type": "chemical", "text": "The decrease in the heart rate ( HR ) induced by the beta - AR antagonist metoprolol in conscious rats was significantly attenuated in TGR compared with SD rats ( - 9 . 9 + / - 1 . 7 % vs . - 18 . 1 + / - 1 . 5 % ) , whereas the effect of parasympathetic blockade by atropine on HR was similar in both strains .", "entities": [ "metoprolol", "atropine" ] }, { "id": "1188", "type": "chemical", "text": "Drug - induced long QT syndrome in injection drug users receiving methadone : high frequency in hospitalized patients and risk factors .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1190", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methadone prolongs the QT interval in vitro in a dose - dependent manner .", "entities": [ "Methadone" ] }, { "id": "1191", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the inpatient setting , the frequency of QT interval prolongation with methadone treatment , its dose dependence , and the importance of cofactors such as drug - drug interactions remain unknown .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1192", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : We performed a systematic , retrospective study comparing active or former intravenous drug users receiving methadone and those not receiving methadone among all patients hospitalized over a 5 - year period in a tertiary care hospital .", "entities": [ "methadone", "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1193", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 167 patients receiving methadone fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were compared with a control group of 80 injection drug users not receiving methadone .", "entities": [ "methadone", "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1194", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition to methadone dose , 15 demographic , biological , and pharmacological variables were considered as potential risk factors for QT prolongation .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1195", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Among 167 methadone maintenance patients , the prevalence of QTc prolongation to 0 . 50 second ( ( 1 / 2 ) ) or longer was 16 . 2 % compared with 0 % in 80 control subjects .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1196", "type": "chemical", "text": "Six patients ( 3 . 6 % ) in the methadone group presented torsades de pointes .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1197", "type": "chemical", "text": "QTc length was weakly but significantly associated with methadone daily dose ( Spearman rank correlation coefficient , 0 . 20 ; P < . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1198", "type": "chemical", "text": "Multivariate regression analysis allowed attribution of 31 . 8 % of QTc variability to methadone dose , cytochrome P - 450 3A4 drug - drug interactions , hypokalemia , and altered liver function .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1199", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : QT interval prolongation in methadone maintenance patients hospitalized in a tertiary care center is a frequent finding .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1200", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methadone dose , presence of cytochrome P - 450 3A4 inhibitors , potassium level , and liver function contribute to QT prolongation .", "entities": [ "Methadone", "potassium" ] }, { "id": "1201", "type": "chemical", "text": "Long QT syndrome can occur with low doses of methadone .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1202", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mechanisms of hypertension induced by nitric oxide ( NO ) deficiency : focus on venous function .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide", "NO" ] }, { "id": "1203", "type": "chemical", "text": "Loss of endothelial cell - derived nitric oxide ( NO ) in hypertension is a hallmark of arterial dysfunction .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide", "NO" ] }, { "id": "1204", "type": "chemical", "text": "Experimental hypertension created by the removal of NO , however , involves mechanisms in addition to decreased arterial vasodilator activity .", "entities": [ "NO" ] }, { "id": "1206", "type": "chemical", "text": "We hypothesized that increased venous smooth muscle ( venomotor ) tone plays a role in Nomega - nitro - L - arginine ( LNNA ) hypertension through these mechanisms .", "entities": [ "Nomega - nitro - L - arginine", "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1207", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rats were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor LNNA ( 0 . 5 g / L in drinking water ) for 2 weeks .", "entities": [ "NO", "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1208", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mean arterial pressure of conscious rats was 119 + / - 2 mm Hg in control and 194 + / - 5 mm Hg in LNNA rats ( P < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1210", "type": "chemical", "text": "Maximal contraction to norepinephrine was modestly reduced in arteries from LNNA compared with control rats whereas the maximum contraction to ET - 1 was significantly reduced ( 54 % control ) .", "entities": [ "norepinephrine", "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1211", "type": "chemical", "text": "Maximum contraction of vena cava to norepinephrine ( 37 % control ) also was reduced but no change in response to ET - 1 was observed .", "entities": [ "norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "1212", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mean circulatory filling pressure , an in vivo measure of venomotor tone , was not elevated in LNNA hypertension at 1 or 2 weeks after LNNA .", "entities": [ "LNNA", "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1213", "type": "chemical", "text": "The superoxide scavenger tempol ( 30 , 100 , and 300 micromol kg ( - 1 ) , IV ) did not change arterial pressure in control rats but caused a dose - dependent decrease in LNNA rats ( - 18 + / - 8 , - 26 + / - 15 , and - 54 + / - 11 mm Hg ) .", "entities": [ "superoxide", "tempol", "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1214", "type": "chemical", "text": "Similarly , ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium caused a significantly greater fall in LNNA hypertensive rats ( 76 + / - 9 mm Hg ) compared with control rats ( 35 + / - 10 mm Hg ) .", "entities": [ "hexamethonium", "LNNA" ] }, { "id": "1215", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carotid arteries , vena cava , and sympathetic ganglia from LNNA rats had higher basal levels of superoxide compared with those from control rats .", "entities": [ "LNNA", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "1216", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data suggest that while NO deficiency increases oxidative stress and sympathetic activity in both arterial and venous vessels , the impact on veins does not make a major contribution to this form of hypertension .", "entities": [ "NO" ] }, { "id": "1217", "type": "chemical", "text": "Association of DRD2 polymorphisms and chlorpromazine - induced extrapyramidal syndrome in Chinese schizophrenic patients .", "entities": [ "chlorpromazine" ] }, { "id": "1220", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , we evaluate the role DRD2 plays in chlorpromazine - induced EPS in schizophrenic patients .", "entities": [ "chlorpromazine" ] }, { "id": "1221", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : We identified seven SNP ( single nucleotide polymorphism ) ( - 141Cins > del , TaqIB , TaqID , Ser311Cys , rs6275 , rs6277 and TaqIA ) in the DRD2 gene in 146 schizophrenic inpatients ( 59 with EPS and 87 without EPS according to the Simpson - Angus Scale ) treated with chlorpromazine after 8 weeks .", "entities": [ "chlorpromazine" ] }, { "id": "1225", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Our results did not lend strong support to the view that the genetic variation of the DRD2 gene plays a major role in the individually variable adverse effect induced by chlorpromazine , at least in Chinese patients with schizophrenia .", "entities": [ "chlorpromazine" ] }, { "id": "1227", "type": "chemical", "text": "Physical training decreases susceptibility to subsequent pilocarpine - induced seizures in the rat .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1231", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thereafter , seizures were induced by pilocarpine injections in trained and non - trained control groups .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1235", "type": "chemical", "text": "Endogenous dopamine plays a central role in salience coding during associative learning .", "entities": [ "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1236", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of the dopamine precursor levodopa enhances learning in healthy subjects and stroke patients .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "1237", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because levodopa increases both phasic and tonic dopaminergic neurotransmission , the critical mechanism mediating the enhancement of learning is unresolved .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "1240", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subjects received the tonically stimulating dopamine - receptor agonist pergolide ( 0 . 1 mg ) vs placebo 120 min before training on each training day .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "pergolide" ] }, { "id": "1241", "type": "chemical", "text": "The dopamine agonist significantly impaired novel word learning compared to placebo .", "entities": [ "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1243", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subjects treated with pergolide also showed restricted emotional responses compared to the PLACEBO group .", "entities": [ "pergolide" ] }, { "id": "1244", "type": "chemical", "text": "The extent of ' flattened ' affect with pergolide was related to the degree of learning inhibition .", "entities": [ "pergolide" ] }, { "id": "1245", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings suggest that tonic occupation of dopamine receptors impairs learning by competition with phasic dopamine signals .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1246", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , phasic signaling seems to be the critical mechanism by which dopamine enhances associative learning in healthy subjects and stroke patients .", "entities": [ "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1247", "type": "chemical", "text": "Minocycline - induced vasculitis fulfilling the criteria of polyarteritis nodosa .", "entities": [ "Minocycline" ] }, { "id": "1248", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 47 - year - old man who had been taking minocycline for palmoplantar pustulosis developed fever , myalgias , polyneuropathy , and testicular pain , with elevated C - reactive protein ( CRP ) .", "entities": [ "minocycline" ] }, { "id": "1251", "type": "chemical", "text": "Stopping minocycline led to amelioration of symptoms and normalization of CRP level .", "entities": [ "minocycline" ] }, { "id": "1252", "type": "chemical", "text": "To our knowledge , this is the second case of minocycline - induced vasculitis satisfying the criteria .", "entities": [ "minocycline" ] }, { "id": "1254", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin combined with lamivudine in prevention of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1255", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Combined hepatitis B immune globulin ( HBIg ) and lamivudine in prophylaxis of the recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation has significantly improved the survival of HBsAg positive patients .", "entities": [ "lamivudine", "HBsAg" ] }, { "id": "1261", "type": "chemical", "text": "A daily oral dose of 100 mg lamivudine for 2 weeks before transplantation for 10 patients enabled 57 . 1 % ( 4 / 7 ) and 62 . 5 % ( 5 / 8 ) of HBV - DNA and HBeAg positive patients respectively to convert to be negative .", "entities": [ "lamivudine", "HBeAg" ] }, { "id": "1263", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Lamivudine combined with intramuscular HBIg can effectively prevent allograft from the recurrence of HBV after liver transplantation .", "entities": [ "Lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1264", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anticonvulsant effect of eslicarbazepine acetate ( BIA 2 - 093 ) on seizures induced by microperfusion of picrotoxin in the hippocampus of freely moving rats .", "entities": [ "eslicarbazepine acetate", "BIA 2 - 093", "picrotoxin" ] }, { "id": "1265", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eslicarbazepine acetate ( BIA 2 - 093 , S - ( - ) - 10 - acetoxy - 10 , 11 - dihydro - 5H - dibenzo / b , f / azepine - 5 - carboxamide ) is a novel antiepileptic drug , now in Phase III clinical trials , designed with the aim of improving efficacy and safety in comparison with the structurally related drugs carbamazepine ( CBZ ) and oxcarbazepine ( OXC ) .", "entities": [ "Eslicarbazepine acetate", "BIA 2 - 093", "S - ( - ) - 10 - acetoxy - 10 , 11 - dihydro - 5H - dibenzo / b , f / azepine - 5 - carboxamide", "carbamazepine", "CBZ", "oxcarbazepine", "OXC" ] }, { "id": "1266", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have studied the effects of oral treatment with eslicarbazepine acetate on a whole - animal model in which partial seizures can be elicited repeatedly on different days without changes in threshold or seizure patterns .", "entities": [ "eslicarbazepine acetate" ] }, { "id": "1267", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the animals treated with threshold doses of picrotoxin , the average number of seizures was 2 . 3 + / - 1 . 2 , and average seizure duration was 39 . 5 + / - 8 . 4s .", "entities": [ "picrotoxin" ] }, { "id": "1268", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pre - treatment with a dose of 30 mg / kg 2h before picrotoxin microperfusion prevented seizures in the 75 % of the rats .", "entities": [ "picrotoxin" ] }, { "id": "1270", "type": "chemical", "text": "No adverse effects of eslicarbazepine acetate were observed in the behavioral / EEG patterns studied , including sleep / wakefulness cycle , at the doses studied .", "entities": [ "eslicarbazepine acetate" ] }, { "id": "1271", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute renal failure associated with prolonged intake of slimming pills containing anthraquinones .", "entities": [ "anthraquinones" ] }, { "id": "1272", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chinese herbal medicine preparations are widely available and often regarded by the public as natural and safe remedies for a variety of medical conditions .", "entities": [ "Chinese herbal" ] }, { "id": "1273", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nephropathy caused by Chinese herbs has previously been reported , usually involving the use of aristolochic acids .", "entities": [ "Chinese herbs", "aristolochic acids" ] }, { "id": "1274", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a 23 - year - old woman who developed acute renal failure following prolonged use of a proprietary Chinese herbal slimming pill that contained anthraquinone derivatives , extracted from Rhizoma Rhei ( rhubarb ) .", "entities": [ "Chinese herbal", "anthraquinone" ] }, { "id": "1275", "type": "chemical", "text": "The renal injury was probably aggravated by the concomitant intake of a non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug , diclofenac .", "entities": [ "diclofenac" ] }, { "id": "1278", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although a causal relationship between the use of an anthraquinone - containing herbal agent and renal injury remains to be proven , phytotherapy - associated interstitial nephropathy should be considered in patients who present with unexplained renal failure .", "entities": [ "anthraquinone" ] }, { "id": "1279", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chloroacetaldehyde as a sulfhydryl reagent : the role of critical thiol groups in ifosfamide nephropathy .", "entities": [ "Chloroacetaldehyde", "sulfhydryl", "thiol", "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "1280", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chloroacetaldehyde ( CAA ) is a metabolite of the alkylating agent ifosfamide ( IFO ) and putatively responsible for renal damage following anti - tumor therapy with IFO .", "entities": [ "Chloroacetaldehyde", "CAA", "ifosfamide", "IFO", "IFO" ] }, { "id": "1281", "type": "chemical", "text": "Depletion of sulfhydryl ( SH ) groups has been reported from cell culture , animal and clinical studies .", "entities": [ "sulfhydryl", "SH" ] }, { "id": "1282", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this work the effect of CAA on human proximal tubule cells in primary culture ( hRPTEC ) was investigated .", "entities": [ "CAA" ] }, { "id": "1283", "type": "chemical", "text": "Toxicity of CAA was determined by protein content , cell number , LDH release , trypan blue exclusion assay and caspase - 3 activity .", "entities": [ "CAA", "trypan blue" ] }, { "id": "1284", "type": "chemical", "text": "Free thiols were measured by the method of Ellman .", "entities": [ "thiols" ] }, { "id": "1285", "type": "chemical", "text": "CAA reduced hRPTEC cell number and protein , induced a loss in free intracellular thiols and an increase in necrosis markers .", "entities": [ "CAA", "thiols" ] }, { "id": "1286", "type": "chemical", "text": "CAA but not acrolein inhibited the cysteine proteases caspase - 3 , caspase - 8 and cathepsin B .", "entities": [ "CAA", "acrolein", "cysteine" ] }, { "id": "1287", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caspase activation by cisplatin was inhibited by CAA .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "CAA" ] }, { "id": "1288", "type": "chemical", "text": "In cells stained with fluorescent dyes targeting lysosomes , CAA induced an increase in lysosomal size and lysosomal leakage .", "entities": [ "CAA" ] }, { "id": "1289", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of CAA on cysteine protease activities and thiols could be reproduced in cell lysate .", "entities": [ "CAA", "cysteine", "thiols" ] }, { "id": "1290", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acidification , which slowed the reaction of CAA with thiol donors , could also attenuate effects of CAA on necrosis markers , thiol depletion and cysteine protease inhibition in living cells .", "entities": [ "CAA", "thiol", "CAA", "thiol", "cysteine" ] }, { "id": "1291", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , CAA directly reacts with cellular protein and non - protein thiols , mediating its toxicity on hRPTEC .", "entities": [ "CAA", "thiols" ] }, { "id": "1293", "type": "chemical", "text": "Therefore , urinary acidification could be an option to prevent IFO nephropathy in patients .", "entities": [ "IFO" ] }, { "id": "1294", "type": "chemical", "text": "Stereological methods reveal the robust size and stability of ectopic hilar granule cells after pilocarpine - induced status epilepticus in the adult rat .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1298", "type": "chemical", "text": "To quantify this population , the total number of ectopic hilar granule cells was estimated using unbiased stereology at different times after pilocarpine - induced status epilepticus .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1303", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results provide new insight into the potential role of ectopic hilar granule cells in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1304", "type": "chemical", "text": "A prospective , open - label trial of galantamine in autistic disorder .", "entities": [ "galantamine" ] }, { "id": "1306", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of this study was to assess the use of galantamine , an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and nicotinic receptor modulator , in the treatment of interfering behaviors in children with autism .", "entities": [ "galantamine" ] }, { "id": "1307", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Thirteen medication - free children with autism ( mean age , 8 . 8 + / - 3 . 5 years ) participated in a 12 - week , open - label trial of galantamine .", "entities": [ "galantamine" ] }, { "id": "1312", "type": "chemical", "text": "Overall , galantamine was well - tolerated , with no significant adverse effects apart from headaches in one patient .", "entities": [ "galantamine" ] }, { "id": "1313", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : In this open trial , galantamine was well - tolerated and appeared to be beneficial for the treatment of interfering behaviors in children with autism , particularly aggression , behavioral dyscontrol , and inattention .", "entities": [ "galantamine" ] }, { "id": "1315", "type": "chemical", "text": "Randomized comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone for the treatment of first - episode schizophrenia : 4 - month outcomes .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1316", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : The authors compared 4 - month treatment outcomes for olanzapine versus risperidone in patients with first - episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1317", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHOD : One hundred twelve subjects ( 70 % male ; mean age = 23 . 3 years [ SD = 5 . 1 ] ) with first - episode schizophrenia ( 75 % ) , schizophreniform disorder ( 17 % ) , or schizoaffective disorder ( 8 % ) were randomly assigned to treatment with olanzapine ( 2 . 5 - 20 mg / day ) or risperidone ( 1 - 6 mg / day ) .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1318", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Response rates did not significantly differ between olanzapine ( 43 . 7 % , 95 % CI = 28 . 8 % - 58 . 6 % ) and risperidone ( 54 . 3 % , 95 % CI = 39 . 9 % - 68 . 7 % ) .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1319", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among those responding to treatment , more subjects in the olanzapine group ( 40 . 9 % , 95 % CI = 16 . 8 % - 65 . 0 % ) than in the risperidone group ( 18 . 9 % , 95 % CI = 0 % - 39 . 2 % ) had subsequent ratings not meeting response criteria .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1321", "type": "chemical", "text": "Extrapyramidal symptom severity scores were 1 . 4 ( 95 % CI = 1 . 2 - 1 . 6 ) with risperidone and 1 . 2 ( 95 % CI = 1 . 0 - 1 . 4 ) with olanzapine .", "entities": [ "risperidone", "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "1322", "type": "chemical", "text": "Significantly more weight gain occurred with olanzapine than with risperidone : the increase in weight at 4 months relative to baseline weight was 17 . 3 % ( 95 % CI = 14 . 2 % - 20 . 5 % ) with olanzapine and 11 . 3 % ( 95 % CI = 8 . 4 % - 14 . 3 % ) with risperidone .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone", "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1323", "type": "chemical", "text": "Body mass index at baseline and at 4 months was 24 . 3 ( 95 % CI = 22 . 8 - 25 . 7 ) versus 28 . 2 ( 95 % CI = 26 . 7 - 29 . 7 ) with olanzapine and 23 . 9 ( 95 % CI = 22 . 5 - 25 . 3 ) versus 26 . 7 ( 95 % CI = 25 . 2 - 28 . 2 ) with risperidone .", "entities": [ "olanzapine", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "1324", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Clinical outcomes with risperidone were equal to those with olanzapine , and response may be more stable .", "entities": [ "risperidone", "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "1325", "type": "chemical", "text": "Olanzapine may have an advantage for motor side effects .", "entities": [ "Olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "1326", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both medications caused substantial rapid weight gain , but weight gain was greater with olanzapine .", "entities": [ "olanzapine" ] }, { "id": "1327", "type": "chemical", "text": "Early paracentral visual field loss in patients taking hydroxychloroquine .", "entities": [ "hydroxychloroquine" ] }, { "id": "1328", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To review the natural history and ocular and systemic adverse effects of patients taking hydroxychloroquine sulfate who attended an ophthalmic screening program .", "entities": [ "hydroxychloroquine sulfate" ] }, { "id": "1330", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Records of 262 patients who were taking hydroxychloroquine and screened in the Department of Ophthalmology were reviewed .", "entities": [ "hydroxychloroquine" ] }, { "id": "1333", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thirty - five patients ( 13 . 4 % ) had visual field abnormalities , which were attributed to hydroxychloroquine treatment in 4 patients ( 1 . 5 % ) .", "entities": [ "hydroxychloroquine" ] }, { "id": "1336", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients taking hydroxychloroquine can demonstrate a toxic reaction in the retina despite the absence of known risk factors .", "entities": [ "hydroxychloroquine" ] }, { "id": "1338", "type": "chemical", "text": "Peri - operative atrioventricular block as a result of chemotherapy with epirubicin and paclitaxel .", "entities": [ "epirubicin", "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "1340", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the preceding months she had received neo - adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin , paclitaxel ( Taxol ) and cyclophosphamide .", "entities": [ "epirubicin", "paclitaxel", "Taxol", "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "1346", "type": "chemical", "text": "Risks and benefits of COX - 2 inhibitors vs non - selective NSAIDs : does their cardiovascular risk exceed their gastrointestinal benefit ?", "entities": [ "COX - 2 inhibitors" ] }, { "id": "1348", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : The risk of acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ) with COX - 2 inhibitors may offset their gastrointestinal ( GI ) benefit compared with non - selective ( NS ) non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) .", "entities": [ "COX - 2 inhibitors", "non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs" ] }, { "id": "1349", "type": "chemical", "text": "We aimed to compare the risks of hospitalization for AMI and GI bleeding among elderly patients using COX - 2 inhibitors , NS - NSAIDs and acetaminophen .", "entities": [ "COX - 2 inhibitors", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1350", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data of patients > or = 65 years of age who filled a prescription for NSAID or acetaminophen during 1999 - 2002 .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1352", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Person - years of exposure among non - users of aspirin were : 75 , 761 to acetaminophen , 42 , 671 to rofecoxib 65 , 860 to celecoxib , and 37 , 495 to NS - NSAIDs .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "acetaminophen", "rofecoxib", "celecoxib" ] }, { "id": "1353", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among users of aspirin , they were : 14 , 671 to rofecoxib , 22 , 875 to celecoxib , 9 , 832 to NS - NSAIDs and 38 , 048 to acetaminophen .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "rofecoxib", "celecoxib", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1354", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among non - users of aspirin , the adjusted hazard ratios ( 95 % confidence interval ) of hospitalization for AMI / GI vs the acetaminophen ( with no aspirin ) group were : rofecoxib 1 . 27 ( 1 . 13 , 1 . 42 ) , celecoxib 0 . 93 ( 0 . 83 , 1 . 03 ) , naproxen 1 . 59 ( 1 . 31 , 1 . 93 ) , diclofenac 1 . 17 ( 0 . 99 , 1 . 38 ) and ibuprofen 1 . 05 ( 0 . 74 , 1 . 51 ) .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "acetaminophen", "aspirin", "rofecoxib", "celecoxib", "naproxen", "diclofenac", "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "1355", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among users of aspirin , they were : rofecoxib 1 . 73 ( 1 . 52 , 1 . 98 ) , celecoxib 1 . 34 ( 1 . 19 , 1 . 52 ) , ibuprofen 1 . 51 ( 0 . 95 , 2 . 41 ) , diclofenac 1 . 69 ( 1 . 35 , 2 . 10 ) , naproxen 1 . 35 ( 0 . 97 , 1 . 88 ) and acetaminophen 1 . 29 ( 1 . 17 , 1 . 42 ) .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "rofecoxib", "celecoxib", "ibuprofen", "diclofenac", "naproxen", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1356", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Among non - users of aspirin , naproxen seemed to carry the highest risk for AMI / GI bleeding .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "naproxen" ] }, { "id": "1357", "type": "chemical", "text": "The AMI / GI toxicity of celecoxib was similar to that of acetaminophen and seemed to be better than those of rofecoxib and NS - NSAIDs .", "entities": [ "celecoxib", "acetaminophen", "rofecoxib" ] }, { "id": "1358", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among users of aspirin , both celecoxib and naproxen seemed to be the least toxic .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "celecoxib", "naproxen" ] }, { "id": "1359", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quinine - induced arrhythmia in a patient with severe malaria .", "entities": [ "Quinine" ] }, { "id": "1360", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was reported that there was a case of severe malaria patient with jaundice who presented with arrhythmia ( premature ventricular contraction ) while getting quinine infusion was reported .", "entities": [ "quinine" ] }, { "id": "1363", "type": "chemical", "text": "On admission , laboratory examination showed Plasmodium falciparum ( + + + + ) , total bilirubin 8 . 25 mg / dL , conjugated bilirubin 4 . 36 mg / dL , unconjugated bilirubin 3 . 89 mg / dL , potassium 3 . 52 meq / L Patient was diagnosed as severe malaria with jaundice and got quinine infusion in dextrose 5 % 500 mg / 8 hour .", "entities": [ "bilirubin", "bilirubin", "bilirubin", "potassium", "quinine", "dextrose" ] }, { "id": "1365", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 30 hours of quinine infusion the patient felt palpitation and electrocardiography ( ECG ) recording showed premature ventricular contraction ( PVC ) > 5 x / minute , trigemini , constant type - - sinoatrial block , positive U wave .", "entities": [ "quinine" ] }, { "id": "1366", "type": "chemical", "text": "He was treated with lidocaine 50 mg intravenously followed by infusion 1500 mg in dextrose 5 % / 24 hour and potassium aspartate tablet .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "dextrose", "potassium aspartate" ] }, { "id": "1367", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quinine infusion was discontinued and changed with sulfate quinine tablets .", "entities": [ "Quinine", "quinine" ] }, { "id": "1368", "type": "chemical", "text": "Three hours later the patient felt better , the frequency of PVC reduced to 4 - 5 x / minute and on the third day ECG was normal , potassium level was 3 . 34 meq / L .", "entities": [ "potassium" ] }, { "id": "1370", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quinine , like quinidine , is a chincona alkaloid that has anti - arrhythmic property , although it also pro - arrhythmic that can cause various arrhythmias , including severe arrhythmia such as multiple PVC .", "entities": [ "Quinine", "quinidine" ] }, { "id": "1371", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of parenteral quinine must be done carefully and with good observation because of its pro - arrhythmic effect , especially in older patients who have heart diseases or patients with electrolyte disorder ( hypokalemia ) which frequently occurs due to vomiting and or diarrhea in malaria cases .", "entities": [ "quinine" ] }, { "id": "1372", "type": "chemical", "text": "Penicillamine - related lichenoid dermatitis and utility of zinc acetate in a Wilson disease patient with hepatic presentation , anxiety and SPECT abnormalities .", "entities": [ "Penicillamine", "zinc acetate" ] }, { "id": "1373", "type": "chemical", "text": "Wilson ' s disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of hepatic copper metabolism with consequent copper accumulation and toxicity in many tissues and consequent hepatic , neurologic and psychiatric disorders .", "entities": [ "copper", "copper" ] }, { "id": "1375", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the follow - up of our patient , penicillamine was interrupted after the appearance of a lichenoid dermatitis , and zinc acetate permitted to continue the successful treatment of the patient without side - effects .", "entities": [ "penicillamine", "zinc acetate" ] }, { "id": "1376", "type": "chemical", "text": "In our case the therapy with zinc acetate represented an effective treatment for a Wilson ' s disease patient in which penicillamine - related side effects appeared .", "entities": [ "zinc acetate", "penicillamine" ] }, { "id": "1377", "type": "chemical", "text": "The safety of the zinc acetate allowed us to avoid other potentially toxic chelating drugs ; this observation is in line with the growing evidence on the efficacy of the drug in the treatment of Wilson ' s disease .", "entities": [ "zinc acetate" ] }, { "id": "1378", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since most of Wilson ' s disease penicillamine - treated patients do not seem to develop this skin lesion , it could be conceivable that a specific genetic factor is involved in drug response .", "entities": [ "penicillamine" ] }, { "id": "1380", "type": "chemical", "text": "A dramatic drop in blood pressure following prehospital GTN administration .", "entities": [ "GTN" ] }, { "id": "1383", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient ' s observations were within normal limits , he was administered oxygen via a face mask and glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) .", "entities": [ "oxygen", "glyceryl trinitrate", "GTN" ] }, { "id": "1384", "type": "chemical", "text": "Several minutes after the GTN the patient experienced a sudden drop in blood pressure and heart rate , this was rectified by atropine sulphate and a fluid challenge .", "entities": [ "GTN", "atropine sulphate" ] }, { "id": "1391", "type": "chemical", "text": "The lesions were placed via bilateral microinjections of 30 nmol / 200 nl N - methyl - D - aspartic acid .", "entities": [ "N - methyl - D - aspartic acid" ] }, { "id": "1392", "type": "chemical", "text": "The restimulation of this area with N - methyl - D - aspartic acid 15 days postlesion failed to produce a pressor response .", "entities": [ "N - methyl - D - aspartic acid" ] }, { "id": "1396", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ganglionic blocker trimethaphan ( 5 mg / kg i . v . ) caused similar reductions in mean arterial pressure in both lesioned and sham groups .", "entities": [ "trimethaphan" ] }, { "id": "1397", "type": "chemical", "text": "The trimethaphan - induced hypotension was accompanied by a significant bradycardia in lesioned rats ( - 32 + / - 13 beats per minute ) but a tachycardia in sham rats ( + 33 + / - 12 beats per minute ) 1 day postlesion .", "entities": [ "trimethaphan" ] }, { "id": "1400", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute encephalopathy and cerebral vasospasm after multiagent chemotherapy including PEG - asparaginase and intrathecal cytarabine for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia .", "entities": [ "PEG - asparaginase", "cytarabine" ] }, { "id": "1402", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient developed acute encephalopathy evidenced by behavioral changes , aphasia , incontinence , visual hallucinations , and right - sided weakness with diffuse cerebral vasospasm on magnetic resonance angiography after the administration of intrathecal cytarabine .", "entities": [ "cytarabine" ] }, { "id": "1403", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vincristine , dexamethasone , and polyethylene glycol - asparaginase were also administered before the episode as part of induction therapy .", "entities": [ "Vincristine", "dexamethasone", "polyethylene glycol - asparaginase" ] }, { "id": "1405", "type": "chemical", "text": "Comparison of valsartan / hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy at doses up to 320 / 25 mg versus monotherapy : a double - blind , placebo - controlled study followed by long - term combination therapy in hypertensive adults .", "entities": [ "valsartan", "hydrochlorothiazide" ] }, { "id": "1408", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : This study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of valsartan ( VAL ) or hydrochlorothiazide ( HCTZ ) - monotherapy and higher - dose combinations in patients with essential hypertension .", "entities": [ "valsartan", "VAL", "hydrochlorothiazide", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1410", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients with essential hypertension ( mean sitting diastolic BP [ MSDBP ] , > or = 95 mm Hg and < 110 mm Hg ) were randomized to 1 of 8 treatment groups : VAL 160 or 320 mg ; HCTZ 12 . 5 or 25 mg ; VAL / HCTZ 160 / 12 . 5 , 320 / 12 . 5 , or 320 / 25 mg ; or placebo .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ", "VAL", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1412", "type": "chemical", "text": "VAL / HCTZ 320 / 12 . 5 and 320 / 25 mg were further investigated in a 54 - week , open - label extension .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1417", "type": "chemical", "text": "All active treatments were associated with significantly reduced MSSBP and MSDBP during the core 8 - week study , with each monotherapy significantly contributing to the overall effect of combination therapy ( VAL and HCTZ , P < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1419", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean reduction in MSSBP / MSDBP with VAL / HCTZ 320 / 25 mg was 24 . 7 / 16 . 6 mm Hg , compared with 5 . 9 / 7 . 0 mm Hg with placebo .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1420", "type": "chemical", "text": "The reduction in MSSBP was significantly greater with VAL / HCTZ 320 / 25 mg compared with VAL / HCTZ 160 / 12 . 5 mg ( P < 0 . 002 ) .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ", "VAL", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1422", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence of hypokalemia was lower with VAL / HCTZ combinations ( 1 . 8 % - 6 . 1 % ) than with HCTZ monotherapies ( 7 . 1 % - 13 . 3 % ) .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1424", "type": "chemical", "text": "The efficacy and tolerability of VAL / HCTZ combinations were maintained during the extension ( 797 patients ) .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1425", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : In this study population , combination therapies with VAL / HCTZ were associated with significantly greater BP reductions compared with either monotherapy , were well tolerated , and were associated with less hypokalemia than HCTZ alone .", "entities": [ "VAL", "HCTZ", "HCTZ" ] }, { "id": "1426", "type": "chemical", "text": "Succimer chelation improves learning , attention , and arousal regulation in lead - exposed rats but produces lasting cognitive impairment in the absence of lead exposure .", "entities": [ "Succimer", "lead", "lead" ] }, { "id": "1427", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : There is growing pressure for clinicians to prescribe chelation therapy at only slightly elevated blood lead levels .", "entities": [ "lead" ] }, { "id": "1428", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , very few studies have evaluated whether chelation improves cognitive outcomes in Pb - exposed children , or whether these agents have adverse effects that may affect brain development in the absence of Pb exposure .", "entities": [ "Pb", "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1429", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : The present study was designed to answer these questions , using a rodent model of early childhood Pb exposure and treatment with succimer , a widely used chelating agent for the treatment of Pb poisoning .", "entities": [ "Pb", "succimer" ] }, { "id": "1430", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Pb exposure produced lasting impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation , paralleling the areas of dysfunction seen in Pb - exposed children .", "entities": [ "Pb", "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1431", "type": "chemical", "text": "Succimer treatment of the Pb - exposed rats significantly improved learning , attention , and arousal regulation , although the efficacy of the treatment varied as a function of the Pb exposure level and the specific functional deficit .", "entities": [ "Succimer", "Pb", "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1432", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , succimer treatment of rats not previously exposed to Pb produced lasting and pervasive cognitive and affective dysfunction comparable in magnitude to that produced by the higher Pb exposure regimen .", "entities": [ "succimer", "Pb", "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1433", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : These are the first data , to our knowledge , to show that treatment with any chelating agent can alleviate cognitive deficits due to Pb exposure .", "entities": [ "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1434", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings suggest that it may be possible to identify a succimer treatment protocol that improves cognitive outcomes in Pb - exposed children .", "entities": [ "succimer", "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1435", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , they also suggest that succimer treatment should be strongly discouraged for children who do not have elevated tissue levels of Pb or other heavy metals .", "entities": [ "succimer", "Pb" ] }, { "id": "1436", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caffeine challenge test in panic disorder and depression with panic attacks .", "entities": [ "Caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1437", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our aim was to observe if patients with panic disorder ( PD ) and patients with major depression with panic attacks ( MDP ) ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition criteria ) respond in a similar way to the induction of panic attacks by an oral caffeine challenge test .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1440", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a randomized double - blind experiment performed in 2 occasions 7 days apart , 480 mg caffeine and a caffeine - free ( placebo ) solution were administered in a coffee form and anxiety scales were applied before and after each test .", "entities": [ "caffeine", "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1441", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 58 . 6 % ( n = 17 ) of patients with PD , 44 . 4 % ( n = 12 ) of patients with MDP , 12 . 0 % ( n = 3 ) of patients with MD , and 7 . 1 % ( n = 2 ) of control subjects had a panic attack after the 480 - mg caffeine challenge test ( chi ( 2 ) ( 3 ) = 16 . 22 , P = . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1442", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patients with PD and MDP were more sensitive to caffeine than were patients with MD and healthy volunteers .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1443", "type": "chemical", "text": "No panic attack was observed after the caffeine - free solution intake .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1445", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our data suggest that there is an association between panic attacks , no matter if associated with PD or MDP , and hyperreactivity to an oral caffeine challenge test .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "1453", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute heart failure was induced by propranolol and volume loading after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass ; an absence of MR was confirmed by echocardiography .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1462", "type": "chemical", "text": "Piperacillin / tazobactam - induced seizure rapidly reversed by high flux hemodialysis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis .", "entities": [ "Piperacillin / tazobactam" ] }, { "id": "1463", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite popular use of piperacillin , the dire neurotoxicity associated with piperacillin still goes unrecognized , leading to a delay in appropriate management .", "entities": [ "piperacillin", "piperacillin" ] }, { "id": "1464", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a 57 - year - old woman with end - stage renal disease receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) , who developed slurred speech , tremor , bizarre behavior , progressive mental confusion , and 2 episodes of generalized tonic - clonic seizure ( GTCS ) after 5 doses of piperacillin / tazobactam ( 2 g / 250 mg ) were given for bronchiectasis with secondary infection .", "entities": [ "piperacillin / tazobactam" ] }, { "id": "1465", "type": "chemical", "text": "The laboratory data revealed normal plasma electrolyte and ammonia levels but leukocytosis .", "entities": [ "ammonia" ] }, { "id": "1468", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite the use of antiepileptic agents , another GTCS episode recurred after the sixth dose of piperacillin / tazobactam .", "entities": [ "piperacillin / tazobactam" ] }, { "id": "1471", "type": "chemical", "text": "Piperacillin - induced encephalopathy should be considered in any uremic patients with unexplained neurological manifestations .", "entities": [ "Piperacillin" ] }, { "id": "1472", "type": "chemical", "text": "CAPD is inefficient in removing piperacillin , whereas hemodialysis can rapidly terminate the piperacillin - induced encephalopathy .", "entities": [ "piperacillin", "piperacillin" ] }, { "id": "1480", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anesthesia was performed by injecting 20 to 40 mL of a mixture of long - acting ( ropivacaine ) and short - acting ( prilocaine ) anesthetic .", "entities": [ "ropivacaine", "prilocaine" ] }, { "id": "1488", "type": "chemical", "text": "Impaired fear recognition in regular recreational cocaine users .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1490", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of the present study was to conduct the first investigation of facial expression recognition performance in recreational cocaine users .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1491", "type": "chemical", "text": "MATERIALS AND METHODS : Three groups , comprised of 21 cocaine naive participants ( CN ) , 30 occasional cocaine ( OC ) , and 48 regular recreational cocaine ( RC ) users , were compared .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1498", "type": "chemical", "text": "The selective deficit in fear recognition accuracy manifested by the RC group cannot be explained by the subacute effects of cocaine , or ecstasy , because recent and less recent users of these drugs within this group were similarly impaired .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "1500", "type": "chemical", "text": "Damage of substantia nigra pars reticulata during pilocarpine - induced status epilepticus in the rat : immunohistochemical study of neurons , astrocytes and serum - protein extravasation .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1503", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , status epilepticus was induced by systemic injection of pilocarpine in rats .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1506", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nissl - staining and antibodies against the neuron - specific calcium - binding protein , parvalbumin , served to detect neuronal damage in SNR .", "entities": [ "calcium" ] }, { "id": "1507", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antibodies against the astroglia - specific cytoskeletal protein , glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) , and against the glial calcium - binding protein , S - 100 protein , were used to assess the status of astrocytes .", "entities": [ "calcium" ] }, { "id": "1520", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuroprotective effects of melatonin upon the offspring cerebellar cortex in the rat model of BCNU - induced cortical dysplasia .", "entities": [ "melatonin", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "1522", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study was designed to evaluate the alterations in offspring rat cerebellum induced by maternal exposure to carmustine - [ 1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - chloroethyl ) - 1 - nitrosoure ] ( BCNU ) and to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin upon cerebellar BCNU - induced cortical dysplasia , using histological and biochemical analyses .", "entities": [ "carmustine", "1 , 3 - bis ( 2 - chloroethyl ) - 1 - nitrosoure", "BCNU", "melatonin", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "1523", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pregnant Wistar rats were assigned to five groups : intact - control , saline - control , melatonin - treated , BCNU - exposed and BCNU - exposed plus melatonin .", "entities": [ "melatonin", "BCNU", "BCNU", "melatonin" ] }, { "id": "1524", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rats were exposed to BCNU on embryonic day 15 and melatonin was given until delivery .", "entities": [ "BCNU", "melatonin" ] }, { "id": "1525", "type": "chemical", "text": "Immuno / histochemistry and electron microscopy were carried out on the offspring cerebellum , and levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were determined .", "entities": [ "malondialdehyde", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "1526", "type": "chemical", "text": "Histopathologically , typical findings were observed in the cerebella from the control groups , but the findings consistent with early embryonic development were noted in BCNU - exposed cortical dysplasia group .", "entities": [ "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "1527", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was a marked increase in the number of TUNEL positive cells and nestin positive cells in BCNU - exposed group , but a decreased immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein , synaptophysin and transforming growth factor beta1 was observed , indicating a delayed maturation , and melatonin significantly reversed these changes .", "entities": [ "BCNU", "melatonin" ] }, { "id": "1528", "type": "chemical", "text": "Malondialdehyde level in BCNU - exposed group was higher than those in control groups and melatonin decreased malondialdehyde levels in BCNU group ( P < 0 . 01 ) , while there were no significant differences in the superoxide dismutase levels between these groups .", "entities": [ "Malondialdehyde", "BCNU", "melatonin", "malondialdehyde", "BCNU", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "1529", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data suggest that exposure of animals to BCNU during pregnancy leads to delayed maturation of offspring cerebellum and melatonin protects the cerebellum against the effects of BCNU .", "entities": [ "BCNU", "melatonin", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "1530", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reduced cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin given in the form of N - ( 2 - hydroxypropyl ) methacrylamide conjugates : and experimental study in the rat .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "N - ( 2 - hydroxypropyl ) methacrylamide" ] }, { "id": "1531", "type": "chemical", "text": "A rat model was used to evaluate the general acute toxicity and the late cardiotoxicity of 4 mg / kg doxorubicin ( DOX ) given either as free drug or in the form of three N - ( 2 - hydroxypropyl ) methacrylamide ( HPMA ) copolymer conjugates .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "DOX", "N - ( 2 - hydroxypropyl ) methacrylamide", "HPMA" ] }, { "id": "1532", "type": "chemical", "text": "In these HPMA copolymers , DOX was covalently bound via peptide linkages that were either non - biodegradable ( Gly - Gly ) or degradable by lysosomal proteinases ( Gly - Phe - Leu - Gly ) .", "entities": [ "HPMA", "DOX", "Gly - Phe - Leu - Gly" ] }, { "id": "1533", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , one biodegradable conjugate containing galactosamine was used ; this residue was targeted to the liver .", "entities": [ "galactosamine" ] }, { "id": "1534", "type": "chemical", "text": "Over the first 3 weeks after the i . v . administration of free and polymer - bound DOX , all animals showed a transient reduction in body weight .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1535", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the maximal reduction in body weight seen in animals that received polymer - bound DOX ( 4 mg / kg ) was significantly lower than that observed in those that received free DOX ( 4 mg / kg ) or a mixture of the unmodified parent HPMA copolymer and free DOX ( 4 mg / kg ; P less than 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "DOX", "DOX", "HPMA", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1536", "type": "chemical", "text": "Throughout the study ( 20 weeks ) , deaths related to cardiotoxicity were observed only in animals that received either free DOX or the mixture of HPMA copolymer and free DOX ; in these cases , histological investigations revealed marked changes in the heart that were consistent with DOX - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "DOX", "HPMA", "DOX", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1537", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sequential measurements of cardiac output in surviving animals that received either free DOX or the mixture of HPMA copolymer and free DOX showed a reduction of approximately 30 % in function beginning at the 4th week after drug administration .", "entities": [ "DOX", "HPMA", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1539", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals that were given the HPMA copolymer conjugates containing DOX exhibited no significant change in cardiac output throughout the study ( P less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "HPMA", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "1540", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , no significant histological change was observed in the heart of animals that received DOX in the form of HPMA copolymer conjugates and were killed at the end of the study .", "entities": [ "DOX", "HPMA" ] }, { "id": "1542", "type": "chemical", "text": "Corneal ulcers associated with aerosolized crack cocaine use .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1546", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Four patients with corneal ulcers associated with crack cocaine use were reviewed .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1552", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Aerosolized crack cocaine use can be associated with the development of corneal ulcers .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1556", "type": "chemical", "text": "Topical 0 . 025 % capsaicin in chronic post - herpetic neuralgia : efficacy , predictors of response and long - term course .", "entities": [ "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "1557", "type": "chemical", "text": "In order to evaluate the efficacy , time - course of action and predictors of response to topical capsaicin , 39 patients with chronic post - herpetic neuralgia ( PHN ) , median duration 24 months , were treated with 0 . 025 % capsaicin cream for 8 weeks .", "entities": [ "capsaicin", "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "1560", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nineteen patients ( 48 . 7 % ) substantially improved after the 8 - week trial ; 5 ( 12 . 8 % ) discontinued therapy due to side - effects such as intolerable capsaicin - induced burning sensations ( 4 ) or mastitis ( 1 ) ; 15 ( 38 . 5 % ) reported no benefit .", "entities": [ "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "1564", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment response was not correlated with the incidence , time - course or severity of capsaicin - induced burning .", "entities": [ "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "1565", "type": "chemical", "text": "If confirmed in controlled trials , the long - term results of this open , non - randomized study might indicate that the analgesic effect of capsaicin in PHN is mediated by both interference with neuropeptide metabolism and morphological changes ( perhaps degeneration ) of nociceptive afferents .", "entities": [ "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "1566", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myo - inositol - 1 - phosphate ( MIP ) synthase inhibition : in - vivo study in rats .", "entities": [ "Myo - inositol - 1 - phosphate", "MIP" ] }, { "id": "1567", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lithium and valproate are the prototypic mood stabilizers and have diverse structures and targets .", "entities": [ "Lithium", "valproate" ] }, { "id": "1568", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both drugs influence inositol metabolism .", "entities": [ "inositol" ] }, { "id": "1569", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lithium inhibits IMPase and valproate inhibits MIP synthase .", "entities": [ "Lithium", "valproate", "MIP" ] }, { "id": "1570", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study shows that MIP synthase inhibition does not replicate or augment the effects of lithium in the inositol sensitive pilocarpine - induced seizures model .", "entities": [ "MIP", "lithium", "inositol", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "1571", "type": "chemical", "text": "This lack of effects may stem from the low contribution of de - novo synthesis to cellular inositol supply or to the inhibition of the de - novo synthesis by lithium itself .", "entities": [ "inositol", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "1576", "type": "chemical", "text": "He was put on aspirin following surgery and took ibuprofen for fever for nearly a week prior to presentation .", "entities": [ "aspirin", "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "1577", "type": "chemical", "text": "He then presented to the emergency department feeling quite ill and was found to have a blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) concentration of of 147 mg / dl , creatinine of 15 . 3 mg / dl and serum potassium of 8 . 7 mEq / l .", "entities": [ "blood urea nitrogen", "BUN", "creatinine", "potassium" ] }, { "id": "1581", "type": "chemical", "text": "He needed dialysis for 2 weeks and was treated successfully with steroids for 6 months .", "entities": [ "steroids" ] }, { "id": "1584", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rifampicin - associated segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis in staphylococcal endocarditis .", "entities": [ "Rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "1585", "type": "chemical", "text": "Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis has been reported as complication of rifampicin therapy in patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis .", "entities": [ "rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "1586", "type": "chemical", "text": "Changing epidemiology of infections such as infective endocarditis ( IE ) has led to an increase in the use of rifampicin for Staphylococcal infections .", "entities": [ "rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "1587", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe a case of a patient with Staphylococcal IE who developed acute renal failure secondary to a segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis while being treated with rifampicin , and review the literature regarding this complication of rifampicin therapy .", "entities": [ "rifampicin", "rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "1588", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rate of YMDD motif mutants in lamivudine - untreated Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1589", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Lamivudine is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients .", "entities": [ "Lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1590", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recent studies show that the YMDD motif mutants ( resistant hepatitis B virus ) occur as natural genome variability in lamivudine - untreated chronic hepatitis B patients .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1591", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study we aimed to determine the rate of YMDD motif mutants in lamivudine - untreated chronic hepatitis B patients in Iran .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1592", "type": "chemical", "text": "PATIENTS AND METHODS : A total of 77 chronic hepatitis B patients who had not been treated with lamivudine were included in the study .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1594", "type": "chemical", "text": "All patients were also tested for liver enzymes , anti - HCV , HBeAg , and anti - HBe .", "entities": [ "HBeAg" ] }, { "id": "1597", "type": "chemical", "text": "HBeAg was positive in 40 % and anti - HBe in 60 % of the patients .", "entities": [ "HBeAg" ] }, { "id": "1599", "type": "chemical", "text": "YMDD motif mutants were not detected in any of the patients despite the liver enzyme levels and the presence of HBeAg or anti - HBe .", "entities": [ "HBeAg" ] }, { "id": "1600", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Although the natural occurrence of YMDD motif mutants in lamivudine - untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B has been reported , these mutants were not detected in Iranian lamivudine - untreated chronic hepatitis B patients .", "entities": [ "lamivudine", "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "1601", "type": "chemical", "text": "Branch retinal vein occlusion and fluoxetine .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "1602", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of branch retinal vein occlusion associated with fluoxetine - induced secondary hypertension is described .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "1603", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although an infrequent complication of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy , it is important that ophthalmologists are aware that these agents can cause hypertension because this class of drugs is widely prescribed .", "entities": [ "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "1604", "type": "chemical", "text": "The differential effects of bupivacaine and lidocaine on prostaglandin E2 release , cyclooxygenase gene expression and pain in a clinical pain model .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "lidocaine", "prostaglandin E2" ] }, { "id": "1606", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the present study , we describe the proinflammatory effects of bupivacaine on local prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) production and cyclooxygenase ( COX ) gene expression that increases postoperative pain in human subjects .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "prostaglandin E2", "PGE2" ] }, { "id": "1607", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Subjects ( n = 114 ) undergoing extraction of impacted third molars received either 2 % lidocaine or 0 . 5 % bupivacaine before surgery and either rofecoxib 50 mg or placebo orally 90 min before surgery and for the following 48 h .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "bupivacaine", "rofecoxib" ] }, { "id": "1609", "type": "chemical", "text": "After extraction , a microdialysis probe was placed at the surgical site for PGE2 and thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) measurements .", "entities": [ "PGE2", "thromboxane B2", "TXB2" ] }, { "id": "1610", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The bupivacaine / rofecoxib group reported significantly less pain , as assessed by a visual analog scale , compared with the other three treatment groups over the first 4 h .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "rofecoxib" ] }, { "id": "1611", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the bupivacaine / placebo group reported significantly more pain at 24 h and PGE2 levels during the first 4 h were significantly higher than the other three treatment groups .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "PGE2" ] }, { "id": "1612", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , bupivacaine significantly increased COX - 2 gene expression at 48 h as compared with the lidocaine / placebo group .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "1613", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thromboxane levels were not significantly affected by any of the treatments , indicating that the effects seen were attributable to inhibition of COX - 2 , but not COX - 1 .", "entities": [ "Thromboxane" ] }, { "id": "1614", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest that bupivacaine stimulates COX - 2 gene expression after tissue injury , which is associated with higher PGE2 production and pain after the local anesthetic effect dissipates .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "PGE2" ] }, { "id": "1615", "type": "chemical", "text": "p75NTR expression in rat urinary bladder sensory neurons and spinal cord with cyclophosphamide - induced cystitis .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "1617", "type": "chemical", "text": "Previous studies have examined the expression and regulation of tyrosine kinase receptors ( Trks ) in micturition reflexes with urinary bladder inflammation .", "entities": [ "tyrosine" ] }, { "id": "1618", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present studies examine the expression and regulation of another receptor known to bind NGF , p75 ( NTR ) , after various durations of bladder inflammation induced by cyclophosphamide ( CYP ) .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "CYP" ] }, { "id": "1619", "type": "chemical", "text": "CYP - induced cystitis increased ( P < or = 0 . 001 ) p75 ( NTR ) expression in the superficial lateral and medial dorsal horn in L1 - L2 and L6 - S1 spinal segments .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "1620", "type": "chemical", "text": "The number of p75 ( NTR ) - immunoreactive ( - IR ) cells in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia ( DRG ) also increased ( P < or = 0 . 05 ) with CYP - induced cystitis ( acute , intermediate , and chronic ) .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "1621", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quantitative , real - time polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated significant increases ( P < or = 0 . 01 ) in p75 ( NTR ) mRNA in DRG with intermediate and chronic CYP - induced cystitis .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "1628", "type": "chemical", "text": "Azathioprine - induced suicidal erythrocyte death .", "entities": [ "Azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "1629", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Azathioprine is widely used as an immunosuppressive drug .", "entities": [ "Azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "1630", "type": "chemical", "text": "The side effects of azathioprine include anemia , which has been attributed to bone marrow suppression .", "entities": [ "azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "1631", "type": "chemical", "text": "Alternatively , anemia could result from accelerated suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis , which is characterized by exposure of phosphatidylserine ( PS ) at the erythrocyte surface and by cell shrinkage .", "entities": [ "phosphatidylserine", "PS" ] }, { "id": "1632", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : The present experiments explored whether azathioprine influences eryptosis .", "entities": [ "azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "1633", "type": "chemical", "text": "According to annexin V binding , erythrocytes from patients indeed showed a significant increase of PS exposure within 1 week of treatment with azathioprine .", "entities": [ "PS", "azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "1634", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a second series , cytosolic Ca2 + activity ( Fluo3 fluorescence ) , cell volume ( forward scatter ) , and PS - exposure ( annexin V binding ) were determined by FACS analysis in erythrocytes from healthy volunteers .", "entities": [ "Ca2", "Fluo3", "PS" ] }, { "id": "1635", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Exposure to azathioprine ( > or = 2 microg / mL ) for 48 hours increased cytosolic Ca2 + activity and annexin V binding and decreased forward scatter .", "entities": [ "azathioprine", "Ca2" ] }, { "id": "1636", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of azathioprine on both annexin V binding and forward scatter was significantly blunted in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca2 + .", "entities": [ "azathioprine", "Ca2" ] }, { "id": "1637", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Azathioprine triggers suicidal erythrocyte death , an effect presumably contributing to azathioprine - induced anemia .", "entities": [ "Azathioprine", "azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "1638", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levetiracetam as an adjunct to phenobarbital treatment in cats with suspected idiopathic epilepsy .", "entities": [ "Levetiracetam", "phenobarbital" ] }, { "id": "1639", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To assess pharmacokinetics , efficacy , and tolerability of oral levetiracetam administered as an adjunct to phenobarbital treatment in cats with poorly controlled suspected idiopathic epilepsy .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam", "phenobarbital" ] }, { "id": "1641", "type": "chemical", "text": "ANIMALS : 12 cats suspected to have idiopathic epilepsy that was poorly controlled with phenobarbital or that had unacceptable adverse effects when treated with phenobarbital .", "entities": [ "phenobarbital", "phenobarbital" ] }, { "id": "1642", "type": "chemical", "text": "PROCEDURES : Cats were treated with levetiracetam ( 20 mg / kg [ 9 . 1 mg / lb ] , PO , q 8 h ) .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam" ] }, { "id": "1643", "type": "chemical", "text": "After a minimum of 1 week of treatment , serum levetiracetam concentrations were measured before and 2 , 4 , and 6 hours after drug administration , and maximum and minimum serum concentrations and elimination half - life were calculated .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam" ] }, { "id": "1644", "type": "chemical", "text": "Seizure frequencies before and after initiation of levetiracetam treatment were compared , and adverse effects were recorded .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam" ] }, { "id": "1645", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Median maximum serum levetiracetam concentration was 25 . 5 microg / mL , median minimum serum levetiracetam concentration was 8 . 3 microg / mL , and median elimination half - life was 2 . 9 hours .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam", "levetiracetam" ] }, { "id": "1646", "type": "chemical", "text": "Median seizure frequency prior to treatment with levetiracetam ( 2 . 1 seizures / mo ) was significantly higher than median seizure frequency after initiation of levetiracetam treatment ( 0 . 42 seizures / mo ) , and 7 of 10 cats were classified as having responded to levetiracetam treatment ( ie , reduction in seizure frequency of > or = 50 % ) .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam", "levetiracetam", "levetiracetam" ] }, { "id": "1648", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Results suggested that levetiracetam is well tolerated in cats and may be useful as an adjunct to phenobarbital treatment in cats with idiopathic epilepsy .", "entities": [ "levetiracetam", "phenobarbital" ] }, { "id": "1649", "type": "chemical", "text": "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors , paranoia , and the ventral basal ganglia .", "entities": [ "Serotonin" ] }, { "id": "1651", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five cases of paranoid exacerbation with the serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine and amitriptyline are reported here .", "entities": [ "serotonin", "fluoxetine", "amitriptyline" ] }, { "id": "1653", "type": "chemical", "text": "Complicated depressive disorders ( including atypicality of course and symptomatology , chronicity , psychosis , bipolarity , and secondary onset in the course of a primary psychosis ) may present particular vulnerability to paranoid exacerbations associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors .", "entities": [ "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "1654", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although the pharmacology and neurobiology of paranoia remain cryptic , several mechanisms , including 5HT3 receptor - mediated dopamine release , beta - noradrenergic receptor downregulation , or GABAB receptor upregulation acting in the vicinity of the ventral basal ganglia ( possibly in lateral orbitofrontal or anterior cingulate circuits ) , might apply to this phenomenon .", "entities": [ "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "1655", "type": "chemical", "text": "These cases call attention to possible paranoid exacerbations with serotonin reuptake blockers in select patients and raise neurobiological considerations regarding paranoia .", "entities": [ "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "1661", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the lateral position with operative side down , patients recived 10 mg ( 2mls ) of 0 . 5 % hyperbaric bupivacaine through a 25 - gauge spinal needle .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "1663", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blood pressure , heart rate , respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were monitored over 1 hour .", "entities": [ "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "1665", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four ( 10 . 8 % ) patients in the conventional group and 1 ( 2 . 7 % ) in the unilateral group , P = 0 . 17 required epinephrine infusion to treat hypotension .", "entities": [ "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "1667", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean respiratory rate and oxygen saturations in the two groups were similar .", "entities": [ "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "1669", "type": "chemical", "text": "Also , the type of spinal block instituted affected neither the respiratory rate nor the arterial oxygen saturation .", "entities": [ "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "1672", "type": "chemical", "text": "The most common regimens were 3TC + d4T + nevirapine ( NVP ) ( 54 . 8 % ) , zidovudine ( AZT ) + 3TC + NVP ( 14 . 5 % ) , 3TC + d4T + efavirenz ( EFV ) ( 20 . 1 % ) , and AZT + 3TC + EFV ( 5 . 4 % ) .", "entities": [ "3TC", "d4T", "nevirapine", "NVP", "zidovudine", "AZT", "3TC", "NVP", "3TC", "d4T", "efavirenz", "EFV", "AZT", "3TC", "EFV" ] }, { "id": "1674", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinically significant anemia ( hemoglobin < 7 g / dL ) was observed in 5 . 4 % of patients ( CD4 , 165 cells / microL ) and hepatitis ( clinical jaundice with alanine aminotransferase > 5 times upper limits of normal ) in 3 . 5 % of patients ( CD4 , 260 cells / microL ) .", "entities": [ "alanine" ] }, { "id": "1676", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among the patients with 1 year of follow - up , NVP therapy was significantly associated with developing rash and d4T therapy with developing peripheral neuropathy ( p < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "NVP", "d4T" ] }, { "id": "1679", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thalidomide and sensory neurotoxicity : a neurophysiological study .", "entities": [ "Thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1680", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Recent studies confirmed a high incidence of sensory axonal neuropathy in patients treated with different doses of thalidomide .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1681", "type": "chemical", "text": "The study ' s aims were to measure variations in sural nerve sensory action potential ( SAP ) amplitude in patients with refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus ( CLE ) treated with thalidomide and use these findings to identify the neurotoxic potential of thalidomide and the recovery capacity of sensory fibres after discontinuation of treatment .", "entities": [ "thalidomide", "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1682", "type": "chemical", "text": "PATIENTS AND METHODS : Clinical and electrophysiological data in 12 female patients with CLE during treatment with thalidomide and up to 47 months after discontinuation of treatment were analysed .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1687", "type": "chemical", "text": "After thalidomide treatment , sural SAP amplitude recovered in 3 patients .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1688", "type": "chemical", "text": "At detection of reduction in sural nerve SAP amplitude , the median thalidomide cumulative dose was 21 . 4 g .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1691", "type": "chemical", "text": "This electrophysiological parameter provides information about subclinical neurotoxic potential of thalidomide but is not helpful in predicting the appearance of sensory symptoms .", "entities": [ "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "1692", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five cases of encephalitis during treatment of loiasis with diethylcarbamazine .", "entities": [ "diethylcarbamazine" ] }, { "id": "1693", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five cases of encephalitis following treatment with diethylcarbamazine ( DEC ) were observed in Congolese patients with Loa loa filariasis .", "entities": [ "diethylcarbamazine", "DEC" ] }, { "id": "1695", "type": "chemical", "text": "The notable fact was that this complication occurred in three patients hospitalized before treatment began , with whom particularly strict therapeutic precautions were taken , i . e . , initial dose less than 10 mg of DEC , very gradual dose increases , and associated anti - allergic treatment .", "entities": [ "DEC" ] }, { "id": "1700", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone - related pulmonary mass and unique membranous glomerulonephritis in a patient with valvular heart disease : Diagnostic pitfall and new findings .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "1701", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone is an anti - arrhythmic drug for life - threatening tachycardia , but various adverse effects have been reported .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "1702", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reported herein is an autopsy case of valvular heart disease , in a patient who developed a lung mass ( 1 . 5 cm in diameter ) and proteinuria ( 2 . 76 g / day ) after treatment with amiodarone for a long time .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "1703", "type": "chemical", "text": "The lung mass was highly suspected to be lung cancer on CT and positron emission tomography , but histologically the lesion was composed of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in alveolar walls and intra - alveolar accumulation of foamy macrophages containing characteristic myelinoid bodies , indicating that it was an amiodarone - related lesion .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "1707", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present case highlights the possibility that differential diagnosis between an amiodarone - related pulmonary lesion and a neoplasm can be very difficult radiologically , and suggests that membranous glomerulonephritis might be another possible complication of amiodarone treatment .", "entities": [ "amiodarone", "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "1708", "type": "chemical", "text": "Risk of coronary artery disease associated with initial sulphonylurea treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes : a matched case - control study .", "entities": [ "sulphonylurea" ] }, { "id": "1709", "type": "chemical", "text": "AIMS : This study sought to assess the risk of developing coronary artery disease ( CAD ) associated with initial treatment of type 2 diabetes with different sulphonylureas .", "entities": [ "sulphonylureas" ] }, { "id": "1713", "type": "chemical", "text": "The hazard of developing CAD ( 95 % CI ) associated with initial treatment increased by 2 . 4 - fold ( 1 . 3 - 4 . 3 , P = 0 . 004 ) with glibenclamide ; 2 - fold ( 0 . 9 - 4 . 6 , P = 0 . 099 ) with glipizide ; 2 . 9 - fold ( 1 . 6 - 5 . 1 , P = 0 . 000 ) with either , and was unchanged with metformin .", "entities": [ "glibenclamide", "glipizide", "metformin" ] }, { "id": "1714", "type": "chemical", "text": "The hazard decreased 0 . 3 - fold ( 0 . 7 - 1 . 7 , P = 0 . 385 ) with glimepiride , 0 . 4 - fold ( 0 . 7 - 1 . 3 , P = 0 . 192 ) with gliclazide , and 0 . 4 - fold ( 0 . 7 - 1 . 1 , P = 0 . 09 ) with either .", "entities": [ "glimepiride", "gliclazide" ] }, { "id": "1715", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Initiating treatment of type 2 diabetes with glibenclamide or glipizide is associated with increased risk of CAD in comparison to gliclazide or glimepiride .", "entities": [ "glibenclamide", "glipizide", "gliclazide", "glimepiride" ] }, { "id": "1716", "type": "chemical", "text": "If confirmed , this may be important because most Indian patients receive the cheaper older sulphonylureas , and present guidelines do not distinguish between individual agents .", "entities": [ "sulphonylureas" ] }, { "id": "1717", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reduced progression of adriamycin nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated by losartan .", "entities": [ "adriamycin", "losartan" ] }, { "id": "1718", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : The aim of the study was to investigate the antihypertensive effects of angiotensin II type - 1 receptor blocker , losartan , and its potential in slowing down renal disease progression in spontaneously hypertensive rats ( SHR ) with adriamycin ( ADR ) nephropathy .", "entities": [ "angiotensin II", "losartan", "adriamycin", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1721", "type": "chemical", "text": "Groups ADR ( 6 ) , ADR + LOS ( 6 ) and ADR ( 12 ) , and ADR + LOS ( 12 ) received ADR ( 2 mg / kg / b . w . i . v . ) twice in a 3 - week interval .", "entities": [ "ADR", "ADR", "LOS", "ADR", "ADR", "LOS", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1722", "type": "chemical", "text": "Group ADR + LOS ( 6 ) received losartan ( 10 mg / kg / b . w . / day by gavages ) for 6 weeks and group ADR + LOS ( 12 ) for 12 weeks after second injection of ADR .", "entities": [ "ADR", "LOS", "losartan", "ADR", "LOS", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1725", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Short - term losartan treatment , besides antihypertensive effect , improved glomerular filtration rate and ameliorated glomerulosclerosis resulting in decreased proteinuria .", "entities": [ "losartan" ] }, { "id": "1726", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prolonged treatment with losartan showed further reduction of glomerulosclerosis associated with reduced progression of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis , thus preventing heavy proteinuria and chronic renal failure .", "entities": [ "losartan" ] }, { "id": "1727", "type": "chemical", "text": "Losartan reduced uraemia and increased urea clearance in advanced ADR nephropathy in SHR .", "entities": [ "Losartan", "urea", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1728", "type": "chemical", "text": "Histological examination showed that losartan could prevent tubular atrophy , interstitial infiltration and fibrosis in ADR nephropathy .", "entities": [ "losartan", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1729", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Losartan reduces the rate of progression of ADR - induced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis to end - stage renal disease in SHR .", "entities": [ "Losartan", "ADR" ] }, { "id": "1730", "type": "chemical", "text": "The risks of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in cardiac surgery : a one - year follow - up of 1188 consecutive patients .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "1731", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Our aim was to investigate postoperative complications and mortality after administration of aprotinin compared to tranexamic acid in an unselected , consecutive cohort .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "1733", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the first 5 mo , 596 patients received aprotinin ( Group A ) ; in the next 5 mo , 592 patients were treated with tranexamic acid ( Group T ) .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "1742", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of aprotinin should be avoided in coronary artery bypass graft and high risk patients , whereas administration of tranexamic acid is not recommended in valve surgery .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "1743", "type": "chemical", "text": "Delirium in an elderly woman possibly associated with administration of misoprostol .", "entities": [ "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "1744", "type": "chemical", "text": "Misoprostol has been associated with adverse reactions , including gastrointestinal symptoms , gynecologic problems , and headache .", "entities": [ "Misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "1746", "type": "chemical", "text": "We present a case in which an 89 - year - old woman in a long - term care facility became confused after the initiation of misoprostol therapy .", "entities": [ "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "1748", "type": "chemical", "text": "Her delirium significantly improved after misoprostol was discontinued and her mental status returned to normal within a week .", "entities": [ "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "1749", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because no other factors related to this patient changed significantly , the delirium experienced by this patient possibly resulted from misoprostol therapy .", "entities": [ "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "1750", "type": "chemical", "text": "The biological properties of the optical isomers of propranolol and their effects on cardiac arrhythmias .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1752", "type": "chemical", "text": "The optical isomers of propranolol have been compared for their beta - blocking and antiarrhythmic activities . 2 .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1753", "type": "chemical", "text": "In blocking the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline , ( + ) - propranolol had less than one hundredth the potency of ( - ) - propranolol .", "entities": [ "isoprenaline", "propranolol", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1754", "type": "chemical", "text": "At dose levels of ( + ) - propranolol which attenuated the responses to isoprenaline , there was a significant prolongation of the PR interval of the electrocardiogram . 3 .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "isoprenaline" ] }, { "id": "1755", "type": "chemical", "text": "The metabolic responses to isoprenaline in dogs ( an increase in circulating glucose , lactate and free fatty acids ) were all blocked by ( - ) - propranolol .", "entities": [ "isoprenaline", "glucose", "lactate", "fatty acids", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1756", "type": "chemical", "text": "( + ) - Propranolol had no effect on fatty acid mobilization but significantly reduced the increments in both lactate and glucose . 4 .", "entities": [ "Propranolol", "fatty acid", "lactate", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "1757", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both isomers of propranolol possessed similar depressant potency on isolated atrial muscle taken from guinea - pigs . 5 .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1758", "type": "chemical", "text": "The isomers of propranolol exhibited similar local anaesthetic potencies on an isolated frog nerve preparation at a level approximately three times that of procaine .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "procaine" ] }, { "id": "1760", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both isomers of propranolol were capable of preventing adrenaline - induced cardiac arrhythmias in cats anaesthetized with halothane , but the mean dose of ( - ) - propranolol was 0 . 09 + / - 0 . 02 mg / kg whereas that of ( + ) - propranolol was 4 . 2 + / - 1 . 2 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "adrenaline", "halothane", "propranolol", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1761", "type": "chemical", "text": "At the effective dose level of ( + ) - propranolol there was a significant prolongation of the PR interval of the electrocardiogram .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1762", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blockade of arrhythmias with both isomers was surmountable by increasing the dose of adrenaline . 7 .", "entities": [ "adrenaline" ] }, { "id": "1763", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both isomers of propranolol were also capable of reversing ventricular tachycardia caused by ouabain in anaesthetized cats and dogs .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "1764", "type": "chemical", "text": "The dose of ( - ) - propranolol was significantly smaller than that of ( + ) - propranolol in both species but much higher than that required to produce evidence of beta - blockade . 8 .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "1766", "type": "chemical", "text": "Topotecan in combination with radiotherapy in unresectable glioblastoma : a phase 2 study .", "entities": [ "Topotecan" ] }, { "id": "1768", "type": "chemical", "text": "Topotecan is an attractive option as it exhibits growth inhibition of human glioma as well as brain penetration .", "entities": [ "Topotecan" ] }, { "id": "1769", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study assessed the combination of radiotherapy ( 60 Gy / 30 fractions / 40 days ) and topotecan ( 0 . 9 mg / m ( 2 ) / day on days 1 - 5 on weeks 1 , 3 and 5 ) in 50 adults with histologically proven and untreated GBM .", "entities": [ "topotecan" ] }, { "id": "1773", "type": "chemical", "text": "Topotecan in combination with radiotherapy was well tolerated .", "entities": [ "Topotecan" ] }, { "id": "1775", "type": "chemical", "text": "Long - term lithium therapy leading to hyperparathyroidism : a case report .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "1776", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : This paper reviews the effect of chronic lithium therapy on serum calcium level and parathyroid glands , its pathogenesis , and treatment options .", "entities": [ "lithium", "calcium" ] }, { "id": "1777", "type": "chemical", "text": "We examined the case of a lithium - treated patient who had recurrent hypercalcemia to better understand the disease process .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "1778", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Primary hyperparathyroidism is a rare but potentially life - threatening side effect of long - term lithium therapy .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "1780", "type": "chemical", "text": "PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS : As much as 15 % of lithium - treated patients become hypercalcemic .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "1781", "type": "chemical", "text": "By routinely monitoring serum calcium levels , healthcare providers can improve the quality of life of this patient group .", "entities": [ "calcium" ] }, { "id": "1783", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : The purpose of this study was to compare surgical conditions , including the amount of intraoperative bleeding as well as intraoperative blood pressure , during functional endoscopic sinus surgery ( FESS ) using flexible reinforced laryngeal mask airway ( FRLMA ) versus endotracheal tube ( ETT ) in maintaining controlled hypotension anesthesia induced by propofol - remifentanil total i . v . anesthesia ( TIVA ) .", "entities": [ "propofol", "remifentanil" ] }, { "id": "1784", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Sixty normotensive American Society of Anesthesiologists I - II adult patients undergoing FESS under controlled hypotension anesthesia caused by propofol - remifentanil - TIVA were randomly assigned into two groups : group I , FRLMA ; group II , ETT .", "entities": [ "propofol", "remifentanil" ] }, { "id": "1786", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Controlled hypotension was achieved within a shorter period using laryngeal mask using lower rates of remifentanil infusion and lower total dose of remifentanil .", "entities": [ "remifentanil", "remifentanil" ] }, { "id": "1787", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : In summary , our results indicate that airway management using FRLMA during controlled hypotension anesthesia provided better surgical conditions in terms of quality of operative field and blood loss and allowed for convenient induced hypotension with low doses of remifentanil during TIVA in patients undergoing FESS .", "entities": [ "remifentanil" ] }, { "id": "1788", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease during valproate therapy .", "entities": [ "valproate" ] }, { "id": "1789", "type": "chemical", "text": "Valproic acid ( VPA ) is effective for the treatment of many types of epilepsy , but its use can be associated with an increase in body weight .", "entities": [ "Valproic acid", "VPA" ] }, { "id": "1790", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) arising in a child who developed obesity during VPA treatment .", "entities": [ "VPA" ] }, { "id": "1792", "type": "chemical", "text": "After the withdrawal of VPA therapy , our patient showed a significant weight loss , a decrease of body mass index , and normalization of metabolic and endocrine parameters ; moreover , ultrasound measurements showed a complete normalization .", "entities": [ "VPA" ] }, { "id": "1793", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present case suggests that obesity , hyperinsulinemia , insulin resistance , and long - term treatment with VPA may be all associated with the development of NAFLD ; this side effect is reversible after VPA withdrawal .", "entities": [ "VPA", "VPA" ] }, { "id": "1794", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carbimazole induced ANCA positive vasculitis .", "entities": [ "Carbimazole" ] }, { "id": "1795", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anti - thyroid drugs , like carbimazole and propylthiouracil ( PTU ) are commonly prescribed for the treatment of hyperthyroidism .", "entities": [ "Anti - thyroid drugs", "carbimazole", "propylthiouracil", "PTU" ] }, { "id": "1796", "type": "chemical", "text": "One should be aware of the side effects of antithyroid medications .", "entities": [ "antithyroid medications" ] }, { "id": "1797", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( ANCA ) - - associated vasculitis is a potentially life - threatening adverse effect of antithyroidmedications .", "entities": [ "antithyroidmedications" ] }, { "id": "1798", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a patient with Graves ' disease who developed ANCA positive carbimazole induced vasculitis .", "entities": [ "carbimazole" ] }, { "id": "1801", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carbimazole and methimazole have a lower incidence of reported ANCA positive side effects than PUT .", "entities": [ "Carbimazole", "methimazole" ] }, { "id": "1802", "type": "chemical", "text": "To the best of our knowledge this is the first ANCA positive carbimazole induced vasculitis case reported from India .", "entities": [ "carbimazole" ] }, { "id": "1803", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events : an update of the evidence for the U . S .", "entities": [ "Aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1807", "type": "chemical", "text": "Preventive Services Task Force ( USPSTF ) strongly recommended that clinicians discuss aspirin with adults who are at increased risk for coronary heart disease .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1808", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To determine the benefits and harms of taking aspirin for the primary prevention of myocardial infarctions , strokes , and death .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1810", "type": "chemical", "text": "STUDY SELECTION : English - language randomized , controlled trials ( RCTs ) ; case - control studies ; meta - analyses ; and systematic reviews of aspirin versus control for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) were selected to answer the following questions : Does aspirin decrease coronary heart events , strokes , death from coronary heart events or stroke , or all - cause mortality in adults without known CVD ?", "entities": [ "aspirin", "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1811", "type": "chemical", "text": "Does aspirin increase gastrointestinal bleeding or hemorrhagic strokes ?", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1813", "type": "chemical", "text": "DATA SYNTHESIS : New evidence from 1 good - quality RCT , 1 good - quality meta - analysis , and 2 fair - quality subanalyses of RCTs demonstrates that aspirin use reduces the number of CVD events in patients without known CVD .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1815", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aspirin does not seem to affect CVD mortality or all - cause mortality in either men or women .", "entities": [ "Aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1816", "type": "chemical", "text": "The use of aspirin for primary prevention increases the risk for major bleeding events , primarily gastrointestinal bleeding events , in both men and women .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1817", "type": "chemical", "text": "Men have an increased risk for hemorrhagic strokes with aspirin use .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1819", "type": "chemical", "text": "LIMITATIONS : New evidence on aspirin for the primary prevention of CVD is limited .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1820", "type": "chemical", "text": "The dose of aspirin used in the RCTs varied , which prevented the estimation of the most appropriate dose for primary prevention .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1822", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Aspirin reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in men and strokes in women .", "entities": [ "Aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1823", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aspirin use increases the risk for serious bleeding events .", "entities": [ "Aspirin" ] }, { "id": "1824", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reducing harm associated with anticoagulation : practical considerations of argatroban therapy in heparin - induced thrombocytopenia .", "entities": [ "argatroban", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "1825", "type": "chemical", "text": "Argatroban is a hepatically metabolized , direct thrombin inhibitor used for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in heparin - induced thrombocytopenia ( HIT ) and for patients with or at risk of HIT undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) .", "entities": [ "Argatroban", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "1826", "type": "chemical", "text": "The objective of this review is to summarize practical considerations of argatroban therapy in HIT .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1827", "type": "chemical", "text": "The US FDA - recommended argatroban dose in HIT is 2 microg / kg / min ( reduced in patients with hepatic impairment and in paediatric patients ) , adjusted to achieve activated partial thromboplastin times ( aPTTs ) 1 . 5 - 3 times baseline ( not > 100 seconds ) .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1829", "type": "chemical", "text": "Argatroban 0 . 5 - 1 . 2 microg / kg / min typically supports therapeutic aPTTs .", "entities": [ "Argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1831", "type": "chemical", "text": "For PCI , argatroban has not been investigated in hepatically impaired patients ; dose adjustment is unnecessary for adult age , sex , race / ethnicity or obesity , and lesser doses may be adequate with concurrent glycoprotein IIb / IIIa inhibition .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1832", "type": "chemical", "text": "Argatroban prolongs the International Normalized Ratio , and published approaches for monitoring the argatroban - to - warfarin transition should be followed .", "entities": [ "Argatroban", "argatroban", "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "1833", "type": "chemical", "text": "Major bleeding with argatroban is 0 - 10 % in the non - interventional setting and 0 - 5 . 8 % periprocedurally .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1834", "type": "chemical", "text": "Argatroban has no specific antidote , and if excessive anticoagulation occurs , argatroban infusion should be stopped or reduced .", "entities": [ "Argatroban", "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1835", "type": "chemical", "text": "Improved familiarity of healthcare professionals with argatroban therapy in HIT , including in special populations and during PCI , may facilitate reduction of harm associated with HIT ( e . g . fewer thromboses ) or its treatment ( e . g . fewer argatroban medication errors ) .", "entities": [ "argatroban", "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "1836", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rhabdomyolysis and brain ischemic stroke in a heroin - dependent male under methadone maintenance therapy .", "entities": [ "heroin", "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1838", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methadone may aggravate this problem .", "entities": [ "Methadone" ] }, { "id": "1840", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : A 33 - year - old man presented with rhabdomyolysis and cerebral ischemic stroke after intravenous heroin .", "entities": [ "heroin" ] }, { "id": "1841", "type": "chemical", "text": "He had used heroin since age 20 , and had used 150 mg methadone daily for 6 months .", "entities": [ "heroin", "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1847", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Those using methadone and heroin simultaneously may increase risk of rhabdomyolysis and ischemic stroke .", "entities": [ "methadone", "heroin" ] }, { "id": "1848", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients under methadone maintenance therapy should be warned regarding these serious adverse events .", "entities": [ "methadone" ] }, { "id": "1849", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypotheses of heroin - related rhabdomyolysis and stroke in heroin abusers are discussed .", "entities": [ "heroin", "heroin" ] }, { "id": "1850", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased vulnerability to 6 - hydroxydopamine lesion and reduced development of dyskinesias in mice lacking CB1 cannabinoid receptors .", "entities": [ "6 - hydroxydopamine" ] }, { "id": "1851", "type": "chemical", "text": "Motor impairment , dopamine ( DA ) neuronal activity and proenkephalin ( PENK ) gene expression in the caudate - putamen ( CPu ) were measured in 6 - OHDA - lesioned and treated ( L - DOPA + benserazide ) CB1 KO and WT mice .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "DA", "proenkephalin", "PENK", "6 - OHDA", "L - DOPA + benserazide" ] }, { "id": "1852", "type": "chemical", "text": "A lesion induced by 6 - OHDA produced more severe motor deterioration in CB1 KO mice accompanied by more loss of DA neurons and increased PENK gene expression in the CPu .", "entities": [ "6 - OHDA", "DA", "PENK" ] }, { "id": "1854", "type": "chemical", "text": "CB1 KO mice exhibited higher MDA levels and iNOS protein expression in the CPu and Cg compared to WT mice .", "entities": [ "MDA" ] }, { "id": "1855", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment with L - DOPA + benserazide ( 12 weeks ) resulted in less severe dyskinesias in CB1 KO than in WT mice .", "entities": [ "L - DOPA + benserazide" ] }, { "id": "1856", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results revealed that the lack of cannabinoid CB1 receptors increased the severity of motor impairment and DA lesion , and reduced L - DOPA - induced dyskinesias .", "entities": [ "DA", "L - DOPA" ] }, { "id": "1857", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest that activation of CB1 receptors offers neuroprotection against dopaminergic lesion and the development of L - DOPA - induced dyskinesias .", "entities": [ "L - DOPA" ] }, { "id": "1863", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hepatic tissue was assayed for lipid peroxidation products and oxidized and reduced glutathione .", "entities": [ "oxidized and reduced glutathione" ] }, { "id": "1864", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was no change in hepatic tissue total glutathione following intestinal ischemia - reperfusion injury .", "entities": [ "glutathione" ] }, { "id": "1865", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ) increased significantly following 30 and 60 min of reperfusion .", "entities": [ "Oxidized glutathione", "GSSG" ] }, { "id": "1867", "type": "chemical", "text": "An increase in GSSG within hepatic tissue during intestinal reperfusion suggests exposure of hepatocytes to an oxidant stress .", "entities": [ "GSSG" ] }, { "id": "1869", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data also suggest that the measurement of tissue GSSG may be a more sensitive indicator of oxidant stress than measurement of products of lipid peroxidation .", "entities": [ "GSSG" ] }, { "id": "1870", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animal model of mania induced by ouabain : Evidence of oxidative stress in submitochondrial particles of the rat brain .", "entities": [ "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "1871", "type": "chemical", "text": "The intracerebroventricular ( ICV ) administration of ouabain ( a Na ( + ) / K ( + ) - ATPase inhibitor ) in rats has been suggested to mimic some symptoms of human bipolar mania .", "entities": [ "ouabain", "Na", "K" ] }, { "id": "1873", "type": "chemical", "text": "Herein , we investigated the behavioral and biochemical effects induced by the ICV administration of ouabain in rats .", "entities": [ "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "1874", "type": "chemical", "text": "To achieve this aim , the effects of ouabain injection immediately after and 7 days following a single ICV administration ( at concentrations of 10 ( - 2 ) and 10 ( - 3 ) M ) on locomotion was measured using the open - field test .", "entities": [ "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "1875", "type": "chemical", "text": "Additionally , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARSs ) and superoxide production were measured in submitochondrial particles of the prefrontal cortex , hippocampus , striatum and amygdala .", "entities": [ "thiobarbituric acid", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "1876", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our findings demonstrated that ouabain at 10 ( - 2 ) and 10 ( - 3 ) M induced hyperlocomotion in rats , and this response remained up to 7 days following a single ICV injection .", "entities": [ "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "1877", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , we observed that the persistent increase in the rat spontaneous locomotion is associated with increased TBARS levels and superoxide generation in submitochondrial particles in the prefrontal cortex , striatum and amygdala .", "entities": [ "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "1878", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , ouabain - induced mania - like behavior may provide a useful animal model to test the hypothesis of the involvement of oxidative stress in bipolar disorder .", "entities": [ "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "1879", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intraoperative dialysis during liver transplantation with citrate dialysate .", "entities": [ "citrate" ] }, { "id": "1883", "type": "chemical", "text": "Systemic anticoagulation is unsafe and regional citrate anticoagulation in the absence of a functional liver carries the risk of citrate toxicity .", "entities": [ "citrate", "citrate" ] }, { "id": "1884", "type": "chemical", "text": "Citrate dialysate , a new dialysate with citric acid can be used for anticoagulation in patients who cannot tolerate heparin or regional citrate .", "entities": [ "Citrate", "citric acid", "heparin", "citrate" ] }, { "id": "1885", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of a 40 - year - old female with acetaminophen - induced fulminant liver failure with associated AKI who underwent intraoperative dialytic support during liver transplantation anticoagulated with citrate dialysate during the entire procedure .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen", "citrate" ] }, { "id": "1886", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient tolerated the procedure well without any signs of citrate toxicity and maintained adequate anticoagulation for patency of the dialysis circuit .", "entities": [ "citrate" ] }, { "id": "1887", "type": "chemical", "text": "Citrate dialysate is a safe alternative for intradialytic support of liver transplantation in fulminant liver failure .", "entities": [ "Citrate" ] }, { "id": "1888", "type": "chemical", "text": "Delirium in a patient with toxic flecainide plasma concentrations : the role of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction with paroxetine .", "entities": [ "flecainide", "paroxetine" ] }, { "id": "1889", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To describe a case of flecainide - induced delirium associated with a pharmacokinetic drug interaction with paroxetine .", "entities": [ "flecainide", "paroxetine" ] }, { "id": "1891", "type": "chemical", "text": "On admission the patient was taking carvedilol 12 mg twice daily , warfarin 2 mg / day , folic acid 1 mg / day , levothyroxine 100 microg / day , pantoprazole 40 mg / day , paroxetine 40 mg / day , and flecainide 100 mg twice daily .", "entities": [ "carvedilol", "warfarin", "folic acid", "levothyroxine", "pantoprazole", "paroxetine", "flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1892", "type": "chemical", "text": "Flecainide had been started 2 weeks prior for atrial fibrillation .", "entities": [ "Flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1893", "type": "chemical", "text": "Laboratory test findings on admission were notable only for a flecainide plasma concentration of 1360 microg / L ( reference range 200 - 1000 ) .", "entities": [ "flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1894", "type": "chemical", "text": "A metabolic drug interaction between flecainide and paroxetine , which the patient had been taking for more than 5 years , was considered .", "entities": [ "flecainide", "paroxetine" ] }, { "id": "1895", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paroxetine was discontinued and the dose of flecainide was reduced to 50 mg twice daily .", "entities": [ "Paroxetine", "flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1897", "type": "chemical", "text": "DISCUSSION : Flecainide and pharmacologically similar agents that interact with sodium channels may cause delirium in susceptible patients .", "entities": [ "Flecainide", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "1898", "type": "chemical", "text": "A MEDLINE search ( 1966 - January 2009 ) revealed one in vivo pharmacokinetic study on the interaction between flecainide , a CYP2D6 substrate , and paroxetine , a CYP2D6 inhibitor , as well as 3 case reports of flecainide - induced delirium .", "entities": [ "flecainide", "paroxetine", "flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1899", "type": "chemical", "text": "According to the Naranjo probability scale , flecainide was the probable cause of the patient ' s delirium ; the Horn Drug Interaction Probability Scale indicates a possible pharmacokinetic drug interaction between flecainide and paroxetine .", "entities": [ "flecainide", "flecainide", "paroxetine" ] }, { "id": "1900", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Supratherapeutic flecainide plasma concentrations may cause delirium .", "entities": [ "flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1901", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because toxicity may occur when flecainide is prescribed with paroxetine and other potent CYP2D6 inhibitors , flecainide plasma concentrations should be monitored closely with commencement of CYP2D6 inhibitors .", "entities": [ "flecainide", "paroxetine", "flecainide" ] }, { "id": "1902", "type": "chemical", "text": "Efficacy of everolimus ( RAD001 ) in patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with chemotherapy alone or with chemotherapy and EGFR inhibitors .", "entities": [ "everolimus", "RAD001" ] }, { "id": "1904", "type": "chemical", "text": "RAD001 , an oral inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) , has shown phase I efficacy in NSCLC .", "entities": [ "RAD001", "rapamycin" ] }, { "id": "1905", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Stage IIIb or IV NSCLC patients , with two or fewer prior chemotherapy regimens , one platinum based ( stratum 1 ) or both chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( stratum 2 ) , received RAD001 10 mg / day until progression or unacceptable toxicity .", "entities": [ "platinum", "tyrosine", "RAD001" ] }, { "id": "1915", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : RAD001 10 mg / day was well tolerated , showing modest clinical activity in pretreated NSCLC .", "entities": [ "RAD001" ] }, { "id": "1916", "type": "chemical", "text": "Evaluation of RAD001 plus standard therapy for metastatic NSCLC continues .", "entities": [ "RAD001" ] }, { "id": "1917", "type": "chemical", "text": "Posttransplant anemia : the role of sirolimus .", "entities": [ "sirolimus" ] }, { "id": "1921", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sirolimus , a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor , has been implicated as playing a special role in posttransplant anemia .", "entities": [ "Sirolimus", "rapamycin" ] }, { "id": "1922", "type": "chemical", "text": "This review considers anemia associated with sirolimus , including its presentation , mechanisms , and management .", "entities": [ "sirolimus" ] }, { "id": "1923", "type": "chemical", "text": "Coronary computerized tomography angiography for rapid discharge of low - risk patients with cocaine - associated chest pain .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1924", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Most patients presenting to emergency departments ( EDs ) with cocaine - associated chest pain are admitted for at least 12 hours and receive a \" rule out acute coronary syndrome \" protocol , often with noninvasive testing prior to discharge .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1925", "type": "chemical", "text": "In patients without cocaine use , coronary computerized tomography angiography ( CTA ) has been shown to be useful for identifying a group of patients at low risk for cardiac events who can be safely discharged .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1926", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is unclear whether a coronary CTA strategy would be efficacious in cocaine - associated chest pain , as coronary vasospasm may account for some of the ischemia .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1927", "type": "chemical", "text": "We studied whether a negative coronary CTA in patients with cocaine - associated chest pain could identify a subset safe for discharge .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1932", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : A total of 59 patients with cocaine - associated chest pain were evaluated .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1939", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Although cocaine - associated myocardial ischemia can result from coronary vasoconstriction , patients with cocaine associated chest pain , a non - ischemic ECG , and a TIMI risk score < 2 may be safely discharged from the ED after a negative coronary CTA with a low risk of 30 - day adverse events .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1940", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bilateral haemorrhagic infarction of the globus pallidus after cocaine and alcohol intoxication .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "1941", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cocaine is a risk factor for both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke .", "entities": [ "Cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1942", "type": "chemical", "text": "We present the case of a 31 - year - old man with bilateral ischemia of the globus pallidus after excessive alcohol and intranasal cocaine use .", "entities": [ "alcohol", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1943", "type": "chemical", "text": "Drug - related globus pallidus infarctions are most often associated with heroin .", "entities": [ "heroin" ] }, { "id": "1944", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bilateral basal ganglia infarcts after the use of cocaine , without concurrent heroin use , have never been reported .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "heroin" ] }, { "id": "1945", "type": "chemical", "text": "In our patient , transient cardiac arrhythmia or respiratory dysfunction related to cocaine and / or ethanol use were the most likely causes of cerebral hypoperfusion .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "ethanol" ] }, { "id": "1952", "type": "chemical", "text": "Switching the immunosuppressive regimen from tacrolimus to cyclosporine did not improve the clinical situation .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus", "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "1958", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHOD : Case - based observations from a medical intensive care unit ( MICU ) in a tertiary care facility in a 27 - year - old female with FHF from acetaminophen and resultant cerebral edema .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1959", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Our patient was admitted to the MICU after being found unresponsive with presumed toxicity from acetaminophen which was ingested over a 2 - day period .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1961", "type": "chemical", "text": "Initial evaluation confirmed FHF from acetaminophen and cerebral edema .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1967", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : In patients with FHF and cerebral edema from acetaminophen overdose , prolonged therapeutic hypothermia could potentially be used as a life saving therapy and a bridge to hepatic and neurological recovery .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "1969", "type": "chemical", "text": "Binasal visual field defects are not specific to vigabatrin .", "entities": [ "vigabatrin" ] }, { "id": "1970", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study investigated the visual defects associated with the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin ( VGB ) .", "entities": [ "vigabatrin", "VGB" ] }, { "id": "1971", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two hundred four people with epilepsy were grouped on the basis of antiepileptic drug therapy ( current , previous , or no exposure to VGB ) .", "entities": [ "VGB" ] }, { "id": "1974", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bilateral visual field constriction was observed in 59 % of patients currently taking VGB , 43 % of patients who previously took VGB , and 24 % of patients with no exposure to VGB .", "entities": [ "VGB", "VGB", "VGB" ] }, { "id": "1975", "type": "chemical", "text": "Assessment of retinal function revealed abnormal responses in 48 % of current VGB users and 22 % of prior VGB users , but in none of the patients without previous exposure to VGB .", "entities": [ "VGB", "VGB", "VGB" ] }, { "id": "1977", "type": "chemical", "text": "Assessment by conventional static perimetry may neither be sufficiently sensitive nor specific to reliably identify retinal toxicity associated with VGB .", "entities": [ "VGB" ] }, { "id": "1978", "type": "chemical", "text": "Smoking of crack cocaine as a risk factor for HIV infection among people who use injection drugs .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1979", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Little is known about the possible role that smoking crack cocaine has on the incidence of HIV infection .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1980", "type": "chemical", "text": "Given the increasing use of crack cocaine , we sought to examine whether use of this illicit drug has become a risk factor for HIV infection .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1982", "type": "chemical", "text": "To determine whether the risk of HIV seroconversion among daily smokers of crack cocaine changed over time , we used Cox proportional hazards regression and divided the study into 3 periods : May 1 , 1996 - Nov .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1990", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean proportion of participants who reported daily smoking of crack cocaine increased from 11 . 6 % in period 1 to 39 . 7 % in period 3 .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1991", "type": "chemical", "text": "After adjusting for potential confounders , we found that the risk of HIV seroconversion among participants who were daily smokers of crack cocaine increased over time ( period 1 : hazard ratio [ HR ] 1 . 03 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 0 . 57 - 1 . 85 ; period 2 : HR 1 . 68 , 95 % CI 1 . 01 - 2 . 80 ; and period 3 : HR 2 . 74 , 95 % CI 1 . 06 - 7 . 11 ) .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1992", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTERPRETATION : Smoking of crack cocaine was found to be an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among people who were injection drug users .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1993", "type": "chemical", "text": "This finding points to the urgent need for evidence - based public health initiatives targeted at people who smoke crack cocaine .", "entities": [ "crack cocaine" ] }, { "id": "1994", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fluoxetine improves the memory deficits caused by the chemotherapy agent 5 - fluorouracil .", "entities": [ "Fluoxetine", "5 - fluorouracil" ] }, { "id": "1996", "type": "chemical", "text": "A widely used chemotherapeutic agent , 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) , readily crosses the blood - brain barrier and so could have a direct effect on brain function .", "entities": [ "5 - fluorouracil", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "1998", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast reports indicate that hippocampal dependent neurogenesis and cognition are enhanced by the SSRI antidepressant Fluoxetine .", "entities": [ "SSRI", "Fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "1999", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this investigation the behavioural effects of chronic ( two week ) treatment with 5 - FU and ( three weeks ) with Fluoxetine either separately or in combination with 5 - FU were tested on adult Lister hooded rats .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "Fluoxetine", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "2000", "type": "chemical", "text": "Behavioural effects were tested using a context dependent conditioned emotional response test ( CER ) which showed that animals treated with 5 - FU had a significant reduction in freezing time compared to controls .", "entities": [ "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "2002", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals treated only with 5 - FU showed significant deficits in their ability to carry out the OLR task but co administration of Fluoxetine improved their performance .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "Fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "2003", "type": "chemical", "text": "5 - FU chemotherapy caused a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells in the sub granular zone of the dentate gyrus compared to controls .", "entities": [ "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "2004", "type": "chemical", "text": "This reduction was eliminated when Fluoxetine was co administered with 5 - FU .", "entities": [ "Fluoxetine", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "2005", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fluoxetine on its own had no effect on proliferating cell number or behaviour .", "entities": [ "Fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "2006", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings suggest that 5 - FU can negatively affect both cell proliferation and hippocampal dependent working memory and that these deficits can be reversed by the simultaneous administration of the antidepressant Fluoxetine .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "Fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "2007", "type": "chemical", "text": "Liver - specific ablation of integrin - linked kinase in mice results in enhanced and prolonged cell proliferation and hepatomegaly after phenobarbital administration .", "entities": [ "phenobarbital" ] }, { "id": "2009", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study investigates the role of ILK in liver enlargement induced by phenobarbital ( PB ) .", "entities": [ "phenobarbital", "PB" ] }, { "id": "2010", "type": "chemical", "text": "Wild - type ( WT ) and ILK : liver - / - mice were given PB ( 0 . 1 % in drinking water ) for 10 days .", "entities": [ "PB" ] }, { "id": "2011", "type": "chemical", "text": "Livers were harvested on 2 , 5 , and 10 days during PB administration .", "entities": [ "PB" ] }, { "id": "2014", "type": "chemical", "text": "There were slightly increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen - positive cells in the ILK / liver - / - animals at day 2 as compared to WT after PB administration .", "entities": [ "PB" ] }, { "id": "2017", "type": "chemical", "text": "ILK / liver - / - mice also showed increased expression of key genes involved in hepatocyte proliferation at different time points during PB administration .", "entities": [ "PB" ] }, { "id": "2019", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lack of ILK in the hepatocytes imparts prolonged proliferative response not only to stimuli related to liver regeneration but also to xenobiotic chemical mitogens , such as PB .", "entities": [ "PB" ] }, { "id": "2020", "type": "chemical", "text": "Decreased Expression of Na / K - ATPase , NHE3 , NBC1 , AQP1 and OAT in Gentamicin - induced Nephropathy .", "entities": [ "Na", "K", "Gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "2021", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study was aimed to determine whether there is an altered regulation of tubular transporters in gentamicin - induced nephropathy .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "2022", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sprague - Dawley male rats ( 200 ~ 250 g ) were subcutaneously injected with gentamicin ( 100 mg / kg per day ) for 7 days , and the expression of tubular transporters was determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "2024", "type": "chemical", "text": "Gentamicin - treated rats exhibited significantly decreased creatinine clearance along with increased plasma creatinine levels .", "entities": [ "Gentamicin", "creatinine", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2025", "type": "chemical", "text": "Accordingly , the fractional excretion of sodium increased .", "entities": [ "sodium" ] }, { "id": "2027", "type": "chemical", "text": "Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry revealed decreased expression of Na ( + ) / K ( + ) - ATPase , NHE3 , NBC1 , and AQP1 in the kidney of gentamicin - treated rats .", "entities": [ "Na", "K", "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "2029", "type": "chemical", "text": "Gentamicin - induced nephropathy may at least in part be causally related with a decreased expression of Na ( + ) / K ( + ) - ATPase , NHE3 , NBC1 , AQP1 and OAT .", "entities": [ "Gentamicin", "Na", "K" ] }, { "id": "2030", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute renal failure after high - dose methotrexate therapy in a patient with ileostomy .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "2031", "type": "chemical", "text": "High - dose methotrexate ( HD - MTX ) is an important treatment for Burkitt lymphoma , but can cause hepatic and renal toxicity when its clearance is delayed .", "entities": [ "methotrexate", "MTX" ] }, { "id": "2032", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of acute renal failure after HD - MTX therapy in a patient with ileostomy , The patient was a 3 - year - old boy who had received a living - related liver transplantation for congenital biliary atresia .", "entities": [ "MTX" ] }, { "id": "2035", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subsequent HD - MTX therapy caused acute renal failure that required continuous hemodialysis .", "entities": [ "MTX" ] }, { "id": "2037", "type": "chemical", "text": "After recovery of his renal function , we could safely treat the patient with HD - MTX therapy by controlling drainage from ileostoma with total parenteral nutrition .", "entities": [ "MTX" ] }, { "id": "2038", "type": "chemical", "text": "Longitudinal association of alcohol use with HIV disease progression and psychological health of women with HIV .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2039", "type": "chemical", "text": "We evaluated the association of alcohol consumption and depression , and their effects on HIV disease progression among women with HIV .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2041", "type": "chemical", "text": "The participants had physical examination , medical record extraction , and venipuncture , CD4 + T - cell counts determination , measurement of depression symptoms ( using the self - report Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale ) , and alcohol use assessment at enrollment , and semiannually until March 2000 .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2043", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was no significant association between level of alcohol use and CD4 + T - cell counts .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2044", "type": "chemical", "text": "When participants were stratified by antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) use , the association between alcohol and CD4 + T - cell did not reach statistical significance .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2045", "type": "chemical", "text": "The association between alcohol consumption and depression was significant ( p < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2047", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our findings suggest that alcohol consumption has a direct association with depression .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2049", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our findings have implications for the provision of alcohol use interventions and psychological resources to improve the health of women with HIV .", "entities": [ "alcohol" ] }, { "id": "2050", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are increased in the hippocampus following pilocarpine - induced status epilepticus .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "2053", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this work CCR2 and CCL2 expression were examined following status epilepticus ( SE ) induced by pilocarpine injection .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "2054", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : SE was induced by pilocarpine injection .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "2055", "type": "chemical", "text": "Control rats were injected with saline instead of pilocarpine .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "2066", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The data show that CCR2 and CCL2 are up - regulated in the hippocampus after pilocarpine - induced SE .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "2069", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metallothionein induction reduces caspase - 3 activity and TNFalpha levels with preservation of cognitive function and intact hippocampal neurons in carmustine - treated rats .", "entities": [ "Metallothionein", "carmustine" ] }, { "id": "2071", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the other hand , induction of metallothionein ( MT ) by ZnSO ( 4 ) and its role in neuroprotection has been documented .", "entities": [ "metallothionein", "MT", "ZnSO ( 4 )" ] }, { "id": "2072", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study aimed to explore the effect of MT induction on carmustine ( BCNU ) - induced hippocampal cognitive dysfunction in rats .", "entities": [ "MT", "carmustine", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "2073", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 60 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups ( 15 / group ) : The control group injected with single doses of normal saline ( i . c . v ) followed 24 h later by BCNU solvent ( i . v ) .", "entities": [ "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "2074", "type": "chemical", "text": "The second group administered ZnSO ( 4 ) ( 0 . 1 micromol / 10 microl normal saline , i . c . v , once ) then BCNU solvent ( i . v ) after 24 h .", "entities": [ "ZnSO ( 4 )", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "2075", "type": "chemical", "text": "Third group received BCNU ( 20 mg / kg , i . v , once ) 24 h after injection with normal saline ( i . c . v ) .", "entities": [ "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "2076", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fourth group received a single dose of ZnSO ( 4 ) ( 0 . 1 micromol / 10 microl normal saline , i . c . v ) then BCNU ( 20 mg / kg , i . v , once ) after 24 h .", "entities": [ "ZnSO ( 4 )", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "2077", "type": "chemical", "text": "The obtained data revealed that BCNU administration resulted in deterioration of learning and short - term memory ( STM ) , as measured by using radial arm water maze , accompanied with decreased hippocampal glutathione reductase ( GR ) activity and reduced glutathione ( GSH ) content .", "entities": [ "BCNU", "glutathione", "glutathione", "GSH" ] }, { "id": "2078", "type": "chemical", "text": "Also , BCNU administration increased serum tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( TNFalpha ) , hippocampal MT and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) contents as well as caspase - 3 activity in addition to histological alterations .", "entities": [ "BCNU", "MT", "malondialdehyde", "MDA" ] }, { "id": "2079", "type": "chemical", "text": "ZnSO ( 4 ) pretreatment counteracted BCNU - induced inhibition of GR and depletion of GSH and resulted in significant reduction in the levels of MDA and TNFalpha as well as the activity of caspase - 3 .", "entities": [ "ZnSO ( 4 )", "BCNU", "GSH", "MDA" ] }, { "id": "2080", "type": "chemical", "text": "The histological features were improved in hippocampus of rats treated with ZnSO ( 4 ) + BCNU compared to only BCNU - treated animals .", "entities": [ "ZnSO ( 4 )", "BCNU", "BCNU" ] }, { "id": "2081", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , MT induction halts BCNU - induced hippocampal toxicity as it prevented GR inhibition and GSH depletion and counteracted the increased levels of TNFalpha , MDA and caspase - 3 activity with subsequent preservation of cognition .", "entities": [ "MT", "BCNU", "GSH", "MDA" ] }, { "id": "2082", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fatal carbamazepine induced fulminant eosinophilic ( hypersensitivity ) myocarditis : emphasis on anatomical and histological characteristics , mechanisms and genetics of drug hypersensitivity and differential diagnosis .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "2083", "type": "chemical", "text": "The most severe adverse reactions to carbamazepine have been observed in the haemopoietic system , the liver and the cardiovascular system .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "2084", "type": "chemical", "text": "A frequently fatal , although exceptionally rare side effect of carbamazepine is necrotizing eosinophilic ( hypersensitivity ) myocarditis .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "2085", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of hypersensitivity myocarditis secondary to administration of carbamazepine .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "2089", "type": "chemical", "text": "To best of our knowledge this is the second case of fatal carbamazepine induced myocarditis reported in English literature .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "2090", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuropsychiatric behaviors in the MPTP marmoset model of Parkinson ' s disease .", "entities": [ "MPTP" ] }, { "id": "2092", "type": "chemical", "text": "These symptoms may be due to ' sensitisation ' following repeated levodopa treatment or a direct effect of dopamine on the disease state .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "2093", "type": "chemical", "text": "The levodopa - treated MPTP - lesioned marmoset was used as a model of neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD patients .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "MPTP" ] }, { "id": "2094", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here we compare the time course of levodopa - induced motor fluctuations and neuropsychiatric - like behaviors to determine the relationship between duration of treatment and onset of symptoms .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2095", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Marmosets were administered 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 - tetrahydropyridine ( 2 . 0 mg / kg s . c . ) for five days , resulting in stable parkinsonism .", "entities": [ "1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 - tetrahydropyridine" ] }, { "id": "2096", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levodopa ( 15 mg / kg and benserazide , 3 . 75 mg / kg ) p . o .", "entities": [ "Levodopa", "benserazide" ] }, { "id": "2098", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals were evaluated for parkinsonian disability , dyskinesia and on - time ( motor fluctuations ) and neuropsychiatric - like behaviors on Day 0 ( prior to levodopa ) and on Days 1 , 7 , 13 , 27 and 30 of treatment using post hoc DVD analysis by a trained rater , blind to the treatment day .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2100", "type": "chemical", "text": "As anticipated , animals exhibited a progressive increase in levodopa - induced motor fluctuations , dyskinesia and wearing - off , that correlated with the duration of levodopa therapy .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2101", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , levodopa - induced neuropsychiatric - like behaviors were present on Day 1 of levodopa treatment and their severity did not correlate with duration of treatment .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2102", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The data suggest that neuropsychiatric disorders in PD are more likely an interaction between levodopa and the disease state than a consequence of sensitisation to repeated dopaminergic therapy .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2103", "type": "chemical", "text": "Contrast medium nephrotoxicity after renal artery and coronary angioplasty .", "entities": [ "Contrast medium" ] }, { "id": "2104", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Renal dysfunction induced by iodinated contrast medium ( CM ) administration can minimize the benefit of the interventional procedure in patients undergoing renal angioplasty ( PTRA ) .", "entities": [ "contrast medium", "CM" ] }, { "id": "2105", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To compare the susceptibility to nephrotoxic effect of CM in patients undergoing PTRA with that of patients submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) .", "entities": [ "CM" ] }, { "id": "2106", "type": "chemical", "text": "MATERIAL AND METHODS : A total of 33 patients successfully treated with PTRA ( PTRA group , mean age 70 + / - 12 years , 23 female , basal creatinine 1 . 46 + / - 0 . 79 , range 0 . 7 - 4 . 9 mg / dl ) were compared with 33 patients undergoing successful PCI ( PCI group ) , matched for basal creatinine ( 1 . 44 + / - 0 . 6 , range 0 . 7 - 3 . 4 mg / dl ) , gender , and age .", "entities": [ "creatinine", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2107", "type": "chemical", "text": "In both groups postprocedural ( 48 h ) serum creatinine was measured .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2108", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Postprocedural creatinine level decreased nonsignificantly in the PTRA group ( 1 . 46 + / - 0 . 8 vs . 1 . 34 + / - 0 . 5 mg / dl , P = NS ) and increased significantly in the PCI group ( 1 . 44 + / - 0 . 6 vs . 1 . 57 + / - 0 . 7 mg / dl , P < 0 . 02 ) .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2109", "type": "chemical", "text": "Changes in serum creatinine after intervention ( after - before ) were significantly different between the PTRA and PCI groups ( - 0 . 12 + / - 0 . 5 vs . 0 . 13 + / - 0 . 3 , P = 0 . 014 ) .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2110", "type": "chemical", "text": "This difference was not related to either a different clinical risk profile or to the volume of CM administered .", "entities": [ "CM" ] }, { "id": "2111", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : In this preliminary study patients submitted to PTRA showed a lower susceptibility to renal damage induced by CM administration than PCI patients .", "entities": [ "CM" ] }, { "id": "2112", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effectiveness of PTRA on renal function seems to be barely influenced by CM toxicity .", "entities": [ "CM" ] }, { "id": "2113", "type": "chemical", "text": "Diphenhydramine prevents the haemodynamic changes of cimetidine in ICU patients .", "entities": [ "Diphenhydramine", "cimetidine" ] }, { "id": "2114", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cimetidine , a histamine 2 ( H2 ) antagonist , produces a decrease in arterial pressure due to vasodilatation , especially in critically ill patients .", "entities": [ "Cimetidine", "histamine" ] }, { "id": "2115", "type": "chemical", "text": "This may be because cimetidine acts as a histamine agonist .", "entities": [ "cimetidine", "histamine" ] }, { "id": "2116", "type": "chemical", "text": "We , therefore , investigated the effects of the histamine 1 ( H1 ) receptor antagonist , diphenhydramine , on the haemodynamic changes observed after cimetidine in ICU patients .", "entities": [ "histamine", "diphenhydramine", "cimetidine" ] }, { "id": "2118", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a random fashion , they received cimetidine 200 mg iv on one day , and on the other , a pretreatment of diphenhydramine 40 mg iv with cimetidine 200 mg iv .", "entities": [ "cimetidine", "diphenhydramine", "cimetidine" ] }, { "id": "2119", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the non - pretreatment group , mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) decreased from 107 . 4 + / - 8 . 4 mmHg to 86 . 7 + / - 11 . 4 mmHg ( P less than 0 . 01 ) two minutes after cimetidine .", "entities": [ "cimetidine" ] }, { "id": "2122", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that an H1 antagonist may be useful in preventing hypotension caused by iv cimetidine , since the vasodilating activity of cimetidine is mediated , in part , through the H1 receptor .", "entities": [ "cimetidine", "cimetidine" ] }, { "id": "2123", "type": "chemical", "text": "Medical and psychiatric outcomes for patients transplanted for acetaminophen - induced acute liver failure : a case - control study .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2124", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Acetaminophen - induced hepatotoxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure ( ALF ) in the UK .", "entities": [ "Acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2126", "type": "chemical", "text": "AIMS AND METHODS : We compared the severity of pretransplant illness , psychiatric co - morbidity , medical and psychosocial outcomes of all patients who had undergone liver transplantation ( LT ) emergently between 1999 - 2004 for acetaminophen - induced ALF ( n = 36 ) with age - and sex - matched patients undergoing emergent LT for non - acetaminophen - induced ALF ( n = 35 ) and elective LT for chronic liver disease ( CLD , n = 34 ) .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2127", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Acetaminophen - induced ALF patients undergoing LT had a greater severity of pre - LT illness reflected by higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and requirement for organ support compared with the other two groups .", "entities": [ "Acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2128", "type": "chemical", "text": "Twenty ( 56 % ) acetaminophen - induced ALF patients had a formal psychiatric diagnosis before LT ( non - acetaminophen - induced ALF = 0 / 35 , CLD = 2 / 34 ; P < 0 . 01 for all ) and nine ( 25 % ) had a previous suicide attempt .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2129", "type": "chemical", "text": "During follow - up ( median 5 years ) , there were no significant differences in rejection ( acute and chronic ) , graft failure or survival between the groups ( acetaminophen - induced ALF 1 year 87 % , 5 years 75 % ; non - acetaminophen - induced ALF 88 % , 78 % ; CLD 93 % , 82 % : P > 0 . 6 log rank ) .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2130", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two acetaminophen - induced ALF patients reattempted suicide post - LT ( one died 8 years post - LT ) .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2131", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Despite a high prevalence of psychiatric disturbance , outcomes for patients transplanted emergently for acetaminophen - induced ALF were comparable to those transplanted for non - acetaminophen - induced ALF and electively for CLD .", "entities": [ "acetaminophen", "acetaminophen" ] }, { "id": "2138", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : In a pooled analysis of 1460 ICH and 3817 IS / TIA , MB were more frequent in ICH vs IS / TIA in all treatment groups , but the excess increased from 2 . 8 ( odds ratio ; range , 2 . 3 - 3 . 5 ) in nonantithrombotic users to 5 . 7 ( range , 3 . 4 - 9 . 7 ) in antiplatelet users and 8 . 0 ( range , 3 . 5 - 17 . 8 ) in warfarin users ( P difference = 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "2139", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was also an excess of MB in warfarin users vs nonusers with ICH ( OR , 2 . 7 ; 95 % CI , 1 . 6 - 4 . 4 ; P < 0 . 001 ) but none in warfarin users with IS / TIA ( OR , 1 . 3 ; 95 % CI , 0 . 9 - 1 . 7 ; P = 0 . 33 ; P difference = 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "warfarin", "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "2142", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The excess of MB in warfarin users with ICH compared to other groups suggests that MB increase the risk of warfarin - associated ICH .", "entities": [ "warfarin", "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "2144", "type": "chemical", "text": "Studies of synergy between morphine and a novel sodium channel blocker , CNSB002 , in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain .", "entities": [ "morphine", "sodium", "CNSB002" ] }, { "id": "2145", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : This study determined the antihyperalgesic effect of CNSB002 , a sodium channel blocker with antioxidant properties given alone and in combinations with morphine in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain .", "entities": [ "CNSB002", "sodium", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2146", "type": "chemical", "text": "DESIGN : Dose response curves for nonsedating doses of morphine and CNSB002 given intraperitoneally alone and together in combinations were constructed for antihyperalgesic effect using paw withdrawal from noxious heat in two rat pain models : carrageenan - induced paw inflammation and streptozotocin ( STZ ) - induced diabetic neuropathy .", "entities": [ "morphine", "CNSB002", "carrageenan", "streptozotocin", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2147", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The maximum nonsedating doses were : morphine , 3 . 2 mg / kg ; CNSB002 10 . 0 mg / kg ; 5 . 0 mg / kg CNSB002 with morphine 3 . 2 mg / kg in combination .", "entities": [ "morphine", "CNSB002", "CNSB002", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2148", "type": "chemical", "text": "The doses calculated to cause 50 % reversal of hyperalgesia ( ED50 ) were 7 . 54 ( 1 . 81 ) and 4 . 83 ( 1 . 54 ) in the carrageenan model and 44 . 18 ( 1 . 37 ) and 9 . 14 ( 1 . 24 ) in the STZ - induced neuropathy model for CNSB002 and morphine , respectively ( mg / kg ; mean , SEM ) .", "entities": [ "carrageenan", "STZ", "CNSB002", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2150", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ED50 values for morphine when given in combination with CNSB002 ( 5 mg / kg ) were less than the maximum nonsedating dose : 0 . 56 ( 1 . 55 ) in the carrageenan model and 1 . 37 ( 1 . 23 ) in the neuropathy model ( mg / kg ; mean , SEM ) .", "entities": [ "morphine", "CNSB002", "carrageenan" ] }, { "id": "2151", "type": "chemical", "text": "The antinociception after morphine ( 3 . 2 mg / kg ) was increased by co - administration with CNSB002 from 28 . 0 and 31 . 7 % to 114 . 6 and 56 . 9 % reversal of hyperalgesia in the inflammatory and neuropathic models , respectively ( P < 0 . 01 ; one - way analysis of variance - significantly greater than either drug given alone ) .", "entities": [ "morphine", "CNSB002" ] }, { "id": "2152", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The maximum antihyperalgesic effect achievable with nonsedating doses of morphine may be increased significantly when the drug is used in combination with CNSB002 .", "entities": [ "morphine", "CNSB002" ] }, { "id": "2153", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia : a practical review .", "entities": [ "Heparin" ] }, { "id": "2154", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia ( HIT ) remains under - recognized despite its potentially devastating outcomes .", "entities": [ "Heparin" ] }, { "id": "2155", "type": "chemical", "text": "It begins when heparin exposure stimulates the formation of heparin - platelet factor 4 antibodies , which in turn triggers the release of procoagulant platelet particles .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2158", "type": "chemical", "text": "HIT must be acknowledged for its intense predilection for thrombosis and suspected whenever thrombosis occurs after heparin exposure .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2160", "type": "chemical", "text": "The treatment of HIT mandates an immediate cessation of all heparin exposure and the institution of an antithrombotic therapy , most commonly using a direct thrombin inhibitor .", "entities": [ "heparin", "direct thrombin inhibitor" ] }, { "id": "2162", "type": "chemical", "text": "Special attention must be paid to cardiac patients who are often exposed to heparin multiple times during their course of treatment .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2163", "type": "chemical", "text": "Direct thrombin inhibitors are appropriate , evidence - based alternatives to heparin in patients with a history of HIT , who need to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention .", "entities": [ "Direct thrombin inhibitors", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2164", "type": "chemical", "text": "As heparin remains one of the most frequently used medications today with potential for HIT with every heparin exposure , a close vigilance of platelet counts must be practiced whenever heparin is initiated .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2165", "type": "chemical", "text": "Abductor paralysis after botox injection for adductor spasmodic dysphonia .", "entities": [ "botox" ] }, { "id": "2166", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES / HYPOTHESIS : Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) injections into the thyroarytenoid muscles are the current standard of care for adductor spasmodic dysphonia ( ADSD ) .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2168", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here we report multiple cases of bilateral abductor paralysis following Botox injections for ADSD , a complication previously unreported .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2170", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Patients that received Botox injections for spasmodic dysphonia between January 2000 and October 2009 were evaluated .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2173", "type": "chemical", "text": "For patients with bilateral abductor paralysis , age , sex , paralytic Botox dose , prior Botox dose , and course following paralysis were noted .", "entities": [ "Botox", "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2174", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : From a database of 452 patients receiving Botox , 352 patients had been diagnosed with ADSD .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2179", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence of abductor paralysis after Botox injection for ADSD was 0 . 34 % .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2180", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Bilateral abductor paralysis is a rare complication of Botox injections for ADSD , causing difficulty with breathing upon exertion .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2181", "type": "chemical", "text": "The likely mechanism of paralysis is diffusion of Botox around the muscular process of the arytenoid to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles .", "entities": [ "Botox" ] }, { "id": "2183", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mitochondrial impairment contributes to cocaine - induced cardiac dysfunction : Prevention by the targeted antioxidant MitoQ .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "MitoQ" ] }, { "id": "2184", "type": "chemical", "text": "The goal of this study was to assess mitochondrial function and ROS production in an experimental model of cocaine - induced cardiac dysfunction .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "2186", "type": "chemical", "text": "Seven days of cocaine administration to rats led to an increased oxygen consumption detected in cardiac fibers , specifically through complex I and complex III .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "2188", "type": "chemical", "text": "In parallel there was a decrease in ATP synthesis , whereas no difference was observed in subsarcolemmal mitochondria .", "entities": [ "ATP" ] }, { "id": "2189", "type": "chemical", "text": "This uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation was not detectable after short - term exposure to cocaine , suggesting that these mitochondrial abnormalities were a late rather than a primary event in the pathological response to cocaine .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "2190", "type": "chemical", "text": "MitoQ , a mitochondrial - targeted antioxidant , was shown to completely prevent these mitochondrial abnormalities as well as cardiac dysfunction characterized here by a diastolic dysfunction studied with a conductance catheter to obtain pressure - volume data .", "entities": [ "MitoQ" ] }, { "id": "2191", "type": "chemical", "text": "Taken together , these results extend previous studies and demonstrate that cocaine - induced cardiac dysfunction may be due to a mitochondrial defect .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "2192", "type": "chemical", "text": "Trimethoprim - induced immune hemolytic anemia in a pediatric oncology patient presenting as an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction .", "entities": [ "Trimethoprim" ] }, { "id": "2197", "type": "chemical", "text": "Drug studies using the indirect antiglobulin test were strongly positive with trimethoprim and trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole but negative with sulfamethoxazole .", "entities": [ "trimethoprim", "trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole", "sulfamethoxazole" ] }, { "id": "2201", "type": "chemical", "text": "Verapamil stimulation test in hyperprolactinemia : loss of prolactin response in anatomic or functional stalk effect .", "entities": [ "Verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2202", "type": "chemical", "text": "AIM : Verapamil stimulation test was previously investigated as a tool for differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia , but with conflicting results .", "entities": [ "Verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2204", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here , we aimed to re - investigate the diagnostic value of verapamil in a population who were all screened for macroprolactinemia .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2205", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prolactin responses to verapamil in 65 female patients ( age : 29 . 9 + / - 8 . 1 years ) with hyperprolactinemia were tested in a descriptive , matched case - control study .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2206", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Verapamil 80 mg , p . o . was administered , and then PRL levels were measured at 8th and 16th hours , by immunometric chemiluminescence .", "entities": [ "Verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2207", "type": "chemical", "text": "Verapamil responsiveness was determined by peak percent change in basal prolactin levels ( PRL ) .", "entities": [ "Verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2208", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Verapamil significantly increased PRL levels in healthy controls ( N . 8 , PRL : 183 % ) , macroprolactinoma ( N . 8 , PRL : 7 % ) , microprolactinoma ( N . 19 , PRL : 21 % ) , macroprolactinemia ( N . 23 , PRL : 126 % ) , but not in pseudoprolactinoma ( N . 8 , PRL : 0 . 8 % ) , and risperidone - induced hyperprolactinemia ( N . 7 , PRL : 3 % ) .", "entities": [ "Verapamil", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "2209", "type": "chemical", "text": "ROC curve analysis revealed that unresponsiveness to verapamil defined as PRL < 7 % , discriminated anatomical or functional stalk effect ( sensitivity : 74 % , specificity : 73 % , AUC : 0 . 855 + / - 0 . 04 , P < 0 . 001 , CI : 0 . 768 - 0 . 942 ) associated with pseudoprolactinoma or risperidone - induced hyperprolactinemia , respectively .", "entities": [ "verapamil", "risperidone" ] }, { "id": "2210", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Verapamil responsiveness is not a reliable finding for the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia .", "entities": [ "Verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2211", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , verapamil unresponsiveness discriminates stalk effect ( i . e . , anatomically or functionally inhibited dopaminergic tonus ) from other causes of hyperprolactinemia with varying degrees of responsiveness .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "2212", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blockade of endothelial - mesenchymal transition by a Smad3 inhibitor delays the early development of streptozotocin - induced diabetic nephropathy .", "entities": [ "streptozotocin" ] }, { "id": "2213", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : A multicenter , controlled trial showed that early blockade of the renin - angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes and normoalbuminuria did not retard the progression of nephropathy , suggesting that other mechanism ( s ) are involved in the pathogenesis of early diabetic nephropathy ( diabetic nephropathy ) .", "entities": [ "angiotensin" ] }, { "id": "2214", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have previously demonstrated that endothelial - mesenchymal - transition ( EndoMT ) contributes to the early development of renal interstitial fibrosis independently of microalbuminuria in mice with streptozotocin ( STZ ) - induced diabetes .", "entities": [ "streptozotocin", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2218", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blocking studies using receptor for AGE siRNA and a specific inhibitor of Smad3 ( SIS3 ) were performed in MMECs and in STZ - induced diabetic nephropathy in Tie2 - Cre ; Loxp - EGFP mice .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2220", "type": "chemical", "text": "Immunoprecipitation / Western blotting showed that Smad3 was activated by AGEs but was inhibited by SIS3 in MMECs and in STZ - induced diabetic nephropathy .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2224", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cytostatic and anti - angiogenic effects of temsirolimus in refractory mantle cell lymphoma .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2227", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , a 38 % remission rate has been recently reported in refractory MCL treated with temsirolimus , a mTOR inhibitor . Here we had the opportunity to study a case of refractory MCL who had tumor regression two months after temsirolimus treatment , and a progression - free survival of 10 months .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus", "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2228", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this case , lymph node biopsies were performed before and six months after temsirolimus therapy .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2229", "type": "chemical", "text": "Comparison of the two biopsies showed that temsirolimus inhibited tumor cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest , but did not induce any change in the number of apoptotic tumor cells .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2230", "type": "chemical", "text": "Apart from this cytostatic effect , temsirolimus had an antiangiogenic effect with decrease of tumor microvessel density and of VEGF expression .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2231", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , numerous patchy , well - limited fibrotic areas , compatible with post - necrotic tissue repair , were found after 6 - month temsirolimus therapy .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2232", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , temsirolimus reduced tumor burden through associated cytostatic and anti - angiogenic effects . This dual effect of temsirolimus on tumor tissue could contribute to its recently reported efficiency in refractory MCL resistant to conventional chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "temsirolimus", "temsirolimus" ] }, { "id": "2233", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute renal failure due to rifampicin .", "entities": [ "rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "2235", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rifampicin was administered thrice as one of the 3 - 4 drug regimen and each time he developed untoward side effects like nausea , vomiting and fever with chills and rigors .", "entities": [ "Rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "2238", "type": "chemical", "text": "Syncope caused by hyperkalemia during use of a combined therapy with the angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor and spironolactone .", "entities": [ "angiotensin", "spironolactone" ] }, { "id": "2240", "type": "chemical", "text": "The concentration of serum potassium was high , and normal sinus rhythm was restored after correction of the serum potassium level .", "entities": [ "potassium", "potassium" ] }, { "id": "2241", "type": "chemical", "text": "The cause of hyperkalemia was considered to be several doses of spiranolactone , an aldosterone antagonist , in addition to the long - term intake of ramipril , an ACE inhibitor .", "entities": [ "spiranolactone", "aldosterone", "ramipril" ] }, { "id": "2243", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of hyperkalemia , especially in elderly patients using ACE / ARB in combination with potassium sparing agents and who have mild renal disturbance .", "entities": [ "potassium" ] }, { "id": "2244", "type": "chemical", "text": "Diffuse skeletal pain after administration of alendronate .", "entities": [ "alendronate" ] }, { "id": "2245", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Osteoporosis is caused by bone resorption in excess of bone formation , and bisphosphonates , are used to inhibit bone resorption .", "entities": [ "bisphosphonates" ] }, { "id": "2246", "type": "chemical", "text": "Alendronate , a biphosphonate , is effective for both the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women .", "entities": [ "Alendronate", "biphosphonate" ] }, { "id": "2249", "type": "chemical", "text": "We presented a patient admitted to our out - patient clinic with diffuse skeletal pain after three consecutive administration of alendronate .", "entities": [ "alendronate" ] }, { "id": "2250", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : We conclude that patients with osteoporosis can report pain , and bisphosphonate - related pain should also be considered before ascribing this complaint to osteoporosis .", "entities": [ "bisphosphonate" ] }, { "id": "2251", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of high - dose daptomycin in suspected Staphylococcus aureus meningitis .", "entities": [ "daptomycin" ] }, { "id": "2252", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To report a case of methicillin - sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ( MSSA ) bacteremia with suspected MSSA meningitis treated with high - dose daptomycin assessed with concurrent serum and cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) concentrations .", "entities": [ "methicillin", "daptomycin" ] }, { "id": "2254", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment was empirically initiated with vancomycin , levofloxacin , and piperacillin / tazobactam .", "entities": [ "vancomycin", "levofloxacin", "piperacillin", "tazobactam" ] }, { "id": "2255", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blood cultures revealed S . aureus susceptible to oxacillin .", "entities": [ "oxacillin" ] }, { "id": "2256", "type": "chemical", "text": "Empiric antibiotic treatment was narrowed to nafcillin on day 4 .", "entities": [ "nafcillin" ] }, { "id": "2257", "type": "chemical", "text": "On day 8 , the patient developed acute renal failure ( serum creatinine 1 . 9 mg / dL , increased from 1 . 2 mg / dL the previous day and 0 . 8 mg / dL on admission ) .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2260", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nafcillin was discontinued and daptomycin 9 mg / kg daily was initiated for suspected meningitis and was continued until the patient ' s death on day 16 .", "entities": [ "Nafcillin", "daptomycin" ] }, { "id": "2261", "type": "chemical", "text": "Daptomycin serum and CSF trough concentrations were 11 . 21 ug / mL and 0 . 52 ug / mL , respectively , prior to the third dose .", "entities": [ "Daptomycin" ] }, { "id": "2263", "type": "chemical", "text": "Creatine kinase levels were normal prior to daptomycin therapy and were not reassessed .", "entities": [ "Creatine", "daptomycin" ] }, { "id": "2264", "type": "chemical", "text": "DISCUSSION : Daptomycin was initiated in our patient secondary to possible nafcillin - induced acute interstitial nephritis and relapsing bacteremia .", "entities": [ "Daptomycin", "nafcillin" ] }, { "id": "2266", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : High - dose daptomycin may be an alternative option for MSSA bacteremia with or without a CNS source in patients who have failed or cannot tolerate standard therapy .", "entities": [ "daptomycin" ] }, { "id": "2268", "type": "chemical", "text": "The role of nitric oxide in convulsions induced by lindane in rats .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide", "lindane" ] }, { "id": "2269", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lindane is an organochloride pesticide and scabicide .", "entities": [ "Lindane" ] }, { "id": "2270", "type": "chemical", "text": "It evokes convulsions mainly trough the blockage of GABA ( A ) receptors .", "entities": [ "GABA" ] }, { "id": "2271", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nitric oxide ( NO ) , gaseous neurotransmitter , has contradictor role in epileptogenesis due to opposite effects of L - arginine , precursor of NO syntheses ( NOS ) , and L - NAME ( NOS inhibitor ) observed in different epilepsy models .", "entities": [ "Nitric oxide", "NO", "L - arginine", "NO", "L - NAME" ] }, { "id": "2272", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of NO on the behavioral and EEG characteristics of lindane - induced epilepsy in male Wistar albino rats .", "entities": [ "NO", "lindane" ] }, { "id": "2273", "type": "chemical", "text": "The administration of L - arginine ( 600 , 800 and 1000 mg / kg , i . p . ) in dose - dependent manner significantly increased convulsion incidence and severity and shortened latency time to first convulsion elicited by lower lindane dose ( 4 mg / kg , i . p . ) .", "entities": [ "L - arginine", "lindane" ] }, { "id": "2274", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the contrary , pretreatment with L - NAME ( 500 , 700 and 900 mg / kg , i . p . ) decreased convulsion incidence and severity and prolonged latency time to convulsion following injection with a convulsive dose of lindane ( 8 mg / kg , i . p . ) .", "entities": [ "L - NAME", "lindane" ] }, { "id": "2275", "type": "chemical", "text": "EEG analyses showed increase of number and duration of ictal periods in EEG of rats receiving l - arginine prior to lindane and decrease of this number in rats pretreated with L - NAME .", "entities": [ "l - arginine", "lindane", "L - NAME" ] }, { "id": "2276", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results support the conclusion that NO plays a role of endogenous convulsant in rat model of lindane seizures .", "entities": [ "NO", "lindane" ] }, { "id": "2277", "type": "chemical", "text": "Severe polyneuropathy and motor loss after intrathecal thiotepa combination chemotherapy : description of two cases .", "entities": [ "thiotepa" ] }, { "id": "2278", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two cases of severe delayed neurologic toxicity related to the administration of intrathecal ( IT ) combination chemotherapy including thiotepa ( TSPA ) are presented .", "entities": [ "thiotepa", "TSPA" ] }, { "id": "2280", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neurologic toxicities have been described with IT - methotrexate , IT - cytosine arabinoside and IT - TSPA .", "entities": [ "methotrexate", "cytosine arabinoside", "TSPA" ] }, { "id": "2282", "type": "chemical", "text": "In spite of the fact that TSPA is a useful IT agent , its combination with MTX , ara - C and radiotherapy could cause severe neurotoxicity .", "entities": [ "TSPA", "MTX", "ara - C" ] }, { "id": "2283", "type": "chemical", "text": "This unexpected complication indicates the need for further toxicology research on IT - TSPA .", "entities": [ "TSPA" ] }, { "id": "2284", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of cromakalim and pinacidil on large epicardial and small coronary arteries in conscious dogs .", "entities": [ "cromakalim", "pinacidil" ] }, { "id": "2285", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of i . v . bolus administration of cromakalim ( 1 - 10 micrograms / kg ) and pinacidil ( 3 - 100 micrograms / kg ) on large ( circumflex artery ) and small coronary arteries and on systemic hemodynamics were investigated in chronically instrumented conscious dogs and compared to those of nitroglycerin ( 0 . 03 - 10 micrograms / kg ) .", "entities": [ "cromakalim", "pinacidil", "nitroglycerin" ] }, { "id": "2286", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nitroglycerin , up to 0 . 3 micrograms / kg , selectively increased circumflex artery diameter ( CxAD ) without simultaneously affecting any other cardiac or systemic hemodynamic parameter .", "entities": [ "Nitroglycerin" ] }, { "id": "2287", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , cromakalim and pinacidil at all doses and nitroglycerin at doses higher than 0 . 3 micrograms / kg simultaneously and dose - dependently increased CxAD , coronary blood flow and heart rate and decreased coronary vascular resistance and aortic pressure .", "entities": [ "cromakalim", "pinacidil", "nitroglycerin" ] }, { "id": "2288", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cromakalim was approximately 8 - to 9 . 5 - fold more potent than pinacidil in increasing CxAD .", "entities": [ "Cromakalim", "pinacidil" ] }, { "id": "2289", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vasodilation of large and small coronary vessels and hypotension induced by cromakalim and pinacidil were not affected by prior combined beta adrenergic and muscarinic receptors blockade but drug - induced tachycardia was abolished .", "entities": [ "cromakalim", "pinacidil", "beta adrenergic and muscarinic receptors blockade" ] }, { "id": "2290", "type": "chemical", "text": "When circumflex artery blood flow was maintained constant , the increases in CxAD induced by cromakalim ( 10 micrograms / kg ) , pinacidil ( 30 micrograms / kg ) and nitroglycerin ( 10 micrograms / kg ) were reduced by 68 + / - 7 , 54 + / - 9 and 1 + / - 1 % , respectively .", "entities": [ "cromakalim", "pinacidil", "nitroglycerin" ] }, { "id": "2291", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , whereas nitroglycerin preferentially and flow - independently dilates large coronary arteries , cromakalim and pinacidil dilate both large and small coronary arteries and this effect is not dependent upon the simultaneous beta adrenoceptors - mediated rise in myocardial metabolic demand .", "entities": [ "nitroglycerin", "cromakalim", "pinacidil" ] }, { "id": "2292", "type": "chemical", "text": "Finally , two mechanisms at least , direct vasodilation and flow dependency , are involved in the cromakalim - and pinacidil - induced increase in CxAD .", "entities": [ "cromakalim", "pinacidil" ] }, { "id": "2293", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mefenamic acid - induced neutropenia and renal failure in elderly females with hypothyroidism .", "entities": [ "Mefenamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2294", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report mefenamic acid - induced non - oliguric renal failure and severe neutropenia occurring simultaneously in two elderly females .", "entities": [ "mefenamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2297", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , it would seem prudent not to use mefenamic acid in hypothyroid patients until the hypothyroidism has been corrected .", "entities": [ "mefenamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2298", "type": "chemical", "text": "Etiology of hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients on calcium carbonate therapy .", "entities": [ "calcium carbonate" ] }, { "id": "2299", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fourteen of 39 dialysis patients ( 36 % ) became hypercalcemic after switching to calcium carbonate as their principal phosphate binder .", "entities": [ "calcium carbonate", "phosphate" ] }, { "id": "2300", "type": "chemical", "text": "In order to identify risk factors associated with the development of hypercalcemia , indirect parameters of intestinal calcium reabsorption and bone turnover rate in these 14 patients were compared with results in 14 eucalcemic patients matched for age , sex , length of time on dialysis , and etiology of renal disease .", "entities": [ "calcium" ] }, { "id": "2301", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition to experiencing hypercalcemic episodes with peak calcium values of 2 . 7 to 3 . 8 mmol / L ( 10 . 7 to 15 . 0 mg / dL ) , patients in the hypercalcemic group exhibited a significant increase in the mean calcium concentration obtained during 6 months before the switch , compared with the mean value obtained during the 7 months of observation after the switch ( 2 . 4 + / - 0 . 03 to 2 . 5 + / - 0 . 03 mmol / L [ 9 . 7 + / - 0 . 2 to 10 . 2 + / - 0 . 1 mg / dL ] , P = 0 . 006 ) .", "entities": [ "calcium", "calcium" ] }, { "id": "2302", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , eucalcemic patients exhibited no change in mean calcium values over the same time period ( 2 . 3 + / - 0 . 05 to 2 . 3 + / - 0 . 05 mmol / L [ 9 . 2 + / - 0 . 2 to 9 . 2 + / - 0 . 2 mg / dL ] ) .", "entities": [ "calcium" ] }, { "id": "2303", "type": "chemical", "text": "CaCO3 dosage , calculated dietary calcium intake , and circulating levels of vitamin D metabolites were similar in both groups .", "entities": [ "CaCO3", "calcium", "vitamin D" ] }, { "id": "2304", "type": "chemical", "text": "Physical activity index and predialysis serum bicarbonate levels also were similar in both groups .", "entities": [ "bicarbonate" ] }, { "id": "2306", "type": "chemical", "text": "Late - onset scleroderma renal crisis induced by tacrolimus and prednisolone : a case report .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus", "prednisolone" ] }, { "id": "2308", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moderate to high dose corticosteroid use is recognized as a major risk factor for SRC .", "entities": [ "corticosteroid" ] }, { "id": "2309", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , there have been reports of thrombotic microangiopathy precipitated by cyclosporine in patients with SSc .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "2310", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this article , we report a patient with SRC induced by tacrolimus and corticosteroids .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus", "corticosteroids" ] }, { "id": "2311", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of this work is to call attention to the risk of tacrolimus use in patients with SSc .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "2312", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methyldopa - induced hemolytic anemia in a 15 year old presenting as near - syncope .", "entities": [ "Methyldopa" ] }, { "id": "2313", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methyldopa is an antihypertensive medication which is available generically and under the trade name Aldomet that is widely prescribed in the adult population and infrequently used in children .", "entities": [ "Methyldopa", "Aldomet" ] }, { "id": "2314", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methyldopa causes an autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a small percentage of patients who take the drug .", "entities": [ "Methyldopa" ] }, { "id": "2315", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of methyldopa - induced hemolytic anemia in a 15 - year - old boy who presented to the emergency department with near - syncope .", "entities": [ "methyldopa" ] }, { "id": "2316", "type": "chemical", "text": "The boy had been treated with intravenous methyldopa during a trauma admission seven weeks prior to presentation .", "entities": [ "methyldopa" ] }, { "id": "2318", "type": "chemical", "text": "Transfusion and corticosteroid therapy resulted in a complete recovery of the patient .", "entities": [ "corticosteroid" ] }, { "id": "2321", "type": "chemical", "text": "The risk and associated factors of methamphetamine psychosis in methamphetamine - dependent patients in Malaysia .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine", "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2322", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : The objective of this study was to determine the risk of lifetime and current methamphetamine - induced psychosis in patients with methamphetamine dependence .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine", "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2323", "type": "chemical", "text": "The association between psychiatric co - morbidity and methamphetamine - induced psychosis was also studied .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2325", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients with the diagnosis of methamphetamine based on DSM - IV were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview ( M . I . N . I . ) for methamphetamine - induced psychosis and other Axis I psychiatric disorders .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine", "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2328", "type": "chemical", "text": "Co - morbid major depressive disorder ( OR = 7 . 18 , 95 CI = 2 . 612 - 19 . 708 ) , bipolar disorder ( OR = 13 . 807 , 95 CI = 5 . 194 - 36 . 706 ) , antisocial personality disorder ( OR = 12 . 619 , 95 CI = 6 . 702 - 23 . 759 ) and heavy methamphetamine uses were significantly associated with lifetime methamphetamine - induced psychosis after adjusted for other factors .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine", "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2330", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : There was a high risk of psychosis in patients with methamphetamine dependence .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2331", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was associated with co - morbid affective disorder , antisocial personality , and heavy methamphetamine use .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2332", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is recommended that all cases of methamphetamine dependence should be screened for psychotic symptoms .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2334", "type": "chemical", "text": "The plasticity of primary motor cortex ( M1 ) in patients with Parkinson ' s disease ( PD ) and levodopa - induced dyskinesias ( LIDs ) is severely impaired .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2342", "type": "chemical", "text": "The long - term safety of danazol in women with hereditary angioedema .", "entities": [ "danazol" ] }, { "id": "2343", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although the short - term safety ( less than or equal to 6 months ) of danazol has been established in a variety of settings , no information exists as to its long - term safety .", "entities": [ "danazol" ] }, { "id": "2344", "type": "chemical", "text": "We therefore investigated the long - term safety of danazol by performing a retrospective chart review of 60 female patients with hereditary angioedema treated with danazol for a continuous period of 6 months or longer .", "entities": [ "danazol", "danazol" ] }, { "id": "2350", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that , despite a relatively high incidence of adverse reactions , danazol has proven to be remarkably safe over the long - term in this group of patients .", "entities": [ "danazol" ] }, { "id": "2351", "type": "chemical", "text": "The function of P2X3 receptor and NK1 receptor antagonists on cyclophosphamide - induced cystitis in rats .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "2352", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : The purpose of the study is to explore the function of P2X3 and NK1 receptors antagonists on cyclophosphamide ( CYP ) - induced cystitis in rats .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "CYP" ] }, { "id": "2354", "type": "chemical", "text": "The rats in the control group were intraperitoneally ( i . p . ) injected with 0 . 9 % saline ( 4 ml / kg ) ; the rats in the model group were i . p . injected with CYP ( 150 mg / kg ) ; and the rats in the intervention group were i . p . injected with CYP with subsequently perfusion of bladder with P2X3 and NK1 receptors ' antagonists , Suramin and GR 82334 .", "entities": [ "CYP", "CYP", "Suramin", "GR 82334" ] }, { "id": "2355", "type": "chemical", "text": "Spontaneous pain behaviors following the administration of CYP were observed .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "2359", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Cyclophosphamide treatment increased the spontaneous pain behaviors scores .", "entities": [ "Cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "2364", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : In CYP - induced cystitis , the expression of P2X3 and NK1 receptors increased in urothelium and / or suburothelium .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "2366", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patient tolerance study of topical chlorhexidine diphosphanilate : a new topical agent for burns .", "entities": [ "chlorhexidine diphosphanilate" ] }, { "id": "2368", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chlorhexidine phosphanilate ( CHP ) , a new broad - spectrum antimicrobial agent , has been evaluated as a topical burn wound dressing in cream form , but preliminary clinical trials reported that it was painful upon application .", "entities": [ "Chlorhexidine phosphanilate", "CHP" ] }, { "id": "2369", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study compared various concentrations of CHP to determine if a tolerable concentration could be identified with retention of antimicrobial efficacy .", "entities": [ "CHP" ] }, { "id": "2371", "type": "chemical", "text": "One burn site was treated with each of four different CHP concentrations , from 0 . 25 per cent to 2 per cent , their vehicle , and 1 per cent silver sulphadiazine ( AgSD ) cream , an antimicrobial agent frequently used for topical treatment of burn wounds .", "entities": [ "CHP", "silver sulphadiazine", "AgSD" ] }, { "id": "2372", "type": "chemical", "text": "The other site was always treated with AgSD cream .", "entities": [ "AgSD" ] }, { "id": "2373", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was a direct relationship between CHP concentration and patients ' ratings of pain on an analogue scale .", "entities": [ "CHP" ] }, { "id": "2374", "type": "chemical", "text": "The 0 . 25 per cent CHP cream was closest to AgSD in pain tolerance ; however , none of the treatments differed statistically from AgSD or from each other .", "entities": [ "CHP", "AgSD", "AgSD" ] }, { "id": "2375", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , ease of application of CHP creams was less satisfactory than that of AgSD .", "entities": [ "CHP", "AgSD" ] }, { "id": "2376", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was concluded that formulations at or below 0 . 5 per cent CHP may prove acceptable for wound care , but the vehicle system needs pharmaceutical improvement to render it more tolerable and easier to use .", "entities": [ "CHP" ] }, { "id": "2377", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute hepatitis associated with clopidogrel : a case report and review of the literature .", "entities": [ "clopidogrel" ] }, { "id": "2379", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe a case of clopidogrel - related acute hepatitis .", "entities": [ "clopidogrel" ] }, { "id": "2381", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reports about cases of hepatotoxicity due to clopidogrel are increasing in the last few years , after the increased use of this drug .", "entities": [ "clopidogrel" ] }, { "id": "2382", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , we believe that physicians should carefully consider the risk of drug - induced hepatic injury when clopidogrel is prescribed .", "entities": [ "clopidogrel" ] }, { "id": "2383", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bortezomib and dexamethasone as salvage therapy in patients with relapsed / refractory multiple myeloma : analysis of long - term clinical outcomes .", "entities": [ "Bortezomib", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2384", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bortezomib ( bort ) - dexamethasone ( dex ) is an effective therapy for relapsed / refractory ( R / R ) multiple myeloma ( MM ) .", "entities": [ "Bortezomib", "bort", "dexamethasone", "dex" ] }, { "id": "2385", "type": "chemical", "text": "This retrospective study investigated the combination of bort ( 1 . 3 mg / m ( 2 ) on days 1 , 4 , 8 , and 11 every 3 weeks ) and dex ( 20 mg on the day of and the day after bort ) as salvage treatment in 85 patients with R / R MM after prior autologous stem cell transplantation or conventional chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "bort", "dex", "bort" ] }, { "id": "2387", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eighty - seven percent of the patients had received immunomodulatory drugs included in some line of therapy before bort - dex .", "entities": [ "bort", "dex" ] }, { "id": "2388", "type": "chemical", "text": "The median number of bort - dex cycles was 6 , up to a maximum of 12 cycles .", "entities": [ "bort", "dex" ] }, { "id": "2393", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prolonged PFS and OS were observed in patients achieving CR and receiving bort - dex a single line of prior therapy .", "entities": [ "bort", "dex" ] }, { "id": "2394", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bort - dex was an effective salvage treatment for MM patients , particularly for those in first relapse .", "entities": [ "Bort", "dex" ] }, { "id": "2395", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pubertal exposure to Bisphenol A increases anxiety - like behavior and decreases acetylcholinesterase activity of hippocampus in adult male mice .", "entities": [ "Bisphenol A" ] }, { "id": "2396", "type": "chemical", "text": "The negative effects of Bisphenol A ( BPA ) on neurodevelopment and behaviors have been well established .", "entities": [ "Bisphenol A", "BPA" ] }, { "id": "2398", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study investigated behavioral phenotypes and AChE activity in male mice following BPA exposure during puberty .", "entities": [ "BPA" ] }, { "id": "2399", "type": "chemical", "text": "On postnatal day ( PND ) 35 , male mice were exposed to 50mg BPA / kg diet per day for a period of 35 days .", "entities": [ "BPA" ] }, { "id": "2402", "type": "chemical", "text": "Results from our behavioral phenotyping indicated that anxiety - like behavior was increased in mice exposed to BPA .", "entities": [ "BPA" ] }, { "id": "2403", "type": "chemical", "text": "AChE activity was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of mice with BPA compared to control mice , whereas no difference was found in the prefrontal cortex , hypothalamus and cerebellum .", "entities": [ "BPA" ] }, { "id": "2404", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our findings showed that pubertal BPA exposure increased anxiety - like behavior , which may be associated with decreased AChE activity of the hippocampus in adult male mice .", "entities": [ "BPA" ] }, { "id": "2408", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of the Solidago virgaurea extract on isoproterenol - induced cardiotoxicity in rats .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "2409", "type": "chemical", "text": "The subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol ( 30 mg / kg ) into rats twice at an interval of 24 h , for two consecutive days , led to a significant increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase , creatine phosphokinase , alanine transaminase , aspartate transaminase , and angiotensin - converting enzyme activities , total cholesterol , triglycerides , free serum fatty acid , cardiac tissue malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and nitric oxide levels and a significant decrease in levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in cardiac tissue as compared to the normal control group ( P < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "lactate", "creatine", "alanine", "aspartate", "angiotensin", "cholesterol", "triglycerides", "fatty acid", "malondialdehyde", "MDA", "nitric oxide", "glutathione", "superoxide" ] }, { "id": "2410", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pretreatment with S . virgaurea extract for 5 weeks at a dose of 250 mg / kg followed by isoproterenol injection significantly prevented the observed alterations .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "2411", "type": "chemical", "text": "Captopril ( 50 mg / kg / day , given orally ) , an inhibitor of angiotensin - converting enzyme used as a standard cardioprotective drug , was used as a positive control in this study .", "entities": [ "Captopril", "angiotensin" ] }, { "id": "2412", "type": "chemical", "text": "The data of the present study suggest that S . virgaurea extract exerts its protective effect by decreasing MDA level and increasing the antioxidant status in isoproterenol - treated rats .", "entities": [ "MDA", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "2414", "type": "chemical", "text": "\" Real - world \" data on the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed / refractory multiple myeloma who were treated according to the standard clinical practice : a study of the Greek Myeloma Study Group .", "entities": [ "lenalidomide", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2415", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lenalidomide and dexamethasone ( RD ) is a standard of care for relapsed / refractory multiple myeloma ( RRMM ) , but there is limited published data on its efficacy and safety in the \" real world \" ( RW ) , according to the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research definition .", "entities": [ "Lenalidomide", "dexamethasone", "RD" ] }, { "id": "2416", "type": "chemical", "text": "We studied 212 RRMM patients who received RD in RW .", "entities": [ "RD" ] }, { "id": "2419", "type": "chemical", "text": "Median time to CR when RD was given as 2nd or > 2 ( nd ) - line treatment at 4 and 11 months , respectively .", "entities": [ "RD" ] }, { "id": "2420", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quality of response was independent of previous lines of therapies or previous exposure to thalidomide or bortezomib .", "entities": [ "thalidomide", "bortezomib" ] }, { "id": "2421", "type": "chemical", "text": "Median duration of response was 34 . 4 months , and it was higher in patients who received RD until progression ( not reached versus 19 months , p < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "RD" ] }, { "id": "2427", "type": "chemical", "text": "Performance status ( PS ) and initial lenalidomide dose predicted for treatment discontinuation .", "entities": [ "lenalidomide" ] }, { "id": "2429", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our study confirms that RD is effective and safe in RRMM in the RW ; it produces durable responses especially in patients who continue on treatment till progression and improves humoral immunity even in patients with stable disease .", "entities": [ "RD" ] }, { "id": "2430", "type": "chemical", "text": "The cytogenetic action of ifosfamide , mesna , and their combination on peripheral rabbit lymphocytes : an in vivo / in vitro cytogenetic study .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide", "mesna" ] }, { "id": "2431", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ifosfamide ( IFO ) is an alkylating nitrogen mustard , administrated as an antineoplasmic agent .", "entities": [ "Ifosfamide", "IFO", "nitrogen" ] }, { "id": "2433", "type": "chemical", "text": "This side effect of IFO raises the requirement for the co - administration with sodium 2 - sulfanylethanesulfonate ( Mesna ) aiming to avoid or minimize this effect .", "entities": [ "IFO", "sodium 2 - sulfanylethanesulfonate", "Mesna" ] }, { "id": "2434", "type": "chemical", "text": "IFO and Mesna were administrated separately on rabbit ' s lymphocytes in vivo , which were later developed in vitro .", "entities": [ "IFO", "Mesna" ] }, { "id": "2436", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mesna ' s action , in conjunction with IFO reduces the frequency of SCEs , in comparison with the SCEs recordings obtained when IFO is administered alone .", "entities": [ "Mesna", "IFO", "IFO" ] }, { "id": "2437", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition to this , when high concentrations of Mesna were administered alone significant reductions of the PRI were noted , than with IFO acting at the same concentration on the lymphocytes .", "entities": [ "Mesna", "IFO" ] }, { "id": "2438", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mesna significantly reduces IFO ' s genotoxicity , while when administered in high concentrations it acts in an inhibitory fashion on the cytostatic action of the drug .", "entities": [ "Mesna", "IFO" ] }, { "id": "2439", "type": "chemical", "text": "Risk factors and predictors of levodopa - induced dyskinesia among multiethnic Malaysians with Parkinson ' s disease .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2440", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic pulsatile levodopa therapy for Parkinson ' s disease ( PD ) leads to the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2441", "type": "chemical", "text": "We studied the prevalence and predictors of levodopa - induced dyskinesia among multiethnic Malaysian patients with PD .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2442", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : This is a cross - sectional study involving 95 patients with PD on uninterrupted levodopa therapy for at least 6 months .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2448", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dyskinesia was present in 44 % ( n = 42 ) with median levodopa therapy of 3 years .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2451", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients with dyskinesia had lower onset age ( p < 0 . 001 ) , longer duration of levodopa therapy ( p < 0 . 001 ) , longer disease duration ( p < 0 . 001 ) , higher total daily levodopa dose ( p < 0 . 001 ) , and higher total UPDRS scores ( p = 0 . 005 ) than patients without dyskinesia .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2452", "type": "chemical", "text": "The three significant predictors of dyskinesia were duration of levodopa therapy , onset age , and total daily levodopa dose .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2453", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The prevalence of levodopa - induced dyskinesia in our patients was 44 % .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2454", "type": "chemical", "text": "The most significant predictors were duration of levodopa therapy , total daily levodopa dose , and onset age .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2455", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dose - dependent neurotoxicity of high - dose busulfan in children : a clinical and pharmacological study .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2456", "type": "chemical", "text": "Busulfan is known to be neurotoxic in animals and humans , but its acute neurotoxicity remains poorly characterized in children .", "entities": [ "Busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2457", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report here a retrospective study of 123 children ( median age , 6 . 5 years ) receiving high - dose busulfan in combined chemotherapy before bone marrow transplantation for malignant solid tumors , brain tumors excluded .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2458", "type": "chemical", "text": "Busulfan was given p . o . , every 6 hours for 16 doses over 4 days .", "entities": [ "Busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2461", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ninety - six patients were not given anticonvulsive prophylaxis ; 7 ( 7 . 5 % ) developed seizures during the 4 days of the busulfan course or within 24 h after the last dosing .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2462", "type": "chemical", "text": "When the total busulfan dose was taken into account , there was a significant difference in terms of neurotoxicity incidence among patients under 16 mg / kg ( 1 of 57 , 1 . 7 % ) and patients under 600 mg / m2 ( 6 of 39 , 15 . 4 % ) ( P less than 0 . 02 ) .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2463", "type": "chemical", "text": "Twenty - seven patients were given a 600 - mg / m2 busulfan total dose with continuous i . v . infusion of clonazepam ; none had any neurological symptoms .", "entities": [ "busulfan", "clonazepam" ] }, { "id": "2464", "type": "chemical", "text": "Busulfan levels were measured by a gas chromatographic - mass spectrometry assay in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of 9 children without central nervous system disease under 600 mg / m2 busulfan with clonazepam : busulfan cerebrospinal fluid : plasma ratio was 1 . 39 .", "entities": [ "Busulfan", "busulfan", "clonazepam", "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2465", "type": "chemical", "text": "This was significantly different ( P less than 0 . 02 ) from the cerebrospinal fluid : plasma ratio previously defined in children receiving a 16 - mg / kg total dose of busulfan .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2466", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study shows that busulfan neurotoxicity is dose - dependent in children and efficiently prevented by clonazepam .", "entities": [ "busulfan", "clonazepam" ] }, { "id": "2467", "type": "chemical", "text": "A busulfan dose calculated on the basis of body surface area , resulting in higher doses in young children , was followed by increased neurotoxicity , close to neurotoxicity incidence observed in adults .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2468", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since plasma pharmacokinetic studies showed a faster busulfan clearance in children than in adults , this new dose may approximate more closely the adult systemic exposure obtained after the usual 16 - mg / kg total dose , with potential inferences in terms of anticancer or myeloablative effects .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2469", "type": "chemical", "text": "The busulfan dose in children and infants undergoing bone marrow transplantation should be reconsidered on the basis of pharmacokinetic studies .", "entities": [ "busulfan" ] }, { "id": "2470", "type": "chemical", "text": "An unexpected diagnosis in a renal - transplant patient with proteinuria treated with everolimus : AL amyloidosis .", "entities": [ "everolimus" ] }, { "id": "2471", "type": "chemical", "text": "Proteinuria is an expected complication in transplant patients treated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors ( mTOR - i ) .", "entities": [ "rapamycin" ] }, { "id": "2473", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this case we report the unexpected diagnosis of amyloidosis in a renal - transplant patient with pre - transplant monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance who developed proteinuria after conversion from tacrolimus to everolimus .", "entities": [ "tacrolimus", "everolimus" ] }, { "id": "2474", "type": "chemical", "text": "Long - term oral galactose treatment prevents cognitive deficits in male Wistar rats treated intracerebroventricularly with streptozotocin .", "entities": [ "galactose", "streptozotocin" ] }, { "id": "2475", "type": "chemical", "text": "Basic and clinical research has demonstrated that dementia of sporadic Alzheimer ' s disease ( sAD ) type is associated with dysfunction of the insulin - receptor ( IR ) system followed by decreased glucose transport via glucose transporter GLUT4 and decreased glucose metabolism in brain cells .", "entities": [ "glucose", "glucose", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "2476", "type": "chemical", "text": "An alternative source of energy is d - galactose ( the C - 4 - epimer of d - glucose ) which is transported into the brain by insulin - independent GLUT3 transporter where it might be metabolized to glucose via the Leloir pathway .", "entities": [ "d - galactose", "d - glucose", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "2477", "type": "chemical", "text": "Exclusively parenteral daily injections of galactose induce memory deterioration in rodents and are used to generate animal aging model , but the effects of oral galactose treatment on cognitive functions have never been tested .", "entities": [ "galactose", "galactose" ] }, { "id": "2478", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have investigated the effects of continuous daily oral galactose ( 200 mg / kg / day ) treatment on cognitive deficits in streptozotocin - induced ( STZ - icv ) rat model of sAD , tested by Morris Water Maze and Passive Avoidance test , respectively .", "entities": [ "galactose", "streptozotocin", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2479", "type": "chemical", "text": "One month of oral galactose treatment initiated immediately after the STZ - icv administration , successfully prevented development of the STZ - icv - induced cognitive deficits .", "entities": [ "galactose", "STZ", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2480", "type": "chemical", "text": "Beneficial effect of oral galactose was independent of the rat age and of the galactose dose ranging from 100 to 300 mg / kg / day .", "entities": [ "galactose", "galactose" ] }, { "id": "2481", "type": "chemical", "text": "Additionally , oral galactose administration led to the appearance of galactose in the blood .", "entities": [ "galactose", "galactose" ] }, { "id": "2482", "type": "chemical", "text": "The increase of galactose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was several times lower after oral than after parenteral administration of the same galactose dose .", "entities": [ "galactose", "galactose" ] }, { "id": "2483", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oral galactose exposure might have beneficial effects on learning and memory ability and could be worth investigating for improvement of cognitive deficits associated with glucose hypometabolism in AD .", "entities": [ "galactose" ] }, { "id": "2484", "type": "chemical", "text": "An investigation of the pattern of kidney injury in HIV - positive persons exposed to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : an examination of a large population database ( MHRA database ) .", "entities": [ "tenofovir disoproxil fumarate" ] }, { "id": "2485", "type": "chemical", "text": "The potential for tenofovir to cause a range of kidney syndromes has been established from mechanistic and randomised clinical trials .", "entities": [ "tenofovir" ] }, { "id": "2487", "type": "chemical", "text": "We undertook a descriptive analysis of Yellow Card records of 407 HIV - positive persons taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ( TDF ) as part of their antiretroviral therapy regimen and submitted to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) with suspected kidney adverse effects .", "entities": [ "tenofovir disoproxil fumarate", "TDF" ] }, { "id": "2489", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of the 407 Yellow Card records analysed , 106 satisfied criteria for TDF - related kidney disease , of which 53 ( 50 % ) had features of kidney tubular dysfunction , 35 ( 33 % ) were found to have features of glomerular dysfunction and 18 ( 17 % ) had Fanconi syndrome .", "entities": [ "TDF" ] }, { "id": "2490", "type": "chemical", "text": "The median TDF exposure was 316 days ( interquartile range 120 - 740 ) .", "entities": [ "TDF" ] }, { "id": "2491", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence of hospitalisation for TDF kidney adverse effects was high , particularly amongst patients with features of Fanconi syndrome .", "entities": [ "TDF" ] }, { "id": "2493", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cessation of TDF was associated with complete restoration of kidney function in up half of the patients in this report .", "entities": [ "TDF" ] }, { "id": "2503", "type": "chemical", "text": "The use of thiopentone was significantly associated with an eight - fold - higher risk for delirium compared to propofol ( 57 . 1 % vs . 7 . 1 % , RR = 8 . 0 , X2 = 4 . 256 ; df = 1 ; 0 . 05 < p < 0 . 02 ) .", "entities": [ "thiopentone", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2505", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thiopentone was independently associated with an increase in its relative risk .", "entities": [ "Thiopentone" ] }, { "id": "2506", "type": "chemical", "text": "A single neurotoxic dose of methamphetamine induces a long - lasting depressive - like behaviour in mice .", "entities": [ "methamphetamine" ] }, { "id": "2507", "type": "chemical", "text": "Methamphetamine ( METH ) triggers a disruption of the monoaminergic system and METH abuse leads to negative emotional states including depressive symptoms during drug withdrawal .", "entities": [ "Methamphetamine", "METH", "METH" ] }, { "id": "2508", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , it is currently unknown if the acute toxic dosage of METH also causes a long - lasting depressive phenotype and persistent monoaminergic deficits .", "entities": [ "METH" ] }, { "id": "2509", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , we now assessed the depressive - like behaviour in mice at early and long - term periods following a single high METH dose ( 30 mg / kg , i . p . ) .", "entities": [ "METH" ] }, { "id": "2510", "type": "chemical", "text": "METH did not alter the motor function and procedural memory of mice as assessed by swimming speed and escape latency to find the platform in a cued version of the water maze task .", "entities": [ "METH" ] }, { "id": "2511", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , METH significantly increased the immobility time in the tail suspension test at 3 and 49 days post - administration .", "entities": [ "METH" ] }, { "id": "2512", "type": "chemical", "text": "This depressive - like profile induced by METH was accompanied by a marked depletion of frontostriatal dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission , indicated by a reduction in the levels of dopamine , DOPAC and HVA , tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin , observed at both 3 and 49 days post - administration .", "entities": [ "METH", "dopamine", "DOPAC", "HVA", "tyrosine", "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "2514", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings demonstrate for the first time that a single high dose of METH induces long - lasting depressive - like behaviour in mice associated with a persistent disruption of frontostriatal dopaminergic and serotonergic homoeostasis .", "entities": [ "METH" ] }, { "id": "2515", "type": "chemical", "text": "Linezolid - induced optic neuropathy .", "entities": [ "Linezolid" ] }, { "id": "2518", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe a case of progressive loss of vision associated with linezolid therapy .", "entities": [ "linezolid" ] }, { "id": "2519", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 45 - year - old male patient who was on treatment with multiple second - line anti - tuberculous drugs including linezolid and ethambutol for extensively drug - resistant tuberculosis ( XDR - TB ) presented to us with painless progressive loss of vision in both eyes .", "entities": [ "linezolid", "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "2521", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ethambutol - induced toxic optic neuropathy was suspected and tablet ethambutol was withdrawn .", "entities": [ "Ethambutol", "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "2522", "type": "chemical", "text": "Deterioration of vision occurred despite withdrawal of ethambutol .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "2523", "type": "chemical", "text": "Discontinuation of linezolid resulted in marked improvement of vision .", "entities": [ "linezolid" ] }, { "id": "2524", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our report emphasizes the need for monitoring of visual function in patients on long - term linezolid treatment .", "entities": [ "linezolid" ] }, { "id": "2525", "type": "chemical", "text": "Resuscitation with lipid , epinephrine , or both in levobupivacaine - induced cardiac toxicity in newborn piglets .", "entities": [ "epinephrine", "levobupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2526", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : The optimal dosing regimens of lipid emulsion , epinephrine , or both are not yet determined in neonates in cases of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity ( LAST ) .", "entities": [ "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "2527", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Newborn piglets received levobupivacaine until cardiovascular collapse occurred .", "entities": [ "levobupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2529", "type": "chemical", "text": "Piglets were then randomly allocated to four groups : control ( saline ) , Intralipid ( ) alone , epinephrine alone , or a combination of Intralipd plus epinephrine .", "entities": [ "epinephrine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "2533", "type": "chemical", "text": "The number of ECG abnormalities was zero in the Intralipid only group , but 14 and 17 , respectively , in the epinephrine and epinephrine plus lipid groups ( P < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "epinephrine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "2534", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Lipid emulsion with or without epinephrine , or epinephrine alone were equally effective in achieving a return to spontaneous circulation in this model of LAST .", "entities": [ "epinephrine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "2535", "type": "chemical", "text": "Epinephrine alone or in combination with lipid was associated with an increased number of ECG abnormalities compared with lipid emulsion alone .", "entities": [ "Epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "2536", "type": "chemical", "text": "Incidence of heparin - induced thrombocytopenia type II and postoperative recovery of platelet count in liver graft recipients : a retrospective cohort analysis .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2538", "type": "chemical", "text": "The impact of immune - mediated heparin - induced thrombocytopenia type II ( HIT type II ) as a cause of thrombocytopenia after liver transplantation is not yet understood , with few literature citations reporting contradictory results .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2546", "type": "chemical", "text": "For further reduction of HIT type II , the use of intravenous heparin should be avoided and the prophylactic anticoagulation should be performed with low - molecular - weight heparin after normalization of platelet count .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "2547", "type": "chemical", "text": "Takotsubo syndrome ( or apical ballooning syndrome ) secondary to Zolmitriptan .", "entities": [ "Zolmitriptan" ] }, { "id": "2551", "type": "chemical", "text": "Detailed history obtained retrospectively revealed that the patient took zolmitriptan sparingly only when she had migraines .", "entities": [ "zolmitriptan" ] }, { "id": "2552", "type": "chemical", "text": "But before this event , she was taking zolmitriptan 2 - 3 times daily for several days because of a persistent migraine headache .", "entities": [ "zolmitriptan" ] }, { "id": "2555", "type": "chemical", "text": "Extensive literature search revealed multiple cases of coronary artery vasospasm secondary to zolmitriptan , but none of the cases were associated with TS .", "entities": [ "zolmitriptan" ] }, { "id": "2556", "type": "chemical", "text": "Depression , impulsiveness , sleep , and memory in past and present polydrug users of 3 , 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA , ecstasy ) .", "entities": [ "3 , 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine", "MDMA", "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2557", "type": "chemical", "text": "RATIONALE : Ecstasy ( 3 , 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine , MDMA ) is a worldwide recreational drug of abuse .", "entities": [ "Ecstasy", "3 , 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine", "MDMA" ] }, { "id": "2559", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : The present study aimed to be the largest to date in sample size and 5HT - related behaviors ; the first to compare present ecstasy users with past users after an abstinence of 4 or more years , and the first to include robust controls for other recreational substances .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2560", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : A sample of 997 participants ( 52 % male ) was recruited to four control groups ( non - drug ( ND ) , alcohol / nicotine ( AN ) , cannabis / alcohol / nicotine ( CAN ) , non - ecstasy polydrug ( PD ) ) , and two ecstasy polydrug groups ( present ( MDMA ) and past users ( EX - MDMA ) .", "entities": [ "alcohol", "nicotine", "AN", "cannabis", "alcohol", "nicotine", "CAN", "ecstasy", "ecstasy", "MDMA", "MDMA" ] }, { "id": "2562", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : While the CAN and PD groups tended to record greater deficits than the non - drug controls , the MDMA and EX - MDMA groups recorded greater deficits than all the control groups on ten of the 13 psychometric measures .", "entities": [ "CAN", "MDMA", "MDMA" ] }, { "id": "2563", "type": "chemical", "text": "Strikingly , despite prolonged abstinence ( mean , 4 . 98 ; range , 4 - 9 years ) , past ecstasy users showed few signs of recovery .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2564", "type": "chemical", "text": "Compared with present ecstasy users , the past users showed no change for ten measures , increased impairment for two measures , and improvement on just one measure .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2565", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Given this record of impaired memory and clinically significant levels of depression , impulsiveness , and sleep disturbance , the prognosis for the current generation of ecstasy users is a major cause for concern .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2566", "type": "chemical", "text": "Association of common genetic variants of HOMER1 gene with levodopa adverse effects in Parkinson ' s disease patients .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2567", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic therapy for Parkinson ' s disease , but its chronic use could lead to chronic adverse outcomes , such as motor fluctuations , dyskinesia and visual hallucinations .", "entities": [ "Levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2568", "type": "chemical", "text": "HOMER1 is a protein with pivotal function in glutamate transmission , which has been related to the pathogenesis of these complications .", "entities": [ "glutamate" ] }, { "id": "2569", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study investigates whether polymorphisms in the HOMER1 gene promoter region are associated with the occurrence of the chronic complications of levodopa therapy .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2573", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our data suggest that HOMER1 rs4704559 G allele has a protective role for the development of levodopa adverse effects .", "entities": [ "levodopa" ] }, { "id": "2574", "type": "chemical", "text": "Crocin improves lipid dysregulation in subacute diazinon exposure through ERK1 / 2 pathway in rat liver .", "entities": [ "Crocin", "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2575", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTRODUCTION : Diazinon Yis one of the most broadly used organophosphorus insecticides in agriculture .", "entities": [ "Diazinon", "organophosphorus" ] }, { "id": "2576", "type": "chemical", "text": "It has been shown that exposure to diazinon may interfere with lipid metabolism .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2577", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , the hypolipidemic effect of crocin has been established .", "entities": [ "crocin" ] }, { "id": "2579", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the regulation of lipid metabolism , ERK and LDLr expression in the liver of rats exposed to subacute diazinon .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2580", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore ameliorating effect of crocin on diazinon induced disturbed cholesterol homeostasis was studied .", "entities": [ "crocin", "diazinon", "cholesterol" ] }, { "id": "2581", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : 24 Rats were divided into 4 groups and received following treatments for 4 weeks ; Corn oil ( control ) , diazinon ( 15mg / kg per day , orally ) and crocin ( 12 . 5 and 25mg / kg per day , intraperitoneally ) in combination with diazinon ( 15 mg / kg ) .", "entities": [ "diazinon", "crocin", "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2582", "type": "chemical", "text": "The levels of cholesterol , triglyceride and LDL in blood of rats were analyzed .", "entities": [ "cholesterol", "triglyceride" ] }, { "id": "2584", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Our data showed that subacute exposure to diazinon significantly increased concentrations of cholesterol , triglyceride and LDL .", "entities": [ "diazinon", "cholesterol", "triglyceride" ] }, { "id": "2585", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover diazinon decreased ERK1 / 2 protein phosphorylation and LDLr transcript .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2586", "type": "chemical", "text": "Crocin reduced inhibition of ERK activation and diazinon - induced hyperlipemia and increased levels of LDLr transcript .", "entities": [ "Crocin", "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2587", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Crocin may be considered as a novel protective agent in diazinon - induced hyperlipemia through modulating of ERK pathway and increase of LDLr expression .", "entities": [ "Crocin", "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "2588", "type": "chemical", "text": "GEM - P chemotherapy is active in the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2592", "type": "chemical", "text": "Gemcitabine and cisplatin have activity in HL , non - overlapping toxicity with first - line chemotherapeutics , and may be delivered in an outpatient setting .", "entities": [ "Gemcitabine", "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "2593", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this retrospective single - centre analysis , patients with relapsed or refractory HL treated with gemcitabine 1 , 000 mg / m ( 2 ) day ( D ) 1 , D8 and D15 ; methylprednisolone 1 , 000 mg D1 - 5 ; and cisplatin 100 mg / m ( 2 ) D15 , every 28 days ( GEM - P ) were included .", "entities": [ "gemcitabine", "methylprednisolone", "cisplatin", "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2596", "type": "chemical", "text": "One hundred and twenty - two cycles of GEM - P were administered in total ( median 3 cycles ; range 1 - 6 ) .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2597", "type": "chemical", "text": "Twenty of 41 ( 48 % ) patients received GEM - P as second - line treatment and 11 / 41 ( 27 % ) as third - line therapy .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2598", "type": "chemical", "text": "Overall response rate ( ORR ) to GEM - P in the entire cohort was 80 % ( complete response ( CR ) 37 % , partial response 44 % ) with 14 / 15 CR confirmed as a metabolic CR on PET and ORR of 85 % in the 20 second - line patients .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2600", "type": "chemical", "text": "Median follow - up from the start of GEM - P was 4 . 5 years .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2601", "type": "chemical", "text": "Following GEM - P , 5 - year progression - free survival was 46 % ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 30 - 62 % ) and 5 - year overall survival was 59 % ( 95 % CI , 43 - 74 % ) .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2603", "type": "chemical", "text": "GEM - P is a salvage chemotherapy with relatively high response rates , leading to successful transplantation in appropriate patients , in the treatment of relapsed or refractory HL .", "entities": [ "GEM" ] }, { "id": "2604", "type": "chemical", "text": "Basal functioning of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( HPA ) axis and psychological distress in recreational ecstasy polydrug users .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2605", "type": "chemical", "text": "RATIONALE : Ecstasy ( MDMA ) is a psychostimulant drug which is increasingly associated with psychobiological dysfunction .", "entities": [ "Ecstasy", "MDMA" ] }, { "id": "2607", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : The current study is the first to explore the effects of ecstasy - polydrug use on psychological distress and basal functioning of the HPA axis through assessing the secretion of cortisol across the diurnal period .", "entities": [ "ecstasy", "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "2608", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHOD : Seventy - six participants ( 21 nonusers , 29 light ecstasy - polydrug users , 26 heavy ecstasy - polydrug users ) completed a substance use inventory and measures of psychological distress at baseline , then two consecutive days of cortisol sampling ( on awakening , 30 min post awakening , between 1400 and 1600 hours and pre bedtime ) .", "entities": [ "ecstasy", "ecstasy", "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "2611", "type": "chemical", "text": "On day 1 , all participants exhibited a typical cortisol profile , though light users had significantly elevated levels pre - bed .", "entities": [ "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "2612", "type": "chemical", "text": "On day 2 , heavy users demonstrated elevated levels upon awakening and all ecstasy - polydrug users demonstrated elevated pre - bed levels compared to non - users .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2613", "type": "chemical", "text": "Significant between group differences were also observed in afternoon cortisol levels and in overall cortisol secretion across the day .", "entities": [ "cortisol", "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "2614", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : The increases in anxiety and depression are in line with previous observations in recreational ecstasy - polydrug users .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2615", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dysregulated diurnal cortisol may be indicative of inappropriate anticipation of forthcoming demands and hypersecretion may lead to the increased psychological and physical morbidity associated with heavy recreational use of ecstasy .", "entities": [ "cortisol", "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2616", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ifosfamide related encephalopathy : the need for a timely EEG evaluation .", "entities": [ "Ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2617", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent useful in the treatment of a wide range of cancers including sarcomas , lymphoma , gynecologic and testicular cancers .", "entities": [ "Ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2618", "type": "chemical", "text": "Encephalopathy has been reported in 10 - 40 % of patients receiving high - dose IV ifosfamide .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2619", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To highlight the role of electroencephalogram ( EEG ) in the early detection and management of ifosfamide related encephalopathy .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2620", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Retrospective chart review including clinical data and EEG recordings was done on five patients , admitted to MD Anderson Cancer Center between years 2009 and 2012 , who developed ifosfamide related acute encephalopathy .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2621", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : All five patients experienced symptoms of encephalopathy soon after ( within 12 h - 2 days ) receiving ifosfamide .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2626", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Severity of ifosfamide related encephalopathy correlates with EEG changes .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2627", "type": "chemical", "text": "We suggest a timely EEG evaluation for patients receiving ifosfamide who develop features of encephalopathy .", "entities": [ "ifosfamide" ] }, { "id": "2628", "type": "chemical", "text": "Incidence of contrast - induced nephropathy in hospitalised patients with cancer .", "entities": [ "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2629", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : To determine the frequency of and possible factors related to contrast - induced nephropathy ( CIN ) in hospitalised patients with cancer .", "entities": [ "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2632", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blood samples were examined the day before contrast - enhanced computed tomography ( CT ) and serially for 3 days thereafter .", "entities": [ "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2633", "type": "chemical", "text": "CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ( Cr ) of 0 . 5 mg / dl or more , or elevation of Cr to 25 % over baseline .", "entities": [ "creatinine", "Cr", "Cr" ] }, { "id": "2638", "type": "chemical", "text": "CIN was significantly more after treatment with bevacizumab / irinotecan ( P = 0 . 021 ) and in patients with hypertension ( P = 0 . 044 ) .", "entities": [ "bevacizumab", "irinotecan" ] }, { "id": "2641", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypertension and the combination of bevacizumab / irinotecan may be additional risk factors for CIN development .", "entities": [ "bevacizumab", "irinotecan" ] }, { "id": "2643", "type": "chemical", "text": "Contrast - induced nephropathy ( CIN ) is a concern for oncological patients undergoing CT .", "entities": [ "Contrast" ] }, { "id": "2645", "type": "chemical", "text": ". Hypertension and treatment with bevacizumab appear to be additional risk factors .", "entities": [ "bevacizumab" ] }, { "id": "2646", "type": "chemical", "text": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with desvenlafaxine .", "entities": [ "desvenlafaxine" ] }, { "id": "2647", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To report a case of syndrome of inappropriate anti - diuretic hormone ( SIADH ) secretion associated with desvenlafaxine .", "entities": [ "desvenlafaxine" ] }, { "id": "2649", "type": "chemical", "text": "Her medications included desvenlafaxine , and symptoms included nausea , anxiety and confusion .", "entities": [ "desvenlafaxine" ] }, { "id": "2650", "type": "chemical", "text": "The serum sodium at this time was 120 mmol / L , serum osmolality was 263 mosmol / kg , urine osmolality 410 mosmol / kg and urine sodium 63 mmol / L , consistent with a diagnosis of SIADH .", "entities": [ "sodium", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "2651", "type": "chemical", "text": "Desvenlafaxine was ceased and fluid restriction implemented .", "entities": [ "Desvenlafaxine" ] }, { "id": "2652", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 4 days the sodium increased to 128 mmol / L and fluid restriction was relaxed .", "entities": [ "sodium" ] }, { "id": "2653", "type": "chemical", "text": "During her further 3 weeks inpatient admission the serum sodium ranged from 134 to 137 mmol / L during treatment with mirtazapine .", "entities": [ "sodium", "mirtazapine" ] }, { "id": "2655", "type": "chemical", "text": "This case report suggests that desvenlafaxine might cause clinically significant hyponatremia .", "entities": [ "desvenlafaxine" ] }, { "id": "2657", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oxidative stress on cardiotoxicity after treatment with single and multiple doses of doxorubicin .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "2658", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mechanism of doxorubicin ( DOX ) - induced cardiotoxicity remains controversial .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2659", "type": "chemical", "text": "Wistar rats ( n = 66 ) received DOX injections intraperitoneally and were randomly assigned to 2 experimental protocols : ( 1 ) rats were killed before ( - 24 h , n = 8 ) and 24 h after ( + 24 h , n = 8 ) a single dose of DOX ( 4 mg / kg body weight ) to determine the DOX acute effect and ( 2 ) rats ( n = 58 ) received 4 injections of DOX ( 4 mg / kg body weight / week ) and were killed before the first injection ( M0 ) and 1 week after each injection ( M1 , M2 , M3 , and M4 ) to determine the chronological effects .", "entities": [ "DOX", "DOX", "DOX", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2662", "type": "chemical", "text": "Single dose of DOX was associated with increased cardiac disarrangement , necrosis , and DNA damage ( strand breaks ( SBs ) and oxidized pyrimidines ) and decreased TAP .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2665", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our results suggest that oxidative damage is associated with acute cardiotoxicity induced by a single dose of DOX only .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2666", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased resistance to the oxidative stress is plausible for the multiple dose of DOX .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2668", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tacrolimus - related seizure after pediatric liver transplantation - - a single - center experience .", "entities": [ "Tacrolimus" ] }, { "id": "2675", "type": "chemical", "text": "Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors associated with seizures after pediatric LT included gender , pediatric end - stage liver disease score before surgery , Child - Pugh score before surgery , serum total bilirubin after surgery , and trough TAC level .", "entities": [ "bilirubin", "TAC" ] }, { "id": "2676", "type": "chemical", "text": "Multivariate analysis showed that trough TAC level was the only independent risk factor associated with the seizures .", "entities": [ "TAC" ] }, { "id": "2678", "type": "chemical", "text": "High trough TAC level was the predominant factor that contributed to seizures in the early post - operative period after pediatric LT .", "entities": [ "TAC" ] }, { "id": "2679", "type": "chemical", "text": "High PELD and Child - Pugh scores before LT and high post - operative serum Tbil may be contributory risk factors for TAC - related seizures .", "entities": [ "TAC" ] }, { "id": "2680", "type": "chemical", "text": "The flavonoid apigenin delays forgetting of passive avoidance conditioning in rats .", "entities": [ "apigenin" ] }, { "id": "2681", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present experiments were performed to study the effect of the flavonoid apigenin ( 20 mg / kg intraperitoneally ( i . p . ) , 1 h before acquisition ) , on 24 h retention performance and forgetting of a step - through passive avoidance task , in young male Wistar rats .", "entities": [ "apigenin" ] }, { "id": "2682", "type": "chemical", "text": "There were no differences between saline - and apigenin - treated groups in the 24 h retention trial .", "entities": [ "apigenin" ] }, { "id": "2683", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , apigenin did not prevent the amnesia induced by scopolamine ( 1mg / kg , i . p . , 30 min before the acquisition ) .", "entities": [ "apigenin", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "2684", "type": "chemical", "text": "The saline - and apigenin - treated rats that did not step through into the dark compartment during the cut - off time ( 540 s ) were retested weekly for up to eight weeks .", "entities": [ "apigenin" ] }, { "id": "2686", "type": "chemical", "text": "At the end of the experimental period , 60 % of the animals treated with apigenin still did not step through .", "entities": [ "apigenin" ] }, { "id": "2687", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data suggest that 1 ) apigenin delays the long - term forgetting but did not modulate the 24 h retention of fear memory and 2 ) the obtained beneficial effect of apigenin on the passive avoidance conditioning is mediated by mechanisms that do not implicate its action on the muscarinic cholinergic system .", "entities": [ "apigenin", "apigenin" ] }, { "id": "2688", "type": "chemical", "text": "Histamine antagonists and d - tubocurarine - induced hypotension in cardiac surgical patients .", "entities": [ "Histamine", "d - tubocurarine" ] }, { "id": "2689", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hemodynamic effects and histamine release by bolus injection of 0 . 35 mg / kg of d - tubocurarine were studied in 24 patients .", "entities": [ "histamine", "d - tubocurarine" ] }, { "id": "2690", "type": "chemical", "text": "H1 - and H2 - histamine antagonists or placebo were given before dosing with d - tubocurarine in a randomized double - blind fashion to four groups : group 1 - - placebo ; group 2 - - cimetidine , 4 mg / kg , plus placebo ; group 3 - - chlorpheniramine , 0 . 1 mg / kg , plus placebo ; and group 4 - - cimetidine plus chlorpheniramine .", "entities": [ "histamine", "d - tubocurarine", "cimetidine", "chlorpheniramine", "cimetidine", "chlorpheniramine" ] }, { "id": "2691", "type": "chemical", "text": "Histamine release occurred in most patients , the highest level 2 minutes after d - tubocurarine dosing .", "entities": [ "Histamine", "d - tubocurarine" ] }, { "id": "2692", "type": "chemical", "text": "Group 1 had a moderate negative correlation between plasma histamine change and systemic vascular resistance ( r = 0 . 58 ; P less than 0 . 05 ) not present in group 4 .", "entities": [ "histamine" ] }, { "id": "2694", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data demonstrate that the hemodynamic changes associated with d - tubocurarine dosing are only partially explained by histamine release .", "entities": [ "d - tubocurarine", "histamine" ] }, { "id": "2696", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cholecystokinin - octapeptide restored morphine - induced hippocampal long - term potentiation impairment in rats .", "entities": [ "Cholecystokinin - octapeptide", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2697", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cholecystokinin - octapeptide ( CCK - 8 ) , which is a typical brain - gut peptide , exerts a wide range of biological activities on the central nervous system .", "entities": [ "Cholecystokinin - octapeptide", "CCK - 8" ] }, { "id": "2698", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have previously reported that CCK - 8 significantly alleviated morphine - induced amnesia and reversed spine density decreases in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in morphine - treated animals .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8", "morphine", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2699", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here , we investigated the effects of CCK - 8 on long - term potentiation ( LTP ) in the lateral perforant path ( LPP ) - granule cell synapse of rat dentate gyrus ( DG ) in acute saline or morphine - treated rats .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2701", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute morphine ( 30mg / kg , s . c . ) treatment significantly attenuated hippocampal LTP and CCK - 8 ( 1ug , i . c . v . ) restored the amplitude of PS that was attenuated by morphine injection .", "entities": [ "morphine", "CCK - 8", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2702", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , microinjection of CCK - 8 ( 0 . 1 and 1ug , i . c . v . ) also significantly augmented hippocampal LTP in saline - treated ( 1ml / kg , s . c . ) rats .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8" ] }, { "id": "2703", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pre - treatment of the CCK2 receptor antagonist L - 365 , 260 ( 10ug , i . c . v ) reversed the effects of CCK - 8 , but the CCK1 receptor antagonist L - 364 , 718 ( 10ug , i . c . v ) did not .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8" ] }, { "id": "2704", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present results demonstrate that CCK - 8 attenuates the effect of morphine on hippocampal LTP through CCK2 receptors and suggest an ameliorative function of CCK - 8 on morphine - induced memory impairment .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8", "morphine", "CCK - 8", "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2705", "type": "chemical", "text": "Glial activation and post - synaptic neurotoxicity : the key events in Streptozotocin ( ICV ) induced memory impairment in rats .", "entities": [ "Streptozotocin" ] }, { "id": "2706", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the present study the role of glial activation and post synaptic toxicity in ICV Streptozotocin ( STZ ) induced memory impaired rats was explored .", "entities": [ "Streptozotocin", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2707", "type": "chemical", "text": "In experiment set up 1 : Memory deficit was found in Morris water maze test on 14 - 16 days after STZ ( ICV ; 3mg / Kg ) administration .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2708", "type": "chemical", "text": "STZ causes increased expression of GFAP , CD11b and TNF - a indicating glial activation and neuroinflammation .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2709", "type": "chemical", "text": "STZ also significantly increased the level of ROS , nitrite , Ca ( 2 + ) and reduced the mitochondrial activity in synaptosomal preparation illustrating free radical generation and excitotoxicity .", "entities": [ "STZ", "nitrite", "Ca" ] }, { "id": "2710", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased expression and activity of Caspase - 3 was also observed in STZ treated rat which specify apoptotic cell death in hippocampus and cortex .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2711", "type": "chemical", "text": "STZ treatment showed decrease expression of post synaptic markers CaMKIIa and PSD - 95 , while , expression of pre synaptic markers ( synaptophysin and SNAP - 25 ) remains unaltered indicating selective post synaptic neurotoxicity .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2712", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oral treatment with Memantine ( 10mg / kg ) and Ibuprofen ( 50 mg / kg ) daily for 13 days attenuated STZ induced glial activation , apoptotic cell death and post synaptic neurotoxicity in rat brain .", "entities": [ "Memantine", "Ibuprofen", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2713", "type": "chemical", "text": "Further , in experiment set up 2 : where memory function was not affected i . e . 7 - 9 days after STZ treatment .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2714", "type": "chemical", "text": "The level of GFAP , CD11b , TNF - a , ROS and nitrite levels were increased .", "entities": [ "nitrite" ] }, { "id": "2715", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the other hand , apoptotic marker , synaptic markers , mitochondrial activity and Ca ( 2 + ) levels remained unaffected .", "entities": [ "Ca" ] }, { "id": "2717", "type": "chemical", "text": "Present study clearly suggests that glial activation and post synaptic neurotoxicity are the key factors in STZ induced memory impairment and neuronal cell death .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "2718", "type": "chemical", "text": "Comparison of effects of isotonic sodium chloride with diltiazem in prevention of contrast - induced nephropathy .", "entities": [ "sodium chloride", "diltiazem", "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2719", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE : Contrast - induced nephropathy ( CIN ) significantly increases the morbidity and mortality of patients .", "entities": [ "Contrast" ] }, { "id": "2720", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the protective effects of isotonic sodium chloride with sodium bicarbonate infusion and isotonic sodium chloride infusion with diltiazem , a calcium channel blocker , in preventing CIN .", "entities": [ "sodium chloride", "sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride", "diltiazem", "calcium" ] }, { "id": "2721", "type": "chemical", "text": "MATERIALS AND METHODS : Our study included patients who were administered 30 - 60 mL of iodinated contrast agent for percutaneous coronary angiography ( PCAG ) , all with creatinine values between 1 . 1 and 3 . 1 mg / dL .", "entities": [ "contrast", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2723", "type": "chemical", "text": "The first group of patients was administered isotonic sodium chloride ; the second group was administered a solution that of 5 % dextrose and sodium bicarbonate , while the third group was administered isotonic sodium chloride before and after the contrast injection .", "entities": [ "sodium chloride", "dextrose", "sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride", "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2724", "type": "chemical", "text": "The third group received an additional injection of diltiazem the day before and first 2 days after the contrast injection .", "entities": [ "diltiazem", "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2725", "type": "chemical", "text": "All of the patients ' plasma blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) and creatinine levels were measured on the second and seventh day after the administration of intravenous contrast material .", "entities": [ "blood urea nitrogen", "BUN", "creatinine", "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2726", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The basal creatinine levels were similar for all three groups ( p > 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "2727", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among a total of 60 patients included in the study , 16 patients developed acute renal failure ( ARF ) on the second day after contrast material was injected ( 26 . 6 % ) .", "entities": [ "contrast" ] }, { "id": "2729", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : There was no significant difference between isotonic sodium chloride , sodium bicarbonate and isotonic sodium chloride with diltiazem application in prevention of CIN .", "entities": [ "sodium chloride", "sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride", "diltiazem" ] }, { "id": "2730", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neurocognitive and neuroradiologic central nervous system late effects in children treated on Pediatric Oncology Group ( POG ) P9605 ( standard risk ) and P9201 ( lesser risk ) acute lymphoblastic leukemia protocols ( ACCL0131 ) : a methotrexate consequence ?", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "2732", "type": "chemical", "text": "Concerns about long - term methotrexate ( MTX ) neurotoxicity in the 1990s led to modifications in intrathecal ( IT ) therapy , leucovorin rescue , and frequency of systemic MTX administration in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia .", "entities": [ "methotrexate", "MTX", "MTX" ] }, { "id": "2739", "type": "chemical", "text": "This supports ongoing concerns about intensive MTX exposure as a major contributor to CNS late effects .", "entities": [ "MTX" ] }, { "id": "2740", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tranexamic acid overdosage - induced generalized seizure in renal failure .", "entities": [ "Tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2744", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tranexamic acid ( TNA ) 1 g 8 - hourly was administered to her to control bleeding per vaginum .", "entities": [ "Tranexamic acid", "TNA" ] }, { "id": "2745", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two hours after the sixth dose of TNA , she had an episode of generalized tonic clonic convulsions .", "entities": [ "TNA" ] }, { "id": "2746", "type": "chemical", "text": "TNA was discontinued .", "entities": [ "TNA" ] }, { "id": "2750", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , the precipitating cause of convulsions was believed to be an overdose of TNA .", "entities": [ "TNA" ] }, { "id": "2751", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pre - treatment of bupivacaine - induced cardiovascular depression using different lipid formulations of propofol .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2752", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Pre - treatment with lipid emulsions has been shown to increase lethal doses of bupivacaine , and the lipid content of propofol may alleviate bupivacaine - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "propofol", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2753", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of propofol in intralipid or medialipid emulsions on bupivacaine - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "propofol", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2754", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Rats were anaesthetised with ketamine and were given 0 . 5 mg / kg / min propofol in intralipid ( Group P ) , propofol in medialipid ( Group L ) , or saline ( Group C ) over 20 min .", "entities": [ "ketamine", "propofol", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2755", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thereafter , 2 mg / kg / min bupivacaine 0 . 5 % was infused .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2756", "type": "chemical", "text": "We recorded time to first dysrhythmia occurrence , respective times to 25 % and 50 % reduction of the heart rate ( HR ) and mean arterial pressure , and time to asystole and total amount of bupivacaine consumption .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2759", "type": "chemical", "text": "The cumulative bupivacaine dose given at those time points was higher in Group P . Plasma bupivacaine levels were significantly lower in Group P than in Group C . Bupivacaine levels in the brain and heart were significantly lower in Group P and Group L than in Group C .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "bupivacaine", "Bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2760", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : We conclude that pre - treatment with propofol in intralipid , compared with propofol in medialipid or saline , delayed the onset of bupivacaine - induced cardiotoxic effects as well as reduced plasma bupivacaine levels .", "entities": [ "propofol", "propofol", "bupivacaine", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "2761", "type": "chemical", "text": "Further studies are needed to explore tissue bupivacaine levels of propofol in medialipid and adapt these results to clinical practice .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2762", "type": "chemical", "text": "Drug - Induced Acute Liver Injury Within 12 Hours After Fluvastatin Therapy .", "entities": [ "Fluvastatin" ] }, { "id": "2763", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although statins are generally well - tolerated drugs , recent cases of drug - induced liver injury associated with their use have been reported .", "entities": [ "statins" ] }, { "id": "2764", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 52 - year - old Chinese man reported with liver damage , which appeared 12 hours after beginning treatment with fluvastatin .", "entities": [ "fluvastatin" ] }, { "id": "2766", "type": "chemical", "text": "His laboratory values showed elevated creatine kinase and transaminases .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "2768", "type": "chemical", "text": "The liver biochemistries eventually normalized within 3 weeks of stopping the fluvastatin .", "entities": [ "fluvastatin" ] }, { "id": "2770", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fluconazole associated agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia .", "entities": [ "Fluconazole" ] }, { "id": "2771", "type": "chemical", "text": "CASE : We describe a second case of fluconazole associated agranulocytosis with thrombocytopenia and recovery upon discontinuation of therapy .", "entities": [ "fluconazole" ] }, { "id": "2772", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient began to have changes in white blood cells and platelets within 48 h of administration of fluconazole and began to recover with 48 h of discontinuation .", "entities": [ "fluconazole" ] }, { "id": "2774", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : According to Naranjo ' s algorithm the likelihood that our patient ' s agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia occurred as a result of therapy with fluconazole is probable , with a total of six points .", "entities": [ "fluconazole" ] }, { "id": "2776", "type": "chemical", "text": "In particular the temporal relationship of bone marrow suppression to the initiation of fluconazole and the abatement of symptoms that rapidly reversed immediately following discontinuation .", "entities": [ "fluconazole" ] }, { "id": "2777", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two - dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography combined with high - sensitive cardiac troponin T in early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity during epirubicine - based chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "epirubicine" ] }, { "id": "2778", "type": "chemical", "text": "AIMS : To investigate whether alterations of myocardial strain and high - sensitive cardiac troponin T ( cTnT ) could predict future cardiac dysfunction in patients after epirubicin exposure .", "entities": [ "epirubicin" ] }, { "id": "2779", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Seventy - five patients with non - Hodgkin lymphoma treated with epirubicin were studied .", "entities": [ "epirubicin" ] }, { "id": "2789", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : GLS combined with cTnT may provide a reliable and non - invasive method to predict cardiac dysfunction in patients receiving anthracycline - based chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "anthracycline" ] }, { "id": "2790", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prevention of etomidate - induced myoclonus : which is superior : Fentanyl , midazolam , or a combination ?", "entities": [ "etomidate", "Fentanyl", "midazolam" ] }, { "id": "2792", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : In this retrospective comparative study , we aimed to compare the effectiveness of fentanyl , midazolam , and a combination of fentanyl and midazolam to prevent etomidate - induced myoclonus .", "entities": [ "fentanyl", "midazolam", "fentanyl", "midazolam", "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "2794", "type": "chemical", "text": "Depending on the drugs that would be given before the induction of anesthesia with etomidate , the patients were separated into 4 groups : no pretreatment ( Group NP ) , fentanyl 1 ug . kg - 1 ( Group F ) , midazolam 0 . 03 mg . kg - 1 ( Group M ) , and midazolam 0 . 015 mg . kg - 1 + fentanyl 0 . 5 ug . kg - 1 ( Group FM ) .", "entities": [ "etomidate", "fentanyl", "midazolam", "midazolam", "fentanyl" ] }, { "id": "2795", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients who received the same anesthetic procedure were selected : 2 minutes after intravenous injections of the pretreatment drugs , anesthesia is induced with 0 . 3 mg . kg - 1 etomidate injected intravenously over a period of 20 - 30 seconds .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "2796", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myoclonic movements are evaluated , which were observed and graded according to clinical severity during the 2 minutes after etomidate injection .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "2797", "type": "chemical", "text": "The severity of pain due to etomidate injection , mean arterial pressure , heart rate , and adverse effects were also evaluated .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "2799", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that pretreatment with fentanyl or combination of fentanyl and midazolam was effective in preventing etomidate - induced myoclonus .", "entities": [ "fentanyl", "fentanyl", "midazolam", "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "2800", "type": "chemical", "text": "Convulsant effect of lindane and regional brain concentration of GABA and dopamine .", "entities": [ "lindane", "GABA", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "2801", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lindane ( gamma - hexachlorocyclohexane ) is an organochlorine insecticide with known neurotoxic effects .", "entities": [ "Lindane", "gamma - hexachlorocyclohexane" ] }, { "id": "2802", "type": "chemical", "text": "Its mechanism of action is not well understood although it has been proposed that lindane acts as a non - competitive antagonist at the gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) - A receptor .", "entities": [ "lindane", "gamma - aminobutyric acid", "GABA" ] }, { "id": "2803", "type": "chemical", "text": "We studied the effect of lindane ( 150 mg / kg ) on the GABAergic and dopaminergic systems by measuring the concentration of GABA , dopamine and its metabolites in 7 brain areas at the onset of seizures .", "entities": [ "lindane", "GABA", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "2804", "type": "chemical", "text": "All animals suffered tonic convulsions at 18 . 3 + / - 1 . 4 min after lindane administration .", "entities": [ "lindane" ] }, { "id": "2805", "type": "chemical", "text": "The concentration of GABA was only slightly but significantly decreased in the colliculi without modifications in the other areas .", "entities": [ "GABA" ] }, { "id": "2806", "type": "chemical", "text": "The concentration of dopamine was increased in the mesencephalon and that of its metabolite DOPAC was also increased in the mesencephalon and the striatum .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "DOPAC" ] }, { "id": "2807", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cholestatic presentation of yellow phosphorus poisoning .", "entities": [ "phosphorus" ] }, { "id": "2808", "type": "chemical", "text": "Yellow phosphorus , a component of certain pesticide pastes and fireworks , is well known to cause hepatotoxicity .", "entities": [ "phosphorus" ] }, { "id": "2809", "type": "chemical", "text": "Poisoning with yellow phosphorus classically manifests with acute hepatitis leading to acute liver failure which may need liver transplantation .", "entities": [ "phosphorus" ] }, { "id": "2810", "type": "chemical", "text": "We present a case of yellow phosphorus poisoning in which a patient presented with florid clinical features of cholestasis highlighting the fact that cholestasis can rarely be a presenting feature of yellow phosphorus hepatotoxicity .", "entities": [ "phosphorus", "phosphorus" ] }, { "id": "2811", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vasovagal syncope and severe bradycardia following intranasal dexmedetomidine for pediatric procedural sedation .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine" ] }, { "id": "2812", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report syncope and bradycardia in an 11 - year - old girl following administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation for a voiding cystourethrogram .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine" ] }, { "id": "2819", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paradoxical severe agitation induced by add - on high - doses quetiapine in schizo - affective disorder .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "2820", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report the case of a 35 - year - old patient suffering from schizo - affective disorder since the age of 19 years , treated by a combination of first - generation antipsychotics , zuclopenthixol ( 100 mg / day ) and lithium ( 1200 mg / day ) ( serum lithium = 0 . 85 mEq / l ) .", "entities": [ "zuclopenthixol", "lithium", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "2822", "type": "chemical", "text": "Within the 48 h following the gradual introduction of quetiapine ( up to 600 mg / day ) , the patient presented severe agitation without an environmental explanation , contrasting with the absence of a history of aggressiveness or personality disorder .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "2824", "type": "chemical", "text": "The withdrawal and the gradual reintroduction of quetiapine 2 weeks later , which led to another severe agitation , enabled us to attribute the agitation specifically to quetiapine .", "entities": [ "quetiapine", "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "2825", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antioxidant effects of bovine lactoferrin on dexamethasone - induced hypertension in rat .", "entities": [ "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2826", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dexamethasone - ( Dex - ) induced hypertension is associated with enhanced oxidative stress .", "entities": [ "Dexamethasone", "Dex" ] }, { "id": "2827", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lactoferrin ( LF ) is an iron - binding glycoprotein with antihypertensive properties .", "entities": [ "iron" ] }, { "id": "2828", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , we investigated the effect of chronic administration of LF on oxidative stress and hypertension upon Dex administration .", "entities": [ "Dex" ] }, { "id": "2829", "type": "chemical", "text": "Male Wistar rats were treated by Dex ( 30 u g / kg / day subcutaneously ) or saline for 14 days .", "entities": [ "Dex" ] }, { "id": "2831", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a prevention study , rats received 4 days of LF treatment followed by Dex and continued during the test period .", "entities": [ "Dex" ] }, { "id": "2834", "type": "chemical", "text": "Plasma hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) concentration and ferric reducing antioxidant power ( FRAP ) value were determined .", "entities": [ "hydrogen peroxide", "H2O2" ] }, { "id": "2835", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dexamethasone significantly increased SBP and plasma H2O2 level and decreased thymus and body weights .", "entities": [ "Dexamethasone", "H2O2" ] }, { "id": "2836", "type": "chemical", "text": "LF lowered ( P < 0 . 01 ) and dose dependently prevented ( P < 0 . 001 ) Dex - induced hypertension .", "entities": [ "Dex" ] }, { "id": "2837", "type": "chemical", "text": "LF prevented body weight loss and significantly reduced the elevated plasma H2O2 and increased FRAP values .", "entities": [ "H2O2" ] }, { "id": "2838", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic administration of LF strongly reduced the blood pressure and production of ROS and improved antioxidant capacity in Dex - induced hypertension , suggesting the role of inhibition of oxidative stress as another mechanism of antihypertensive action of LF .", "entities": [ "Dex" ] }, { "id": "2839", "type": "chemical", "text": "The association between tranexamic acid and convulsive seizures after cardiac surgery : a multivariate analysis in 11 529 patients .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2847", "type": "chemical", "text": "Independent predictors of postoperative seizures included age , female sex , redo cardiac surgery , calcification of ascending aorta , congestive heart failure , deep hypothermic circulatory arrest , duration of aortic cross - clamp and tranexamic acid .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2848", "type": "chemical", "text": "When tested in a multivariate regression analysis , tranexamic acid was a strong independent predictor of seizures ( OR 14 . 3 , 95 % CI 5 . 5 - 36 . 7 ; p < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2852", "type": "chemical", "text": "As tranexamic acid is the only modifiable factor , its administration , particularly in doses exceeding 80 mg . kg ( - 1 ) , should be weighed against the risk of postoperative seizures .", "entities": [ "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "2853", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dysfunctional overnight memory consolidation in ecstasy users .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2855", "type": "chemical", "text": "Previous studies indicate that ecstasy users have marked and persistent neurocognitive and sleep - related impairments .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2856", "type": "chemical", "text": "We extend past research by examining overnight memory consolidation among regular ecstasy users ( n = 12 ) and drug naive healthy controls ( n = 26 ) .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2859", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ecstasy users demonstrated impaired overnight memory consolidation , a finding that was more pronounced following associative interference .", "entities": [ "Ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2860", "type": "chemical", "text": "Additionally , ecstasy users demonstrated impairments on tasks recruiting frontostriatal and hippocampal neural circuitry , in the domains of proactive interference memory , long - term memory , encoding , working memory and complex planning .", "entities": [ "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2861", "type": "chemical", "text": "We suggest that ecstasy - associated dysfunction in fronto - temporal circuitry may underlie overnight consolidation memory impairments in regular ecstasy users .", "entities": [ "ecstasy", "ecstasy" ] }, { "id": "2862", "type": "chemical", "text": "Normoammonemic encephalopathy : solely valproate induced or multiple mechanisms ?", "entities": [ "valproate" ] }, { "id": "2864", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the preceding months , the patient had a number of admissions with transient unilateral hemiparesis with facial droop , and had been started on valproate for presumed hemiplegic migraine .", "entities": [ "valproate" ] }, { "id": "2865", "type": "chemical", "text": "Valproate was withdrawn soon after admission and her cognitive abilities have gradually improved over 3 months of follow - up .", "entities": [ "Valproate" ] }, { "id": "2866", "type": "chemical", "text": "Valproate levels taken prior to withdrawal were subtherapeutic and the patient was normoammonaemic .", "entities": [ "Valproate" ] }, { "id": "2867", "type": "chemical", "text": "EEG undertaken during inpatient stay showed changes consistent with encephalopathy , and low titre N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor antibodies were present in this patient .", "entities": [ "N - methyl - D - aspartate", "NMDA" ] }, { "id": "2868", "type": "chemical", "text": "The possible aetiologies of valproate - induced encephalopathy and NMDA receptor - associated encephalitis present a diagnostic dilemma .", "entities": [ "valproate", "NMDA" ] }, { "id": "2870", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cerebellar and oculomotor dysfunction induced by rapid infusion of pethidine .", "entities": [ "pethidine" ] }, { "id": "2871", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pethidine is an opioid that gains its popularity for the effective pain control through acting on the opioid - receptors .", "entities": [ "Pethidine" ] }, { "id": "2874", "type": "chemical", "text": "In patients with impaired renal and liver function , and those who need long - term pain control , pethidine may cause excitatory central nervous system ( CNS ) effects through its neurotoxic metabolite , norpethidine , resulting in irritability and seizure attack .", "entities": [ "pethidine", "norpethidine" ] }, { "id": "2875", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the contrary , though not clinically apparent , pethidine potentially causes inhibitory impacts on the CNS and impairs normal cerebellar and oculomotor function in the short term .", "entities": [ "pethidine" ] }, { "id": "2877", "type": "chemical", "text": "Baboon syndrome induced by ketoconazole .", "entities": [ "ketoconazole" ] }, { "id": "2878", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 27 - year - old male patient presented with a maculopapular eruption on the flexural areas and buttocks after using oral ketoconazole .", "entities": [ "ketoconazole" ] }, { "id": "2879", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient was diagnosed with drug - induced baboon syndrome based on his history , which included prior sensitivity to topical ketoconazole , a physical examination , and histopathological findings .", "entities": [ "ketoconazole" ] }, { "id": "2881", "type": "chemical", "text": "To the best of our knowledge , this is the first reported case of ketoconazole - induced baboon syndrome in the English literature .", "entities": [ "ketoconazole" ] }, { "id": "2882", "type": "chemical", "text": "A Case of Sudden Cardiac Death due to Pilsicainide - Induced Torsades de Pointes .", "entities": [ "Pilsicainide" ] }, { "id": "2883", "type": "chemical", "text": "An 84 - year - old male received oral pilsicainide , a pure sodium channel blocker with slow recovery kinetics , to convert his paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to a sinus rhythm ; the patient developed sudden cardiac death two days later .", "entities": [ "pilsicainide", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "2886", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although the patient ' s renal function was not highly impaired and the dose of pilsicainide was low , the plasma concentration of pilsicainide may have been high , which can produce torsades de pointes in the octogenarian .", "entities": [ "pilsicainide", "pilsicainide" ] }, { "id": "2887", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although the oral administration of class IC drugs , including pilsicainide , is effective to terminate atrial fibrillation , careful consideration must be taken before giving these drugs to octogenarians .", "entities": [ "pilsicainide" ] }, { "id": "2888", "type": "chemical", "text": "All - trans retinoic acid - induced inflammatory myositis in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia .", "entities": [ "All - trans retinoic acid" ] }, { "id": "2889", "type": "chemical", "text": "All - trans retinoic acid ( ATRA ) , a component of standard therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) , is associated with potentially serious but treatable adverse effects involving numerous organ systems , including rare skeletal muscle involvement .", "entities": [ "All - trans retinoic acid", "ATRA" ] }, { "id": "2890", "type": "chemical", "text": "Only a handful of cases of ATRA - induced myositis in children have been reported , and none in the radiology literature .", "entities": [ "ATRA" ] }, { "id": "2892", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tolerability of lomustine in combination with cyclophosphamide in dogs with lymphoma .", "entities": [ "lomustine", "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "2893", "type": "chemical", "text": "This retrospective study describes toxicity associated with a protocol of lomustine ( CCNU ) and cyclophosphamide ( CTX ) in dogs with lymphoma .", "entities": [ "lomustine", "CCNU", "cyclophosphamide", "CTX" ] }, { "id": "2894", "type": "chemical", "text": "CCNU was administered per os ( PO ) at a targeted dosage of 60 mg / m ( 2 ) body surface area on day 0 , CTX was administered PO at a targeted dosage of 250 mg / m ( 2 ) divided over days 0 through 4 , and all dogs received prophylactic antibiotics .", "entities": [ "CCNU", "CTX" ] }, { "id": "2896", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neutropenia was the principal toxic effect , and the overall frequency of grade 4 neutropenia after the first treatment of CCNU / CTX was 30 % ( 95 % confidence interval , 19 - 43 % ) .", "entities": [ "CCNU", "CTX" ] }, { "id": "2901", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the basis of the findings reported herein , a dose of 60 mg / m ( 2 ) of CCNU combined with 250 mg / m ( 2 ) of CTX ( divided over 5 days ) q 4 wk is tolerable in tumor - bearing dogs .", "entities": [ "CCNU", "CTX" ] }, { "id": "2902", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nelarabine neurotoxicity with concurrent intrathecal chemotherapy : Case report and review of literature .", "entities": [ "Nelarabine" ] }, { "id": "2903", "type": "chemical", "text": "Severe nelarabine neurotoxicity in a patient who received concurrent intrathecal ( IT ) chemotherapy is reported .", "entities": [ "nelarabine" ] }, { "id": "2907", "type": "chemical", "text": "She was re - induced with nelarabine 1500 mg / m ( 2 ) on days 1 , 3 , and 5 with 1 dose of IT cytarabine 100 mg on day 2 as central nervous system ( CNS ) prophylaxis .", "entities": [ "nelarabine", "cytarabine" ] }, { "id": "2910", "type": "chemical", "text": "She received a second cycle of nelarabine without additional IT prophylaxis one month later .", "entities": [ "nelarabine" ] }, { "id": "2914", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nelarabine was felt to be the cause of her symptoms .", "entities": [ "Nelarabine" ] }, { "id": "2917", "type": "chemical", "text": "To our knowledge , this is the first published case report of severe neurotoxicity caused by nelarabine in a patient who received concurrent IT chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "nelarabine" ] }, { "id": "2918", "type": "chemical", "text": "Valproate - induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy in a renal transplanted patient .", "entities": [ "Valproate" ] }, { "id": "2921", "type": "chemical", "text": "Valproate - induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an uncommon but serious effect of valproate treatment .", "entities": [ "Valproate", "valproate" ] }, { "id": "2922", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here , we describe the case of a 15 - year - old girl who was on a long - term therapy with valproate due to epilepsy and revealed impaired consciousness with hyperammonemia 12 days after renal transplantation .", "entities": [ "valproate" ] }, { "id": "2923", "type": "chemical", "text": "After withdraw of valproate , patients ' symptoms resolved within 24 h .", "entities": [ "valproate" ] }, { "id": "2924", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinicians should increase their awareness for potential complication of valproate , especially in transplanted patients .", "entities": [ "valproate" ] }, { "id": "2925", "type": "chemical", "text": "Necrotising fasciitis after bortezomib and dexamethasone - containing regimen in an elderly patient of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia .", "entities": [ "bortezomib", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2926", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bortezomib and high - dose dexamethasone - containing regimens are considered to be generally tolerable with few severe bacterial infections in patients with B - cell malignancies .", "entities": [ "Bortezomib", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2928", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of a 76 - year - old man with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia who suffered necrotising fasciitis without neutropenia after the combination treatment with bortezomib , high - dose dexamethasone and rituximab .", "entities": [ "bortezomib", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2930", "type": "chemical", "text": "Physicians should recognise the possibility of fatal bacterial infections related to bortezomib plus high - dose dexamethasone in elderly patients , and we believe this case warrants further investigation .", "entities": [ "bortezomib", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2931", "type": "chemical", "text": "An integrated characterization of serological , pathological , and functional events in doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "2933", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , we have utilized a rat model of progressive doxorubicin ( DOX ) - induced cardiomyopathy , applying multiple approaches , including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , to provide the most comprehensive characterization to date of the timecourse of serological , pathological , and functional events underlying this toxicity .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2934", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hannover Wistar rats were dosed with 1 . 25 mg / kg DOX weekly for 8 weeks followed by a 4 week off - dosing \" recovery \" period .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "2940", "type": "chemical", "text": "Troponin I levels positively correlated with delayed and peak gadolinium contrast enhancement , histopathological grading , and diastolic dysfunction .", "entities": [ "gadolinium" ] }, { "id": "2944", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intradermal glutamate and capsaicin injections : intra - and interindividual variability of provoked hyperalgesia and allodynia .", "entities": [ "glutamate", "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "2945", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intradermal injections of glutamate and capsaicin are attractive to use in human experimental pain models because hyperalgesia and allodynia mimic isolated aspects of clinical pain disorders .", "entities": [ "glutamate", "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "2947", "type": "chemical", "text": "Twenty healthy male volunteers ( mean age 24 years ; range 18 - 38 years ) received intradermal injections of glutamate and capsaicin in the volar forearm .", "entities": [ "glutamate", "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "2952", "type": "chemical", "text": "Secondary pinprick hyperalgesia was observed as a marked increase in the visual analogue scale ( VAS ) response to von Frey gauges 60 and 100 g ( P < 0 . 001 ) after glutamate injection .", "entities": [ "glutamate" ] }, { "id": "2953", "type": "chemical", "text": "For capsaicin , secondary pinprick hyperalgesia was detected with all von Frey gauges ( P < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "2954", "type": "chemical", "text": "Glutamate evoked reproducible VAS response to all von Frey gauges ( ICC > 0 . 60 ) and brush strokes ( ICC > 0 . 83 ) .", "entities": [ "Glutamate" ] }, { "id": "2955", "type": "chemical", "text": "Capsaicin injection was reproducible for secondary hyperalgesia ( ICC > 0 . 70 ) and allodynia ( ICC > 0 . 71 ) .", "entities": [ "Capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "2957", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , glutamate and capsaicin yield reproducible hyperalgesic and allodynic responses , and the present model is well suited for basic research , as well as for assessing the modulation of central phenomena .", "entities": [ "glutamate", "capsaicin" ] }, { "id": "2963", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment of WT mice with topical ocular 0 . 1 % dexamethasone led to elevation of intraocular pressure ( IOP ) , functional and structural loss of retinal ganglion cells , and axonal degeneration , resembling glucocorticoid - induced glaucoma in human patients .", "entities": [ "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2964", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , dexamethasone - induced ocular hypertension was associated with chronic ER stress of the trabecular meshwork ( TM ) .", "entities": [ "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2965", "type": "chemical", "text": "Similar to patients , withdrawal of dexamethasone treatment reduced elevated IOP and ER stress in this animal model .", "entities": [ "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2966", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dexamethasone induced the transcriptional factor CHOP , a marker for chronic ER stress , in the anterior segment tissues , and Chop deletion reduced ER stress in these tissues and prevented dexamethasone - induced ocular hypertension .", "entities": [ "Dexamethasone", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2967", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , reduction of ER stress in the TM with sodium 4 - phenylbutyrate prevented dexamethasone - induced ocular hypertension in WT mice .", "entities": [ "sodium 4 - phenylbutyrate", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "2969", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of ginsenosides on opioid - induced hyperalgesia in mice .", "entities": [ "ginsenosides" ] }, { "id": "2972", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , we investigated the effects of Re , Rg1 , and Rb1 ginsenosides , the bioactive components of ginseng , on OIH .", "entities": [ "Re , Rg1 , and Rb1 ginsenosides" ] }, { "id": "2973", "type": "chemical", "text": "OIH was achieved in mice after subcutaneous administration of morphine for 7 consecutive days three times per day .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "2974", "type": "chemical", "text": "During withdrawal ( days 8 and 9 ) , these mice were administered Re , Rg1 , or Rb1 intragastrically two times per day .", "entities": [ "Re", "Rg1", "Rb1" ] }, { "id": "2975", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the test day ( day 10 ) , mice were subjected to the thermal sensitivity test and the acetic acid - induced writhing test .", "entities": [ "acetic acid" ] }, { "id": "2976", "type": "chemical", "text": "Re ( 300 mg / kg ) inhibited OIH in both the thermal sensitivity test and the acetic acid - induced writhing test .", "entities": [ "Re", "acetic acid" ] }, { "id": "2977", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the Rg1 and Rb1 ginsenosides failed to prevent OIH in either test .", "entities": [ "Rg1 and Rb1 ginsenosides" ] }, { "id": "2978", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , Rg1 showed a tendency to aggravate OIH in the acetic acid - induced writhing test .", "entities": [ "Rg1", "acetic acid" ] }, { "id": "2979", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our data suggested that the ginsenoside Re , but not Rg1 or Rb1 , may contribute toward reversal of OIH .", "entities": [ "ginsenoside Re", "Rg1", "Rb1" ] }, { "id": "2980", "type": "chemical", "text": "A comparison of severe hemodynamic disturbances between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in neurocritical care patients .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2981", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : Dexmedetomidine and propofol are commonly used sedatives in neurocritical care as they allow for frequent neurologic examinations .", "entities": [ "Dexmedetomidine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2983", "type": "chemical", "text": "The primary objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of severe hemodynamic effects in neurocritical care patients receiving dexmedetomidine and propofol .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2987", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTERVENTIONS : Continuous sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2988", "type": "chemical", "text": "MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : A total of 342 patients ( 105 dexmedetomidine and 237 propofol ) were included in the analysis , with 190 matched ( 95 in each group ) by propensity score .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2992", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Severe hypotension and bradycardia occur at similar prevalence in neurocritical care patients who receive dexmedetomidine or propofol .", "entities": [ "dexmedetomidine", "propofol" ] }, { "id": "2994", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hydroxytyrosol ameliorates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity in rats with breast cancer .", "entities": [ "Hydroxytyrosol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "2995", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oxidative stress is involved in several processes including cancer , aging and cardiovascular disease , and has been shown to potentiate the therapeutic effect of drugs such as doxorubicin .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "2996", "type": "chemical", "text": "Doxorubicin causes significant cardiotoxicity characterized by marked increases in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction .", "entities": [ "Doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "2997", "type": "chemical", "text": "Herein , we investigate whether doxorubicin - associated chronic cardiac toxicity can be ameliorated with the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol in rats with breast cancer .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "hydroxytyrosol" ] }, { "id": "2998", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thirty - six rats bearing breast tumors induced chemically were divided into 4 groups : control , hydroxytyrosol ( 0 . 5mg / kg , 5days / week ) , doxorubicin ( 1mg / kg / week ) , and doxorubicin plus hydroxytyrosol .", "entities": [ "hydroxytyrosol", "doxorubicin", "doxorubicin", "hydroxytyrosol" ] }, { "id": "3000", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hydroxytyrosol improved the cardiac disturbances enhanced by doxorubicin by significantly reducing the percentage of altered mitochondria and oxidative damage .", "entities": [ "Hydroxytyrosol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "3001", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest that hydroxytyrosol improve the mitochondrial electron transport chain .", "entities": [ "hydroxytyrosol" ] }, { "id": "3002", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study demonstrates that hydroxytyrosol protect rat heart damage provoked by doxorubicin decreasing oxidative damage and mitochondrial alterations .", "entities": [ "hydroxytyrosol", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "3003", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amiodarone - induced myxoedema coma .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "3004", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 62 - year - old man was found to have bradycardia , hypothermia and respiratory failure 3 weeks after initiation of amiodarone therapy for atrial fibrillation .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "3005", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thyroid - stimulating hormone was found to be 168 uIU / mL ( nl . 0 . 3 - 5 uIU / mL ) and free thyroxine ( FT4 ) was < 0 . 2 ng / dL ( nl . 0 . 8 - 1 . 8 ng / dL ) .", "entities": [ "thyroxine" ] }, { "id": "3006", "type": "chemical", "text": "He received intravenous fluids , vasopressor therapy and stress dose steroids ; he was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit .", "entities": [ "steroids" ] }, { "id": "3007", "type": "chemical", "text": "He received 500 ug of intravenous levothyroxine in the first 18 h of therapy , and 150 ug intravenous daily thereafter .", "entities": [ "levothyroxine" ] }, { "id": "3010", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient was maintained on levothyroxine 175 ( g POorally daily .", "entities": [ "levothyroxine" ] }, { "id": "3012", "type": "chemical", "text": "The 24 hour excretion of iodine was 3657 ( mcg ( 25 - 756 ( mcg ) .", "entities": [ "iodine" ] }, { "id": "3013", "type": "chemical", "text": "The only two cases of amiodarone - induced myxoedema coma in the literature report patient death despite supportive therapy and thyroid hormone replacement .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "3014", "type": "chemical", "text": "This case represents the most thoroughly investigated case of amiodarone - induced myxoedema coma with a history significant for subclinical thyroid disease .", "entities": [ "amiodarone" ] }, { "id": "3015", "type": "chemical", "text": "Use of argatroban and catheter - directed thrombolysis with alteplase in an oncology patient with heparin - induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis .", "entities": [ "argatroban", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "3016", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : The case of an oncology patient who developed heparin - induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis ( HITT ) and was treated with argatroban plus catheter - directed thrombolysis ( CDT ) with alteplase is presented .", "entities": [ "heparin", "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "3017", "type": "chemical", "text": "SUMMARY : A 63 - year - old Caucasian man with renal amyloidosis undergoing peripheral blood stem cell collection for an autologous stem cell transplant developed extensive bilateral upper - extremity deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) and pulmonary embolism secondary to heparin - induced thrombocytopenia .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "3018", "type": "chemical", "text": "A continuous i . v . infusion of argatroban was initiated , and the patient was managed on the general medical floor .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "3021", "type": "chemical", "text": "The epistaxis resolved the next day , and the patient was restarted on argatroban .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "3023", "type": "chemical", "text": "Postthrombectomy continuous CDT with alteplase was commenced while argatroban was withheld , and complete patency of the SVC and central veins was achieved after three days of therapy .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "3024", "type": "chemical", "text": "Alteplase was discontinued , and the patient was reinitiated on argatroban ; ultimately , he was transitioned to warfarin for long - term anticoagulation .", "entities": [ "argatroban", "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "3026", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : A 63 - year - old man with renal amyloidosis and SVC syndrome secondary to HITT was successfully treated with argatroban and CDT with alteplase .", "entities": [ "argatroban" ] }, { "id": "3027", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone in amphetamine - induced schizophrenia models in mice .", "entities": [ "dehydroepiandrosterone", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "3028", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To examine the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) on animal models of schizophrenia .", "entities": [ "dehydroepiandrosterone", "DHEA" ] }, { "id": "3029", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Seventy Swiss albino female mice ( 25 - 35 g ) were divided into 4 groups : amphetamine - free ( control ) , amphetamine , 50 , and 100 mg / kg DHEA .", "entities": [ "amphetamine", "amphetamine", "DHEA" ] }, { "id": "3030", "type": "chemical", "text": "The DHEA was administered intraperitoneally ( ip ) for 5 days .", "entities": [ "DHEA" ] }, { "id": "3031", "type": "chemical", "text": "Amphetamine ( 3 mg / kg ip ) induced hyper locomotion , apomorphine ( 1 . 5 mg / kg subcutaneously [ sc ] ) induced climbing , and haloperidol ( 1 . 5 mg / kg sc ) induced catalepsy tests were used as animal models of schizophrenia .", "entities": [ "Amphetamine", "apomorphine", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3034", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : In the amphetamine - induced locomotion test , there were significant increases in all movements compared with the amphetamine - free group .", "entities": [ "amphetamine", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "3035", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both DHEA 50 mg / kg ( p < 0 . 05 ) , and 100 mg / kg ( p < 0 . 01 ) significantly decreased all movements compared with the amphetamine - induced locomotion group .", "entities": [ "DHEA", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "3036", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was a significant difference between groups in the haloperidol - induced catalepsy test ( p < 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3037", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was no significant difference between groups in terms of total climbing time in the apomorphine - induced climbing test ( p > 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "3038", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : We observed that DHEA reduced locomotor activity and increased catalepsy at both doses , while it had no effect on climbing behavior .", "entities": [ "DHEA" ] }, { "id": "3039", "type": "chemical", "text": "We suggest that DHEA displays typical neuroleptic - like effects , and may be used in the treatment of schizophrenia .", "entities": [ "DHEA" ] }, { "id": "3041", "type": "chemical", "text": "Field potential duration ( FPD ) in human - induced pluripotent stem cell - derived cardiomyocytes ( hiPS - CMs ) , which can express QT interval in an electrocardiogram , is reported to be a useful tool to predict K ( + ) channel and Ca ( 2 + ) channel blocker effects on QT interval .", "entities": [ "K", "Ca" ] }, { "id": "3045", "type": "chemical", "text": "IKr and IKs blockers concentration - dependently prolonged corrected FPD ( FPDc ) , whereas Ca ( 2 + ) channel blockers concentration - dependently shortened FPDc .", "entities": [ "Ca" ] }, { "id": "3046", "type": "chemical", "text": "Also , the multichannel blockers Amiodarone , Paroxetine , Terfenadine and Citalopram prolonged FPDc in a concentration dependent manner .", "entities": [ "Amiodarone", "Paroxetine", "Terfenadine", "Citalopram" ] }, { "id": "3047", "type": "chemical", "text": "Finally , the IKr blockers , Terfenadine and Citalopram , which are reported to cause Torsade de Pointes ( TdP ) in clinical practice , produced early afterdepolarization ( EAD ) .", "entities": [ "Terfenadine", "Citalopram" ] }, { "id": "3051", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : S - 53482 and S - 23121 are N - phenylimide herbicides and produced embryolethality , teratogenicity ( mainly ventricular septal defects and wavy ribs ) , and growth retardation in rats in conventional oral developmental toxicity studies .", "entities": [ "S - 53482", "S - 23121" ] }, { "id": "3053", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : S - 53482 was administered dermally to rats at 30 , 100 , and 300 mg / kg during organogenesis , and S - 23121 was administered at 200 , 400 , and 800 mg / kg ( the maximum applicable dose level ) .", "entities": [ "S - 53482", "S - 23121" ] }, { "id": "3055", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Dermal exposure of rats to S - 53482 at 300 mg / kg produced patterns of developmental toxicity similar to those resulting from oral exposure .", "entities": [ "S - 53482" ] }, { "id": "3057", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dermal administration of S - 23121 at 800 mg / kg resulted in an increased incidence of embryonic death and ventricular septal defect , but retarded fetal growth was not observed as it was following oral exposure to S - 23121 .", "entities": [ "S - 23121", "S - 23121" ] }, { "id": "3058", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Based on the results , S - 53482 and S - 23121 were teratogenic when administered dermally to pregnant rats as were the compounds administered orally .", "entities": [ "S - 53482", "S - 23121" ] }, { "id": "3060", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rates of Renal Toxicity in Cancer Patients Receiving Cisplatin With and Without Mannitol .", "entities": [ "Cisplatin", "Mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3061", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic .", "entities": [ "Cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3062", "type": "chemical", "text": "One of the major complications of cisplatin use is dose - limiting nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3063", "type": "chemical", "text": "There are many strategies to prevent this toxicity , including the use of mannitol as a nephroprotectant in combination with hydration .", "entities": [ "mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3064", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : We aimed to evaluate the rates of cisplatin - induced nephrotoxicity in cancer patients receiving single - agent cisplatin with and without mannitol .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "cisplatin", "mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3065", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : This single - center retrospective analysis was a quasi experiment created by the national mannitol shortage .", "entities": [ "mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3066", "type": "chemical", "text": "Data were collected on adult cancer patients receiving single - agent cisplatin as an outpatient from January 2011 to September 2012 .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3068", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : We evaluated 143 patients who received single - agent cisplatin ; 97 . 2 % of patients had head and neck cancer as their primary malignancy .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3069", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients who did not receive mannitol were more likely to develop nephrotoxicity : odds ratio [ OR ] = 2 . 646 ( 95 % CI = 1 . 008 , 6 . 944 ; P = 0 . 048 ) .", "entities": [ "mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3071", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : When limited quantities of mannitol are available , it should preferentially be given to patients at particularly high risk of nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3072", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our analysis suggests that those patients receiving the dosing schedule of 100 mg / m ( 2 ) cisplatin every 3 weeks and those with hypertension are at the greatest risk of nephrotoxicity and would benefit from the addition of mannitol .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "mannitol" ] }, { "id": "3073", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metformin protects against seizures , learning and memory impairments and oxidative damage induced by pentylenetetrazole - induced kindling in mice .", "entities": [ "Metformin", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "3078", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metformin , the most commonly prescribed antidiabetic oral drug , has antioxidant properties .", "entities": [ "Metformin" ] }, { "id": "3079", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of metformin on seizures , cognitive impairment and brain oxidative stress markers observed in pentylenetetrazole - induced kindling animals .", "entities": [ "metformin", "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "3080", "type": "chemical", "text": "Male C57BL / 6 mice were administered with subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole ( 37 mg / kg , i . p . ) every other day for 14 injections .", "entities": [ "pentylenetetrazole" ] }, { "id": "3081", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metformin was injected intraperitoneally in dose of 200mg / kg along with alternate - day PTZ .", "entities": [ "Metformin", "PTZ" ] }, { "id": "3082", "type": "chemical", "text": "We found that metformin suppressed the progression of kindling , ameliorated the cognitive impairment and decreased brain oxidative stress .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3083", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus the present study concluded that metformin may be a potential agent for the treatment of epilepsy as well as a protective medicine against cognitive impairment induced by seizures .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3084", "type": "chemical", "text": "P53 inhibition exacerbates late - stage anthracycline cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "anthracycline" ] }, { "id": "3085", "type": "chemical", "text": "AIMS : Doxorubicin ( DOX ) is an effective anti - cancer therapeutic , but is associated with both acute and late - stage cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "Doxorubicin", "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3086", "type": "chemical", "text": "Children are particularly sensitive to DOX - induced heart failure .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3087", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here , the impact of p53 inhibition on acute vs . late - stage DOX cardiotoxicity was examined in a juvenile model .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3088", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS AND RESULTS : Two - week - old MHC - CB7 mice ( which express dominant - interfering p53 in cardiomyocytes ) and their non - transgenic ( NON - TXG ) littermates received weekly DOX injections for 5 weeks ( 25 mg / kg cumulative dose ) .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3089", "type": "chemical", "text": "One week after the last DOX treatment ( acute stage ) , MHC - CB7 mice exhibited improved cardiac function and lower levels of cardiomyocyte apoptosis when compared with the NON - TXG mice .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3090", "type": "chemical", "text": "Surprisingly , by 13 weeks following the last DOX treatment ( late stage ) , MHC - CB7 exhibited a progressive decrease in cardiac function and higher rates of cardiomyocyte apoptosis when compared with NON - TXG mice .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3091", "type": "chemical", "text": "p53 inhibition blocked transient DOX - induced STAT3 activation in MHC - CB7 mice , which was associated with enhanced induction of the DNA repair proteins Ku70 and Ku80 .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3092", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mice with cardiomyocyte - restricted deletion of STAT3 exhibited worse cardiac function , higher levels of cardiomyocyte apoptosis , and a greater induction of Ku70 and Ku80 in response to DOX treatment during the acute stage when compared with control animals .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3093", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : These data support a model wherein a p53 - dependent cardioprotective pathway , mediated via STAT3 activation , mitigates DOX - induced myocardial stress during drug delivery .", "entities": [ "DOX" ] }, { "id": "3095", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metronidazole - induced encephalopathy : an uncommon scenario .", "entities": [ "Metronidazole" ] }, { "id": "3096", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metronidazole can produce neurological complications although it is not a common scenario .", "entities": [ "Metronidazole" ] }, { "id": "3097", "type": "chemical", "text": "We present a case where a patient developed features of encephalopathy following prolonged metronidazole intake .", "entities": [ "metronidazole" ] }, { "id": "3099", "type": "chemical", "text": "The diagnosis of metronidazole toxicity was made by the MRI findings and supported clinically .", "entities": [ "metronidazole" ] }, { "id": "3100", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aconitine - induced Ca2 + overload causes arrhythmia and triggers apoptosis through p38 MAPK signaling pathway in rats .", "entities": [ "Aconitine", "Ca2" ] }, { "id": "3101", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aconitine is a major bioactive diterpenoid alkaloid with high content derived from herbal aconitum plants .", "entities": [ "Aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3102", "type": "chemical", "text": "Emerging evidence indicates that voltage - dependent Na ( + ) channels have pivotal roles in the cardiotoxicity of aconitine .", "entities": [ "Na", "aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3103", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , no reports are available on the role of Ca ( 2 + ) in aconitine poisoning .", "entities": [ "Ca", "aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3104", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , we explored the importance of pathological Ca ( 2 + ) signaling in aconitine poisoning in vitro and in vivo .", "entities": [ "Ca", "aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3105", "type": "chemical", "text": "We found that Ca ( 2 + ) overload lead to accelerated beating rhythm in adult rat ventricular myocytes and caused arrhythmia in conscious freely moving rats .", "entities": [ "Ca" ] }, { "id": "3106", "type": "chemical", "text": "To investigate effects of aconitine on myocardial injury , we performed cytotoxicity assay in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes ( NRVMs ) , as well as measured lactate dehydrogenase level in the culture medium of NRVMs and activities of serum cardiac enzymes in rats .", "entities": [ "aconitine", "lactate" ] }, { "id": "3107", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results showed that aconitine resulted in myocardial injury and reduced NRVMs viability dose - dependently .", "entities": [ "aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3108", "type": "chemical", "text": "To confirm the pro - apoptotic effects , we performed flow cytometric detection , cardiac histology , transmission electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase - mediated dUTP - biotin nick end labeling assay .", "entities": [ "dUTP", "biotin" ] }, { "id": "3109", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results showed that aconitine stimulated apoptosis time - dependently .", "entities": [ "aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3110", "type": "chemical", "text": "The expression analysis of Ca ( 2 + ) handling proteins demonstrated that aconitine promoted Ca ( 2 + ) overload through the expression regulation of Ca ( 2 + ) handling proteins .", "entities": [ "Ca", "aconitine", "Ca", "Ca" ] }, { "id": "3113", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hence , our results suggest that aconitine significantly aggravates Ca ( 2 + ) overload and causes arrhythmia and finally promotes apoptotic development via phosphorylation of P38 mitogen - activated protein kinase .", "entities": [ "aconitine", "Ca" ] }, { "id": "3114", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic treatment with metformin suppresses toll - like receptor 4 signaling and attenuates left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3115", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute treatment with metformin has a protective effect in myocardial infarction by suppression of inflammatory responses due to activation of AMP - activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) .", "entities": [ "metformin", "AMP" ] }, { "id": "3116", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the present study , the effect of chronic pre - treatment with metformin on cardiac dysfunction and toll - like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) activities following myocardial infarction and their relation with AMPK were assessed .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3117", "type": "chemical", "text": "Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of 5 groups ( n = 6 ) : normal control and groups were injected isoproterenol after chronic pre - treatment with 0 , 25 , 50 , or 100mg / kg of metformin twice daily for 14 days .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3118", "type": "chemical", "text": "Isoproterenol ( 100mg / kg ) was injected subcutaneously on the 13th and 14th days to induce acute myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "Isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3119", "type": "chemical", "text": "Isoproterenol alone decreased left ventricular systolic pressure and myocardial contractility indexed as LVdp / dtmax and LVdp / dtmin .", "entities": [ "Isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3120", "type": "chemical", "text": "The left ventricular dysfunction was significantly lower in the groups treated with 25 and 50mg / kg of metformin .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3121", "type": "chemical", "text": "Metfromin markedly lowered isoproterenol - induced elevation in the levels of TLR4 mRNA , myeloid differentiation protein 88 ( MyD88 ) , tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( TNF - a ) , and interleukin 6 ( IL - 6 ) in the heart tissues .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3124", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phosphorylated AMPKa ( p - AMPK ) in the myocardium was significantly elevated by 25mg / kg of metformin , slightly by 50mg / kg , but not by 100mg / kg .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3125", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic pre - treatment with metformin reduces post - myocardial infarction cardiac dysfunction and suppresses inflammatory responses , possibly through inhibition of TLR4 activities .", "entities": [ "metformin" ] }, { "id": "3128", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two cases of propylthiouracil - associated acute hepatitis , one case of fatal methimazole - associated hepatocellular necrosis and one case of propylthiouracil - associated lupus - like syndrome are described .", "entities": [ "propylthiouracil", "methimazole", "propylthiouracil" ] }, { "id": "3131", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by combination therapy with tetrabenazine and tiapride in a Japanese patient with Huntington ' s disease at the terminal stage of recurrent breast cancer .", "entities": [ "tetrabenazine", "tiapride" ] }, { "id": "3132", "type": "chemical", "text": "We herein describe the case of an 81 - year - old Japanese woman with neuroleptic malignant syndrome that occurred 36 days after the initiation of combination therapy with tiapride ( 75 mg / day ) and tetrabenazine ( 12 . 5 mg / day ) for Huntington ' s disease .", "entities": [ "tiapride", "tetrabenazine" ] }, { "id": "3133", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient had been treated with tiapride or tetrabenazine alone without any adverse effects before the administration of the combination therapy .", "entities": [ "tiapride", "tetrabenazine" ] }, { "id": "3135", "type": "chemical", "text": "To the best of our knowledge , the occurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome due to combination therapy with tetrabenazine and tiapride has not been previously reported .", "entities": [ "tetrabenazine", "tiapride" ] }, { "id": "3136", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tetrabenazine should be administered very carefully in combination with other neuroleptic drugs , particularly in patients with a worsening general condition .", "entities": [ "Tetrabenazine", "neuroleptic drugs" ] }, { "id": "3137", "type": "chemical", "text": "A metoprolol - terbinafine combination induced bradycardia .", "entities": [ "metoprolol", "terbinafine" ] }, { "id": "3138", "type": "chemical", "text": "To report a sinus bradycardia induced by metoprolol and terbinafine drug - drug interaction and its management .", "entities": [ "metoprolol", "terbinafine" ] }, { "id": "3139", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 63 year - old Caucasian man on metoprolol 200 mg / day for stable coronary artery disease was prescribed a 90 - day course of oral terbinafine 250 mg / day for onychomycosis .", "entities": [ "metoprolol", "terbinafine" ] }, { "id": "3140", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the 49th day of terbinafine therapy , he was brought to the emergency room for a decrease of his global health status , confusion and falls .", "entities": [ "terbinafine" ] }, { "id": "3142", "type": "chemical", "text": "A score of 7 on the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicates a probable relationship between the patient ' s sinus bradycardia and the drug interaction between metoprolol and terbinafine .", "entities": [ "metoprolol", "terbinafine" ] }, { "id": "3143", "type": "chemical", "text": "The heart rate ameliorated first with a decrease in the dose of metoprolol .", "entities": [ "metoprolol" ] }, { "id": "3144", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was subsequently changed to bisoprolol and the heart rate remained normal .", "entities": [ "bisoprolol" ] }, { "id": "3145", "type": "chemical", "text": "By inhibiting the cytochrome P450 2D6 , terbinafine had decreased metoprolol ' s clearance , leading in metoprolol accumulation which has resulted in clinically significant sinus bradycardia .", "entities": [ "terbinafine", "metoprolol", "metoprolol" ] }, { "id": "3146", "type": "chemical", "text": "Optochiasmatic and peripheral neuropathy due to ethambutol overtreatment .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "3147", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ethambutol is known to cause optic neuropathy and , more rarely , axonal polyneuropathy .", "entities": [ "Ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "3148", "type": "chemical", "text": "We characterize the clinical , neurophysiological , and neuroimaging findings in a 72 - year - old man who developed visual loss and paresthesias after 11 weeks of exposure to a supratherapeutic dose of ethambutol .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "3149", "type": "chemical", "text": "This case demonstrates the selective vulnerability of the anterior visual pathways and peripheral nerves to ethambutol toxicity .", "entities": [ "ethambutol" ] }, { "id": "3150", "type": "chemical", "text": "Testosterone ameliorates streptozotocin - induced memory impairment in male rats .", "entities": [ "Testosterone", "streptozotocin" ] }, { "id": "3151", "type": "chemical", "text": "AIM : To study the effects of testosterone on streptozotocin ( STZ ) - induced memory impairment in male rats .", "entities": [ "testosterone", "streptozotocin", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3152", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Adult male Wistar rats were intracerebroventricularly ( icv ) infused with STZ ( 750 ug ) on d 1 and d 3 , and a passive avoidance task was assessed 2 weeks after the first injection of STZ .", "entities": [ "STZ", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3154", "type": "chemical", "text": "Testosterone ( 1 mg . kg ( - 1 ) . d ( - 1 ) , sc ) , the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide ( 10 mg . kg ( - 1 ) . d ( - 1 ) , ip ) , the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen ( 1 mg . kg ( - 1 ) . d ( - 1 ) , ip ) or the aromatase inhibitor letrozole ( 4 mg . kg ( - 1 ) . d ( - 1 ) , ip ) were administered for 6 d after the first injection of STZ .", "entities": [ "Testosterone", "androgen", "flutamide", "estrogen", "tamoxifen", "letrozole", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3155", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : STZ administration and castration markedly decreased both STL1 ( the short memory ) and STL2 ( the long memory ) in passive avoidance tests .", "entities": [ "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3156", "type": "chemical", "text": "Testosterone replacement almost restored the STL1 and STL2 in castrated rats , and significantly prolonged the STL1 and STL2 in STZ - treated rats .", "entities": [ "Testosterone", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3157", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of flutamide , letrozole or tamoxifen significantly impaired the memory in intact rats , and significantly attenuated the testosterone replacement in improving STZ - and castration - induced memory impairment .", "entities": [ "flutamide", "letrozole", "tamoxifen", "testosterone", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3158", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Testosterone administration ameliorates STZ - and castration - induced memory impairment in male Wistar rats .", "entities": [ "Testosterone", "STZ" ] }, { "id": "3159", "type": "chemical", "text": "Behavioral and neurochemical studies in mice pretreated with garcinielliptone FC in pilocarpine - induced seizures .", "entities": [ "garcinielliptone FC", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3160", "type": "chemical", "text": "Garcinielliptone FC ( GFC ) isolated from hexanic fraction seed extract of species Platonia insignis Mart .", "entities": [ "Garcinielliptone FC", "GFC" ] }, { "id": "3162", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , there is no research on GFC effects in the central nervous system of rodents .", "entities": [ "GFC" ] }, { "id": "3163", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study aimed to evaluate the GFC effects at doses of 25 , 50 or 75 mg / kg on seizure parameters to determine their anticonvulsant activity and its effects on amino acid ( r - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , glutamine , aspartate and glutathione ) levels as well as on acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) activity in mice hippocampus after seizures .", "entities": [ "GFC", "amino acid", "r - aminobutyric acid", "GABA", "glutamine", "aspartate", "glutathione" ] }, { "id": "3164", "type": "chemical", "text": "GFC produced an increased latency to first seizure , at doses 25mg / kg ( 20 . 12 + 2 . 20 min ) , 50mg / kg ( 20 . 95 + 2 . 21 min ) or 75 mg / kg ( 23 . 43 + 1 . 99 min ) when compared with seized mice .", "entities": [ "GFC" ] }, { "id": "3165", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , GABA content of mice hippocampus treated with GFC75 plus P400 showed an increase of 46 . 90 % when compared with seized mice .", "entities": [ "GABA" ] }, { "id": "3166", "type": "chemical", "text": "In aspartate , glutamine and glutamate levels detected a decrease of 5 . 21 % , 13 . 55 % and 21 . 80 % , respectively in mice hippocampus treated with GFC75 plus P400 when compared with seized mice .", "entities": [ "aspartate", "glutamine", "glutamate" ] }, { "id": "3168", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results indicate that GFC can exert anticonvulsant activity and reduce the frequency of installation of pilocarpine - induced status epilepticus , as demonstrated by increase in latency to first seizure and decrease in mortality rate of animals .", "entities": [ "GFC", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3169", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , our data suggest that GFC may influence in epileptogenesis and promote anticonvulsant actions in pilocarpine model by modulating the GABA and glutamate contents and of AChE activity in seized mice hippocampus .", "entities": [ "GFC", "pilocarpine", "GABA", "glutamate" ] }, { "id": "3177", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 675 patients were included ; 163 of these had therapy with vancomycin , gentamicin , or tobramycin ; were > 18 years ; and treated in the ICU for > 24 hours .", "entities": [ "vancomycin", "gentamicin", "tobramycin" ] }, { "id": "3189", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rhabdomyolysis in a hepatitis C virus infected patient treated with telaprevir and simvastatin .", "entities": [ "telaprevir", "simvastatin" ] }, { "id": "3190", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 46 - year old man with a chronic hepatitis C virus infection received triple therapy with ribavirin , pegylated interferon and telaprevir .", "entities": [ "ribavirin", "pegylated interferon", "telaprevir" ] }, { "id": "3191", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient also received simvastatin .", "entities": [ "simvastatin" ] }, { "id": "3193", "type": "chemical", "text": "At admission simvastatin and all antiviral drugs were discontinued because toxicity due to a drug - drug interaction was suspected .", "entities": [ "simvastatin" ] }, { "id": "3194", "type": "chemical", "text": "The creatine kinase peaked at 62 , 246 IU / L and the patient was treated with intravenous normal saline .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "3196", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fourteen days after hospitalization , creatine kinase level had returned to 230 IU / L and the patient was discharged .", "entities": [ "creatine" ] }, { "id": "3197", "type": "chemical", "text": "Telaprevir was considered the probable causative agent of an interaction with simvastatin according to the Drug Interaction Probability Scale .", "entities": [ "Telaprevir", "simvastatin" ] }, { "id": "3198", "type": "chemical", "text": "The interaction is due to inhibition of CYP3A4 - mediated simvastatin clearance .", "entities": [ "simvastatin" ] }, { "id": "3199", "type": "chemical", "text": "Simvastatin plasma concentration increased 30 times in this patient and statin induced muscle toxicity is related to the concentration of the statin in blood .", "entities": [ "Simvastatin", "statin", "statin" ] }, { "id": "3200", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , with this case we illustrate that telaprevir as well as statins are susceptible to clinical relevant drug - drug interactions .", "entities": [ "telaprevir", "statins" ] }, { "id": "3201", "type": "chemical", "text": "Combination of bortezomib , thalidomide , and dexamethasone ( VTD ) as a consolidation therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation for symptomatic multiple myeloma in Japanese patients .", "entities": [ "bortezomib", "thalidomide", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "3203", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this study , we retrospectively analyzed the safety and efficacy of combination regimen of bortezomib , thalidomide , and dexamethasone ( VTD ) as consolidation therapy in 24 Japanese patients with newly diagnosed MM .", "entities": [ "bortezomib", "thalidomide", "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "3204", "type": "chemical", "text": "VTD consisted of bortezomib at a dose of 1 . 3 mg / m ( 2 ) and dexamethasone at a dose of 40 mg / day on days 1 , 8 , 15 , and 22 of a 35 - day cycle , with daily oral thalidomide at a dose of 100 mg / day .", "entities": [ "bortezomib", "dexamethasone", "thalidomide" ] }, { "id": "3210", "type": "chemical", "text": "Conversion to sirolimus ameliorates cyclosporine - induced nephropathy in the rat : focus on serum , urine , gene , and protein renal expression biomarkers .", "entities": [ "sirolimus", "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "3211", "type": "chemical", "text": "Protocols of conversion from cyclosporin A ( CsA ) to sirolimus ( SRL ) have been widely used in immunotherapy after transplantation to prevent CsA - induced nephropathy , but the molecular mechanisms underlying these protocols remain nuclear .", "entities": [ "cyclosporin A", "CsA", "sirolimus", "SRL", "CsA" ] }, { "id": "3212", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study aimed to identify the molecular pathways and putative biomarkers of CsA - to - SRL conversion in a rat model .", "entities": [ "CsA", "SRL" ] }, { "id": "3213", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four animal groups ( n = 6 ) were tested during 9 weeks : control , CsA , SRL , and conversion ( CsA for 3 weeks followed by SRL for 6 weeks ) .", "entities": [ "CsA", "SRL", "CsA", "SRL" ] }, { "id": "3215", "type": "chemical", "text": "Renal lesions were analyzed in hematoxylin and eosin , periodic acid - Schiff , and Masson ' s trichrome stains .", "entities": [ "hematoxylin", "eosin" ] }, { "id": "3216", "type": "chemical", "text": "SRL - treated rats presented proteinuria and NGAL ( serum and urinary ) as the best markers of renal impairment .", "entities": [ "SRL" ] }, { "id": "3217", "type": "chemical", "text": "Short CsA treatment presented slight or even absent kidney lesions and TGF - b , NF - kb , mTOR , PCNA , TP53 , KIM - 1 , and CTGF as relevant gene and protein changes .", "entities": [ "CsA" ] }, { "id": "3218", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prolonged CsA exposure aggravated renal damage , without clear changes on the traditional markers , but with changes in serums TGF - b and IL - 7 , TBARs clearance , and kidney TGF - b and mTOR .", "entities": [ "CsA" ] }, { "id": "3219", "type": "chemical", "text": "Conversion to SRL prevented CsA - induced renal damage evolution ( absent / mild grade lesions ) , while NGAL ( serum versus urine ) seems to be a feasible biomarker of CsA replacement to SRL .", "entities": [ "SRL", "CsA", "CsA", "SRL" ] }, { "id": "3220", "type": "chemical", "text": "Kinin B2 receptor deletion and blockage ameliorates cisplatin - induced acute renal injury .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3221", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cisplatin treatment has been adopted in some chemotherapies ; however , this drug can induce acute kidney injury due its ability to negatively affect renal function , augment serum levels of creatinine and urea , increase the acute tubular necrosis score and up - regulate cytokines ( e . g . , IL - 1b and TNF - a ) .", "entities": [ "Cisplatin", "creatinine", "urea" ] }, { "id": "3223", "type": "chemical", "text": "To examine the role of the kinin B2 receptor in cisplatin - induced acute kidney injury , kinin B2 receptor knockout mice were challenged with cisplatin .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3224", "type": "chemical", "text": "Additionally , WT mice were treated with a B2 receptor antagonist after cisplatin administration .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3226", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , treatment with the kinin B2 receptor antagonist effectively reduced the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea after cisplatin administration .", "entities": [ "creatinine", "urea", "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3227", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , our data suggest that the kinin B2 receptor is involved in cisplatin - induced acute kidney injury by mediating the necrotic process and the expression of inflammatory cytokines , thus resulting in declined renal function .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3228", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results highlight the kinin B2 receptor antagonist treatment in amelioration of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin therapy .", "entities": [ "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "3229", "type": "chemical", "text": "Safety and efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant ( 0 . 59 mg ) in birdshot retinochoroidopathy .", "entities": [ "fluocinolone acetonide" ] }, { "id": "3230", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To report the treatment outcomes of the fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant ( 0 . 59 mg ) in patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy whose disease is refractory or intolerant to conventional immunomodulatory therapy .", "entities": [ "fluocinolone acetonide" ] }, { "id": "3232", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eleven patients ( 11 eyes ) underwent surgery for fluocinolone acetonide implant ( 0 . 59 mg ) .", "entities": [ "fluocinolone acetonide" ] }, { "id": "3233", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment outcomes of interest were noted at baseline , before fluocinolone acetonide implant , and then at 6 months , 1 year , 2 years , 3 years , and beyond 3 years .", "entities": [ "fluocinolone acetonide" ] }, { "id": "3242", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The data suggest that fluocinolone acetonide implant ( 0 . 59 mg ) helps to control inflammation in otherwise treatment - refractory cases of birdshot retinochoroidopathy .", "entities": [ "fluocinolone acetonide" ] }, { "id": "3244", "type": "chemical", "text": "Optimal precurarizing dose of rocuronium to decrease fasciculation and myalgia following succinylcholine administration .", "entities": [ "rocuronium", "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "3245", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Succinylcholine commonly produces frequent adverse effects , including muscle fasciculation and myalgia .", "entities": [ "Succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "3246", "type": "chemical", "text": "The current study identified the optimal dose of rocuronium to prevent succinylcholine - induced fasciculation and myalgia and evaluated the influence of rocuronium on the speed of onset produced by succinylcholine .", "entities": [ "rocuronium", "succinylcholine", "rocuronium", "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "3248", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients were randomized to receive 0 . 02 , 0 . 03 , 0 . 04 , 0 . 05 and 0 . 06 mg / kg rocuronium as a precurarizing dose .", "entities": [ "rocuronium" ] }, { "id": "3250", "type": "chemical", "text": "All patients received succinylcholine 1 . 5 mg / kg at 2 minutes after the precurarization , and were assessed the incidence and severity of fasciculations , while myalgia was assessed at 24 hours after surgery .", "entities": [ "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "3251", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : The incidence and severity of visible muscle fasciculation was significantly less with increasing the amount of precurarizing dose of rocuronium ( P < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "rocuronium" ] }, { "id": "3252", "type": "chemical", "text": "Those of myalgia tend to decrease according to increasing the amount of precurarizing dose of rocuronium , but there was no significance ( P = 0 . 072 ) .", "entities": [ "rocuronium" ] }, { "id": "3253", "type": "chemical", "text": "The onset time of succinylcholine was significantly longer with increasing the amount of precurarizing dose of rocuronium ( P < 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "succinylcholine", "rocuronium" ] }, { "id": "3254", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Precurarization with 0 . 04 mg / kg rocuronium was the optimal dose considering the reduction in the incidence and severity of fasciculation and myalgia with acceptable onset time , and the safe and effective precurarization .", "entities": [ "rocuronium" ] }, { "id": "3255", "type": "chemical", "text": "Absence of PKC - alpha attenuates lithium - induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3256", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lithium , an effective antipsychotic , induces nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ( NDI ) in 40 % of patients .", "entities": [ "Lithium" ] }, { "id": "3257", "type": "chemical", "text": "The decreased capacity to concentrate urine is likely due to lithium acutely disrupting the cAMP pathway and chronically reducing urea transporter ( UT - A1 ) and water channel ( AQP2 ) expression in the inner medulla .", "entities": [ "lithium", "cAMP", "urea" ] }, { "id": "3258", "type": "chemical", "text": "Targeting an alternative signaling pathway , such as PKC - mediated signaling , may be an effective method of treating lithium - induced polyuria .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3259", "type": "chemical", "text": "PKC - alpha null mice ( PKCa KO ) and strain - matched wild type ( WT ) controls were treated with lithium for 0 , 3 or 5 days .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3263", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals were also treated with lithium for 6 weeks .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3264", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lithium - treated WT mice had 19 - fold increased urine output whereas treated PKCa KO animals had a 4 - fold increase in output .", "entities": [ "Lithium" ] }, { "id": "3265", "type": "chemical", "text": "AQP2 and UT - A1 expression was lowered in 6 week lithium - treated WT animals whereas in treated PKCa KO mice , AQP2 was only reduced by 2 - fold and UT - A1 expression was unaffected .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3266", "type": "chemical", "text": "Urinary sodium , potassium and calcium were elevated in lithium - fed WT but not in lithium - fed PKCa KO mice .", "entities": [ "sodium", "potassium", "calcium", "lithium", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3267", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our data show that ablation of PKCa preserves AQP2 and UT - A1 protein expression and localization in lithium - induced NDI , and prevents the development of the severe polyuria associated with lithium therapy .", "entities": [ "lithium", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "3268", "type": "chemical", "text": "Is Dysguesia Going to be a Rare or a Common Side - effect of Amlodipine ?", "entities": [ "Amlodipine" ] }, { "id": "3269", "type": "chemical", "text": "A very rare side - effect of amlodipine is dysguesia .", "entities": [ "amlodipine" ] }, { "id": "3271", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case about a female with essential hypertension on drug treatment with amlodipine developed loss of taste sensation .", "entities": [ "amlodipine" ] }, { "id": "3273", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that amlodipine can cause dysguesia .", "entities": [ "amlodipine" ] }, { "id": "3274", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here , we describe the clinical presentation and review the relevant literature on amlodipine and dysguesia .", "entities": [ "amlodipine" ] }, { "id": "3275", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rhabdomyolysis in association with simvastatin and dosage increment in clarithromycin .", "entities": [ "simvastatin", "clarithromycin" ] }, { "id": "3276", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clarithromycin is the most documented cytochrome P450 3A4 ( CYP3A4 ) inhibitor to cause an adverse interaction with simvastatin .", "entities": [ "Clarithromycin", "simvastatin" ] }, { "id": "3277", "type": "chemical", "text": "This particular case is of interest as rhabdomyolysis only occurred after an increase in the dose of clarithromycin .", "entities": [ "clarithromycin" ] }, { "id": "3281", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our case suggests that troponin elevation could be associated with statin induced rhabdomyolysis , which may warrant further studies .", "entities": [ "statin" ] }, { "id": "3282", "type": "chemical", "text": "Characterization of a novel BCHE \" silent \" allele : point mutation ( p . Val204Asp ) causes loss of activity and prolonged apnea with suxamethonium .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "3283", "type": "chemical", "text": "Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency is characterized by prolonged apnea after the use of muscle relaxants ( suxamethonium or mivacurium ) in patients who have mutations in the BCHE gene .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium", "mivacurium" ] }, { "id": "3284", "type": "chemical", "text": "Here , we report a case of prolonged neuromuscular block after administration of suxamethonium leading to the discovery of a novel BCHE variant ( c . 695T > A , p . Val204Asp ) .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "3286", "type": "chemical", "text": "Low activity of patient plasma butyrylcholinesterase with butyrylthiocholine ( BTC ) and benzoylcholine , and values of dibucaine and fluoride numbers fit with heterozygous atypical silent genotype .", "entities": [ "butyrylthiocholine", "BTC", "benzoylcholine", "dibucaine", "fluoride" ] }, { "id": "3288", "type": "chemical", "text": "Kinetic analysis showed that the p . Val204Asp / p . Asp70Gly - p . Ala539Thr BChE displays a pure Michaelian behavior with BTC as the substrate .", "entities": [ "BTC" ] }, { "id": "3289", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both catalytic parameters Km = 265 uM for BTC , two times higher than that of the atypical enzyme , and a low Vmax are consistent with the absence of activity against suxamethonium .", "entities": [ "BTC", "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "3290", "type": "chemical", "text": "Molecular dynamic ( MD ) simulations showed that the overall effect of the mutation p . Val204Asp is disruption of hydrogen bonding between Gln223 and Glu441 , leading Ser198 and His438 to move away from each other with subsequent disruption of the catalytic triad functionality regardless of the type of substrate .", "entities": [ "hydrogen" ] }, { "id": "3293", "type": "chemical", "text": "Delayed anemia after treatment with injectable artesunate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo : a manageable issue .", "entities": [ "artesunate" ] }, { "id": "3294", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cases of delayed hemolytic anemia have been described after treatment with injectable artesunate , the current World Health Organization ( WHO ) - recommended first - line drug for the treatment of severe malaria .", "entities": [ "artesunate" ] }, { "id": "3295", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 350 patients ( 215 [ 61 . 4 % ] < 5 years of age and 135 [ 38 . 6 % ] > 5 years of age ) were followed - up after treatment with injectable artesunate for severe malaria in hospitals and health centers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .", "entities": [ "artesunate" ] }, { "id": "3300", "type": "chemical", "text": "Regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and apoptotic pathways by betaine attenuates isoproterenol - induced acute myocardial injury in rats .", "entities": [ "betaine", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3301", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of betaine on acute myocardial ischemia induced experimentally in rats focusing on regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) and apoptotic pathways as the potential mechanism underlying the drug effect .", "entities": [ "betaine" ] }, { "id": "3302", "type": "chemical", "text": "Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with betaine ( 100 , 200 , and 400 mg / kg ) orally for 40 days .", "entities": [ "betaine" ] }, { "id": "3303", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute myocardial ischemic injury was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol ( 85 mg / kg ) , for two consecutive days .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3305", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oral administration of betaine ( 200 and 400 mg / kg ) significantly reduced the level of cardiac marker enzyme in the serum and prevented left ventricular remodeling .", "entities": [ "betaine" ] }, { "id": "3306", "type": "chemical", "text": "Western blot analysis showed that isoproterenol - induced phosphorylation of STAT3 was maintained or further enhanced by betaine treatment in myocardium .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "betaine" ] }, { "id": "3307", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , betaine ( 200 and 400 mg / kg ) treatment increased the ventricular expression of Bcl - 2 and reduced the level of Bax , therefore causing a significant increase in the ratio of Bcl - 2 / Bax .", "entities": [ "betaine" ] }, { "id": "3308", "type": "chemical", "text": "The protective role of betaine on myocardial damage was further confirmed by histopathological examination .", "entities": [ "betaine" ] }, { "id": "3309", "type": "chemical", "text": "In summary , our results showed that betaine pretreatment attenuated isoproterenol - induced acute myocardial ischemia via the regulation of STAT3 and apoptotic pathways .", "entities": [ "betaine", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3310", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quetiapine - induced neutropenia in a bipolar patient with hepatocellular carcinoma .", "entities": [ "Quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3311", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : Quetiapine is a dibenzothiazepine derivative , similar to clozapine , which has the highest risk of causing blood dyscrasias , especially neutropenia .", "entities": [ "Quetiapine", "clozapine" ] }, { "id": "3312", "type": "chemical", "text": "There are some case reports about this side effect of quetiapine , but possible risk factors are seldom discussed and identified .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3313", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma that developed neutropenia after treatment with quetiapine is described here .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3315", "type": "chemical", "text": "She developed leucopenia after being treated with quetiapine .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3316", "type": "chemical", "text": "After quetiapine was discontinued , her white blood cell count returned to normal .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3317", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Although neutropenia is not a common side effect of quetiapine , physicians should be cautious about its presentation and associated risk factors .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3318", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hepatic dysfunction may be one of the possible risk factors , and concomitant fever may be a diagnostic marker for adverse reaction to quetiapine .", "entities": [ "quetiapine" ] }, { "id": "3319", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lateral antebrachial cutaneous neuropathy after steroid injection at lateral epicondyle .", "entities": [ "steroid" ] }, { "id": "3320", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : This report aimed to present a case of lateral antebrachial cutaneous neuropathy ( LACNP ) that occurred after a steroid injection in the lateral epicondyle to treat lateral epicondylitis in a 40 - year - old woman .", "entities": [ "steroid" ] }, { "id": "3321", "type": "chemical", "text": "MATERIAL AND METHOD : A 40 - year - old woman presented with decreased sensation and paresthesia over her right lateral forearm ; the paresthesia had occurred after a steroid injection in the right lateral epicondyle 3 months before .", "entities": [ "steroid" ] }, { "id": "3327", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : This report describes the case of a woman with LACNP that developed after a steroid injection for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis .", "entities": [ "steroid" ] }, { "id": "3329", "type": "chemical", "text": "Curcumin prevents maleate - induced nephrotoxicity : relation to hemodynamic alterations , oxidative stress , mitochondrial oxygen consumption and activity of respiratory complex I .", "entities": [ "Curcumin", "maleate", "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "3330", "type": "chemical", "text": "The potential protective effect of the dietary antioxidant curcumin ( 120 mg / Kg / day for 6 days ) against the renal injury induced by maleate was evaluated .", "entities": [ "curcumin", "maleate" ] }, { "id": "3331", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tubular proteinuria and oxidative stress were induced by a single injection of maleate ( 400 mg / kg ) in rats .", "entities": [ "maleate" ] }, { "id": "3332", "type": "chemical", "text": "Maleate - induced renal injury included increase in renal vascular resistance and in the urinary excretion of total protein , glucose , sodium , neutrophil gelatinase - associated lipocalin ( NGAL ) and N - acetyl b - D - glucosaminidase ( NAG ) , upregulation of kidney injury molecule ( KIM ) - 1 , decrease in renal blood flow and claudin - 2 expression besides of necrosis and apoptosis of tubular cells on 24 h .", "entities": [ "Maleate", "glucose", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "3335", "type": "chemical", "text": "Maleate induced cell damage and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) production in LLC - PK1 cells in culture .", "entities": [ "Maleate", "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "3336", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , maleate treatment reduced oxygen consumption in ADP - stimulated mitochondria and diminished respiratory control index when using malate / glutamate as substrate .", "entities": [ "maleate", "oxygen", "ADP", "malate", "glutamate" ] }, { "id": "3338", "type": "chemical", "text": "All the above - described alterations were prevented by curcumin .", "entities": [ "curcumin" ] }, { "id": "3339", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that curcumin is able to attenuate in vivo maleate - induced nephropathy and in vitro cell damage .", "entities": [ "curcumin", "maleate" ] }, { "id": "3340", "type": "chemical", "text": "The in vivo protection was associated to the prevention of oxidative stress and preservation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and activity of respiratory complex I , and the in vitro protection was associated to the prevention of ROS production .", "entities": [ "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "3341", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anticonvulsant actions of MK - 801 on the lithium - pilocarpine model of status epilepticus in rats .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "lithium", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3342", "type": "chemical", "text": "MK - 801 , a noncompetitive N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor antagonist , was tested for anticonvulsant effects in rats using two seizure models , coadministration of lithium and pilocarpine and administration of a high dose of pilocarpine alone .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "N - methyl - D - aspartate", "NMDA", "lithium", "pilocarpine", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3344", "type": "chemical", "text": "First , pretreatment with MK - 801 produced an effective and dose - dependent anticonvulsant action with the lithium - pilocarpine model but not with rats treated with pilocarpine alone , suggesting that different biochemical mechanisms control seizures in these two models .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "lithium", "pilocarpine", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3345", "type": "chemical", "text": "Second , the anticonvulsant effect of MK - 801 in the lithium - pilocarpine model only occurred after initial periods of seizure activity .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "lithium", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3346", "type": "chemical", "text": "This observation is suggested to be an in vivo demonstration of the conclusion derived from in vitro experiments that MK - 801 binding requires agonist - induced opening of the channel sites of the NMDA receptor .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "NMDA" ] }, { "id": "3347", "type": "chemical", "text": "Third , although it is relatively easy to block seizures induced by lithium and pilocarpine by administration of anticonvulsants prior to pilocarpine , it is more difficult to terminate ongoing status epilepticus and block the lethality of the seizures .", "entities": [ "lithium", "pilocarpine", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3348", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of MK - 801 30 or 60 min after pilocarpine , i . e . , during status epilepticus , gradually reduced electrical and behavioral seizure activity and greatly enhanced the survival rate .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3349", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest that activation of NMDA receptors plays an important role in status epilepticus and brain damage in the lithium - pilocarpine model .", "entities": [ "NMDA", "lithium", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3350", "type": "chemical", "text": "This was further supported by results showing that nonconvulsive doses of NMDA and pilocarpine were synergistic , resulting in status epilepticus and subsequent mortality .", "entities": [ "NMDA", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3351", "type": "chemical", "text": "Continuous infusion tobramycin combined with carbenicillin for infections in cancer patients .", "entities": [ "tobramycin", "carbenicillin" ] }, { "id": "3354", "type": "chemical", "text": "To overcome the adverse effects of neutropenia , tobramycin was given by continuous infusion and combined with intermittent carbenicillin .", "entities": [ "tobramycin", "carbenicillin" ] }, { "id": "3355", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tobramycin was given to a total daily dose of 300 mg / m2 and carbenicillin was given at a dose of 5 gm every four hours .", "entities": [ "Tobramycin", "carbenicillin" ] }, { "id": "3364", "type": "chemical", "text": "Major azotemia ( serum creatinine greater than 2 . 5 mg / dl or BUN greater than 50 mg / dl ) occurred in only 2 % .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "3365", "type": "chemical", "text": "Azotemia was not related to duration of therapy or serum tobramycin concentration .", "entities": [ "tobramycin" ] }, { "id": "3367", "type": "chemical", "text": "Incidence of solid tumours among pesticide applicators exposed to the organophosphate insecticide diazinon in the Agricultural Health Study : an updated analysis .", "entities": [ "organophosphate", "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "3368", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : Diazinon , a common organophosphate insecticide with genotoxic properties , was previously associated with lung cancer in the Agricultural Health Study ( AHS ) cohort , but few other epidemiological studies have examined diazinon - associated cancer risk .", "entities": [ "Diazinon", "organophosphate", "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "3369", "type": "chemical", "text": "We used updated diazinon exposure and cancer incidence information to evaluate solid tumour risk in the AHS .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "3370", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : Male pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina reported lifetime diazinon use at enrolment ( 1993 - 1997 ) and follow - up ( 1998 - 2005 ) ; cancer incidence was assessed through 2010 ( North Carolina ) / 2011 ( Iowa ) .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "3372", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : We observed elevated lung cancer risks ( N = 283 ) among applicators with the greatest number of LT ( RR = 1 . 60 ; 95 % CI 1 . 11 to 2 . 31 ; Ptrend = 0 . 02 ) and IW days of diazinon use ( RR = 1 . 41 ; 95 % CI 0 . 98 to 2 . 04 ; Ptrend = 0 . 08 ) .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "3374", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Our updated evaluation of diazinon provides additional evidence of an association with lung cancer risk .", "entities": [ "diazinon" ] }, { "id": "3376", "type": "chemical", "text": "Associations of Ozone and PM2 . 5 Concentrations With Parkinson ' s Disease Among Participants in the Agricultural Health Study .", "entities": [ "Ozone" ] }, { "id": "3377", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : This study describes associations of ozone and fine particulate matter with Parkinson ' s disease observed among farmers in North Carolina and Iowa .", "entities": [ "ozone", "particulate matter" ] }, { "id": "3380", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : We observed positive associations of Parkinson ' s disease with ozone ( odds ratio = 1 . 39 ; 95 % CI : 0 . 98 to 1 . 98 ) and fine particulate matter ( odds ratio = 1 . 34 ; 95 % CI : 0 . 93 to 1 . 93 ) in North Carolina but not in Iowa .", "entities": [ "ozone", "particulate matter" ] }, { "id": "3383", "type": "chemical", "text": "Low functional programming of renal AT2R mediates the developmental origin of glomerulosclerosis in adult offspring induced by prenatal caffeine exposure .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3384", "type": "chemical", "text": "UNASSIGNED : Our previous study has indicated that prenatal caffeine exposure ( PCE ) could induce intrauterine growth retardation ( IUGR ) of offspring .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3389", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results revealed that the adult offspring kidneys in the PCE group exhibited glomerulosclerosis as well as interstitial fibrosis , accompanied by elevated levels of serum creatinine and urine protein .", "entities": [ "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "3390", "type": "chemical", "text": "Renal angiotensin II receptor type 2 ( AT2R ) gene expression in adult offspring was reduced by PCE , whereas the renal angiotensin II receptor type 1a ( AT1aR ) / AT2R expression ratio was increased .", "entities": [ "angiotensin II", "angiotensin II" ] }, { "id": "3393", "type": "chemical", "text": "Moreover , AT2R gene and protein expressions in fetal kidneys were inhibited by PCE , associated with the repression of the gene expression of glial - cell - line - derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) / tyrosine kinase receptor ( c - Ret ) signaling pathway .", "entities": [ "tyrosine" ] }, { "id": "3395", "type": "chemical", "text": "1 , 3 - Butadiene , CML and the t ( 9 : 22 ) translocation : A reality check .", "entities": [ "1 , 3 - Butadiene" ] }, { "id": "3396", "type": "chemical", "text": "UNASSIGNED : Epidemiological studies of 1 , 3 - butadiene have suggest that exposures to humans are associated with chronic myeloid leukemia ( CML ) .", "entities": [ "1 , 3 - butadiene" ] }, { "id": "3399", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have proposed that 1 , 3 - butadiene metabolites be so tested as a reality check on the epidemiological reports .", "entities": [ "1 , 3 - butadiene" ] }, { "id": "3403", "type": "chemical", "text": "Conditions that will be required for studies of 1 , 3 - butadiene are discussed .", "entities": [ "1 , 3 - butadiene" ] }, { "id": "3404", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cancer incidence and metolachlor use in the Agricultural Health Study : An update .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3405", "type": "chemical", "text": "UNASSIGNED : Metolachlor , a widely used herbicide , is classified as a Group C carcinogen by the U . S .", "entities": [ "Metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3407", "type": "chemical", "text": "Epidemiologic studies of the health effects of metolachlor have been limited .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3409", "type": "chemical", "text": "We evaluated cancer incidence through 2010 / 2011 ( NC / IA ) for 49 , 616 applicators , 53 % of whom reported ever using metolachlor .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3410", "type": "chemical", "text": "We used Poisson regression to evaluate relations between two metrics of metolachlor use ( lifetime days , intensity - weighted lifetime days ) and cancer incidence .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3411", "type": "chemical", "text": "We saw no association between metolachlor use and incidence of all cancers combined ( n = 5 , 701 with a 5 - year lag ) or most site - specific cancers .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3413", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , trends for both lifetime and intensity - weighted lifetime days of metolachor use were positive and statistically significant with an unexposed reference group .", "entities": [ "metolachor" ] }, { "id": "3415", "type": "chemical", "text": "An earlier suggestion of increased lung cancer risk at high levels of metolachlor use in this cohort was not confirmed in this update .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3416", "type": "chemical", "text": "This suggestion of an association between metolachlor and liver cancer among pesticide applicators is a novel finding and echoes observation of increased liver neoplasms in some animal studies .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3417", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , our findings for both liver cancer and follicular cell lymphoma warrant follow - up to better differentiate effects of metolachlor use from other factors .", "entities": [ "metolachlor" ] }, { "id": "3418", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mechanisms Underlying Latent Disease Risk Associated with Early - Life Arsenic Exposure : Current Research Trends and Scientific Gaps .", "entities": [ "Arsenic" ] }, { "id": "3419", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Millions of individuals worldwide , particularly those living in rural and developing areas , are exposed to harmful levels of inorganic arsenic ( iAs ) in their drinking water .", "entities": [ "inorganic arsenic", "iAs" ] }, { "id": "3420", "type": "chemical", "text": "Inorganic As exposure during key developmental periods is associated with a variety of adverse health effects including those that are evident in adulthood .", "entities": [ "Inorganic As" ] }, { "id": "3421", "type": "chemical", "text": "There is considerable interest in identifying the molecular mechanisms that relate early - life iAs exposure to the development of these latent diseases , particularly in relationship to cancer .", "entities": [ "iAs" ] }, { "id": "3422", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVES : This work summarizes research on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the increased risk of cancer development in adulthood that is associated with early - life iAs exposure .", "entities": [ "iAs" ] }, { "id": "3423", "type": "chemical", "text": "DISCUSSION : Epigenetic reprogramming that imparts functional changes in gene expression , the development of cancer stem cells , and immunomodulation are plausible underlying mechanisms by which early - life iAs exposure elicits latent carcinogenic effects .", "entities": [ "iAs" ] }, { "id": "3424", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Evidence is mounting that relates early - life iAs exposure and cancer development later in life .", "entities": [ "iAs" ] }, { "id": "3426", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nifedipine induced bradycardia in a patient with autonomic neuropathy .", "entities": [ "Nifedipine" ] }, { "id": "3428", "type": "chemical", "text": "He was found to have atrial flutter at a ventricular rate of 70 / min which slowed down to 30 - 40 / min when nifedipine ( 60 mg ) in 3 divided doses , during which he was paced at a rate of 70 / min .", "entities": [ "nifedipine" ] }, { "id": "3429", "type": "chemical", "text": "This is inconsistent with the well - established finding that nifedipine induces tachycardia in normally innervated hearts .", "entities": [ "nifedipine" ] }, { "id": "3431", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of haloperidol in cocaine and amphetamine intoxication .", "entities": [ "haloperidol", "cocaine", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "3432", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effectiveness of haloperidol pretreatment in preventing the toxic effects of high doses of amphetamine and cocaine was studied in rats .", "entities": [ "haloperidol", "amphetamine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "3433", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this model , toxic effects were induced by intraperitoneal ( i . p . ) injection of amphetamine 75 mg / kg ( 100 % death rate ) or cocaine 70 mg / kg ( 82 % death rate ) .", "entities": [ "amphetamine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "3434", "type": "chemical", "text": "Haloperidol failed to prevent amphetamine - induced seizures , but did lower the mortality rate at most doses tested .", "entities": [ "Haloperidol", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "3435", "type": "chemical", "text": "Haloperidol decreased the incidence of cocaine - induced seizures at the two highest doses , but the lowering of the mortality rate did not reach statistical significance at any dose .", "entities": [ "Haloperidol", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "3436", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data suggest a protective role for the central dopamine blocker haloperidol against death from high - dose amphetamine exposure without reducing the incidence of seizures .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "haloperidol", "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "3437", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , haloperidol demonstrated an ability to reduce cocaine - induced seizures without significantly reducing mortality .", "entities": [ "haloperidol", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "3438", "type": "chemical", "text": "Autoradiographic evidence of estrogen binding sites in nuclei of diethylstilbesterol induced hamster renal carcinomas .", "entities": [ "estrogen", "diethylstilbesterol" ] }, { "id": "3439", "type": "chemical", "text": "Estrogen binding sites were demonstrated by autoradiography in one transplantable and five primary diethylstilbesterol induced renal carcinomas in three hamsters .", "entities": [ "Estrogen", "diethylstilbesterol" ] }, { "id": "3440", "type": "chemical", "text": "Radiolabelling , following the in vivo injection of 3H - 17 beta estradiol , was increased only over the nuclei of tumor cells ; stereologic analysis revealed a 4 . 5 - to 6 . 7 - times higher concentration of reduced silver grains over nuclei than cytoplasm of these cells .", "entities": [ "estradiol", "silver" ] }, { "id": "3441", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite rapid tubular excretion of estradiol which peaked in less than 1 h , the normal cells did not appear to bind the ligand .", "entities": [ "estradiol" ] }, { "id": "3442", "type": "chemical", "text": "This is the first published report documenting the preferential in vivo binding of estrogen to nuclei of cells in estrogen induced hamster renal carcinomas .", "entities": [ "estrogen", "estrogen" ] }, { "id": "3443", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bradycardia due to biperiden .", "entities": [ "biperiden" ] }, { "id": "3444", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a 38 - year - old male patient suffering from a severe postzosteric trigeminal neuralgia , intravenous application of 10 mg biperiden lactate led to a long - lasting paradoxical reaction characterized by considerable bradycardia , dysarthria , and dysphagia .", "entities": [ "biperiden lactate" ] }, { "id": "3445", "type": "chemical", "text": "The heart rate was back to normal within 12 hours upon administration of orciprenaline under cardiac monitoring in an intensive care unit .", "entities": [ "orciprenaline" ] }, { "id": "3446", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bradycardia induced by biperiden is attributed to the speed of injection and to a dose - related dual effect of atropine - like drugs on muscarine receptors .", "entities": [ "biperiden", "atropine", "muscarine" ] }, { "id": "3447", "type": "chemical", "text": "Deliberate hypotension induced by labetalol with halothane , enflurane or isoflurane for middle - ear surgery .", "entities": [ "labetalol", "halothane", "enflurane", "isoflurane" ] }, { "id": "3448", "type": "chemical", "text": "The feasibility of using labetalol , an alpha - and beta - adrenergic blocking agent , as a hypotensive agent in combination with inhalation anaesthetics ( halothane , enflurane or isoflurane ) was studied in 23 adult patients undergoing middle - ear surgery .", "entities": [ "labetalol", "halothane", "enflurane", "isoflurane" ] }, { "id": "3449", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean arterial pressure was decreased from 86 + / - 5 ( s . e . mean ) mmHg to 52 + / - 1 mmHg ( 11 . 5 + / - 0 . 7 to 6 . 9 + / - 0 . 1 kPa ) for 98 + / - 10 min in the halothane ( H ) group , from 79 + / - 5 to 53 + / - 1 mmHg ( 10 . 5 + / - 0 . 7 to 7 . 1 + / - 0 . 1 kPa ) for 129 + / - 11 min in the enflurane ( E ) group , and from 80 + / - 4 to 49 + / - 1 mmHg ( 10 . 7 + / - 0 . 5 to 6 . 5 + / - 0 . 1 kPa ) for 135 + / - 15 min in the isoflurane ( I ) group .", "entities": [ "halothane", "H", "enflurane", "E", "isoflurane", "I" ] }, { "id": "3450", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean H concentration during hypotension in the inspiratory gas was 0 . 7 + / - 0 . 1 vol % , the mean E concentration 1 . 6 + / - 0 . 2 vol % , and the mean I concentration 1 . 0 + / - 0 . 1 vol % .", "entities": [ "H", "E", "I" ] }, { "id": "3451", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , the patients received fentanyl and d - tubocurarine .", "entities": [ "fentanyl", "d - tubocurarine" ] }, { "id": "3452", "type": "chemical", "text": "The initial dose of labetalol for lowering blood pressure was similar , 0 . 52 - 0 . 59 mg / kg , in all the groups .", "entities": [ "labetalol" ] }, { "id": "3455", "type": "chemical", "text": "During hypotension , the serum creatinine concentration rose significantly in all groups from the values before hypotension and returned postoperatively to the initial level in the other groups , except the isoflurane group .", "entities": [ "creatinine", "isoflurane" ] }, { "id": "3457", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results indicate that labetalol induces easily adjustable hypotension without compensatory tachycardia and rebound hypertension .", "entities": [ "labetalol" ] }, { "id": "3458", "type": "chemical", "text": "Convulsion following intravenous fluorescein angiography .", "entities": [ "fluorescein" ] }, { "id": "3459", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tonic - clonic seizures followed intravenous fluorescein injection for fundus angiography in a 47 - year - old male .", "entities": [ "fluorescein" ] }, { "id": "3460", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite precautions this adverse reaction recurred on re - exposure to intravenous fluorescein .", "entities": [ "fluorescein" ] }, { "id": "3461", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pharmacology of ACC - 9653 ( phenytoin prodrug ) .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "3462", "type": "chemical", "text": "ACC - 9653 , the disodium phosphate ester of 3 - hydroxymethyl - 5 , 5 - diphenylhydantoin , is a prodrug of phenytoin with advantageous physicochemical properties .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "disodium phosphate ester", "3 - hydroxymethyl - 5 , 5 - diphenylhydantoin", "phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "3463", "type": "chemical", "text": "ACC - 9653 is rapidly converted enzymatically to phenytoin in vivo .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "3464", "type": "chemical", "text": "ACC - 9653 and phenytoin sodium have equivalent anticonvulsant activity against seizures induced by maximal electroshock ( MES ) in mice following i . p . , oral , or i . v . administration .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3465", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ED50 doses were 16 mg / kg for i . v . ACC - 9653 and 8 mg / kg for i . v . phenytoin sodium .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3466", "type": "chemical", "text": "ACC - 9653 and phenytoin sodium have similar antiarrhythmic activity against ouabain - induced ventricular tachycardia in anesthetized dogs .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium", "ouabain" ] }, { "id": "3467", "type": "chemical", "text": "The total doses of ACC - 9653 or phenytoin sodium necessary to convert the arrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm were 24 + / - 6 and 14 + / - 3 mg / kg , respectively .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3468", "type": "chemical", "text": "Only phenytoin sodium displayed in vitro antiarrhythmic activity against strophanthidin - induced arrhythmias in guinea pig right atria .", "entities": [ "phenytoin sodium", "strophanthidin" ] }, { "id": "3469", "type": "chemical", "text": "In anesthetized dogs , a high dose of ACC - 9653 ( 31 mg / kg ) was infused over 15 , 20 , and 30 min and the responses were compared to an equimolar dose of phenytoin sodium ( 21 mg / kg ) .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3470", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ACC - 9653 and phenytoin sodium treatments produced similar marked reductions in diastolic blood pressure and contractile force ( LVdP / dt ) .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3471", "type": "chemical", "text": "The maximum effects of each treatment occurred at the time of maximum phenytoin sodium levels .", "entities": [ "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3472", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute toxicity studies of ACC - 9653 and phenytoin sodium were carried out in mice , rats , rabbits , and dogs by i . v . , i . m . , and i . p . routes of administration .", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3474", "type": "chemical", "text": "Importantly , the local irritation of ACC - 9653 was markedly less than phenytoin sodium following i . m . administration . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS )", "entities": [ "ACC - 9653", "phenytoin sodium" ] }, { "id": "3475", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tachyphylaxis to systemic but not to airway responses during prolonged therapy with high dose inhaled salbutamol in asthmatics .", "entities": [ "salbutamol" ] }, { "id": "3476", "type": "chemical", "text": "High doses of inhaled salbutamol produce substantial improvements in airway response in patients with asthma , and are associated with dose - dependent systemic beta - adrenoceptor responses .", "entities": [ "salbutamol" ] }, { "id": "3477", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether tachyphylaxis occurs during prolonged treatment with high dose inhaled salbutamol .", "entities": [ "salbutamol" ] }, { "id": "3478", "type": "chemical", "text": "Twelve asthmatic patients ( FEV1 , 81 + / - 4 % predicted ) , requiring only occasional inhaled beta - agonists as their sole therapy , were given a 14 - day treatment with high dose inhaled salbutamol ( HDS ) , 4 , 000 micrograms daily , low dose inhaled salbutamol ( LDS ) , 800 micrograms daily , or placebo ( PI ) by metered - dose inhaler in a double - blind , randomized crossover design .", "entities": [ "salbutamol", "salbutamol" ] }, { "id": "3479", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the 14 - day run - in and during washout periods , inhaled beta - agonists were withheld and ipratropium bromide was substituted for rescue purposes .", "entities": [ "ipratropium bromide" ] }, { "id": "3480", "type": "chemical", "text": "At the end of each 14 - day treatment , a dose - response curve ( DRC ) was performed , and airway ( FEV1 , FEF25 - 75 ) chronotropic ( HR ) , tremor , and metabolic ( K , Glu ) responses were measured at each step ( from 100 to 4 , 000 micrograms ) .", "entities": [ "K", "Glu" ] }, { "id": "3483", "type": "chemical", "text": "DRC for HR ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , K ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , and Glu ( p less than 0 . 005 ) were attenuated after treatment with HDS compared with PI .", "entities": [ "K", "Glu" ] }, { "id": "3484", "type": "chemical", "text": "There were also differences between HDS and LDS for HR ( p less than 0 . 001 ) and Glu ( p less than 0 . 05 ) responses .", "entities": [ "Glu" ] }, { "id": "3486", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phenytoin induced fatal hepatic injury .", "entities": [ "Phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "3487", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 61 year old female developed fatal hepatic failure after phenytoin administration .", "entities": [ "phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "3490", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a patient receiving phenytoin who presents a viral - like illness , early recognition and discontinuation of the drug are mandatory .", "entities": [ "phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "3491", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment of lethal pertussis vaccine reaction with histamine H1 antagonists .", "entities": [ "pertussis vaccine", "histamine" ] }, { "id": "3494", "type": "chemical", "text": "After pretreatment with 3 mg of cyproheptadine , 2 mg mianserin , or 2 mg chlorpheniramine , only 5 of 105 animals ( 5 % ) died after receiving BSA on day + 7 ( p less than 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "cyproheptadine", "mianserin", "chlorpheniramine" ] }, { "id": "3495", "type": "chemical", "text": "Blockade of histamine H1 receptors may reduce mortality in pertussis immunization - induced encephalopathy in mice .", "entities": [ "histamine" ] }, { "id": "3496", "type": "chemical", "text": "Support for adrenaline - hypertension hypothesis : 18 hour pressor effect after 6 hours adrenaline infusion .", "entities": [ "adrenaline", "adrenaline" ] }, { "id": "3497", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a double blind , crossover study 6 h infusions of adrenaline ( 15 ng / kg / min ; 1 ng = 5 . 458 pmol ) , noradrenaline ( 30 ng / kg / min ; 1 ng = 5 . 911 pmol ) , and a 5 % dextrose solution ( 5 . 4 ml / h ) , were given to ten healthy volunteers in random order 2 weeks apart .", "entities": [ "adrenaline", "noradrenaline", "dextrose" ] }, { "id": "3499", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adrenaline , but not noradrenaline , caused a delayed and protracted pressor effect .", "entities": [ "Adrenaline", "noradrenaline" ] }, { "id": "3500", "type": "chemical", "text": "Over the total postinfusion period systolic and diastolic arterial pressure were 6 ( SEM 2 ) % and 7 ( 2 ) % , respectively , higher than after dextrose infusion ( ANOVA , p less than 0 . 001 ) .", "entities": [ "dextrose" ] }, { "id": "3501", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , \" stress \" levels of adrenaline ( 230 pg / ml ) for 6 h cause a delayed and protracted pressor effect .", "entities": [ "adrenaline" ] }, { "id": "3502", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings are strong support for the adrenaline - hypertension hypothesis in man .", "entities": [ "adrenaline" ] }, { "id": "3503", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effect of alkylxanthines on gentamicin - induced acute renal failure in the rat .", "entities": [ "alkylxanthines", "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "3504", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adenosine antagonists have been previously shown to be of benefit in some ischaemic and nephrotoxic models of acute renal failure ( ARF ) .", "entities": [ "Adenosine" ] }, { "id": "3505", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the present study , the effects of three alkylxanthines with different potencies as adenosine antagonists 8 - phenyltheophylline , theophylline and enprofylline , were examined in rats developing acute renal failure after 4 daily injections of gentamicin ( 200 mg kg - 1 ) .", "entities": [ "alkylxanthines", "adenosine", "8 - phenyltheophylline", "theophylline", "enprofylline", "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "3506", "type": "chemical", "text": "Renal function was assessed by biochemical ( plasma urea and creatinine ) , functional ( urine analysis and [ 3H ] inulin and [ 14C ] p - aminohippuric acid clearances ) and morphological ( degree of necrosis ) indices .", "entities": [ "urea", "creatinine", "p - aminohippuric acid" ] }, { "id": "3508", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , any improvement produced by drug treatment was largely a result of a beneficial effect exerted by its vehicle ( polyethylene glycol and NaOH ) .", "entities": [ "polyethylene glycol", "NaOH" ] }, { "id": "3509", "type": "chemical", "text": "The lack of any consistent protective effect noted with the alkylxanthines tested in the present study indicates that adenosine plays little , if any , pathophysiological role in gentamicin - induced ARF .", "entities": [ "alkylxanthines", "adenosine", "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "3510", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adverse ocular reactions possibly associated with isotretinoin .", "entities": [ "isotretinoin" ] }, { "id": "3511", "type": "chemical", "text": "A total of 261 adverse ocular reactions occurred in 237 patients who received isotretinoin , a commonly used drug in the treatment of severe cystic acne .", "entities": [ "isotretinoin" ] }, { "id": "3515", "type": "chemical", "text": "Isotretinoin is contraindicated in pregnancy because of the many reported congenital abnormalities after maternal use ( including microphthalmos , orbital hypertelorism , and optic nerve hypoplasia ) .", "entities": [ "Isotretinoin" ] }, { "id": "3516", "type": "chemical", "text": "Procaterol and terbutaline in bronchial asthma .", "entities": [ "Procaterol", "terbutaline" ] }, { "id": "3518", "type": "chemical", "text": "Procaterol , a new beta - 2 adrenoceptor stimulant , was studied in a double - blind , placebo - controlled , cross - over trial in patients with bronchial asthma .", "entities": [ "Procaterol" ] }, { "id": "3519", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oral procaterol 50 micrograms b . d . , procaterol 100 micrograms b . d . , and terbutaline 5 mg t . i . d . , were compared when given randomly in 1 - week treatment periods .", "entities": [ "procaterol", "procaterol", "terbutaline" ] }, { "id": "3520", "type": "chemical", "text": "The best clinical effect was found with terbutaline .", "entities": [ "terbutaline" ] }, { "id": "3521", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both anti - asthmatic and tremorgenic effects of procaterol were dose - related .", "entities": [ "procaterol" ] }, { "id": "3522", "type": "chemical", "text": "Procaterol appeared effective in the doses tested , and a twice daily regimen would appear to be suitable with this drug .", "entities": [ "Procaterol" ] }, { "id": "3523", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subacute effects of propranolol and B 24 / 76 on isoproterenol - induced rat heart hypertrophy in correlation with blood pressure .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3524", "type": "chemical", "text": "We compared the potential beta - receptor blocker , B 24 / 76 i . e . 1 - ( 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxy ) - 3 [ 2 - 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl ) ethanolamino ] - prop an - 2 - ol , which is characterized by beta 1 - adrenoceptor blocking and beta 2 - adrenoceptor stimulating properties with propranolol .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3525", "type": "chemical", "text": "The studies were performed using an experimental model of isoproterenol - induced heart hypertrophy in rats .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3528", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was possible to suppress the increased ornithine decarboxylase activity with both beta - blockers in hypertrophied hearts , but there was no effect on the heart mass .", "entities": [ "ornithine" ] }, { "id": "3529", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neither propranolol nor B 24 / 76 could stop the changes in the characteristic myosin isoenzyme pattern of the hypertrophied rat heart .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3530", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , the investigations did not provide any evidence that the beta - receptor blockers propranolol and B 24 / 76 have the potency to prevent isoproterenol from producing heart hypertrophy .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3531", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3532", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of oral administration of caffeine ( 10 mg / kg ) on behavioral ratings , somatic symptoms , blood pressure and plasma levels of 3 - methoxy - 4 - hydroxyphenethyleneglycol ( MHPG ) and cortisol were determined in 17 healthy subjects and 21 patients meeting DSM - III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks or panic disorder .", "entities": [ "caffeine", "3 - methoxy - 4 - hydroxyphenethyleneglycol", "MHPG", "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "3533", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caffeine produced significantly greater increases in subject - rated anxiety , nervousness , fear , nausea , palpitations , restlessness , and tremors in the patients compared with healthy subjects .", "entities": [ "Caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3534", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the patients , but not the healthy subjects , these symptoms were significantly correlated with plasma caffeine levels .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3535", "type": "chemical", "text": "Seventy - one percent of the patients reported that the behavioral effects of caffeine were similar to those experienced during panic attacks .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3536", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caffeine did not alter plasma MHPG levels in either the healthy subjects or patients .", "entities": [ "Caffeine", "MHPG" ] }, { "id": "3537", "type": "chemical", "text": "Caffeine increased plasma cortisol levels equally in the patient and healthy groups .", "entities": [ "Caffeine", "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "3538", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist , these results suggest that some panic disorder patients may have abnormalities in neuronal systems involving adenosine .", "entities": [ "caffeine", "adenosine", "adenosine" ] }, { "id": "3539", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients with anxiety disorders may benefit by avoiding caffeine - containing foods and beverages .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "3540", "type": "chemical", "text": "Comparison of the effect of oxitropium bromide and of slow - release theophylline on nocturnal asthma .", "entities": [ "oxitropium bromide", "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3541", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of a new inhaled antimuscarinic drug , oxitropium bromide , and of a slow - release theophylline preparation upon nocturnal asthma were compared in a placebo - controlled double - blind study .", "entities": [ "oxitropium bromide", "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3542", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two samples were studied : 12 patients received oxitropium at 600 micrograms ( 6 subjects ) or at 400 micrograms t . i . d .", "entities": [ "oxitropium" ] }, { "id": "3543", "type": "chemical", "text": "( 6 subjects ) whereas 11 received theophylline at 300 mg b . i . d .", "entities": [ "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3545", "type": "chemical", "text": "No significant difference was noticed between results obtained with either active drug , as well as with either dosage of oxitropium .", "entities": [ "oxitropium" ] }, { "id": "3546", "type": "chemical", "text": "No subject reported side effects of oxitropium , as compared to three subjects reporting nausea , vomiting and tremors after theophylline .", "entities": [ "oxitropium", "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3547", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oxitropium proves to be a valuable alternative to theophylline in nocturnal asthma , since it is equally potent , safer and does not require the titration of dosage .", "entities": [ "Oxitropium", "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3548", "type": "chemical", "text": "Penicillin anaphylaxis .", "entities": [ "Penicillin" ] }, { "id": "3549", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of oral penicillin anaphylaxis is described , and the terminology , occurrence , clinical manifestations , pathogenesis , prevention , and treatment of anaphylaxis are reviewed .", "entities": [ "penicillin" ] }, { "id": "3550", "type": "chemical", "text": "Emergency physicians should be aware of oral penicillin anaphylaxis in order to prevent its occurrence by prescribing the antibiotic judiciously and knowledgeably and to offer optimal medical therapy once this life - threatening reaction has begun .", "entities": [ "penicillin" ] }, { "id": "3551", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reversible valproic acid - induced dementia : a case report .", "entities": [ "valproic acid" ] }, { "id": "3552", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reversible valproic acid - induced dementia was documented in a 21 - year - old man with epilepsy who had a 3 - year history of insidious progressive decline in global cognitive abilities documented by serial neuropsychological studies .", "entities": [ "valproic acid" ] }, { "id": "3554", "type": "chemical", "text": "Possible pathophysiological mechanisms which may have been operative in this case include : a direct central nervous system ( CNS ) toxic effect of valproic acid ; a paradoxical epileptogenic effect secondary to the drug ; and an indirect CNS toxic effect mediated through valproic acid - induced hyperammonemia .", "entities": [ "valproic acid", "valproic acid" ] }, { "id": "3555", "type": "chemical", "text": "Reversal of scopolamine - induced amnesia of passive avoidance by pre - and post - training naloxone .", "entities": [ "scopolamine", "naloxone" ] }, { "id": "3556", "type": "chemical", "text": "In a series of five experiments , the modulating role of naloxone on a scopolamine - induced retention deficit in a passive avoidance paradigm was investigated in mice .", "entities": [ "naloxone", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "3557", "type": "chemical", "text": "Scopolamine , but not methyl scopolamine ( 1 and 3 mg / kg ) , induced an amnesia as measured by latency and duration parameters .", "entities": [ "Scopolamine", "methyl scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "3558", "type": "chemical", "text": "Naloxone ( 0 . 3 , 1 , 3 , and 10 mg / kg ) injected prior to training attenuated the retention deficit with a peak of activity at 3 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "Naloxone" ] }, { "id": "3559", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of naloxone could be antagonized with morphine ( 1 , 3 , and 10 mg / kg ) , demonstrating the opioid specificity of the naloxone effect .", "entities": [ "naloxone", "morphine", "naloxone" ] }, { "id": "3560", "type": "chemical", "text": "Post - training administration of naloxone ( 3 mg / kg ) as a single or as a split dose also attenuated the scopolamine - induced amnesia .", "entities": [ "naloxone", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "3561", "type": "chemical", "text": "Control experiments indicated that neither an increase in pain sensitivity ( pre - training naloxone ) nor an induced aversive state ( post - training naloxone ) appear to be responsible for the influence of naloxone on the scopolamine - induced retention deficit .", "entities": [ "naloxone", "naloxone", "naloxone", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "3564", "type": "chemical", "text": "Electron microscopic investigations of the cyclophosphamide - induced lesions of the urinary bladder of the rat and their prevention by mesna .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "mesna" ] }, { "id": "3565", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fully developed cyclophosphamide - induced cystitis is characterized by nearly complete detachment of the urothelium , severe submucosal edema owing to damage to the microvascular bed and focal muscle necroses .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "3566", "type": "chemical", "text": "The initial response to the primary attack by the cyclophosphamide metabolites seems to be fragmentation of the luminal membrane .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "luminal" ] }, { "id": "3570", "type": "chemical", "text": "These changes can be effectively prevented by mesna .", "entities": [ "mesna" ] }, { "id": "3572", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increase in intragastric pressure during suxamethonium - induced muscle fasciculations in children : inhibition by alfentanil .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium", "alfentanil" ] }, { "id": "3573", "type": "chemical", "text": "Changes in intragastric pressure after the administration of suxamethonium 1 . 5 mg kg - 1 i . v . were studied in 32 children ( mean age 6 . 9 yr ) pretreated with either physiological saline or alfentanil 50 micrograms kg - 1 .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium", "alfentanil" ] }, { "id": "3574", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 5 mg kg - 1 .", "entities": [ "thiopentone" ] }, { "id": "3575", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence and intensity of muscle fasciculations caused by suxamethonium were significantly greater in the control than in the alfentanil group .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium", "alfentanil" ] }, { "id": "3576", "type": "chemical", "text": "The intragastric pressure during muscle fasciculations was significantly higher in the control group ( 16 + / - 0 . 7 ( SEM ) cm H2O ) than in the alfentanil group ( 7 . 7 + / - 1 . 5 ( SEM ) cm H2O ) .", "entities": [ "H2O", "alfentanil", "H2O" ] }, { "id": "3578", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that intragastric pressure increases significantly during muscle fasciculations caused by suxamethonium in healthy children .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "3579", "type": "chemical", "text": "Alfentanil 50 micrograms kg - 1 effectively inhibits the incidence and intensity of suxamethonium - induced muscle fasciculations ; moreover , intragastric pressure remains at its control value .", "entities": [ "Alfentanil", "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "3580", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute insulin treatment normalizes the resistance to the cardiotoxic effect of isoproterenol in streptozotocin diabetic rats .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "streptozotocin" ] }, { "id": "3581", "type": "chemical", "text": "A morphometric study of isoproterenol induced myocardial fibrosis .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3582", "type": "chemical", "text": "The acute effect of insulin treatment on the earlier reported protective effect of streptozotocin diabetes against the cardiotoxic effect of high doses of isoproterenol ( ISO ) was investigated in rats .", "entities": [ "streptozotocin", "isoproterenol", "ISO" ] }, { "id": "3583", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thirty to 135 min after the injection of crystalline insulin , ISO was given subcutaneously and when ISO induced fibrosis in the myocardium was morphometrically analyzed 7 days later , a highly significant correlation ( r = 0 . 83 , 2 p = 0 . 006 ) to the slope of the fall in blood glucose after insulin treatment appeared .", "entities": [ "ISO", "ISO", "glucose" ] }, { "id": "3584", "type": "chemical", "text": "The myocardial content of catecholamines was estimated in these 8 day diabetic rats .", "entities": [ "catecholamines" ] }, { "id": "3585", "type": "chemical", "text": "The norepinephrine content was significantly increased while epinephrine remained unchanged .", "entities": [ "norepinephrine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "3586", "type": "chemical", "text": "An enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity with a consequent down regulation of the myocardial beta - adrenergic receptors could , therefore , explain this catecholamine resistance .", "entities": [ "catecholamine" ] }, { "id": "3587", "type": "chemical", "text": "The rapid reversion after insulin treatment excludes the possibility that streptozotocin in itself causes the ISO resistance and points towards a direct insulin effect on myocardial catecholamine sensitivity in diabetic rats .", "entities": [ "streptozotocin", "ISO", "catecholamine" ] }, { "id": "3589", "type": "chemical", "text": "Differential effects of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs on seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3590", "type": "chemical", "text": "The muscarinic cholinergic agonist pilocarpine induces in rats seizures and status epilepticus followed by widespread damage to the forebrain .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3591", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 5 non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs , sodium salicylate , phenylbutazone , indomethacin , ibuprofen and mefenamic acid , on seizures produced by pilocarpine .", "entities": [ "sodium salicylate", "phenylbutazone", "indomethacin", "ibuprofen", "mefenamic acid", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3592", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pretreatment of rats with sodium salicylate , ED50 103 mg / kg ( 60 - 174 ) , and phenylbutazone , 59 mg / kg ( 50 - 70 ) converted the non - convulsant dose of pilocarpine , 200 mg / kg , to a convulsant one .", "entities": [ "sodium salicylate", "phenylbutazone", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3593", "type": "chemical", "text": "Indomethacin , 1 - 10 mg / kg , and ibuprofen , 10 - 100 mg / kg , failed to modulate seizures produced by pilocarpine .", "entities": [ "Indomethacin", "ibuprofen", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3594", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mefenamic acid , 26 ( 22 - 30 ) mg / kg , prevented seizures and protected rats from seizure - related brain damage induced by pilocarpine , 380 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "Mefenamic acid", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3595", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results indicate that non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs differentially modulate the threshold for pilocarpine - induced seizures .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3596", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute neurologic dysfunction after high - dose etoposide therapy for malignant glioma .", "entities": [ "etoposide" ] }, { "id": "3597", "type": "chemical", "text": "Etoposide ( VP - 16 - 213 ) has been used in the treatment of many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies .", "entities": [ "Etoposide", "VP - 16 - 213" ] }, { "id": "3600", "type": "chemical", "text": "This developed a median of 9 days after initiation of high - dose etoposide therapy .", "entities": [ "etoposide" ] }, { "id": "3602", "type": "chemical", "text": "These abnormalities resolved rapidly after initiation of high - dose intravenous dexamethasone therapy .", "entities": [ "dexamethasone" ] }, { "id": "3604", "type": "chemical", "text": "This complication appears to represent a significant new toxicity of high - dose etoposide therapy for malignant glioma .", "entities": [ "etoposide" ] }, { "id": "3605", "type": "chemical", "text": "Progressive bile duct injury after thiabendazole administration .", "entities": [ "thiabendazole" ] }, { "id": "3606", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 27 - yr - old man developed jaundice 2 wk after exposure to thiabendazole .", "entities": [ "thiabendazole" ] }, { "id": "3612", "type": "chemical", "text": "Differential effects of 1 , 4 - dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers : therapeutic implications .", "entities": [ "calcium channel blockers" ] }, { "id": "3613", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increasing recognition of the importance of calcium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has stimulated research into the use of calcium channel blocking agents for treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases .", "entities": [ "calcium", "calcium channel blocking agents" ] }, { "id": "3615", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinical applications of calcium channel blockers parallel their tissue selectivity .", "entities": [ "calcium channel blockers" ] }, { "id": "3616", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast to verapamil and diltiazem , which are roughly equipotent in their actions on the heart and vascular smooth muscle , the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are a group of potent peripheral vasodilator agents that exert minimal electrophysiologic effects on cardiac nodal or conduction tissue .", "entities": [ "verapamil", "diltiazem", "calcium channel blockers" ] }, { "id": "3617", "type": "chemical", "text": "As the first dihydropyridine available for use in the United States , nifedipine controls angina and hypertension with minimal depression of cardiac function .", "entities": [ "dihydropyridine", "nifedipine" ] }, { "id": "3618", "type": "chemical", "text": "Additional members of this group of calcium channel blockers have been studied for a variety of indications for which they may offer advantages over current therapy .", "entities": [ "calcium channel blockers" ] }, { "id": "3619", "type": "chemical", "text": "Once or twice daily dosage possible with nitrendipine and nisoldipine offers a convenient administration schedule , which encourages patient compliance in long - term therapy of hypertension .", "entities": [ "nitrendipine", "nisoldipine" ] }, { "id": "3620", "type": "chemical", "text": "The coronary vasodilating properties of nisoldipine have led to the investigation of this agent for use in angina .", "entities": [ "nisoldipine" ] }, { "id": "3621", "type": "chemical", "text": "Selectivity for the cerebrovascular bed makes nimodipine potentially useful in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage , migraine headache , dementia , and stroke .", "entities": [ "nimodipine" ] }, { "id": "3622", "type": "chemical", "text": "In general , the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are usually well tolerated , with headache , facial flushing , palpitations , edema , nausea , anorexia , and dizziness being the more common adverse effects .", "entities": [ "calcium channel blockers" ] }, { "id": "3623", "type": "chemical", "text": "The enhancement of aminonucleoside nephrosis by the co - administration of protamine .", "entities": [ "aminonucleoside" ] }, { "id": "3624", "type": "chemical", "text": "An experimental model of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis ( FSGS ) was developed in rats by the combined administration of puromycin - aminonucleoside ( AMNS ) and protamine sulfate ( PS ) .", "entities": [ "puromycin - aminonucleoside", "AMNS", "protamine sulfate", "PS" ] }, { "id": "3625", "type": "chemical", "text": "Male Sprague - Dawley rats , uninephrectomized three weeks before , received daily injections of subcutaneous AMNS ( 1 mg / 100 g body wt ) and intravenous PS ( 2 separated doses of 2 . 5 mg / 100 g body wt ) for four days .", "entities": [ "AMNS", "PS" ] }, { "id": "3629", "type": "chemical", "text": "The time - course curve of creatinine clearance dropped and showed significant difference ( P less than 0 . 01 ) from that of each control group , such as , AMNS alone , PS alone or saline injected .", "entities": [ "creatinine", "AMNS", "PS" ] }, { "id": "3631", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ultrastructural studies in the initial stage revealed significant lack of particles of perfused ruthenium red on the lamina rara externa and marked changes in epithelial cell cytoplasm .", "entities": [ "ruthenium" ] }, { "id": "3632", "type": "chemical", "text": "Therefore , it is suggested that the administration of PS enhances the toxicity of AMNS on the glomerulus and readily produces progressive FSGS in rats resulting in the end - stage renal disease .", "entities": [ "PS", "AMNS" ] }, { "id": "3633", "type": "chemical", "text": "Theophylline neurotoxicity in pregnant rats .", "entities": [ "Theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3634", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the neurotoxicity of theophylline is altered in advanced pregnancy .", "entities": [ "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3635", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sprague - Dawley rats that were 20 days pregnant and nonpregnant rats of the same age and strain received infusions of aminophylline until onset of maximal seizures which occurred after 28 and 30 minutes respectively .", "entities": [ "aminophylline" ] }, { "id": "3636", "type": "chemical", "text": "Theophylline concentrations at this endpoint in serum ( total ) and CSF were similar but serum ( free ) and brain concentrations were slightly different in pregnant rats .", "entities": [ "Theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3637", "type": "chemical", "text": "Theophylline serum protein binding determined by equilibrium dialysis was lower in pregnant rats .", "entities": [ "Theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3639", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that advanced pregnancy has a negligible effect on the neurotoxic response to theophylline in rats .", "entities": [ "theophylline" ] }, { "id": "3640", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hyperkalemia induced by indomethacin and naproxen and reversed by fludrocortisone .", "entities": [ "indomethacin", "naproxen", "fludrocortisone" ] }, { "id": "3641", "type": "chemical", "text": "We have described a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis and a history of mefenamic acid nephropathy in whom hyperkalemia and inappropriate hypoaldosteronism were caused by both indomethacin and naproxen , without major decline in renal function .", "entities": [ "mefenamic acid", "indomethacin", "naproxen" ] }, { "id": "3642", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is likely that preexisting renal disease predisposed this patient to type IV renal tubular acidosis with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors .", "entities": [ "prostaglandin" ] }, { "id": "3643", "type": "chemical", "text": "Because he was unable to discontinue nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug therapy , fludrocortisone was added , correcting the hyperkalemia and allowing indomethacin therapy to be continued safely .", "entities": [ "fludrocortisone", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "3644", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypotension as a manifestation of cardiotoxicity in three patients receiving cisplatin and 5 - fluorouracil .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "5 - fluorouracil" ] }, { "id": "3645", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiac symptoms , including hypotension , developed in three patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma while being treated with cisplatin ( CDDP ) and 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "CDDP", "5 - fluorouracil", "5 - FU" ] }, { "id": "3649", "type": "chemical", "text": "The presentation and cardiac evaluation ( hemodynamic , echocardiographic , and scintigraphic ) of these patients suggest new manifestations of 5 - FU cardiotoxicity that may be influenced by CDDP .", "entities": [ "5 - FU", "CDDP" ] }, { "id": "3651", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fatal aplastic anemia in a patient treated with carbamazepine .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3652", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of fatal aplastic anemia due to carbamazepine treatment in an epileptic woman is reported .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3653", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite concerns of fatal bone marrow toxicity due to carbamazepine , this is only the fourth documented and published report .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3654", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carbamazepine is a safe drug , but physicians and patients should be aware of the exceedingly rare but potentially fatal side effects , better prevented by clinical than by laboratory monitoring .", "entities": [ "Carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3655", "type": "chemical", "text": "Participation of a bulbospinal serotonergic pathway in the rat brain in clonidine - induced hypotension and bradycardia .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "3656", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of microinjection of clonidine ( 1 - 10 micrograms in 1 microliter ) into a region adjacent to the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata on cardiovascular function were assessed in urethane - anesthetized rats .", "entities": [ "clonidine", "urethane" ] }, { "id": "3657", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intramedullary administration of clonidine , but not saline vehicle , caused a dose - dependent decrease in both the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "3658", "type": "chemical", "text": "The clonidine - induced hypotension was antagonized by prior spinal transection , but not bilateral vagotomy .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "3659", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the other hand , the clonidine - induced bradycardia was antagonized by prior bilateral vagotomy , but not spinal transection .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "3660", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , selective destruction of the spinal 5 - HT nerves , produced by bilateral spinal injection of 5 , 7 - dihydroxytryptamine , reduced the magnitude of the vasodepressor or the bradycardiac responses to clonidine microinjected into the area near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata in rats .", "entities": [ "5 - HT", "5 , 7 - dihydroxytryptamine", "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "3661", "type": "chemical", "text": "The data indicate that a bulbospinal serotonergic pathway is involved in development of clonidine - induced hypotension and bradycardia .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "3663", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypertension in neuroblastoma induced by imipramine .", "entities": [ "imipramine" ] }, { "id": "3665", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , it has not previously been described in association with the use of Imipramine .", "entities": [ "Imipramine" ] }, { "id": "3666", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report the occurrence of severe hypertension ( blood pressure 190 / 160 ) in a 4 - year - old girl with neuroblastoma who was given Imipramine to control a behavior disorder .", "entities": [ "Imipramine" ] }, { "id": "3668", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since she had no blood pressure elevation at initial diagnosis and none following discontinuation of the Imipramine ( when she was in florid relapse ) , we believe that this drug rather than her underlying disease alone caused her hypertension .", "entities": [ "Imipramine" ] }, { "id": "3669", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mechanism for this reaction is believed to be increased levels of vasoactive catecholamines due to interference of their physiologic inactivation by Imipramine .", "entities": [ "catecholamines", "Imipramine" ] }, { "id": "3671", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rechallenge of patients who developed oral candidiasis or hoarseness with beclomethasone dipropionate .", "entities": [ "beclomethasone dipropionate" ] }, { "id": "3672", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of 158 asthmatic patients who were placed on inhaled beclomethasone , 15 ( 9 . 5 % ) developed either hoarseness ( 8 ) , oral thrush ( 6 ) , or both ( 1 ) .", "entities": [ "beclomethasone" ] }, { "id": "3673", "type": "chemical", "text": "When their adverse reactions subsided , seven of these 15 patients were rechallenged with inhaled beclomethasone .", "entities": [ "beclomethasone" ] }, { "id": "3677", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that patients may be restarted on inhaled beclomethasone when clinically indicated ; however , because of the high recurrence rate , patients who develop hoarseness should not be re - challenged .", "entities": [ "beclomethasone" ] }, { "id": "3678", "type": "chemical", "text": "Concomitant use of oral prednisone and topical beclomethasone may increase the risk of developing hoarseness or candidiasis .", "entities": [ "prednisone", "beclomethasone" ] }, { "id": "3679", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity : an analysis of dosing as a risk factor .", "entities": [ "Cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "3680", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation are generally immunosuppressed with a dose of cyclophosphamide ( CYA ) which is usually calculated based on the patient ' s weight .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3681", "type": "chemical", "text": "At these high doses of CYA , serious cardiotoxicity may occur , but definitive risk factors for the development of such cardiotoxicity have not been described .", "entities": [ "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3682", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since chemotherapeutic agent toxicity generally correlates with dose per body surface area , we retrospectively calculated the dose of CYA in patients transplanted at our institution to determine whether the incidence of CYA cardiotoxicity correlated with the dose per body surface area .", "entities": [ "CYA", "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3683", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eighty patients who were to receive CYA 50 mg / kg / d for four days as preparation for marrow grafting underwent a total of 84 transplants for aplastic anemia , Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome , or severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome .", "entities": [ "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3684", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fourteen of 84 ( 17 % ) patients had symptoms and signs consistent with CYA cardiotoxicity within ten days of receiving 1 to 4 doses of CYA .", "entities": [ "CYA", "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3686", "type": "chemical", "text": "The dose of CYA per body surface area was calculated for all patients and the patients were divided into two groups based on daily CYA dose : Group 1 , CYA less than or equal to 1 . 55 g / m2 / d ; Group 2 , CYA greater than 1 . 55 g / m2 / d .", "entities": [ "CYA", "CYA", "CYA", "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3687", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiotoxicity that was thought to be related to CYA occurred in 1 / 32 ( 3 % ) of patients in Group 1 and in 13 / 52 ( 25 % ) patients in Group 2 ( P less than 0 . 025 ) .", "entities": [ "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3690", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that the CYA cardiotoxicity correlates with CYA dosage as calculated by body surface area , and that patients with aplastic anemia and immunodeficiencies can be effectively prepared for bone marrow grafting at a CYA dose of 1 . 55 g / m2 / d for four days with a lower incidence of cardiotoxicity than patients whose CYA dosage is calculated based on weight .", "entities": [ "CYA", "CYA", "CYA", "CYA" ] }, { "id": "3692", "type": "chemical", "text": "Studies of risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "aminoglycoside" ] }, { "id": "3693", "type": "chemical", "text": "The epidemiology of aminoglycoside - induced nephrotoxicity is not fully understood .", "entities": [ "aminoglycoside" ] }, { "id": "3694", "type": "chemical", "text": "Experimental studies in healthy human volunteers indicate aminoglycosides cause proximal tubular damage in most patients , but rarely , if ever , cause glomerular or tubular dysfunction .", "entities": [ "aminoglycosides" ] }, { "id": "3695", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinical trials of aminoglycosides in seriously ill patients indicate that the relative risk for developing acute renal failure during therapy ranges from 8 to 10 and that the attributable risk is 70 % to 80 % .", "entities": [ "aminoglycosides" ] }, { "id": "3696", "type": "chemical", "text": "Further analysis of these data suggests that the duration of therapy , plasma aminoglycoside levels , liver disease , advanced age , high initial estimated creatinine clearance and , possibly , female gender all increase the risk for nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "aminoglycoside", "creatinine" ] }, { "id": "3699", "type": "chemical", "text": "These models may also be useful in developing insights into the pathophysiology of aminoglycoside - induced nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "aminoglycoside" ] }, { "id": "3703", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of clonidine , naphazoline and xylometazoline on analgesia induced by morphine , codeine , fentanyl and pentazocine , and on cataleptic effect of morphine , codine and fentanyl was studied in rats .", "entities": [ "clonidine", "naphazoline", "xylometazoline", "morphine", "codeine", "fentanyl", "pentazocine", "morphine", "codine", "fentanyl" ] }, { "id": "3704", "type": "chemical", "text": "The biochemical assays on the influence of four analgesics on the brain concentration and turnover of noradrenaline ( NA ) were also performed .", "entities": [ "noradrenaline", "NA" ] }, { "id": "3705", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was found that three drugs stimulating central NA receptors failed to affect the analgesic ED50 of all antinociceptive agents and they enhanced catalepsy induced by morphine and fentanyl .", "entities": [ "NA", "morphine", "fentanyl" ] }, { "id": "3706", "type": "chemical", "text": "Codeine catalepsy was increased by clonidine and decreased by naphazoline and xylometazoline .", "entities": [ "Codeine", "clonidine", "naphazoline", "xylometazoline" ] }, { "id": "3707", "type": "chemical", "text": "The brain concentration of NA was not changed by morphine and fentanyl , but one of the doses of codeine ( 45 mg / kg ) slightly enhanced it .", "entities": [ "NA", "morphine", "fentanyl", "codeine" ] }, { "id": "3708", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pentazocine dose - dependently decreased the brain level of NA .", "entities": [ "Pentazocine", "NA" ] }, { "id": "3709", "type": "chemical", "text": "The rate of NA turnover was not altered by analgesics except for the higher dose of fentanyl ( 0 . 2 mg / kg ) following which the disappearance of NA from the brain was diminished .", "entities": [ "NA", "fentanyl", "NA" ] }, { "id": "3711", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is suggested that in rats the brain NA plays a less important function than the other monoamines in the behavioural activity of potent analgesics .", "entities": [ "NA", "monoamines" ] }, { "id": "3712", "type": "chemical", "text": "Flurothyl seizure thresholds in mice treated neonatally with a single injection of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) : evaluation of experimental parameters in flurothyl seizure testing .", "entities": [ "Flurothyl", "monosodium glutamate", "MSG", "flurothyl" ] }, { "id": "3713", "type": "chemical", "text": "Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) administration to neonatal rodents produces convulsions and results in numerous biochemical and behavioral deficits .", "entities": [ "Monosodium glutamate", "MSG" ] }, { "id": "3714", "type": "chemical", "text": "These studies were undertaken to determine if neonatal administration of MSG produced permanent alterations in seizure susceptibility , since previous investigations were inconclusive .", "entities": [ "MSG" ] }, { "id": "3715", "type": "chemical", "text": "A flurothyl ether seizure screening technique was used to evaluate seizure susceptibility in adult mice that received neonatal injections of MSG ( 4 mg / g and 1 mg / g ) .", "entities": [ "ether", "MSG" ] }, { "id": "3716", "type": "chemical", "text": "MSG treatment resulted in significant reductions in whole brain weight but did not alter seizure threshold .", "entities": [ "MSG" ] }, { "id": "3717", "type": "chemical", "text": "A naloxone ( 5 mg / kg ) challenge was also ineffective in altering the seizure thresholds of either control of MSG - treated mice .", "entities": [ "naloxone", "MSG" ] }, { "id": "3718", "type": "chemical", "text": "Flurothyl ether produced hypothermia which was correlated with the duration of flurothyl exposure ; however , the relationship of hypothermia to seizure induction was unclear .", "entities": [ "ether", "flurothyl" ] }, { "id": "3719", "type": "chemical", "text": "Flurothyl seizure testing proved to be a rapid and reliable technique with which to evaluate seizure susceptibility .", "entities": [ "Flurothyl" ] }, { "id": "3720", "type": "chemical", "text": "Susceptibility to seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats after microinjection of isoniazid or gamma - vinyl - GABA into the substantia nigra .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine", "isoniazid", "gamma - vinyl - GABA" ] }, { "id": "3721", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pilocarpine , given intraperitoneally to rats , reproduces the neuropathological sequelae of temporal lobe epilepsy and provides a relevant animal model for studying mechanisms of buildup of convulsive activity and pathways operative in the generalization and propagation of seizures within the forebrain .", "entities": [ "Pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3722", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the present study , the effects of manipulating the activity of the gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) - mediated synaptic inhibition within the substantia nigra on seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats , were investigated .", "entities": [ "gamma - aminobutyric acid", "GABA", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3723", "type": "chemical", "text": "In animals pretreated with microinjections of isoniazid , 150 micrograms , an inhibitor of activity of the GABA - synthesizing enzyme , L - glutamic acid decarboxylase , into the substantia nigra pars reticulata ( SNR ) , bilaterally , non - convulsant doses of pilocarpine , 100 and 200 mg / kg , resulted in severe motor limbic seizures and status epilepticus .", "entities": [ "isoniazid", "GABA", "L - glutamic acid", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3724", "type": "chemical", "text": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral monitoring revealed a profound reduction of the threshold for pilocarpine - induced convulsions .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3725", "type": "chemical", "text": "Morphological analysis of frontal forebrain sections with light microscopy revealed seizure - related damage to the hippocampal formation , thalamus , amygdala , olfactory cortex , substantia nigra and neocortex , which is typically observed with pilocarpine in doses exceeding 350 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3726", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bilateral intrastriatal injections of isoniazid did not augment seizures produced by pilocarpine , 200 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "isoniazid", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3727", "type": "chemical", "text": "Application of an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase , gamma - vinyl - GABA ( D , L - 4 - amino - hex - 5 - enoic acid ) , 5 micrograms , into the SNR , bilaterally , suppressed the appearance of electrographic and behavioral seizures produced by pilocarpine , 380 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "GABA", "gamma - vinyl - GABA", "D , L - 4 - amino - hex - 5 - enoic acid", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3729", "type": "chemical", "text": "Microinjections of gamma - vinyl - GABA , 5 micrograms , into the dorsal striatum , bilaterally , failed to prevent the development of convulsions produced by pilocarpine , 380 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "gamma - vinyl - GABA", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3730", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results demonstrate that the threshold for pilocarpine - induced seizures in rats is subjected to the regulation of the GABA - mediated synaptic inhibition within the substantia nigra .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine", "GABA" ] }, { "id": "3734", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the first , cobalt cardiomyopathy was induced in eight dogs ; VIP ( by radioimmunoassay ) decreased from 35 + / - 11 pg / mg protein ( mean + / - SD ) to 5 + / - 4 pg / mg protein ( P less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "cobalt" ] }, { "id": "3735", "type": "chemical", "text": "In six dogs with doxorubicin - induced heart failure , VIP decreased from 31 + / - 7 to 11 + / - 4 pg / mg protein ( P less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "3740", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myocardial catecholamines were also determined in 14 subjects ; a weak correlation ( r = 0 . 57 , P less than 0 . 05 ) between the tissue concentrations of VIP and norepinephrine was noted . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS )", "entities": [ "catecholamines", "norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "3741", "type": "chemical", "text": "Non - invasive detection of coronary artery disease by body surface electrocardiographic mapping after dipyridamole infusion .", "entities": [ "dipyridamole" ] }, { "id": "3742", "type": "chemical", "text": "Electrocardiographic changes after dipyridamole infusion ( 0 . 568 mg / kg / 4 min ) were studied in 41 patients with coronary artery disease and compared with those after submaximal treadmill exercise by use of the body surface mapping technique .", "entities": [ "dipyridamole" ] }, { "id": "3745", "type": "chemical", "text": "After dipyridamole , ischemic ST - segment depression ( 0 . 05 mV or more ) was observed in 84 % of the non - MI group , 29 % of the ANT - MI group , 63 % of the INF - MI group and 61 % of the total population .", "entities": [ "dipyridamole" ] }, { "id": "3748", "type": "chemical", "text": "The increase in pressure rate product after dipyridamole was significantly less than that during the treadmill exercise .", "entities": [ "dipyridamole" ] }, { "id": "3749", "type": "chemical", "text": "The data suggest that the dipyridamole - induced myocardial ischemia is caused by the inhomogenous distribution of myocardial blood flow .", "entities": [ "dipyridamole" ] }, { "id": "3750", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that the dipyridamole ECG test is as useful as the exercise ECG test for the assessment of coronary artery disease .", "entities": [ "dipyridamole" ] }, { "id": "3751", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bradycardia after high - dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy .", "entities": [ "methylprednisolone" ] }, { "id": "3752", "type": "chemical", "text": "In 5 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received intravenous high - dose methylprednisolone ( MP ) therapy ( 1 g daily for 2 or 3 consecutive days ) , a decline in pulse rate was observed , most pronounced on day 4 .", "entities": [ "methylprednisolone", "MP" ] }, { "id": "3757", "type": "chemical", "text": "Careful observation of patients receiving high - dose MP is recommended .", "entities": [ "MP" ] }, { "id": "3758", "type": "chemical", "text": "High - dose MP may be contraindicated in patients with known heart disease .", "entities": [ "MP" ] }, { "id": "3759", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two cases of downbeat nystagmus and oscillopsia associated with carbamazepine .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3761", "type": "chemical", "text": "We recorded the eye movements of two patients with reversible downbeat nystagmus related to carbamazepine therapy .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3762", "type": "chemical", "text": "The nystagmus of both patients resolved after reduction of the serum carbamazepine levels .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "3765", "type": "chemical", "text": "Improvement by denopamine ( TA - 064 ) of pentobarbital - induced cardiac failure in the dog heart - lung preparation .", "entities": [ "denopamine", "TA - 064", "pentobarbital" ] }, { "id": "3766", "type": "chemical", "text": "The efficacy of denopamine , an orally active beta 1 - adrenoceptor agonist , in improving cardiac failure was assessed in dog heart - lung preparations .", "entities": [ "denopamine" ] }, { "id": "3767", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiac functions depressed by pentobarbital ( 118 + / - 28 mg ; mean value + / - SD ) such that cardiac output and maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure ( LV dP / dt max ) had been reduced by about 35 % and 26 % of the respective controls were improved by denopamine ( 10 - 300 micrograms ) in a dose - dependent manner .", "entities": [ "pentobarbital", "denopamine" ] }, { "id": "3768", "type": "chemical", "text": "With 100 micrograms denopamine , almost complete restoration of cardiac performance was attained , associated with a slight increase in heart rate .", "entities": [ "denopamine" ] }, { "id": "3769", "type": "chemical", "text": "No arrhythmias were induced by these doses of denopamine .", "entities": [ "denopamine" ] }, { "id": "3770", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results warrant clinical trials of denopamine in the treatment of cardiac failure .", "entities": [ "denopamine" ] }, { "id": "3771", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clonazepam monotherapy for epilepsy in childhood .", "entities": [ "Clonazepam" ] }, { "id": "3772", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sixty patients ( age - range one month to 14 years ) with other types of epilepsy than infantile spasms were treated with clonazepam .", "entities": [ "clonazepam" ] }, { "id": "3778", "type": "chemical", "text": "Postmarketing study of timolol - hydrochlorothiazide antihypertensive therapy .", "entities": [ "timolol", "hydrochlorothiazide" ] }, { "id": "3779", "type": "chemical", "text": "A postmarketing surveillance study was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of a fixed - ratio combination containing 10 mg of timolol maleate and 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide , administered twice daily for one month to hypertensive patients .", "entities": [ "timolol maleate", "hydrochlorothiazide" ] }, { "id": "3781", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mean systolic blood pressure decreased 25 mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure declined 15 mmHg after one month of timolol - hydrochlorothiazide therapy ( P less than 0 . 01 , both comparisons ) .", "entities": [ "timolol", "hydrochlorothiazide" ] }, { "id": "3786", "type": "chemical", "text": "Salicylate nephropathy in the Gunn rat : potential role of prostaglandins .", "entities": [ "Salicylate", "prostaglandins" ] }, { "id": "3787", "type": "chemical", "text": "We examined the potential role of prostaglandins in the development of analgesic nephropathy in the Gunn strain of rat .", "entities": [ "prostaglandins" ] }, { "id": "3788", "type": "chemical", "text": "The homozygous Gunn rats have unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to the absence of glucuronyl transferase , leading to marked bilirubin deposition in renal medulla and papilla .", "entities": [ "glucuronyl", "bilirubin" ] }, { "id": "3791", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four groups of rats ( n = 7 ) were studied : jj and jJ rats treated either with aspirin 300 mg / kg every other day or sham - treated .", "entities": [ "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "3792", "type": "chemical", "text": "After one week , slices of cortex , outer and inner medulla from one kidney were incubated in buffer and prostaglandin synthesis was determined by radioimmunoassay .", "entities": [ "prostaglandin" ] }, { "id": "3794", "type": "chemical", "text": "A marked corticomedullary gradient of prostaglandin synthesis was observed in all groups .", "entities": [ "prostaglandin" ] }, { "id": "3795", "type": "chemical", "text": "PGE2 synthesis was significantly higher in outer medulla , but not cortex or inner medulla , of jj ( 38 + / - 6 ng / mg prot ) than jJ rats ( 15 + / - 3 ) ( p less than 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "PGE2" ] }, { "id": "3796", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aspirin treatment reduced PGE2 synthesis in all regions , but outer medullary PGE2 remained higher in jj ( 18 + / - 3 ) than jJ rats ( 9 + / - 2 ) ( p less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "Aspirin", "PGE2", "PGE2" ] }, { "id": "3797", "type": "chemical", "text": "PGF2 alpha was also significantly higher in the outer medulla of jj rats with and without aspirin administration ( p less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "PGF2 alpha", "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "3798", "type": "chemical", "text": "The changes in renal prostaglandin synthesis were accompanied by evidence of renal damage in aspirin - treated jj but not jJ rats as evidenced by : increased incidence and severity of hematuria ( p less than 0 . 01 ) ; increased serum creatinine ( p less than 0 . 05 ) ; and increase in outer medullary histopathologic lesions ( p less than 0 . 005 compared to either sham - treated jj or aspirin - treated jJ ) .", "entities": [ "prostaglandin", "aspirin", "creatinine", "aspirin" ] }, { "id": "3799", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest that enhanced prostaglandin synthesis contributes to maintenance of renal function and morphological integrity , and that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may lead to pathological renal medullary lesions and deterioration of renal function .", "entities": [ "prostaglandin", "prostaglandin" ] }, { "id": "3800", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prophylactic lidocaine in the early phase of suspected myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3801", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four hundred two patients with suspected myocardial infarction seen within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms entered a double - blind randomized trial of lidocaine vs placebo .", "entities": [ "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3803", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lidocaine , given in a 300 mg dose intramuscularly followed by 100 mg intravenously , did not prevent sustained ventricular tachycardia , although there was a significant reduction in the number of patients with warning arrhythmias between 15 and 45 minutes after the administration of lidocaine ( p less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "Lidocaine", "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3804", "type": "chemical", "text": "The average plasma lidocaine level 10 minutes after administration for patients without a myocardial infarction was significantly higher than that for patients with an acute infarction .", "entities": [ "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3805", "type": "chemical", "text": "The mean plasma lidocaine level of patients on beta - blocking agents was no different from that in patients not on beta blocking agents .", "entities": [ "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3806", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the 1 - hour study period , the incidence of central nervous system side effects was significantly greater in the lidocaine group , hypotension occurred in 11 patients , nine of whom had received lidocaine , and four patients died from asystole , three of whom had had lidocaine .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "lidocaine", "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3807", "type": "chemical", "text": "We cannot advocate the administration of lidocaine prophylactically in the early hours of suspected myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "3808", "type": "chemical", "text": "Evidence for a cholinergic role in haloperidol - induced catalepsy .", "entities": [ "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3809", "type": "chemical", "text": "Experiments in mice tested previous evidence that activation of cholinergic systems promotes catalepsy and that cholinergic mechanisms need to be intact for full expression of neuroleptic - induced catalepsy .", "entities": [ "neuroleptic" ] }, { "id": "3810", "type": "chemical", "text": "Large doses of the cholinomimetic , pilocarpine , could induce catalepsy when peripheral cholinergic receptors were blocked .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "3811", "type": "chemical", "text": "Low doses of pilocarpine caused a pronounced enhancement of the catalepsy that was induced by the dopaminergic blocker , haloperidol .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3812", "type": "chemical", "text": "A muscarinic receptor blocker , atropine , disrupted haloperidol - induced catalepsy .", "entities": [ "atropine", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3813", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intracranial injection of an acetylcholine - synthesis inhibitor , hemicholinium , prevented the catalepsy that is usually induced by haloperidol .", "entities": [ "acetylcholine", "hemicholinium", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3814", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings suggest the hypothesis that the catalepsy that is produced by neuroleptics such as haloperidol is actually mediated by intrinsic central cholinergic systems .", "entities": [ "neuroleptics", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "3816", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiovascular dysfunction and hypersensitivity to sodium pentobarbital induced by chronic barium chloride ingestion .", "entities": [ "sodium pentobarbital", "barium chloride" ] }, { "id": "3817", "type": "chemical", "text": "Barium - supplemented Long - Evans hooded rats were characterized by a persistent hypertension that was evident after 1 month of barium ( 100 micrograms / ml mineral fortified water ) treatment .", "entities": [ "Barium", "barium" ] }, { "id": "3818", "type": "chemical", "text": "Analysis of in vivo myocardial excitability , contractility , and metabolic characteristics at 16 months revealed other significant barium - induced disturbances within the cardiovascular system .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "3819", "type": "chemical", "text": "The most distinctive aspect of the barium effect was a demonstrated hypersensitivity of the cardiovascular system to sodium pentobarbital .", "entities": [ "barium", "sodium pentobarbital" ] }, { "id": "3820", "type": "chemical", "text": "Under barbiturate anesthesia , virtually all of the myocardial contractile indices were depressed significantly in barium - exposed rats relative to the corresponding control - fed rats .", "entities": [ "barbiturate", "barium" ] }, { "id": "3821", "type": "chemical", "text": "The lack of a similar response to ketamine and xylazine anesthesia revealed that the cardiovascular actions of sodium pentobarbital in barium - treated rats were linked specifically to this anesthetic , and were not representative of a generalized anesthetic response .", "entities": [ "ketamine", "xylazine", "sodium pentobarbital", "barium" ] }, { "id": "3822", "type": "chemical", "text": "Other myocardial pathophysiologic and metabolic changes induced by barium were manifest , irrespective of the anesthetic employed .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "3823", "type": "chemical", "text": "The contractile element shortening velocity of the cardiac muscle fibers was significantly slower in both groups of barium - treated rats relative to the control groups , irrespective of the anesthetic regimen .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "3824", "type": "chemical", "text": "Similarly , significant disturbances in myocardial energy metabolism were detected in the barium - exposed rats which were consistent with the reduced contractile element shortening velocity .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "3825", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , the excitability of the cardiac conduction system was depressed preferentially in the atrioventricular nodal region of hearts from barium - exposed rats .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "3826", "type": "chemical", "text": "Overall , the altered cardiac contractility and excitability characteristics , the myocardial metabolic disturbances , and the hypersensitivity of the cardiovascular system to sodium pentobarbital suggest the existence of a heretofore undescribed cardiomyopathic disorder induced by chronic barium exposure .", "entities": [ "sodium pentobarbital", "barium" ] }, { "id": "3827", "type": "chemical", "text": "These experimental findings represent the first indication that life - long barium ingestion may have significant adverse effects on the mammalian cardiovascular system .", "entities": [ "barium" ] }, { "id": "3828", "type": "chemical", "text": "Propranolol antagonism of phenylpropanolamine - induced hypertension .", "entities": [ "Propranolol", "phenylpropanolamine" ] }, { "id": "3829", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phenylpropanolamine ( PPA ) overdose can cause severe hypertension , intracerebral hemorrhage , and death .", "entities": [ "Phenylpropanolamine", "PPA" ] }, { "id": "3830", "type": "chemical", "text": "We studied the efficacy and safety of propranolol in the treatment of PPA - induced hypertension .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "PPA" ] }, { "id": "3831", "type": "chemical", "text": "Subjects received propranolol either by mouth for 48 hours before PPA or as a rapid intravenous infusion after PPA .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "PPA", "PPA" ] }, { "id": "3832", "type": "chemical", "text": "PPA , 75 mg alone , increased blood pressure ( 31 + / - 14 mm Hg systolic , 20 + / - 5 mm Hg diastolic ) , and propranolol pretreatment antagonized this increase ( 12 + / - 10 mm Hg systolic , 10 + / - 7 mm Hg diastolic ) .", "entities": [ "PPA", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3833", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intravenous propranolol after PPA also decreased blood pressure .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "PPA" ] }, { "id": "3834", "type": "chemical", "text": "Left ventricular function ( assessed by echocardiography ) showed that PPA increased the stroke volume 30 % ( from 62 . 5 + / - 20 . 9 to 80 . 8 + / - 22 . 4 ml ) , the ejection fraction 9 % ( from 64 % + / - 10 % to 70 % + / - 7 % ) , and cardiac output 14 % ( from 3 . 6 + / - 0 . 6 to 4 . 1 + / - 1 . 0 L / min ) .", "entities": [ "PPA" ] }, { "id": "3835", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intravenous propranolol reversed these effects .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3836", "type": "chemical", "text": "Systemic vascular resistance was increased by PPA 28 % ( from 1710 + / - 200 to 2190 + / - 700 dyne X sec / cm5 ) and was further increased by propranolol 22 % ( to 2660 + / - 1200 dyne X sec / cm5 ) .", "entities": [ "PPA", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3837", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that PPA increases blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output , and that propranolol antagonizes this increase by reversing the effect of PPA on cardiac output .", "entities": [ "PPA", "propranolol", "PPA" ] }, { "id": "3838", "type": "chemical", "text": "That propranolol antagonizes the pressor effect of PPA is in contrast to the interaction in which propranolol enhances the pressor effect of norepinephrine .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "PPA", "propranolol", "norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "3839", "type": "chemical", "text": "This is probably because PPA has less beta 2 activity than does norepinephrine .", "entities": [ "PPA", "norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "3840", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mesangial function and glomerular sclerosis in rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis .", "entities": [ "aminonucleoside" ] }, { "id": "3841", "type": "chemical", "text": "The possible relationship between mesangial dysfunction and development of glomerular sclerosis was studied in the puromycin aminonucleoside ( PAN ) model .", "entities": [ "puromycin aminonucleoside", "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3842", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five male Wistar rats received repeated subcutaneous PAN injections ; five controls received saline only .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3843", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 4 weeks the PAN rats were severely proteinuric ( 190 + / - 80 mg / 24 hr ) , and all rats were given colloidal carbon ( CC ) intravenously .", "entities": [ "PAN", "carbon" ] }, { "id": "3844", "type": "chemical", "text": "At 5 months glomerular sclerosis was found in 7 . 6 + / - 3 . 4 % of the glomeruli of PAN rats ; glomeruli of the controls were normal .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3845", "type": "chemical", "text": "Glomeruli of PAN rats contained significantly more CC than glomeruli of controls .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3848", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since mesangial CC clearance from the mesangium did not change during chronic PAN treatment , we conclude that this preferential CC localization within the lesions is caused by an increased CC uptake shortly after injection in apparent vulnerable areas where sclerosis will develop subsequently .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3849", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cluster analysis showed a random distribution of lesions in the PAN glomeruli in concordance with the random localization of mesangial areas with dysfunction in this model .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3850", "type": "chemical", "text": "Similar to the remnant kidney model in PAN nephrosis the development of glomerular sclerosis may be related to \" mesangial overloading . \"", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "3851", "type": "chemical", "text": "Relationship between nicotine - induced seizures and hippocampal nicotinic receptors .", "entities": [ "nicotine" ] }, { "id": "3853", "type": "chemical", "text": "Using mice derived from a classical F2 and backcross genetic design , a relationship between nicotine - induced seizures and alpha - bungarotoxin nicotinic receptor concentration was found .", "entities": [ "nicotine" ] }, { "id": "3854", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mice sensitive to the convulsant effects of nicotine had greater alpha - bungarotoxin binding in the hippocampus than seizure insensitive mice .", "entities": [ "nicotine" ] }, { "id": "3855", "type": "chemical", "text": "The binding sites from seizure sensitive and resistant mice were equally affected by treatment with dithiothreitol , trypsin or heat .", "entities": [ "dithiothreitol" ] }, { "id": "3857", "type": "chemical", "text": "The role of p - aminophenol in acetaminophen - induced nephrotoxicity : effect of bis ( p - nitrophenyl ) phosphate on acetaminophen and p - aminophenol nephrotoxicity and metabolism in Fischer 344 rats .", "entities": [ "p - aminophenol", "acetaminophen", "bis ( p - nitrophenyl ) phosphate", "acetaminophen", "p - aminophenol" ] }, { "id": "3858", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acetaminophen ( APAP ) produces proximal tubular necrosis in Fischer 344 ( F344 ) rats .", "entities": [ "Acetaminophen", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3859", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recently , p - aminophenol ( PAP ) , a known potent nephrotoxicant , was identified as a metabolite of APAP in F344 rats .", "entities": [ "p - aminophenol", "PAP", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3860", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of this study was to determine if PAP formation is a requisite step in APAP - induced nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "PAP", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3861", "type": "chemical", "text": "Therefore , the effect of bis ( p - nitrophenyl ) phosphate ( BNPP ) , an acylamidase inhibitor , on APAP and PAP nephrotoxicity and metabolism was determined .", "entities": [ "bis ( p - nitrophenyl ) phosphate", "BNPP", "APAP", "PAP" ] }, { "id": "3862", "type": "chemical", "text": "BNPP ( 1 to 8 mM ) reduced APAP deacetylation and covalent binding in F344 renal cortical homogenates in a concentration - dependent manner .", "entities": [ "BNPP", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3863", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pretreatment of animals with BNPP prior to APAP or PAP administration resulted in marked reduction of APAP ( 900 mg / kg ) nephrotoxicity but not PAP nephrotoxicity .", "entities": [ "BNPP", "APAP", "PAP", "APAP", "PAP" ] }, { "id": "3864", "type": "chemical", "text": "This result was not due to altered disposition of either APAP or acetylated metabolites in plasma or renal cortical and hepatic tissue .", "entities": [ "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3865", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rather , BNPP pretreatment reduced the fraction of APAP excreted as PAP by 64 and 75 % after APAP doses of 750 and 900 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "BNPP", "APAP", "PAP", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3866", "type": "chemical", "text": "BNPP did not alter the excretion of APAP or any of its non - deacetylated metabolites nor did BNPP alter excretion of PAP or its metabolites after PAP doses of 150 and 300 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "BNPP", "APAP", "BNPP", "PAP", "PAP" ] }, { "id": "3867", "type": "chemical", "text": "Therefore , the BNPP - induced reduction in APAP - induced nephrotoxicity appears to be due to inhibition of APAP deacetylation .", "entities": [ "BNPP", "APAP", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3868", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that PAP formation , in vivo , accounts , at least in part , for APAP - induced renal tubular necrosis .", "entities": [ "PAP", "APAP" ] }, { "id": "3869", "type": "chemical", "text": "Morphine - induced seizures in newborn infants .", "entities": [ "Morphine" ] }, { "id": "3870", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two neonates suffered from generalized seizures during the course of intravenous morphine sulfate for post - operative analgesia .", "entities": [ "morphine sulfate" ] }, { "id": "3871", "type": "chemical", "text": "They received morphine in doses of 32 micrograms / kg / hr and 40 micrograms / kg / hr larger than a group of 10 neonates who received 6 - 24 micrograms / kg / hr and had no seizures .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "3872", "type": "chemical", "text": "Plasma concentrations of morphine in these neonates was excessive ( 60 and 90 mg / ml ) .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "3873", "type": "chemical", "text": "Other known reasons for seizures were ruled out and the convulsions stopped a few hours after cessation of morphine and did not reoccur in the subsequent 8 months .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "3874", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is suggested that post - operative intravenous morphine should not exceed 20 micrograms / kg / ml in neonates .", "entities": [ "morphine" ] }, { "id": "3875", "type": "chemical", "text": "Indomethacin induced hypotension in sodium and volume depleted rats .", "entities": [ "Indomethacin", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "3876", "type": "chemical", "text": "After a single oral dose of 4 mg / kg indomethacin ( IDM ) to sodium and volume depleted rats plasma renin activity ( PRA ) and systolic blood pressure fell significantly within four hours .", "entities": [ "indomethacin", "IDM", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "3877", "type": "chemical", "text": "In sodium repleted animals indomethacin did not change systolic blood pressure ( BP ) although plasma renin activity was decreased .", "entities": [ "sodium", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "3878", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thus , indomethacin by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may diminish the blood pressure maintaining effect of the stimulated renin - angiotensin system in sodium and volume depletion .", "entities": [ "indomethacin", "prostaglandin", "angiotensin", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "3879", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the antiarrhythmic activity of one N - substituted piperazine derivative of trans - 2 - amino - 3 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroanaphthalene .", "entities": [ "piperazine", "trans - 2 - amino - 3 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroanaphthalene" ] }, { "id": "3880", "type": "chemical", "text": "The antiarrhythmic activity of the compound N - ( trans - 3 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 2 - naphthyl ) - N - ( 3 - oxo - 3 - phenyl - 2 - methylpropyl ) - piperazine hydrochloride , referred to as P11 , is studied on anaesthesized cats and Wistar albino rats , as well as on non - anaesthesized rabbits .", "entities": [ "N - ( trans - 3 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 2 - naphthyl ) - N - ( 3 - oxo - 3 - phenyl - 2 - methylpropyl ) - piperazine hydrochloride", "P11" ] }, { "id": "3881", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four types of experimental arrhythmia are used - - with BaCl2 , with chloroform - adrenaline , with strophantine G and with aconitine .", "entities": [ "BaCl2", "chloroform", "adrenaline", "strophantine G", "aconitine" ] }, { "id": "3882", "type": "chemical", "text": "The compound P11 is introduced in doses of 0 . 25 and 0 . 50 mg / kg intravenously and 10 mg / kg orally .", "entities": [ "P11" ] }, { "id": "3883", "type": "chemical", "text": "The compound manifests antiarrhythmic activity in all models of experimental arrhythmia used , causing greatest inhibition on the arrhythmia induced by chloroform - adrenaline ( in 90 per cent ) and with BaCl2 ( in 84 per cent ) .", "entities": [ "chloroform", "adrenaline", "BaCl2" ] }, { "id": "3885", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with aminocaproic acid therapy and acute renal artery thrombosis .", "entities": [ "aminocaproic acid" ] }, { "id": "3887", "type": "chemical", "text": "Epsilon aminocaproic acid ( EACA ) has been used to prevent rebleeding in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) .", "entities": [ "Epsilon aminocaproic acid", "EACA" ] }, { "id": "3888", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although this agent does decrease the frequency of rebleeding , several reports have described thrombotic complications of EACA therapy .", "entities": [ "EACA" ] }, { "id": "3889", "type": "chemical", "text": "These complications have included clinical deterioration and intracranial vascular thrombosis in patients with SAH , arteriolar and capillary fibrin thrombi in patients with fibrinolytic syndromes treated with EACA , or other thromboembolic phenomena .", "entities": [ "EACA" ] }, { "id": "3890", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since intravascular fibrin thrombi are often observed in patients with fibrinolytic disorders , EACA should not be implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrin thrombi in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation or other \" consumption coagulopathies . \" This report describes subtotal infarction of the kidney due to thrombosis of a normal renal artery .", "entities": [ "EACA" ] }, { "id": "3891", "type": "chemical", "text": "This occlusion occurred after EACA therapy in a patient with SAH and histopathological documentation of recurrent SAH .", "entities": [ "EACA" ] }, { "id": "3893", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effect of vincristine sulfate on Pseudomonas infections in monkeys .", "entities": [ "vincristine sulfate" ] }, { "id": "3896", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intravenous or intratracheal inoculation of 2 . 0 to 2 . 5 mg of vincristine sulfate was followed by leukopenia in 4 to 5 days .", "entities": [ "vincristine sulfate" ] }, { "id": "3897", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intravenous inoculation of 4 . 2 x 10 ( 10 ) to 7 . 8 x 10 ( 10 ) pyocin type 6 Pseudomonas organisms in monkeys given vincristine sulfate 4 days previously resulted in fatal infection in 11 of 14 monkeys , whereas none of four receiving Pseudomonas alone died .", "entities": [ "vincristine sulfate" ] }, { "id": "3899", "type": "chemical", "text": "Modification by propranolol of cardiovascular effects of induced hypoglycaemia .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3901", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eight received insulin alone , and eight , including two of the original insulin - only group , were given propranolol and insulin .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3903", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the propranolol - insulin group there was a significant fall in heart - rate in most subjects and an increase in diastolic pressure .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3904", "type": "chemical", "text": "Typical S - T / T changes occurred in the insulin - group but in none of the propranolol - insulin group .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3906", "type": "chemical", "text": "Long - term propranolol therapy in pregnancy : maternal and fetal outcome .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3907", "type": "chemical", "text": "Propranolol , a beta - adrenergic blocking agent , has found an important position in the practice of medicine .", "entities": [ "Propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3909", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ten patients and 12 pregnancies are reported where chronic propranolol has been administered .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3910", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five patients with serial pregnancies with and without propranolol therapy are also examined .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3913", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that previously reported hypoglycemia , hyperbilirubinemia , polycythemia , neonatal apnea , and bradycardia are not invariable and cannot be statistically correlated with chronic propranolol therapy .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3915", "type": "chemical", "text": "Central excitatory actions of flurazepam .", "entities": [ "flurazepam" ] }, { "id": "3916", "type": "chemical", "text": "Toxic actions of flurazepam ( FZP ) were studied in cats , mice and rats .", "entities": [ "flurazepam", "FZP" ] }, { "id": "3920", "type": "chemical", "text": "Signs of FZP toxocity in cats included excessive salivation , extreme apprehensive behavior , retching , muscle tremors and convulsions .", "entities": [ "FZP" ] }, { "id": "3921", "type": "chemical", "text": "An interaction between FZP and pentylenetetrazol ( PTZ ) was shown by pretreating mice with FZP before PTZ challenge .", "entities": [ "FZP", "pentylenetetrazol", "PTZ", "FZP", "PTZ" ] }, { "id": "3922", "type": "chemical", "text": "As a function of dose , FZP first protected against convulsions and death .", "entities": [ "FZP" ] }, { "id": "3924", "type": "chemical", "text": "These doses of FZP were lower than those that would alone cause convulsions .", "entities": [ "FZP" ] }, { "id": "3925", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results may be relevant to the use of FZP in clinical situations in which there is increased neural excitability , such as epilepsy or sedative - hypnotic drug withdrawal .", "entities": [ "FZP" ] }, { "id": "3926", "type": "chemical", "text": "Use of propranolol in the treatment of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3928", "type": "chemical", "text": "They all exhibited markedly reduced plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in both recumbent and upright positions and had marked hypersensitivity to the pressor effects of infused norepinephrine .", "entities": [ "catecholamines", "norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "3929", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment with propanolol administered intravenously ( 1 - 5 mg ) produced increases in supine and upright blood pressure in 4 of the 5 individuals with rises ranging from 11 / 6 to 22 / 11 mmHg .", "entities": [ "propanolol" ] }, { "id": "3930", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic oral administration of propranolol ( 40 - 160 mg / day ) also elevated the blood pressures of these individuals with increases in the order of 20 - 35 / 15 - 25 mmg being observed .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3931", "type": "chemical", "text": "In 1 patient , marked hypertension was induced by propranolol and the drug had to be withdrawn .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3934", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hemodynamic measurements in 1 of the patients demonstrated an increase in total peripheral resistance and essentially no change in cardiac output following propranolol therapy .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3935", "type": "chemical", "text": "The studies suggest that propranolol is a useful drug in selected patients with severe idiopathic orthostatic hypotension .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3936", "type": "chemical", "text": "Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "3939", "type": "chemical", "text": "An investigation was undertaken to determine the dosage of etomidate required to maintain sleep in adults undergoing surgery under regional local anesthesia .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "3940", "type": "chemical", "text": "Premedication of diazepam 10 mg and atropine 0 . 5 mg was given , and sleep was induced and maintained by intermittent intravenous injections of etomidate 0 . 1 / mg / kg , given whenever the patient would open his eyes on request .", "entities": [ "diazepam", "atropine", "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "3941", "type": "chemical", "text": "A mean overall dose of etomidate 17 . 4 microgram / kg / min . was required to maintain sleep , but great individual variation occurred , with older patients requiring less drug .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "3943", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is considered unlikely that etomidate will prove to be the hypnotic of choice for a totally intravenous anesthetic technique in adults because of the high incidence of myoclonia after prolonged administration .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "3946", "type": "chemical", "text": "We compared the effects of single doses of 50 mg atenolol ( cardioselective ) , 40 mg propranolol ( nonselective ) , and placebo on both exercise - and isoproterenol - induced tachycardia in two experiments involving nine normal subjects .", "entities": [ "atenolol", "propranolol", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3947", "type": "chemical", "text": "Maximal exercise heart rate was reduced from 187 + / - 4 ( SEM ) after placebo to 146 + / - 7 bpm after atenolol and 138 + / - 6 bpm after propranolol , but there were no differences between the drugs .", "entities": [ "atenolol", "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "3948", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects on isoproterenol tachycardia were determined before and after atropine ( 0 . 04 mg / kg IV ) .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "atropine" ] }, { "id": "3949", "type": "chemical", "text": "Isoproterenol sensitivity was determined as the intravenous dose that increased heart rate by 25 bpm ( CD25 ) and this was increased from 1 . 8 + / - 0 . 3 micrograms after placebo to 38 . 9 + / - 8 . 3 micrograms after propranolol and 8 . 3 + / - 1 . 7 micrograms after atenolol .", "entities": [ "Isoproterenol", "propranolol", "atenolol" ] }, { "id": "3951", "type": "chemical", "text": "After atropine the CD25 was unchanged after placebo ( 2 . 3 + / - 0 . 3 micrograms ) and atenolol ( 7 . 7 + / - 1 . 3 micrograms ) ; it was reduced after propranolol ( 24 . 8 + / - 5 . 0 micrograms ) , but remained different from atenolol .", "entities": [ "atropine", "atenolol", "propranolol", "atenolol" ] }, { "id": "3952", "type": "chemical", "text": "This change with propranolol sensitivity was calculated as the apparent Ka , this was unchanged by atropine ( 11 . 7 + / - 2 . 1 and 10 . 1 + / - 2 . 5 ml / ng ) .", "entities": [ "propranolol", "atropine" ] }, { "id": "3953", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data are consistent with the hypothesis that exercise - induced tachycardia results largely from beta 1 - receptor activation that is blocked by both cardioselective and nonselective drugs , whereas isoproterenol activates both beta 1 - and beta 2 - receptors so that after cardioselective blockade there remains a beta 2 - component that can be blocked with a nonselective drug .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "3958", "type": "chemical", "text": "It was hypothesized that progestins could equilibrate the effects of the estrogenic stimulation on the mammary and endometrial target tissues of women on hormonal replacement therapy .", "entities": [ "progestins" ] }, { "id": "3959", "type": "chemical", "text": "The treatment schedule consisted of conjugated estrogens ( Premarin ) 1 . 25 mg / day for 21 days and Medroxyprogesterone acetate 10 mg / day for 10 days in each month .", "entities": [ "conjugated estrogens", "Premarin", "Medroxyprogesterone acetate" ] }, { "id": "3964", "type": "chemical", "text": "Normalization was obtained by halving the estrogen dose .", "entities": [ "estrogen" ] }, { "id": "3966", "type": "chemical", "text": "Early infections in kidney , heart , and liver transplant recipients on cyclosporine .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "3968", "type": "chemical", "text": "Seventeen renal patients received azathioprine ( Aza ) and prednisone as part of a randomized trial of immunosuppression with 21 cyclosporine - and - prednisone - treated renal transplant patients .", "entities": [ "azathioprine", "Aza", "prednisone", "cyclosporine", "prednisone" ] }, { "id": "3969", "type": "chemical", "text": "All others received cyclosporine and prednisone .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine", "prednisone" ] }, { "id": "3970", "type": "chemical", "text": "The randomized Aza patients had more overall infections ( P less than 0 . 05 ) and more nonviral infections ( P less than 0 . 02 ) than the randomized cyclosporine patients .", "entities": [ "Aza", "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "3971", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heart and liver patients had more infections than cyclosporine renal patients but fewer infections than the Aza renal patients .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine", "Aza" ] }, { "id": "3972", "type": "chemical", "text": "There were no infectious deaths in renal transplant patients on cyclosporine or Aza , but infection played a major role in 3 out of 6 cardiac transplant deaths and in 8 out of 9 liver transplant deaths .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine", "Aza" ] }, { "id": "3973", "type": "chemical", "text": "Renal patients on cyclosporine had the fewest bacteremias .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "3975", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pulmonary infections were less common in cyclosporine - treated renal patients than in Aza - treated patients ( P less than 0 . 05 ) .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine", "Aza" ] }, { "id": "3976", "type": "chemical", "text": "Aza patients had significantly more staphylococcal infections than all other transplant groups ( P less than 0 . 005 ) , and systemic fungal infections occurred only in the liver transplant group .", "entities": [ "Aza" ] }, { "id": "3977", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) shedding or serological rises in antibody titer , or both occurred in 78 % of cyclosporine patients and 76 % of Aza patients .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine", "Aza" ] }, { "id": "3978", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of the cyclosporine patients , 15 % had symptoms related to CMV infection .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "3979", "type": "chemical", "text": "Serological evidence for Epstein Barr Virus infection was found in 20 % of 65 cyclosporine patients studied .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine" ] }, { "id": "3981", "type": "chemical", "text": "Structure - activity and dose - effect relationships of the antagonism of picrotoxin - induced seizures by cholecystokinin , fragments and analogues of cholecystokinin in mice .", "entities": [ "picrotoxin", "cholecystokinin", "cholecystokinin" ] }, { "id": "3982", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide sulphate ester ( CCK - 8 - SE ) and nonsulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide ( CCK - 8 - NS ) enhanced the latency of seizures induced by picrotoxin in mice .", "entities": [ "cholecystokinin octapeptide", "CCK - 8", "cholecystokinin octapeptide", "CCK - 8", "picrotoxin" ] }, { "id": "3984", "type": "chemical", "text": "The analogues CCK - 8 - SE and CCK - 8 - NS ( dose range 0 . 2 - 6 . 4 mumol / kg ) and caerulein dose range 0 . 1 - 0 . 8 mumol / kg ) showed bell - shaped dose - effect curves , with the greatest maximum inhibition for CCK - 8 - NS .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8", "CCK - 8", "caerulein", "CCK - 8" ] }, { "id": "3985", "type": "chemical", "text": "The peptide CCK - 5 - 8 had weak anticonvulsant activity in comparison to the octapeptides , 3 . 2 mumol / kg and larger doses of the reference drug , diazepam , totally prevented picrotoxin - induced seizures and mortality .", "entities": [ "diazepam", "picrotoxin" ] }, { "id": "3986", "type": "chemical", "text": "The maximum effect of the peptides tested was less than that of diazepam .", "entities": [ "diazepam" ] }, { "id": "3987", "type": "chemical", "text": "Experiments with analogues and derivatives of CCK - 5 - 8 demonstrated that the effectiveness of the beta - alanyl derivatives of CCK - 5 - 8 were enhanced and that they were equipotent with CCK - 8 - SE .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8" ] }, { "id": "3988", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of the CCK - 2 - 8 analogues , Ser ( SO3H ) 7 - Ac - CCK - 2 - 8 - SE and Thr ( SO3H ) 7 - Ac - CCK - 2 - 8 - SE and Hyp ( SO3H ) - Ac - CCK - 2 - 8 - SE were slightly more active than CCK - 8 - SE .", "entities": [ "CCK - 8" ] }, { "id": "3989", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vasopressin as a possible contributor to hypertension .", "entities": [ "Vasopressin" ] }, { "id": "3990", "type": "chemical", "text": "The role of vasopressin as a pressor agent to the hypertensive process was examined .", "entities": [ "vasopressin" ] }, { "id": "3991", "type": "chemical", "text": "Vasopressin plays a major role in the pathogenesis of DOCA - salt hypertension , since the elevation of blood pressure was not substantial in the rats with lithium - treated diabetes insipidus after DOCA - salt treatment .", "entities": [ "Vasopressin", "DOCA", "lithium", "DOCA" ] }, { "id": "3992", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of DDAVP which has antidiuretic action but minimal vasopressor effect failed to increase blood pressure to the levels observed after administration of AVP .", "entities": [ "DDAVP" ] }, { "id": "3993", "type": "chemical", "text": "Furthermore , the pressor action of vasopressin appears to be important in the development of this model of hypertension , since the enhanced pressor responsiveness to the hormone was observed in the initial stage of hypertension .", "entities": [ "vasopressin" ] }, { "id": "3994", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased secretion of vasopressin from neurohypophysis also promotes the function of the hormone as a pathogenetic factor in hypertension .", "entities": [ "vasopressin" ] }, { "id": "3995", "type": "chemical", "text": "An unproportional release of vasopressin compared to plasma osmolality may be induced by the absence of an adjusting control of angiotensin II forming and receptor binding capacity for sodium balance in the brain .", "entities": [ "vasopressin", "angiotensin", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "3996", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the role of vasopressin remains to be determined in human essential hypertension .", "entities": [ "vasopressin" ] }, { "id": "3997", "type": "chemical", "text": "Toxic hepatitis induced by disulfiram in a non - alcoholic .", "entities": [ "disulfiram" ] }, { "id": "3998", "type": "chemical", "text": "A reversible toxic liver damage was observed in a non - alcoholic woman treated with disulfiram .", "entities": [ "disulfiram" ] }, { "id": "4000", "type": "chemical", "text": "Atrial thrombosis involving the heart of F - 344 rats ingesting quinacrine hydrochloride .", "entities": [ "quinacrine hydrochloride" ] }, { "id": "4001", "type": "chemical", "text": "Quinacrine hydrochloride is toxic for the heart of F - 344 rats .", "entities": [ "Quinacrine hydrochloride" ] }, { "id": "4002", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rats treated with 500 ppm quinacrine hydrochloride in the diet all developed a high incidence of left atrial thrombosis .", "entities": [ "quinacrine hydrochloride" ] }, { "id": "4005", "type": "chemical", "text": "Seventy percent of rats given 250 ppm quinacrine hydrochloride and 1 , 000 ppm sodium nitrite simultaneously in the diet had thrombosis of the atria of the heart , while untreated control rats in this laboratory did not have atrial thrombosis .", "entities": [ "quinacrine hydrochloride", "sodium nitrite" ] }, { "id": "4006", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sodium nitrite in combination with quinacrine hydrochloride appeared to have no additional effect .", "entities": [ "Sodium nitrite", "quinacrine hydrochloride" ] }, { "id": "4007", "type": "chemical", "text": "Alternating sinus rhythm and intermittent sinoatrial block induced by propranolol .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "4008", "type": "chemical", "text": "Alternating sinus rhythm and intermittent sinoatrial ( S - A ) block was observed in a 57 - year - old woman , under treatment for angina with 80 mg propranolol daily .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "4018", "type": "chemical", "text": "Atropine 1 mg given intravenously resulted in shortening of all P - P intervals without changing the rhythm .", "entities": [ "Atropine" ] }, { "id": "4019", "type": "chemical", "text": "The abnormal rhythm disappeared with the withdrawal of propranolol and when the drug was restarted a 2 / 1 S - A block was seen .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "4020", "type": "chemical", "text": "This was accepted as evidence for propranolol being the cause of this conduction disorder .", "entities": [ "propranolol" ] }, { "id": "4021", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antitumor effect , cardiotoxicity , and nephrotoxicity of doxorubicin in the IgM solid immunocytoma - bearing LOU / M / WSL rat .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4022", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antitumor activity , cardiotoxicity , and nephrotoxicity induced by doxorubicin were studied in LOU / M / WSL inbred rats each bearing a transplantable solid IgM immunocytoma .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4023", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals with a tumor ( diameter , 15 . 8 + / - 3 . 3 mm ) were treated with iv injections of doxorubicin on 5 consecutive days , followed by 1 weekly injection for 7 weeks ( dose range , 0 . 015 - 4 . 0 mg / kg body wt ) .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4024", "type": "chemical", "text": "Tumor regression was observed with 0 . 5 mg doxorubicin / kg .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4025", "type": "chemical", "text": "Complete disappearance of the tumor was induced with 1 . 0 mg doxorubicin / kg .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4026", "type": "chemical", "text": "Histologic evidence of cardiotoxicity scored as grade III was only observed at a dose of 1 . 0 mg doxorubicin / kg .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4027", "type": "chemical", "text": "Light microscopic evidence of renal damage was seen above a dose of 0 . 5 mg doxorubicin / kg , which resulted in albuminuria and very low serum albumin levels .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4028", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the group that received 1 . 0 mg doxorubicin / kg , the serum albumin level decreased from 33 . 6 + / - 4 . 1 to 1 . 5 + / - 0 . 5 g / liter .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4033", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intraoperative bradycardia and hypotension associated with timolol and pilocarpine eye drops .", "entities": [ "timolol", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4034", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 69 - yr - old man , who was concurrently being treated with pilocarpine nitrate and timolol maleate eye drops , developed a bradycardia and became hypotensive during halothane anaesthesia .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine nitrate", "timolol maleate", "halothane" ] }, { "id": "4035", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both timolol and pilocarpine were subsequently identified in a 24 - h collection of urine .", "entities": [ "timolol", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4036", "type": "chemical", "text": "Timolol ( but not pilocarpine ) was detected in a sample of plasma removed during surgery ; the plasma concentration of timolol ( 2 . 6 ng ml - 1 ) was consistent with partial beta - adrenoceptor blockade .", "entities": [ "Timolol", "pilocarpine", "timolol" ] }, { "id": "4037", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is postulated that this action may have been enhanced during halothane anaesthesia with resultant bradycardia and hypotension .", "entities": [ "halothane" ] }, { "id": "4038", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pilocarpine may have had a contributory effect .", "entities": [ "Pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4039", "type": "chemical", "text": "Succinylcholine apnoea : attempted reversal with anticholinesterases .", "entities": [ "Succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "4040", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anticholinesterases were administered in an attempt to antagonize prolonged neuromuscular blockade following the administration of succinylcholine in a patient later found to be homozygous for atypical plasma cholinesterase .", "entities": [ "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "4041", "type": "chemical", "text": "Edrophonium 10 mg , given 74 min after succinylcholine , when train - of - four stimulation was characteristic of phase II block , produced partial antagonism which was not sustained .", "entities": [ "Edrophonium", "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "4042", "type": "chemical", "text": "Repeated doses of edrophonium to 70 mg and neostigmine to 2 . 5 mg did not antagonize or augment the block .", "entities": [ "edrophonium", "neostigmine" ] }, { "id": "4043", "type": "chemical", "text": "Spontaneous respiration recommenced 200 min after succinylcholine administration .", "entities": [ "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "4044", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that anticholinesterases are only partially effective in restoring neuromuscular function in succinylcholine apnoea despite muscle twitch activity typical of phase II block .", "entities": [ "succinylcholine" ] }, { "id": "4045", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effect of doxorubicin on [ omega - I - 131 ] heptadecanoic acid myocardial scintigraphy and echocardiography in dogs .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "[ omega - I - 131 ] heptadecanoic acid" ] }, { "id": "4046", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of serial treatment with doxorubicin on dynamic myocardial scintigraphy with [ omega - I - 131 ] heptadecanoic acid ( I - 131 HA ) , and on global left - ventricular function determined echocardiographically , were studied in a group of nine mongrel dogs .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "[ omega - I - 131 ] heptadecanoic acid", "I - 131 HA" ] }, { "id": "4047", "type": "chemical", "text": "Total extractable myocardial lipid was compared postmortem between a group of control dogs and doxorubicin - treated dogs .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4048", "type": "chemical", "text": "A significant and then progressive fall in global LV function was observed at a cumulative doxorubicin dose of 4 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4049", "type": "chemical", "text": "A significant increase in the myocardial t1 / 2 of the I - 131 HA was observed only at a higher cumulative dose , 10 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "I - 131 HA" ] }, { "id": "4050", "type": "chemical", "text": "No significant alteration in total extractable myocardial lipids was observed between control dogs and those treated with doxorubicin .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4051", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our findings suggest that the changes leading to an alteration of myocardial dynamic imaging with I - 131 HA are not the initiating factor in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "I - 131 HA", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4054", "type": "chemical", "text": "Coronary blood flow , cardiac work and metabolism were studied in dogs under sodium nitroprusside ( SNP ) and trimetaphan ( TMP ) deliberate hypotension ( 20 % and 40 % mean pressure decrease from baseline ) .", "entities": [ "sodium nitroprusside", "SNP", "trimetaphan", "TMP" ] }, { "id": "4055", "type": "chemical", "text": "Regarding the effects of drug - induced hypotension on coronary blood flow , aortic and coronary sinus metabolic data ( pH , pO2 , pCO2 ) we could confirm that nitroprusside hypotension could be safely used to 30 % mean blood pressure decrease from control , trimetaphan hypotension to 20 % mean blood pressure decrease .", "entities": [ "nitroprusside", "trimetaphan" ] }, { "id": "4056", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiac work was significantly reduced during SNP hypotension .", "entities": [ "SNP" ] }, { "id": "4057", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myocardial O2 consumption and O2 availability were directly dependent on the coronary perfusion .", "entities": [ "O2", "O2" ] }, { "id": "4059", "type": "chemical", "text": "Evidence for a selective brain noradrenergic involvement in the locomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine in the rat .", "entities": [ "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "4060", "type": "chemical", "text": "Male rats received the noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 ( 50 mg / kg ) 7 days prior to injection of D - amphetamine ( 10 or 40 mumol / kg i . p . ) .", "entities": [ "noradrenaline", "DSP4", "D - amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "4061", "type": "chemical", "text": "The hyperactivity induced by D - amphetamine ( 10 mumol / kg ) was significantly reduced by DSP4 pretreatment .", "entities": [ "D - amphetamine", "DSP4" ] }, { "id": "4062", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the increased rearings and the amphetamine - induced stereotypies were not blocked by pretreatment with DSP4 .", "entities": [ "amphetamine", "DSP4" ] }, { "id": "4063", "type": "chemical", "text": "The reduction of amphetamine hyperactivity induced by DSP4 was blocked by pretreatment with the noradrenaline - uptake blocking agent , desipramine , which prevents the neurotoxic action of DSP4 .", "entities": [ "amphetamine", "DSP4", "noradrenaline", "desipramine", "DSP4" ] }, { "id": "4064", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present results suggest a selective involvement of central noradrenergic neurones in the locomotor stimulant effect of amphetamine in the rat .", "entities": [ "amphetamine" ] }, { "id": "4065", "type": "chemical", "text": "Accelerated junctional rhythms during oral verapamil therapy .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4066", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study examined the frequency of atrioventricular ( AV ) dissociation and accelerated junctional rhythms in 59 patients receiving oral verapamil .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4068", "type": "chemical", "text": "Verapamil administration to these patients led to an asymptomatic increase in activity of these junctional pacemakers .", "entities": [ "Verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4069", "type": "chemical", "text": "In patients with various chest pain syndromes , verapamil neither increased the frequency of junctional rhythms nor suppressed their role as escape rhythms under physiologically appropriate circumstances .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4070", "type": "chemical", "text": "Interstrain variation in acute toxic response to caffeine among inbred mice .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4071", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute toxic dosage - dependent behavioral effects of caffeine were compared in adult males from seven inbred mouse strains ( A / J , BALB / cJ , CBA / J , C3H / HeJ , C57BL / 6J , DBA / 2J , SWR / J ) .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4072", "type": "chemical", "text": "C57BL / 6J , chosen as a \" prototypic \" mouse strain , was used to determine behavioral responses to a broad range ( 5 - 500 mg / kg ) of caffeine doses .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4073", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five phenotypic characteristics - - locomotor activity , righting ability , clonic seizure induction , stress - induced lethality , death without external stress - - were scored at various caffeine doses in drug - naive animals under empirically optimized , rigidly constant experimental conditions .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4074", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mice ( n = 12 for each point ) received single IP injections of a fixed volume / g body weight of physiological saline carrier with or without caffeine in doses ranging from 125 - 500 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4079", "type": "chemical", "text": "In other animals locomotor activity was measured 15 or 60 min after caffeine administration .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4080", "type": "chemical", "text": "By any single behavioral criterion or a combination of these criteria , marked differences in response to toxic caffeine doses were observed between strains .", "entities": [ "caffeine" ] }, { "id": "4081", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results indicate that behavioral toxicity testing of alkylxanthines in a single mouse strain may be misleading and suggest that toxic responses of the central nervous system to this class of compounds are genetically influenced in mammals .", "entities": [ "alkylxanthines" ] }, { "id": "4082", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment of ovarian cancer with a combination of cis - platinum , adriamycin , cyclophosphamide and hexamethylmelamine .", "entities": [ "cis - platinum", "adriamycin", "cyclophosphamide", "hexamethylmelamine" ] }, { "id": "4083", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the last 2 1 / 2 years , 38 patients with ovarian cancer were treated with a combination of cisplatinum ( CPDD ) , 50 mg / m2 , adriamycin , 30 mg / m2 , cyclophosphamide , 300 mg / m2 , on day 1 ; and hexamethylmelamine ( HMM ) , 6 mg / kg daily , for 14 days .", "entities": [ "cisplatinum", "CPDD", "adriamycin", "cyclophosphamide", "hexamethylmelamine", "HMM" ] }, { "id": "4086", "type": "chemical", "text": "14 of the 38 patients were previously treated with chemotherapy , 1 with radiation , 6 with both chemotherapy and radiation , and 17 did not have any treatment before CPDD combination .", "entities": [ "CPDD" ] }, { "id": "4090", "type": "chemical", "text": "Gastrointestinal side effects from CPDD were universal .", "entities": [ "CPDD" ] }, { "id": "4091", "type": "chemical", "text": "HMM gastrointestinal toxicity necessitated discontinuation of the drug in 5 patients .", "entities": [ "HMM" ] }, { "id": "4095", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of nontraumatic dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery in association with hypertension , smoke , and oral contraceptives is reported in a young female patient with a locked - in syndrome .", "entities": [ "oral contraceptives" ] }, { "id": "4101", "type": "chemical", "text": "The actions of fenoterol - hydrobromide , ritodrin - HCl and placebo given to 10 healthy subjects by intravenous infusion in a double - blind crossover study were tested by this method .", "entities": [ "fenoterol - hydrobromide", "ritodrin - HCl" ] }, { "id": "4104", "type": "chemical", "text": "After the end of fenoterol - hydrobromide infusion , tremor amplitudes decreased significantly faster than those following ritodrin - HCl infusion .", "entities": [ "fenoterol - hydrobromide", "ritodrin - HCl" ] }, { "id": "4105", "type": "chemical", "text": "Propylthiouracil - induced hepatic damage .", "entities": [ "Propylthiouracil" ] }, { "id": "4106", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two cases of propylthiouracil - induced liver damage have been observed .", "entities": [ "propylthiouracil" ] }, { "id": "4108", "type": "chemical", "text": "Studies on the bradycardia induced by bepridil .", "entities": [ "bepridil" ] }, { "id": "4109", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bepridil , a novel active compound for prophylactic treatment of anginal attacks , induced persistent bradycardia and a non - specific anti - tachycardial effect , the mechanisms of which were investigated in vitro and in vivo .", "entities": [ "Bepridil" ] }, { "id": "4110", "type": "chemical", "text": "In vitro perfusion of bepridil in the life - support medium for isolated sino - atrial tissue from rabbit heart , caused a reduction in action potential ( AP ) spike frequency ( recorded by KCl microelectrodes ) starting at doses of 5 X 10 ( - 6 ) M .", "entities": [ "bepridil", "KCl" ] }, { "id": "4112", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bepridil at a dose of 5 X 10 ( - 6 ) M , induced a concomitant reduction in AP amplitude ( falling from 71 + / - 8 mV to 47 + / - 6 mV ) , maximum systolic depolarization velocity ( phase 0 ) which fell from 1 . 85 + / - 0 . 35 V / s to 0 . 84 + / - 0 . 28 V / s , together with maximum diastolic depolarization velocity ( phase 4 ) which fell from 38 + / - 3 mV / s to 24 + / - 5 mV / s .", "entities": [ "Bepridil" ] }, { "id": "4113", "type": "chemical", "text": "In vivo injection of bepridil at a dose of 5 mg / kg ( i . v . ) into 6 anaesthetized dogs which had undergone ablation of all the extrinsic cardiac afferent nerve supply , together with a bilateral medullo - adrenalectomy , caused a marked reduction in heart rate which fell from 98 . 7 + / - 4 . 2 beats / min to 76 + / - 5 . 3 beats / min sustained for more than 45 min .", "entities": [ "bepridil" ] }, { "id": "4114", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is concluded that bepridil reduces heart rate by acting directly on the sinus node .", "entities": [ "bepridil" ] }, { "id": "4115", "type": "chemical", "text": "This effect , which results in a flattening of the phase 0 and phase 4 slope , together with a longer AP duration , may be due to an increase in the time constants of slow inward ionic currents ( already demonstrated elsewhere ) , but also to an increased time constant for deactivation of the outward potassium current ( Ip ) .", "entities": [ "potassium" ] }, { "id": "4116", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hepatitis and renal tubular acidosis after anesthesia with methoxyflurane .", "entities": [ "methoxyflurane" ] }, { "id": "4117", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 69 - year - old man operated for acute cholecystitis under methoxyflurane anesthesia developed postoperatively a hepatic insufficiency syndrome and renal tubular acidosis .", "entities": [ "methoxyflurane" ] }, { "id": "4121", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pituitary response to luteinizing hormone - releasing hormone during haloperidol - induced hyperprolactinemia .", "entities": [ "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "4122", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of a 6 - hour infusion with haloperidol on serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) levels was studied in a group of male subjects .", "entities": [ "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "4124", "type": "chemical", "text": "Control patients received infusions of 0 . 9 % NaCl solution .", "entities": [ "NaCl" ] }, { "id": "4125", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the course of haloperidol infusions , significant hyperprolactinemia was found , together with an abolished pituitary response to LH - RH , as compared with responses of control subjects .", "entities": [ "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "4126", "type": "chemical", "text": "Antirifampicin antibodies in acute rifampicin - associated renal failure .", "entities": [ "rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "4127", "type": "chemical", "text": "5 patients with acute renal failure ( 3 with thrombopenia and hemolysis ) induced by the reintroduction of rifampicin are described .", "entities": [ "rifampicin" ] }, { "id": "4133", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cardiovascular effects of hypotension induced by adenosine triphosphate and sodium nitroprusside on dogs with denervated hearts .", "entities": [ "adenosine triphosphate", "sodium nitroprusside" ] }, { "id": "4134", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and sodium nitroprusside ( SNP ) are administered to patients to induce and control hypotension during anesthesia .", "entities": [ "Adenosine triphosphate", "ATP", "sodium nitroprusside", "SNP" ] }, { "id": "4135", "type": "chemical", "text": "SNP is authorized for clinical use in USA and UK , and ATP is clinically used in other countries such as Japan .", "entities": [ "SNP", "ATP" ] }, { "id": "4137", "type": "chemical", "text": "ATP ( 10 dogs ) or SNP ( 10 dogs ) was administered to reduce mean arterial pressure by 30 % to 70 % of control .", "entities": [ "ATP", "SNP" ] }, { "id": "4139", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypotension induced by ATP was accompanied by significant decreases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , central venous pressure ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , left ventricular end - diastolic pressure ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , total peripheral resistance ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , rate pressure product ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , total body oxygen consumption ( p less than 0 . 05 ) , and heart rate ( p less than 0 . 001 ) ; all these variables returned normal within 30 min after ATP was stopped .", "entities": [ "ATP", "oxygen", "ATP" ] }, { "id": "4141", "type": "chemical", "text": "During hypotension produced by SNP similar decreases were observed in mean pulmonary arterial pressure ( p less than 0 . 01 ) , central venous pressure ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , left ventricular end - diastolic pressure ( p less than 0 . 01 ) , total peripheral resistance ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , rate pressure product ( p less than 0 . 001 ) , and oxygen content difference between arterial and mixed venous blood ( p less than 0 . 05 ) , while heart rate ( p less than 0 . 001 ) and cardiac output ( p less than 0 . 05 ) were increased .", "entities": [ "SNP", "oxygen" ] }, { "id": "4142", "type": "chemical", "text": "Recoveries of heart rate and left ventricular end - diastolic pressure were not shown within 60 min after SNP had been stopped .", "entities": [ "SNP" ] }, { "id": "4143", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both ATP and SNP should act on the pacemaker tissue of the heart .", "entities": [ "ATP", "SNP" ] }, { "id": "4144", "type": "chemical", "text": "Comparative study : Endografine ( diatrizoate ) , Vasurix polyvidone ( acetrizoate ) , Dimer - X ( iocarmate ) and Hexabrix ( ioxaglate ) in hysterosalpingography .", "entities": [ "Endografine", "diatrizoate", "Vasurix polyvidone", "acetrizoate", "Dimer - X", "iocarmate", "Hexabrix", "ioxaglate" ] }, { "id": "4145", "type": "chemical", "text": "Side effects of hysterosalpingography with Dimer - X , Hexabrix , Vasurix polyvidone and Endografine in 142 consecutive patients , receiving one of the four tested media were evaluated from replies to postal questionnaires .", "entities": [ "Dimer - X", "Hexabrix", "Vasurix polyvidone", "Endografine" ] }, { "id": "4146", "type": "chemical", "text": "The Dimer - X group had a higher incidence of nausea and dizziness .", "entities": [ "Dimer - X" ] }, { "id": "4147", "type": "chemical", "text": "The Endografine group had a higher incidence of abdominal pain .", "entities": [ "Endografine" ] }, { "id": "4149", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hexabrix and Vasurix polyvidone are considered the best contrast media for hysterosalpingography and perhaps because of its low toxicity Hexabrix should be preferred .", "entities": [ "Hexabrix", "Vasurix polyvidone", "contrast media", "Hexabrix" ] }, { "id": "4150", "type": "chemical", "text": "Post - suxamethonium pains in Nigerian surgical patients .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "4151", "type": "chemical", "text": "Contrary to an earlier report by Coxon , scoline pain occurs in African negroes .", "entities": [ "scoline" ] }, { "id": "4153", "type": "chemical", "text": "About 62 % of the out - patients developed scoline pain as compared with about 26 % among the in - patients .", "entities": [ "scoline" ] }, { "id": "4154", "type": "chemical", "text": "The abolition of muscle fasciculations ( by 0 . 075mg / kg dose of Fazadinium ) did not influence the occurrence of scoline pain .", "entities": [ "Fazadinium", "scoline" ] }, { "id": "4155", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neither the type of induction agent ( Althesin or Thiopentone ) nor the salt preparation of suxamethonium used ( chloride or bromide ) , affected the incidence of scoline pain .", "entities": [ "Althesin", "Thiopentone", "suxamethonium", "chloride", "bromide", "scoline" ] }, { "id": "4156", "type": "chemical", "text": "Invasive carcinoma of the renal pelvis following cyclophosphamide therapy for nonmalignant disease .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4157", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 47 - year - old woman with right hydroureteronephrosis due to ureterovesical junction obstruction had gross hematuria after being treated for five years wtih cyclophosphamide for cerebral vasculitis .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4160", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although the ability of cyclophosphamide to cause hemorrhagic cystitis and urine cytologic abnormalities indistinguishable from high grade carcinoma is well known , it is less widely appreciated that it is also associated with carcinoma of the urinary tract .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4162", "type": "chemical", "text": "The present case is the first carcinoma of the renal pelvis reported in association with cyclophosphamide treatment .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4163", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is the third urinary tract cancer reported in association with cyclophosphamide treatment for nonmalignant disease .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4164", "type": "chemical", "text": "The association of the tumor with preexisting hydroureteronephrosis suggests that stasis prolonged and intensified exposure of upper urinary tract epithelium to cyclophosphamide .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4165", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients who are candidates for long - term cyclophosphamide treatment should be routinely evaluated for obstructive uropathy .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide" ] }, { "id": "4166", "type": "chemical", "text": "Medial changes in arterial spasm induced by L - norepinephrine .", "entities": [ "L - norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4169", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the media of the saphenous artery and its distal branch , vasoconstriction induced by L - norepinephrine produced many cell - to - cell hernias within 15 minutes .", "entities": [ "L - norepinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4176", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long - acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs : I .", "entities": [ "corticosteroid" ] }, { "id": "4178", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two well - documented cases of bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusions with blindness following head and neck soft - tissue injection with methylprednisolone acetate in combination with lidocaine , epinephrine , or penicillin are reported .", "entities": [ "methylprednisolone acetate", "lidocaine", "epinephrine", "penicillin" ] }, { "id": "4183", "type": "chemical", "text": "Abnormalities of the pupil and visual - evoked potential in quinine amblyopia .", "entities": [ "quinine" ] }, { "id": "4184", "type": "chemical", "text": "Total blindness with a transient tonic pupillary response , denervation supersensitivity , and abnormal visual - evoked potentials developed in a 54 - year - old man after the use of quinine sulfate for leg cramps .", "entities": [ "quinine sulfate" ] }, { "id": "4186", "type": "chemical", "text": "A transient tonic pupillary response , denervation supersensitivity , and abnormal visual - evoked potentials in quinine toxicity , to our knowledge , have not been previously reported .", "entities": [ "quinine" ] }, { "id": "4187", "type": "chemical", "text": "Suxamethonium - induced jaw stiffness and myalgia associated with atypical cholinesterase : case report .", "entities": [ "Suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "4188", "type": "chemical", "text": "An 11 - year - old boy was given halothane , nitrous oxide and oxygen , pancuronium 0 . 4 mg and suxamethonium 100 mg for induction of anaesthesia .", "entities": [ "halothane", "nitrous oxide", "oxygen", "pancuronium", "suxamethonium" ] }, { "id": "4191", "type": "chemical", "text": "He was found to have atypical plasma cholinesterase with a dibucaine number of 12 , indicating homozygocity .", "entities": [ "dibucaine" ] }, { "id": "4193", "type": "chemical", "text": "The case shows that prolonged jaw rigidity and myalgia may occur after suxamethonium in patients with atypical cholinesterase despite pretreatment with pancuronium .", "entities": [ "suxamethonium", "pancuronium" ] }, { "id": "4194", "type": "chemical", "text": "Indomethacin - induced hyperkalemia in three patients with gouty arthritis .", "entities": [ "Indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "4195", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe three patients in whom severe , life - threatening hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency developed after treatment of acute gouty arthritis with indomethacin .", "entities": [ "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "4196", "type": "chemical", "text": "This complication may result from an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and consequent hyporeninemic hypoaidosteronism .", "entities": [ "prostaglandin" ] }, { "id": "4197", "type": "chemical", "text": "Careful attention to renal function and potassium balance in patients receiving indomethacin or other nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory agents , particularly in those patients with diabetes mellitus or preexisting renal disease , will help prevent this potentially serious complication .", "entities": [ "potassium", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "4198", "type": "chemical", "text": "Etomidate : a foreshortened clinical trial .", "entities": [ "Etomidate" ] }, { "id": "4199", "type": "chemical", "text": "A clinical evaluation of etomidate for outpatient cystoscopy was embarked upon .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "4200", "type": "chemical", "text": "Unpremedicated patients were given fentanyl 1 microgram / kg followed by etomidate 0 . 3 mg / kg .", "entities": [ "fentanyl", "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "4201", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anaesthesia was maintained with intermittent etomidate in 2 - 4 mg doses .", "entities": [ "etomidate" ] }, { "id": "4207", "type": "chemical", "text": "Levodopa - induced dyskinesias are improved by fluoxetine .", "entities": [ "Levodopa", "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "4208", "type": "chemical", "text": "We evaluated the severity of motor disability and dyskinesias in seven levodopa - responsive patients with Parkinson ' s disease after an acute challenge with the mixed dopamine agonist , apomorphine , before and after the administration of fluoxetine ( 20 mg twice per day ) for 11 + / - 1 days .", "entities": [ "levodopa", "dopamine", "apomorphine", "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "4209", "type": "chemical", "text": "After fluoxetine treatment , there was a significant 47 % improvement ( p < 0 . 05 ) of apomorphine - induced dyskinesias without modification of parkinsonian motor disability .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine", "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "4211", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results suggest that increased brain serotoninergic transmission with fluoxetine may reduce levodopa - or dopamine agonist - induced dyskinesias without aggravating parkinsonian motor disability .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine", "levodopa", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "4212", "type": "chemical", "text": "A large population - based follow - up study of trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole , trimethoprim , and cephalexin for uncommon serious drug toxicity .", "entities": [ "trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole", "trimethoprim", "cephalexin" ] }, { "id": "4213", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conducted a population - based 45 - day follow - up study of 232 , 390 people who were prescribed trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) , 266 , 951 prescribed trimethoprim alone , and 196 , 397 prescribed cephalexin , to estimate the risk of serious liver , blood , skin , and renal disorders resulting in referral or hospitalization associated with these drugs .", "entities": [ "trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole", "TMP - SMZ", "trimethoprim", "cephalexin" ] }, { "id": "4215", "type": "chemical", "text": "The risk of clinically important idiopathic liver disease was similar for persons prescribed TMP - SMZ ( 5 . 2 / 100 , 000 ) and those prescribed trimethoprim alone ( 3 . 8 / 100 , 000 ) .", "entities": [ "TMP - SMZ", "trimethoprim" ] }, { "id": "4216", "type": "chemical", "text": "The risk for those prescribed cephalexin was somewhat lower ( 2 . 0 / 100 , 000 ) .", "entities": [ "cephalexin" ] }, { "id": "4217", "type": "chemical", "text": "Only five patients experienced blood disorders , one of whom was exposed to TMP - SMZ ; of seven with erythema multiforme and Stevens - Johnson syndrome , four were exposed to TMP - SMZ .", "entities": [ "TMP - SMZ", "TMP - SMZ" ] }, { "id": "4218", "type": "chemical", "text": "The one case of toxic epidermal necrolysis occurred in a patient who took cephalexin .", "entities": [ "cephalexin" ] }, { "id": "4221", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clinical safety of lidocaine in patients with cocaine - associated myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4222", "type": "chemical", "text": "STUDY OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the safety of lidocaine in the setting of cocaine - induced myocardial infarction ( MI ) .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4225", "type": "chemical", "text": "PARTICIPANTS : Patients with cocaine - associated MI who received lidocaine in the emergency department .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "4226", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : Of 29 patients who received lidocaine in the setting of cocaine - associated MI , no patient died ; exhibited bradydysrhythmias , ventricular tachycardia , or ventricular fibrillation ; or experienced seizures after administration of lidocaine ( 95 % confidence interval , 0 % to 11 % ) .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "cocaine", "lidocaine" ] }, { "id": "4227", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Despite theoretical concerns that lidocaine may enhance cocaine toxicity , the use of lidocaine in patients with cocaine - associated MI was not associated with significant cardiovascular or central nervous system toxicity .", "entities": [ "lidocaine", "cocaine", "lidocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4231", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myopathy due to lack of vitamin E and myopathy induced by certain viruses have much in common anatomically and pathologically with the human form .", "entities": [ "vitamin E" ] }, { "id": "4232", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors induced myodystrophy in the rat by giving it a diet lacking in vitamin E .", "entities": [ "vitamin E" ] }, { "id": "4233", "type": "chemical", "text": "The pharmacological characteristics of vitamin E and the degenerative changes brought about by its deficiency , especially in the muscles , are illustrated .", "entities": [ "vitamin E" ] }, { "id": "4235", "type": "chemical", "text": "The encouraging results obtained in various authoratative departments in myopathic patients by using anabolizing steroids have encouraged the authors to investigate the beneficial effects of one anabolizing agent ( Dianabol , CIBA ) at high doses in rats rendered myopathic by a diet deficient in vitamin E .", "entities": [ "steroids", "Dianabol", "CIBA", "vitamin E" ] }, { "id": "4237", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors conclude by affirming the undoubted efficacy of the anabolizing steroids in experimental myopathic disease , but they have reservations as to the transfer of the results into the human field , where high dosage cannot be carried out continuously because of the effects of the drug on virility ; because the tissue injury too often occurs at an irreversible stage vis - a - vis the \" regeneration \" of the muscle tissue ; and finally because the dystrophic injurious agent is certainly not the lack of vitamin E but something as yet unknown .", "entities": [ "steroids", "vitamin E" ] }, { "id": "4238", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paclitaxel 3 - hour infusion given alone and combined with carboplatin : preliminary results of dose - escalation trials .", "entities": [ "Paclitaxel", "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "4239", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paclitaxel ( Taxol ; Bristol - Myers Squibb Company , Princeton , NJ ) by 3 - hour infusion was combined with carboplatin in a phase I / II study directed to patients with non - small cell lung cancer .", "entities": [ "Paclitaxel", "Taxol", "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "4240", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carboplatin was given at a fixed target area under the concentration - time curve of 6 . 0 by the Calvert formula , whereas paclitaxel was escalated in patient cohorts from 150 mg / m2 ( dose level I ) to 175 , 200 , 225 , and 250 mg / m2 .", "entities": [ "Carboplatin", "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "4243", "type": "chemical", "text": "Toxicities were compared with a cohort of patients in a phase I trial of paclitaxel alone at identical dose levels .", "entities": [ "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "4244", "type": "chemical", "text": "Carboplatin did not appear to add to the hematologic toxicities observed , and the paclitaxel / carboplatin combination could be dosed every 3 weeks .", "entities": [ "Carboplatin", "paclitaxel", "carboplatin" ] }, { "id": "4245", "type": "chemical", "text": "The dose - dependent effect of misoprostol on indomethacin - induced renal dysfunction in well compensated cirrhosis .", "entities": [ "misoprostol", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "4246", "type": "chemical", "text": "Misoprostol ( 200 micrograms ) has been shown to acutely counteract the indomethacin - induced renal dysfunction in well compensated cirrhotic patients .", "entities": [ "Misoprostol", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "4247", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of this study was to determine if the prophylactic value of misoprostol was dose - dependent .", "entities": [ "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "4248", "type": "chemical", "text": "Parameters of renal hemodynamics and tubular sodium and water handling were assessed by clearance techniques in 26 well compensated cirrhotic patients before and after an oral combination of 50 mg of indomethacin and various doses of misoprostol .", "entities": [ "sodium", "indomethacin", "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "4249", "type": "chemical", "text": "The 200 - micrograms dose was able to totally abolish the deleterious renal effects of indomethacin , whereas the 800 - micrograms dose resulted in significant worsening of renal hemodynamics and sodium retention .", "entities": [ "indomethacin", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "4251", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest that the renal protective effects of misoprostol is dose - dependent .", "entities": [ "misoprostol" ] }, { "id": "4252", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , until this apparent ability of 200 micrograms of misoprostol to prevent the adverse effects of indomethacin on renal function is confirmed with chronic frequent dosing , it would be prudent to avoid nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory therapy in patients with cirrhosis .", "entities": [ "misoprostol", "indomethacin" ] }, { "id": "4253", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased frequency and severity of angio - oedema related to long - term therapy with angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor in two patients .", "entities": [ "angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor" ] }, { "id": "4255", "type": "chemical", "text": "Angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors , used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure , were introduced in Europe in the middle of the eighties , and the use of these drugs has increased progressively .", "entities": [ "Angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors" ] }, { "id": "4256", "type": "chemical", "text": "Soon after the introduction of ACE inhibitors , acute bouts of angio - oedema were reported in association with the use of these drugs .", "entities": [ "ACE inhibitors" ] }, { "id": "4257", "type": "chemical", "text": "We wish to draw attention to the possibility of adverse reactions to ACE inhibitors after long - term use and in patients with pre - existing angio - oedema .", "entities": [ "ACE inhibitors" ] }, { "id": "4258", "type": "chemical", "text": "Myoclonus associated with lorazepam therapy in very - low - birth - weight infants .", "entities": [ "lorazepam" ] }, { "id": "4259", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lorazepam is being used with increasing frequency as a sedative in the newborn and the young infant .", "entities": [ "Lorazepam" ] }, { "id": "4260", "type": "chemical", "text": "Concern has been raised with regard to the safety of lorazepam in this age group , especially in very - low - birth - weight ( VLBW ; < 1 , 500 g ) infants .", "entities": [ "lorazepam" ] }, { "id": "4261", "type": "chemical", "text": "Three young infants , all of birth weight < 1 , 500 g , experienced myoclonus following the intravenous administration of lorazepam .", "entities": [ "lorazepam" ] }, { "id": "4263", "type": "chemical", "text": "Injectable lorazepam should be used with caution in VLBW infants .", "entities": [ "lorazepam" ] }, { "id": "4266", "type": "chemical", "text": "Three patients had acute viral myocarditis , one had a carbamazepine - induced acute eosinophilic myocarditis , and one had cardiac hemosiderosis resulting in acute cardiogenic shock .", "entities": [ "carbamazepine" ] }, { "id": "4275", "type": "chemical", "text": "Efficacy and safety of granisetron , a selective 5 - hydroxytryptamine - 3 receptor antagonist , in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by high - dose cisplatin .", "entities": [ "granisetron", "5 - hydroxytryptamine", "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "4276", "type": "chemical", "text": "PURPOSE : To assess the antiemetic effects and safety profile of four different doses of granisetron ( Kytril ; SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals , Philadelphia , PA ) when administered as a single intravenous ( IV ) dose for prophylaxis of cisplatin - induced nausea and vomiting .", "entities": [ "granisetron", "Kytril", "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "4277", "type": "chemical", "text": "PATIENTS AND METHODS : One hundred eighty - four chemotherapy - naive patients receiving high - dose cisplatin ( 81 to 120 mg / m2 ) were randomized to receive one of four granisetron doses ( 5 , 10 , 20 , or 40 micrograms / kg ) administered before chemotherapy .", "entities": [ "cisplatin", "granisetron" ] }, { "id": "4280", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : After granisetron doses of 5 , 10 , 20 , and 40 micrograms / kg , a major response ( < or = two vomiting or retching episodes , and no antiemetic rescue ) was recorded in 23 % , 57 % , 58 % , and 60 % of patients , respectively , and a complete response ( no vomiting or retching , and no antiemetic rescue ) in 18 % , 41 % , 40 % , and 47 % of patients , respectively .", "entities": [ "granisetron" ] }, { "id": "4282", "type": "chemical", "text": "As granisetron dose increased , appetite return increased ( P = . 040 ) .", "entities": [ "granisetron" ] }, { "id": "4284", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : A single 10 - , 20 - , or 40 - micrograms / kg dose of granisetron was effective in controlling vomiting in 57 % to 60 % of patients who received cisplatin at doses greater than 81 mg / m2 and totally prevented vomiting in 40 % to 47 % of patients .", "entities": [ "granisetron", "cisplatin" ] }, { "id": "4286", "type": "chemical", "text": "Granisetron was well tolerated at all doses .", "entities": [ "Granisetron" ] }, { "id": "4287", "type": "chemical", "text": "Adverse interaction between clonidine and verapamil .", "entities": [ "clonidine", "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4288", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To report two cases of a possible adverse interaction between clonidine and verapamil resulting in atrioventricular ( AV ) block in both patients and severe hypotension in one patient .", "entities": [ "clonidine", "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4289", "type": "chemical", "text": "CASE SUMMARIES : A 54 - year - old woman with hyperaldosteronism was treated with verapamil 480 mg / d and spironolactone 100 mg / d .", "entities": [ "verapamil", "spironolactone" ] }, { "id": "4290", "type": "chemical", "text": "After the addition of a minimal dose of clonidine ( 0 . 15 mg bid ) , she developed complete AV block and severe hypotension , which resolved upon cessation of all medications .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "4291", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 65 - year - old woman was treated with extended - release verapamil 240 mg / d .", "entities": [ "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4292", "type": "chemical", "text": "After the addition of clonidine 0 . 15 mg bid she developed complete AV block , which resolved after all therapy was stopped .", "entities": [ "clonidine" ] }, { "id": "4293", "type": "chemical", "text": "DISCUSSION : An adverse interaction between clonidine and verapamil has not been reported previously .", "entities": [ "clonidine", "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4296", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : Caution is recommended in combining clonidine and verapamil therapy , even in patients who do not have sinus or AV node dysfunction .", "entities": [ "clonidine", "verapamil" ] }, { "id": "4298", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pharmacological studies on a new dihydrothienopyridine calcium antagonist , S - 312 - d .", "entities": [ "dihydrothienopyridine calcium", "S - 312 - d" ] }, { "id": "4300", "type": "chemical", "text": "S - 312 , S - 312 - d , but not S - 312 - l , L - type calcium channel antagonists , showed anticonvulsant effects on the audiogenic tonic convulsions in DBA / 2 mice ; and their ED50 values were 18 . 4 ( 12 . 8 - 27 . 1 ) mg / kg , p . o . and 15 . 0 ( 10 . 2 - 23 . 7 ) mg / kg , p . o . , respectively , while that of flunarizine was 34 . 0 ( 26 . 0 - 44 . 8 ) mg / kg , p . o .", "entities": [ "S - 312", "S - 312 - d", "S - 312 - l", "calcium", "flunarizine" ] }, { "id": "4301", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although moderate anticonvulsant effects of S - 312 - d in higher doses were observed against the clonic convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole ( 85 mg / kg , s . c . ) or bemegride ( 40 mg / kg , s . c . ) , no effects were observed in convulsions induced by N - methyl - D - aspartate , picrotoxin , or electroshock in Slc : ddY mice .", "entities": [ "S - 312 - d", "pentylenetetrazole", "bemegride", "N - methyl - D - aspartate", "picrotoxin" ] }, { "id": "4302", "type": "chemical", "text": "S - 312 - d may be useful in the therapy of certain types of human epilepsy .", "entities": [ "S - 312 - d" ] }, { "id": "4303", "type": "chemical", "text": "Transmural myocardial infarction with sumatriptan .", "entities": [ "sumatriptan" ] }, { "id": "4304", "type": "chemical", "text": "For sumatriptan , tightness in the chest caused by an unknown mechanism has been reported in 3 - 5 % of users .", "entities": [ "sumatriptan" ] }, { "id": "4305", "type": "chemical", "text": "We describe a 47 - year - old woman with an acute myocardial infarction after administration of sumatriptan 6 mg subcutaneously for cluster headache .", "entities": [ "sumatriptan" ] }, { "id": "4308", "type": "chemical", "text": "Flumazenil induces seizures and death in mixed cocaine - diazepam intoxications .", "entities": [ "Flumazenil", "cocaine", "diazepam" ] }, { "id": "4309", "type": "chemical", "text": "STUDY HYPOTHESIS : Administration of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil may unmask seizures in mixed cocaine - benzodiazepine intoxication .", "entities": [ "benzodiazepine", "flumazenil", "cocaine", "benzodiazepine" ] }, { "id": "4310", "type": "chemical", "text": "DESIGN : Male Sprague - Dawley rats received 100 mg / kg cocaine IP alone , 5 mg / kg diazepam alone , or a combination of diazepam and cocaine .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "diazepam", "diazepam", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4311", "type": "chemical", "text": "Three minutes later , groups were challenged with vehicle or flumazenil 5 or 10 mg / kg IP .", "entities": [ "flumazenil" ] }, { "id": "4313", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTERVENTIONS : Administration of flumazenil to animals after they had received a combination dose of cocaine and diazepam .", "entities": [ "flumazenil", "cocaine", "diazepam" ] }, { "id": "4314", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : In group 1 , animals received cocaine followed by vehicle .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4316", "type": "chemical", "text": "Group 2 received diazepam alone followed by vehicle .", "entities": [ "diazepam" ] }, { "id": "4318", "type": "chemical", "text": "Group 3 received diazepam followed by 5 mg / kg flumazenil .", "entities": [ "diazepam", "flumazenil" ] }, { "id": "4319", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals became somnolent after diazepam and then active after flumazenil administration .", "entities": [ "diazepam", "flumazenil" ] }, { "id": "4320", "type": "chemical", "text": "In group 4 , a combination of cocaine and diazepam was administered simultaneously .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "diazepam" ] }, { "id": "4322", "type": "chemical", "text": "Group 5 received a similar combination of cocaine and diazepam , followed later by 5 mg / kg flumazenil .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "diazepam", "flumazenil" ] }, { "id": "4324", "type": "chemical", "text": "Group 6 received cocaine and diazepam followed by 10 mg / kg flumazenil .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "diazepam", "flumazenil" ] }, { "id": "4326", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Flumazenil can unmask seizures and increase the incidence of death in a model of combined cocaine - diazepam intoxications .", "entities": [ "Flumazenil", "cocaine", "diazepam" ] }, { "id": "4327", "type": "chemical", "text": "Mechanisms for protective effects of free radical scavengers on gentamicin - mediated nephropathy in rats .", "entities": [ "gentamicin" ] }, { "id": "4328", "type": "chemical", "text": "Studies were performed to examine the mechanisms for the protective effects of free radical scavengers on gentamicin ( GM ) - mediated nephropathy .", "entities": [ "gentamicin", "GM" ] }, { "id": "4329", "type": "chemical", "text": "Administration of GM at 40 mg / kg sc for 13 days to rats induced a significant reduction in renal blood flow ( RBF ) and inulin clearance ( CIn ) as well as marked tubular damage .", "entities": [ "GM" ] }, { "id": "4330", "type": "chemical", "text": "A significant reduction in urinary guanosine 3 ' , 5 ' - cyclic monophosphate ( cGMP ) excretion and a significant increase in renal cortical renin and endothelin - 1 contents were also observed in GM - mediated nephropathy .", "entities": [ "guanosine 3 ' , 5 ' - cyclic monophosphate", "cGMP", "GM" ] }, { "id": "4331", "type": "chemical", "text": "Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) or dimethylthiourea ( DMTU ) significantly lessened the GM - induced decrement in CIn .", "entities": [ "Superoxide", "dimethylthiourea", "DMTU", "GM" ] }, { "id": "4332", "type": "chemical", "text": "The SOD - induced increase in glomerular filtration rate was associated with a marked improvement in RBF , an increase in urinary cGMP excretion , and a decrease in renal renin and endothelin - 1 content .", "entities": [ "cGMP" ] }, { "id": "4334", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast , DMTU significantly reduced the tubular damage and lipid peroxidation , but it did not affect renal hemodynamics and vasoactive substances .", "entities": [ "DMTU" ] }, { "id": "4335", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neither SOD nor DMTU affected the renal cortical GM content in GM - treated rats .", "entities": [ "DMTU", "GM", "GM" ] }, { "id": "4336", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results suggest that 1 ) both SOD and DMTU have protective effects on GM - mediated nephropathy , 2 ) the mechanisms for the protective effects differ for SOD and DMTU , and 3 ) superoxide anions play a critical role in GM - induced renal vasoconstriction .", "entities": [ "DMTU", "GM", "DMTU", "superoxide", "GM" ] }, { "id": "4337", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cephalothin - induced immune hemolytic anemia .", "entities": [ "Cephalothin" ] }, { "id": "4338", "type": "chemical", "text": "A patient with renal disease developed Coombs - positive hemolytic anemia while receiving cephalothin therapy .", "entities": [ "cephalothin" ] }, { "id": "4339", "type": "chemical", "text": "An anti - cephalothin IgG antibody was detected in the patient ' s serum and in the eluates from her erythrocytes .", "entities": [ "cephalothin" ] }, { "id": "4340", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , nonimmunologic binding of normal and patient ' s serum proteins to her own and cephalothin - coated normal red cells was demonstrated .", "entities": [ "cephalothin" ] }, { "id": "4341", "type": "chemical", "text": "Skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation revealed that the patient was sensitized to cephalothin and also to ampicillin .", "entities": [ "cephalothin", "ampicillin" ] }, { "id": "4345", "type": "chemical", "text": "Isoproterenol delivered by osmotic minipump implantation in adult C3Heb / FeJ mice resulted in a 46 % increase in heart weight and a 19 . 3 % increase in cardiomyocyte area .", "entities": [ "Isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4349", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data indicate that adult mouse atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes do not synthesize DNA in response to isoproterenol - induced cardiac hypertrophy .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4350", "type": "chemical", "text": "Central cardiovascular effects of AVP and ANP in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats .", "entities": [ "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4351", "type": "chemical", "text": "The purpose of the present study was to compare influence of central arginine vasopressin ( AVP ) and of atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) on control of arterial blood pressure ( MAP ) and heart rate ( HR ) in normotensive ( WKY ) and spontaneously hypertensive ( SHR ) rats .", "entities": [ "arginine vasopressin", "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4353", "type": "chemical", "text": "MAP and HR were monitored before and after i . v . injections of either vehicle or 1 , 10 and 50 ng of AVP and 25 , 125 and 500 ng of ANP .", "entities": [ "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4354", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sensitivity of cardiac component of baroreflex ( CCB ) , expressed as a slope of the regression line was determined from relationships between systolic arterial pressure ( SAP ) and HR period ( HRp ) during phenylephrine ( Phe ) - induced hypertension and sodium nitroprusside ( SN ) - induced hypotension .", "entities": [ "phenylephrine", "Phe", "sodium nitroprusside", "SN" ] }, { "id": "4355", "type": "chemical", "text": "CCB was measured before and after administration of either vehicle , AVP , ANP , or both peptides together .", "entities": [ "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4356", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increases of MAP occurred after LV administration of 1 , 10 and 50 ng of AVP in WKY and of 10 and 50 ng in SHR .", "entities": [ "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4357", "type": "chemical", "text": "ANP did not cause significant changes in MAP in both strains as compared to vehicle , but it abolished AVP - induced MAP increase in WKY and SHR .", "entities": [ "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4358", "type": "chemical", "text": "CCB was reduced in WKY and SHR after LV administration of AVP during SN - induced hypotension .", "entities": [ "AVP", "SN" ] }, { "id": "4359", "type": "chemical", "text": "In SHR but not in WKY administration of ANP , AVP and ANP + AVP decreased CCB during Phe - induced MAP elevation .", "entities": [ "AVP", "AVP", "Phe" ] }, { "id": "4360", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results indicate that centrally applied AVP and ANP exert differential effects on blood pressure and baroreflex control of heart rate in WKY and SHR and suggest interaction of these two peptides in blood pressure regulation at the level of central nervous system .", "entities": [ "AVP" ] }, { "id": "4361", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cutaneous exposure to warfarin - like anticoagulant causing an intracerebral hemorrhage : a case report .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4362", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of intercerebral hematoma due to warfarin - induced coagulopathy is presented .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4363", "type": "chemical", "text": "The 39 - year - old woman had spread a warfarin - type rat poison around her house weekly using her bare hands , with no washing post application .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4364", "type": "chemical", "text": "Percutaneous absorption of warfarin causing coagulopathy , reported three times in the past , is a significant risk if protective measures , such as gloves , are not used .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4365", "type": "chemical", "text": "An adverse drug interaction with piroxicam , which she took occasionally , may have exacerbated the coagulopathy .", "entities": [ "piroxicam" ] }, { "id": "4366", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pediatric heart transplantation without chronic maintenance steroids .", "entities": [ "steroids" ] }, { "id": "4368", "type": "chemical", "text": "Indications for transplantation were idiopathic cardiomyopathy ( 52 % ) , congenital heart disease ( 35 % ) with and without prior repair ( 71 % and 29 % , respectively ) , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( 5 % ) , valvular heart disease ( 3 % ) , and doxorubicin cardiomyopathy ( 5 % ) .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4369", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients were managed with cyclosporine and azathioprine .", "entities": [ "cyclosporine", "azathioprine" ] }, { "id": "4371", "type": "chemical", "text": "Steroids were given to 39 % of patients for refractory rejection , but weaning was always attempted and generally successful ( 64 % ) .", "entities": [ "Steroids" ] }, { "id": "4372", "type": "chemical", "text": "Five patients ( 14 % ) received maintenance steroids .", "entities": [ "steroids" ] }, { "id": "4380", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cytomegalovirus infections were treated successfully with ganciclovir in 11 patients .", "entities": [ "ganciclovir" ] }, { "id": "4385", "type": "chemical", "text": "Delirium during fluoxetine treatment .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "4388", "type": "chemical", "text": "Only a few reports exist , however , on the relationship between the serum concentrations of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) and their toxic effects .", "entities": [ "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "4389", "type": "chemical", "text": "In some cases , a high serum concentration of citalopram ( > 600 nmol / L ) in elderly patients has been associated with increased somnolence and movement difficulties .", "entities": [ "citalopram" ] }, { "id": "4391", "type": "chemical", "text": "In this report , we describe a patient with acute hyperkinetic delirium connected with a high serum total fluoxetine ( fluoxetine plus desmethylfluoxetine ) concentration .", "entities": [ "fluoxetine", "fluoxetine", "desmethylfluoxetine" ] }, { "id": "4392", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pulmonary edema and shock after high - dose aracytine - C for lymphoma ; possible role of TNF - alpha and PAF .", "entities": [ "aracytine - C" ] }, { "id": "4393", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four out of 23 consecutive patients treated with high - dose Ara - C for lymphomas in our institution developed a strikingly similar syndrome during the perfusion .", "entities": [ "Ara - C" ] }, { "id": "4396", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sequential biological assays of IL - 1 , IL - 2 , TNF and PAF were performed during Ara - C infusion to ten patients , including the four who developed the syndrome .", "entities": [ "Ara - C" ] }, { "id": "4398", "type": "chemical", "text": "As TNF and PAF are thought to be involved in the development of septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome , we hypothesize that high - dose Ara - C may be associated with cytokine release .", "entities": [ "Ara - C" ] }, { "id": "4399", "type": "chemical", "text": "Protective effect of clentiazem against epinephrine - induced cardiac injury in rats .", "entities": [ "clentiazem", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4400", "type": "chemical", "text": "We investigated the effects of clentiazem , a 1 , 5 - benzothiazepine calcium antagonist , on epinephrine - induced cardiomyopathy in rats .", "entities": [ "clentiazem", "calcium", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4401", "type": "chemical", "text": "With 2 - week chronic epinephrine infusion , 16 of 30 rats died within 4 days , and severe ischemic lesions and fibrosis of the left ventricles were observed .", "entities": [ "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4402", "type": "chemical", "text": "In epinephrine - treated rats , left atrial and left ventricular papillary muscle contractile responses to isoproterenol were reduced , but responses to calcium were normal or enhanced compared to controls .", "entities": [ "epinephrine", "isoproterenol", "calcium" ] }, { "id": "4404", "type": "chemical", "text": "Treatment with clentiazem prevented epinephrine - induced death ( P < . 05 ) , and attenuated the ventricular ischemic lesions and fibrosis , in a dose - dependent manner .", "entities": [ "clentiazem", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4405", "type": "chemical", "text": "Left atrial and left ventricular papillary muscle contractile responses to isoproterenol were reduced compared to controls in groups treated with clentiazem alone , but combined with epinephrine , clentiazem restored left atrial responses and enhanced left ventricular papillary responses to isoproterenol .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "clentiazem", "epinephrine", "clentiazem", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4406", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the other hand clentiazem did not prevent epinephrine - induced down - regulation of alpha and beta adrenoceptors .", "entities": [ "clentiazem", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4407", "type": "chemical", "text": "Interestingly , clentiazem , infused alone , resulted in decreased adrenergic receptor densities in the left ventricle .", "entities": [ "clentiazem" ] }, { "id": "4408", "type": "chemical", "text": "Clentiazem also did not prevent the enhanced responses to calcium seen in the epinephrine - treated animals , although the high dose of clentiazem partially attenuated the maximal response to calcium compared to epinephrine - treated animals .", "entities": [ "Clentiazem", "calcium", "epinephrine", "clentiazem", "calcium", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4409", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , clentiazem attenuated epinephrine - induced cardiac injury , possibly through its effect on the adrenergic pathway .", "entities": [ "clentiazem", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4410", "type": "chemical", "text": "Kaliuretic effect of L - dopa treatment in parkinsonian patients .", "entities": [ "L - dopa" ] }, { "id": "4411", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypokalemia , sometimes severe , was observed in some L - dopa - treated parkinsonian patients .", "entities": [ "L - dopa" ] }, { "id": "4412", "type": "chemical", "text": "The influence of L - dopa on the renal excretion of potassium was studied in 3 patients with hypokalemia and in 5 normokalemic patients by determination of renal plasma flow , glomerular filtration rate , plasma concentration of potassium and sodium as well as urinary excretion of potassium , sodium and aldosterone .", "entities": [ "L - dopa", "potassium", "potassium", "sodium", "potassium", "sodium", "aldosterone" ] }, { "id": "4413", "type": "chemical", "text": "L - Dopa intake was found to cause an increased excretion of potassium , and sometimes also of sodium , in the hypokalemic but not in the normokalemic patients .", "entities": [ "L - Dopa", "potassium", "sodium" ] }, { "id": "4415", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is not known why this effect occurred in some individuals but not in others , but our results indicate a correlation between aldosterone production and this renal effect of L - dopa .", "entities": [ "aldosterone", "L - dopa" ] }, { "id": "4416", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cocaine induced myocardial ischemia .", "entities": [ "Cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4417", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of myocardial ischemia induced by cocaine .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4418", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ischemia probably induced by coronary artery spasm was reversed by nitroglycerin and calcium blocking agents .", "entities": [ "nitroglycerin", "calcium" ] }, { "id": "4419", "type": "chemical", "text": "Doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity monitored by ECG in freely moving mice .", "entities": [ "Doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4421", "type": "chemical", "text": "In laboratory animals , histology is most commonly used to study doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4424", "type": "chemical", "text": "With this model we investigated the effect of chronic doxorubicin administration on the ECG of freely moving BALB / c mice and the efficacy of ICRF - 187 as a protective agent .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "ICRF - 187" ] }, { "id": "4425", "type": "chemical", "text": "The ST interval significantly widened from 15 . 0 + / - 1 . 5 to 56 . 8 + / - 11 . 8 ms in week 10 ( 7 weekly doses of 4 mg / kg doxorubicin given i . v . plus 3 weeks of observation ) .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4427", "type": "chemical", "text": "After sacrifice the hearts of doxorubicin - treated animals were enlarged and the atria were hypertrophic .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4428", "type": "chemical", "text": "As this schedule exerted more toxicity than needed to investigate protective agents , the protection of ICRF - 187 was determined using a dose schedule with lower general toxicity ( 6 weekly doses of 4 mg / kg doxorubicin given i . v . plus 2 weeks of observation ) .", "entities": [ "ICRF - 187", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4429", "type": "chemical", "text": "On this schedule , the animals ' hearts appeared normal after sacrifice and ICRF - 187 ( 50 mg / kg given i . p . 1 h before doxorubicin ) provided almost full protection .", "entities": [ "ICRF - 187", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4432", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings result in a model that allows the testing of protectors against doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity as demonstrated by the protection provided by ICRF - 187 .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "ICRF - 187" ] }, { "id": "4433", "type": "chemical", "text": "Epinephrine dysrhythmogenicity is not enhanced by subtoxic bupivacaine in dogs .", "entities": [ "Epinephrine", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "4434", "type": "chemical", "text": "Since bupivacaine and epinephrine may both precipitate dysrhythmias , circulating bupivacaine during regional anesthesia could potentiate dysrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "epinephrine", "bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4435", "type": "chemical", "text": "We therefore examined whether bupivacaine alters the dysrhythmogenicity of subsequent administration of epinephrine in conscious , healthy dogs and in anesthetized dogs with myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4436", "type": "chemical", "text": "Forty - one conscious dogs received 10 micrograms . kg - 1 . min - 1 epinephrine .", "entities": [ "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4438", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 3 h , these responders randomly received 1 or 2 mg / kg bupivacaine or saline over 5 min , followed by 10 micrograms . kg - 1 . min - 1 epinephrine .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4439", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the bupivacaine groups , epinephrine caused fewer prodysrhythmic effects than without bupivacaine .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "epinephrine", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "4441", "type": "chemical", "text": "Epinephrine shortened QT less after bupivacaine than in control animals .", "entities": [ "Epinephrine", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "4442", "type": "chemical", "text": "One day after experimental myocardial infarction , six additional halothane - anesthetized dogs received 4 micrograms . kg - 1 . min - 1 epinephrine until VT appeared .", "entities": [ "halothane", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4443", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 45 min , 1 mg / kg bupivacaine was injected over 5 min , again followed by 4 micrograms . kg - 1 . min - 1 epinephrine .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4444", "type": "chemical", "text": "In these dogs , the prodysrhythmic response to epinephrine was also mitigated by preceding bupivacaine .", "entities": [ "epinephrine", "bupivacaine" ] }, { "id": "4445", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bupivacaine antagonizes epinephrine dysrhythmogenicity in conscious dogs susceptible to VT and in anesthetized dogs with spontaneous postinfarct dysrhythmias .", "entities": [ "Bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4446", "type": "chemical", "text": "There is no evidence that systemic subtoxic bupivacaine administration enhances the dysrhythmogenicity of subsequent epinephrine .", "entities": [ "bupivacaine", "epinephrine" ] }, { "id": "4447", "type": "chemical", "text": "Milk - alkali syndrome induced by 1 , 25 ( OH ) 2D in a patient with hypoparathyroidism .", "entities": [ "1 , 25 ( OH ) 2D" ] }, { "id": "4448", "type": "chemical", "text": "Milk - alkali syndrome was first described 70 years ago in the context of the treatment of peptic ulcer disease with large amounts of calcium and alkali .", "entities": [ "calcium", "alkali" ] }, { "id": "4449", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although with current ulcer therapy ( H - 2 blockers , omeprazole , and sucralfate ) , the frequency of milk - alkali syndrome has decreased significantly , the classic triad of hypercalcemia , alkalosis , and renal impairment remains the hallmark of the syndrome .", "entities": [ "omeprazole", "sucralfate" ] }, { "id": "4451", "type": "chemical", "text": "This article presents a patient with hypoparathyroidism who was treated with calcium carbonate and calcitriol resulting in two admissions to the hospital for milk - alkali syndrome .", "entities": [ "calcium carbonate", "calcitriol" ] }, { "id": "4452", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patient was successfully treated with intravenous pamidronate on his first admission and with hydrocortisone on the second .", "entities": [ "pamidronate", "hydrocortisone" ] }, { "id": "4453", "type": "chemical", "text": "This illustrates intravenous pamidronate as a valuable therapeutic tool when milk - alkali syndrome presents as hypercalcemic emergency .", "entities": [ "pamidronate" ] }, { "id": "4454", "type": "chemical", "text": "Famotidine - associated delirium .", "entities": [ "Famotidine" ] }, { "id": "4456", "type": "chemical", "text": "Famotidine is a histamine H2 - receptor antagonist used in inpatient settings for prevention of stress ulcers and is showing increasing popularity because of its low cost .", "entities": [ "Famotidine" ] }, { "id": "4457", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although all of the currently available H2 - receptor antagonists have shown the propensity to cause delirium , only two previously reported cases have been associated with famotidine .", "entities": [ "famotidine" ] }, { "id": "4458", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors report on six cases of famotidine - associated delirium in hospitalized patients who cleared completely upon removal of famotidine .", "entities": [ "famotidine", "famotidine" ] }, { "id": "4459", "type": "chemical", "text": "The pharmacokinetics of famotidine are reviewed , with no change in its metabolism in the elderly population seen .", "entities": [ "famotidine" ] }, { "id": "4460", "type": "chemical", "text": "The implications of using famotidine in elderly persons are discussed .", "entities": [ "famotidine" ] }, { "id": "4461", "type": "chemical", "text": "Encephalopathy during amitriptyline therapy : are neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome spectrum disorders ?", "entities": [ "amitriptyline" ] }, { "id": "4462", "type": "chemical", "text": "This report describes a case of encephalopathy developed in the course of amitriptyline therapy , during a remission of unipolar depression .", "entities": [ "amitriptyline" ] }, { "id": "4464", "type": "chemical", "text": "The major determinant of the symptoms may have been dopamine / serotonin imbalance in the central nervous system .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "4466", "type": "chemical", "text": "Genetic separation of tumor growth and hemorrhagic phenotypes in an estrogen - induced tumor .", "entities": [ "estrogen" ] }, { "id": "4467", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic administration of estrogen to the Fischer 344 ( F344 ) rat induces growth of large , hemorrhagic pituitary tumors .", "entities": [ "estrogen" ] }, { "id": "4468", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ten weeks of diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) treatment caused female F344 rat pituitaries to grow to an average of 109 . 2 + / - 6 . 3 mg ( mean + / - SE ) versus 11 . 3 + / - 1 . 4 mg for untreated rats , and to become highly hemorrhagic .", "entities": [ "diethylstilbestrol", "DES" ] }, { "id": "4469", "type": "chemical", "text": "The same DES treatment produced no significant growth ( 8 . 9 + / - 0 . 5 mg for treated females versus 8 . 7 + / - 1 . 1 for untreated females ) or morphological changes in Brown Norway ( BN ) rat pituitaries .", "entities": [ "DES" ] }, { "id": "4470", "type": "chemical", "text": "An F1 hybrid of F344 and BN exhibited significant pituitary growth after 10 weeks of DES treatment with an average mass of 26 . 3 + / - 0 . 7 mg compared with 8 . 6 + / - 0 . 9 mg for untreated rats .", "entities": [ "DES" ] }, { "id": "4473", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , while DES - induced pituitary growth exhibited quantitative , additive inheritance , the hemorrhagic phenotype exhibited recessive , epistatic inheritance .", "entities": [ "DES" ] }, { "id": "4476", "type": "chemical", "text": "Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent pathways following chronic bladder irritation .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide" ] }, { "id": "4477", "type": "chemical", "text": "Immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine alterations in the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase ( NOS ) in bladder pathways following acute and chronic irritation of the urinary tract of the rat .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide" ] }, { "id": "4478", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chemical cystitis was induced by cyclophosphamide ( CYP ) which is metabolized to acrolein , an irritant eliminated in the urine .", "entities": [ "cyclophosphamide", "CYP", "acrolein" ] }, { "id": "4479", "type": "chemical", "text": "Injection of CYP ( n = 10 , 75 mg / kg , i . p . ) 2 hours prior to perfusion ( acute treatment ) of the animals increased Fos - immunoreactivity ( IR ) in neurons in the dorsal commissure , dorsal horn , and autonomic regions of spinal segments ( L1 - L2 and L6 - S1 ) which receive afferent inputs from the bladder , urethra , and ureter .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "4480", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fos - IR in the spinal cord was not changed in rats receiving chronic CYP treatment ( n = 15 , 75 mg / kg , i . p . , every 3rd day for 2 weeks ) .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "4481", "type": "chemical", "text": "In control animals and in animals treated acutely with CYP , only small numbers of NOS - IR cells ( 0 . 5 - 0 . 7 cell profiles / sections ) were detected in the L6 - S1 dorsal root ganglia ( DRG ) .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "4482", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic CYP administration significantly ( P < or = . 002 ) increased bladder weight by 60 % and increased ( 7 - to 11 - fold ) the numbers of NOS - immunoreactive ( IR ) afferent neurons in the L6 - S1 DRG .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "4484", "type": "chemical", "text": "Bladder afferent cells in the L6 - S1 DRG labeled by Fluorogold ( 40 microliters ) injected into the bladder wall did not exhibit NOS - IR in control animals ; however , following chronic CYP administration , a significant percentage of bladder afferent neurons were NOS - IR : L6 ( 19 . 8 + / - 4 . 6 % ) and S1 ( 25 . 3 + / - 2 . 9 % ) .", "entities": [ "CYP" ] }, { "id": "4486", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of a new calcium antagonist , CD - 832 , on isoproterenol - induced myocardial ischemia in dogs with partial coronary stenosis .", "entities": [ "calcium", "CD - 832", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4487", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of CD - 832 on isoproterenol ( ISO ) - induced myocardial ischemia were studied in dogs with partial coronary stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery and findings were compared with those for nifedipine or diltiazem .", "entities": [ "CD - 832", "isoproterenol", "ISO", "nifedipine", "diltiazem" ] }, { "id": "4488", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the presence of coronary artery stenosis , 3 - min periods of intracoronary ISO infusion ( 10 ng / kg / min ) increased heart rate and maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise , which resulted in a decrease in percentage segmental shortening and ST - segment elevation of the epicardial electrocardiogram .", "entities": [ "ISO" ] }, { "id": "4489", "type": "chemical", "text": "After the control ISO infusion with stenosis was performed , equihypotensive doses of CD - 832 ( 3 and 10 micrograms / kg / min , n = 7 ) , nifedipine ( 1 and 3 micrograms / kg / min , n = 9 ) or diltiazem ( 10 and 30 micrograms / kg / min , n = 7 ) were infused 5 min before and during the second and third ISO infusion .", "entities": [ "ISO", "CD - 832", "nifedipine", "diltiazem", "ISO" ] }, { "id": "4490", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both CD - 832 and diltiazem , but not nifedipine , significantly reduced the increase in heart rate induced by ISO infusion .", "entities": [ "CD - 832", "diltiazem", "nifedipine", "ISO" ] }, { "id": "4491", "type": "chemical", "text": "In contrast to nifedipine , CD - 832 ( 10 micrograms / kg / min ) prevented the decrease in percentage segmental shortening from 32 + / - 12 % to 115 + / - 26 % of the control value ( P < . 01 ) and ST - segment elevation from 5 . 6 + / - 1 . 0 mV to 1 . 6 + / - 1 . 3 mV ( P < . 01 ) at 3 min after ISO infusion with stenosis .", "entities": [ "nifedipine", "CD - 832", "ISO" ] }, { "id": "4492", "type": "chemical", "text": "Diltiazem ( 30 micrograms / kg / min ) also prevented the decrease in percentage segmental shortening from 34 + / - 14 % to 63 + / - 18 % of the control value ( P < . 05 ) and ST - segment elevation from 4 . 7 + / - 0 . 7 mV to 2 . 1 + / - 0 . 7 mV ( P < . 01 ) at 3 min after ISO infusion with stenosis .", "entities": [ "Diltiazem", "ISO" ] }, { "id": "4493", "type": "chemical", "text": "These data show that CD - 832 improves myocardial ischemia during ISO infusion with stenosis and suggest that the negative chronotropic property of CD - 832 plays a major role in the beneficial effects of CD - 832 .", "entities": [ "CD - 832", "ISO", "CD - 832", "CD - 832" ] }, { "id": "4494", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of recombinant human insulin - like growth factor - I on chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy in rats .", "entities": [ "puromycin aminonucleoside" ] }, { "id": "4495", "type": "chemical", "text": "We recently demonstrated that recombinant hGH exacerbates renal functional and structural injury in chronic puromycin aminonucleoside ( PAN ) nephropathy , an experimental model of glomerular disease .", "entities": [ "puromycin aminonucleoside", "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4496", "type": "chemical", "text": "Therefore , we examined whether recombinant human ( rh ) IGF - I is a safer alternative for the treatment of growth failure in rats with chronic PAN nephropathy .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4497", "type": "chemical", "text": "The glomerulopathy was induced by seven serial injections of PAN over 12 wk .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4500", "type": "chemical", "text": "Urinary protein excretion was unaltered by rhIGF - I treatment in rats with chronic PAN nephropathy .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4501", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 12 wk , the inulin clearance was higher in rhIGF - I - treated rats , 0 . 48 + / - 0 . 08 versus 0 . 24 + / - 0 . 06 mL / min / 100 g of body weight in untreated PAN nephropathy animals , p < 0 . 05 .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4502", "type": "chemical", "text": "The improvement in GFR was not associated with enhanced glomerular hypertrophy or increased segmental glomerulosclerosis , tubulointerstitial injury , or renal cortical malondialdehyde content .", "entities": [ "malondialdehyde" ] }, { "id": "4503", "type": "chemical", "text": "In rats with PAN nephropathy , administration of rhIGF - I increased IGF - I and GH receptor gene expression , without altering the steady state level of IGF - I receptor mRNA .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4504", "type": "chemical", "text": "In normal rats with intact kidneys , rhIGF - I administration ( n = 4 ) did not alter weight gain , blood pressure , proteinuria , GFR , glomerular planar area , renal cortical malondialdehyde content , or glomerular or tubulointerstitial damage , compared with untreated animals ( n = 4 ) .", "entities": [ "malondialdehyde" ] }, { "id": "4506", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that : 1 ) administration of rhIGF - I improves growth and GFR in rats with chronic PAN nephropathy and 2 ) unlike rhGH , long - term use of rhIGF - I does not worsen renal functional and structural injury in this disease model .", "entities": [ "PAN" ] }, { "id": "4507", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nefiracetam ( DM - 9384 ) reverses apomorphine - induced amnesia of a passive avoidance response : delayed emergence of the memory retention effects .", "entities": [ "Nefiracetam", "DM - 9384", "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "4508", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nefiracetam is a novel pyrrolidone derivative which attenuates scopolamine - induced learning and post - training consolidation deficits .", "entities": [ "Nefiracetam", "pyrrolidone", "scopolamine" ] }, { "id": "4509", "type": "chemical", "text": "Given that apomorphine inhibits passive avoidance retention when given during training or in a defined 10 - 12h post - training period , we evaluated the ability of nefiracetam to attenuate amnesia induced by dopaminergic agonism .", "entities": [ "apomorphine", "nefiracetam" ] }, { "id": "4510", "type": "chemical", "text": "A step - down passive avoidance paradigm was employed and nefiracetam ( 3 mg / kg ) and apomorphine ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) were given alone or in combination during training and at the 10 - 12h post - training period of consolidation .", "entities": [ "nefiracetam", "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "4511", "type": "chemical", "text": "Co - administration of nefiracetam and apomorphine during training or 10h thereafter produced no significant anti - amnesic effect .", "entities": [ "nefiracetam", "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "4512", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , administration of nefiracetam during training completely reversed the amnesia induced by apomorphine at the 10h post - training time and the converse was also true .", "entities": [ "nefiracetam", "apomorphine" ] }, { "id": "4513", "type": "chemical", "text": "These effects were not mediated by a dopaminergic mechanism as nefiracetam , at millimolar concentrations , failed to displace either [ 3H ] SCH 23390 or [ 3H ] spiperone binding from D1 or D2 dopamine receptor subtypes , respectively .", "entities": [ "nefiracetam", "SCH 23390", "spiperone", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "4514", "type": "chemical", "text": "It is suggested that nefiracetam augments molecular processes in the early stages of events which ultimately lead to consolidation of memory .", "entities": [ "nefiracetam" ] }, { "id": "4515", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phenytoin encephalopathy as probable idiosyncratic reaction : case report .", "entities": [ "Phenytoin" ] }, { "id": "4516", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of phenytoin ( DPH ) encephalopathy with increasing seizures and EEG and mental changes is described .", "entities": [ "phenytoin", "DPH" ] }, { "id": "4517", "type": "chemical", "text": "Despite adequate oral dosage of DPH ( 5 mg / kg / daily ) the plasma level was very low ( 2 . 8 microgramg / ml ) .", "entities": [ "DPH" ] }, { "id": "4519", "type": "chemical", "text": "In fact the concentration of free DPH was normal , the patient presented a retarded morbilliform rash during DPH treatment , the protidogram was normal , and an intradermic DPH injection had no local effect .", "entities": [ "DPH", "DPH", "DPH" ] }, { "id": "4520", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors conclude that in a patient starting DPH treatment an unexpected increase in seizures , with EEG and mental changes occurring simultaneously , should alert the physician to the possible need for eliminating DPH from the therapeutic regimen , even if plasma concentrations are low .", "entities": [ "DPH", "DPH" ] }, { "id": "4521", "type": "chemical", "text": "Prevention and treatment of endometrial disease in climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy .", "entities": [ "oestrogen" ] }, { "id": "4522", "type": "chemical", "text": "The treatment regimens are described in 74 patients with endometrial disease among 850 climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy .", "entities": [ "oestrogen" ] }, { "id": "4523", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cystic hyperplasia was associated with unopposed oestrogen therapy without progestagen .", "entities": [ "oestrogen", "progestagen" ] }, { "id": "4524", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two courses of 21 days of 5 mg norethisterone daily caused reversion to normal in all 57 cases of cystic hyperplasia and 6 of the 8 cases of atypical hyperplasia .", "entities": [ "norethisterone" ] }, { "id": "4525", "type": "chemical", "text": "4 cases of endometrial carcinoma referred from elsewhere demonstrated the problems of inappropriate and unsupervised unopposed oestrogen therapy and the difficulty in distinguishing severe hyperplasia from malignancy .", "entities": [ "oestrogen" ] }, { "id": "4526", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cyclical low - dose oestrogen therapy with 7 - - 13 days of progestagen does not seem to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma .", "entities": [ "oestrogen", "progestagen" ] }, { "id": "4527", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of exercise on the severity of isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4528", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effect of exercise on the severity of isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction was studied in male rats .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4530", "type": "chemical", "text": "The exercise - isoproterenol ( E - 1 ) and exercise control ( EC ) groups exercised daily for thirty days on a treadmill at 1 mph , 2 % grade while animals of the sedentary - isoproterenol ( S - I ) group remained sedentary .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol", "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4532", "type": "chemical", "text": "Forty - eight hours after the final exercise period , S - I and E - I animals received a single subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol ( 250 mg / kg body weight ) .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4533", "type": "chemical", "text": "Animals of the S - I group exhibited significantly ( Pp less than 0 . 05 ) greater mortality from the effects of isoproterenol than animals of the E - I group .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4534", "type": "chemical", "text": "Serum CPK activity for E - I animals was significantly ( p less than 0 . 05 ) greater than for animals in the S - I and EC groups twenty hours following isoproterenol injection .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4535", "type": "chemical", "text": "No statistically significant differences were observed between the two isoproterenol treated groups for severity of the induced lesions , changes in heart weight , or heart weight to body weight ratios .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4536", "type": "chemical", "text": "The results indicated that exercise reduced the mortality associated with the effects of large dosages of isoproterenol but had little on the severity of the infarction .", "entities": [ "isoproterenol" ] }, { "id": "4537", "type": "chemical", "text": "Human corticotropin - releasing hormone and thyrotropin - releasing hormone modulate the hypercapnic ventilatory response in humans .", "entities": [ "corticotropin", "thyrotropin" ] }, { "id": "4538", "type": "chemical", "text": "Human corticotropin - releasing hormone ( hCRH ) and thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) are known to stimulate ventilation after i . v . administration in humans .", "entities": [ "corticotropin", "thyrotropin" ] }, { "id": "4540", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two subsequent CO2 - rebreathing tests were performed in healthy young volunteers .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4541", "type": "chemical", "text": "During the first test 0 . 9 % NaCl was given i . v . ; during the second test 200 micrograms of hCRH ( n = 12 ) or 400 micrograms of TRH ( n = 6 ) was administered i . v . Nine subjects received 0 . 9 % NaCl i . v . during both rebreathing manoeuvres .", "entities": [ "NaCl", "NaCl" ] }, { "id": "4542", "type": "chemical", "text": "The CO2 - response curves for the two tests were compared within the same subject .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4543", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the hCRH group a marked parallel shift of the CO2 - response curve to the left was observed after hCRH ( P < 0 . 01 ) .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4545", "type": "chemical", "text": "hCRH and TRH caused a reduction in the CO2 threshold .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4546", "type": "chemical", "text": "The CO2 - response curves in the control group were nearly identical .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4548", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lamivudine is effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus DNA in Chinese hepatitis B surface antigen carriers : a placebo - controlled trial .", "entities": [ "Lamivudine", "hepatitis B surface antigen" ] }, { "id": "4549", "type": "chemical", "text": "Lamivudine is a novel 2 ' , 3 ' - dideoxy cytosine analogue that has potent inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus replication in vitro and in vivo .", "entities": [ "Lamivudine", "2 ' , 3 ' - dideoxy cytosine" ] }, { "id": "4550", "type": "chemical", "text": "We performed a single - blind , placebo - controlled study to assess its effectiveness and safety in Chinese hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) carriers .", "entities": [ "hepatitis B surface antigen", "HBsAg" ] }, { "id": "4551", "type": "chemical", "text": "Forty - two Chinese HBsAg carriers were randomized to receive placebo ( 6 patients ) or lamivudine orally in dosages of 25 mg , 100 mg , or 300 mg daily ( 12 patients for each dosage ) .", "entities": [ "HBsAg", "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "4554", "type": "chemical", "text": "All 36 patients receiving lamivudine had a decrease in hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) DNA values of > 90 % ( P < . 001 compared with placebo ) .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "4555", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although 25 mg of lamivudine was slightly less effective than 100 mg ( P = . 011 ) and 300 mg ( P = . 005 ) , it still induced 94 % suppression of HBV DNA after the fourth week of therapy .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "4559", "type": "chemical", "text": "In conclusion , a 4 - week course of lamivudine was safe and effective in suppression of HBV DNA in Chinese HBsAg carriers .", "entities": [ "lamivudine", "HBsAg" ] }, { "id": "4561", "type": "chemical", "text": "Studies with long - term lamivudine administration should be performed to determine if prolonged suppression of HBV DNA can be achieved .", "entities": [ "lamivudine" ] }, { "id": "4562", "type": "chemical", "text": "Population - based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives .", "entities": [ "oral contraceptives" ] }, { "id": "4563", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : Four studies published since December , 1995 , reported that the incidence of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) was higher in women who used oral contraceptives ( OCs ) containing the third - generation progestagens gestodene or desogestrel than in users of OCs containing second - generation progestagens .", "entities": [ "oral contraceptives", "OCs", "gestodene", "desogestrel", "OCs", "progestagens" ] }, { "id": "4565", "type": "chemical", "text": "The aim of our study was to re - examine the association between risk of VTE and OC use with a different study design and analysis to avoid some of the bias and confounding of the earlier studies .", "entities": [ "OC" ] }, { "id": "4569", "type": "chemical", "text": "We did a cohort analysis to estimate and compare incidence of VTE in users of the main OC preparations , and a nested case - control study to calculate the odds ratios of VTE associated with use of different types of OC , after adjustment for potential confounding factors .", "entities": [ "OC", "OC" ] }, { "id": "4570", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the case - control study , we matched cases to controls by exact year of birth , practice , and current use of OCs .", "entities": [ "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4571", "type": "chemical", "text": "We used a multiple logistic regression model that included body - mass index , number of cycles , change in type of OC prescribed within 3 months of the event , previous pregnancy , and concurrent disease .", "entities": [ "OC" ] }, { "id": "4572", "type": "chemical", "text": "FINDINGS : 85 women met the inclusion criteria for VTE , two of whom were users of progestagen - only OCs .", "entities": [ "progestagen", "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4573", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of the 83 cases of VTE associated with use of combined OCs , 43 were recorded as deep - vein thrombosis , 35 as pulmonary thrombosis , and five as venous thrombosis not otherwise specified .", "entities": [ "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4574", "type": "chemical", "text": "The crude rate of VTE per 10 , 000 woman - years was 4 . 10 in current users of any OC , 3 . 10 in users of second - generation OCs , and 4 . 96 in users of third - generation preparations .", "entities": [ "OC", "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4575", "type": "chemical", "text": "After adjustment for age , the rate ratio of VTE in users of third - generation relative to second - generation OCs was 1 . 68 ( 95 % CI 1 . 04 - 2 . 75 ) .", "entities": [ "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4576", "type": "chemical", "text": "Logistic regression showed no significant difference in the risk of VTE between users of third - generation and second - generation OCs .", "entities": [ "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4577", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among users of third - generation progestagens , the risk of VTE was higher in users of desogestrel with 20 g ethinyloestradiol than in users of gestodene or desogestrel with 30 g ethinyloestradiol .", "entities": [ "progestagens", "desogestrel", "ethinyloestradiol", "gestodene", "desogestrel", "ethinyloestradiol" ] }, { "id": "4578", "type": "chemical", "text": "With all second - generation OCs as the reference , the odds ratios for VTE were 3 . 49 ( 1 . 21 - 10 . 12 ) for desogestrel plus 20 g ethinyloestradiol and 1 . 18 ( 0 . 66 - 2 . 17 ) for the other third - generation progestagens .", "entities": [ "OCs", "desogestrel", "ethinyloestradiol", "progestagens" ] }, { "id": "4579", "type": "chemical", "text": "INTERPRETATION : The previously reported increase in odds ratio associated with third - generation OCs when compared with second - generation products is likely to have been the result of residual confounding by age .", "entities": [ "OCs" ] }, { "id": "4580", "type": "chemical", "text": "The increased odds ratio associated with products containing 20 micrograms ethinyloestradiol and desogestrel compared with the 30 micrograms product is biologically implausible , and is likely to be the result of preferential prescribing and , thus , confounding .", "entities": [ "ethinyloestradiol", "desogestrel" ] }, { "id": "4581", "type": "chemical", "text": "MK - 801 augments pilocarpine - induced electrographic seizure but protects against brain damage in rats .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4583", "type": "chemical", "text": "The authors examined the anticonvulsant effects of MK - 801 on the pilocarpine - induced seizure model .", "entities": [ "MK - 801", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4584", "type": "chemical", "text": "Intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine ( 400 mg / kg ) induced tonic and clonic seizure .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4585", "type": "chemical", "text": "Scopolamine ( 10 mg / kg ) and pentobarbital ( 5 mg / kg ) prevented development of pilocarpine - induced behavioral seizure but MK - 801 ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) did not .", "entities": [ "Scopolamine", "pentobarbital", "pilocarpine", "MK - 801" ] }, { "id": "4587", "type": "chemical", "text": "An electrical seizure measured with hippocampal EEG appeared in the pilocarpine - treated group .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4588", "type": "chemical", "text": "Scopolamine and pentobarbital blocked the pilocarpine - induced electrographic seizure , MK - 801 treatment augmented the electrographic seizure induced by pilocarpine .", "entities": [ "Scopolamine", "pentobarbital", "pilocarpine", "MK - 801", "pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4591", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pilocarpine produced neuronal death in the hippocampus , which showed pyknotic changes .", "entities": [ "Pilocarpine" ] }, { "id": "4592", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pentobarbital , scopolamine and MK - 801 protected the brain damage by pilocarpine , though in the MK - 801 - treated group , the pyramidal cells of hippocampus appeared darker than normal .", "entities": [ "Pentobarbital", "scopolamine", "MK - 801", "pilocarpine", "MK - 801" ] }, { "id": "4595", "type": "chemical", "text": "These results indicate that status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine is initiated by cholinergic overstimulation and propagated by glutamatergic transmission , the elevation of which may cause brain damage through an excitatory NMDA receptor - mediated mechanism .", "entities": [ "pilocarpine", "NMDA" ] }, { "id": "4596", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paclitaxel , 5 - fluorouracil , and folinic acid in metastatic breast cancer : BRE - 26 , a phase II trial .", "entities": [ "Paclitaxel", "5 - fluorouracil", "folinic acid" ] }, { "id": "4597", "type": "chemical", "text": "5 - Fluorouracil plus folinic acid and paclitaxel ( Taxol ; Bristol - Myers Squibb Company , Princeton , NJ ) are effective salvage therapies for metastatic breast cancer patients .", "entities": [ "5 - Fluorouracil", "folinic acid", "paclitaxel", "Taxol" ] }, { "id": "4598", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paclitaxel and 5 - fluorouracil have additive cytotoxicity in MCF - 7 cell lines .", "entities": [ "Paclitaxel", "5 - fluorouracil" ] }, { "id": "4599", "type": "chemical", "text": "We performed a phase II trial of paclitaxel 175 mg / m2 over 3 hours on day I followed by folinic acid 300 mg over 1 hour before 5 - fluorouracil 350 mg / m2 on days 1 to 3 every 28 days ( TFL ) in women with metastatic breast cancer .", "entities": [ "paclitaxel", "folinic acid", "5 - fluorouracil" ] }, { "id": "4600", "type": "chemical", "text": "Analysis is reported on 37 patients with a minimum of 6 months follow - up who received a total of 192 cycles of TFL : nine cycles ( 5 % ) were associated with grade 3 / 4 neutropenia requiring hospitalization ; seven ( 4 % ) cycles in two patients required granulocyte colony - stimulating factor due to neutropenia ; no patient required platelet transfusions .", "entities": [ "granulocyte colony - stimulating factor" ] }, { "id": "4603", "type": "chemical", "text": "Of the 19 evaluable patients with prior doxorubicin exposure , 11 ( 58 % ) responded compared with nine of 15 ( 60 % ) without prior doxorubicin .", "entities": [ "doxorubicin", "doxorubicin" ] }, { "id": "4604", "type": "chemical", "text": "Plasma paclitaxel concentrations were measured at the completion of paclitaxel infusion and at 24 hours in 19 patients .", "entities": [ "paclitaxel", "paclitaxel" ] }, { "id": "4606", "type": "chemical", "text": "Efficacy and proarrhythmia with the use of d , l - sotalol for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4607", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study prospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy , the incidence of torsades de pointes , and the presumable risk factors for torsades de pointes in patients treated with d , l - sotalol for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4608", "type": "chemical", "text": "Eighty - one consecutive patients ( 54 with coronary artery disease , and 20 with dilated cardiomyopathy ) with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation received oral d , l - sotalol to prevent induction of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4609", "type": "chemical", "text": "During oral loading with d , l - sotalol , continuous electrocardiographic ( ECG ) monitoring was performed .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4610", "type": "chemical", "text": "Those patients in whom d , l - sotalol prevented induction of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation were discharged with the drug and followed up on an outpatient basis for 21 + / - 18 months .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4611", "type": "chemical", "text": "Induction of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia was prevented by oral d , l - sotalol in 35 ( 43 % ) patients ; the ventricular tachyarrhythmia remained inducible in 40 ( 49 % ) patients ; and two ( 2 . 5 % ) patients did not tolerate even 40 mg of d , l - sotalol once daily .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol", "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4612", "type": "chemical", "text": "Four ( 5 % ) patients had from torsades de pointes during the initial oral treatment with d , l - sotalol .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4614", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , the oral dose of d , l - sotalol was significantly lower in patients with torsades de pointes ( 200 + / - 46 vs . 328 + / - 53 mg / day ; p = 0 . 0017 ) .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4617", "type": "chemical", "text": "One female patient with stable cardiac disease had recurrent torsades de pointes after 2 years of successful treatment with d , l - sotalol .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4618", "type": "chemical", "text": "Torsades de pointes occurred early during treatment even with low doses of oral d , l - sotalol .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4619", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pronounced changes in the surface ECG ( cycle length , QT , and QTc ) in relation to the dose of oral d , l - sotalol might identify a subgroup of patients with an increased risk for torsades de pointes .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4620", "type": "chemical", "text": "Other ECG parameters before the application of d , l - sotalol did not identify patients at increased risk for torsades de pointes .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4622", "type": "chemical", "text": "Therefore programmed electrical stimulation in the case of d , l - sotalol seems to be of limited prognostic value .", "entities": [ "d , l - sotalol" ] }, { "id": "4623", "type": "chemical", "text": "Chronic hyperprolactinemia and changes in dopamine neurons .", "entities": [ "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "4628", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hyperprolactinemia was induced by treatment with haloperidol , a dopamine receptor antagonist , and Palkovits ' microdissection technique in combination with high - performance liquid chromatography was used to measure neurotransmitter concentrations in several areas of the brain .", "entities": [ "haloperidol", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "4629", "type": "chemical", "text": "After 6 months of hyperprolactinemia , dopamine ( DA ) concentrations in the median eminence ( ME ) increased by 84 % over the control group .", "entities": [ "dopamine", "DA" ] }, { "id": "4630", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nine months of hyperprolactinemia produced a 50 % increase in DA concentrations in the ME over the control group .", "entities": [ "DA" ] }, { "id": "4631", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , DA response was lost if a 9 - month long haloperidol - induced hyperprolactinemia was followed by a 1 1 / 2 month - long extremely high increase in serum PRL levels produced by implantation of MMQ cells under the kidney capsule .", "entities": [ "DA", "haloperidol" ] }, { "id": "4632", "type": "chemical", "text": "There was no change in the levels of DA , norepinephrine ( NE ) , serotonin ( 5 - HT ) , or their metabolites in the arcuate nucleus ( AN ) , medial preoptic area ( MPA ) , caudate putamen ( CP ) , substantia nigra ( SN ) , and zona incerta ( ZI ) , except for a decrease in 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( 5 - HIAA ) in the AN after 6 - months of hyperprolactinemia and an increase in DA concentrations in the AN after 9 - months of hyperprolactinemia .", "entities": [ "DA", "norepinephrine", "NE", "serotonin", "5 - HT", "5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid", "5 - HIAA", "DA" ] }, { "id": "4634", "type": "chemical", "text": "The age - related decrease in hypothalamic dopamine function may be associated with increases in PRL secretion .", "entities": [ "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "4636", "type": "chemical", "text": "This report describes unique contrast enhancement of the white matter on T1 - weighted magnetic resonance images of two patients with disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy , which developed from acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with high - dose methotrexate .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4640", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thrombotic complications in acute promyelocytic leukemia during all - trans - retinoic acid therapy .", "entities": [ "all - trans - retinoic acid" ] }, { "id": "4641", "type": "chemical", "text": "A case of acute renal failure , due to occlusion of renal vessels in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) treated with all - trans - retinoic acid ( ATRA ) and tranexamic acid has been described recently .", "entities": [ "all - trans - retinoic acid", "ATRA", "tranexamic acid" ] }, { "id": "4642", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report a case of acute renal failure in an APL patient treated with ATRA alone .", "entities": [ "ATRA" ] }, { "id": "4643", "type": "chemical", "text": "This case further supports the concern about thromboembolic complications associated with ATRA therapy in APL patients .", "entities": [ "ATRA" ] }, { "id": "4644", "type": "chemical", "text": "The patients , a 43 - year - old man , presented all the signs and symptoms of APL and was included in a treatment protocol with ATRA .", "entities": [ "ATRA" ] }, { "id": "4646", "type": "chemical", "text": "We conclude that ATRA is a valid therapeutic choice for patients with APL , although the procoagulant tendency is not completely corrected .", "entities": [ "ATRA" ] }, { "id": "4647", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thrombotic events , however , could be avoided by using low - dose heparin .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "4649", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 30 - year - old cocaine - dependent man who was a subject in a study evaluating the anticraving efficacy of the stimulant medication diethylpropion ( DEP ) became manic during his second week on the study drug .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "diethylpropion", "DEP" ] }, { "id": "4650", "type": "chemical", "text": "Pupillometric changes while on DEP , especially changes in the total power of pupillary oscillation , were dramatically different than those observed in the eight other study subjects who did not become manic .", "entities": [ "DEP" ] }, { "id": "4653", "type": "chemical", "text": "Fetal risks due to warfarin therapy during pregnancy .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4654", "type": "chemical", "text": "Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with warfarin during pregnancy .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4655", "type": "chemical", "text": "In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of warfarin with heparin .", "entities": [ "warfarin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "4658", "type": "chemical", "text": "The baby showed warfarin - induced embryopathy with nasal hypoplasia and stippled epiphyses ( chondrodysplasia punctata ) .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4659", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with warfarin during the first trimester , and a causal association is probable .", "entities": [ "warfarin" ] }, { "id": "4664", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS : According to a double - blind , randomised , controlled , threefold cross - over design , 18 healthy subjects ( 11 males , 7 females ; mean age 26 years ) received either placebo , 400 mg ibuprofen , or 800 mg ibuprofen .", "entities": [ "ibuprofen", "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "4665", "type": "chemical", "text": "Phasic pain was applied by means of short pulses of CO2 to the nasal mucosa ( stimulus duration 500 ms , interval approximately 60 s ) , and tonic pain was induced in the nasal cavity by means of dry air of controlled temperature , humidity and flow rate ( 22 degrees C , 0 % relative humidity , 145 ml . s - 1 ) .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4666", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both CSSEPs as central and NMPs as peripheral correlates of pain were obtained in response to the CO2 stimuli .", "entities": [ "CO2" ] }, { "id": "4668", "type": "chemical", "text": "RESULTS : As described earlier , administration of ibuprofen was followed by a decrease in tonic pain but - relative to placebo - an increase in correlates of phasic pain , indicating a specific effect of ibuprofen on the interaction between the pain stimuli under these special experimental conditions .", "entities": [ "ibuprofen", "ibuprofen" ] }, { "id": "4672", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effect of D - Glucarates on basic antibiotic - induced renal damage in rats .", "entities": [ "D - Glucarates" ] }, { "id": "4673", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dehydrated rats regularly develop acute renal failure following single injection of aminoglycoside antibiotics combined with dextran or of antibiotics only .", "entities": [ "aminoglycoside" ] }, { "id": "4674", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oral administration of 2 , 5 - di - O - acetyl - D - glucaro - 1 , 4 - 6 , 3 - dilactone protected rats against renal failure induced by kanamycin - dextran .", "entities": [ "2 , 5 - di - O - acetyl - D - glucaro - 1 , 4 - 6 , 3 - dilactone", "kanamycin" ] }, { "id": "4675", "type": "chemical", "text": "The protective effect was prevalent among D - glucarates , and also to other saccharic acid , hexauronic acids and hexaaldonic acids , although to a lesser degree , but not to a hexaaldose , sugar alcohols , substances inthe TCA cycle and other acidic compounds .", "entities": [ "D - glucarates", "saccharic acid", "hexauronic acids", "hexaaldonic acids", "sugar alcohols", "TCA" ] }, { "id": "4676", "type": "chemical", "text": "D - Glucarates were effective against renal damage induced by peptide antibiotics as well as various aminoglycoside antibitocis .", "entities": [ "D - Glucarates", "aminoglycoside" ] }, { "id": "4677", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dose - responses were observed in the protective effect of D - Glucarates .", "entities": [ "D - Glucarates" ] }, { "id": "4678", "type": "chemical", "text": "With a D - glucarate of a fixed size of dose , approximately the same degree of protection was obtained against renal damages induced by different basic antibiotics despite large disparities in administration doses of different antibiotics .", "entities": [ "D - glucarate" ] }, { "id": "4679", "type": "chemical", "text": "D - Glucarates had the ability to prevent renal damage but not to cure it .", "entities": [ "D - Glucarates" ] }, { "id": "4680", "type": "chemical", "text": "Rats excreted acidic urine when they were spared from renal lesions by monosaccharides .", "entities": [ "monosaccharides" ] }, { "id": "4681", "type": "chemical", "text": "The reduction effect of D - glucarates against nephrotoxicity of basic antibiotics was discussed .", "entities": [ "D - glucarates" ] }, { "id": "4682", "type": "chemical", "text": "Acute severe depression following peri - operative ondansetron .", "entities": [ "ondansetron" ] }, { "id": "4683", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 41 - year - old woman with a strong history of postoperative nausea and vomiting presented for abdominal hysterectomy 3 months after a previous anaesthetic where ondansetron prophylaxis had been used .", "entities": [ "ondansetron" ] }, { "id": "4684", "type": "chemical", "text": "She had developed a severe acute major depression disorder almost immediately thereafter , possibly related to the use of a serotonin antagonist .", "entities": [ "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "4686", "type": "chemical", "text": "Anaesthesia with a propofol infusion and avoidance of serotonin antagonists provided a nausea - free postoperative course without exacerbation of the depression disorder .", "entities": [ "propofol", "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "4687", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypertensive response during dobutamine stress echocardiography .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "4688", "type": "chemical", "text": "Among 3 , 129 dobutamine stress echocardiographic studies , a hypertensive response , defined as systolic blood pressure ( BP ) > or = 220 mm Hg and / or diastolic BP > or = 110 mm Hg , occurred in 30 patients ( 1 % ) .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "4689", "type": "chemical", "text": "Patients with this response more often had a history of hypertension and had higher resting systolic and diastolic BP before dobutamine infusion .", "entities": [ "dobutamine" ] }, { "id": "4690", "type": "chemical", "text": "Continuously nebulized albuterol in severe exacerbations of asthma in adults : a case - controlled study .", "entities": [ "albuterol" ] }, { "id": "4691", "type": "chemical", "text": "A retrospective , case - controlled analysis comparing patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit with severe exacerbations of asthma who received continuously nebulized albuterol ( CNA ) versus intermittent albuterol ( INA ) treatments is reported .", "entities": [ "albuterol", "albuterol" ] }, { "id": "4699", "type": "chemical", "text": "Paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate : report of a case and review of the literature .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4700", "type": "chemical", "text": "A patient who developed paraplegia following the intrathecal instillation of methotrexate is discribed .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4702", "type": "chemical", "text": "The following factors appear to predispose to the development of this complication : abnormal cerebrospinal dynamics related to the presence of central nervous system leukemia , and epidural cerebrospinal leakage ; elevated cerebrospinal fluid methothexate concentration related to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and to inappropriately high methotrexate doses based on body surface area calculations in older children and adults ; the presence of neurotoxic preservatives in commercially available methotrexate preparations and diluents ; and the use of methotrexate diluents of unphysiologic pH , ionic content and osmolarity .", "entities": [ "methothexate", "methotrexate", "methotrexate", "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4703", "type": "chemical", "text": "The role of methotrexate contaminants , local folate deficiency , and cranial irradiation in the pathogenesis of intrathecal methotrexate toxicity is unclear .", "entities": [ "methotrexate", "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4704", "type": "chemical", "text": "The incidence of neurotoxicity may be reduced by employing lower doses of methotrexate in the presence of central nervous system leukemia , in older children and adults , and in the presence of epidural leakage .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4705", "type": "chemical", "text": "Only preservative - free methotrexate in Elliott ' s B Solution at a concentration of not more than 1 mg / ml should be used for intrathecal administration .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4706", "type": "chemical", "text": "Periodic monitoring of cerebruspinal fluid methotrexate levels may be predictive of the development of serious neurotoxicity .", "entities": [ "methotrexate" ] }, { "id": "4707", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma precipitated by lithium - induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "4708", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 45 - year - old man , with a 10 - year history of manic depression treated with lithium , was admitted with hyperosmolar , nonketotic coma .", "entities": [ "lithium" ] }, { "id": "4709", "type": "chemical", "text": "He gave a five - year history of polyuria and polydipsia , during which time urinalysis had been negative for glucose .", "entities": [ "glucose" ] }, { "id": "4710", "type": "chemical", "text": "After recovery from hyperglycaemia , he remained polyuric despite normal blood glucose concentrations ; water deprivation testing indicated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus , likely to be lithium - induced .", "entities": [ "glucose", "lithium" ] }, { "id": "4712", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of the intracoronary infusion of cocaine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in humans .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4713", "type": "chemical", "text": "BACKGROUND : In dogs , a large amount of intravenous cocaine causes a profound deterioration of left ventricular ( LV ) systolic function and an increase in LV end - diastolic pressure .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4714", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study was done to assess the influence of a high intracoronary cocaine concentration on LV systolic and diastolic function in humans .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4715", "type": "chemical", "text": "METHODS AND RESULTS : In 20 patients ( 14 men and 6 women aged 39 to 72 years ) referred for cardiac catheterization for the evaluation of chest pain , we measured heart rate , systemic arterial pressure , LV pressure and its first derivative ( dP / dt ) , and LV volumes and ejection fraction before and during the final 2 to 3 minutes of a 15 - minute intracoronary infusion of saline ( n = 10 , control subjects ) or cocaine hydrochloride 1 mg / min ( n = 10 ) .", "entities": [ "cocaine hydrochloride" ] }, { "id": "4717", "type": "chemical", "text": "With cocaine , the drug concentration in blood obtained from the coronary sinus was 3 . 0 + / - 0 . 4 ( mean + / - SD ) mg / L , similar in magnitude to the blood cocaine concentration reported in abusers dying of cocaine intoxication .", "entities": [ "cocaine", "cocaine", "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4718", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cocaine induced no significant change in heart rate , LV dP / dt ( positive or negative ) , or LV end - diastolic volume , but it caused an increase in systolic and mean arterial pressures , LV end - diastolic pressure , and LV end - systolic volume , as well as a decrease in LV ejection fraction .", "entities": [ "Cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4719", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSIONS : In humans , the intracoronary infusion of cocaine sufficient in amount to achieve a high drug concentration in coronary sinus blood causes a deterioration of LV systolic and diastolic performance .", "entities": [ "cocaine" ] }, { "id": "4720", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ascending dose tolerance study of intramuscular carbetocin administered after normal vaginal birth .", "entities": [ "carbetocin" ] }, { "id": "4721", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : To determine the maximum tolerated dose ( MTD ) of carbetocin ( a long - acting synthetic analogue of oxytocin ) , when administered immediately after vaginal delivery at term .", "entities": [ "carbetocin", "oxytocin" ] }, { "id": "4722", "type": "chemical", "text": "MATERIALS AND METHODS : Carbetocin was given as an intramuscular injection immediately after the birth of the infant in 45 healthy women with normal singleton pregnancies who delivered vaginally at term .", "entities": [ "Carbetocin" ] }, { "id": "4723", "type": "chemical", "text": "Dosage groups of 15 , 30 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 125 , 150 , 175 or 200 microg carbetocin were assigned to blocks of three women according to the continual reassessment method ( CRM ) .", "entities": [ "carbetocin" ] }, { "id": "4731", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : The MTD was calculated to be at 200 microg carbetocin .", "entities": [ "carbetocin" ] }, { "id": "4732", "type": "chemical", "text": "Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia , paradoxical thromboembolism , and other side effects of heparin therapy .", "entities": [ "Heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "4733", "type": "chemical", "text": "Although several new anticoagulant drugs are in development , heparin remains the drug of choice for most anticoagulation needs .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "4734", "type": "chemical", "text": "The clinical effects of heparin are meritorious , but side effects do exist .", "entities": [ "heparin" ] }, { "id": "4735", "type": "chemical", "text": "Important untoward effects of heparin therapy including heparin - induced thrombocytopenia , heparin - associated osteoporosis , eosinophilia , skin reactions , allergic reactions other than thrombocytopenia and alopecia will be discussed in this article .", "entities": [ "heparin", "heparin", "heparin" ] }, { "id": "4736", "type": "chemical", "text": "Nonopaque crystal deposition causing ureteric obstruction in patients with HIV undergoing indinavir therapy .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "4737", "type": "chemical", "text": "OBJECTIVE : We describe the unique CT features of ureteric calculi in six HIV - infected patients receiving indinavir , the most commonly used HIV protease inhibitor , which is associated with an increased incidence of urolithiasis .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "4738", "type": "chemical", "text": "CONCLUSION : Ureteric obstruction caused by precipitated indinavir crystals may be difficult to diagnose with unenhanced CT .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "4740", "type": "chemical", "text": "Images may need to be obtained using i . v . contrast material to enable diagnosis of ureteric stones or obstruction in patients with HIV infection who receive indinavir therapy .", "entities": [ "indinavir" ] }, { "id": "4741", "type": "chemical", "text": "Ischemic colitis and sumatriptan use .", "entities": [ "sumatriptan" ] }, { "id": "4742", "type": "chemical", "text": "Sumatriptan succinate , a serotonin - 1 ( 5 - hydroxytryptamine - 1 ) receptor agonist , is an antimigraine drug that is reported to act by selectively constricting intracranial arteries .", "entities": [ "Sumatriptan succinate", "serotonin", "5 - hydroxytryptamine" ] }, { "id": "4744", "type": "chemical", "text": "Cases have been published of coronary vasospasm , myocardial ischemia , and myocardial infarction occurring after sumatriptan use .", "entities": [ "sumatriptan" ] }, { "id": "4745", "type": "chemical", "text": "We report on the development of 8 serious cases of ischemic colitis in patients with migraine treated with sumatriptan .", "entities": [ "sumatriptan" ] }, { "id": "4747", "type": "chemical", "text": "51 patients with medically refractory Parkinson ' s disease underwent stereotactic posteromedial pallidotomy between August 1993 and February 1997 for treatment of bradykinesia , rigidity , and L - DOPA - induced dyskinesias .", "entities": [ "L - DOPA" ] }, { "id": "4758", "type": "chemical", "text": "Centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of intracisternal application of carbachol in anesthetized rats .", "entities": [ "carbachol" ] }, { "id": "4759", "type": "chemical", "text": "The pressor response to the intracisternal ( i . c . ) injection of carbachol ( 1 mug ) in anesthetized rats was analyzed .", "entities": [ "carbachol" ] }, { "id": "4760", "type": "chemical", "text": "This response was significantly reduced by the intravenous ( i . v . ) injection of guanethidine ( 5 mg ) , hexamethonium ( 10 mg ) or phentolamine ( 5 mg ) , and conversely , potentiated by i . v . desmethylimipramine ( 0 . 3 mg ) , while propranolol ( 0 . 5 mg ) i . v . selectively inhibited the enlargement of pulse pressure and the tachycardia following i . c . carbachol ( 1 mug ) .", "entities": [ "guanethidine", "hexamethonium", "phentolamine", "desmethylimipramine", "propranolol", "carbachol" ] }, { "id": "4761", "type": "chemical", "text": "On the other hand , the pressor response to i . c . carbachol ( 1 mug ) was almost completely blocked by i . c . atropine ( 3 mug ) or hexamethonium ( 500 mug ) , and significantly reduced by i . c . chlorpromazine ( 50 mug ) but significantly potentiated by i . c . desmethylimipramine ( 30 mug ) .", "entities": [ "carbachol", "atropine", "hexamethonium", "chlorpromazine", "desmethylimipramine" ] }, { "id": "4762", "type": "chemical", "text": "The pressor response to i . c . carbachol ( 1 mug ) remained unchanged after sectioning of the bilateral cervical vagal nerves but disappeared after sectioning of the spinal cord ( C7 - C8 ) .", "entities": [ "carbachol" ] }, { "id": "4763", "type": "chemical", "text": "From the above result it is suggested that the pressor response to i . c . carbachol ortral and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms , and that the sympathetic trunk is the main pathway .", "entities": [ "carbachol" ] }, { "id": "4764", "type": "chemical", "text": "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and methylphenidate .", "entities": [ "methylphenidate" ] }, { "id": "4765", "type": "chemical", "text": "A 1 - year - old female presented with neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably caused by methylphenidate .", "entities": [ "methylphenidate" ] }, { "id": "4768", "type": "chemical", "text": "However , methylphenidate is a dopamine agonist via the inhibition of uptake of dopamine , and therefore dopaminergic systems in the brainstem ( mainly the midbrain ) and the spinal cord were unlikely to participate in the onset of this syndrome .", "entities": [ "methylphenidate", "dopamine", "dopamine" ] }, { "id": "4769", "type": "chemical", "text": "A relative gamma - aminobutyric acid - ergic deficiency might occur because diazepam , a gamma - aminobutyric acid - mimetic agent , was strikingly effective .", "entities": [ "gamma - aminobutyric acid", "diazepam", "gamma - aminobutyric acid" ] }, { "id": "4770", "type": "chemical", "text": "This is the first reported patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably caused by methylphenidate .", "entities": [ "methylphenidate" ] }, { "id": "4771", "type": "chemical", "text": "Differential effects of 17alpha - ethinylestradiol on the neutral and acidic pathways of bile salt synthesis in the rat .", "entities": [ "17alpha - ethinylestradiol", "bile salt" ] }, { "id": "4772", "type": "chemical", "text": "Effects of 17alpha - ethinylestradiol ( EE ) on the neutral and acidic biosynthetic pathways of bile salt ( BS ) synthesis were evaluated in rats with an intact enterohepatic circulation and in rats with long - term bile diversion to induce BS synthesis .", "entities": [ "17alpha - ethinylestradiol", "EE", "bile salt", "BS", "BS" ] }, { "id": "4773", "type": "chemical", "text": "For this purpose , bile salt pool composition , synthesis of individual BS in vivo , hepatic activities , and expression levels of cholesterol 7alpha - hydroxylase ( CYP7A ) , and sterol 27 - hydroxylase ( CYP27 ) , as well as of other enzymes involved in BS synthesis , were analyzed in rats treated with EE ( 5 mg / kg , 3 days ) or its vehicle .", "entities": [ "bile salt", "BS", "cholesterol", "sterol", "BS", "EE" ] }, { "id": "4774", "type": "chemical", "text": "BS pool size was decreased by 27 % but total BS synthesis was not affected by EE in intact rats .", "entities": [ "BS", "BS", "EE" ] }, { "id": "4775", "type": "chemical", "text": "Synthesis of cholate was reduced by 68 % in EE - treated rats , while that of chenodeoxycholate was increased by 60 % .", "entities": [ "cholate", "EE", "chenodeoxycholate" ] }, { "id": "4776", "type": "chemical", "text": "The recently identified Delta22 - isomer of beta - muricholate contributed for 5 . 4 % and 18 . 3 % ( P < 0 . 01 ) to the pool in control and EE - treated rats , respectively , but could not be detected in bile after exhaustion of the pool .", "entities": [ "EE" ] }, { "id": "4777", "type": "chemical", "text": "A clear reduction of BS synthesis was found in bile - diverted rats treated with EE , yet biliary BS composition was only minimally affected .", "entities": [ "BS", "EE", "BS" ] }, { "id": "4778", "type": "chemical", "text": "Activity of CYP7A was decreased by EE in both intact and bile - diverted rats , whereas the activity of the CYP27 was not affected .", "entities": [ "EE" ] }, { "id": "4779", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A were significantly reduced by EE in bile - diverted rats only ; CYP27 mRNA levels were not affected by EE .", "entities": [ "EE", "EE" ] }, { "id": "4780", "type": "chemical", "text": "In addition , mRNA levels of sterol 12alpha - hydroxylase and lithocholate 6beta - hydroxylase were increased by bile diversion and suppressed by EE .", "entities": [ "sterol", "EE" ] }, { "id": "4781", "type": "chemical", "text": "This study shows that 17alpha - ethinylestradiol ( EE ) - induced intrahepatic cholestasis in rats is associated with selective inhibition of the neutral pathway of bile salt ( BS ) synthesis .", "entities": [ "17alpha - ethinylestradiol", "EE", "bile salt", "BS" ] }, { "id": "4782", "type": "chemical", "text": "Simultaneous impairment of other enzymes in the BS biosynthetic pathways may contribute to overall effects of EE on BS synthesis .", "entities": [ "BS", "EE", "BS" ] }, { "id": "4783", "type": "chemical", "text": "Glibenclamide - sensitive hypotension produced by helodermin assessed in the rat .", "entities": [ "Glibenclamide", "helodermin" ] }, { "id": "4784", "type": "chemical", "text": "The effects of helodermin , a basic 35 - amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of a lizard salivary gland , on arterial blood pressure and heart rate were examined in the rat , focusing on the possibility that activation of ATP sensitive K + ( K ( ATP ) ) channels is involved in the responses .", "entities": [ "helodermin", "amino acid", "ATP", "K", "K", "ATP" ] }, { "id": "4786", "type": "chemical", "text": "Helodermin produced hypotension in a dose - dependent manner with approximately similar potency and duration to VIP .", "entities": [ "Helodermin" ] }, { "id": "4787", "type": "chemical", "text": "Hypotension induced by both peptides was significantly attenuated by glibenclamide , which abolished a levcromakalim - produced decrease in arterial blood pressure .", "entities": [ "glibenclamide", "levcromakalim" ] }, { "id": "4788", "type": "chemical", "text": "Oxyhemoglobin did not affect helodermin - induced hypotension , whereas it shortened the duration of acetylcholine ( ACh ) - produced hypotension .", "entities": [ "helodermin", "acetylcholine", "ACh" ] }, { "id": "4789", "type": "chemical", "text": "These findings suggest that helodermin - produced hypotension is partly attributable to the activation of glibenclamide - sensitive K + channels ( K ( ATP ) channels ) , which presumably exist on arterial smooth muscle cells .", "entities": [ "helodermin", "glibenclamide", "K", "K", "ATP" ] }, { "id": "4790", "type": "chemical", "text": "EDRF ( endothelium - derived relaxing factor ) / nitric oxide does not seem to play an important role in the peptide - produced hypotension .", "entities": [ "nitric oxide" ] }, { "id": "4791", "type": "chemical", "text": "Long - term efficacy and adverse event of nifedipine sustained - release tablets for cyclosporin A - induced hypertension in patients with psoriasis .", "entities": [ "nifedipine", "cyclosporin A" ] }, { "id": "4792", "type": "chemical", "text": "Thirteen psoriatic patients with hypertension during the course of cyclosporin A therapy were treated for 25 months with a calcium channel blocker , sustained - release nifedipine , to study the clinical antihypertensive effects and adverse events during treatment with both drugs .", "entities": [ "cyclosporin A", "calcium", "nifedipine" ] }, { "id": "4793", "type": "chemical", "text": "Seven of the 13 patients had exhibited a subclinical hypertensive state before cyclosporin A therapy .", "entities": [ "cyclosporin A" ] }, { "id": "4794", "type": "chemical", "text": "Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of these 13 patients were decreased significantly after 4 weeks of nifedipine therapy , and blood pressure was maintained within the normal range thereafter for 25 months .", "entities": [ "nifedipine" ] }, { "id": "4795", "type": "chemical", "text": "The adverse events during combined therapy with cyclosporin A and nifedipine included an increase in blood urea nitrogen levels in 9 of the 13 patients and development of gingival hyperplasia in 2 of the 13 patients .", "entities": [ "cyclosporin A", "nifedipine", "blood urea nitrogen" ] }, { "id": "4796", "type": "chemical", "text": "Our findings indicate that sustained - release nifedipine is useful for hypertensive psoriatic patients under long - term treatment with cyclosporin A , but that these patients should be monitored for gingival hyperplasia .", "entities": [ "nifedipine", "cyclosporin A" ] } ]