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README.md

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+---
+language:
+  - grc
+  - la
+  - he
+  - en
+license: cc-by-sa-4.0
+task_categories:
+  - sentence-similarity
+  - translation
+  - text-retrieval
+tags:
+  - ancient-greek
+  - latin
+  - hebrew
+  - classical-languages
+  - cross-lingual
+  - bilingual-pairs
+  - embeddings
+  - perseus
+  - bible
+size_categories:
+  - 10K<n<100K
+---
+
+# ancient-aligned
+
+bilingual aligned pairs between ancient languages (greek, latin, hebrew) and english, drawn from classical literature and biblical texts.
+
+## overview
+
+| | count |
+|---|---:|
+| total pairs | 70,381 |
+| greek-english | 27,421 |
+| latin-english | 28,248 |
+| hebrew-english | 14,712 |
+| perseus works | 168 |
+| perseus authors | 28 |
+| bible books | 39 |
+
+## schema
+
+| column | type | description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `id` | string | unique identifier (e.g. `perseus:homer:1.1.1`, `bible:greek:Gen.1.1`) |
+| `source` | string | `perseus` or `bible` |
+| `language` | string | `greek`, `latin`, or `hebrew` |
+| `original` | string | ancient language text |
+| `english` | string | english translation |
+| `author` | string | author name (perseus only) |
+| `work` | string | work title or bible book abbreviation |
+| `ref` | string | section/verse reference |
+| `urn` | string | canonical identifier: CTS URN for perseus (e.g. `urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001:1.1.1`), OSIS ref for bible (e.g. `osis:Gen.1.1`) |
+
+## sources
+
+### perseus digital library (16,004 pairs)
+
+aligned passages from 168 works by 28 authors in the [perseus digital library](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/), covering classical greek and latin literature.
+
+authors include homer, thucydides, plutarch, cicero, livy, ovid, tacitus, aeschylus, pindar, hippocrates, lucian, julius caesar, pliny the elder, and others.
+
+texts range from 5th century BCE (thucydides, aeschylus) through late antiquity (augustine, bede).
+
+### bible (54,377 pairs)
+
+verse-level alignments from:
+- **greek**: SBLGNT (new testament) + swete's septuagint (old testament)
+- **latin**: clementine vulgate
+- **hebrew**: leningrad codex (old testament only, 14,712 verses)
+- **english**: king james version
+
+covers 39 books across old and new testaments. each verse produces separate greek-english, latin-english, and (where available) hebrew-english pairs.
+
+## preprocessing
+
+- pairs with either side under 20 characters were filtered (47 rows removed: roman numeral headings, single-word fragments)
+- no deduplication applied (some bible verses appear in multiple books as cross-references)
+- perseus texts preserve original polytonic greek diacriticals
+- bible greek preserves editorial marks from SBLGNT
+
+## intended use
+
+- training and evaluating cross-lingual embedding models
+- ancient language retrieval and search
+- machine translation for classical languages
+- cross-lingual alignment research
+
+## length distribution (characters, original side)
+
+| source | p10 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p90 |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
+| bible:greek | 59 | 75 | 107 | 146 | 185 |
+| bible:latin | 59 | 74 | 101 | 138 | 172 |
+| bible:hebrew | 57 | 69 | 103 | 143 | 181 |
+| perseus:greek | 154 | 225 | 363 | 693 | 1123 |
+| perseus:latin | 133 | 179 | 225 | 299 | 870 |
+
+## license
+
+CC BY-SA 4.0. perseus texts are distributed under the same license by the perseus digital library. bible source texts are public domain.
+
+## citation
+
+if you use this dataset, please cite the perseus digital library:
+
+```
+@misc{perseus,
+  title={Perseus Digital Library},
+  author={Crane, Gregory R.},
+  url={http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/},
+  year={2024}
+}
+```

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