Split (3)

train · 100 rows

source listlengths 14 112	target listlengths 1 1	keywords listlengths 0 5
[ "In this paper , we explore correlation of dependency relation paths to rank candidate answers in answer extraction .", "Using the correlation measure , we compare dependency relations of a candidate answer and mapped question phrases in sentence with the corresponding relations in question .", "Different from ...	[ "They propose a statistical method which takes correlations of dependency relation paths computed by the Dynamic Time Wrapping algorithm into account for ranking candidate answers." ]	[ "correlation dependency relation path", "answer" ]
[ "Recently , many works have tried to augment the performance of Chinese named entity recognition ( NER ) using word lexicons .", "As a representative , Lattice-LSTM ( Zhang and Yang , 2018 ) has achieved new benchmark results on several public Chinese NER datasets .", "However , Lattice-LSTM has a complex model...	[ "They propose to encode lexicon features into character representations so it can keep the system simpler and achieve faster inference than previous models." ]	[ "lexicon" ]
[ "Word embedding is central to neural machine translation ( NMT ) , which has attracted intensive research interest in recent years .", "In NMT , the source embedding plays the role of the entrance while the target embedding acts as the terminal .", "These layers occupy most of the model parameters for represent...	[ "They propose a language independet method where a model shares embeddings between source and target only when words have some common characteristics." ]	[ "embedding", "word" ]
[ "This paper explores log-based query expansion ( QE ) models for Web search .", "Three lexicon models are proposed to bridge the lexical gap between Web documents and user queries .", "These models are trained on pairs of user queries and titles of clicked documents .", "Evaluations on a real world data set s...	[ "They propose to train lexicon query expansion models by using transaction logs that contain pairs of queries and titles of clicked documents." ]	[ "query expansion", "model", "log", "lexicon" ]
[ "Traditional noun phrase coreference resolution systems represent features only of pairs of noun phrases .", "In this paper , we propose a machine learning method that enables features over sets of noun phrases , resulting in a first-order probabilistic model for coreference .", "We outline a set of approximati...	[ "They propose a machine learning method that uses sets of noun phrases as features that are coupled with a sampling method to enable scalability." ]	[]
[ "Bilingual lexicons map words in one language to their translations in another , and are typically induced by learning linear projections to align monolingual word embedding spaces .", "In this paper , we show it is possible to produce much higher quality lexicons with methods that combine ( 1 ) unsupervised bite...	[ "They propose to use both unsupervised bitext mining and unsupervised word alignment methods to produce higher quality lexicons." ]	[ "unsupervised bitext", "word alignment", "lexicon" ]
[ "In this paper we show that a simple beam approximation of the joint distribution between attention and output is an easy , accurate , and efficient attention mechanism for sequence to sequence learning .", "The method combines the advantage of sharp focus in hard attention and the implementation ease of soft att...	[ "They propose a method to approximate the joint attention-output distribution which provides sharp attention as hard attention and easy implementation as soft attention." ]	[ "easy" ]
[ "Contrastive learning has achieved impressive success in generation tasks to militate the \" exposure bias \" problem and discriminatively exploit the different quality of references .", "Existing works mostly focus on contrastive learning on the instance-level without discriminating the contribution of each word...	[ "They propose a CVAE-based hierarchical contrastive learning within instance and keyword-level using a keyword graph which iteratively polishes the keyword representations." ]	[ "hierarchical contrastive learning", "instance", "keyword" ]
[ "Word embedding models are typically able to capture the semantics of words via the distributional hypothesis , but fail to capture the numerical properties of numbers that appear in a text .", "This leads to problems with numerical reasoning involving tasks such as question answering .", "We propose a new meth...	[ "They propose a deterministic technique to learn numerical embeddings where cosine similarity reflects the actual distance and a regularization approach for a contextual setting." ]	[ "embedding" ]
[ "We propose a novel approach to improve SMT via paraphrase rules which are automatically extracted from the bilingual training data .", "Without using extra paraphrase resources , we acquire the rules by comparing the source side of the parallel corpus with the target-to-source translations of the target side .",...	[ "They propose to use bilingual training data to obtain paraphrase rules on word, phrase and sentence levels to rewrite inputs to be MT-favored." ]	[ "paraphrase rule" ]
[ "Automatically extracting social meaning and intention from spoken dialogue is an important task for dialogue systems and social computing .", "We describe a system for detecting elements of interactional style : whether a speaker is awkward , friendly , or flirtatious .", "We create and use a new spoken corpus...	[ "They create a spoken corpus from conversations in speed-dating and perform analysis using extracted dialogue features with a focus on genders." ]	[ "extract", "conversation" ]
[ "We introduce the task of predicting adverbial presupposition triggers such as also and again .", "Solving such a task requires detecting recurring or similar events in the discourse context , and has applications in natural language generation tasks such as summarization and dialogue systems .", "We create two...	[ "They introduce an adverbial presupposition trigger prediction task and datasets and propose an attention mechanism that augments a recurrent neural network without additional trainable parameters." ]	[ "adverbial presupposition trigger" ]
[ "This paper proposes a novel method that exploits multiple resources to improve statistical machine translation ( SMT ) based paraphrasing .", "In detail , a phrasal paraphrase table and a feature function are derived from each resource , which are then combined in a log-linear SMT model for sentence-level paraph...	[ "They propose to exploit six paraphrase resources to extract phrasal paraphrase tables that are further used to build a log-linear statistical machine translation-based paraphrasing model." ]	[ "resource", "paraphrasing model" ]
[ "There are many possible different semantic relationships between nominals .", "Classification of such relationships is an important and difficult task ( for example , the well known noun compound classification task is a special case of this problem ) .", "We propose a novel pattern clusters method for nominal...	[ "They propose an unsupervised pattern clustering method for nominal relation classification using a large generic corpus enabling scale in domain and language." ]	[ "classification", "nominal", "pattern cluster" ]
[ "Learning sentence embeddings from dialogues has drawn increasing attention due to its low annotation cost and high domain adaptability .", "Conventional approaches employ the siamese-network for this task , which obtains the sentence embeddings through modeling the context-response semantic relevance by applying...	[ "They propose a dialogue-based contrastive learning approach to learn sentence embeddings from dialogues by modelling semantic matching relationships between the context and response implicitly." ]	[ "dialogue-based contrastive learning", "sentence embedding" ]
[ "Named entity phrases are some of the most difficult phrases to translate because new phrases can appear from nowhere , and because many are domain specific , not to be found in bilingual dictionaries .", "We present a novel algorithm for translating named entity phrases using easily obtainable monolingual and bi...	[ "They propose an algorithm for Arabic-English named entity translation which uses easily obtainable monolingual and bilingual resources and a limited amount of hard-to-obtain bilingual resources." ]	[ "monolingual bilingual resource", "name entity" ]
[ "Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis ( PLSA ) models have been shown to provide a better model for capturing polysemy and synonymy than Latent Semantic Analysis ( LSA ) .", "However , the parameters of a PLSA model are trained using the Expectation Maximization ( EM ) algorithm , and as a result , the trained ...	[ "They propose to use Latent Semantic Analysis to initialize probabilistic latent semantic analysis models, EM algorithm is further used to refine the initial estimate." ]	[ "latent semantic analysis", "probabilistic" ]
[ "We rely on arguments in our daily lives to deliver our opinions and base them on evidence , making them more convincing in turn .", "However , finding and formulating arguments can be challenging .", "In this work , we present the Arg-CTRL-a language model for argument generation that can be controlled to gene...	[ "They train a controllable language model on a corpus annotated with control codes provided by a stance detection model and introduce a dataset for evaluation." ]	[]
[ "We describe a question answering model that applies to both images and structured knowledge bases .", "The model uses natural language strings to automatically assemble neural networks from a collection of composable modules .", "Parameters for these modules are learned jointly with network-assembly parameters...	[ "They propose a question-answering model trained jointly to translate from questions to dynamically assembled neural networks then produce answers with using images or knowledge bases." ]	[ "neural network", "question", "answer" ]
[ "Large pre-trained language models reach stateof-the-art results on many different NLP tasks when fine-tuned individually ; They also come with a significant memory and computational requirements , calling for methods to reduce model sizes ( green AI ) .", "We propose a twostage model-compression method to reduce...	[ "They propose a model-compression method which decompresses the matrix and performs feature distillation on the internal representations to recover from the decomposition." ]	[ "matrix", "decomposition" ]
[ "Several studies on sentence processing suggest that the mental lexicon keeps track of the mutual expectations between words .", "Current DSMs , however , represent context words as separate features , thereby loosing important information for word expectations , such as word interrelations .", "In this paper ,...	[ "They propose a Distributional Semantic Model that incorporates verb contexts as joint syntactic dependencies so that it emulates knowledge about event participants." ]	[ "verb" ]
[ "In this paper , we propose Inverse Adversarial Training ( IAT ) algorithm for training neural dialogue systems to avoid generic responses and model dialogue history better .", "In contrast to standard adversarial training algorithms , IAT encourages the model to be sensitive to the perturbation in the dialogue h...	[ "They propose an algorithm which encourages to be sensitive to perturbations in dialogue histories and generates more diverse and consistent responses by applying penalization." ]	[ "perturbation", "diverse", "dialogue" ]
[ "demonstrated that corpus-extracted models of semantic knowledge can predict neural activation patterns recorded using fMRI .", "This could be a very powerful technique for evaluating conceptual models extracted from corpora ; however , fMRI is expensive and imposes strong constraints on data collection .", "Fo...	[ "They propose to use EEG activation patterns instead of fMRI to reduce the cost." ]	[ "eeg" ]
[ "This paper introduces a new parser evaluation corpus containing around 700 sentences annotated with unbounded dependencies , from seven different grammatical constructions .", "We run a series of off-theshelf parsers on the corpus to evaluate how well state-of-the-art parsing technology is able to recover such d...	[ "They propose a new corpus with unbounded dependencies from difference grammatical constructions." ]	[ "dependency" ]
[ "Learning entailment rules is fundamental in many semantic-inference applications and has been an active field of research in recent years .", "In this paper we address the problem of learning transitive graphs that describe entailment rules between predicates ( termed entailment graphs ) .", "We first identify...	[ "They propose an efficient polynomial approximation algorithm that exploits their observation, entailment graphs have a \"tree-like\" property." ]	[ "entailment graph", "approximation", "efficient" ]
[ "Sponsored search is at the center of a multibillion dollar market established by search technology .", "Accurate ad click prediction is a key component for this market to function since the pricing mechanism heavily relies on the estimation of click probabilities .", "Lexical features derived from the text of ...	[ "They propose several joint word embedding methods to leverage positive and negative click feedback which put query vectors close to relevant ad vectors." ]	[ "leverage", "ad", "query", "joint", "feedback" ]
[ "We propose a new model for unsupervised POS tagging based on linguistic distinctions between open and closed-class items .", "Exploiting notions from current linguistic theory , the system uses far less information than previous systems , far simpler computational methods , and far sparser descriptions in learni...	[ "They propose to first identify functional syntactic contexts and then use them to make predictions for POS tagging." ]	[ "pos" ]
[ "Non-autoregressive Transformer is a promising text generation model .", "However , current non-autoregressive models still fall behind their autoregressive counterparts in translation quality .", "We attribute this accuracy gap to the lack of dependency modeling among decoder inputs .", "In this paper , we p...	[ "They propose a non-autoregressive transformer-based model which implicitly learns categorical codes as latent variables into the decoding to complement missing dependencies." ]	[ "categorical code", "learn", "non-autoregressive" ]
[ "The clustering-based unsupervised relation discovery method has gradually become one of the important methods of open relation extraction ( OpenRE ) .", "However , high-dimensional vectors can encode complex linguistic information which leads to the problem that the derived clusters can not explicitly align with...	[ "They propose to use available relation labeled data to obtain relation-oriented representation by minimizing the distance between the same relation instances." ]	[ "relation-oriented", "relation" ]
[ "Prior use of machine learning in genre classification used a list of labels as classification categories .", "However , genre classes are often organised into hierarchies , e.g. , covering the subgenres of fiction .", "In this paper we present a method of using the hierarchy of labels to improve the classifica...	[ "They propose a structural reformulation of the Support Vector Machine to take hierarchical information of genres into account by using similarities between different genres." ]	[ "structural", "genre" ]
[ "The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) provides a standardized way for classifying diseases , which endows each disease with a unique code .", "ICD coding aims to assign proper ICD codes to a medical record .", "Since manual coding is very laborious and prone to errors , many methods have been pr...	[ "They propose a hyperbolic representation method to leverage the code hierarchy and a graph convolutional network to utilize the code-occurrence for automatic coding." ]	[ "hyperbolic", "automatic", "code", "representation" ]
[ "The important mass of textual documents is in perpetual growth and requires strong applications to automatically process information .", "Automatic titling is an essential task for several applications : ' No Subject ' e-mails titling , text generation , summarization , and so forth .", "This study presents an...	[ "They propose to approach automatic titling by normalizing a verb phrase selected to be relevant into a noun phrase with morphological and semantic processing." ]	[ "automatic titling" ]
[ "We present a simple preordering approach for machine translation based on a featurerich logistic regression model to predict whether two children of the same node in the source-side parse tree should be swapped or not .", "Given the pair-wise children regression scores we conduct an efficient depth-first branch-...	[ "They propose a logistic regression-based model with lexical features which predicts whether two children of the same node in the parse tree should be swapped." ]	[ "logistic" ]
[ "There is an increasing interest in studying natural language and computer code together , as large corpora of programming texts become readily available on the Internet .", "For example , StackOverflow currently has over 15 million programming related questions written by 8.5 million users .", "Meanwhile , the...	[ "They introduce a manually annotated named entity corpus for the computer programming domain and an attention-based model which incorporates a context-independent code token classifier." ]	[ "name entity", "code" ]
[ "Populating Knowledge Base ( KB ) with new knowledge facts from reliable text resources usually consists of linking name mentions to KB entities and identifying relationship between entity pairs .", "However , the task often suffers from errors propagating from upstream entity linkers to downstream relation extra...	[ "They propose to formulate the problem in an Integer Linear Program to find an optimal configuration from the top k results of both tasks." ]	[]
[ "Generative Adversarial Networks ( GANs ) are a promising approach for text generation that , unlike traditional language models ( LM ) , does not suffer from the problem of \" exposure bias \" .", "However , A major hurdle for understanding the potential of GANs for text generation is the lack of a clear evaluat...	[ "They propose a way to approximate distributions from GAN-based models' outputs so that they can be evaluated as standard language models." ]	[ "language model", "evaluate" ]
[ "Statistical phrase-based translation learns translation rules from bilingual corpora , and has traditionally only used monolingual evidence to construct features that rescore existing translation candidates .", "In this work , we present a semi-supervised graph-based approach for generating new translation rules...	[ "They propose a semi-supervised approach that produces new translation rules from monolingual data by phrase graph construction and graph propagation techniques." ]	[ "monolingual datum", "semi-supervised", "translation" ]
[ "We present a new approach to the design of deep networks for natural language processing ( NLP ) , based on the general technique of Tensor Product Representations ( TPRs ) for encoding and processing symbol structures in distributed neural networks .", "A network architecture -the Tensor Product Generation Netw...	[ "They propose a newly designed model that is based on Tensor Product Representations for encoding and processing words and sentences." ]	[ "tensor product", "model" ]
[ "This paper describes a simple and principled approach to automatically construct sentiment lexicons using distant supervision .", "We induce the sentiment association scores for the lexicon items from a model trained on a weakly supervised corpora .", "Our empirical findings show that features extracted from s...	[ "They propose to use Twitter's noisy opinion labels as distant supervision to learn a supervised polarity classifier and use it to obtain sentiment lexicons." ]	[ "sentiment lexicon" ]
[ "Parallel corpus is an indispensable resource for translation model training in statistical machine translation ( SMT ) .", "Instead of collecting more and more parallel training corpora , this paper aims to improve SMT performance by exploiting full potential of the existing parallel corpora .", "Two kinds of ...	[ "They propose offline and online methods to maximize the potential of available corpora by weighting training samples or submodules using an information retrieval model." ]	[]
[ "The paper describes two parsing schemes : a shallow approach based on machine learning and a cascaded finite-state parser with a hand-crafted grammar .", "It discusses several ways to combine them and presents evaluation results for the two individual approaches and their combination .", "An underspecification...	[ "They propose several ways to combine a machine learning-based shallow method and a hand-crafted grammar-based cascaded method for parsers." ]	[ "combine", "shallow" ]
[ "Tree substitution grammars ( TSGs ) are a compelling alternative to context-free grammars for modelling syntax .", "However , many popular techniques for estimating weighted TSGs ( under the moniker of Data Oriented Parsing ) suffer from the problems of inconsistency and over-fitting .", "We present a theoreti...	[ "They propose a Probabilistic Tree Substitution Grammer model with a Bayesian-based algorithm for training to accurately model the data and to keep the grammar simple." ]	[ "grammar" ]
[ "News headline generation aims to produce a short sentence to attract readers to read the news .", "One news article often contains multiple keyphrases that are of interest to different users , which can naturally have multiple reasonable headlines .", "However , most existing methods focus on the single headli...	[ "They propose a multi-source transformer decoder and train it using a new large-scale keyphrase-aware news headline corpus built from a search engine." ]	[ "corpus", "news", "keyphrase-aware" ]
[ "Universal schema builds a knowledge base ( KB ) of entities and relations by jointly embedding all relation types from input KBs as well as textual patterns observed in raw text .", "In most previous applications of universal schema , each textual pattern is represented as a single embedding , preventing general...	[ "They propose to combine universal schemas and neural network-based deep encoders to achieve generalization to an unseen language without additional annotations." ]	[ "universal" ]
[ "We propose UDP , the first training-free parser for Universal Dependencies ( UD ) .", "Our algorithm is based on PageRank and a small set of head attachment rules .", "It features two-step decoding to guarantee that function words are attached as leaf nodes .", "The parser requires no training , and it is co...	[ "They propose an unsupervised approach based on PageRank and a set of head attachment rules that solely depend on explicit part-of-speech constraints from Universal Dependencies." ]	[ "universal dependency" ]
[ "We study a conversational reasoning model that strategically traverses through a largescale common fact knowledge graph ( KG ) to introduce engaging and contextually diverse entities and attributes .", "For this study , we collect a new Open-ended Dialog ↔ KG parallel corpus called OpenDialKG , where each uttera...	[ "They provide an open-ended dialogue corpus where each utterance is annotated with entities and paths and propose a model that works on this data structure." ]	[]
[ "Existing techniques for disambiguating named entities in text mostly focus on Wikipedia as a target catalog of entities .", "Yet for many types of entities , such as restaurants and cult movies , relational databases exist that contain far more extensive information than Wikipedia .", "This paper introduces a ...	[ "They propose a task where systems need to reference arbitrary databases for finding named entities not only Wikipedia, together with methods to achieve domain adaptation." ]	[ "name entity", "database" ]
[ "Solving algebraic word problems has recently emerged as an important natural language processing task .", "To solve algebraic word problems , recent studies suggested neural models that generate solution equations by using ' Op ( operator / operand ) ' tokens as a unit of input / output .", "However , such a n...	[ "They propose a model which generates an operator and required operands and applies operand-context pointers to resolve the expression fragmentation and operand-context separation issues respectively." ]	[ "expression", "model" ]
[ "In this paper I will report the result of a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the constituent elements of Japanese terminology .", "In Japanese technical terms , the linguistic contribution of morphemes greatly differ according to their types of origin .", "To analyse this aspect , a quantitative method...	[ "They apply a quantitative method which can characterise the dynamic nature of morphemes using a small sample of Japanese terminology." ]	[ "japanese terminology", "morpheme" ]
[ "We study the problem of leveraging the syntactic structure of text to enhance pre-trained models such as BERT and RoBERTa .", "Existing methods utilize syntax of text either in the pre-training stage or in the fine-tuning stage , so that they suffer from discrepancy between the two stages .", "Such a problem w...	[ "They propose to inject syntactic features obtained by an off-the-shelf parser into pretraining models coupled with a new syntax-aware attention layer." ]	[ "model" ]
[ "This paper proposes an unsupervised approach for segmenting a multiauthor document into authorial components .", "The key novelty is that we utilize the sequential patterns hidden among document elements when determining their authorships .", "For this purpose , we adopt Hidden Markov Model ( HMM ) and constru...	[ "They propose a HMM-based sequential probabilistic model that captures the dependencies of sequential sentences and their authors coupled with an unsupervised initialization method." ]	[ "model" ]
[ "We investigate two systems for automatic disfluency detection on English and Mandarin conversational speech data .", "The first system combines various lexical and prosodic features in a Conditional Random Field model for detecting edit disfluencies .", "The second system combines acoustic and language model s...	[ "They evaluate a Conditional Random Field-based edit disfluency detection model and a system which combines acoustic and language model that detects filled pauses in Mandarin." ]	[ "disfluency detection" ]
[ "We propose a method to generate large-scale encyclopedic knowledge , which is valuable for much NLP research , based on the Web .", "We first search the Web for pages containing a term in question .", "Then we use linguistic patterns and HTML structures to extract text fragments describing the term .", "Fina...	[ "They propose to use word senses and domains for organizing extracted term descriptions on questions extracted from the Web to improve the quality." ]	[ "web", "question", "organize" ]
[ "Research on modeling time series text corpora has typically focused on predicting what text will come next , but less well studied is predicting when the next text event will occur .", "In this paper we address the latter case , framed as modeling continuous inter-arrival times under a log-Gaussian Cox process ,...	[ "They propose to apply a log-Gaussian Cox process model which captures the varying arriving rate over time coupled with the textual contents of tweets." ]	[ "log-gaussian cox process", "time", "tweet", "model" ]
[ "Hypertext documents , such as web pages and academic papers , are of great importance in delivering information in our daily life .", "Although being effective on plain documents , conventional text embedding methods suffer from information loss if directly adapted to hyper-documents .", "In this paper , we pr...	[ "They propose an embedding method for hyper-documents that learns citation information along with four criteria to assess the properties the models should preserve." ]	[]
[ "Recurrent neural networks ( RNNs ) have achieved impressive results in a variety of linguistic processing tasks , suggesting that they can induce non-trivial properties of language .", "We investigate here to what extent RNNs learn to track abstract hierarchical syntactic structure .", "We test whether RNNs tr...	[ "They introduce a probing method for syntactic abilities to evaluate long-distance agreement on standard and nonsensical sentences in multiple languages with different morphological systems." ]	[]
[ "Current system combination methods usually use confusion networks to find consensus translations among different systems .", "Requiring one-to-one mappings between the words in candidate translations , confusion networks have difficulty in handling more general situations in which several words are connected to ...	[ "They propose to use lattices to combine systems that enable to process of a sequence of words rather than one word that can mitigate degeneration." ]	[ "system" ]
[ "The growing demand for structured knowledge has led to great interest in relation extraction , especially in cases with limited supervision .", "However , existing distance supervision approaches only extract relations expressed in single sentences .", "In general , cross-sentence relation extraction is under-...	[ "They propose a method for applying distance supervision to cross-sentence relation extraction by adopting a document-level graph representation that incorporates intra-sentential dependencies and inter-sentential relations." ]	[ "relation extraction", "supervision" ]
[ "Convolution tree kernel has shown promising results in semantic role classification .", "However , it only carries out hard matching , which may lead to over-fitting and less accurate similarity measure .", "To remove the constraint , this paper proposes a grammardriven convolution tree kernel for semantic rol...	[ "They propose to integrate a linguistically motivated grammar-baed convolution tree kernel into a standard tree kernel to achieve better substructure matching and tree node matching." ]	[ "convolution tree kernel" ]
[ "We explore the problem of resolving the second person English pronoun you in multi-party dialogue , using a combination of linguistic and visual features .", "First , we distinguish generic and referential uses , then we classify the referential uses as either plural or singular , and finally , for the latter ca...	[ "They first manually automatically separate the word \"you\" between generic and referential, then later use a multimodal system for automation." ]	[ "\" \"" ]
[ "There is a growing research interest in opinion retrieval as on-line users ' opinions are becoming more and more popular in business , social networks , etc .", "Practically speaking , the goal of opinion retrieval is to retrieve documents , which entail opinions or comments , relevant to a target subject specif...	[ "They propose a sentence-based approach which captures both inter and intra sentence contextual information combined with a unified undirected graph." ]	[ "unify", "sentence-based", "graph" ]
[ "We describe a syntax-based algorithm that automatically builds Finite State Automata ( word lattices ) from semantically equivalent translation sets .", "These FSAs are good representations of paraphrases .", "They can be used to extract lexical and syntactic paraphrase pairs and to generate new , unseen sente...	[ "They propose a syntax-based algorithm that builds Finite State Automata from translation sets which are good representations of paraphrases." ]	[ "paraphrase", "translation", "syntax-based" ]
[ "While sophisticated neural-based techniques have been developed in reading comprehension , most approaches model the answer in an independent manner , ignoring its relations with other answer candidates .", "This problem can be even worse in open-domain scenarios , where candidates from multiple passages should ...	[ "They propose to approach reading comprehension with an extract-then-select procedure, where a model learns two tasks jointly using latent variables and reinforcement learning." ]	[ "comprehension" ]
[ "We present two discriminative methods for name transliteration .", "The methods correspond to local and global modeling approaches in modeling structured output spaces .", "Both methods do not require alignment of names in different languages -their features are computed directly from the names themselves .", ...	[ "They present two discriminative methods that learn a map function from one language into another using a dictionary without the notion of alignment." ]	[ "discriminative method" ]
[ "Motivated by the success of T5 ( Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer ) in pre-trained natural language processing models , we propose a unified-modal SpeechT5 framework that explores the encoder-decoder pre-training for self-supervised speech / text representation learning .", "The SpeechT5 framework consists of a...	[ "They propose a unified-modal encoder-decoder framework with shared and modal-specific networks for self-supervised speech and text representation learning by using unlabeled text and speech corpus." ]	[ "unified-modal encoder-decoder" ]
[ "Recent studies on extractive text summarization formulate it as a combinatorial optimization problem such as a Knapsack Problem , a Maximum Coverage Problem or a Budgeted Median Problem .", "These methods successfully improved summarization quality , but they did not consider the rhetorical relations between the...	[ "They propose to first transform a rhetorical discourse tree into a dependency-based tree and then trim it as a Tree Knapsack Problem." ]	[ "tree knapsack problem" ]
[ "Pre-training Transformer from large-scale raw texts and fine-tuning on the desired task have achieved state-of-the-art results on diverse NLP tasks .", "However , it is unclear what the learned attention captures .", "The attention computed by attention heads seems not to match human intuitions about hierarchi...	[ "They propose to add an extra constraint to attention heads of the bidirectional Transformer encoder and a module induces tree structures from raw texts." ]	[ "tree structure", "transformer" ]
[ "This paper employs morphological structures and relations between sentence segments for opinion analysis on words and sentences .", "Chinese words are classified into eight morphological types by two proposed classifiers , CRF classifier and SVM classifier .", "Experiments show that the injection of morphologi...	[ "They propose to utilize morphological and syntactic features for Chinese opinion analysis on word and sentence levels." ]	[ "chinese opinion analysis", "morphological syntactic" ]
[ "In this paper , we investigate the importance of social network information compared to content information in the prediction of a Twitter user 's occupational class .", "We show that the content information of a user 's tweets , the profile descriptions of a user 's follower / following community , and the user...	[ "They extend existing Twitter occupation classification graph-based models to exploit content information by adding textual data to existing datasets." ]	[ "occupation", "twitter" ]
[ "Short vowels and other diacritics are not part of written Arabic scripts .", "Exceptions are made for important political and religious texts and in scripts for beginning students of Arabic .", "Script without diacritics have considerable ambiguity because many words with different diacritic patterns appear id...	[ "They propose an approach that uses maximum entropy to restore diacritics in Arabic documents by learning relations between a wide varieties of features." ]	[ "maximum entropy", "arabic", "diacritic" ]
[ "Current state-of-the-art systems for joint entity relation extraction ( Luan et al . , 2019 ; Wadden et al . , 2019 ) usually adopt the multi-task learning framework .", "However , annotations for these additional tasks such as coreference resolution and event extraction are always equally hard ( or even harder ...	[ "They propose to pre-train a language model entity relation extraction with four newly introduced objective functions which utilize automatically obtained annotations by NER models." ]	[ "entity relation extraction" ]
[ "We present the Siamese Continuous Bag of Words ( Siamese CBOW ) model , a neural network for efficient estimation of highquality sentence embeddings .", "Averaging the embeddings of words in a sentence has proven to be a surprisingly successful and efficient way of obtaining sentence embeddings .", "However , ...	[ "They propose to train word embeddings directly for the purpose of being averaged by predicting sounding sentences from a sentence representation using unlabeled data." ]	[ "sentence representation", "word embedding" ]
[ "We propose a new framework for abstractive text summarization based on a sequence-to-sequence oriented encoderdecoder model equipped with a deep recurrent generative decoder ( DRGN ) .", "Latent structure information implied in the target summaries is learned based on a recurrent latent random model for improvin...	[ "They propose a Variational Auto-Encoder-based sequence-to-sequence oriented encoder-decoder model with a deep recurrent generative decoder which learns latent structure information implied in the target summaries." ]	[ "deep recurrent generative decoder" ]
[ "Multi-layer multi-head self-attention mechanism is widely applied in modern neural language models .", "Attention redundancy has been observed among attention heads but has not been deeply studied in the literature .", "Using BERT-base model as an example , this paper provides a comprehensive study on attentio...	[ "They perform token and sentence level analysis on redundancy matrices from pre-trained and fine-tuned BERT-base models and further propose a pruning method based on findings." ]	[ "redundancy" ]
[ "Comprehending lyrics , as found in songs and poems , can pose a challenge to human and machine readers alike .", "This motivates the need for systems that can understand the ambiguity and jargon found in such creative texts , and provide commentary to aid readers in reaching the correct interpretation .", "We ...	[ "They propose a task of automated lyric annotation with a dataset collected from an online platform which explains lyrics to readers." ]	[ "automate lyric annotation" ]
[ "Most statistical translation systems are based on phrase translation pairs , or \" blocks \" , which are obtained mainly from word alignment .", "We use blocks to infer better word alignment and improved word alignment which , in turn , leads to better inference of blocks .", "We propose two new probabilistic ...	[ "They propose to use phrase translation pairs to get better word alignments using two new probabilistic models based on EM-algorithm that localizes the alignments." ]	[ "word alignment", "model" ]
[ "We propose an approach for extracting relations between entities from biomedical literature based solely on shallow linguistic information .", "We use a combination of kernel functions to integrate two different information sources : ( i ) the whole sentence where the relation appears , and ( ii ) the local cont...	[ "They propose an approach for entity relation extraction using shallow linguistic information such as tokenization, sentence splitting, Part-of-Speech tagging and lemmatization coupled with kernel functions." ]	[ "shallow linguistic information", "relation extraction" ]
[ "Domain adaptation is an important problem in named entity recognition ( NER ) .", "NER classifiers usually lose accuracy in the domain transfer due to the different data distribution between the source and the target domains .", "The major reason for performance degrading is that each entity type often has lot...	[ "They propose to capture latent semantic associations among words in the unlabeled corpus and use them to tune original named entity models." ]	[ "latent semantic association", "name entity" ]
[ "Manual evaluation of translation quality is generally thought to be excessively time consuming and expensive .", "We explore a fast and inexpensive way of doing it using Amazon 's Mechanical Turk to pay small sums to a large number of non-expert annotators .", "For $ 10 we redundantly recreate judgments from a...	[ "They investigate whether judgements by non-experts from Amazon's Mechanical Turk can be a fast and inexpensive means of evaluation for machine translation systems." ]	[ "amazon 's mechanical turk", "fast", "translation" ]
[ "State-of-the-art networks that model relations between two pieces of text often use complex architectures and attention .", "In this paper , instead of focusing on architecture engineering , we take advantage of small amounts of labelled data that model semantic phenomena in text to encode matching features dire...	[ "They propose a method that directly models higher-level semantic links between two texts that are annotated by a fast model." ]	[ "semantic" ]
[ "Language representations are known to carry certain associations ( e.g. , gendered connotations ) which may lead to invalid and harmful predictions in downstream tasks .", "While existing methods are effective at mitigating such unwanted associations by linear projection , we argue that they are too aggressive :...	[ "They propose a method which orthogonalizes and rectifies incorrectly associated subspaces of concepts in an embedding space and a metric for evaluating information retention." ]	[ "subspace" ]
[ "Humor plays an important role in human languages and it is essential to model humor when building intelligence systems .", "Among different forms of humor , puns perform wordplay for humorous effects by employing words with double entendre and high phonetic similarity .", "However , identifying and modeling pu...	[ "They propose to jointly model contextualized word embeddings and phonological word representations by breaking each word into a sequence of phonemes for pun detection." ]	[ "contextualize", "pun" ]
[ "Part-of-speech ( POS ) tag distributions are known to exhibit sparsity -a word is likely to take a single predominant tag in a corpus .", "Recent research has demonstrated that incorporating this sparsity constraint improves tagging accuracy .", "However , in existing systems , this expansion come with a steep...	[ "They propose an unsupervised method that directly incorporates a one-tag-per-word assumption into a HMM-based model." ]	[]
[ "We present a game-theoretic model of bargaining over a metaphor in the context of political communication , find its equilibrium , and use it to rationalize observed linguistic behavior .", "We argue that game theory is well suited for modeling discourse as a dynamic resulting from a number of conflicting pressu...	[ "They propose a game-theoric model of bargaining over a metaphor which is suitable to model its dynamics and use to rationalize observed linguistic behavior." ]	[ "model", "bargaining" ]
[ "We examine a methodology using neural language models ( LMs ) for analyzing the word order of language .", "This LM-based method has the potential to overcome the difficulties existing methods face , such as the propagation of preprocessor errors in count-based methods .", "In this study , we explore whether t...	[ "They validate language models as a tool to study word order in Japanese by examining the relationship between canonical word order and generation probability." ]	[ "language model", "word order", "japanese", "study" ]
[ "A conventional approach to improving the performance of end-to-end speech translation ( E2E-ST ) models is to leverage the source transcription via pre-training and joint training with automatic speech recognition ( ASR ) and neural machine translation ( NMT ) tasks .", "However , since the input modalities are ...	[ "They propose a bidirectional sequence knowledge distillation which learns from text-based NMT systems with a single decoder to enhance the model to capture semantic representations." ]	[ "knowledge distillation", "bidirectional" ]
[ "This paper explores the problem of computing text similarity between verb phrases describing skilled human behavior for the purpose of finding approximate matches .", "Four parsers are evaluated on a large corpus of skill statements extracted from an enterprise-wide expertise taxonomy .", "A similarity measure...	[ "They evaluate four different parsers to take structural information into consideration by matching skill statements on corresponding semantic roles from generated parse trees." ]	[ "skill statement", "semantic" ]
[ "Continual relation learning aims to continually train a model on new data to learn incessantly emerging novel relations while avoiding catastrophically forgetting old relations .", "Some pioneering work has proved that storing a handful of historical relation examples in episodic memory and replaying them in sub...	[ "They propose a human memory mechanism inspired by memory activation and reconsolidation method which aims to keep a stable understanding of old relations." ]	[ "memory activation reconsolidation", "relation" ]
[ "This paper proposes to study a fine-grained semantic novelty detection task , which can be illustrated with the following example .", "It is normal that a person walks a dog in the park , but if someone says \" A man is walking a chicken in the park , \" it is novel .", "Given a set of natural language descrip...	[ "They propose a fine-grained semantic novelty detection problem where systems detect whether a textual description is a novel fact, coupled with a graph attention-based model." ]	[ "semantic novelty detection", "description" ]
[ "Long distance word reordering is a major challenge in statistical machine translation research .", "Previous work has shown using source syntactic trees is an effective way to tackle this problem between two languages with substantial word order difference .", "In this work , we further extend this line of exp...	[ "They propose a ranking-based reordering approach where the ranking model is automatically derived from the word aligned parallel data using a syntax parser." ]	[ "word", "approach", "ranking-based" ]
[ "How can the development of ideas in a scientific field be studied over time ?", "We apply unsupervised topic modeling to the ACL Anthology to analyze historical trends in the field of Computational Linguistics from 1978 to 2006 .", "We induce topic clusters using Latent Dirichlet Allocation , and examine the s...	[ "They propose to use Latent Dirichlet Allocation for studying topic shift over time and a model to compute the diversity of ideas and topic entropy." ]	[ "idea topic", "study", "model" ]
[ "In this paper , we aim to understand whether current language and vision ( LaVi ) models truly grasp the interaction between the two modalities .", "To this end , we propose an extension of the MS-COCO dataset , FOIL-COCO , which associates images with both correct and ' foil ' captions , that is , descriptions ...	[ "They propose to automatically inject one mistake to captions in the MS-COCO dataset as a foil word and three diagnostic tasks to study models' behaviors." ]	[ "foil", "one", "caption" ]
[ "Language is increasingly being used to define rich visual recognition problems with supporting image collections sourced from the web .", "Structured prediction models are used in these tasks to take advantage of correlations between co-occurring labels and visual input but risk inadvertently encoding social bia...	[ "They propose a framework to quantify bias for visual semantic role labelling and multilabel object classification and a constraint inference framework to calibrate existing models." ]	[ "bias", "constraint" ]
[ "We present a pairwise context-sensitive Autoencoder for computing text pair similarity .", "Our model encodes input text into context-sensitive representations and uses them to compute similarity between text pairs .", "Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art models in two semantic retrieval tasks and a con...	[ "They propose a pairwise context-sensitive Autoencoder which integrates sentential or document context for computing text pair similarity." ]	[ "text pair similarity", "context-sensitive autoencoder" ]
[ "Distance-based ( windowless ) word assocation measures have only very recently appeared in the NLP literature and their performance compared to existing windowed or frequency-based measures is largely unknown .", "We conduct a largescale empirical comparison of a variety of distance-based and frequency-based mea...	[ "They conduct large-scale empirical comparisons of window-based and windowless association measures for the reproduction of syntagmatic human association norms." ]	[ "syntagmatic human association", "window-based", "windowless", "measure", "comparison" ]
[ "This paper presents an effective method for generating natural language sentences from their underlying meaning representations .", "The method is built on top of a hybrid tree representation that jointly encodes both the meaning representation as well as the natural language in a tree structure .", "By using ...	[ "They propose a phrase-level tree conditional random field that uses a hybrid tree of a meaning representation for the text generation model." ]	[ "tree conditional random field", "generation" ]
[ "In this paper we examine how the differences in modelling between different data driven systems performing the same NLP task can be exploited to yield a higher accuracy than the best individual system .", "We do this by means of an experiment involving the task of morpho-syntactic wordclass tagging .", "Four w...	[ "They propose to combine four different modelling methods for the task of morpho-syntactic wordclass tagging by using several voting strategies and second stage classifiers." ]	[ "wordclass tagging" ]
[ "Adversarial attacks for discrete data ( such as texts ) have been proved significantly more challenging than continuous data ( such as images ) since it is difficult to generate adversarial samples with gradient-based methods .", "Current successful attack methods for texts usually adopt heuristic replacement st...	[ "They propose to use BERT to generate adversarial samples by first finding the valuable words and generating substitutes for these words in a semantic-preserving way." ]	[ "bert", "adversarial" ]
[ "We investigate the generation of onesentence Wikipedia biographies from facts derived from Wikidata slot-value pairs .", "We train a recurrent neural network sequence-to-sequence model with attention to select facts and generate textual summaries .", "Our model incorporates a novel secondary objective that hel...	[ "They propose a recurrent neural network sequence-to-sequence model with an attention mechanism trained on a multi-task autoencoding objective to generate one-sentence Wikipedia biographies from Wikidata." ]	[ "generate one-sentence", "biography wikidata" ]
[ "Most state-of-the-art wide-coverage parsers are trained on newspaper text and suffer a loss of accuracy in other domains , making parser adaptation a pressing issue .", "In this paper we demonstrate that a CCG parser can be adapted to two new domains , biomedical text and questions for a QA system , by using man...	[ "They propose a method to adapt a CCG parser to new domains using manually-annotated data only at POS and lexical category levels." ]	[ "adapt", "parser", "domain" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.