Split (3)

train · 100 rows

source listlengths 14 112	target listlengths 1 1	keywords listlengths 0 4
[ "In this paper , we explore correlation of dependency relation paths to rank candidate answers in answer extraction .", "Using the correlation measure , we compare dependency relations of a candidate answer and mapped question phrases in sentence with the corresponding relations in question .", "Different from ...	[ "A generally accessible NER system for QA systems produces a larger answer candidate set which would be hard for current surface word-level ranking methods." ]	[ "answer" ]
[ "Recently , many works have tried to augment the performance of Chinese named entity recognition ( NER ) using word lexicons .", "As a representative , Lattice-LSTM ( Zhang and Yang , 2018 ) has achieved new benchmark results on several public Chinese NER datasets .", "However , Lattice-LSTM has a complex model...	[ "Named entity recognition in Chinese requires word segmentation causes errors or character-level model with lexical features that is complex and expensive." ]	[ "chinese" ]
[ "Word embedding is central to neural machine translation ( NMT ) , which has attracted intensive research interest in recent years .", "In NMT , the source embedding plays the role of the entrance while the target embedding acts as the terminal .", "These layers occupy most of the model parameters for represent...	[ "Word embeddings occupy a large amount of memory, and weight tying does not mitigate this issue for distant language pairs on translation tasks." ]	[ "word embedding", "translation" ]
[ "This paper explores log-based query expansion ( QE ) models for Web search .", "Three lexicon models are proposed to bridge the lexical gap between Web documents and user queries .", "These models are trained on pairs of user queries and titles of clicked documents .", "Evaluations on a real world data set s...	[ "Term mismatches between a query and documents hinder retrievals of relevant documents and black box statistical machine translation models are used to expand queries." ]	[ "query", "model" ]
[ "Traditional noun phrase coreference resolution systems represent features only of pairs of noun phrases .", "In this paper , we propose a machine learning method that enables features over sets of noun phrases , resulting in a first-order probabilistic model for coreference .", "We outline a set of approximati...	[ "Existing approaches treat noun phrase coreference resolution as a set of independent binary classifications limiting the features to be only pairs of noun phrases." ]	[ "coreference resolution" ]
[ "Bilingual lexicons map words in one language to their translations in another , and are typically induced by learning linear projections to align monolingual word embedding spaces .", "In this paper , we show it is possible to produce much higher quality lexicons with methods that combine ( 1 ) unsupervised bite...	[ "Existing methods to induce bilingual lexicons use linear projections to align word embeddings that are based on unrealistic simplifying assumptions." ]	[ "bilingual lexicon", "word" ]
[ "In this paper we show that a simple beam approximation of the joint distribution between attention and output is an easy , accurate , and efficient attention mechanism for sequence to sequence learning .", "The method combines the advantage of sharp focus in hard attention and the implementation ease of soft att...	[ "Softmax attention models are popular because of their differentiable and easy to implement nature while hard attention models outperform them when successfully trained." ]	[ "easy" ]
[ "Contrastive learning has achieved impressive success in generation tasks to militate the \" exposure bias \" problem and discriminatively exploit the different quality of references .", "Existing works mostly focus on contrastive learning on the instance-level without discriminating the contribution of each word...	[ "Existing works on contrastive learning for text generation focus only on instance-level while word-level information such as keywords is also of great importance." ]	[ "text generation", "contrastive learning", "keyword" ]
[ "Word embedding models are typically able to capture the semantics of words via the distributional hypothesis , but fail to capture the numerical properties of numbers that appear in a text .", "This leads to problems with numerical reasoning involving tasks such as question answering .", "We propose a new meth...	[ "Existing word embeddings treat numbers like words failing to capture numeration and magnitude properties of numbers which is problematic for tasks such as question answering." ]	[ "word embedding" ]
[ "We propose a novel approach to improve SMT via paraphrase rules which are automatically extracted from the bilingual training data .", "Without using extra paraphrase resources , we acquire the rules by comparing the source side of the parallel corpus with the target-to-source translations of the target side .",...	[ "Incorporating paraphrases improves statistical machine translation however no works investigate sentence level paraphrases." ]	[ "improve", "paraphrase" ]
[ "Automatically extracting social meaning and intention from spoken dialogue is an important task for dialogue systems and social computing .", "We describe a system for detecting elements of interactional style : whether a speaker is awkward , friendly , or flirtatious .", "We create and use a new spoken corpus...	[ "Methods to extract social meanings such as engagement from speech remain unknown while it is important in sociolinguistics and to develop socially aware computing systems." ]	[ "extract social meaning" ]
[ "We introduce the task of predicting adverbial presupposition triggers such as also and again .", "Solving such a task requires detecting recurring or similar events in the discourse context , and has applications in natural language generation tasks such as summarization and dialogue systems .", "We create two...	[ "Adverbaial triggers indicate the event recurrence, continuation, or termination in the discourse context and are frequently found in English but there are few related works." ]	[ "trigger" ]
[ "This paper proposes a novel method that exploits multiple resources to improve statistical machine translation ( SMT ) based paraphrasing .", "In detail , a phrasal paraphrase table and a feature function are derived from each resource , which are then combined in a log-linear SMT model for sentence-level paraph...	[ "Paraphrase generation requires monolingual parallel corpora which is not easily obtainable, and few works focus on using the extracted phrasal paraphrases in sentence-level paraphrase generation." ]	[]
[ "There are many possible different semantic relationships between nominals .", "Classification of such relationships is an important and difficult task ( for example , the well known noun compound classification task is a special case of this problem ) .", "We propose a novel pattern clusters method for nominal...	[ "Using annotated data or semantic resources such as WordNet for relation classification introduces errors and such data is not available in many domains and languages." ]	[ "semantic", "classification" ]
[ "Learning sentence embeddings from dialogues has drawn increasing attention due to its low annotation cost and high domain adaptability .", "Conventional approaches employ the siamese-network for this task , which obtains the sentence embeddings through modeling the context-response semantic relevance by applying...	[ "Existing methods to learn representations from dialogues have a similarity-measurement gap between training and evaluation time and do not exploit the multi-turn structure of data." ]	[]
[ "Named entity phrases are some of the most difficult phrases to translate because new phrases can appear from nowhere , and because many are domain specific , not to be found in bilingual dictionaries .", "We present a novel algorithm for translating named entity phrases using easily obtainable monolingual and bi...	[ "Translating named entities is challenging since they can appear from nowhere, and cannot be found in bilingual dictionaries because they are domain specific." ]	[ "translate name entity", "bilingual" ]
[ "Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis ( PLSA ) models have been shown to provide a better model for capturing polysemy and synonymy than Latent Semantic Analysis ( LSA ) .", "However , the parameters of a PLSA model are trained using the Expectation Maximization ( EM ) algorithm , and as a result , the trained ...	[ "EM algorithm-baed Probabilistic latent semantic analysis models provide high variance in performance and models with different initializations are not comparable." ]	[ "probabilistic latent semantic analysis" ]
[ "We rely on arguments in our daily lives to deliver our opinions and base them on evidence , making them more convincing in turn .", "However , finding and formulating arguments can be challenging .", "In this work , we present the Arg-CTRL-a language model for argument generation that can be controlled to gene...	[ "Argumentative content generation can support humans but current models produce lengthy texts and offer a little controllability on aspects of the argument for users." ]	[ "argument", "generation" ]
[ "We describe a question answering model that applies to both images and structured knowledge bases .", "The model uses natural language strings to automatically assemble neural networks from a collection of composable modules .", "Parameters for these modules are learned jointly with network-assembly parameters...	[ "Existing works on visual learning use manually-specified modular structures." ]	[]
[ "Large pre-trained language models reach stateof-the-art results on many different NLP tasks when fine-tuned individually ; They also come with a significant memory and computational requirements , calling for methods to reduce model sizes ( green AI ) .", "We propose a twostage model-compression method to reduce...	[ "Existing coarse-grained approaches for reducing the inference time of pretraining models remove layers, posing a trade-off between compression and the accuracy of a model." ]	[ "model" ]
[ "Several studies on sentence processing suggest that the mental lexicon keeps track of the mutual expectations between words .", "Current DSMs , however , represent context words as separate features , thereby loosing important information for word expectations , such as word interrelations .", "In this paper ,...	[ "Providing richer contexts to Distributional Semantic Models improves by taking word interrelations into account but it would suffer from data sparsity." ]	[ "rich context" ]
[ "In this paper , we propose Inverse Adversarial Training ( IAT ) algorithm for training neural dialogue systems to avoid generic responses and model dialogue history better .", "In contrast to standard adversarial training algorithms , IAT encourages the model to be sensitive to the perturbation in the dialogue h...	[ "Neural end-to-end dialogue models generate fluent yet dull and generic responses without taking dialogue histories into account due to the over-simplified maximum likelihood estimation objective." ]	[ "dialogue" ]
[ "demonstrated that corpus-extracted models of semantic knowledge can predict neural activation patterns recorded using fMRI .", "This could be a very powerful technique for evaluating conceptual models extracted from corpora ; however , fMRI is expensive and imposes strong constraints on data collection .", "Fo...	[ "The expensive cost of using fMRI hinders studies on the relationship between corpus-extracted models of semantic knowledge and neural activation patterns." ]	[ "semantic" ]
[ "This paper introduces a new parser evaluation corpus containing around 700 sentences annotated with unbounded dependencies , from seven different grammatical constructions .", "We run a series of off-theshelf parsers on the corpus to evaluate how well state-of-the-art parsing technology is able to recover such d...	[ "While recent statistical parsers perform well on Penn Treebank, the results can be misleading due to several reasons originating from evaluation and datasets." ]	[ "parser", "evaluation" ]
[ "Learning entailment rules is fundamental in many semantic-inference applications and has been an active field of research in recent years .", "In this paper we address the problem of learning transitive graphs that describe entailment rules between predicates ( termed entailment graphs ) .", "We first identify...	[ "Current inefficient algorithms aim to obtain entailment rules for semantic inference hindering the use of large resources." ]	[ "entailment" ]
[ "Sponsored search is at the center of a multibillion dollar market established by search technology .", "Accurate ad click prediction is a key component for this market to function since the pricing mechanism heavily relies on the estimation of click probabilities .", "Lexical features derived from the text of ...	[ "Conventional word embeddings with a simple integration of click feedback information and averaging to obtain sentence representations do not work well for ad click prediction." ]	[ "embedding", "ad", "feedback" ]
[ "We propose a new model for unsupervised POS tagging based on linguistic distinctions between open and closed-class items .", "Exploiting notions from current linguistic theory , the system uses far less information than previous systems , far simpler computational methods , and far sparser descriptions in learni...	[ "Current approaches tackle unsupervised POS tagging as a sequential labelling problem and require a complete knowledge of the lexicon." ]	[ "pos", "lexicon" ]
[ "Non-autoregressive Transformer is a promising text generation model .", "However , current non-autoregressive models still fall behind their autoregressive counterparts in translation quality .", "We attribute this accuracy gap to the lack of dependency modeling among decoder inputs .", "In this paper , we p...	[ "Non-autoregressive translation models fall behind their autoregressive counterparts in translation quality due to the lack of dependency modelling for the target outputs." ]	[ "translation", "target", "non-autoregressive" ]
[ "The clustering-based unsupervised relation discovery method has gradually become one of the important methods of open relation extraction ( OpenRE ) .", "However , high-dimensional vectors can encode complex linguistic information which leads to the problem that the derived clusters can not explicitly align with...	[ "Even though high-dimensional vectors that can encode complex information used for relation extraction are not guaranteed to be consistent with relational semantic similarity." ]	[ "relation extraction" ]
[ "Prior use of machine learning in genre classification used a list of labels as classification categories .", "However , genre classes are often organised into hierarchies , e.g. , covering the subgenres of fiction .", "In this paper we present a method of using the hierarchy of labels to improve the classifica...	[ "Existing genre classification methods achieve high accuracy without regarding hierarchical structures exhibiting unrealistic experimental setups such as a limited number of genres and sources." ]	[ "genre classification" ]
[ "The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) provides a standardized way for classifying diseases , which endows each disease with a unique code .", "ICD coding aims to assign proper ICD codes to a medical record .", "Since manual coding is very laborious and prone to errors , many methods have been pr...	[ "Existing models that classify texts in medical records into the International Classification of Diseases reduce manual efforts however they ignore Code Hierarchy and Code Co-occurrence." ]	[ "code" ]
[ "The important mass of textual documents is in perpetual growth and requires strong applications to automatically process information .", "Automatic titling is an essential task for several applications : ' No Subject ' e-mails titling , text generation , summarization , and so forth .", "This study presents an...	[ "Automatically titling documents is a complex task because of its subjectivity and titles must be informative, catchy and syntactically correct." ]	[]
[ "We present a simple preordering approach for machine translation based on a featurerich logistic regression model to predict whether two children of the same node in the source-side parse tree should be swapped or not .", "Given the pair-wise children regression scores we conduct an efficient depth-first branch-...	[ "Preordering methods for machine translation systems that involve little or no human assistance, run on limited computational resources and use linguistic analysis tools are required." ]	[ "preordere", "translation" ]
[ "There is an increasing interest in studying natural language and computer code together , as large corpora of programming texts become readily available on the Internet .", "For example , StackOverflow currently has over 15 million programming related questions written by 8.5 million users .", "Meanwhile , the...	[ "Resources and fundamental techniques are missing for identifying software-related named entities such as variable names or application names within natural language texts." ]	[ "name entity" ]
[ "Populating Knowledge Base ( KB ) with new knowledge facts from reliable text resources usually consists of linking name mentions to KB entities and identifying relationship between entity pairs .", "However , the task often suffers from errors propagating from upstream entity linkers to downstream relation extra...	[ "Existing pipeline approaches to populate Knowledge Base with new knowledge facts from texts suffer from error propagating from upstream entity linkers to downstream relation extractors." ]	[ "knowledge base" ]
[ "Generative Adversarial Networks ( GANs ) are a promising approach for text generation that , unlike traditional language models ( LM ) , does not suffer from the problem of \" exposure bias \" .", "However , A major hurdle for understanding the potential of GANs for text generation is the lack of a clear evaluat...	[ "Generative Adversarial Networks-based text generation models do not suffer from the exposure bias problem, however; they cannot be evaluated as other language models with log-probability." ]	[ "language model", "evaluate", "text" ]
[ "Statistical phrase-based translation learns translation rules from bilingual corpora , and has traditionally only used monolingual evidence to construct features that rescore existing translation candidates .", "In this work , we present a semi-supervised graph-based approach for generating new translation rules...	[ "The performance of statistical phrase-based translation is limited by the size of the available phrasal inventory both for resource rich and poor language pairs." ]	[ "translation" ]
[ "We present a new approach to the design of deep networks for natural language processing ( NLP ) , based on the general technique of Tensor Product Representations ( TPRs ) for encoding and processing symbol structures in distributed neural networks .", "A network architecture -the Tensor Product Generation Netw...	[ "While Tensor Product Representation is a powerful model for obtaining vector embeddings for symbol structures, its application with deep learning models is still less investigated." ]	[ "tensor product", "deep", "model" ]
[ "This paper describes a simple and principled approach to automatically construct sentiment lexicons using distant supervision .", "We induce the sentiment association scores for the lexicon items from a model trained on a weakly supervised corpora .", "Our empirical findings show that features extracted from s...	[ "While sentiment lexicons are useful for building accurate sentiment classification systems, existing methods suffer from low recall or interpretability." ]	[ "sentiment lexicon" ]
[ "Parallel corpus is an indispensable resource for translation model training in statistical machine translation ( SMT ) .", "Instead of collecting more and more parallel training corpora , this paper aims to improve SMT performance by exploiting full potential of the existing parallel corpora .", "Two kinds of ...	[ "Statistical machine translation systems require corpora limited in domain and size, and a model trained on one domain does not perform well on other domains." ]	[ "statistical machine translation", "train" ]
[ "The paper describes two parsing schemes : a shallow approach based on machine learning and a cascaded finite-state parser with a hand-crafted grammar .", "It discusses several ways to combine them and presents evaluation results for the two individual approaches and their combination .", "An underspecification...	[ "Combining different methods often achieves the best results especially combinations of shallow and deep can realize both interpretability and good results." ]	[ "deep", "shallow", "combine" ]
[ "Tree substitution grammars ( TSGs ) are a compelling alternative to context-free grammars for modelling syntax .", "However , many popular techniques for estimating weighted TSGs ( under the moniker of Data Oriented Parsing ) suffer from the problems of inconsistency and over-fitting .", "We present a theoreti...	[ "Although Probabilistic Context Free Grammers-based models are currently successful, they suffer from inconsistency and over-fitting when learning from a treebank." ]	[]
[ "News headline generation aims to produce a short sentence to attract readers to read the news .", "One news article often contains multiple keyphrases that are of interest to different users , which can naturally have multiple reasonable headlines .", "However , most existing methods focus on the single headli...	[ "Existing news headline generation models only focus on generating one output even though news articles often have multiple points." ]	[ "generation", "news" ]
[ "Universal schema builds a knowledge base ( KB ) of entities and relations by jointly embedding all relation types from input KBs as well as textual patterns observed in raw text .", "In most previous applications of universal schema , each textual pattern is represented as a single embedding , preventing general...	[ "Existing approaches to incorporate universal schemas for automatic knowledge base construction has limitation in generalization to unseen inputs from training time." ]	[ "universal schema" ]
[ "We propose UDP , the first training-free parser for Universal Dependencies ( UD ) .", "Our algorithm is based on PageRank and a small set of head attachment rules .", "It features two-step decoding to guarantee that function words are attached as leaf nodes .", "The parser requires no training , and it is co...	[ "For dependency parsing, unsupervised methods struggle with learning relations that match conventions of the test data and supervised counterparts suffer from word order target adaptation." ]	[ "dependency" ]
[ "We study a conversational reasoning model that strategically traverses through a largescale common fact knowledge graph ( KG ) to introduce engaging and contextually diverse entities and attributes .", "For this study , we collect a new Open-ended Dialog ↔ KG parallel corpus called OpenDialKG , where each uttera...	[ "Using a large knowledge base for dialogue systems is intractable or not scalable which calls for methods that prune search space for entities." ]	[ "knowledge" ]
[ "Existing techniques for disambiguating named entities in text mostly focus on Wikipedia as a target catalog of entities .", "Yet for many types of entities , such as restaurants and cult movies , relational databases exist that contain far more extensive information than Wikipedia .", "This paper introduces a ...	[ "Existing approaches to disambiguate named entities solely use Wikipedia as a catalogue however Many kinds of named entities are missed in Wikipedia." ]	[ "name entity" ]
[ "Solving algebraic word problems has recently emerged as an important natural language processing task .", "To solve algebraic word problems , recent studies suggested neural models that generate solution equations by using ' Op ( operator / operand ) ' tokens as a unit of input / output .", "However , such a n...	[ "Neural models largely underperform hand-crafted feature-based models on algebraic word datasets such as ALG514 because of two issues namely expression fragmentation and operand-context separation." ]	[ "algebraic word", "expression", "model" ]
[ "In this paper I will report the result of a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the constituent elements of Japanese terminology .", "In Japanese technical terms , the linguistic contribution of morphemes greatly differ according to their types of origin .", "To analyse this aspect , a quantitative method...	[ "Static quantitative descriptions are not sufficient to analyse Japanese terminology because of the dynamic nature of samples calling for a method beyond the sample size." ]	[ "japanese terminology" ]
[ "We study the problem of leveraging the syntactic structure of text to enhance pre-trained models such as BERT and RoBERTa .", "Existing methods utilize syntax of text either in the pre-training stage or in the fine-tuning stage , so that they suffer from discrepancy between the two stages .", "Such a problem w...	[ "Existing ways of injecting syntactic knowledge into pretraining models cause discrepancies between pretraining and fine-tuning and require expensive annotation." ]	[ "model" ]
[ "This paper proposes an unsupervised approach for segmenting a multiauthor document into authorial components .", "The key novelty is that we utilize the sequential patterns hidden among document elements when determining their authorships .", "For this purpose , we adopt Hidden Markov Model ( HMM ) and constru...	[ "There is no method for multiauthor segmentation of a document into author components which can be applied to authorship verification, plagiarism detection and author attribution." ]	[ "document" ]
[ "We investigate two systems for automatic disfluency detection on English and Mandarin conversational speech data .", "The first system combines various lexical and prosodic features in a Conditional Random Field model for detecting edit disfluencies .", "The second system combines acoustic and language model s...	[ "Existing works on detecting speech disfluency which can be a problem for downstream processing and creating transcripts only focus on English." ]	[ "speech disfluency" ]
[ "We propose a method to generate large-scale encyclopedic knowledge , which is valuable for much NLP research , based on the Web .", "We first search the Web for pages containing a term in question .", "Then we use linguistic patterns and HTML structures to extract text fragments describing the term .", "Fina...	[ "Existing methods that extract encyclopedic knowledge from the Web output unorganized clusters of term descriptions not necessarily related to explicit criteria while clustering is performed." ]	[ "web", "encyclopedic knowledge" ]
[ "Research on modeling time series text corpora has typically focused on predicting what text will come next , but less well studied is predicting when the next text event will occur .", "In this paper we address the latter case , framed as modeling continuous inter-arrival times under a log-Gaussian Cox process ,...	[ "Modeling the event inter-arrival time of tweets is challenging due to complex temporal patterns but few works aim to predict the next text event occurrence." ]	[ "time", "tweet", "model" ]
[ "Hypertext documents , such as web pages and academic papers , are of great importance in delivering information in our daily life .", "Although being effective on plain documents , conventional text embedding methods suffer from information loss if directly adapted to hyper-documents .", "In this paper , we pr...	[ "Existing text embedding methods do not take structures of hyper-documents into account losing useful properties for downstream tasks." ]	[]
[ "Recurrent neural networks ( RNNs ) have achieved impressive results in a variety of linguistic processing tasks , suggesting that they can induce non-trivial properties of language .", "We investigate here to what extent RNNs learn to track abstract hierarchical syntactic structure .", "We test whether RNNs tr...	[ "Previous work only shows that RNNs can handle constructions that require hierarchical structure when explicit supervision on the target task is given." ]	[]
[ "Current system combination methods usually use confusion networks to find consensus translations among different systems .", "Requiring one-to-one mappings between the words in candidate translations , confusion networks have difficulty in handling more general situations in which several words are connected to ...	[ "System combination methods based on confusion networks only allow word level 1-to-1 mappings, and some workarounds cause another type of problem such as degeneration." ]	[ "system combination" ]
[ "The growing demand for structured knowledge has led to great interest in relation extraction , especially in cases with limited supervision .", "However , existing distance supervision approaches only extract relations expressed in single sentences .", "In general , cross-sentence relation extraction is under-...	[ "Existing distance supervision methods for relation extraction cannot capture relations crossing the sentence boundary which is important in specialized domains with long-tail knowledge." ]	[ "sentence boundary", "relation extraction", "supervision" ]
[ "Convolution tree kernel has shown promising results in semantic role classification .", "However , it only carries out hard matching , which may lead to over-fitting and less accurate similarity measure .", "To remove the constraint , this paper proposes a grammardriven convolution tree kernel for semantic rol...	[ "Despite its success in semantic role classification, convolution tree kernels based on the hard matching between two sub-trees suffer from over-fitting." ]	[ "semantic role classification", "convolution tree kernel" ]
[ "We explore the problem of resolving the second person English pronoun you in multi-party dialogue , using a combination of linguistic and visual features .", "First , we distinguish generic and referential uses , then we classify the referential uses as either plural or singular , and finally , for the latter ca...	[ "Although the word \"you\" is frequently used and has several possible meanings, such as reference or generic, it is not well studied yet." ]	[ "\" \"", "reference" ]
[ "There is a growing research interest in opinion retrieval as on-line users ' opinions are becoming more and more popular in business , social networks , etc .", "Practically speaking , the goal of opinion retrieval is to retrieve documents , which entail opinions or comments , relevant to a target subject specif...	[ "Existing approaches to the opinion retrieval task represent documents using bag-of-words disregarding contextual information between an opinion and its corresponding text." ]	[ "opinion retrieval" ]
[ "We describe a syntax-based algorithm that automatically builds Finite State Automata ( word lattices ) from semantically equivalent translation sets .", "These FSAs are good representations of paraphrases .", "They can be used to extract lexical and syntactic paraphrase pairs and to generate new , unseen sente...	[ "Existing approaches to represent paraphrases as sets or pairs of semantically equivalent words, phrases and patterns that are weak for text generation purposes." ]	[ "paraphrase" ]
[ "While sophisticated neural-based techniques have been developed in reading comprehension , most approaches model the answer in an independent manner , ignoring its relations with other answer candidates .", "This problem can be even worse in open-domain scenarios , where candidates from multiple passages should ...	[ "Existing models for reading comprehension do not consider multiple answer candidates which can be problematic when they need to fuse information from multiple passages." ]	[ "candidate", "comprehension", "answer" ]
[ "We present two discriminative methods for name transliteration .", "The methods correspond to local and global modeling approaches in modeling structured output spaces .", "Both methods do not require alignment of names in different languages -their features are computed directly from the names themselves .", ...	[ "The name transliteration task aims to transcribe extracted names into English, and since current extraction systems are fairly fast, applicable techniques for transliteration are limited." ]	[ "transliteration" ]
[ "Motivated by the success of T5 ( Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer ) in pre-trained natural language processing models , we propose a unified-modal SpeechT5 framework that explores the encoder-decoder pre-training for self-supervised speech / text representation learning .", "The SpeechT5 framework consists of a...	[ "Existing speech pre-training methods ignore the importance of textual data and solely depend on encoders leaving the decoder out of pre-training for generation tasks." ]	[ "pre-training" ]
[ "Recent studies on extractive text summarization formulate it as a combinatorial optimization problem such as a Knapsack Problem , a Maximum Coverage Problem or a Budgeted Median Problem .", "These methods successfully improved summarization quality , but they did not consider the rhetorical relations between the...	[ "Existing optimization-based methods for extractive summarization do not consider the rhetorical relations between textual units leading to generating uncoherent summaries or missing significant textual units." ]	[ "summarization" ]
[ "Pre-training Transformer from large-scale raw texts and fine-tuning on the desired task have achieved state-of-the-art results on diverse NLP tasks .", "However , it is unclear what the learned attention captures .", "The attention computed by attention heads seems not to match human intuitions about hierarchi...	[ "This is unclear what attention heads in pre-training transformers models capture and it seems not to match human intuitions about hierarchical structures." ]	[ "structure", "transformer" ]
[ "This paper employs morphological structures and relations between sentence segments for opinion analysis on words and sentences .", "Chinese words are classified into eight morphological types by two proposed classifiers , CRF classifier and SVM classifier .", "Experiments show that the injection of morphologi...	[ "There is not much work on applying morphological information in opinion extraction in Chinese." ]	[ "chinese", "opinion", "morphological" ]
[ "In this paper , we investigate the importance of social network information compared to content information in the prediction of a Twitter user 's occupational class .", "We show that the content information of a user 's tweets , the profile descriptions of a user 's follower / following community , and the user...	[ "Existing systems only use limited information from the tweets network to perform occupation classification." ]	[ "network", "occupation" ]
[ "Short vowels and other diacritics are not part of written Arabic scripts .", "Exceptions are made for important political and religious texts and in scripts for beginning students of Arabic .", "Script without diacritics have considerable ambiguity because many words with different diacritic patterns appear id...	[ "Short vowels and other diacritics are not expressed in written Arabic, making it difficult to read for beginner readers or system developments." ]	[ "arabic", "diacritic" ]
[ "Current state-of-the-art systems for joint entity relation extraction ( Luan et al . , 2019 ; Wadden et al . , 2019 ) usually adopt the multi-task learning framework .", "However , annotations for these additional tasks such as coreference resolution and event extraction are always equally hard ( or even harder ...	[ "Current joint entity relation extraction models follow a multitask learning setup however datasets with multiple types of annotation are not available for many domains." ]	[ "joint entity relation extraction" ]
[ "We present the Siamese Continuous Bag of Words ( Siamese CBOW ) model , a neural network for efficient estimation of highquality sentence embeddings .", "Averaging the embeddings of words in a sentence has proven to be a surprisingly successful and efficient way of obtaining sentence embeddings .", "However , ...	[ "While an average of word embeddings has proven to be successful as sentence-level representations, it is suboptimal because they are not optimized to represent sentences." ]	[ "word embedding", "sentence", "optimize", "representation" ]
[ "We propose a new framework for abstractive text summarization based on a sequence-to-sequence oriented encoderdecoder model equipped with a deep recurrent generative decoder ( DRGN ) .", "Latent structure information implied in the target summaries is learned based on a recurrent latent random model for improvin...	[ "Although humans follow inherent structures in summary writing, currently there are no abstractive summarization models which take latent structure information and recurrent dependencies into account." ]	[ "abstractive", "recurrent", "summarization" ]
[ "Multi-layer multi-head self-attention mechanism is widely applied in modern neural language models .", "Attention redundancy has been observed among attention heads but has not been deeply studied in the literature .", "Using BERT-base model as an example , this paper provides a comprehensive study on attentio...	[ "While there are works that report a redundancy among attention heads in modern language models, no works investigate its pattern deeply." ]	[ "redundancy", "attention" ]
[ "Comprehending lyrics , as found in songs and poems , can pose a challenge to human and machine readers alike .", "This motivates the need for systems that can understand the ambiguity and jargon found in such creative texts , and provide commentary to aid readers in reaching the correct interpretation .", "We ...	[ "Because of its creative nature, understanding lyrics can be challenging both for humans and machines." ]	[ "lyric" ]
[ "Most statistical translation systems are based on phrase translation pairs , or \" blocks \" , which are obtained mainly from word alignment .", "We use blocks to infer better word alignment and improved word alignment which , in turn , leads to better inference of blocks .", "We propose two new probabilistic ...	[ "Automatic word alignment used in statistical machine translations, does not achieve satisfactory performance in some language pairs such as because of the limitations of HMMs." ]	[ "word alignment" ]
[ "We propose an approach for extracting relations between entities from biomedical literature based solely on shallow linguistic information .", "We use a combination of kernel functions to integrate two different information sources : ( i ) the whole sentence where the relation appears , and ( ii ) the local cont...	[ "Deep linguistic features obtained by parsers are not always robust and available for limited languages and domains, however; applications of shallow features are under investigated." ]	[ "linguistic", "shallow" ]
[ "Domain adaptation is an important problem in named entity recognition ( NER ) .", "NER classifiers usually lose accuracy in the domain transfer due to the different data distribution between the source and the target domains .", "The major reason for performance degrading is that each entity type often has lot...	[ "Named entity recognition classifiers lose accuracy in domain transfers because each entity type has domain-specific term representations and existing approaches require expensive labeled data." ]	[ "name entity recognition", "domain" ]
[ "Manual evaluation of translation quality is generally thought to be excessively time consuming and expensive .", "We explore a fast and inexpensive way of doing it using Amazon 's Mechanical Turk to pay small sums to a large number of non-expert annotators .", "For $ 10 we redundantly recreate judgments from a...	[ "Because of the high cost required for manual evaluation, most works rely on automatic evaluation metrics although there are several drawbacks." ]	[]
[ "State-of-the-art networks that model relations between two pieces of text often use complex architectures and attention .", "In this paper , instead of focusing on architecture engineering , we take advantage of small amounts of labelled data that model semantic phenomena in text to encode matching features dire...	[ "State-of-the-art models that model relations between two texts use complex architectures and attention which requires a long time and large data at training." ]	[]
[ "Language representations are known to carry certain associations ( e.g. , gendered connotations ) which may lead to invalid and harmful predictions in downstream tasks .", "While existing methods are effective at mitigating such unwanted associations by linear projection , we argue that they are too aggressive :...	[ "Existing methods that remove harmful stereotypical associations from word embeddings either require inefficient retraining or remove information which should be retained." ]	[ "word embedding" ]
[ "Humor plays an important role in human languages and it is essential to model humor when building intelligence systems .", "Among different forms of humor , puns perform wordplay for humorous effects by employing words with double entendre and high phonetic similarity .", "However , identifying and modeling pu...	[ "Puns involve implicit semantic or phonological tricks however there is no general framework to model these two types of signals as a whole." ]	[ "pun" ]
[ "Part-of-speech ( POS ) tag distributions are known to exhibit sparsity -a word is likely to take a single predominant tag in a corpus .", "Recent research has demonstrated that incorporating this sparsity constraint improves tagging accuracy .", "However , in existing systems , this expansion come with a steep...	[ "Assuming there is only one tag for a word is a powerful heuristic for Part-of-speech tagging but incorporating this into a model leads to complexity." ]	[ "tagging" ]
[ "We present a game-theoretic model of bargaining over a metaphor in the context of political communication , find its equilibrium , and use it to rationalize observed linguistic behavior .", "We argue that game theory is well suited for modeling discourse as a dynamic resulting from a number of conflicting pressu...	[ "Metaphors used in political arguments provide elaborate conceptual correspondences with a tendency of politicians to be compelled by the rival's metaphorical framework to be explained." ]	[ "metaphorical" ]
[ "We examine a methodology using neural language models ( LMs ) for analyzing the word order of language .", "This LM-based method has the potential to overcome the difficulties existing methods face , such as the propagation of preprocessor errors in count-based methods .", "In this study , we explore whether t...	[ "Linguistical approaches to analyze word order phenomena have scalability and preprocessor error propagation problems, and the use of language models is limited in English." ]	[ "language model", "word order" ]
[ "A conventional approach to improving the performance of end-to-end speech translation ( E2E-ST ) models is to leverage the source transcription via pre-training and joint training with automatic speech recognition ( ASR ) and neural machine translation ( NMT ) tasks .", "However , since the input modalities are ...	[ "Existing works on end-to-end speech recognition models use the source transcriptions for performance improvements but it is challenging due to the modality gap." ]	[ "end-to-end speech", "source" ]
[ "This paper explores the problem of computing text similarity between verb phrases describing skilled human behavior for the purpose of finding approximate matches .", "Four parsers are evaluated on a large corpus of skill statements extracted from an enterprise-wide expertise taxonomy .", "A similarity measure...	[ "Existing systems for skilled expertise matching use exact matching between skill statements resulting in missing good matches and calling for a system with approximate matching." ]	[ "skill statement", "approximate matching" ]
[ "Continual relation learning aims to continually train a model on new data to learn incessantly emerging novel relations while avoiding catastrophically forgetting old relations .", "Some pioneering work has proved that storing a handful of historical relation examples in episodic memory and replaying them in sub...	[ "Storing histories of examples is shown to be effective for continual relation learning however existing methods suffer from overfitting to memorize a few old memories." ]	[ "continual relation learn", "memory" ]
[ "This paper proposes to study a fine-grained semantic novelty detection task , which can be illustrated with the following example .", "It is normal that a person walks a dog in the park , but if someone says \" A man is walking a chicken in the park , \" it is novel .", "Given a set of natural language descrip...	[ "Existing works on novelty or abnormally detection are coarse-grained only focusing on the document or sentence level as a text classification task." ]	[ "detection", "novelty" ]
[ "Long distance word reordering is a major challenge in statistical machine translation research .", "Previous work has shown using source syntactic trees is an effective way to tackle this problem between two languages with substantial word order difference .", "In this work , we further extend this line of exp...	[ "Long distance word reordering remains a challenge for statistical machine translation and existing approaches do it during the preprocessing." ]	[ "statistical machine translation", "approach", "word reorder" ]
[ "How can the development of ideas in a scientific field be studied over time ?", "We apply unsupervised topic modeling to the ACL Anthology to analyze historical trends in the field of Computational Linguistics from 1978 to 2006 .", "We induce topic clusters using Latent Dirichlet Allocation , and examine the s...	[ "How topics or ideas have developed over time in NLP community remains unknown while there are analysis over the ACL anthology citation graph. " ]	[ "idea", "topic" ]
[ "In this paper , we aim to understand whether current language and vision ( LaVi ) models truly grasp the interaction between the two modalities .", "To this end , we propose an extension of the MS-COCO dataset , FOIL-COCO , which associates images with both correct and ' foil ' captions , that is , descriptions ...	[ "Despite the success of language and vision models on visual question answering tasks, what these models are learning remains unknown because of coarse-grained datasets." ]	[ "language" ]
[ "Language is increasingly being used to define rich visual recognition problems with supporting image collections sourced from the web .", "Structured prediction models are used in these tasks to take advantage of correlations between co-occurring labels and visual input but risk inadvertently encoding social bia...	[ "Language is used for visual recognition problems such as captioning to improve performance however it can also encode social biases found in web corpora." ]	[ "also", "bias" ]
[ "We present a pairwise context-sensitive Autoencoder for computing text pair similarity .", "Our model encodes input text into context-sensitive representations and uses them to compute similarity between text pairs .", "Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art models in two semantic retrieval tasks and a con...	[ "Existing approaches for textual representation learning only use local information without contexts which capture global information that can guide neural networks in generating accurate representations." ]	[ "learn" ]
[ "Distance-based ( windowless ) word assocation measures have only very recently appeared in the NLP literature and their performance compared to existing windowed or frequency-based measures is largely unknown .", "We conduct a largescale empirical comparison of a variety of distance-based and frequency-based mea...	[ "The performance of new windowless word association measures which take the number of tokens separating words into account remains unknown." ]	[ "association measure", "windowless" ]
[ "This paper presents an effective method for generating natural language sentences from their underlying meaning representations .", "The method is built on top of a hybrid tree representation that jointly encodes both the meaning representation as well as the natural language in a tree structure .", "By using ...	[ "While hybrid trees are shown to be effective for semantic parsing, their application for text generation is under explored." ]	[ "generation", "tree" ]
[ "In this paper we examine how the differences in modelling between different data driven systems performing the same NLP task can be exploited to yield a higher accuracy than the best individual system .", "We do this by means of an experiment involving the task of morpho-syntactic wordclass tagging .", "Four w...	[ "Different data driven approaches tend to produce different errors and their qualities are limited due to the learning method and available training material." ]	[ "datum drive" ]
[ "Adversarial attacks for discrete data ( such as texts ) have been proved significantly more challenging than continuous data ( such as images ) since it is difficult to generate adversarial samples with gradient-based methods .", "Current successful attack methods for texts usually adopt heuristic replacement st...	[ "Generating adversarial samples with gradient-based methods for text data is because of its discrete nature and existing complicated heuristic-based methods suffer from finding optimal solutions." ]	[ "adversarial" ]
[ "We investigate the generation of onesentence Wikipedia biographies from facts derived from Wikidata slot-value pairs .", "We train a recurrent neural network sequence-to-sequence model with attention to select facts and generate textual summaries .", "Our model incorporates a novel secondary objective that hel...	[ "Wikipedia and other collaborative knowledge bases have coverage and quality issues especially on a long tail of specialist topics." ]	[]
[ "Most state-of-the-art wide-coverage parsers are trained on newspaper text and suffer a loss of accuracy in other domains , making parser adaptation a pressing issue .", "In this paper we demonstrate that a CCG parser can be adapted to two new domains , biomedical text and questions for a QA system , by using man...	[ "Most existing parsers are tuned for newspaper texts making them limited in applicable domains." ]	[ "parser", "domain" ]

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